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[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目25", "农业发展与粮食安全：世界粮食安全首脑会议成果执行工作进展情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "减少挨饿和营养不良人口的数量和比例是当今最困难的挑战之一。粮食和燃料价格上涨和波动、政治冲突以及对农业、粮食和营养持续投资不足，使得这方面的努力更加困难。许多国家缺乏避免象索马里当前饥荒这样的灾难所需的社会安全网。对与努力适应并减轻气候变化、减贫、增强妇女能力、改善市场准入以及管理生态系统和自然资源相互关联的可持续农业的长期投资不够迅速。必须加紧在国际社会支持下、以国家为主导的应对措施，才能在2015年年底以前实现国际商定的各项目标。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.概览 3\n3.短期安全网 8\n4.长期可持续发展 9\n5.战略协调和有效协作 14\n6.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/178号决议的要求编写的，大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，说明应对农业发展与粮食和营养安全问题全球努力的最新发展情况以及世界粮食安全首脑会议成果执行工作的进展情况。", "2. 粮食和营养安全系指人人随时都能从物质、社会和经济途径获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物，满足饮食需要和偏好，以便能过上积极健康的生活。[1] 因此，粮食和营养安全包含可有、可享、使用和稳定问题，并且由于它重在个人特性，也包含生命、活动、怀孕、成长和长期能力所需的能量、蛋白质和营养。粮食和营养安全是充分享有食物权的前提条件。[2]", "3. 解决全球粮食和营养不安全问题是我们这个时代最重要的挑战之一。非洲之角国家正面临由几个不规律的雨季造成的严重干旱所引起的极度危机，并且，全世界离在2015年将全球饥饿和营养不良人数减半的目标差得很远。国际粮食和石油价格上涨给贫困家庭的预算增加压力，同时也增加了人道主义行动的成本。饥饿和营养不良对孕妇和哺乳期妇女、低龄幼儿、残疾人和慢性病人(如艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者)、老年人和其他特别弱势的群体影响尤其严重。", "4. 人们高度期待联合国能在近期和中长期，尤其是为包括贫穷的城市和农村居民在内的低收入粮食净购买者，带来重大变化。现在的努力更为协调，这是2009年世界粮食安全首脑会议带来的成果。", "5. 本报告得益于全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组给予的投入，其中包括联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)的贡献。工作组在过去一年中加紧工作，特别是在国家一级，以综合方式减轻和应对近期价格上涨和极度不稳定带来的影响以及造成粮食和营养不安全的结构性原因。", "二. 概览", "粮价波动：近期走势和推动因素", "6. 粮价已涨到历史最高点。2011年2月，粮农组织的粮食价格指数达到创纪录的238点。[3] 该指数6月份平均达到234点，比2011年5月高出1%，比2010年6月高出39%。该指数在6月份的走高很大程度上是由国际糖价强劲上涨推动的。粮农组织/经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)的出版物《农业展望》预计粮食价格仍将高于历史趋势水平，并在中期继续波动。", "[]", "资料来源：粮农组织，2011年。", "7. 一定程度的价格波动是农产商品市场的典型特征，这是其基本特点决定的。农业产量受到天气变化、虫害和病害等自然冲击的影响。近期价格波动的根源就是上述基本因素，在库存水平低的情况下，又碰上主要生产和出口国的恶劣天气冲击。", "8. 另一个重要因素是，制造生物燃料需要粮食和饲料作物。2007至2009年期间，生物燃料在一些作物的全球使用量中占据了相当大的份额。[4]", "9. 但是，2011年粮食商品价格的变动与2008年的情况不同。在一些国家，包括在非洲国家，2010年的谷物收成好于平均水平。国内一些种类的粮食价格高于2008年水平，而另一些种类的粮食价格与国际价格水平相比则相对较低。由于亚洲普遍收成较好，国际市场上大米价格并未上涨，目前许多大米进口国的库存量高于2008年。", "10. 由于(农业和能源)商品市场与金融投资者惯常的投机性活动之间联系更加紧密，粮食价格的波动被加大。约自2004年以来，商品市场的金融化程度显著增加，对商品衍生交易市场的金融投资数额不断增长就反映了这一点。这个现象令人严重关切，因为金融参与者的活动容易驱使商品价格偏离由市场基本因素决定的合理水平，对生产者和消费者两方面都造成负面影响。[5]", "11. 如果更高的价格能从世界市场上转递到农场，如果可以得到包括市场准入在内的必要投入和其他服务，则农民应该能够因多产多销而受益。这尤其适用于发展中国家包括小农在内的贫穷农民：如果他们获得应对相关风险的能力并得到协助以管理风险，应该能够增加收入。但对于必须支付更高价格的穷人而言，这并不一定能带来粮食和营养安全的改善。粮农组织发布了“在国家一级应对高粮价的政策和方案行动指南”，[6] 并在2011年3月和7月之间召开了一系列为期两天的区域和次区域级政策研讨会，帮助各国制订有关高粮价的政策应对措施。", "易受害于极端气候事件和气候变化效应", "12. 2010年，3 800多万人因突发气候灾害而流离失所，其生计和粮食安全受到影响。趋势表明，不太容易被预测的极端气候事件日渐成为常见现象。[7] 到2050年时，与气候有关的减产少可能会导致面临饥饿风险的人数增加20%。气候变化可能会导致增加2 400万营养不良的儿童，其中大部分在撒哈拉以南非洲。[8]", "13. 与气候有关的灾害的经济成本巨大。2009年在撒哈拉以南非洲，几乎90%的灾害经济损失是由干旱引起的。[9] 对于世界上许多农业生产力本已很低且应对不利事件的手段有限的地区，预计气候变化将导致生产力下降至更低水平，使得产量更不稳定。温度和降雨模式的长期变化是气候变化的一部分，预计将改变生产季节、虫害和病害模式，更改作物种植方式，从而影响价格、收入和最终的生计和生活。", "14. 当前的研究突出表明，干旱风险与营养不良之间存在明显联系：例如，在肯尼亚，出生在受旱地区的儿童患发育障碍的可能性最多增加50%。尼日尔儿童的营养不良风险在干旱时增加一倍。气候变化可能会导致营养不良的儿童增加2 400万，其中大部分在撒哈拉以南非洲。⁸", "15. 世界上最严重的粮食和营养安全紧急状况发生在非洲之角东部地区，1950年以来最严重的干旱之一导致那里作物歉收，大量牲畜死亡，引起粮食价格急剧高涨，在索马里一些地区，价格涨幅最高达270%。[10] 联合国一些机构在2010年9月发布了该区域(包括索马里、肯尼亚、吉布提和埃塞俄比亚)将发生干旱的警告，但干旱的范围和严重程度直到2011年7月才变得明晰。虽然建议了备灾行动，但没有给予充分支持。这些因素加上持续不断的政治冲突和武装反叛团体禁止外国人道主义援助进入，刺激大量移民涌入索马里首都摩加迪沙以及肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚境内的难民营。红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)估计五岁以下的儿童中有30%至40%在抵达难民营时就患有急性营养不良。饥荒预警系统网预测，今年粮食安全问题不太可能好转，危机有可能恶化。2011年7月，次区域内有超过1 300万人需要人道主义援助，而当前的应急措施不足以防止情况进一步恶化。这种局势突出显示了干旱对本来就贫困而且复原力有限的社区的生活和生计所造成的影响。[11]", "16. 为保持并加强粮食和营养安全，必须提高农业系统的生产力，增强应对气候风险的复原力并具有承受农业生态和社会经济冲击的能力。这些都与可持续发展的环境、社会和经济支柱相互关联。最近的一份报告《气候变化、水资源和粮食安全》[12] 概述了需要采取的行动，其目的是协助各国、尤其是发展中国家评估气候变化可能给灌溉农业和粮食生产带来的影响，并且协助调整农业用水管理以应对预期影响的范围和程度。", "农业投资不足", "17. 国家预算是农业公共支出的主要来源，该预算在发展中国家已经降至约7%的平均水平，在非洲则更低。这一模式正在发生变化，尤其是通过遍及非洲各地的非洲农业发展综合方案办法。官方发展援助是促进农业增长的公共部门投资的重要来源；但是，官方发展援助通常只占农业部门公共支出总额的15%。投向发展中国家农业的官方发展援助自1980年代后期开始下降，农业在官方发展援助中的份额已经降至3.8%，(尽管该份额已经开始重新回升)。在发展中国家，投向农业的商业银行贷款和外国直接投资额也很小，在撒哈拉以南非洲不足银行贷款总额的10%。[13]", "18. 2007年，对农业的投资估计为1 890亿美元，其中四分之三是私人投资。为满足2050年的粮食需求，估计需要每年投资2 790亿美元，其中包括2 080亿美元的私人投资。如果官方发展援助和外国直接投资能与所需的私人投资数额成比例增加，则投向农业的官方发展援助必须每年增加120亿美元，而发展中国家农业领域的外国直接投资应每年增加40亿美元。粮农组织估计，若要在2015年将饥饿人口减半并在2025年完全消除饥饿，则对发展中国家农业领域的公共投资总额必须增至每年1 200亿美元。 如果投向农业的官方发展援助继续与国内政府支出同比例增加，则将增至每年200亿美元。或者，如果官方发展援助能如之前承诺的那样增加到占捐助国国内生产总值的0.7%，并且，农业在官方发展援助中的份额增加到1980年代早期的17%，则投向农业的官方发展援助将增至每年440亿美元。目前，尽管越来越多的证据表明缺乏粮食安全会催化内乱，但鲜有迹象显示官方发展援助的增长额足以应对这一挑战。", "减少饥饿方面的进展", "19. 千年发展目标1的具体目标是在2015年年底前将挨饿的人口比例减半，而1996年世界粮食首脑会议的目标则是届时将挨饿的人口数量减半。2009年，世界上共有超过10亿饥饿人口。虽然营养不良的人口数量在2010年降至约9.25亿，但要实现千年发展目标1的减少饥饿具体目标，还有大量工作要做。在发展中国家，营养不良的情况十分普遍，每6个人中就有1个受到影响(2010年的比例为16%，低于2009年的18%)。这仍远高于千年发展目标1设定的具体目标。2010年下半年以来粮食价格上涨且波动更大，正在重新威胁到粮食安全。", "20. 世界上营养不良人口中的绝大部分——98%,生活在发展中国家。其中三分之二生活在7个国家：孟加拉国、中国、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、印度、印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦。超过40%的营养不良人口居住在中国和印度。对2010年所作的预测表明，营养不良人数的下降速度在各发展中区域之间非常不均衡。营养不良人口最多的区域仍然是亚洲及太平洋区域，2010年的人数为5.78亿。[14] 此外，发展中国家约23%的儿童体重不足。", "21. 2005-2007年期间(这是可获得完整的国家一级数据的最近一个期间)，包括亚洲的亚美尼亚和越南在内的一些国家实现了千年发展目标1的减少饥饿具体目标，而中国和其他国家也在按计划进行。在拉丁美洲和加勒比区域，圭亚那、牙买加和尼加拉瓜已经实现了千年发展目标1，巴西和其他国家正在接近减少饥饿的具体目标。撒哈拉以南非洲的营养不良人口比例仍然最高，2010年为30%，但国家一级的进展情况差异很大。2005-2007年期间，刚果、加纳、马里和尼日利亚实现了千年发展目标1的减少饥饿具体目标，埃塞俄比亚和其他国家则接近实现该目标。但在刚果民主共和国，营养不良人口的比例却从1990-1992年期间的26%升至69%。¹⁴", "22. 尽管许多国家取得了进展，但脆弱国家和许多撒哈拉以南非洲国家或者因为初始条件较差(例如收入水平低或机构软弱)，或者由于通常与长期危机相伴的不利发展环境，在实现千年发展目标1的具体目标方面仍然明显落后。2010年，粮农组织和粮食署确认共有22个国家处于长期危机局势中，其特征是反复发生自然灾害、冲突、长期的粮食危机、生计无法维系以及应对危机的机构能力不足。¹⁴", "23. 鉴于非洲之角和其他地区的粮食和营养高度不安全并经常发生粮食危机，各国政府、区域机构和国际社会越来越多地尝试采取一种实现粮食安全的双轨综合办法，将满足当前需要的应对措施与旨在解决结构性原因、增强灾难风险管理能力和建设更具复原力的生计和粮食生产系统的长期行动结合起来。¹", "三. 短期安全网", "24. 营养干预措施、紧急粮食援助和安全网在满足弱势和高风险人群的即期需要和稳定他们的状况方面发挥着重要作用。应根据粮食和营养安全评估来采取干预措施，并考虑到国家一级的需求和能力。", "25. 世界银行以及全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组其他成员于2011年5月编写的一份报告评估了各国在努力保护缺乏粮食安全、易受粮价高涨和波动影响并且面临营养不良风险人群方面取得的进展，突出表明巴西、墨西哥和埃塞俄比亚通过周密制订和执行社会保护方案，减少了饥饿和营养不良风险，减轻了价格上涨的影响，同时还创造了发展机会、建设了人力资本并激励经济增长。柬埔寨和印度尼西亚正在建立类似系统，有证据表明，即便是最微不足道的安全网系统也能为危机干预措施提供跳板。[15]", "26. 经验表明，基于劳动(以粮食和现金换工作)的短期安全网方案能够在季节性短缺和乏粮时期减轻社区受到的冲击并稳定局势。许多此类干预措施具有双重效果，既能帮助人们满足即期需要，同时又能让缺乏粮食安全的小型和边缘化农户创造新资产，激励他们对长期复原力和生产力进行投资，否则他们不会冒这样的风险的。在粮食署的支持下，在埃塞俄比亚开展了管理环境资源以实现向可持续生计过渡的方案，其目的是增强冲击管理能力，通过可持续的土地管理来满足必要的粮食需要并实现生计多样化，在社区一级将可持续土地管理做法和系统制度化并复制到其他地区。 可持续土地管理做法与提高生产力和创收技术双管齐下，已经使600 000多人受益，他们重新确立了对地貌景观、资源和生计的控制，日益摆脱饥饿和无粮食安全的状况。", "27. 诸如学校供餐方案等其他定向安全网在缓解饥饿的同时还支持了教育、保健、性别平等和社区发展。在遭受经济冲击时，例如与粮食价格上涨有关的冲击时，或是在长期危机期间，学校供餐成为促进可持续生计并防止受影响者采取负面应对措施的有效安全网。学校供餐方案一旦与当地采购挂钩，则可增加小型农户的收入，刺激地方发展。然而，在最需要学校供餐的地方，此类方案仍主要由外部供资提供支持。面临的挑战是，应从外部援助过渡到由国家主导并供资的方案。[16] 包含来源于本地的食品能减少口粮篮的成本，促成本地采购和顺利的政府接管，还能产生结余，用于扩大方案的覆盖范围并增加口粮篮。迄今，37个国家成功地从粮食署手中接管了学校供餐方案。[17]", "28. 世界银行全球粮食危机应急方案为许多位于撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲的最贫穷、最脆弱国家提供快速援助，包括促进短期粮食生产，提供可以对粮食降低进口关税或暂停征收海关税或其他税的财政空间，以便缓解价格上涨的影响。世界银行全球粮食危机应急方案目前已经向44个国家分发15亿美元，使近4 000万人受益。该方案已得到授权加速处理不超过7.60亿美元的国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协会现有资金，直至2011年底，而且可能会延长到2012年整年。", "29. 欧洲联盟2009年启动的初始为10亿欧元的粮食基金，以一个两年期方案快速和实质性地应对粮食危机，以帮助发展中国家逐步实现长期粮食安全。粮食基金是与全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组密切协作建立的，注重对粮食安全产生快速、长期影响的方案，相关项目植根于政府关于促进粮食和营养安全及减贫的政策。", "四. 长期可持续发展", "30. 国际社会在努力快速应对短期粮食和营养安全需要的同时，必须解决的根本性问题是如何支持各国努力发展可持续农业，以促进长期的粮食和营养安全，其中包括发展对小农户、尤其是妇女有利的市场。强有力的“第二轨道”能减少对“第一轨道”紧急措施的需求。必须加强后续行动，以执行可持续发展委员会第十七届会议关于农业和农村发展的决定。[18]", "31. 长期可持续农业的成功办法与发展和政策制订的许多不同方面融合在一起，要吸收相关利益攸关方参与并纳入性别平等观点。[19] 妇女是小农户和农村企业家的主体，她们肩负着相当大的养家糊口和提供营养的负担，并且照料靠他人扶养之人。与男人相比，妇女获得生产性资源、机会和服务的渠道更少。女户主家庭面临的挑战最大。", "32. 国家粮食和营养安全计划必须由本国进行阐述、制订、掌管、执行和领导。[20] 实现长期粮食和营养安全，要求各国进行投资，以便利人们享受社会保护制度，通过生产性和可持续的农耕制度维持粮食供给，可持续地管理生态系统并改善国际粮食市场。运作良好的社会保护制度可以保护家庭和个人防范冲击，尤其在已经缺乏粮食安全的小农户(包括牧民和渔民)中，是减少贫穷、饥饿和营养不良战略必不可少的组成部分。因此，各国政府应投资于社会保护，以增强各种生计的复原力。在危机开始时，社会安全网应该已经建立起来，并可以迅速激活。", "33. 然而，世界上有80%的人仍然无法获得任何种类的社会保护和社会安全网的庇护。此外，微型信贷和保险等市场工具在最脆弱国家里尤其少见。", "基于市场的解决方案和发展农业价值链", "34. 价值链的发展涉及将从事生产、交易、加工和销售农产品的各方汇集在一起，并加强它们之间的商业伙伴关系。最重要的挑战是将小农户，作为可靠和有益的合作伙伴纳入价值链，并将其与市场连接起来。如果没有注重小农户的价值链发展，越来越多的农民将被忽略，被排斥在可获利的市场之外，陷入自给生产之中。在几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、几内亚和冈比亚开展的通过农业商业化实现粮食安全的项目[21] 就是努力加强农民组织、增加附加值和增进农民与市场联系的实例。", "35. 粮食署的“采购换进步”试点举措让小农户更直接地参与销售，使用粮食署的购买力来支持粮食和营养安全制度的可持续发展，将粮食和营养援助转换成对当地社区的生产性投资。协调一致的一揽子支持措施可解决小农户在农业价值链各环节面对的制约，从而提高成功机会。得到支持的农民能够发展能力以增加生产力，将产品销售给粮食署并满足正式市场的需求。", "36. 中小型农业企业由于对创造就业、国民生产和出口以及促进形成新企业家精神做出重大贡献，其重要性也广为认可。但是，中小型农业企业目前正在挣扎着与大型公司以及发展中国家里日益高涨的进口食品大潮展开竞争。", "37. 各国一直在促进跨国公司及其他方面提供农业领域的外国直接投资，将其视为解决粮食安全问题的关键，在非洲尤其如此。有人声称，农业领域的外国直接投资通过发掘一国“尚未使用”的农业潜力以及为穷国提供改善粮食安全的资金、基础设施和其他资源，有助于缓解世界粮食危机。一些国家正在寻找新土地用于种植谷物，满足其自身的粮食需要。国际粮食政策研究所报告，从2006年至2009年年中，外国投资者在发展中国家购买了3 700万至4 900万英亩土地。[22]", "38. 许多人担心这些土地购买交易将会进一步破坏一些发展中国家的粮食安全稳定，因为出售给外国投资者的土地不会被用于为当地社区生产粮食。此外，这一趋势还可能导致农业生产的大规模工业化，使发展中国家的小农户流离失所，加剧农村的贫困和粮食不安全。[23] 农发基金和粮农组织研究了国际土地交易的经济影响，以期为各国提供一些指导。[24]", "39. 2010年3月，在尼日利亚联邦共和国政府的支持和非洲联盟的主持下，粮农组织、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、农发基金和非洲开发银行在阿布贾举行了非洲农业企业和农产品加工业发展高级别会议。会议提出了“非洲农业企业和农产品加工业发展倡议”。该倡议的目标是在2020年年底之前，在非洲建立一个由高生产力水平和盈利性的农业价值链组成的农业部门，该价值链能有效地将中小型农业生产者与市场连接起来，提供更高价值的粮食、纤维、饲料和燃料产品，帮助增加农民收入，以可持续的方式使用自然资源，并且创造更多的高质量就业机会。[25]", "40. 根据非洲开发银行的要求，粮农组织审查了非洲收获后的粮食损失情况和各项粮食损失方案，并与世界银行和格林威治大学自然资源研究所合作制订了减少粮食损失方案框架，该框架舍弃1了长期以来对农场一级收获后管理和储存问题的关注。如今对降低粮食损失方案的关注日益高涨。向前推进的有效途径是通过农业价值链解决粮食损失问题。", "自然资源管理", "41. 倘要在农业领域实行健全的水资源管理，就需要每公顷土地使用更少的水，同时也必须将农业用地的污染成本内部化。把重点放在最紧迫的外部环境因素上、同时对个体农民的逐利动机加以利用的政策激励，会有更大的成功机会。健全的农业用水管理的解决方案更可能是知识密集型的，而不是技术密集型的。需要利用基础设施来开发收集雨水设施和方法，以便更好地利用降雨。", "42. 为了在土地资源和水资源所面临的压力日渐增大的情况下对治理土地和水资源的迫切需要作出回应，粮农组织开发出了一些工具，如自然资源的参与式测绘、地理参照数据和全球定位系统。土地利用规划的改善还取决于国家工作队的构成，这些工作队应吸收所有类别的利益攸关方参与，以加强有关国家有效规范土地利用的机构能力。粮农组织在若干区域的方案协助小农户通过改善现有种植制度的管理并实现这些系统的多样化来创造更多的谋生机会，并将相关社区融入市场。", "城乡联系", "43. 在面临人口和移民增长、经济危机和自然灾害的城市中，增进城市贫困人口和其他弱势群体的粮食安全已经成为一个日益严峻的挑战。通过机构间常设委员会应对城市地区人道主义挑战工作队，联合国各机构正与人道主义合作伙伴在评估、生计支持和多方利益攸关方干预措施方面开展合作，让地方当局发挥主力作用，改善城市的粮食和营养安全状况。正在越来越多地优先考虑可持续城市发展和更有效的城乡联系。", "44. 城市及近郊区园艺是指在城镇及其周边地区种植多种多样的作物。虽然城市贫困人口(特别是那些来自农村的人口)曾长期将园艺作为谋生手段和生存策略，但该行业在许多国家在很大程度上仍是非正式的、常常是不稳定的，有时甚至是非法的。让城市越来越绿方案、[26] 支持城市及近郊区园艺的发展，其目标在于提高小规模生产经营活动的效率及其产品的质量和安全。", "林业、渔业和畜牧业", "45. 确保粮食和营养安全的努力必须纳入农业的各个方面。必须改善畜牧生产服务，支持可持续的畜牧业做法，特别是对于利用作物——畜牧综合系统的小农户而言。复合农林业可以大大减少温室气体，占2030年之前总温室气体减排预计潜力的三分之一左右。[27] 复合农林业在全球舞台上日益受到人们的重视，包括第二届世界复合农林业大会(2009年8月，肯尼亚)、首届非洲旱地周(2011年6月，达喀尔)和粮农组织制订的复合农林业发展国际准则。", "46. 可持续渔业和水产养殖对于粮食安全也十分关键。2008年，全球共消费了115万吨鱼，而且预计需求还会上升。渔业和水产养殖业的就业增长速度要快于世界人口和传统农业的就业增速。2008年，有近4 500万人直接从事该行业。此外还有处理和加工等重要的二级部门，其中妇女占其从业人口的一半。包括这些工人的家属在内，渔业和水产养殖业共支持约5.4亿人的生计。", "预警系统", "47. 加强农业部门预测、预防和应对气候变化及极端天气事件的影响的能力，是确保粮食和营养安全的努力的一个重要组成部分。粮食安全综合预警系统将气象指数保险与传统的风险管理和社会保障计划结合在一起，可预测和防止气候变化和极端天气事件的某些影响。这些战略代表着从管理灾害到管理风险的重要转变，提高了粮食和营养安全干预措施的成本效益。", "48. 教科文组织的气候前线论坛是一个关于传统知识和气候变化的机构间平台。它汇集了在小岛屿发展中国家、传统知识和土著人民方面具有知识专长的联合国机构，以推动将土著和地方知识纳入适应气候变化的政策之中。特别值得一提的是，它支持以社区为基础的研究项目网络，提供数据说明脆弱社区如何观察和应对气候变化的影响。这些项目大部分集中在气候变化对粮食生产系统的影响上，包括农业、畜牧业、渔业和土壤管理。[28]", "49. 粮农组织协助成员国加强必要的体制和技术能力，以评估气候变异和气候变化对农业部门的影响。在国家一级正在开发和实施的工具和方法包括作物监测工具箱、雨量估计标准程序、气候变化对农业影响的模型系统和农场适应性动态优化。灾难风险管理方法亦用于预防、防备和减轻极端天气事件的影响。[29]", "50. 埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网方案是另一个国家一级的范例，该方案的目的是将数以百万计的长期缺粮的农村人口从经常性的紧急粮食援助转向更安全的和可预见的社会保障形式，以帮助人们走出贫困和饥饿状态。作为国家粮食安全方案的一部分，埃塞俄比亚政府与粮食署和世界银行结成伙伴关系，通过生计、早期评估和保护项目制定一个创新性的国家风险管理综合框架，以改善其应对干旱和洪灾风险的能力。该项目将预警、应急规划和能力建设与一个1.6亿美元的应急基金挂钩，以支持应对风险的国家财务和管理框架。[30]", "利用与关键利益攸关方的协商", "51. 采取多方利益攸关方的方法是实现长期可持续发展的努力获得成功的关键。为提高农业生产力，发展充满活力的农村经济，全球都必须重视促进赋权和参与，与有关政府部门和民间社会的组成部分建立伙伴关系，包括食品生产者协会、消费者组织、工人和雇主、女性和男性农民、青年、土著人民、城市贫困人口、残疾人和慢性疾病患者、科研机构、区域和国际组织、开发银行和私营部门。", "52. 了解和维护各个民族与其文化、生物多样性、传统生计和知识系统之间千丝万缕的关系，是确保土著人民的粮食和营养安全的关键因素。获得土地和自然资源的机会减少、环境退化、气候变化、全球化以及饮食和生活方式的西化，都极大地影响了传统食品在土著社会中的作用。尽管许多传统的饮食习惯已经失传，但仍有恢复和加强当地粮食体系的机会，以便让土著人民能够继续从其悠久的传统中获益。", "53. 需要制订适当的政策和方案，以促进青年参与农业和农村经济的发展，并改善农业的形象，使它更符合年轻人的理想。农发基金2011-2015年战略框架试图通过在农村经济中为青年创造可行的就业机会来做到这一点，并将青年发展问题作为理事会2011年的主题。", "五. 战略协调和有效协作", "54. 虽然各国政府负责国家一级的粮食和营养安全，但联合国也在支持和补充各国的努力。联合国驻地协调员和人道主义协调员与驻在国的所有联合国有关机构携手合作，确定和实施全面粮食安全战略的适当行动组合，东道国政府、非政府组织和民间社会组织、驻地捐助方代表参与该战略。", "联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组与更新的综合行动框架", "55. 2008年粮食价格的快速上涨和粮食安全所面临的威胁推动国际社会采取行动保护所有人的粮食安全和营养状况。2008年4月，成立了联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组，它是联合国系统的协调机制和协调催化剂。该工作组由联合国秘书长担任组长，粮农组织总干事担任副组长，该工作组汇集了联合国系统内的22个组织、资金和方案和部门，包括布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和经合组织。", "56. 联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组提倡采用一项全面的统筹方法，通过更新的综合行动框架³¹ 来应对实现全球粮食和营养安全的挑战。这一方法满足了弱势群体的迫切需要，并对长期的应变能力作出了贡献(“实现粮食和营养安全的双轨办法”)。该方法重视可持续农业、更佳的生态系统管理、性别平等、改善营养状况的先决条件和无法享有食物权的最弱势人群的人权。该方法要求采取联合行动从整体上处理粮食和营养安全的各个方面：可有、可享、稳定和使用。该方法承认，虽然各国在确保所有人的粮食和营养安全方面发挥主要作用，但诸多其他行为体同样可以作出重要贡献。2011年编写的更新综合行动框架简写版是一份易于阅读的简明文件，突出强调了该框架的概念和原则。[31]", "拉奎拉粮食安全倡议", "57. 2009年7月，在拉奎拉八国集团首脑会议上，八国集团和其他合作伙伴(澳大利亚、荷兰、西班牙和瑞典)承诺在今后三年中为粮食安全提供220亿美元，这有助于扭转农业部门援助和投资总体下降的趋势。这些国家通过拉奎拉粮食安全倡议输入资金。但是，总认捐款中仅有61亿美元是在以往计划的支出之外的新认捐。值得注意的是，总认捐款中有15亿美元分配给发展粮食援助和粮食安全，而这并不是认捐的重点。预计在该倡议下认捐的大部分资金将通过双边的筹资渠道管理。经合组织发展援助委员会指出，虽然在获知不同捐助者支付的确切数字方面存在技术困难，但各国大都正在正常地提供其承诺的资金——尽管人们的印象与此相反。", "二十国集团的行动", "58. 20国集团看来是增进粮食安全的主导力量。在2010年11月于首尔举行的20国集团首脑会议上，20国集团领导人通过了多年度发展行动计划，承诺加强粮食安全政策的一致性和相互协调，提高农业生产力和粮食供应量。[32] 20国集团领导人要求粮农组织、农发基金、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)、经合组织、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、粮食署、世界银行和世界贸易组织与关键利益攸关方携手合作，“就如何在不扭曲市场行为的前提下更好地减轻和控制粮食和其他农业商品的价格波动所带来的风险，拟订供20国集团审议的可选方案，以最终保护最弱势阶层。”题为《粮食和农业市场的价格波动：政策应对措施》的报告(2011年5月)提出了若干建议，2011年6月举行的20国集团农业部长会议通过了这些建议，包括就以下几点达成一致：", "(a) 增强世界各地的粮食和农业系统的长期生产力、可持续性和适应能力，支持农业研究和创新，并创造有利的环境，鼓励对农业的公共和私人投资；", "(b) 启动农产品市场信息系统以增加国际组织、主要粮食进出口国和私营部门之间的协作；", "(c) 鼓励20国集团财长作出适当的决策，更好地监管和监督农产品期货及衍生工具市场；", "(d) 让多哈发展回合取得圆满成功，并同意取消对购买用于非商业、人道主义目的的粮食实施的出口限制或征收的税款；", "(e) 支持粮食署与有关国家合作，依据世界贸易组织规则实施一项区域紧急人道主义粮食储备制度的试点项目；", "(f) 鼓励国际组织、多边和区域开发银行进一步探索反周期的机制，以便在粮价急速攀升期间协助低收入缺粮国家；", "(g) 支持开展努力为弱势家庭、各个社区和政府提供有效的、基于市场的风险管理工具。", "59. 农产品市场信息系统也是2011年6月推出的，并将于2011年9月举行首届会议。农产品市场信息系统是各个国家、组织和私营部门构成的网络，包括粮农组织、农发基金、国际粮食政策研究所、经合组织、贸发会议、粮食署、世界贸易组织、世界银行和联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组。农产品市场信息系统将提供一套全球粮食市场预警系统，对价格波动发出警报，并在市场形势和前景表明粮食安全风险较高时提供适当的政策引导、促进政策协调，以助于确保在危机时期作出更好的防备和更迅速、更一致的政策应对措施。", "全球农业和粮食安全方案", "60. 全球农业和粮食安全方案是由世界银行管理的一个金融中介基金，旨在解决各国正在制定的国家与区域农业和粮食安全战略投资计划资金不足的问题。捐助者为该方案认捐的总金额相当于9.25亿美元，被分配给各个公共和私营部门窗口。迄今，该方案已在两次征集提案后向12个国家发放了总计4.81亿美元的赠款。", "61. 截至2011年6月，公共部门窗口收到捐助者提供的资源达5.202亿美元，占认捐总额的56%。捐助者包括澳大利亚、加拿大、比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会、大韩民国、西班牙和美国。爱尔兰捐助了该方案的部分业务费用。在全球农业和粮食安全方案账户收到额外的资金承诺之前，将不会进一步发出赠款申请邀请。", "世界粮食安全委员会的改革", "62. 改革后的世界粮食安全委员会的宗旨是“为各个关键行为体创造一个包容性的多方利益攸关方平台，以便它们携手合作支持国家主导的进程，确保所有人的粮食和营养安全”。该委员会将发挥以下作用：协调粮食和营养安全的全球应对办法；促进政策的衔接和连贯性；为各个国家和区域提供支持和咨询；在国家和区域一级开展协调行动；促进问责制和共享最佳做法；拟订粮食和营养安全的全球性战略框架。", "63. 改革的指导原则是包容性和紧密联系实地状况，以确保改革进程基于实地的实际情况，并在实施过程中要有灵活性，使委员会能够应对不断变化的外部环境和会员需求。改革的主要特点是：加大对委员会的参与程度，以确保在粮食和农业政策辩论中能够听到所有相关利益攸关方的声音；更加注重在闭会期间的活动；加强在区域、国家和地方各级的联系；通过成立一个粮食安全和营养问题高级别专家小组将结构化的知识专长纳入改革进程中。", "64. 2011年7月，世界粮食安全委员会向经济及社会理事会提交了一份进度报告，[33] 介绍了下列方面的最新进展：对影响粮食价格波动的事件的监测情况；拟订关于以负责任的态度治理土地保有权和其他自然资源的自愿准则；制定关于粮食和营养安全的全球性战略框架；粮食安全和营养问题高级别专家小组的工作情况；改进绘制国家一级采取的粮食和营养安全行动图表的情况；加大私营部门对委员会活动的参与；召开圆桌会议审查衡量饥饿的方法。", "粮农组织、农发基金和粮食署之间的协作增强", "65. 经济和金融危机、粮食和营养安全危机、气候变化和粮食价格的波动，为加强设在罗马的各个机构之间的合作提供了新的动力。粮农组织、农发基金和粮食署越来越多地在政策、业务和管理层次上协调相互之间的活动，并同意应在整个联合国系统保持一致的情况下开展这种合作(包括在“一体行动”下试点开展的合作)，以支持由国家主导的努力，并与国家的优先事项保持一致。在《关于设在罗马的机构之间开展协作的指南》[34] 获得核准之后，这些机构自2009年11月以来已在三个领域开展合作，包括从救济过渡到恢复和长期危机、粮食和营养安全信息系统和通信。设在罗马的各个机构的性别平等部门也加强了合作，制订了一份性别平等联合行动计划，涵盖研究、宣传、能力发展和协调等各个方面。", "66. 通过农发基金/粮食署气象风险联合管理融资机制，粮食署一直在为社区一级开发和评估气象指数保险工具。继2009年在中国和埃塞俄比亚开展两个小额保险试点项目以来，该融资机制正在为气象基础设施有限的国家开发一种基于遥感的气象指数保险创新办法，将在马里进行测试。目前，马里和其他西非国家正在结成气象保险领域的伙伴关系。2010年5月，粮食署和农发基金在该融资机制下共同出版了一项有关37个气象指数保险试点项目的具有里程碑意义的研究成果，以便为可持续的大型保险项目确定标准。", "农业研究协商小组的改革", "67. 在粮农组织、农发基金和世界银行的支持下，农业研究协商小组最近开展改革，围绕着继续学习和问责制问题，通过了一项战略规划、管理和传播的成果管理制办法。", "68. 新的农业研究协商小组战略成果框架确立了为该小组的研究设计提供资料的系统级成果，以及该小组开展研究的主要组织机制(即研究方案)。系统级成果正在减少农村贫困现象、提高粮食安全、改善营养和健康及自然资源的可持续管理。该小组的研究方案明确规定：要在一定框架内开展该小组的研究，这一框架要在小组的研究投入及其对于发展成果的潜在影响之间建立明确的联系。研究方案越来越多地优先考虑满足当地的需求，包括应用研究和业务研究、验证和传播实地经验和良好做法以及国家机构的能力建设。", "69. 新方法将出资者和研究人员的重心从交付产出转移到交付研发成果，同时明确了问责制及连带责任，因而与成果融资制保持了一致。", "扩大营养运动", "70. 在怀孕和孩子满两岁这段时间的营养投入可以拯救生命。它可以防止对智力、身体和社会发展造成长期和不可逆转的影响。这样做也是合算的，因为它可以减轻保健系统的负担，提高教育成绩和促进繁荣。2010年，包括政府、民间社会、私营部门、研究机构和联合国系统在内的100多个组织承诺，共同努力消除饥饿和营养不足现象，并制定扩大营养运动的框架和路线图，为扩大行动提供了指导原则并指明了方向。", "71. 自大会关于千年发展目标问题的高级别全体会议在2010年9月启动扩大营养运动以来，已有17个国家通过对营养和性别问题具有敏感认识的发展把粮食和营养安全纳入其国家方案的优先事项，将营养状况作为其在农业、卫生、社会保障和教育等领域的发展政策的关键目标之一。这些国家都在对直接的营养干预措施进行投资，如促进产前营养、母乳喂养、食物强化和添加辅食等。国际社会也在按照扩大营养的国家计划调整其提供的支持。有几个国家和对这些国家提供支持的利益攸关方将出席2011年9月在纽约举行的高级别会议，审查这方面的进展情况。", "南北、南南和三角合作", "72. 通过南南合作和三角合作，越来越多的各国在分享和推广可持续农业及粮食和营养安全的解决方案。例如，印度和美国最近与利比里亚、马拉维和肯尼亚达成了一项三边安排，以促进粮食和营养安全。[35] 2010年11月，联合国开发计划署与国际劳工组织和日本国际协力事业团协作主办了南南合作和三角合作高级别会议，其重点是如何实现千年发展目标。", "73. 粮农组织促成了多项南南合作协议，以改善贫困家庭的粮食和营养安全状况，增加粮食生产。粮农组织提供的专家技术人员直接在实地开展工作，为受援国的研究人员、推广人员和农业社区提供实训。这有助于说服地方和国家当局在更广泛的范围内传播创新技术。在过去的15年中，粮农组织为40多个国家的南南合作方案提供了支持，并派出了逾1 500名专家和技术人员开展1至3年的实地培训，其中800名专家系由中华人民共和国派出的。在粮农组织与中国达成的战略联盟关系下，计划在中国的研究和培训中心为非洲专家举办培训班。", "区域协调", "74. 粮食和营养安全是通过非洲联盟的非洲农业发展综合方案取得的一项重要发展成果。非洲联盟与非洲各区域经济委员会一道，推动多方利益攸关方为国家和次区域的契约和投资计划投入努力。迄今为止，约有26个国家已完成非洲农业发展综合方案契约，还有16个国家已制订国家农业投资计划并完成了同行审议。[36]", "75. 在管理紧急粮食储备方面开展的区域协调(特别是在非洲之角)，必须能够处理多国面临的共同问题，并确保跨境干预措施及时、有效。协调应建立在现有的机制之上，并应加强政府间发展管理局和其他区域行为体的能力。粮农组织、粮食署和乐施会于2010年10月制定的机构间常委会非洲之角行动计划仍然可以充当有效的行动指南，尽管它可能需要更新。[37]", "六. 结论", "76. 农业发展、粮食和营养安全是复杂的可持续发展问题。在努力推动提高粮食生产的“绿色办法”或“善于应对气候的办法”的同时，必须辅之以确保获得粮食的努力和可持续发展的途径。各国政府必须付出更多的努力，落实可持续发展委员会第十七届会议的各项决定。", "77. 在2011年的国际议程上，农业、粮食和营养安全将继续排在前列。联合国可持续发展会议(里约+20)将为各方专注处理这些问题提供一个全球性的机会，各方已经开始探讨“绿色经济”的主题对于粮食和农业的意义。为此，荷兰已经组建了非正式的粮食和营养安全问题之友小组，粮农组织还推出了“利用农业来绿化经济”倡议，以便结合可持续发展和减贫的目标动员粮食和农业部门为里约+20做好准备。", "78. 将农业、粮食和营养安全与绿色经济主题挂钩的活动包括：粮农组织/经合组织2011年9月在巴黎举行的关于“以农业绿化经济”的联合专家会议；2011年10月在新德里举行的部长级对话，主题为“绿色经济：实现消除贫困、粮食安全和能源安全的一体化”；2011年11月在波恩举行的国际会议，重点考察水、能源和粮食安全之间的关系。", "79. 为实现到2015年将世界饥饿人口减少一半的目标，需要采用一项全面办法，由国际社会共同努力，继续重视推广可持续发展的成功做法，动员所有利益攸关方，并确保认捐资金到位。随着协调行动的日益增多，随着双轨办法和统筹方法的采用，到2015年实现商定的目标仍然是可能的。", "[1] 全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组，“粮食和营养安全：全面行动框架”，最新全面行动框架摘要，2011年8月。", "[2] 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处/联合国粮食及农业组织的充足食物权情况介绍(人权高专办情况介绍系列第34期)。", "[3] 粮农组织的粮食价格指数计算的是一篮子粮食商品的国际价格月度变化。它包含5组商品的平均价格指数。见www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/。", "[4] “粮食和农产品市场的价格波动：政策应对措施”，粮农组织/经合组织向二十国集团(G-20)提出的联合报告(2011年6月)。", "[5] 联合国贸易和发展会议，“被金融化的商品市场中的价格形成：信息的作用。”可查阅www. unctad.org/en/docs/gds20111_en.pdf。", "[6] 粮农组织(罗马，2011年1月)。", "[7] “自然灾害引发的灾难造成的流离失所：2009年和2010年的全球估计数”，境内流离失所问题监测中心和挪威难民理事会(2011年)。", "[8] G.C. Nelson等人著(2009)，气候变化: 对农业的影响和适应成本，国际粮食政策研究所，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿。", "[9] F. Vos、 J. Rodriguez, R. Below和D. Guha Sapir著，2009年年度灾害统计评论：数量和趋势。布鲁塞尔：灾害流行病研究中心(2010)。", "[10] 见FEWS NET网,“东非：去年东非之角东部所记录的最干旱年份之一，”2011年6月14日。可查阅 www.fews.net。", "[11] 见www.fews.net。", "[12] 联合国粮食及农业组织(2011年)。", "[13] “粮食和农产品市场的价格波动：政策应对措施”，粮农组织/经合组织（2011年5月3日）。", "[14] 联合国粮食及农业组织：《世界粮食不安全状况》(2010年，罗马)。", "[15] “向最脆弱人群提供的营养干预措施以及获得人道主义物资：进展和前景”，世界银行和全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组(2011年6月)。", "[16] 见Donald Bundy、Carmen Burbano、Margaret Grosh、Aulo Gelli、Matthew Jukes和Lesley Drake著, “重新思考学校供餐：社会安全网、儿童发展和教育部门”，国际复兴开发银行/世界银行/粮食署(2009年)，可查阅http://siteresources.worldbank.org/Education/ Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080042112/DID_Schoool_Feeding.pdf。", "[17] 见“两分钟了解：学校供餐”。可查阅：http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/ documents/communications/wfp220221.pdf。", "[18] 见E/2009/29-E/CN.17/2009/19。", "[19] 见Bina Agarwal著，“粮食危机和性别平等”，经济和社会事务部第107号工作文件(2011年6月)，ST/ESA/2011/DWP/107。", "[20] 见联合国粮食及农业组织，《世界粮食安全首脑会议宣言》(2009年11月)，WSFS 2009/2。", "[21] 见www.fsca-pisa.org。", "[22] 见“在海外购买农田：外包的第三次浪潮，《经济学家》(2009年5月21日)。", "[23] 见 “全球抢地损害了发展中国家的粮食安全”,粮食与水观察，概况介绍，2009年7月。可查阅www.newscastmedia.com/GlobalLandGrab.pdf。", "[24] 见“抢地还是发展机遇？非洲的农业投资和国际土地交易”。可查阅www.ifad.org/pub/ land/land_grab.pdf。", "[25] “非洲农业企业和农产品加工业发展倡议框架”见www.hlcd-3a.org/data_all/PDF_en/a3ADI_ progFram1.pdf。", "[26] 参见www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/。", "[27] Ulrich Hoffmann著：《确保面临气候变化挑战的发展中国家的粮食安全：实现农业根本转变的关键贸易与发展议题》，贸发会议第201号讨论文件，UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2011/1(2011年2月)。", "[28] 参见www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/links/climate-change- adaptation/projects/climate-frontlines/。", "[29] 参见粮农组织：《粮食与农业中的灾难风险管理》。可查阅ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ i0772e/i0772e00.pdf。", "[30] 粮食署：Niels Balzer和Ulrich Hess著：《气候变化和气象风险管理：指数保险计划提供的证据》，载于《一场革命：从粮食援助到粮食协助：战胜饥饿的创新》(2010年)。", "[31] 参见 www.un-foodsecurity.org。", "[32] 参见20国集团首尔首脑会议领导人宣言，2010年11月，第51(e)段。可查阅www.g20.org/ document2010/11/seoulsummit_declaration.pdf。", "[33] 参见A/66/76-E/2011/102。", "[34] 《关于设在罗马的机构之间开展协作的指南》，2009年7月，可查阅ftp://ftp.fao.org/ docrep/fao/meeting/017/k5126e.pdf。", "[35] 《美国、印度就非洲粮食安全问题开展协作》，《经济时报》，2011年7月20日。", "[36] 参见www.nepad-caadp.net。", "[37] 联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组高级指导小组会议的说明；非洲之角问题特别会议，2011年6月。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 25 of the provisional agenda*", "Agriculture development and food security: progress on the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Reducing the number and proportion of people who suffer from hunger and malnutrition is one of today’s most difficult challenges. Efforts have been made more difficult by higher and more volatile food and fuel prices, political conflict, and persistent underinvestment in agriculture, food and nutrition. Many countries lack the social safety nets necessary to avert disasters such as the famine currently affecting Somalia. Long-term investments in sustainable agriculture, interlinked with efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change, alleviate poverty, empower women, improve market access, and manage ecosystems and natural resources, are not happening quickly enough. Country-led responses supported by the international community must be intensified to meet the internationally agreed goals by 2015.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Overview 4III. Short-term 8 safety \n nets IV. Long-term 10 sustainable \ndevelopment V. Strategic 15 coordination and effective \ncollaboration \nVI. Conclusion 20", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in response to the request made by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/178 that the Secretary-General submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments related to global efforts to address agriculture development and food and nutrition security, and on progress in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security.", "2. Food and nutrition security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.[1] Food and nutrition security therefore covers availability, access, utilization and stability issues, and, because of its focus on the attributes of individuals, also embraces their energy, protein and nutrient needs for life, activity, pregnancy, growth and long-term capabilities. Food and nutrition security is a precondition for the full enjoyment of the right to food.[2]", "3. Addressing the problem of global food and nutrition insecurity is one of the most important challenges of our time. Countries in the Horn of Africa are facing extreme crisis triggered by several seasons of irregular rainfall causing severe drought, and the world is far from reaching the goal of halving the number of hungry and malnourished in the world by 2015. International food and oil price rises are simultaneously putting pressure on the budgets of poor households and increasing the cost of humanitarian operations. The impacts of hunger and malnutrition can be especially severe for pregnant and lactating women, very young children, people living with disabilities and chronic disease (such as HIV/AIDS), the elderly, and other particularly vulnerable groups.", "4. Expectations are high that the United Nations can help make a significant difference both in the immediate and the medium-longer term, particularly for those on low incomes who are net food buyers, including poor urban dwellers and rural people. A more coordinated effort is being undertaken as a result of the 2009 World Summit on Food Security.", "5. This report benefited from inputs received from the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, including contributions from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Task Force has intensified its work over the past year to mitigate and address the effects of recent price rises and excessive volatility, as well as the structural causes of food and nutrition insecurity in a comprehensive way, especially at the country level.", "II. Overview", "Food price volatility: recent trends and drivers", "6. Food prices have risen to an all-time high. The FAO Food Price Index hit a record 238 points in February 2011.[3] It averaged 234 points in June — 1 per cent higher than in May 2011 and 39 per cent higher than in June 2010. A strong rise in international sugar prices was behind much of the increase in the June value of the index. The FAO/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publication Agricultural Outlook expects prices to remain above their historical trend levels and to continue to be volatile in the medium term.", "[]", "Source: FAO, 2011.", "7. Some degree of price volatility is typical of agricultural commodity markets as a result of their fundamental characteristics. Agricultural production is subject to natural shocks such as weather variations, pests and diseases. The recent price volatility has its origins in such fundamental factors — weather shocks in key producing and exporting countries coinciding with low stock levels.", "8. The demand for food and feed crops for the production of biofuels is another significant factor. During the 2007-2009 period biofuels accounted for a significant share of global use of several crops.[4]", "9. However, movements in the prices of food commodities in 2011 differ from what happened in 2008. In a number of countries, including in Africa, 2010 grain harvests were above average. Some domestic food prices are higher than in 2008, while others are relatively low compared to world price levels. The price of rice on the international market has not risen because of generally good harvests in Asia, with stocks in many rice-importing countries higher now than in 2008.", "10. Food price volatility has been exaggerated by the closer links between commodity (agricultural and energy) markets and the often speculative activities of financial investors. The financialization of commodity markets has increased significantly since about 2004, as reflected in rising volumes of financial investments in commodity derivatives markets. This phenomenon is a serious concern, because the activities of financial participants tend to drive commodity prices away from levels justified by market fundamentals, with negative effects both on producers and consumers.[5]", "11. If higher prices are transmitted from world markets to the farm gate and if the necessary inputs and other services, including market access, are available, farmers should be able to benefit by producing and selling more. This applies particularly to poor farmers, including smallholders, in developing countries: if they are enabled to respond, and are assisted to manage any associated risks, they should be able to increase their incomes. But this would not necessarily lead to improved food and nutrition security for the poor, who have to pay higher prices. FAO released the Guide for Policy and Programmatic Actions at Country Level to Address High Food Prices[6] and, between March and July 2011, convened a series of two-day policy seminars at regional and subregional levels, helping countries develop their policy responses to higher food prices.", "Vulnerability to extreme weather events and the effects of climate change", "12. More than 38 million people were displaced by sudden-onset climate-related disasters in 2010, undermining their livelihoods and food security. Trends indicate that less predictable, extreme climate events are becoming the norm.[7] By 2050, as many as 20 per cent more people could be at risk of hunger owing to climate-related losses in productivity. Climate change could lead to 24 million additional malnourished children, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa.[8]", "13. The economic costs of climate-related disasters are significant. In sub-Saharan Africa in 2009, almost 90 per cent of economic losses from disasters were due to drought.[9] In many areas of the world where agricultural productivity is already low and the means of coping with adverse events are limited, climate change is expected to reduce productivity to even lower levels and make production more erratic. Long-term changes in the patterns of temperature and precipitation, which are part of climate change, are expected to shift production seasons, pest and disease patterns, and modify patterns of crop production, affecting prices, incomes, and, ultimately, livelihoods and lives.", "14. Current research highlights strong links between drought risk and malnutrition: in Kenya, for example, children born in drought-affected areas are up to 50 per cent more likely to be stunted. The risk of malnutrition for children in Niger doubles during a drought. Climate change could lead to 24 million additional malnourished children, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa.⁸", "15. The most severe food and nutrition security emergency in the world is occurring in the eastern Horn of Africa, where one of the worst droughts since 1950 has caused crop failure and substantial livestock mortality, resulting in dramatically high food prices — up to 270 per cent higher in certain areas of Somalia.[10] Several United Nations agencies had issued warnings about a drought in the region, including in Somalia, Kenya, Djibouti and Ethiopia, in September 2010, but the extent and severity of the drought became clear only in June and July 2011. Preparedness actions were proposed, but not adequately supported. These factors, along with persistent political conflict and a ban on foreign humanitarian aid by militant rebel groups, have spurred massive migrations both to the Somali capital Mogadishu, and into refugee camps within Kenya and Ethiopia. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) estimates that 30 to 40 per cent of children under the age of 5 are suffering from acute malnutrition on arrival. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network projects that food security is unlikely to improve this year, and the crisis is likely to become worse. As of July 2011, more than 13 million people in the subregion needed humanitarian assistance, and the current emergency response is inadequate to prevent further deterioration. This situation highlights the adverse impact of drought on lives and livelihoods in communities that are already impoverished and have limited resilience.[11]", "16. Preserving and enhancing food and nutrition security requires an increase in the productivity of farming systems, increased resilience in the face of climate risk and capacity to withstand agro-ecological and socio-economic shocks. They are all interlinked with the environmental, social and economic pillars of sustainable development. The recent report “Climate Change, Water and Food Security”[12] outlines actions needed to assist countries, in particular developing countries, in assessing probable climate change impacts on irrigated agriculture and on food production, and in adapting agricultural water management to cope with the range and depths of anticipated impacts.", "Underinvestment in agriculture", "17. National budgets are the primary source of public spending on agriculture, which has fallen to an average of around 7 per cent in developing countries, even less in Africa. The pattern is changing, especially through the Africa-wide approach of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. Official development assistance (ODA) is an important source of public-sector investment for agriculture growth; however, it typically forms only about 15 per cent of total public expenditure in the sector. ODA to agriculture in developing countries has declined since the late 1980s: the share of official development assistance going to agriculture has fallen to as little as 3.8 per cent (though this, too, has started to rise again). Commercial bank lending and foreign direct investment for agriculture in developing countries is also small; it represents less than 10 per cent of total bank lending in sub-Saharan Africa.[13]", "18. In 2007, the level of investment in agriculture was estimated at $189 billion, three quarters of which is private investment. An estimated annual investment of $279 billion, including $208 billion in private investment, would be required to meet food demand in 2050. If ODA and foreign direct investment increase in proportion to the required amount of private investment, then ODA to agriculture would need to increase to $12 billion per year and foreign direct investment in developing country agriculture would increase to $4 billion per year. To reduce hunger by half by 2015 and eliminate hunger completely by 2025, FAO estimates that total public investment in developing country agriculture would need to increase to $120 billion per year. If ODA to agriculture continued to increase in proportion to domestic government expenditures, it would rise to $20 billion per year. Alternatively, if ODA increased to 0.7 per cent of donor countries’ gross domestic product (GDP), as previously committed, and if agriculture’s share of ODA increased to 17 per cent, as seen in the early 1980s, ODA to agriculture would rise to $44 billion per year. For the moment, and despite the mounting evidence of food insecurity catalysing civil unrest, there is scant evidence that ODA will rise sufficiently to meet this challenge.", "Progress in reducing hunger", "19. Millennium Development Goal 1 targets to reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger, while the 1996 World Food Summit goal is to reduce by half the number of these people, by 2015. The total number of people suffering from hunger in the world reached more than 1 billion in 2009. While the numbers of undernourished declined to about 925 million in 2010, much remains to be done to reach the Millennium Development Goal 1 hunger target. In the developing world, the prevalence of undernutrition affects one in six people (16 per cent in 2010, down from 18 per cent in 2009). This is still well above the target set by Millennium Development Goal 1. Food security is being threatened anew by higher and more volatile food prices since late 2010.", "20. The vast majority of the world’s undernourished people — 98 per cent — live in the developing world. Two thirds of these live in just seven countries: Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. Over 40 per cent live in China and India alone. Projections for 2010 indicated that the pace of the decline in the number of undernourished people is very uneven among developing regions. The region with the most undernourished people continues to be Asia and the Pacific, with 578 million in 2010.[14] In addition, about 23 per cent of children are underweight in the developing world.", "21. As of the 2005-2007 period (the most recent period for which complete country-level data are available), some countries, including Armenia and Viet Nam in Asia, achieved the Millennium Development Goal 1 hunger target, while China and others are on track. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Guyana, Jamaica and Nicaragua have achieved Millennium Development Goal 1 and Brazil and others are approaching the hunger reduction target. The proportion of undernourished people remains highest in sub-Saharan Africa, at 30 per cent in 2010, but progress varies widely at the country level. As of the 2005-2007 period, the Congo, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria had achieved the Millennium Development Goal 1 hunger target, and Ethiopia and others were close to achieving it. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, however, the proportion of undernutrition had risen to 69 per cent, up from 26 per cent in the 1990-1992 period.¹⁴", "22. In spite of progress achieved in many countries, fragile States and many sub‑Saharan countries still lag significantly in achieving the Millennium Development Goal 1 target, either because of poor initial conditions (e.g., low income levels or weak institutional conditions) or unfavourable development conditions often linked to protracted crisis. In 2010, FAO and WFP identified a total of 22 countries to be in protracted crisis situations, which are characterized by recurrent natural disasters, conflict, longevity of food crises, breakdown of livelihoods and insufficient institutional capacity to react to the crises.¹⁴", "23. Given the high levels of food and nutrition insecurity and regular recurrence of food crises in the Horn of Africa and other areas, Governments, regional bodies and the international community are increasingly attempting to follow a twin-track comprehensive approach to food security, combining their responses to immediate needs with longer-term actions in order to address structural causes, increase capacity for managing disaster risk and build more resilient livelihoods and food production systems.¹", "III. Short-term safety nets", "24. Nutrition interventions, emergency food assistance and safety nets play an important role in meeting the immediate needs of vulnerable and high-risk populations and in stabilizing their situation. Interventions should be based on food and nutrition security assessments and take country-level needs and capacities into account.", "25. A report prepared in May 2011 by the World Bank and other members of the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis assesses the progress of countries’ efforts to protect groups that are food insecure, vulnerable to the effects of high and volatile food prices, and at risk of undernutrition, highlighting well-designed and executed social protection programmes in Brazil, Mexico and Ethiopia that have reduced the risks of hunger and malnutrition and mitigated impacts of price rises, while creating development opportunities, building human capital and encouraging economic growth. Cambodia and Indonesia are in the process of establishing similar systems, and evidence suggests that even modest safety net systems provide a springboard for intervention in crisis.[15]", "26. Experience shows that labour-based (food or cash-for-work) short-term safety nets programmes can buffer communities from shocks and stabilize situations during seasonal shortages and in times of scarcity. Many of these interventions have a dual effect, by helping people meet their immediate food needs while enabling food insecure small-scale and marginalized farmers to generate new assets and provide incentive for investments in long-term resilience and productivity, a risk they otherwise could not take. The WFP-supported Managing Environmental Resources to Enable Transitions to More Sustainable Livelihoods programme in Ethiopia aims to increase the ability to manage shocks, meet necessary food needs and diversify livelihoods through sustainable land management, and institutionalize sustainable land management practices and systems at community level and replicate to other areas. The combination of sustainable land management practices with productivity and income-generating technologies has benefited over 600,000 people who have re-established their control over landscapes, resources and livelihoods, moving away from hunger and food insecurity.", "27. Other targeted safety nets such as school feeding programmes alleviate hunger while supporting education, health, gender and community development. During economic shocks, such as those related to increasing food prices, or during protracted crises, school feeding becomes an effective safety net to sustain livelihoods and prevent those affected from adopting negative coping strategies. When linked with local purchases, school feeding programmes may increase the incomes of small-scale farmers and stimulate local development. Where school feeding is most needed, however, programmes are still largely supported by external funding. The challenge is to transition from externally assisted to nationally owned and funded programmes.[16] Inclusion of locally sourced foodstuffs decreases the costs of the food basket and allows for local purchases and smooth government takeover; it also generates savings that can be used to expand coverage and increase the food basket. To date, 37 countries have successfully taken over school feeding programmes from WFP.[17]", "28. The World Bank Global Food Crisis Response Programme provides rapid assistance in the poorest and most vulnerable countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, including stimulating short-term food production and fiscal space to allow reductions in import tariffs or suspension of custom duties or taxes on food, to mitigate the impact of higher prices. The Programme has currently allocated $1.5 billion to 44 countries, benefiting nearly 40 million people. It is authorized to expedite processing of up to $760 million of existing funds of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association through the end of 2011, with the possibility that this is extended through 2012.", "29. The European Union Food Facility, launched with €1 billion in 2009, provides a quick and substantial response to the food crisis with a two-year programme to help developing countries move towards long-term food security. Set up in close collaboration with the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, the Food Facility focuses on programmes that will have a quick but lasting impact on food security, with projects embedded in government policies for food and nutrition security and poverty reduction.", "IV. Long-term sustainable development", "30. While the international community works to respond quickly to short-term food and nutrition security needs, it must address the underlying issue of how to support countries’ efforts to develop sustainable agriculture for long-term food and nutrition security, including markets that accommodate smallholder farmers, especially women. A strong “second track” reduces the need for “first track” emergency measures. Follow-up actions to implement decisions of the seventeenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development pertaining to agriculture and rural development must be strengthened.[18]", "31. Successful approaches to long-term sustainable agriculture are integrated with many different dimensions of development and policymaking, include relevant stakeholders, and incorporate a gender perspective.[19] Women are the majority of smallholder farmers and rural entrepreneurs, and they carry much of the burden of providing for and nourishing the household, and caring for those who are dependent on others. Compared with men, women have less access to productive resources, opportunities and services. Households headed by women face the greatest challenges.", "32. National plans for food and nutrition security must be nationally articulated, designed, owned, implemented and led.[20] Long-term food and nutrition security requires countries to invest in making social protection systems accessible, maintaining food availability through productive and sustainable farming systems, sustainably managing ecosystems, and improving international food markets. Well-functioning social protection systems can defend households and individuals against shocks and can be a vital component of strategies to reduce poverty, hunger and malnutrition, particularly among smallholder farmers (including pastoralists and fishers) who are already food-insecure. Therefore, Governments should invest in social protection to increase the resilience of livelihoods. Social safety nets should be already in place at the onset of a crisis and be promptly activated.", "33. However, 80 per cent of the world still has no access to any type of social protection, and coverage of social safety nets. Additionally, market-based instruments, such as microcredit and insurance, are particularly low in the most vulnerable countries.", "Market-based solutions and development of agriculture value chains", "34. Value chain development involves bringing together and strengthening the business partnerships between the different players who produce, trade, process and market agricultural products. The most important challenge is to bring small farmers into value chains as reliable and profitable partners and link them to markets. Without small farmer-focused value chain development, increasing numbers of farmers will be sidelined and excluded from profitable markets and be trapped in subsistence production. Food Security through Commercialization of Agriculture[21] projects in Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Guinea and the Gambia are examples of efforts to strengthen farmers’ organizations, improve value addition, and promote farmer-market linkages.", "35. The WFP Purchase for Progress pilot initiative engages smallholder farmers more directly in selling, using WFP purchasing power to support the sustainable development of food and nutrition security systems and transform food and nutrition assistance into a productive investment in local communities. A coordinated package of support addresses constraints smallholders face along agricultural value chains and enhances prospects for success. Supported farmers develop capacity to increase productivity, sell to WFP, and meet the demands of formal markets.", "36. The importance of small and medium agricultural enterprises is also well-recognized, owing to their significant contribution to employment generation, national output and exports and fostering new entrepreneurship. However, small and medium agricultural enterprises are currently struggling to compete with larger companies and the growing tide of imported food products in developing regions.", "37. Foreign direct investment in agriculture by multinational corporations and others has been promoted as key to solving the food security problem, especially in Africa. It is claimed that it will help alleviate the world food crisis by tapping into a country’s “unused” agricultural potential and providing poor countries with money, infrastructure and other resources that improve food security. Some countries are also seeking new land to plant crops to meet their own food needs. The International Food Policy Research Institute reports that foreign investors bought from 37 million to 49 million acres of land in developing countries between 2006 and mid-2009.[22]", "38. Many fear that these land purchases could further destabilize the food security of some developing countries, as land sold to foreign investors cannot be used to produce food for local communities. Moreover, this trend is likely to lead to large-scale industrialized agricultural production — dislocating smallholder farmers in the developing world and exacerbating rural poverty and food insecurity.[23] IFAD and FAO have studied the economic implications of international land deals to provide some guidance to countries.[24]", "39. In March 2010, FAO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), IFAD, and the African Development Bank, with the support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and under the auspices of the African Union, held a high-level conference on the development of agribusiness and agro-industries in Africa in Abuja. The Conference launched the African Agribusiness and Agro-industries Development Initiative. The goal of the initiative is to have an agriculture sector in Africa that by the year 2020 is made up of highly productive and profitable agriculture value chains that effectively link small and medium-size agricultural producers to markets, supply higher-valued food, fibre, feed and fuel products, contribute to increasing farmers’ incomes, utilize natural resources in a sustainable manner and generate increased and high-quality employment.[25]", "40. At the behest of the African Development Bank, FAO reviewed post-harvest food losses and food loss programmes in Africa, and developed, in collaboration with the World Bank and the University of Greenwich Natural Resources Institute, a framework for food loss reduction programmes that moves away from the long-standing preoccupation with farm-level post-harvest management and storage. There is a groundswell of interest in food loss reduction programmes; an effective way to move forward is to address food losses through the agricultural value chains.", "Natural resources management", "41. Sound water management in agriculture will need to cope with less water per hectare of land and will also have to internalize the cost of pollution from agricultural land. Policy incentives that focus on the most pressing environmental externalities, while leveraging individual farmer’s profit motives, have a greater chance of success. Solutions for sound water management in agriculture are more likely to be knowledge-rich than technology-intensive. Infrastructure is needed for developing water harvesting facilities and methods to make better use of rainfall.", "42. In order to respond to the urgent need for governance of land and water resources in a context of increasing pressure on these resources, FAO has developed tools such as participative mapping of natural resources, geo-referenced data and Global Positioning System (GPS). Improvement of land-use planning also relies on the constitution of national task forces that involve all categories of stakeholders in order to strengthen institutional capacities to effectively regulate land use in concerned countries. FAO programmes in several regions assist smallholder farmers in improving livelihoods through improved management of existing cropping systems and the diversification of those systems to create additional livelihood opportunities and integrate communities into markets.", "Urban/rural linkages", "43. Enhancing food security among the urban poor and other vulnerable groups has become an increasing challenge in cities experiencing increasing populations and migration, economic crises and natural disasters. Through the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, United Nations agencies are working with humanitarian partners on assessment, livelihood support and multi-stakeholder interventions to enhance food and nutrition security in cities, with local authorities in the driving seat. Priority is increasingly given to sustainable urban development and more effective urban/rural linkages.", "44. Urban and peri-urban horticulture is the cultivation of a wide range of crops within cities and towns and in the surrounding areas. While the urban poor, particularly those arriving from rural areas, have long practised horticulture as a livelihood and survival strategy, in many countries the sector is still largely informal, usually precarious and sometimes illegal. The Growing Greener Cities Programme[26] supports the development of urban and peri-urban horticulture, with the goal of enhancing the efficiency of small-scale production activities and the quality and safety of their produce.", "Forestry, fisheries and livestock", "45. Efforts to ensure food and nutrition security must incorporate all aspects of agriculture. Improving animal production services and supporting sustainable livestock practices is essential, particularly for smallholders employing integrated crop-livestock systems. Agroforestry can greatly reduce greenhouse gases (GHG), accounting for one third of the estimated total GHG abatement potential until 2030.[27] Increasing attention has been given to agroforestry in the global arena, including the convening of the Second World Congress of Agroforestry (Kenya, August 2009), the First Africa Drylands Week (Dakar, June 2011), and the development by FAO of international guidelines for agroforestry.", "46. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture are also crucial to food security. In 2008, the world consumed 115 million tons of fish, and demand is expected to rise. Employment in fisheries and aquaculture has grown faster than the world’s population and employment in traditional agriculture. In 2008, almost 45 million people were directly engaged in the sector. Add to these the important secondary sectors such as handling and processing, and women represent half of those involved. Altogether, including the family dependants of these workers, fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of about 540 million people.¹⁴", "Early warning systems", "47. Strengthening the ability of the agricultural sector to predict, prevent and address the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events is a critical component of the efforts to address food and nutrition security. Integrated food security early warning systems allow for predicting and preventing some of the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events, linking weather index insurance with traditional risk management and social protection schemes. These strategies represent an important shift from managing disasters to managing risks, increasing the cost-effectiveness of food and nutrition security interventions.", "48. UNESCO’s Climate Frontlines is an interagency platform on traditional knowledge and climate change. It brings together United Nations agencies with expertise in small island developing States, traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples to promote the inclusion of indigenous and local knowledge in climate change adaptation policy. Notably, it supports a network of community-based research projects that provide data on how vulnerable communities are observing and coping with the impacts of climate change. The majority of these projects focus on the impacts of climate change of food production systems, including agriculture, pastoralism, fishing and soil management.[28]", "49. FAO assists member countries in strengthening institutional and technical capacity necessary to assess impacts of climate variability and climate change on the agriculture sector. Tools and methods being developed and delivered at the country level include a crop monitoring toolbox, rainfall estimate routine, the Modelling System for Agriculture Impacts of Climate Change, and Farm Adaptive Dynamic Optimization. The disaster-risk management approach is also used to prevent, prepare for and mitigate impacts of extreme weather events.[29]", "50. Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme is another country-level example that aims to shift millions of chronically food-insecure rural people from recurrent emergency food aid to a more secure and predictable form of social protection that can help propel people out of hunger and poverty. As part of the national food security programme, the Government of Ethiopia partnered with WFP and the World Bank to improve its capacity to manage drought and flood risk by developing an innovative integrated national risk management framework through the Livelihoods, Early Assessment and Protection project, which supports national risk finance and management frameworks by linking early warning, contingency planning and capacity-building to a $160 million contingency fund.[30]", "Building on consultations with key stakeholders", "51. Multi-stakeholder approaches are at the centre of successful efforts to achieve long-term sustainable development. The expansion of agricultural productivity and the development of vibrant rural economies will require global attention to promoting empowerment and participation in partnerships by relevant government departments and elements of civil society, including food producer associations and organizations of consumers, workers and employers, women and men farmers, youth, indigenous people, urban poor and people living with disabilities and chronic disease, scientific and research bodies, regional and international organizations, development banks and the private sector.", "52. Understanding and maintaining the inextricable relationships between peoples and their cultures, biodiversity, traditional livelihood and knowledge systems are critical factors in ensuring the food and nutrition security of indigenous peoples. Reduced access to land and natural resources, environmental degradation, climate change, globalization and the westernization of diet and lifestyle have dramatically affected the role traditional foods play in indigenous societies. Although many traditional food practices have been lost, there is still scope to recover and strengthen local food systems so that indigenous peoples can continue to reap the benefits of their long-standing traditions.", "53. Adequate policies and programmes are needed to promote youth involvement in agriculture and development of the rural economy, to boost the image of agriculture and make it more desirable for young people. The IFAD Strategic Framework for 2011-2015 seeks to do this by creating viable opportunities for youth in rural economies and has adopted the issue of youth development as the theme for the 2011 Governing Council.", "V. Strategic coordination and effective collaboration", "54. While Governments are responsible for food and nutrition security at the country level, the United Nations supports and complements national efforts. United Nations Resident Coordinators and Humanitarian Coordinators work with all relevant United Nations agencies in their respective countries to determine and implement the appropriate mix of actions for a comprehensive food security strategy that involves host Governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations, and resident donor representatives.", "High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis and the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action", "55. The rapid rises in food prices and threats posed to food security in 2008 propelled the international community to take action to protect world food security and nutrition for all. In April 2008, the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis was established as a coordination mechanism and catalyst for the United Nations system. Chaired by the Secretary-General with the Director General of FAO as Vice-Chair, the Task Force brings together 22 organizations, funds, programmes and departments within the United Nations family, including the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and the OECD.", "56. The High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis promotes a comprehensive and unified approach to the challenge of achieving global food and nutrition security through the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action.[31] This approach provides a response to the immediate needs of vulnerable populations, as well as a contribution to longer-term resilience (the “twin-tracks to food and nutrition security”). It prioritizes sustainable agriculture, better ecosystem management, gender equity, the prerequisites for improved nutrition and the human rights of those least able to enjoy their right to food. It calls for joint actions to address all aspects of food and nutrition security — availability, access, stability and utilization — as a whole. It acknowledges that, while States have the primary role in ensuring food and nutrition security for all, a multiplicity of other actors have vital contributions to make. In 2011 a summary version of the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action was prepared as an easy-to-read concise document that highlights the concepts and principles of the framework.³¹", "L’Aquila Food Security Initiative", "57. In July 2009 at the L’Aquila Group of Eight (G-8) Summit, the G-8 and other partners (Australia, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden) committed $22 billion towards food security over three years, which promised to help reverse the overall decline of aid and investment to the agricultural sector. They channelled these funds through the L’Aquila Food Security Initiative. However, of the total pledged, only $6.1 billion is additional to previously planned expenditures. Notably, $1.5 billion of the total is allocated to development food aid and food security, which was not a focus of the pledge. It is expected that the majority of funds pledged under the Initiative will be administered through bilateral funding channels. The OECD-Development Assistance Committee has noted that although there are technical difficulties in accessing the exact figures of disbursements by the different donors, they are mainly on track in delivering their commitments, despite perceptions to the contrary.", "Actions by G-20", "58. G-20 appears to be driving actions for greater food security. At its summit meeting in Seoul in November 2010, G-20 leaders produced a Multi-Year Action Plan on Development that committed to enhance food security policy coherence and coordination and increase agricultural productivity and food availability.[32] G-20 leaders requested that FAO, IFAD, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), OECD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), WFP, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization work with key stakeholders to develop options for G-20 consideration on how to better mitigate and manage the risks associated with the price volatility of food and other agriculture commodities, without distorting market behaviour, ultimately to protect the most vulnerable. The report “Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses” (May 2011) provided recommendations that were subsequently adopted by the G-20 agriculture ministers at their meeting in June 2011, including agreement to:", "(a) Strengthen the longer-term productivity, sustainability and resilience of the food and agriculture system worldwide, as well as support agricultural research and innovation and create the enabling environment to encourage public and private investment in agriculture;", "(b) Launch the Agricultural Market Information System to increase collaboration between international organizations, major food exporting and importing countries and the private sector;", "(c) Encourage G-20 finance ministers to take the appropriate decisions for a better regulation and supervision of agricultural futures and derivative markets;", "(d) Bring the Doha Development Round to a successful conclusion and agree to remove export restrictions or taxes on food purchased for non-commercial humanitarian purposes;", "(e) Support the development by WFP of a pilot project for a regional emergency humanitarian food reserves system, consistent with World Trade Organization rules, in partnership with the countries concerned;", "(f) Encourage international organizations and multilateral and regional development banks to further explore counter-cyclical mechanisms to assist low-income food-deficit countries during food price surges;", "(g) Support the efforts to provide vulnerable households, communities and Governments with effective, market-based risk management instruments.", "59. The Agricultural Market Information System was also launched in June 2011, and will hold its inception meeting in September 2011. It is a network of countries, organizations and the private sector, including FAO, IFAD, the International Food Policy Research Institute, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis. It will provide a global food market early warning system that will issue alerts to price surges and help ensure better preparedness and more rapid and consistent policy responses in times of crisis through providing appropriate policy guidance and promoting policy coordination when the market situation and outlook indicates a high food security risk.", "Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme", "60. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme is a Financial Intermediary Fund administered by the World Bank designed to address the underfunding of country and regional agriculture and food security strategic investment plans already being developed by countries. The total amount pledged by donors to the Programme, equivalent to $925 million, is allocated to the Public and Private Sector Windows. To date, it has awarded grants to 12 countries, with a total value of $481 million, under two calls for proposals.", "61. The resources received from donors as of June 2011 amount to $520.2 million for the Public Sector Window, representing 56 per cent of the total pledge. Donors include Australia, Canada, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Republic of Korea, Spain and the United States. Ireland has contributed to the operating costs of the programme. No further invitation for applications for grants will be offered until additional funding is committed to the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme account.", "Reform of the Committee on World Food Security", "62. The reformed Committee on World Food Security aims to create an inclusive multi-stakeholder platform where key actors work together in support of country-led processes to ensure food and nutrition security for all. The roles of the Committee include coordinating a global approach to food and nutrition security; promoting policy convergence and coherence; supporting and advising countries and regions; coordinating action at national and regional levels; promoting accountability and sharing best practices; and developing a global strategic framework for food and nutrition security.", "63. The reform is guided by principles of inclusiveness, strong linkages to the field to ensure the process is based on a realistic situation on the ground, and flexibility in implementation so that the Committee can respond to a changing external environment and membership needs. The key features of the reform are expanded participation in the Committee to ensure that voices of all relevant stakeholders are heard in the policy debate on food and agriculture; increased focus on intersessional activities; strengthened linkages at regional, national and local levels; and inclusion of structured expertise through the creation of a high-level panel of experts on food and nutrition security.", "64. The Committee on World Food Security submitted a progress report to the Economic and Social Council in July 2011,[33] providing updates on monitoring of events affecting food price volatility, the development of voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land and other natural resources, development of a global strategic framework on food and nutrition security, the work of the high-level panel of experts on food and nutrition security, improving mapping of food and nutrition security actions at the country level, increasing engagement of the private sector in activities of the Committee, and round tables to review methods of hunger measurement.", "Strengthened collaboration among FAO, IFAD and WFP", "65. The economic and financial crises, food and nutrition security crisis, climate change and volatility of food prices have provided new impetus for strengthening cooperation among the Rome-based agencies. Increasingly, FAO, IFAD and WFP coordinate their activities at policy, operational and administrative levels, and agree that collaboration should be pursued in the context of United Nations system-wide coherence, including under the “Delivering as One” pilots, in support of country-driven efforts and aligned with country priorities. Following the approval of the paper “Directions for Collaboration among the Rome-based Agencies”,[34] collaboration on three areas has been undertaken since November 2009, including transition from relief to recovery and protracted crisis, Information Systems for Food and Nutrition Security, and communications. The gender units of the Rome-based agencies have also intensified their collaboration. A joint gender action plan was prepared covering research, advocacy, capacity development and coordination.", "66. Through the joint IFAD/WFP Weather Risk Management Facility, WFP has been developing and evaluating weather index insurance tools for the community level. Following two microinsurance pilots in China and Ethiopia in 2009, the Facility is developing an innovative remote sensing-based weather index insurance approach for countries with limited weather infrastructure, which will be tested in Mali. Partnerships in weather insurance are being pursued and developed in Mali and other western African countries. In May 2010, under the Facility, WFP and IFAD jointly published a landmark study of 37 pilot weather index insurance projects to determine criteria for sustainable large-scale insurance projects.", "Reform of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research", "67. The recent reform of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, supported by FAO, IFAD and the World Bank, adopted a results-based management approach for strategic planning, management and communications centred on continuous learning and accountability.", "68. The new Strategic Results Framework of the Group establishes system-level outcomes that inform the design of the Group’s research and research programmes that are the main organizational mechanism of the Group’s research. The system-level outcomes are reducing rural poverty, improving food security, improving nutrition and health, and sustainable management of natural resources. The Group’s research programmes make explicit the execution of Group research within a framework that allows a clear linkage between investment in its research and its potential impact on development outcomes. Priority is increasingly given to responding to local needs, including applied and operational research, validating and disseminating field experience and good practices, and building capacity of national institutions.", "69. Consistent with results-based financing, the new approach shifts both the funders’ and researchers’ focus from delivery of outputs to delivery of research and development outcomes while clarifying accountability and joint responsibility.", "Scale Up Nutrition Movement", "70. Investing in nutrition between pregnancy and a child’s second birthday saves lives. It prevents a long-term and irreversible impact on intellectual, physical and social development. It makes economic sense, reducing the burden on health-care systems, increasing educational achievement and improving prosperity. In 2010, over 100 organizations, representing Governments, civil society, the private sector, research institutions and the United Nations system, committed to work together to fight hunger and undernutrition, developing a Framework to Scale Up Nutrition and a road map to provide the principles and direction for increased action.", "71. Since the launch of the Scale Up Nutrition Movement at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2010, 17 countries have been prioritizing food and nutrition security in their national programmes through nutrition and gender sensitive development that has nutritional outcomes as a key goal of their development policies in sectors such as agriculture, health, social protection and education. They are investing in direct nutrition interventions such as promoting antenatal nutrition, breastfeeding, food fortification and complementary feeding. The international community is aligning its support with country plans to scale up nutrition. Several of these countries, and stakeholders that are supporting them, will be participating in a high-level meeting in New York to review progress in September 2011.", "North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation", "72. Solutions for sustainable agriculture and food and nutrition security are increasingly shared and scaled up through South-South and triangular cooperation. Recently, for example, India and the United States forged a triangular arrangement with Liberia, Malawi and Kenya to promote food and nutrition security,[35] and a High-Level Meeting on South-South and Triangular Cooperation was convened in November 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme in partnership with the International Labour Organization and the Japan International Cooperation Agency, with a focus on meeting the Millennium Development Goals.", "73. Many South-South cooperation agreements have been organized by FAO to improve food and nutrition security within poor households and increase food production, providing expert technicians who work directly in the field and provide hands-on training to researchers, extensionists and farming communities in recipient countries. These have been instrumental in convincing local and national authorities of the value of disseminating innovative technologies on a much wider scale. In the past 15 years, FAO has supported South-South cooperation programmes in more than 40 countries, and over 1,500 experts and technicians have been fielded for durations of one to three years, among which 800 were fielded by the People’s Republic of China. Under FAO’s Strategic Alliance with China, training courses for African experts are planned to take place in Chinese research and training centres.", "Regional coordination", "74. Food and nutrition security is a key development outcome through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme of the African Union, which, together with Africa’s regional economic commissions, has stimulated multi-stakeholder efforts for country and subregional compacts and investment plans. To date, some 26 countries have completed Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme compacts and 16 have prepared and peer reviewed national agriculture investment plans.[36]", "75. Regional coordination in the management of emergency food stocks, especially in the Horn of Africa, needs to be capable of handling multicountry issues and ensuring that cross-border interventions are timely and effective. Coordination should build on existing mechanisms. This should include strengthening the capacities of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and other regional actors. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee Plan of Action for the Horn of Africa, developed by FAO, WFP and Oxfam in October 2010, remains valid as a guide for action, though it may need to be updated.[37]", "VI. Conclusion", "76. Agriculture development and food and nutrition security are complex sustainable development issues. Efforts to promote “green” or “climate-smart” ways of enhancing food production must be complemented by efforts to ensure access to food and sustainable development pathways. National Governments must do more to implement the decisions of the seventeenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development.", "77. Agriculture and food and nutrition security will remain high on the international agenda in 2011. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) will provide a global opportunity to focus on these issues, and many are already exploring what the “green economy” theme implies for food and agriculture. To this end, the Netherlands has formed an informal group of friends on food and nutrition security, and FAO has launched a “greening the economy with agriculture” initiative to mobilize the food and agriculture sector for Rio+20, in the context of sustainable development and poverty alleviation.", "78. Events linking agriculture and food and nutrition security with the green economy theme include a joint FAO/OECD expert meeting on “greening the economy with agriculture”, to be held in Paris in September 2011; a ministerial dialogue on the theme “Green economy: integrating poverty eradication, food security and energy security” in New Delhi in October 2011; and an international conference in Bonn in November 2011 to examine the nexus of water, energy and food security.", "79. A comprehensive approach to meeting the 2015 target for reducing the world’s hungry by half will require concerted effort by the international community to stay focused on scaling up successful approaches to sustainable development, mobilizing all stakeholders, and ensuring that funding pledges are fulfilled. With increasingly coordinated actions and a twin-track and comprehensive approach, reaching the agreed goal by 2015 remains possible.", "[1] High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, “Food and Nutrition Security: Comprehensive Framework for Action”, a Summary of the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, August 2011.", "[2] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations fact sheet on the right to adequate food (OHCHR Fact Sheet Series No. 34).", "[3] The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of the monthly change in the international prices of a basket of food commodities. It consists of the average of five commodity group price indices; see www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/.", "[4] “Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses”, FAO/OECD joint report to the Group of Twenty (G-20) (2 June 2011).", "[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Price Formation in Financialized Commodity Markets: The Role of Information. Available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/ gds20111_en.pdf", "[6] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome, January 2011).", "[7] “Displacement due to natural hazard-induced disasters: Global estimates for 2009 and 2010”, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and Norwegian Refugee Council (2011).", "[8] G. C. Nelson et al. (2009), Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.", "[9] F. Vos, J. Rodriguez, R. Below and D. Guha Sapir, Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2009: the numbers and trends. Brussels: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2010).", "[10] See FEWS NET, “East Africa: Past year one of the driest on record in the eastern Horn”, 14 June 2011. Available at www.fews.net.", "[11] See www.fews.net.", "[12] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011).", "[13] “Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses”, FAO/OECD (3 May 2011).", "[14] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World (Rome, 2010).", "[15] “Nutrition Interventions for the Most Vulnerable and Access to Humanitarian Supplies: Progress and Prospects”, World Bank and the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis (June 2011).", "[16] See Donald Bundy, Carmen Burbano, Margaret Grosh, Aulo Gelli, Matthew Jukes and Lesley Drake, “Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector”, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank/WFP (2009). Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080042112/DID_School_Feeding.pdf.", "[17] See “Two minutes to learn about: School Meals”. Available at http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/ groups/public/documents/communications/wfp220221.pdf.", "[18] See E/2009/29-E/CN.17/2009/19.", "[19] See Bina Agarwal, “Food Crises and Gender Inequality”, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Working Paper No. 107 (June 2011), ST/ESA/2011/DWP/107.", "[20] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, WSFS 2009/2 (November 2009).", "[21] See www.fsca-pisa.org/.", "[22] See “Buying farmland abroad: Outsourcing’s third wave”, The Economist (21 May 2009).", "[23] See “Global Land Grab Undermines Food Security in the Developing World”, Food & Water Watch, Fact Sheet, July 2009. Available at www.newscastmedia.com/GlobalLandGrab.pdf.", "[24] See “Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa”. Available at www.ifad.org/pub/land/land_grab.pdf.", "[25] The African Agribusiness and Agro-industries Development Initiative Framework is available at www.hlcd-3a.org/data_all/PDF_en/a3ADI_progFram1.pdf.", "[26] See www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/.", "[27] Ulrich Hoffmann, “Assuring Food Security in Developing Countries under the Challenges of Climate Change: Key Trade and Development Issues of a Fundamental Transformation of Agriculture”, UNCTAD Discussion Paper No. 201, UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2011/1 (February 2011).", "[28] See www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/links/climate-change-adaptation/projects/climate-frontlines/.", "[29] See “Disaster Risk Management in food and agriculture”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0772e/i0772e00.pdf.", "[30] World Food Programme, Niels Balzer and Ulrich Hess, “Climate change and weather risk management: evidence from index-based insurances schemes”, Revolution: From Food Aid to Food Assistance: Innovations in Overcoming Hunger (2010).", "[31] Available at www.un-foodsecurity.org.", "[32] See G-20 Seoul Summit Leaders’ Declaration, November 2010, para. 51 (e). Available at www.g20.org/Documents2010/11/SeolSummit_declaration.pdf.", "[33] See A/66/76-E/2011/102.", "[34] “Directions for Collaboration among the Rome-based Agencies”, July 2009. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/k5126e.pdf.", "[35] “US, India to Collaborate on Food Security in Africa”, Economic Times, 20 July 2011.", "[36] See www.nepad-caadp.net/.", "[37] Notes from the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis Senior Steering Group Meeting; Special Meeting on the Horn of Africa, June 2011." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 25 of the provisional agenda*", "Agriculture development and food security: progress in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Reducing the number and proportion of people who suffer from hunger and malnutrition is one of the most difficult challenges today. Efforts in this area have been made more difficult by rising and volatile food and fuel prices, political conflict and persistent underinvestment in agriculture, food and nutrition. Many countries lack the social safety nets needed to avert disasters such as the current famine in Somalia. Long-term investment in sustainable agriculture, which is interlinked with efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change, reduce poverty, empower women, improve market access and manage ecosystems and natural resources, is insufficient. The country-led response, supported by the international community, must be intensified if the internationally agreed goals are to be achieved by 2015.", "Contents", "3. Short-term safety nets", "Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/178, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the latest developments in global efforts to address agricultural development and food and nutrition security and on progress made in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security.", "Food and nutrition security means that everyone at all times has physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life. [1] Food and nutrition security therefore encompasses issues of availability, accessibility, use and stability and, because of its focus on individual characteristics, also includes energy, protein and nutrition for life, activity, pregnancy, growth and long-term capacity. Food and nutrition security is a prerequisite for the full enjoyment of the right to food. [2]", "Addressing global food and nutrition insecurity is one of the most important challenges of our time. The countries of the Horn of Africa are facing an extreme crisis caused by severe drought caused by several irregular rainy seasons, and the world is far from the target of halving global hunger and malnutrition by 2015. Increased international food and oil prices put additional pressure on the budgets of poor families and increased the cost of humanitarian action. Hunger and malnutrition disproportionately affect pregnant and lactating women, young children, persons with disabilities and chronically ill people, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, the elderly and other particularly vulnerable groups.", "There is a high expectation that the United Nations will be able to bring about significant changes in the near and medium term, particularly for low-income net food buyers, including poor urban and rural dwellers. Efforts are now more coordinated, as a result of the 2009 World Summit on Food Security.", "5. The present report benefited from the inputs of the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Over the past year, the Working Group has intensified its work, particularly at the national level, to mitigate and address in an integrated manner the effects of recent price increases and extreme instability, as well as the structural causes of food and nutrition insecurity.", "Overview", "Food price volatility: recent trends and drivers", "6. Food prices have risen to record highs. In February 2011, the FAO food price index reached a record 238 points. [3] The index averaged 234 points in June, 1 per cent higher than in May 2011 and 39 per cent higher than in June 2010. The high level of the index in June was driven in large part by the strong rise in international sugar prices. The FAO/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publication Agricultural Outlook anticipates that food prices will remain above historical trends and will continue to fluctuate over the medium term.", "[Chuckles]", "Source: FAO, 2011.", "7. A certain degree of price volatility is typical of agro-commodity markets, which are determined by their underlying characteristics. Agricultural production is affected by natural shocks such as weather changes, pests and diseases. Recent price fluctuations have been rooted in the above-mentioned underlying factors, which, in the face of low levels of stocks, have been hit by severe weather shocks in major producing and exporting countries.", "Another important factor is the food and feed crops required for biofuel production. Biofuels accounted for a significant share of global use of some crops between 2007 and 2009. [4]", "9. However, changes in food commodity prices in 2011 differed from the situation in 2008. In some countries, including in Africa, cereal harvests in 2010 were better than average. Some categories of domestic food prices are higher than 2008 levels, while others are relatively low compared to international price levels. Rice prices on the international market have not risen because of the generally better harvest in Asia, and many rice-importing countries currently have higher stocks than in 2008.", "10. Food price volatility has increased as a result of closer links between commodity markets (agriculture and energy) and the usual speculative activities of financial investors. The degree of financialization of commodity markets has increased significantly since about 2004, as reflected in the increasing level of financial investment in commodity derivatives markets. This is a matter of serious concern, as the activities of financial actors tend to drive commodity prices away from reasonable levels determined by market fundamentals, with negative effects on both producers and consumers. [5]", "11. If higher prices are transmitted from world markets to farms and if the necessary inputs and other services, including market access, are available, farmers should be able to benefit from overproduction. This applies in particular to poor farmers in developing countries, including small-scale farmers: they should be able to increase their incomes if they are able to cope with the associated risks and are assisted in managing them. But for poor people who have to pay higher prices, this does not necessarily lead to improved food and nutrition security. FAO issued “Guidelines for policy and programme action to address high food prices at the national level”,[6] and convened a series of two-day regional and subregional policy seminars between March and July 2011 to help countries develop policy responses to high food prices.", "Vulnerability to extreme weather events and climate change effects", "12. In 2010, more than 38 million people were displaced by sudden-onset climate disasters, affecting their livelihoods and food security. Trends indicate that extreme weather events, which are less easily predicted, are becoming increasingly common. [7] By 2050, low climate-related production reductions could lead to a 20 per cent increase in the number of people at risk of hunger. Climate change could lead to an increase of 24 million malnourished children, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. [8]", "13. The economic costs of climate-related disasters are enormous. In sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 90 per cent of disaster economic losses were caused by drought in 2009. [9] For many regions of the world where agricultural productivity is already low and the means to deal with adverse events are limited, climate change is expected to lead to a lower level of productivity and more volatile yields. Long-term changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are part of climate change and are expected to change production seasons, pests and disease patterns and crop cultivation patterns, affecting prices, income and ultimate livelihoods and livelihoods.", "14. Current research highlights the clear link between drought risk and malnutrition: in Kenya, for example, children born in dryland-affected areas are at most 50 per cent more likely to suffer from developmental disorders. The risk of malnutrition among children in the Niger doubled during the drought. Climate change could lead to an increase of 24 million malnourished children, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. 8", "15. The world ' s worst food and nutrition security emergency occurred in the eastern Horn of Africa, where one of the worst droughts since 1950 resulted in crop failure and the death of large numbers of livestock, leading to a sharp rise in food prices, which reached a high of 270 per cent in some parts of Somalia. [10] A number of United Nations agencies issued warnings in September 2010 that drought would occur in the region, including Somalia, Kenya, Djibouti and Ethiopia, but the extent and severity of the drought became clear only in July 2011. While disaster preparedness was recommended, it was not adequately supported. These factors, combined with the ongoing political conflict and the ban on foreign humanitarian access by armed rebel groups, have stimulated a massive influx of migrants into the Somali capital, Mogadishu, and refugee camps in Kenya and Ethiopia. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) estimates that between 30 and 40 per cent of children under five years of age are acutely malnourished when they reach the camps. The Famine Early Warning System Network predicts that food security is unlikely to improve this year and that the crisis is likely to worsen. In July 2011, more than 13 million people in the subregion were in need of humanitarian assistance, and the current emergency response was insufficient to prevent further deterioration. This situation highlights the impact of drought on the lives and livelihoods of communities that are already poor and have limited resilience. [11]", "16. In order to maintain and enhance food and nutrition security, it is essential to increase the productivity of agricultural systems, to increase resilience to climate risks and to withstand agro-ecological and socio-economic shocks. These are interlinked with the environmental, social and economic pillars of sustainable development. A recent report, Climate Change, Water Resources and Food Security [12], outlines actions that need to be taken to assist countries, particularly developing countries, in assessing the potential impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture and food production and to help adjust agricultural water management to the scope and extent of expected impacts.", "Underinvestment in agriculture", "17. National budgets, which are the main source of public expenditure on agriculture, have fallen to an average of about 7 per cent in developing countries and are lower in Africa. This model is changing, in particular through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) approach, which covers all parts of Africa. ODA is an important source of public sector investment for agricultural growth; however, it usually accounts for only 15 per cent of total public expenditure in the agricultural sector. Official development assistance (ODA) to agriculture in developing countries has declined since the late 1980s and the share of agriculture in ODA has fallen to 3.8 per cent (although the share has begun to pick up again). In developing countries, commercial bank loans and foreign direct investment to agriculture are also small, with less than 10 per cent of total bank loans in sub-Saharan Africa. [13]", "18. Investment in agriculture was estimated at $189 billion in 2007, three quarters of which was private investment. An estimated $279 billion per year, including $208 billion in private investment, is required to meet food needs in 2050. If official development assistance and foreign direct investment were to increase in proportion to the amount of private investment required, official development assistance to agriculture would have to increase by $12 billion per year, while foreign direct investment in agriculture in developing countries would have to increase by $4 billion per year. FAO estimates that if hunger is to be halved by 2015 and fully eradicated by 2025, total public investment in agriculture in developing countries will have to increase to $120 billion per year. If official development assistance to agriculture continues to increase in proportion to domestic government expenditure, it will increase to $20 billion per year. Alternatively, ODA to agriculture would increase to $44 billion per year if it increased to 0.7 per cent of donor countries ' gross domestic product, as previously promised, and the share of agriculture in ODA increased to 17 per cent in the early 1980s. At present, while there is growing evidence that food insecurity can catalyze civil strife, there is little evidence that ODA growth is sufficient to meet this challenge.", "Progress in reducing hunger", "19. The target of Millennium Development Goal 1 is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger, while the 1996 World Food Summit target is to halve by that date the number of people who suffer from hunger. In 2009, there were more than 1 billion hungry people in the world. While the number of undernourished people fell to about 925 million in 2010, much remains to be done to achieve the hunger reduction target of Millennium Development Goal 1. Malnutrition is widespread in developing countries, with one out of every six persons affected (16 per cent in 2010, down from 18 per cent in 2009). This is still well above the target set in Millennium Development Goal 1. Higher and more volatile food prices since the second half of 2010 are again threatening food security.", "The vast majority of the world's undernourished people — 98 per cent — live in developing countries. Two thirds of them live in seven countries: Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. More than 40 per cent of the undernourished live in China and India. Projections for 2010 indicate that the rate of decline in the number of undernourished people is very uneven among developing regions. The region with the largest number of undernourished people remains Asia and the Pacific, with 578 million in 2010. In addition, about 23 per cent of children in developing countries are underweight.", "21. During the period 2005-2007 (the latest period for which complete country-level data are available), some countries, including Armenia and Viet Nam in Asia, met the hunger reduction target of Millennium Development Goal 1, while China and others were on track. In the Latin American and Caribbean region, Guyana, Jamaica and Nicaragua have already achieved Millennium Development Goal 1, and Brazil and others are approaching the target of reducing hunger. Sub-Saharan Africa still has the highest proportion of undernourished people, at 30 per cent in 2010, but progress at the country level varies considerably. In the period 2005-2007, Congo, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria met the hunger target of Millennium Development Goal 1, while Ethiopia and other countries were close to achieving it. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, however, the proportion of undernourished people rose from 26 per cent in 1990-1992 to 69 per cent. 14", "22. Despite the progress made in many countries, fragile States and many sub-Saharan African countries are still clearly lagging behind in achieving the Millennium Development Goal 1 target, either because of poor initial conditions (e.g. low income levels or weak institutions) or because of an unfavourable development environment that is usually associated with long-term crises. In 2010, FAO and WFP identified a total of 22 countries in protracted crisis situations, characterized by recurrent natural disasters, conflicts, chronic food crises, unsustainable livelihoods and inadequate institutional capacity to respond to crises. 14", "23. Given the high level of food and nutrition insecurity and the frequency of food crises in the Horn of Africa and elsewhere, Governments, regional bodies and the international community are increasingly trying to adopt a two-track integrated approach to food security, combining responses to meet immediate needs with long-term actions aimed at addressing structural causes, strengthening disaster risk management capacities and building more resilient livelihoods and food production systems. One.", "III. Short-term safety nets", "24. Nutrition interventions, emergency food aid and safety nets play an important role in meeting the immediate needs and stabilizing the situation of vulnerable and high-risk populations. Interventions should be based on food and nutrition security assessments, taking into account needs and capacities at the national level.", "25. A report prepared in May 2011 by the World Bank and other members of the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, assessing progress made by countries in their efforts to protect people who are food insecure, vulnerable to high and volatile food prices and at risk of malnutrition, highlighted the efforts of Brazil, Mexico and Ethiopia to reduce the risk of hunger and malnutrition through well-designed and implemented social protection programmes and to mitigate the impact of rising prices, while also creating development opportunities, building human capital and stimulating economic growth. Similar systems are being developed in Cambodia and Indonesia, and there is evidence that even the least significant safety net systems can provide a springboard for crisis interventions. [15]", "Experience has shown that labour-based (food and cash-for-work) short-term safety net programmes can mitigate the impact on communities and stabilize the situation during seasonal shortages and food shortages. Many of these interventions have the dual effect of helping people to meet immediate needs while at the same time enabling small and marginalized food-insecure farmers to create new assets and motivate them to invest in long-term resilience and productivity, without which they would not be at risk. With support from WFP, a programme to manage environmental resources for the transition to sustainable livelihoods was launched in Ethiopia, with the aim of enhancing impact management capacity, meeting the necessary food needs and diversifying livelihoods through sustainable land management, and institutionalizing and replicating sustainable land management practices and systems at the community level. Together with productivity and income-generating technologies, sustainable land management practices have benefited more than 600,000 people, re-establishing control over landscapes, resources and livelihoods and increasingly escaping hunger and food insecurity.", "27. Other targeted safety nets, such as school feeding programmes, support education, health, gender equality and community development while reducing hunger. School feeding serves as an effective safety net to promote sustainable livelihoods and prevent negative responses by those affected in times of economic shocks, such as those associated with rising food prices, or during protracted crises. Once linked to local procurement, school feeding programmes can increase the income of small farmers and stimulate local development. Where school feeding is most needed, however, such programmes are still largely supported by external funding. The challenge is to move from external assistance to nationally owned and funded programmes. [16] The inclusion of locally sourced food can reduce the cost of the food basket, facilitate local procurement and smooth government takeover, and also generate savings to expand programme coverage and increase the food basket. To date, 37 countries have successfully taken over school feeding programmes from WFP. [17]", "28. The World Bank ' s Global Food Crisis Emergency Programme provides rapid assistance to many of the poorest and most vulnerable countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, including the promotion of short-term food production, and provides fiscal space that can reduce import tariffs or suspend customs or other taxes on food to mitigate the impact of rising prices. The World Bank ' s Global Food Crisis Emergency Programme has now distributed $1.5 billion to 44 countries, benefiting nearly 40 million people. The programme has been mandated to expedite the disposal of funds available to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, up to $760 million, until the end of 2011 and possibly throughout 2012.", "29. The European Union launched an initial Euro1 billion food fund in 2009 to respond rapidly and substantively to the food crisis in a two-year programme to help developing countries move towards long-term food security. The Fund was established in close collaboration with the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis and focused on programmes that have a rapid and long-term impact on food security, with projects rooted in government policies to promote food and nutrition security and poverty reduction.", "IV. Long-term sustainable development", "30. As the international community strives to respond rapidly to short-term food and nutrition security needs, the fundamental issue that must be addressed is how to support national efforts to develop sustainable agriculture for long-term food and nutrition security, including the development of markets that benefit smallholder farmers, especially women. A strong “track two” reduces the need for “track one” emergency measures. There is a need for enhanced follow-up to the implementation of the decision of the Commission on Sustainable Development at its seventeenth session on agriculture and rural development. [18]", "31. Successful approaches to long-term sustainable agriculture are integrated with many different aspects of development and policy development, involving relevant stakeholders and incorporating a gender perspective. [19] Women are the majority of small-scale farmers and rural entrepreneurs, who bear a considerable burden of supporting their families and providing nutrition, as well as caring for dependents. Women have less access than men to productive resources, opportunities and services. Women-headed households face the greatest challenges.", "32. National food and nutrition security plans must be nationally articulated, developed, controlled, implemented and led. [20] Achieving long-term food and nutrition security requires investments by countries to facilitate access to social protection systems, sustain food supply through productive and sustainable farming systems, sustainably manage ecosystems and improve international food markets. Well-functioning social protection systems can protect families and individuals against shocks, especially small-scale farmers, including pastoralists and fishers, who are already food insecure, as an essential component of poverty, hunger and malnutrition reduction strategies. Governments should therefore invest in social protection to enhance the resilience of livelihoods. At the beginning of the crisis, social safety nets should have been established and could be activated quickly.", "33. However, 80 per cent of the world ' s population still does not have access to any kind of social protection and social safety net. In addition, market instruments such as microcredit and insurance are particularly rare in the most vulnerable countries.", "Market-based solutions and development of agricultural value chains", "Value chain development involves bringing together and strengthening business partnerships among those engaged in the production, trade, processing and marketing of agricultural products. The most important challenge is to integrate small farmers into the value chain as reliable and useful partners and to link them to markets. Without value chain development focused on smallholders, more and more farmers will be left out of profitable markets and trapped in subsistence production. Projects to achieve food security through agricultural commercialization in Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Guinea and the Gambia [Pending] 21] This is an example of efforts to strengthen farmers ' organizations, increase value added and enhance farmer-market linkages.", "The WFP Purchase for Progress pilot initiative involves smallholder farmers more directly in marketing, uses WFP purchasing power to support the sustainable development of food and nutrition security systems, and converts food and nutrition assistance into productive investment in local communities. Coordinated support packages can improve success opportunities by addressing the constraints faced by smallholders at various levels of the agricultural value chain. Supported farmers can develop capacity to increase productivity, sell their products to WFP and meet the needs of the formal market.", "The importance of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises is also recognized for their significant contribution to job creation, national production and exports, and to the promotion of new entrepreneurship. However, small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises are struggling to compete with large companies and the growing tide of imported foods in developing countries.", "Countries have been promoting foreign direct investment in agriculture by transnational corporations and others as a key to addressing food security issues, particularly in Africa. It was claimed that foreign direct investment in agriculture had helped to alleviate the world food crisis by exploiting a country's “unutilized” agricultural potential and providing poor countries with financial, infrastructure and other resources to improve food security. Some countries are looking for new land to grow grains to meet their own food needs. The International Food Policy Research Institute reported that foreign investors had purchased between 37 and 49 million acres of land in developing countries from 2006 to mid-2009. [22]", "38. Many fear that these land purchases will further destabilize food security in some developing countries, as land sold to foreign investors will not be used to produce food for local communities. In addition, this trend could lead to large-scale industrialization of agricultural production, displacement of small-scale farmers in developing countries and increased rural poverty and food insecurity. [23] IFAD and FAO have studied the economic impact of international land transactions with a view to providing some guidance to countries. [24]", "39. In March 2010, FAO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), IFAD and the African Development Bank held a high-level conference on agribusiness and agro-industrial development in Africa in Abuja, with the support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and under the auspices of the African Union. The Conference presented the African Agribusiness and Agro-Industries Development Initiative. The initiative aims to create an agricultural sector in Africa by 2020, consisting of a high-productivity and profitable agricultural value chain that effectively connects small and medium-sized agricultural producers to markets, provides higher-value food, fibre, feed and fuel products, helps increase farmers ' incomes, uses natural resources in a sustainable manner and creates more high-quality jobs. [25]", "40. At the request of the African Development Bank, FAO reviewed post-harvest food losses in Africa and various food loss programmes and, in collaboration with the World Bank and the Natural Resources Institute of the University of Greenwich, developed a framework for food loss reduction programmes, which abandoned a long-standing focus on post-harvest management and storage at the farm level. There is now a growing focus on programmes to reduce food losses. An effective way forward is to address food losses through agricultural value chains.", "Natural resources management", "41. Sound water management in agriculture requires less water per hectare, while the cost of pollution of agricultural land must be internalized. Policy incentives that focus on the most pressing external environmental factors while taking advantage of the profit-orientated motivations of individual farmers offer greater chances of success. Solutions for sound water management in agriculture are more likely to be knowledge-intensive than technology-intensive. Infrastructure needs to be used to develop rainwater harvesting facilities and methods to better utilize rainfall.", "42. To respond to the urgent need to manage land and water resources in a context of increasing pressure on land and water resources, FAO has developed tools such as participatory mapping of natural resources, geo-referenced data and global positioning systems. Improved land-use planning also depends on the composition of the country teams, which should involve all categories of stakeholders to strengthen the institutional capacity of the countries concerned to effectively regulate land use. FAO programmes in a number of regions have assisted small-scale farmers to create more livelihood opportunities by improving the management of existing cropping systems and diversifying them and integrating the relevant communities into the market.", "Urban-rural linkages", "43. In cities facing population and migration growth, economic crises and natural disasters, increasing food security for the urban poor and other vulnerable groups has become an increasing challenge. Through the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Responding to Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, United Nations agencies are working with humanitarian partners on assessments, livelihood support and multi-stakeholder interventions to empower local authorities to improve food and nutrition security in cities. Increasingly, priority is being given to sustainable urban development and more effective urban-rural linkages.", "44. Urban and peri-urban horticulture refers to the cultivation of a wide variety of crops in and around towns. Although the urban poor, especially those from rural areas, have long used horticulture as a means of livelihood and survival strategy, the sector remains largely informal, often unstable and sometimes illegal in many countries. Making cities greener,[26] supports the development of horticulture in cities and peri-urban areas with the aim of improving the efficiency of small-scale production and operations and the quality and safety of their products.", "Forestry, fisheries and livestock", "45. Efforts to ensure food and nutrition security must be integrated into all aspects of agriculture. There is a need to improve livestock production services and support sustainable livestock practices, especially for smallholder farmers using integrated crop-pastoral systems. Agroforestry can significantly reduce greenhouse gases, accounting for about one third of the projected potential of total greenhouse gas reductions by 2030. [27] Agroforestry is receiving increasing attention in the global arena, including the Second World Agroforestry Congress (WIFA II) International guidelines for agroforestry development developed by Kenya in August 2009, the first African Drylands Week (Dakar, June 2011) and FAO.", "46. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture are also critical to food security. A total of 1.15 million tons of fish were consumed globally in 2008 and demand is expected to rise. Employment in fisheries and aquaculture is growing faster than in the world population and traditional agriculture. In 2008, nearly 45 million people were directly involved in the industry. There are also important secondary sectors such as processing and processing, where women account for half of the working population. The fisheries and aquaculture industry, including the families of these workers, supports the livelihoods of some 540 million people.", "Early warning systems", "47. Strengthening the capacity of the agricultural sector to predict, prevent and respond to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events is an important component of efforts to ensure food and nutrition security. Integrated early warning systems for food security combine weather index insurance with traditional risk management and social protection schemes to predict and prevent certain impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. These strategies represent an important shift from disaster management to risk management and increase the cost-effectiveness of food and nutrition security interventions.", "48. The UNESCO Climate Front Line Forum is an inter-agency platform on traditional knowledge and climate change. It brings together United Nations agencies with expertise in small island developing States, traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples to promote the integration of indigenous and local knowledge into climate change adaptation policies. In particular, it supports a network of community-based research projects that provide data on how vulnerable communities observe and respond to the impacts of climate change. Most of these projects focus on the impact of climate change on food production systems, including agriculture, livestock, fisheries and soil management. [28]", "FAO assists member States in strengthening the institutional and technical capacity necessary to assess the impact of climate variability and climate change on the agricultural sector. Tools and methodologies that are being developed and implemented at the national level include crop monitoring toolboxes, standard procedures for rainfall estimation, modelling systems for climate change impacts on agriculture and farm adaptation dynamics optimization. Disaster risk management approaches are also used to prevent, prepare for and mitigate the effects of extreme weather events. [29]", "50. Ethiopia ' s Productive Safety Net Programme, another example at the national level, aims to move millions of chronically food-deficit rural populations from regular emergency food aid to safer and predictable forms of social protection to help people out of poverty and hunger. As part of the national food security programme, the Government of Ethiopia, in partnership with WFP and the World Bank, developed an innovative integrated national risk management framework through the Livelihoods, Early Assessment and Protection Project to improve its capacity to respond to drought and flood risks. The project links early warning, contingency planning and capacity-building to a $160 million contingency fund to support national financial and regulatory frameworks for risk response. [30]", "Use of consultations with key stakeholders", "51. Multi-stakeholder approaches are key to the success of long-term sustainable development efforts. In order to increase agricultural productivity and develop a vibrant rural economy, global attention must be focused on promoting empowerment and participation through partnerships with relevant government departments and components of civil society, including food producer associations, consumer organizations, workers and employers, women and men farmers, youth, indigenous peoples, the urban poor, persons with disabilities and chronic diseases, scientific institutions, regional and international organizations, development banks and the private sector.", "52. Understanding and maintaining the inextricable links between peoples and their cultures, biodiversity, traditional livelihoods and knowledge systems are key to ensuring food and nutrition security for indigenous peoples. Reduced access to land and natural resources, environmental degradation, climate change, globalization and the westernization of diets and lifestyles have greatly affected the role of traditional foods in indigenous societies. Although many traditional eating habits have been lost, there are opportunities to rehabilitate and strengthen local food systems so that indigenous peoples can continue to benefit from their long traditions.", "53. Appropriate policies and programmes are needed to promote the participation of youth in the development of agriculture and the rural economy and to improve the image of agriculture to make it more responsive to the aspirations of young people. The IFAD strategic framework for 2011-2015 seeks to do so by creating viable employment opportunities for youth in the rural economy, with youth development as the theme for the Council in 2011.", "V. Strategic coordination and interoperability", "54. While Governments are responsible for food and nutrition security at the national level, the United Nations is also supporting and complementing national efforts. The United Nations resident and humanitarian coordinators work with all relevant United Nations agencies in the country to identify and implement an appropriate portfolio of actions for a comprehensive food security strategy involving host Governments, non-governmental and civil society organizations, and representatives of resident donors.", "United Nations High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis and the updated Comprehensive Framework for Action", "55. The rapid rise in food prices and threats to food security in 2008 prompted the international community to take action to protect food security and nutrition for all. In April 2008, the United Nations High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis was established as a United Nations system coordination mechanism and catalyst. The Working Group, chaired by the Secretary-General of the United Nations and chaired by the Director-General of FAO, brings together 22 organizations, funds and programmes and departments within the United Nations system, including the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and OECD.", "56. The United Nations High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis promotes a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the challenge of achieving global food and nutrition security through an updated comprehensive framework for action. This approach addresses the urgent needs of vulnerable groups and contributes to long-term resilience (“a two-track approach to food and nutrition security”). The approach focuses on sustainable agriculture, better ecosystem management, gender equality, prerequisites for improved nutrition and the human rights of the most vulnerable people who do not enjoy the right to food. The approach calls for joint action to address all aspects of food and nutrition security in a holistic manner: availability, accessibility, stability and use. The approach recognizes that while States play a major role in ensuring food and nutrition security for all, many other actors can equally make important contributions. The updated version of the Comprehensive Framework for Action, prepared in 2011, is a simple and easy-to-read document that highlights its concepts and principles. [31]", "L ' Aquila Food Security Initiative", "57. At the G-8 Summit in L ' Aquila in July 2009, the G-8 and other partners (Australia, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden) committed $22 billion over the next three years to food security, which helped to reverse the overall decline in aid and investment in the agricultural sector. These countries have channelled funds through the L ' Aquila Food Security Initiative. However, only $6.1 billion of total pledges were new pledges over and above previously planned expenditures. It is noteworthy that $1.5 billion of the total pledged funds were allocated to development food aid and food security, which is not the focus of the pledges. It is expected that most of the funds pledged under the initiative will be managed through bilateral funding channels. The OECD Development Assistance Committee noted that, while there were technical difficulties in obtaining exact figures on disbursements from different donors, countries were, in most cases, providing the funds they had committed — despite the impression to the contrary.", "Action by the Group of Twenty", "58. The Group of 20 appeared to be the dominant force for food security. At the G-20 summit held in Seoul in November 2010, G-20 leaders adopted a multi-year action plan for development, which commits to enhancing coherence and coordination of food security policies and to increasing agricultural productivity and food availability. [32] The leaders of the Group of 20 requested FAO, IFAD, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), OECD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), WFP, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization to work with key stakeholders to “develop options for consideration by the Group of 20 to better mitigate and control the risks posed by price volatility of food and other agricultural commodities, without distorting market behaviour, in order to ultimately protect the most vulnerable sectors”. The report entitled Price Volatility in Food and Agriculture Markets: Policy Responses (May 2011) made a number of recommendations, which were adopted at the G-20 Meeting of Ministers of Agriculture in June 2011, including agreement on the following:", "(a) Enhancing the long-term productivity, sustainability and resilience of food and agricultural systems around the world, supporting agricultural research and innovation and creating an enabling environment to encourage public and private investment in agriculture;", "(b) Launch of the Agricultural Market Information System to increase collaboration between international organizations, major food-importing and importing countries and the private sector;", "(c) Encourage the finance ministers of the Group of 20 to take appropriate decisions to better regulate and monitor markets for agricultural futures and derivatives;", "(d) To bring the Doha Development Round to a successful conclusion and agree to remove export restrictions or taxes imposed on the purchase of food for non-commercial, humanitarian purposes;", "(e) Support WFP ' s pilot project, in cooperation with interested countries, to implement a regional emergency humanitarian food reserve system in accordance with World Trade Organization rules;", "(f) Encourage international organizations and multilateral and regional development banks to further explore counter-cyclical mechanisms to assist low-income food-deficit countries during rapid food price hikes;", "(g) Support efforts to provide vulnerable families, communities and Governments with effective market-based risk management tools.", "59. The Agricultural Market Information System was also launched in June 2011 and will hold its first session in September 2011. The Agricultural Market Information System is a network of countries, organizations and the private sector, including FAO, IFAD, the International Food Policy Research Institute, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the United Nations High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis. The Agricultural Market Information System will provide a global early warning system for food markets, alert price volatility and provide appropriate policy guidance and facilitate policy coordination when market situations and prospects indicate higher food security risks to help ensure better preparedness and more rapid and coherent policy responses in times of crisis.", "Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme", "60. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme, a financial intermediation fund managed by the World Bank, aims to address the underfunding of national and regional strategic investment plans for agriculture and food security being developed by countries. The total amount pledged by donors for the programme, equivalent to $925 million, was allocated to various public and private sector windows. To date, the programme has issued grants totalling $481 million to 12 countries after two calls for proposals.", "61. As at June 2011, the public sector window had received $520.2 million from donors, or 56 per cent of total pledges. Donors include Australia, Canada, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Republic of Korea, Spain and the United States. Ireland contributed part of the operational costs of the programme. Applications for grants will not be further invited until additional funding commitments are received from the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme account.", "Reform of the Committee on World Food Security", "The purpose of the reformed Committee on World Food Security is “to create an inclusive multi-stakeholder platform for key actors to work together in support of country-led processes to ensure food and nutrition security for all”. The Committee will play the role of coordinating a global response to food and nutrition security; promoting policy coherence and consistency; providing support and advice to countries and regions; coordinating action at the national and regional levels; promoting accountability and sharing best practices; and developing a global strategic framework for food and nutrition security.", "63. The guiding principle of reform is inclusiveness and close linkage to the situation on the ground to ensure that the reform process is based on the realities on the ground and that flexibility is provided in its implementation to enable the Commission to respond to the evolving external environment and the needs of its membership. The main features of the reform are: greater participation in the Commission to ensure that the voices of all relevant stakeholders are heard in food and agriculture policy debates; greater focus on intersessional activities; strengthened linkages at the regional, national and local levels; and the integration of structured expertise into the reform process through the establishment of a high-level panel of experts on food security and nutrition.", "64. In July 2011, the Committee on World Food Security submitted a progress report to the Economic and Social Council,[33] providing an update on the monitoring of events affecting food price volatility; the development of voluntary guidelines on responsible governance of land tenure and other natural resources; the development of a global strategic framework on food and nutrition security; the work of the High-level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition; the improvement of mapping of actions taken at the national level on food and nutrition security; the increased involvement of the private sector in the activities of the Committee; and the convening of a round table to review methods to measure hunger.", "Enhanced collaboration between FAO, IFAD and WFP", "65. The economic and financial crisis, the food and nutrition security crisis, climate change and the volatility of food prices have provided new impetus for increased cooperation among Rome-based agencies. FAO, IFAD and WFP increasingly coordinate their activities at the policy, operational and management levels and agree that such cooperation (including under “delivering as one” pilots) should be undertaken in a coherent manner across the United Nations system in support of country-led efforts and in line with national priorities. Following the approval of the Guidelines for Collaboration among Rome-based Agencies,[34] these agencies have cooperated in three areas since November 2009, including transition from relief to recovery and protracted crises, food and nutrition security information systems and communications. The gender units of the Rome-based agencies have also increased their cooperation by developing a joint action plan on gender equality covering research, advocacy, capacity development and coordination.", "Through the IFAD/WFP Joint Meteorological Risk Management Facility, WFP has been developing and evaluating a weather index insurance tool for the community level. Following two pilot microinsurance projects in China and Ethiopia in 2009, the Facility is developing an innovative remote sensing-based weather index insurance for countries with limited meteorological infrastructure, which will be tested in Mali. Currently, Mali and other West African countries are forging partnerships in the area of meteorological insurance. In May 2010, under the Facility, WFP and IFAD jointly published a landmark study on 37 weather index insurance pilot projects to establish criteria for sustainable large-scale insurance projects.", "Reform of the Consultative Group on Agricultural Research", "67. With support from FAO, IFAD and the World Bank, the Consultative Group on Agricultural Research has recently undertaken a reform to adopt a results-based management approach to strategic planning, management and dissemination around continuing learning and accountability.", "68. The new CGIAR strategic results framework establishes system-level results that inform the Group ' s research design, as well as the main organizational mechanism (i.e. research programme) for its research. System-level results are reducing rural poverty, improving food security, improving nutrition and health and sustainable management of natural resources. The Group ' s research programme clearly provides for the development of the Group ' s research within a framework that establishes a clear link between the Group ' s research inputs and their potential impact on development results. Research programmes increasingly prioritize meeting local needs, including applied and operational research, validation and dissemination of field experiences and good practices, and capacity-building of national institutions.", "69. The new approach is consistent with the results-based financing system by shifting the focus of donors and researchers from the delivery of outputs to the delivery of research and development results, while clarifying accountability and joint responsibility.", "Expanded Nutrition Campaign", "70. Nutritional inputs during pregnancy and at the age of two can save lives. It can prevent long-term and irreversible impacts on intellectual, physical and social development. It is also cost-effective because it reduces the burden on health-care systems, increases educational achievement and promotes prosperity. In 2010, more than 100 organizations, including Governments, civil society, the private sector, research institutions and the United Nations system, committed themselves to working together to combat hunger and undernutrition and to developing a framework and road map for an expanded nutrition campaign, which provides guiding principles and direction for scaling up action.", "71. Since the launch of the Expanded Nutrition Campaign at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2010, 17 countries have integrated food and nutrition security into the priorities of their country programmes through nutrition and gender-sensitive development, making nutrition one of the key objectives of their development policies in the areas of agriculture, health, social security and education. These countries are investing in direct nutrition interventions, such as the promotion of prenatal nutrition, breastfeeding, food fortification and supplementary feeding. The international community is also aligning its support with national plans to expand nutrition. Several countries and stakeholders supporting them will attend the high-level meeting in New York in September 2011 to review progress in this regard.", "North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation", "72. Through South-South and triangular cooperation, a growing number of countries share and promote solutions for sustainable agriculture and food and nutrition security. For example, India and the United States recently entered into a trilateral arrangement with Liberia, Malawi and Kenya to promote food and nutrition security. [35] In November 2010, the United Nations Development Programme, in collaboration with the International Labour Organization and the Japan International Cooperation Agency, hosted the High-level Conference on South-South and Triangular Cooperation, which focused on how to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "73. FAO has facilitated a number of South-South cooperation agreements to improve the food and nutrition security of poor households and increase food production. Expert technicians provided by FAO work directly in the field and provide hands-on training to researchers, extension workers and farming communities in recipient countries. This helps to convince local and national authorities to disseminate innovative technologies on a broader scale. Over the past 15 years, FAO had supported South-South cooperation programmes in more than 40 countries and had sent over 1,500 experts and technicians to conduct field training for a period of one to three years, of whom 800 were from the People ' s Republic of China. In the context of the strategic alliance between FAO and China, training courses are planned for African experts at the Research and Training Centre in China.", "Regional coordination", "74. Food and nutrition security is an important development outcome achieved through the African Union ' s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. Together with the African regional economic commissions, the African Union has promoted multi-stakeholder efforts for national and subregional compacts and investment plans. To date, some 26 countries have completed CAADP compacts and another 16 have developed national agricultural investment plans and peer reviews. [36]", "75. Regional coordination in the management of emergency food reserves, particularly in the Horn of Africa, must be able to address common problems faced by many countries and ensure that cross-border interventions are timely and effective. Coordination should build on existing mechanisms and should strengthen the capacity of IGAD and other regional actors. The IASC Horn of Africa Action Plan, developed by FAO, WFP and Oxfam in October 2010, can still serve as an effective guide for action, although it may need to be updated. [37]", "Conclusion", "76. Agricultural development, food and nutrition security are complex sustainable development issues. Efforts to promote “green” or “climate-friendly” approaches to food production must be complemented by efforts to ensure access to food and sustainable development. Governments must do more to implement the decisions of the Commission on Sustainable Development at its seventeenth session.", "77. Agriculture, food and nutrition security will continue to be high on the international agenda in 2011. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) would provide a global opportunity to focus on those issues, and the importance of the theme of “green economy” for food and agriculture had been explored. To that end, the Netherlands had formed an informal group of friends on food and nutrition security, and FAO had launched the “Greening the economy through agriculture” initiative to mobilize the food and agriculture sectors in preparation for Rio+20 in the context of sustainable development and poverty reduction.", "Activities to link agriculture, food and nutrition security and the theme of a green economy included a joint FAO/OECD expert meeting on “Greening the economy from agriculture”, held in Paris in September 2011; a ministerial dialogue on the theme “Green economy: achieving integration for poverty eradication, food security and energy security”, held in New Delhi in October 2011; and an international conference, held in Bonn in November 2011, which focused on the relationship between water, energy and food security.", "79. In order to achieve the goal of halving the world ' s hungry by 2015, a comprehensive approach was needed, with the international community working together to continue to focus on scaling up successful sustainable development practices, mobilizing all stakeholders and ensuring that pledged funds were available. With the increasing number of coordinated actions and the adoption of a two-track and integrated approach, it is still possible to achieve the agreed goals by 2015.", "[1] High-level Working Group on the Global Food Security Crisis, “Food and Nutrition Security: A Comprehensive Framework for Action”, Summary of the updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, August 2011.", "[2] Briefing by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on the right to adequate food (OHCHR Briefing Series No. 34).", "[3] The FAO food price index calculates monthly changes in international prices of a basket of food commodities. It contains average price indices for five groups of commodities. See www.fao.org/worldfoodration/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/.", "[4] “Price volatility in food and agricultural markets: policy responses”, joint FAO/OECD report to the G-20 (June 2011).", "[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Priority formation in financialized commodity markets: the role of information”. Available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/gds20111_en.pdf.", "[6] FAO (Rome, January 2011).", "[7] “Displacement from disasters caused by natural disasters: global estimates for 2009 and 2010, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and Norwegian Refugee Council (2011).", "[8] G.C. Nelson et al. (2009), Climate Change: Impacts on Agriculture and Adaptation Costs, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.", "[9] F. Vos, J. Rodriguez, R. Below and D. Guha Sapir, Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2009: Number and Trends. Brussels: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2010).", "[10] See FEWS NET Network, “East Africa: one of the most arid years recorded last year in the eastern corner of East Africa”, 14 June 2011. Available at www.news.net.", "[11] See www.news.net.", "[12] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011).", "[13] “Price volatility in food and agricultural markets: policy responses”, FAO/OECD (3 May 2011).", "[14] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, State of Food Insecurity in the World (Rome, 2010).", "[15] “Nurrent interventions and access to humanitarian supplies for the most vulnerable populations: progress and prospects”, World Bank and High-level Working Group on the Global Food Security Crisis (June 2011).", "[16] See Donald Bundy, Carmen Burbano, Margaret Grosh, Aulo Gelli, Matthew Jukes and Lesley Drake, “Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development and Education Sector”, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank/WFP (2009), available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/Education/Resources/278200-1099077797664-1099042112/DDID_Schooool_Feeding.pdf.", "[17] See Two Minutes Understanding: School Feeding. Available at http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/commissions/wfp220221.pdf.", "[18] See E/2009/29-E/CN.17/2009/19.", "[19] See Bina Agarwal, “The food crisis and gender equality”, Department of Economic and Social Affairs working paper No. 107 (June 2011), ST/ESA/2011/DWP/107.", "[20] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security (November 2009), WSFS 2009/2.", "[21] See www.fsca-pisa.org.", "[22] See “Buy farmland overseas: the third wave of outsourcing”, The Economist (21 May 2009).", "[23] See “Global Land grabs harm food security in developing countries”, Food and Water Watch, Fact Sheet, July 2009. Available at www.newscastmedia.com/GlobalLandGrab.pdf.", "[24] See “Growth or development opportunities? Agricultural investment and international land trade in Africa”. Available at www.ifad.org/pub/land/land_grab.pdf.", "[25] “Agricultural Enterprise and Agro-Industries Development Initiative Framework for Africa”, available at www.hlcd-3a.org/data_all/PDF_en/a3ADI_progFram1.pdf.", "[26] See www.fao.org/ag/agp/greennercities/.", "[27] Ulrich Hoffmann, \" Ensuring food security in developing countries facing the challenges of climate change: Key trade and development issues for a fundamental transformation of agriculture \" , UNCTAD Discussion Paper 201, UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2011/1 (February 2011).", "[28] See www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/links/climate-change-adaptation/projects/climate-frontlines/.", "[29] See FAO, Disaster Risk Management in Food and Agriculture. See ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0772e/i0772e00.pdf.", "[30] WFP: Niels Balzer and Ulrich Hess, Climate Change and Weather Risk Management: Evidence from Index Insurance Schemes, in A Revolution: From Food Aid to Food Aid: Innovation against Hunger (2010).", "[31] See www.un-foodsecurity.org.", "[32] See G20 Seoul Summit Leaders ' Declaration, November 2010, para. 51 (e). Available at www.g20.org/document2010/11: seoulsummit_development.pdf.", "[33] See A/66/76-E/2011/102.", "[34] Guidance on Collaboration among Rome-based Agencies, July 2009, available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/k5126e.pdf.", "[35] United States-India Collaboration on Food Security in Africa, Economic Times, 20 July 2011.", "[36] See www.nepad-caadp.net.", "[37] Note on the meeting of the High-level Steering Group of the United Nations High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis; Special Meeting on the Horn of Africa, June 2011." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34、39、64、66和75", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "促进和保护儿童权利", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外 心理和相关不容忍行为", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月4日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨提及2011年7月26日A/65/915-S/2011/457号文件，其中载有阿塞拜疆代表的信。", "我感到遗憾的是，阿塞拜疆方面不断地在联合国和其他国际组织把自己描绘成“侵略”的受害者，却从来没有承认或诚实地讨论它在发动对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和亚美尼亚的军事侵略中所起的作用。", "当然，利用所谓的“初步调查结论”，弄虚作假和撒谎，给亚美尼亚人抹黑才是他们的唯一目的。上周，阿塞拜疆代表分发了上述令人发指的信件，其中指控亚美尼亚方面应对因“爆炸装置爆炸”造成一名13岁儿童的死亡负责。", "提出这项指控的人使得无法进行独立调查，进而核实这种令人发指的说法的真实性，澄清状况。阿塞拜疆外交界利用这类指控避免履行已做出的承诺。只需提及，阿塞拜疆正是以这个指控为借口，试图反悔已经达成的设立调查违反停火事件机制的协议。停火机制是2011年3月2日索契总统峰会的成果。", "不论最近的这些指控如何荒诞，它们只是凭借无端篡改和伪造而发起宣传攻势的一部分。", "散布这种诽谤信息，滥用无辜儿童的生命作为宣传工具是不道德的。阿塞拜疆继续拒绝诚实的自我反思。应当提醒阿塞拜疆，由于在1991-1994年期间对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和亚美尼亚的侵略和战争，阿塞拜疆在与亚美尼亚接壤地区和其他冲突地区安放了地雷、集束弹药和战争遗留爆炸物，使这个地区受到严重污染。它们继续给纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的社会经济增长和人民的日常生活带来深刻影响，使这个地区成为世界上人均事故发生率最高的地方之一。", "今天，阿塞拜疆继续严重阻挠令人尊敬的排雷哈洛信托会慈善机构的工作，该机构正在该区域执行重要的人道主义任务，该任务也被列为“非法活动”。", "独立调查尚未进行，阿塞拜疆回避建立违反停火调查机制清楚地表明到底是谁在违反停火，谁是这些诬告的始作俑者。", "请将此信以及载有2011年7月1日至8月1日期间违反停火事件资料的附件作为大会议程项目34、39、64、66和75的文件和安全理事会的文件分发。", "常驻代表", "大使", "加伦·纳扎里安(签名)", "2011年8月4日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "2011年7月1日至8月1日期间阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队违反停火情况", "开火 \n 从阿塞拜疆一方\t\n编号\t方向\t日期/时间\t武器类型\t弹药数 \n 1. Berdavan 2011年7月1日23时05分 AK 7 \n 2. Khndzorut 2011年7月2日2时10分 AK 2 \n 3. Colagir 2011年7月2日19时40分 AK 1 4. Vazashen 2011年7月2日20时 PK 20 \n AK 15 \n 5. Vazashen 2011年7月2日20时30分 PK 7 \n 6. Vazashen 2011年7月2日20时40分 AK 20 \n 7. Agarak 2011年7月2日22时20分 AK 7 \n 8. Aygepar 2011年7月3日22时50分 AK 3 \n 9. Vazashen 2011年7月4日零时40分 AK 15 \n 10. Agarak 2011年7月6日22时 AK 10 \n 11. Chinari 2011年7月7日18时50分 SVD 2 \n 12. Barekamavan 2011年7月9日14时 AK 3 13. Berdavan 2011年7月9日20时35分 SVD 11 \n AK 10 \n 14. Khndzorut 2011年7月9日12时15分 AK 1 \n 15. Khndzorut 2011年7月9日17时10分 AK 3 \n 16. Barekamavan 2011年7月11日2时20分 AK 10 \n 17. Vazashen 2011年7月11日16时15分 AK 3 \n 18. Vazashen 2011年7月11日19时 AK 4 19. Vazashen 2011年7月11日1时20分 AK 6 \n SVD 2 \n 20. Barekamavan 2011年7月14日18时40分 AK 6 \n 21. Agarak 2011年7月15日1时25分 AK 11 \n22.\tN.Karmirakhbyur\t2011年7月15日1时30分\tAK\t8\n 23. Vazashen 2011年7月16日20时 AK 5 \n 24. Paravacar 2011年7月16日23时45分 AK 3 \n 25. Vazashen 2011年7月17日20时30分 AK 5 26. Vazashen 2011年7月18日23时25分 AK 15 \n SVD 3 \n 27. Bardzravan 2011年7月19日19时40分 AK 100 \n28.\tChinari\t2011年7月21日零时1分-零时20分\tPK\t60\n 29. Movses 2011年7月20日11时45分 AK 2 \n 30. Vazashen 2011年7月21日18时50分 AK 3 \n 31. Khndzorut 2011年7月21日22时25分 AK 4 \n 32. Khndzorut 2011年7月22日零时45分 AK 10 \n 33. Mehrab 2011年7月22日11时45分 PK 10 \n 34. Lev 2011年7月25日9时45分 AK 4 35.\tLev\t2011年7月25日17时30分-18时\tAKPK\t2515 \n 12.7毫米狙击武器\t336.\tLev\t2011年7月25日19时-20时\tAKPK\t65 \n 12.7毫米狙击武器\t5\n 37. Chinari 2011年7月25日15时45分 SVD 1 \n 38. Movses 2011年7月25日21时30分 RPK 1 \n 39. Aygepar 2011年7月25日22时15分 AK 6 \n 40. Movses 2011年7月26日零时30分 AK 40 \n41.\tLev\t2011年7月26日21时50分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t4\n42.\tArcvaberd\t2011年7月26日12时40分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t3\n43.\tAygepar\t2011年7月26日12时50分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t1\n 44. Aygepar 2011年7月26日16时20分 AK 19 \n 45. Aygepar 2011年7月26日16时30分 AK 8 \n 46. Aygepar 2011年7月26日18时05分 AK 4 \n 47. Movses 2011年7月26日18时20分 AK 4 \n 48. Aygepar 2011年7月26日18时35分 AK 2 \n 49. Berdavan 2011年7月26日20时55分 SVD 5 \n 50. Berdavan 2011年7月26日23时 PK 30 \n 51. Dovegh 2011年7月27日零时45分 AK 3 \n 52. Aygepar 2011年7月27日18时10分 PK 5 \n53.\tMovses\t2011年7月27日19时\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t1\n54.\tMovses\t2011年7月27日19时10分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t2\n 55. Aygepar 2011年7月27日19时25分 PK 10 \n56.\tAygepar\t2011年7月27日19时25分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t140\n57.\tAygepar\t2011年7月27日20时50分-21时10分\t12.7毫米狙击武器PKAK\t75110650\n 58. Berdavan 2011年7月27日11时 SVD 2 59.\tLev\t2011年7月28日8时45分\t12.7毫米狙击武器SVD\t610 \n PK 25 60.\tLev\t2011年7月28日20时25分-21时15分\tAKPK\t4060 \n 12.7毫米机关枪12.7毫米狙击武器\t200140\n 61. Colagir 2011年7月28日16时 SVD 6 \n 62. Chinari 2011年7月28日19时30分 SVD 7 \n63.\tOmar\t2011年7月29日20时30分-20时45分\tSVD\t3\n64.\tOmar\t2011年7月29日20时30分-20时45分\tSVD\t5\n65.\tKutakan\t2011年7月29日18时-18时30分\tPK12.7毫米机关枪\t2020 66. Yanshak 2011年7月30日21时50分 SVD 4 \n AK 10 67. Barekamavan 2011年7月30日18时 RPK 5 \n AK 5", "2011年7月1日至8月1日期间阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队在亚美尼亚边界违反停火的情况：", "违反次数：83次", "共开枪约2 162次(PK：377次，RPK：6次；SVD：61次；12.7毫米机关枪：162次；12.7毫米口径机枪：438次；AK：1118次)", "2011年7月1日至8月1日期间阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫边界线违反停火的情况：", "违反次数：861次", "共开枪约4 652次(PK：653次；RPG-7：1次；SVD：303次；12.7毫米口径机枪：248次；12.7毫米狙击武器：29次；14.5毫米狙击武器(Istigal)：1次；12.7毫米UTYOS：114次；AK：3 258次，AKM：45次)。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Promotion and protection of therights of children Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I would like to refer to document A/65/915-S/2011/457, dated 26 July 2011, containing the letter of the representative of Azerbaijan.", "I regret the fact that the Azerbaijani side keeps painting itself as the victim of “aggression” at the United Nations and other international organizations, without once acknowledging or honestly addressing its role in initiating military aggression against Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia.", "Yet again, with the sole purpose of discrediting the Armenian side through falsifications and lies based on the so-called “conclusions of the preliminary investigation”, last week the representative of Azerbaijan circulated the above- mentioned appalling letter accusing the Armenian side of the death of a 13-year-old child “as a result of the blast of an explosive device”.", "The authors of this allegation did not make possible an independent investigation to check the veracity behind such a horrible claim and clarify its circumstances. This type of allegation is being used by Azerbaijani diplomacy to avoid commitments already made. Suffice it to recall that under exactly this alleged pretext Azerbaijan tried to withdraw from an agreement to set up an investigative mechanism into ceasefire violations, which was the outcome of the Sochi Summit of the Presidents on 2 March 2011.", "Regardless of their absurdity, these recent allegations serve as part of propagandistic war launched through excessive falsification and forgery.", "It is unethical to circulate such defamatory information, exploiting again the life of an innocent child as a propaganda tool. Azerbaijan, which continues to refuse to take an honest look at itself, should be reminded that, as a result of aggression and war launched against Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia during the 1991-1994 period, Azerbaijan heavily contaminated the bordering regions with Armenia and other conflict-affected areas with landmines, cluster munitions and explosive remnants of war. They continue to have a profound impact on socio-economic growth and on the day-to-day lives of the Nagorno Karabakh population, resulting in one of the highest per capita human accident rates in the world.", "Today, Azerbaijan continues to seriously obstruct the work of the respected mine-clearance HALO Trust charity that is carrying on an important humanitarian mission in the region, labelling that mission as “unlawful activities”.", "The fact that the independent investigation has not been conducted and Azerbaijan avoided establishing any investigative mechanism into ceasefire violations clearly demonstrate who stands behind these violations and false accusations.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter, along with the annex on the ceasefire violations for the period from 1 July to 1 August 2011, circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Garen Nazarian Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan from 1 July to 1 August 2011", "Firing\n From the Azerbaijani side", "No. Direction Date/time Type of weapon Ammunition", "1. Berdavan 01.07.11 AK 7 23.05", "2. Khndzorut 02.07.11 AK 2 02.10", "3. Colagir 02.07.11 AK 1 19.40", "4. Vazashen 02.07.11 PK 20 20.00 AK 15", "5. Vazashen 02.07.11 PK 7 20.30", "6. Vazashen 02.07.11 AK 20 20.40", "7. Agarak 02.07.11 AK 7 22.20", "8. Aygepar 03.07.11 AK 3 22.50", "9. Vazashen 04.07.11 AK 15 00.40", "10. Agarak 06.07.11 AK 10 22.00", "11. Chinari 07.07.11 SVD 2 18.50", "12. Barekamavan 09.07.11 AK 3 14.00", "13. Berdavan 09.07.11 SVD 11 20.35 AK 10", "14. Khndzorut 09.07.11 AK 1 12.15", "15. Khndzorut 09.07.11 AK 3 17.10", "16. Barekamavan 11.07.11 AK 10 02.20", "17. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 3 16.15", "18. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 4 19.00", "19. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 6 01.20 SVD 2", "20. Barekamavan 14.07.11 AK 6 18.40", "21. Agarak 15.07.11 AK 11 01.25", "22. N. Karmirakhbyur 15.07.11 AK 8 01.30", "23. Vazashen 16.07.11 AK 5 20.00", "24. Paravacar 16.07.11 AK 3 23.45", "25. Vazashen 17.07.11 AK 5 20.30", "26. Vazashen 18.07.11 AK 15 23.25 SVD 3", "27. Bardzravan 19.07.11 AK 100 19.40", "28. Chinari 21.07.11 PK 60 00.01-00.20", "29. Movses 20.07.11 AK 2 11.45", "30. Vazashen 21.07.11 AK 3 18.50", "31. Khndzorut 21.07.11 AK 4 22.25", "32. Khndzorut 22.07.11 AK 10 00.45", "33. Mehrab 22.07.11 PK 10 11.45", "34. Lev 25.07.11 AK 4 09.45", "35. Lev 25.07.11 AK 25 17.30-18.00 PK 15 sniper weapon 3 12.7mm", "36. Lev 25.07.11 AK 6 19.00-20.00 PK 5 sniper weapon 5 12.7mm", "37. Chinari 25.07.11 SVD 1 15.45", "38. Movses 25.07.11 RPK 1 21.30", "39. Aygepar 25.07.11 AK 6 22.15", "40. Movses 26.07.11 AK 40 00.30", "41. Lev 26.07.11 sniper weapon 4 21.50 12.7mm", "42. Arcvaberd 26.07.11 sniper weapon 3 12.40 12.7mm", "43. Aygepar 26.07.11 sniper weapon 1 12.50 12.7mm", "44. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 19 16.20", "45. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 8 16.30", "46. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 4 18.05", "47. Movses 26.07.11 AK 4 18.20", "48. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 2 18.35", "49. Berdavan 26.07.11 SVD 5 20.55", "50. Berdavan 26.07.11 PK 30 23.00", "51. Dovegh 27.07.11 AK 3 00.45", "52. Aygepar 27.07.11 PK 5 18.10", "53. Movses 27.07.11 machine gun 1 19.00 12.7mm", "54. Movses 27.07.11 machine gun 2 19.10 12.7mm", "55. Aygepar 27.07.11 PK 10 19.25", "56. Aygepar 27.07.11 machine gun 140 19.25 12.7mm", "57. Aygepar 27.07.11 machine gun 75 20.50-21.10 12.7mm 110 PK 650 AK", "58. Berdavan 27.07.11 SVD 2 11.00", "59. Lev 28.07.11 sniper weapon 6 08.45 12.7mm 10 SVD 25 PK", "60. Lev 28.07.11 AK 40 20.25-21.15 PK 60 machine gun 200 12.7mm 140 sniper weapon 12.7mm", "61. Colagir 28.07.11 SVD 6 16.00", "62. Chinari 28.07.11 SVD 7 19.30", "63. Omar 29.07.11 SVD 3 20.30-20.45", "64. Omar 29.07.11 SVD 5 20.30-20.45", "65. Kutakan 29.07.11 PK 20 18.00-18.30 machine gun 20 12.7mm", "66. Yanshak 30.07.11 SVD 4 21.50 AK 10", "67. Barekamavan 30.07.11 RPK 5 18.00 AK 5", "The violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the borderline of Armenia from 1 July to 1 August 2011:", "Number of violations: 83", "Shots: about 2,162", "PK: (377), RPK: (6), SVD: (61), sniper weapon 12.7mm: (162), machine gun 12.7mm: (438), AK: (1,118).", "The violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the borderline of Nagorno Karabakh from 1 July to 1 August 2011:", "Number of violations: 861", "Shots: about 4,652", "PK: (653), RPG-7: (1), SVD: (303), machine gun 12.7mm: (248), sniper weapon 12.7mm: (29), sniper weapon 14.5mm (Istigal): (1), UTYOS-12.7mm: (114), AK: (3,258), AKM: (45)." ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75", "Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to document A/65/915-S/2011/457 of 26 July 2011, which contains the letter from the representative of Azerbaijan.", "I regret that the Azerbaijani side has continued to portray itself as a victim of “aggression” in the United Nations and other international organizations, without ever recognizing or honestly discussing its role in launching military aggression against Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia.", "Of course, using so-called “preliminary findings” to fake and lie, it is their sole purpose to discredit the Armenians. Last week, the representative of Azerbaijan circulated the above-mentioned heinous letter, in which he accused the Armenian side of responsibility for the death of a 13-year-old child as a result of an “explosive device”.", "The person making this allegation has prevented an independent investigation, which has led to the verification of the veracity and clarification of this heinous claim. The Azerbaijani diplomatic community has used such allegations to avoid fulfilling commitments already made. Suffice it to mention that it is on the pretext of this allegation that Azerbaijan is attempting to reverse the agreement that has been reached to establish a mechanism to investigate ceasefire violations. The ceasefire mechanism was the outcome of President Sochi ' s summit on 2 March 2011.", "No matter how absurd these recent allegations may be, they are only part of a campaign of propaganda based on unprovoked alteration and forgery.", "It is immoral to spread such defamatory messages and abuse the lives of innocent children as a tool of propaganda. Azerbaijan continues to reject honest self-reflection. Azerbaijan should be reminded that, as a result of the aggression and war against Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia during the period 1991-1994, it had planted mines, cluster munitions and explosive remnants of war in the region bordering Armenia and other conflict areas, which had caused serious contamination. They continue to have a profound impact on the socio-economic growth of Nagorno-Karabakh and on the daily lives of its people, making the region one of the highest per capita accident rates in the world.", "Today, Azerbaijan continues to seriously obstruct the work of the respected HALO Trust, which is carrying out an important humanitarian mission in the region, also classified as “illegal activities”.", "The independent investigation has not yet been carried out, and Azerbaijan's avoidance of the establishment of a ceasefire violation investigation mechanism is a clear indication of who is violating the ceasefire and who is responsible for these false accusations.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex containing information on violations of the ceasefire from 1 July to 1 August 2011 circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Galen Nazarian Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Permanent Representative", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan from 1 July to 1 August 2011", "28 July 2011", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Armenian border from 1 July to 1 August 2011:", "Number of violations: 83", "Some 2,162 shots were fired (PK: 377, RPK: 6; SVD: 61; machine gun 12.7 mm: 162; machine gun 12.7 mm: 438; AK: 1118)", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Nagorno-Karabakh borderline from 1 July to 1 August 2011:", "Number of violations: 861", "Some 4,652 shots were fired (PK: 653; RPG-7: 1; SVD: 303; machine gun 12.7 mm: 248; sniper weapon 12.7 mm: 29; sniper weapon 14.5 mm (Istigal): 1; UTYOS 12.7 mm: 114; AK: 3,258; AKM: 45)." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36", "中东局势", "2011年8月3日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨奉我国政府指示随函转告对以色列敌军的一项指控，以色列敌军于2011年8月1日侵犯了黎巴嫩领土完整(见附件)。", "请将本信作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目36下的正式文件和安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "卡罗琳·齐亚德(签名)", "2011年8月3日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "2011年8月1日(星期一)6时30分整，由八名以色列占领部队士兵组成的一支巡逻队携带一台摄像机，在格网系统坐标为Q744307-N683260的地方跨过瓦扎尼河(蓝线)，该地方位于该河流西岸瓦扎尼瀑布度假胜地附近。他们渗透到黎巴嫩境内大约15米。", "针对这起明显侵犯黎巴嫩主权和违反安理会第1701(2006)号决议的事件，黎巴嫩军队在黎巴嫩境内鸣枪警告，但没有对以色列的敌军巡逻队开枪。", "结果，敌军越过该河回到东岸。同一天7时15分，在完全撤到技术围栏之后，以色列敌军使用中小型武器以及榴弹发射器，对在瓦扎尼地区Maysat阵地及周边地区的黎巴嫩军队开火达10分钟之久。", "一名黎巴嫩军队士兵因以色列敌军的炮火受轻伤，而且黎巴嫩军队阵地的水箱被中等口径的子弹击中。", "这项行动明显侵犯了黎巴嫩主权，违反了安理会第1701(2006)号决议、国际法和《联合国宪章》，并对国际和平与安全构成威胁。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 36 \n The situation in the Middle East", "Identical letters dated 3 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a complaint against Israeli enemy forces which, on 1 August 2011, violated Lebanese territorial integrity (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter issued as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 36, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Caroline Ziade Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the identical letters dated 3 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "At precisely 6.30 on Monday, 1 August 2011, a patrol comprising eight troops of the Israeli occupation forces carrying a video camera crossed the Wazzani River (Blue Line) at UTM coordinates Q744307-N683260, in the vicinity of the Wazzani Falls resort on the river’s west bank, penetrating some 15 metres into Lebanese territory.", "Responding to this clear violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), the Lebanese Army fired warning shots inside Lebanese territory, but not towards the Israeli enemy patrol.", "As a result of that action, the enemy troops crossed to the river’s east bank. At 7.15 of that same day, having completed their withdrawal behind the technical fence, the Israeli enemy opened fire for 10 minutes using small and medium weapons and grenade launchers against Lebanese Army troops at the Maysat position in the Wazzani area and the surrounding area.", "A Lebanese Army soldier was slightly injured by the Israeli enemy army gunfire, and the water tanks at the Lebanese Army position were hit by medium-calibre bullets.", "This action is a clear violation of Lebanese sovereignty, Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), international law and the Charter of the United Nations, and constitutes a threat to international peace and security." ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 36", "The situation in the Middle East", "Identical letters dated 3 August 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to convey to you herewith an allegation against the Israeli enemy that it violated Lebanese territorial integrity on 1 August 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 36, and of the Security Council.", "Annex", "(Signed) Caroline Ziade Chargé d ' affaires a.i.", "Permanent Representative", "On Monday, 1 August 2011, at 0630 hours, a patrol consisting of eight Israeli occupying forces soldiers carrying a camera crossed the Wazzani River (Blue Line) at the grid system coordinates Q744307-N683260, near the Wazzani Falls resort in the West Bank. They infiltrated about 15 metres inside Lebanese territory.", "In response to this clear violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), the Lebanese Army fired warning shots inside Lebanese territory but did not fire on an Israeli enemy patrol.", "As a result, enemy forces crossed the river and returned to the east bank. At 0715 hours on the same day, after being completely withdrawn to the technical fence, the Israeli enemy, using small and medium arms and grenade launchers, opened fire on the Lebanese Army at its Maysat position in and around the Wazzani area for 10 minutes.", "A Lebanese Army soldier was slightly injured by Israeli enemy fire, and the water tank at the Lebanese Army position was hit by medium-calibre bullets.", "This action is a clear violation of Lebanese sovereignty, Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), international law and the Charter of the United Nations, and constitutes a threat to international peace and security." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(b)", "《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可 持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的 后续行动和执行情况", "更好地执行《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的具体建议", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "通过《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的目的是协助小岛屿发展中国家依照《21世纪议程》，实现可持续发展的目标。在这两个具有里程碑意义的文件发表后的数年里，小岛屿发展中国家在执行方面一直面临挑战。这些挑战包括小岛屿发展中国家所具有的结构性不利条件和特点，以及全球金融、粮食、能源和环境危机对这些国家造成特别严重的打击，并暴露出这些国家的各种脆弱性。", "本报告归纳了从会员国、专家和联合国各实体收到的观点和建议，其中说明了如何才能有效解决小岛屿发展中国家面临的一些关键的脆弱性问题。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其第A/65/2号决议中，通过了《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议成果文件，会议与2010年9月25日早纽约举行，对该战略举行了五年期审查。在该成果文件中，承认小岛屿发展中国家在实现可持续发展方面，面临各种挑战和制约因素。", "2. 成果文件还请秘书长提交一份报告，就如何加强《毛里求斯战略》的执行情况提出具体建议，把努力的重点重新放在注重成果的方式。这项任务呼吁采取措施，以解决、而不仅仅是承认小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性问题首开先河。", "3. 本报告是与联合国若干有关机构共同编写的，也反映了从会员国和联合国系统各组织收到的意见。本报告的架构围绕《毛里求斯战略》高级别审查会议所强调的小岛屿发展中国家面临之主要脆弱性类别而搭建。报告还载有一些具体、但初步的建议，并意识到需要从长远角度，通过连续的政府间和机构间协商、研究和技术合作，不断地解决这些问题。", "4. 《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》概述了小岛屿发展中国家面临的许多挑战，这些挑战限制了这些国家实现可持续发展目标的潜力。具体到小岛屿发展中国家的挑战反映在以下方面：其独特的特点、易受外部冲击和自然灾害的脆弱性、适应和抵御这些脆弱性的能力有限。", "5. 小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战包括广泛问题。体制上的不足、环境脆弱、数据、监测和评价机制不足以及人口向他国大量迁徙等等，所有方面对这些国家的可持续发展均产生重大影响，全球金融危机也对所有小国产生了影响。尽管这些事实并未说明问题的全部，但均涉及到小岛屿发展中国家面临的深层次挑战，即妨碍其适应气候变化的能力以及处理往往不受其控制的危机的能力。", "6. 在通过了第A/65/2号决议后，联合国系统内部开展了互动式协商进程，以审议采取具体战略，更好地执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》。本报告突出说明提出的各项建议，以便提供克服小岛屿发展中国家在实现可持续发展方面所受制约的方法。", "二. 解决小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性和发展需求的更有效措施", "A. 促进适应气候变化", "7. 气候变化影响小岛屿发展中国家的物理特性，影响这些国家的社会经济发展趋势，影响其可持续发展的前景和执行《毛里求斯战略》的能力。有必要在可持续发展的框架下，加强适应能力，提高易受伤害国家应对和适应气候变化不利影响的能力。", "8. 为执行《联合国气候变化框架公约》，各缔约国商定了一系列举措，包括：", "(a) 《坎昆适应框架》，这是作为《巴厘行动计划》的一部分，在就加强适应行动所进行的谈判中达成的；", "(b) 在科学和技术咨询附属机构框架下，达成的关于气候变化的影响、脆弱性和适应性的内罗毕工作方案，以及所开展的研究和系统观察；", "(c) 各国的国家适应行动计划，以及在附属履行机构框架下的适应和应对措施的布宜诺斯艾利斯工作方案。", "9. 这些举措相辅相成，并依据了建立伙伴关系和合作的需要，以期解决与气候变化有关的关键问题。易受气候变化的影响对小岛屿发展中国家而言，可能是灾难性的。即将举行的缔约方会议，应成为会员国执行前几届会议通过决议的机会，尤其是《坎昆适应框架》。这个举措将大大有助于小岛屿发展中国家。", "10. 《坎昆适应框架》的目的是要加强适应行动，包括通过国际合作和协调一致的考虑与《公约》规定的适应有关的事项。加强适应行动的最终目的是减少最易受伤害的发展中国家的脆弱性，建立其复原能力。", "气候变化对安全的影响", "11. 尽管气候变化对安全影响的概念相对较新，但也是气候变化威胁的重要方面。气候变化具有环境、社会经济、政治和法律意义，这些都会对小岛屿发展中国家产生潜在影响。", "12. 2011年7月20日，安全理事会讨论了气候变化及其可能对安全产生影响的问题。有人强调说，未来可能会产生环境难民的问题，因此有必要进行气候融资。也有人认为，气候变化的一个重大的挑战是，人们无法预测其变化加剧的程度，因此也无从知晓如何适应其未知影响。", "13. 在联合国的讨论有助于突出小岛屿发展中国家面临问题的严重性，特别是考虑到海平面上升、粮食不安全、水土流失、干旱、与环境相关的移徙等问题对资源和空间有限并存在诸多可持续发展制约因素的国家的破坏性影响。应对气候变化对小岛屿发展中国家带来的潜在安全影响，是一项主动和预防性的举措，将大大有助于维护这些国家的生死存亡。", "14. 会员国和国际社会必须对气候变化很有可能带来非常现实的安全威胁，做好准备。有必要推动进一步的科学研究和采取预防性的措施，力求制定保护受气候变化巨大影响者的立法框架，这将有助于减轻因一旦潜在威胁成为现实、而可能出现的任何社会经济危机和政治危机。", "15. 在国际舞台上，所有有关结构必须收集数据、进行趋势分析和其他相关研究，查明迄今为止的影响，并预测可能出现的情况。这项工作应结合气候变化和可持续发展，在以下领域开展：食品安全、移徙和可能为争夺稀缺资源而发生的冲突。", "B. 加强小岛屿发展中国家灾害风险管理能力", "16. 经常影响小岛屿发展中国家的自然灾害包括飓风、火山爆发、地震、海啸、热带气旋、干旱和暴雨。大多数国家也受到海平面上升的威胁。在过去十年中，小岛屿发展中国家因自然灾害，蒙受了巨大的生命和生计损失。这些灾害对生计造成的影响可以是毁灭性的，在最坏的情况下，对经济造成的影响超过国内总产值的100%。即使某个灾害影响较小，灾害时有发生造成重复效果也损害发展进程。", "17. 小岛屿发展中国家从地理角度而言，就具有脆弱性，很少有例外。其人口和有关保健及交通的重要民用基础设施也大都位于海岸或洪泛平原附近，因此尤其暴露在自然灾害面前。此外，由于其国土狭小，限制了岛民通过搬离以避灾的选项。", "18. 更有甚者，由于贫穷，或所在国经济规模很小，治理机构已不堪重负，小岛屿发展中国家人口中很多人易受自然灾害的影响。在通常情况下，重要的经济活动都在沿海地带进行，因而容易遭受各种危害。小岛屿发展中国家也容易遭受人为灾害。由于这些国家从以农业为基础的经济转为以旅游为基础的经济，导致客运量和货运量增多，使石油和化学品泄漏的风险加大。例如，全世界约有25%的油轮驶过加勒比地区。", "19. 尽管小岛屿发展中国家政府更多地参与了灾害管理活动，但由于低就业、高负债、首选市场的损失和缺乏旅游业以外的经济活动，而阻碍了减少灾害风险措施的制定工作。一旦灾难发生，发展活动的专项资金往往转到紧急人道主义救援、清理和重建方面。", "20. 尽管小岛屿发展中国家灾害频繁发生，且具有脆弱性，但减少灾害风险是可能的。虽然无法减少气象灾害的发生，但通过减少暴露风险和脆弱性，提高抗灾能力，均可减少其负面影响。对于非人为灾害，可重点关注减少暴露风险和脆弱性，来实现灾害管理。具体而言，这可能意味着，物质环境规划者需要了解范洪平原的情况，以及风暴潮可能淹没的海岸，建筑师和建筑可能需要把房屋建立在支柱上，或使屋顶坡度更陡些。古巴的经验表明，在适应环境危害方面，进行积极主动的物质环境规划，使该国在一定程度上减少了影响。", "21. 一些小岛屿发展中国家已设立一些重要的机构，以应对自然灾害的挑战。这方面的例子包括：加勒比巨灾风险保险基金(CCRIF)；加勒比灾害应急管理署；太平洋共同体秘书处的减灾计划。然而，仍有必要开展更具体针对小岛屿发展中国家灾害影响的研究。许多灾害数据没有详述原因或长期影响。", "22. 小岛屿发展中国家对家庭和企业的私人保险覆盖率很低。在许多情况下，政府并没有给其楼宇投保；也不经常对可能与灾害有关的损失作出其他规定。即使在其他地区建立了类似加勒比巨灾风险保险基金的机构，各国政府仍需针对中小规模的灾害，制定应急计划和连续性的计划。", "23. 改善物质环境规划和建筑技术的措施， 是具成本效益、最有前途的减少风险措施。这些措施对于风灾和洪水，特别有帮助。风暴潮、泥石流、地震和火山可能需要制定其他策略，如搬迁和/或疏散计划。有些灾害除了疏散，可能没有别的解决方案。对于可控风险，楼房的地点和设计应作相应考虑。进行沿海规划，是一项必要的活动，应大力执行严格的建筑区划分规定。此外，每个国家都应建立或加强其灾害管理计划。", "C. 生物多样性", "24. 生物多样性是可持续发展的关键组成部分，对于小岛屿发展中国家具有特别重要的意义。生物多样性为食品安全、人类健康和清洁的空气和水之获得作出贡献；生物多样性还有利于当地生计和经济发展，对于实现包括减贫在内的千年发展目标至关重要，《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》和《爱知生物多样性目标》均提到上述内容。在小岛屿发展中国家，生物多样性受到的威胁，除其他外，首先是引进外来入侵物种、栖息地破碎化和气候变化。最后，生物多样性被侵蚀和损失的原因也在于城市化、科技利用率不足以及文化因素。", "25. 关于生物多样性和生态系统服务的科学方案和活动的研究结果必须引起决策者的注意，并尽可能采取对策。还必须教育广大公众，促进利益攸关者对话，以支持可持续部门规划，从而配合对生物多样性的保护和可持续地公平利用。", "26. 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议查明了在执行岛屿生物多样性(第IX/21号决定，第6段)的工作方案方面的六个优先要素。虽然没有具体针对小岛屿发展中国家，这些优先元素对这些国家也是有用的：", "(a) 管理和消灭外来侵入物种；", "(b) 适应和缓解气候变化的活动；", "(c) 建立和管理海洋保护区；", "(d) 能力建设；", "(e) 获得遗传资源和公正、公平地分享其利用所产生的惠益；", "(f) 减贫。", "27. 缔约方会议在同一项决定中确认，全球岛屿伙伴关系是执行岛屿生物多样性工作方案的机制之一。", "28. 外来入侵物种仍是所有类型的生态系统和物种的最大威胁，对岛屿社区和生计尤其具有毁灭性影响。应制定战略，以加强和调集各岛屿应对这一威胁的能力。", "29. 目前在50多个国家，其中包括25个以上的小岛屿发展中国家积极开展了以小岛屿发展中国家为重点的全球气候变化教育和沿海监测方案“观沙”。这是一个实践性、动手型进程，学员们记录和测量本国沿海环境的详细信息，与他人分享研究结果，并采取行动，确保当地沿海资源的可持续管理。", "30. 观沙方案始于十几年前，如今形成了颇具代表性的沿海监测团队网络，一些团队拥有可追溯至10年前的小岛屿发展中国家沿海环境数据。目前，正开发全球观沙数据库，这将使观沙工作人员上传以共享数据，以进一步分析其研究结果。预计观沙数据库将成为以公民为主导的记录数据库，记录了沿海形态的变化、生物多样性、使用和获取信息情况、发展和更多的情况。", "31. 对于生计和粮食安全而言，一个健康的环境必不可少。在这方面，建立海洋保护区尤为重要。例如，珊瑚三角区倡议、加勒比挑战、密克罗尼西亚挑战、西印度洋伙伴关系、凤凰岛保护区等等标志着区域和次区域办法，这些办法从地理上把志同道合的和生态连接的岛屿国家聚集在一起。在某种程度上，其中许多办法都归功于建立了岛屿生物多样性工作方案。", "32. 近年来，《教科文组织的人与生物圈计划》的生物圈保护区世界网络新增加了几个小岛屿发展中国家的新的沿海和海洋生物保护区，仅密克罗尼西亚分地区就有三个新的地点。这些地点通过太平洋人与生物圈保护区这样的网络，与其他现有和潜在的沿海生物圈保护区建立了联系。反过来，这些网络也与相邻的同侪网络\n 例如东南亚生物圈保护区网络进行了积极的合作，从而增加了相互交流以及南南双边能力建设活动。", "33. 联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)大会1972年11月16日在其第17届会议上通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，这类文书以及在人与生物圈方案框架内一些把重点放在小岛屿发展中国家次区域研究和管理合作网络，都可直接支持设计和执行国家生物多样性战略和行动计划。", "34. 在这些方面，当地采取行动也很重要。在各沿海和岛屿地区，利用以社区为基础的保护区，当地和土著人民在管理和保护海洋资源可以发挥带头作用，这种趋势正变得越来越普遍，并已显示出可喜成果。", "惠益分享", "35. 岛屿具有很高的地方特殊性，因此成为遗传信息库储存地，对全世界具有内在的价值。岛屿国家政府已认识到获取和惠益分享是优先事项，一些小岛屿发展中国家政府已经在努力保护其遗传资源，或确保其利用所产生惠益能够在当地分享。最近通过的《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公平和公正分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》将为岛屿遗传资源提供方建立更大程度的法律确定性和透明度。", "36. 鉴于生物多样性及其相关生态服务对于发展规划、区域合作和可持续发展战略具有越来越大的作用和重要性，小岛屿发展中国家可受益于《毛里求斯战略》大框架内的一系列举措，包括：", "(a) 促进生物多样性友好型经济和政策工具，如支付生态系统服务费用，以实现发展和生物多样性的双重目标；如果把生物多样性纳入促进里约+20进程(即筹备将于2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(纪念里约会议二十周年)进程，例如促进绿色经济及其海洋和沿海生态系统的蓝色经济，将受益匪浅；", "(b) 深入审查岛屿生物多样性工作方案(将于2012年5月在加拿大蒙特利尔举行的生物多样性公约缔约方会议科学和技术咨询附属机构第十六次会议上进行，以及2012年10月在印度海得拉巴举行的缔约方会议第十二次会议讨论)。这次审查是岛屿国家和拥有岛屿的国家重点关注缔约方会议关于岛屿生物多样性的第十二届会议的良机。", "D. 应对能源挑战", "37. 小岛屿发展中国家的商业能源需求几乎完全依赖进口石油，这种情况继续造成贸易的极端不平衡，不断上涨的进口石油价格也使国家有限的财政资源严重流失。小岛屿发展中国家石油产品的价格在全世界是最高的。这种上涨幅度以及对未来预测的增长将对小岛屿发展中国家的经济造成巨大压力。", "38. 能源部门是绝大多数小岛屿发展中国家最关键的部门，也是经济脆弱性的一个主要领域。如果没有高度集成的能源部门，即一个不必依赖外部来源并与废物管理、供水、农业、旅游、运输和就业部门保持协同联系的部门，小岛屿国家的可持续发展是不可能的。", "39. 对所有小岛屿发展中国家而言，最大、单一的和共同的可再生能源资源就是各种形式的海洋能。然而，利用这类能源资源的技术正在开发阶段，而且费用昂贵。", "40. 开发可再生能源资源一直受到诸多因素的限制：无法获得适当的技术和技术能力、薄弱的体制机制、以合理成本为小型偏远市场开发有关系统所面临的挑战。提供给小岛屿发展中国家的各类可再生能源技术包括水电、风力和太阳能。将来有一天可能会开发的潜在领域包括：海洋能源系统；废物转化为能源的技术；藻类的生物量(蓝-绿技术)；太阳能热水器；太阳能和海水冷却系统；低碳足迹的建筑物；超低量的水消费、环境卫生和废水回收系统；以及电动运输。", "41. 这些新技术都是现成的，但处在不同的开发阶段。然而，小岛屿发展中国家缺乏必要的技术和市场研究专才，因此无法就技术转让、商业化和推广有助于低碳经济的创新技术和应用进行谈判。", "42. 自1992年以来，小岛屿发展中国家在其能源部门投资数十亿美元，但在可再生能源、能源效率和节能方面投资甚少。为使这些国家获得改革能源部门所需财政资源，有几个选项可供选择，包括：", "(a) 探讨是否可在气候技术中心内建立专项融资机制，该技术中心作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》的一部分，正在发展中，为支持小岛屿发展中国家评估和查明适当的可再生能源技术提供专门资金；", "(b) 探讨种子资金的问题，以建立可持续能源发展周转基金，其资本产生于各种来源，包括小岛屿发展中国家人民及其散居海外人士；", "(c) 研究建立国家和区域能源债券及能源基金的可行性，以支持在以下领域能源效率和节约能源的投资，这些领域越来越显示投资回报非常有利可图，并对国家经济有极大的效益；", "(d) 建立并寻求国际社会对分享技术专长机制的支持，这一机制可利用独特的专业人才，并为有关专业人员带来额外的财政利益。可通过联合国有关专门机构或具有所需专才的区域组织共同执行这一机制，并通过小岛屿发展中国家在线平台加以促进。", "43. 能源政策的后续行动可包括次级部门的如下政策，促进开发适当类型的各生能源资源、节能措施和保护政策。应把决策看作进程，而不是一了百了的事情。必须使政策更加协调一致，以确保那些对能源部门和社会经济发展具有重大影响的部门之间的协同作用。", "44. 除了融资，伙伴关系倡议对于解决能源挑战可能也是有助益的。目地是考虑到不同的、但可能产生效益的选项。可持续能源倡议(SIDS DOCK倡议)是建立伙伴关系的实例，其目的是有效应对小岛屿发展中国家面临的能源挑战。此外，促进新的伙伴关系，推介小岛屿发展中国家成功的合作伙伴关系，是小岛屿发展中国家信息网的一个主要目标，该信息网旨在提供一个基于网络的平台，分享经验和专门知识，并建立各种关系。", "E. 解决小岛屿发展中国家经济结构的弊端", "45. 许多小岛屿发展中国家容易受到不受本国控制的、与贸易有关的冲击，这不仅因为这些国家可能经受了可衡量的冲击，如官方发展援助和侨汇的减少、与国外市场有联系等行业收缩、失业人数增加，而且还由于这些国家面积小、天高地远、其经济专业化的机会有限。这种脆弱性对于高度依赖于一种或几种出口品的经济体而言，十分典型，这些国家的进口产品非常容易受到冲击。", "46. 联合国系统各组织、方案和实体已确认，支持实现建立经济活力最终目标的一个中期目标是，必须减少结构弊端，特别提到由于面积小和地处偏远而形成的不足之处，这些都对机构能力和经济效益产生影响，这值得引起特别注意。此一中期目标指出，应根据大会第65/2号决议，更有效地解决小岛屿发展中国家独特和特别严重的脆弱性，并满足其发展的需要。", "47. 对于小岛屿发展中国家而言，以下3个减少体制弊端的行动领域尤为重要：", "(a) 开发有形基础设施，特别是在交通运输领域，以减轻地处偏远或国土狭小的不利影响；", "(b) 发展经济的人力资源基础，让生产能力的知识部分与全球经济中越来越多竞争对手并驾齐驱。这将提高小岛屿发展中国家的创新能力，为全球价值链中的产品和出口增值；", "(c) 建立或加强机构能力，以打造体制进步的最有利环境。这一行动的区域和第47(b)段的行动领域相辅相成。", "48. 每个小岛屿发展中国家必须确定本国的专业化最佳组合。小岛屿发展中国家都具备各种独特的、正面的特点，包括环境优美、文化独特、文化财产丰富以及由于国土较小而具备相关的异国情调(国土面积小既可以是资产，也是一种负担)。此外，小岛屿发展中国家普遍政治稳定，治理良好，这是在制定专业化最佳组合时必须考虑的优势之一。", "49. 健全的经济并不会使小岛屿发展中国家免遭自然灾害或无法控制的经济冲击，但有可能通过扩大生产基础，加强对经济的应变能力。", "50. 服务业在很大程度上主宰着小岛屿发展中国家的经济，在许多国家，旅游业是出口收入的第一来源；2009年，指现有的有关数据，26个小岛屿发展中国家服务出口占总出口的平均份额为67%。[1] 在大多数小岛屿发展中国家的经济结构中，除旅游业外，国际服务也大幅度增长。金融服务和商业相关的其他服务，已成为一些国家专业化方面很有前途的领域(如萨摩亚、塞舌尔、圣基茨和尼维斯以及瓦努阿图)，在其他小岛屿发展中国家，这些服务已成为经济支柱(如巴哈马、巴巴多斯和毛里求斯)。", "51. 服务业不断增加，可普遍推动经济增长和发展，这样多样化也成为可能，有了多样化，投资和生产范围更广的产品就具备了机会。其实小岛屿发展中国家往往具有内在的缺点，但也展示了实现经济增长和进步的潜能。为了制定有效的经济增长战略，必须克服各种障碍和结构性不利因素。在这方面，正如上文第47段所指出的，有3个重要领域：发展有形基础设施、人力资源基础和加强机构能力。", "F. 解决粮食安全问题", "52. 粮食安全仍是小岛屿发展中国家的主要问题之一。为了克服粮食不安全造成的威胁，必须加强风险管理能力。一直通过关于促进加勒比共同体/加勒比论坛区域粮食安全特区项目，解决粮食安全和保护生物多样性的问题，各国技术合作方案支持了这一项目。", "53. 小岛屿发展中国家的生计中有80%直接或间接依赖于农业、林业和渔业。传统的农业和粮食系统可为应对外部经济和自然冲击提供复原力。粮食和石油价格高居不下，导致人们再次强调国内生产和粮食的自给自足。小岛屿发展中国家也依赖于健康的海洋和海洋保护，应公平分享具有极其重要意义的海洋资源。", "54. 森林和树木具有巨大的环境、文化和经济意义。森林继续提供大量木制品，森林对环境的价值越来越多地被人们所认识。", "55. 水产养殖对于国内粮食生产和海洋产品的出口贸易，具有相当大的潜力，其中包括珍珠、虾类、养殖珊瑚和海藻。由于商业性和生计性捕鱼针对了沿海渔业资源，现在的一般情况是过度捕捞，并受到不断加大的人口压力。", "56. 过度捕捞是造成生物多样受到侵蚀的因素之一。生物多样性的丧失，破坏了食物、水和营养安全，可能产生更高层次的贫困。还将增加对粮食进口的依赖，影响长期经济增长前景。", "57. 向绿色经济过渡，就要重视生物多样性资本以及生态系统的产品和服务，特别是粮食，使之成为生计和收入的重要来源。因此，在绿色经济上的投资，将有助于提高小岛屿发展中国家自己生产粮食的能力，并减少其对进口的依赖性和对粮食危机的脆弱性。", "G. 促进可持续旅游业", "58. 对于大多数小岛屿发展中国家而言，旅游业是主要经济活动，包括创收、创造就业机会和外汇收入。然而，由于小岛屿发展中国家面积小，非常容易受到旅游业有时带来的负面环境和社会影响。此外，旅游业被认为是一个对气候高度敏感的经济部门。预计气候变化对旅游部门的影响会逐步加大。小岛屿发展中国家可能特别受到海洋温度上升的影响，除其他外，已经引起珊瑚白化。", "59. 旅游业也在很大程度上依赖于自然资本的完好无损，以及发挥功能的生态系统，这不仅能吸引游客，而且也能满足他们对当地的食品、活动和体验的愿望。旅游部门也可成为一个动力，要求许多生产和服务部门提供更可持续的管理和对资源的可持续利用。", "60. 因此，必须规划、管理和监测旅游业的发展，应确保其可持续性。同样必要的是，积极支持把适应气候变化的标准纳入国家旅游规划进程。", "61. 小岛屿发展中国家很容易受到气候变化的影响，适应能力低；因此，应给予特别的注意。如“救助加勒比伙伴关系”和拟议的太平洋绿色增长路线图等举措都显示了一些潜力。这些举措对于其他小岛屿发展中国家地区也是必要的，以便执行实现可持续旅游业的有关战略。", "62. 一些小岛屿发展中国家探索了创新型和积极主动的促进旅游业的方式，例如特色旅游， 如古巴和毛里求斯的医疗旅游；许多国家发展的水疗旅游；促进观鸟的生态旅游；以及文化旅游。这些战略有助于使旅游产品多样化，同时也有助于保护环境。这些战略作为该国国内生产总值供求双方的因素，为当地经济增值。为促进可持续旅游业，与公共和私营部门建立更多地融资和伙伴关系，也使这些国家保持在市场上的竞争力，而这一市场由于近年来国际危机所致，已逐渐萎缩。", "H. 实现债务的可持续性", "63. 一段时间以来，高额债务和不断增加的债务负担，是一些小岛屿发展中国家的持续存在的未决问题。有证据表明，自从全球经济和金融危机开始以来，债务总量情况严重恶化。例如遭受严重外部冲击、人口基数小、出口基础有限、公共部门是许多家庭收入和就业的重要来源等结构性制约因素，这些都意味着应对债务负担战略的成功有限。有几个小岛屿发展中国家严重依赖官方发展援助。然而，官方发展援助一直向少数几个国家倾斜，对其他小岛屿发展中国家的援助水平低，从而加剧了对外部融资的依赖性，而外部融资的形式以市场为基础，很不稳定且昂贵不堪。", "64. 与其他许多发展中国家相比，大多数小岛屿发展中国家并没有从国际减免债务措施中获益，例如重债穷国倡议或多边减债倡议。执行减免债务措施帮助受益国大大减少了债务负担。到目前为止，国际政策界在很大程度上，没有解决许多小岛屿发展中国家高的(和不断增加的)公共债务负担。由于许多小岛屿发展中国家经济增长水平低，加剧了这个问题的严重程度。根据未来数年经济增长的预测，尽管这些国家正从全球金融和经济危机中恢复，但比世界其他地区要缓慢得多。", "65. 有几个小岛屿发展中国家从主要多边贷款机构的减让性资金中获益，即承认这些国家面临特别的发展挑战，因此采取了“小岛屿例外”措施。对于一些国家而言，多边金融机构仍是主要贷款合作伙伴。然而，有一些小岛屿国家并未从这一例外措施中获益。有证据表明，在过去10年，许多小岛屿发展中国家的减让性债务作为公共债务总额的比例大大下降。这已被国外私营机构债务和/或国内债务所取代，而且往往代价更加昂贵。", "66. 国家从国内大量借贷的作法，挤掉了可提供给私营部门的信贷，这反过来又可能压制私营部门的发展和经济增长。这种情况也可能更难以进行债务重组，因为一旦国内债务的主权债务违约，接下来往往就是国内银行业发生危机。鉴于小岛屿发展中国家对外部冲击存在众多结构上的脆弱性，为支持这些国家的经济发展采取以市场为基础的融资办法是否合适，受到人们的质疑。", "67. 小岛屿发展中国家政府可采取措施，改善债务管理能力，减少公共开支的浪费和低效率的问题。一些小岛屿发展中国家可能也需要减免债务。这必须结合这样一个目标，即让发展援助流向转往许多小岛屿发展中国家。应修改从主要多边金融机构获得减让性资源的标准，考虑到许多这类国家面临的发展结构制约因素。最后，对于许多小岛屿发展中国家而言，鉴于这些国家易受到外部冲击的伤害，创新融资机制，例如反周期贷款工具和债务转换安排，可能都是可取的。", "一. 会员国、联合国实体和政府间机构的建议", "1. 会员国", "68. 根据第65/2号决议的规定，秘书长致函会员国、联合国实体和政府间组织，[2] 要求提供关于加强执行《毛里求斯战略》的建议。", "69. 各会员国的回复突出说明这一问题的重要性。也向各会员国分发了需要填写的《毛里求斯战略》执行情况的问卷。", "70. 一些国家认为，有必要加强联合国系统和小岛屿发展中国家之间更大范围的协商和沟通，并建议需要制定和执行一种正式和全面的协调机制。这项建议也得到各区域组织的响应。", "71. 有人建议全面审查小岛屿发展中国家提供财政支助的机制，其中包括获得的方法，并建议应制定数据，以显示这些国家的共性和变数。", "72. 许多会员国在答复问卷时提到，有必要加强那些对小岛屿发展中国家负有具体责任的联合国机构，增加向那些解决小岛屿发展中国家问题的组织提供的资源。许多答复还要求改善收集和分析数据的工作，以便更好地评估小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的现状及其脆弱性，更好地评价执行《巴巴多斯行动方案》和《毛里求斯战略》时吸取的经验教训。也有人呼吁建立一套简明的共同风险相关指标的标准，并强调在发展进程中的国家自主权构想。", "73. 有人建议在小岛屿发展中国家开发可再生能源资源，建立抵御自然灾害和外部冲击的系统，在这些国家促进可持续海洋渔业，更大程度地支持《保护和开发大加勒比区域海洋环境卡塔赫纳公约》。大家感到有必要扩大对小岛屿发展中国家的双边和多边适应气候变化援助。应有人建议执行国家适应气候变化战略，并与《联合国气候变化框架公约》框架进行更多的合作。", "74. 有几个会员国重申，需要加强和提升联合国经济社会事务部小岛屿发展中国家股的工作，并强调目前重振小岛屿发展中国家信息网活力的重要性，并强调有必要制定有效途径，大量介绍小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性和复原力。成员国还建议改善和扩大科研、技术开发和转让，以协助各国促进南南合作。", "75. 有人强调说，对教育系统作出更大程度的政治承诺，包括增加专门用于教育的资源，是实现可持续发展目标总体战略的关键因素。", "2. 联合国实体和非政府组织", "76. 联合国实体和政府间组织提出的建议为本报告提供了投入，这些都是相辅相成的，而且往往关注非常类似的解决方案。这表明，大家对面临的挑战具有真正共同的理解，在协助小岛屿发展中国家执行《毛里求斯战略》的一些战略和应采取的行动方面，存在广泛共识。答复还支持会员国关于融资机制等问题的建议，包括成立一个确定海外发展援助的审查制度；减免债务；联合国有必要更多地注意小岛屿发展中国家的需要；在联合国系统内设立更好的协调人系统；增加数据收集，并加强数据库；调集资源和建立国家能力；更加重视小岛屿发展中国家应对气候变化的影响的问题，以及制定适应气候方案。", "77. 小岛屿发展中国家的一些区域组织，除了从事能力建设外，也看到通过采取适合本国发展的最佳做法，加强国家自力更生的必要性。", "78. 也有人呼吁建立和加强小岛屿发展中国家的协调机制，建议加强国家可持续发展战略或类似的战略。", "三. 加强收集和散播小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展数据", "A. 数据方面的缺陷和阻碍因素", "79. 大多数小岛屿发展中国家的官方统计数据是不充分的，往往质量很差。其不足包括：覆盖面有限、未充分遵守国际公认的统计标准、政策相关性差、分类不足、不够及时。受影响的领域从宏观经济统计数据到关于小岛屿发展中国家的经济体制、国际贸易、环境、能源、社会发展和旅游业的详细基本统计资料。应指出，在这一群体中，问题的严重性不尽相同，某些小岛屿发展中国家明显比其他国家要好些。", "80. 宏观经济统计仍是一项挑战。只有很少的小岛屿发展中国家能够提供国民核算的数据，而且数据往往不够新。关于国际商品贸易的详细数据并没有报告给联合国商品贸易统计数据库(联合国商品贸易统计)。只有少数几个小岛屿发展中国家提供了关于环境和能源统计的主要数据，数据上的差距问题不胜枚举。", "81. 大多数小岛屿发展中国家缺乏能发挥职能的质量评估框架。政府和其他用户均对数据的可用性和质量表示不满。事实上，查明有用信息具有挑战性。因为获得的一些资料可能过于笼统、肤浅和/或不符合小岛屿发展中国家的现实。在这方面，需要采取紧急行动，因为在评估脆弱性时，这种数据特别具有相关性。", "82. 数据上的差距和质量问题是统计能力不足的直接后果。能力不足，以及由于对不断增长的内部和外部数据作出频繁而过度的承诺，使得进程出现瓶颈状态，国家统计局和国家统计系统其他部门不堪负重。大多数小岛屿发展中国家的国家统计局没有足够的空间来编篡更多的统计数据系列，也没有大幅度改善目前散播的数据的质量。在能力建设方面没有取得重大进展的情况下，增加更多的工作，肯定会使已经不堪负重的国家统计局官员以及国家统计系统其他成员更加紧张并增加其负担，有可能进一步损害统计数据的质量。", "83. 阻碍小岛屿发展中国家统计发展的因素众多，而且问题根深蒂固并相互关联。这些因素可大致归纳为以下几个类别：", "(a) 缺乏来自较高层政府的持续支持。虽然大多数小岛屿发展中国家政府认识到循证决策的重要性，也普遍表达了改善这种情况的政治意愿，但情况往往没有改善，或只是在特定的基础上加以改善；", "(b) 国家统计系统管理效率低。许多小岛屿发展中国家的国家统计系统管理不善。国家统计局、各部委统计单位以及政府其他机构的统计活动往往没有被看作是统一的国家统计系统的一部分，也没有如此加以管理；", "(c) 缺乏足够的法律框架。许多国家没有统计法，一些国家的统计法已过时。统计人员没有足够的合法权利，以接触各种各样的行政数据资源，并确保其他政府机构运用国际统计标准；未能把现有的行政资源用于有效利用统计数据，是大量要求民众和企业参与统计调查的最重要原因之一；", "(d) 统计基础设施薄弱。只有少数小岛屿发展中国家拥有统计基础设施的基本要素，例如商业登记册和统一统计数据人口普查和调查的制度；", "(e) 人力资源不足。缺乏足够的人力资源，是最重要的限制因素之一。几乎所有最近对小岛屿发展中国家状况进行研究作出的结论都是，国家统计官员面临的限制因素是缺乏合格的、熟练的和称职的工作人员；", "(f) 缺乏健全的战略规划。由于缺乏健全的战略规划，往往使管理不善以及统计基础设施薄弱的问题加剧；", "(g) 缺乏现代化的数据处理集成系统、数据库管理和质量保证。虽然一般情况下，都获得了数据处理设备，但大多数小岛屿发展中国家没有现代化的数据和元数据收集集成系统，即进行数据录入、数据处理、质量控制系统、存储、分析和传播。", "84. 近年来，国家统计局和该局其他供应商与区域和国际机构合作，努力改进小岛屿发展中国家统计数据的充分性，取得了一些积极成果。然而，还需要做更多的工作，以确保推动正出现的进展。从一开始就应指出，必须把重点放在加强国家统计系统上，而区域和全球各级所作的努力应发挥重要的、但属于支助性的作用。", "85. 可通过大幅度改善国家统计系统的职能运作，进一步克服小岛屿发展中国家统计机构在收集数据和分析方面的不足，借此把循证决策的政治承诺转化为具体行动。最近没有这样做，或做得不适当，小岛屿发展中国家政府高层适当机构应启动对国家统计系统的审查，目的在于使其现代化。应向国家统计局和政府其他相关机构提供必要的支助，以编制有关行动计划。应强调，只有把生成和传播高质量的分类统计数据的任务看作是国家统计系统所有成员的集体责任，而不是简单地看做是统计局一个单位的责任，这项任务才有可能取得成功。", "86. 使国家统计制度实现现代化，对于制定和执行国家可持续发展战略进程是不可或缺和不可分割的投入。确保政府所有相关机构密切合作，有可能加强小岛屿发展中国家的数据收集，并促进国家统计伙伴关系。建立和保持强有力的国家统计伙伴关系对于更好地协调捐助方的支助，对于加速国家一级统计工作的发展活动，是至关重要的。应通过设立(或恢复)政府内外用户咨询委员会，与所有利益攸关方、包括政府和私营部门进行咨询。", "87. 数据系列优先化，为数据的核心部分加以定义，是另一种可取得成功的战略。鉴于资源持续受到制约，这种做法是一种良好做法，可使数据系列优先化，并给数据核心部分作出定义，以便进行定期汇编和传播。应通过应用政策针对性等标准，选出统计数据的核心部分，标准还包括评估和监测脆弱性是否具有针对性、是否可计量、方法是否周全以及使用的频繁程度。在评估脆弱性方面，应该强调数据及时性的重要性。", "88. 在大多数小岛屿发展中国家，特别是最小的岛屿国家，用于可靠的调查估计所需的抽样数据特别多；因此，应更加重视行政资源，以尽量减少从家庭和企业收集调查数据的必要性。", "89. 全球一级继续提供支持，对于小岛屿发展中国家的统计发展至关重要，因为这些国家的国家和地区两级的统计系统仍然薄弱。这种支持应包括采取以下行动：", "(a) 进一步加强经济和社会事务部协调统计能力建设的作用，包括联合国统计委员会更积极地参与和各国有关的活动，该委员会是国际统计活动的最高决策机构，统计司支持该委员会执行其决定；", "(b) 统计司和联合国各区域委员会以及国家对口单位进行更密切合作，以建立小岛屿发展中国家的统计能力；", "(c) 加强联合国专门机构、基金和方案面向小岛屿发展中国家的统计活动；", "(d) 确保21世纪议程统计促进发展伙伴关系(巴黎21)和全球其他行动者的能力建设活动更好地反映出各国的统计需要。", "B. 小岛屿发展中国家信息网在数据分析和传播方面发挥的作用", "90. 小岛屿发展中国家信息网在小岛屿发展中国家的数据分析方面发挥了重要作用。该网通过整理国家数据和统计资料，以便评估各国脆弱性-复原力概况，为弥补获得数据方面的缺憾作出了贡献。该网作为各国和各地区的统计数据门户，也侧重于加强研究和数据管理。小岛屿发展中国家信息网的主要目标之一是分享各国和各地区统计人员提供的信息，并让所有利益攸关者都能享用。", "91. 通过加强小岛屿发展中国家的数据收集、分析和传播能力，各国和各地区的信息会补充到小岛屿发展中国家信息网，并使小岛屿发展中国家及其合作伙伴明确在执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》方面存在的差距和需求。因此，正在振兴的小岛屿发展中国家信息网，将有助于加强执行战略。", "C. 分析和传播数据：评估脆弱性-复原力国家概况的分析框架", "92. 毛里求斯战略执行情况高级别审查会议的成果文件(大会第65/2号决议)不仅呼吁加强国家分类数据和信息系统，也要求加强在决策、跟踪进展情况以及制作国家脆弱性-复原力概况方面的分析能力。文件明确指出，在筹备高级别审查进程中，目前还没有附带有效指标或标准的分析框架，可以借助全面评估通过执行《毛里求斯战略》解决小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性方面所取得的进展。关键问题不仅是要获得可靠的数据和信息，而且也在于为了数据和信息之目的，必须建立分析框架和答复问题的能力。", "93. 经济和社会事务部小岛屿发展中国家股就小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性-复原力评估概况进行一项研究，并制定一个分析框架，以评估小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性，并依据了已经进行的关于小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性指标及评估方法的工作丰富成果。尽管脆弱性指数的概念源于《巴巴多斯行动纲领》，但各项研究已表明，有必要查明各国的脆弱性和复原力/应对能力两个方面。此外，虽然制定单一的综合指数具有优势，但这种方法充满复杂的技术问题，人们往往倾向于专注于某个单一的数字，而忘记这个数字对于政策制定、执行和决策具有何种实际影响。替代和首选的办法是，编制各国评估概况，即根据一系列涵盖环境、经济和社会层面的标准，并反映出该国对于外源性和内源性风险及威胁的脆弱性，及其复原力或应对能力。后者将包括决策者、社区和私营部门为减轻或管理这些风险和威胁制定的政策和采取的行动。", "94. 上述在小岛屿发展中国家评估脆弱性和复原力国家概况的方法已经过同侪审查，下一步将侧重于改善指标和标准，并在几个国家开展试点。联合国经济和社会事务部与印度洋委员会合作，获得来自欧洲联盟委员会的资金，以制定监测和评价执行《毛里求斯战略》的系统，上述方法就是该系统的基础，将在小岛屿发展中国家发展数据统计工作的框架。", "四. 结论", "95. 本报告提出的各项建议，力求针对《毛里求斯战略》中强调的不同领域的问题。尽管问题条块分割，但挑战是共同的，应对这些挑战的战略也是贯穿各领域的。", "96. 提供更多获得资金的机会，将有助于小岛屿发展中国家提高执行《毛里求斯战略》的效果。科学研究和改善技术能力，也将有助于扩大执行效果的措施。", "97. 人力资源的增加和高效率，将有助于在小岛屿发展中国家建设能力，制定新的举措可成为一项有助益的策略。不过，在一些小岛屿发展中国家被事实证明的成功最佳做法，可在其他国家推广和执行。", "98. 改善和扩大收集数据，制定新的监测和评价战略，都是可资应用的重要举措。", "99. 政治承诺和国际合作仍是小岛屿发展中国家执行可持续发展战略的关键要素。北南合作、南南合作、小岛屿发展中国家之间的合作以及不同利益攸关者之间建立伙伴关系都具有可取之处。", "100.　尽管小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战既多且广，但并不是不可克服的。本报告突出强调了采取务实办法的绝好机会，将指导这些国家沿着可持续发展的道路前进。本报告提出的建议并非详尽无遗。而是按照第65/2号决议的要求，协助采取注重结果的办法，解决小岛屿发展中国家面临之独特的脆弱性问题，在执行《毛里求斯战略》的进程中，建立起这些国家的复原力。", "[1] 数据由国际货币基金组织和联合国贸发会议提供，涉及国家包括：安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、佛得角、科摩罗、多米尼加、斐济、格林纳达、牙买加、基里巴斯、马尔代夫、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚(联邦)、毛里求斯、瑙鲁、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞舌尔、所罗门群岛、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥以及瓦努阿图。", "[2] 收到了来自小岛屿国家联盟、欧盟、古巴、芬兰、马耳他和美利坚合众国的答复。还从以下机构收到了答复：拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会、联合国粮食及农业组织、在毛里求斯和塞舌尔的联合国国家工作队、联合国贸易和发展会议、联合国开发计划署、联合国教科文组织、《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处、联合国儿童基金会、联合国国际减少灾害战略、联合国社会发展研究所、国际农业发展基金、国际电信联盟、世界旅游组织、加勒比共同体秘书处、英联邦秘书处、小国论坛、南太平洋区域环境方案、世界银行和世界贸易组织。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Concrete recommendations to enhance the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy were adopted to assist small island developing States to achieve sustainable development goals in line with the implementation of Agenda 21. In the years following the adoption of the two landmark documents, small island developing States have faced challenges in their implementation. These challenges reflect the structural disadvantages and special characteristics of those countries, as well as the global financial, food, energy and environmental crises that have hit them especially hard and exposed their various vulnerabilities.", "The present report provides a summary of the views and recommendations received from Member States, experts and United Nations entities on how some of the key vulnerabilities faced by small island developing States could be effectively addressed.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/2 the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, which was held in New York on 24 and 25 September 2010 to undertake a five-year review of the Strategy. In the outcome document, various challenges and constraints faced by small island developing States in achieving sustainable development were acknowledged.", "2. In the outcome document the Secretary-General was requested to submit a report putting forward concrete recommendations to enhance the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, and refocus efforts towards a results-oriented approach. That mandate was the first of its kind to call for measures to address vulnerabilities of small island developing States as opposed to merely recognizing the vulnerabilities.", "3. The present report was prepared jointly with several relevant United Nations entities, and reflects input received from Member States and United Nations system organizations. The report is structured around the key categories of vulnerabilities faced by small island developing States as highlighted by the High-level Review Meeting. It also contains a number of concrete but preliminary recommendations, being mindful of the longer-term need to keep addressing these issues through continuous intergovernmental and inter-agency consultation, research and technical cooperation.", "4. The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy outlined the many challenges facing small island developing States that limit their potential to achieve sustainable development goals. The major challenges specific to small island developing States reflect their special characteristics and their vulnerability to external shocks and natural disasters, as well as their limited capacity to adapt and be resilient to such vulnerabilities.", "5. The challenges facing small island developing States include a wide spectrum of issues. Structural disadvantages, environmental vulnerabilities, and insufficient data and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, as well as heavy migration to other countries, have all had a significant impact on their sustainable development, as has the global financial crisis on small States in general. Whereas these facts do not tell the complete story, they do begin to address the deeper challenges facing small island developing States that hinder their ability to adapt to changes and crises that are often beyond their control.", "6. Following the adoption of resolution 65/2, an interactive consultative process was undertaken within the United Nations system to consider concrete strategies to enhance the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The present report highlights the recommendations made to address the means to overcome the constraints of small island developing States in achieving sustainable development.", "II. Measures to more effectively address the vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States", "A. Promoting climate change adaptation", "7. Climate change impacts the physical characteristics of small island developing States and influences socio-economic trends in these countries, affecting their sustainable development prospects and their ability to implement the Mauritius Strategy. There is a need to scale up adaptation efforts within the context of sustainable development and enhance the capacity of the vulnerable countries to cope with, and adapt to, the adverse effects of climate change.", "8. In order to implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, parties agreed to a range of initiatives, including:", "(a) The Cancun Adaptation Framework, which resulted from the negotiations on enhanced action on adaptation as part of the Bali Action Plan;", "(b) The Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, research and systematic observation under the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice;", "(c) The national adaptation programmes of action and the Buenos Aires programme of work on adaptation and response measures under the Subsidiary Body for Implementation.", "9. These initiatives reinforce each other and build on the need for partnership and cooperation to address critical issues related to climate change. Vulnerability to climate change can become catastrophic for small island developing States, and the upcoming Conference of the Parties should be viewed as the opportunity for Member States to implement the agreements adopted in previous sessions, in particular the Cancun Adaptation Framework. This initiative would go a long way towards assisting small island developing States.", "10. The objective of the Cancun Adaptation Framework is to enhance action on adaptation, including through international cooperation and coherent consideration of matters relating to adaptation under the Convention. Ultimately, the aim of enhanced action on adaptation is to reduce vulnerability and build resilience in the most vulnerable developing countries.", "Security implications of climate change", "11. Though relatively new, the concept of the security implications of climate change is an important aspect of the threat of climate change. There are environmental, socio-economic, political and legal dimensions to climate change and all have a potential impact on small island developing States.", "12. On 20 July 2011, the Security Council discussed climate change and its possible security implications. The possibility of the existence of environmental refugees in the future was underscored, as was the need for climate finance. It was also felt that a significant challenge with respect to climate change was the inability to predict the magnitude of its acceleration and thus to adapt to its unknown impacts.", "13. The discussions at the United Nations have helped to highlight the severity of the issue for small island developing States, particularly when considering the destabilizing effect that sea-level rise, food insecurity, soil erosion, drought and environment-related migration have on countries with limited resources, limited space and sustainable development constraints. Addressing the potential security dimension of climate change on small island developing States is a proactive, preventative approach that will go a long way towards preserving the very existence of these countries.", "14. Member States and the international community must prepare for the very real possibility of a security threat due to climate change. Further scientific research and preventative measures, as well as the development of a legal framework to protect persons destabilized by climate change, are necessary to help to offset any socio‑economic and political crises that may occur if this potential threat were to become a reality.", "15. Within the international arena, collection of data, trends analysis and other related studies will need to be carried out by all relevant agencies to examine the impact thus far and project potential occurrences. This should be pursued within the realm of food security, migration, and possible conflict over scarce resources, along with climate change and sustainable development.", "B. Strengthening disaster risk management capabilities in small island developing States", "16. The natural hazards that often affect small island developing States include hurricanes, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, drought and heavy rains. Most of the countries are also threatened by sea-level rise. In the last decade, small island developing States have suffered great loss of life and livelihood from natural disasters. The impact of such events on livelihoods can be quite devastating; in the worst cases, the economic impact has exceeded 100 per cent of gross domestic product. Even if the impact of an event is smaller, the repeated effect of many events over time erodes development.", "17. With few exceptions, small island developing States are geographically vulnerable. Since most of their population and vital civil infrastructure pertaining to health and transportation are located near the coast or on flood plains, they are particularly exposed to natural hazards. Furthermore, their small size limits the options that island populations have in terms of avoidance of hazards through relocation.", "18. Moreover, a significant proportion of the population of small island developing States is vulnerable to natural hazards because of poverty or because the country they live in has a small economy or overwhelmed governance mechanism. Frequently, the main economic activities are carried out in the coastal zone and are thus exposed to a variety of hazards. Small island developing States are also vulnerable to anthropogenic hazards. Their shift from agriculture-based to tourism-based economies has resulted in more passenger and cargo traffic, raising the risk of oil and chemical spills. About 25 per cent of world oil tanker traffic passes through the Caribbean, for example.", "19. Although the Governments of small island developing States have become more involved in disaster management activities, the development of measures to reduce disaster risk is hindered by low employment, high levels of indebtedness, loss of preferred markets and a dearth of economic activities beyond tourism. Once a disaster occurs, funds earmarked for development activities are often diverted to immediate humanitarian relief, cleanup and rebuilding.", "20. Despite frequently occurring hazards and the vulnerability of small island developing States, it is possible to reduce disaster risk. While it is not possible to reduce the occurrence of meteorological hazards, their ill effects can be reduced by reducing exposure or vulnerability and building resilience. For non-anthropogenic hazards, risk management is achieved by focusing on lessening exposure and vulnerability. This may, in practical terms, mean that physical planners need to be aware of flood plains or the extent to which a storm surge may inundate the coast and that architects and builders may need to build houses on stilts or pitch roofs more steeply. Cuba has demonstrated proactive physical planning in adapting to environmental hazards, which allows it to lessen the impact to an extent.", "21. Several key institutions have been established in small island developing States to address the challenges of natural disasters. Examples of these include the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF), the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency and the Disaster Reduction Programme of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. There is a need however, for more studies specific to the impact of disasters on small island developing States. Much data on hazards does not detail causes or long-term impacts.", "22. Private insurance coverage of homes and businesses in small island developing States is low. In many cases Governments do not insure their buildings; nor do they routinely make other provisions for likely disaster-related losses. Even if facilities similar to CCRIF are established, Governments will need to develop contingency and continuity plans for small and medium-sized events.", "23. Measures to improve physical planning and building techniques show the most promise in terms of reducing risk in a cost-effective manner. Such measures would be especially helpful against wind and floods. Storm surges, debris flow, earthquakes and volcanoes may require other strategies such as relocation and/or evacuation plans. Some events may not have solutions beyond evacuation. For risks that are manageable, buildings should be placed and designed accordingly. Coastal planning becomes a necessary activity and strict building zones should be enforced. Additionally, each country should establish or strengthen its disaster management plan.", "C. Biodiversity", "24. Biodiversity is a critical component of sustainable development that is of particular significance to small island developing States. It contributes to food security, human health and the availability of clean air and water; it also contributes to local livelihoods and economic development and is essential for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, including poverty reduction, as indicated in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In small island developing States, biodiversity is threatened, among other things, by adverse effects of the introduction of invasive alien species, habitat fragmentation and climate change. Ultimately, the causes of biodiversity erosion and loss lay in urbanization, inadequate utilization of science and technology and cultural factors.", "25. The findings of scientific programmes and activities focusing on biodiversity and ecosystem services must be brought to the attention of policymakers, including possible policy responses. There is also a need to educate the public at large and promote stakeholder dialogue in support of sustainable sectoral planning that is compatible with the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.", "26. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, at its ninth meeting, have identified six priority elements in the implementation of the programme of work on island biodiversity (decision IX/21, para. 6). Though not specific to small island developing States, these priority elements would be useful to them:", "(a) Management and eradication of invasive alien species;", "(b) Climate-change adaptation and mitigation activities;", "(c) Establishment and management of marine protected areas;", "(d) Capacity-building;", "(e) Access to and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources;", "(f) Poverty alleviation.", "27. In the same decision, the Conference of the Parties recognized the Global Island Partnership as one of the mechanisms to implement the island biodiversity programme of work.", "28. Invasive alien species continue to be a major threat to all types of ecosystems and species, with particularly devastating effects on island communities and livelihoods. Strategies should be developed to strengthen and mobilize capacity on islands to address this threat.", "29. The global SIDS-focused climate change education and coastal monitoring programme, Sandwatch, is currently active in more than 50 countries, including over 25 small island developing States. Sandwatch is a practical, hands-on process through which students record and measure detailed information about their local coastal environment, analyse and share their findings with others, and take action to ensure the sustainable management of local coastal resources.", "30. Sandwatch, which was founded over a decade ago, today represents a well-established network of coastal monitoring teams, some with data on the coastal environments of small island developing States going back over 10 years. At the present time, a global Sandwatch database is under development that will allow Sandwatch practitioners to upload data in order to share and further analyse their findings. The Sandwatch database is expected to form a citizen-driven record of changes in coastal morphology, biodiversity, use and access, development and more.", "31. A healthy environment is essential to livelihoods and food security. In this connection, the establishment of marine protected areas is particularly important. For example, the Coral Triangle Initiative, Caribbean Challenge, Micronesia Challenge, Western Indian Ocean Partnership and Phoenix Islands Protected Area represent regional and subregional approaches that unite a geographic cluster of like-minded and ecologically connected island States. Many of them owe their establishment, to some degree, to the island biodiversity programme of work.", "32. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme has in recent years seen the addition of several new coastal and marine biosphere reserves in small island developing States, including three new sites in the Micronesian subregion alone. These sites are linked with other existing and prospective coastal biosphere reserves through networks such as the Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network. Those networks, in turn, have cooperated actively with neighbouring sister networks, such as the Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network, resulting in increased mutual exchange and South-South bilateral capacity-development activities.", "33. Instruments such as the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at its seventeenth session, on 16 November 1972, and its dedicated small island developing States and marine programmes, as well as several subregional research and management cooperation networks with a focus on small island developing States under the Man and the Biosphere programme, can directly support the design and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans.", "34. Local action has also been important in these contexts. In various coastal and island regions, the use of community-based protected areas, in which local and indigenous peoples play a lead role in managing and conserving marine resources, is becoming increasingly widespread and has shown promising results.", "Benefit-sharing", "35. With their high level of endemism, islands are repositories of genetic information with an inherent value to humankind the world over. Island Governments have recognized access and benefit-sharing as priorities, and some Governments of small island developing States have made efforts to protect their genetic resources or to ensure that benefits from their use are shared locally. The recently adopted Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biodiversity will create greater legal certainty and transparency for island providers of genetic resources.", "36. In view of the increasing role and importance of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in development planning, regional cooperation and sustainable development strategies, small island developing States can benefit, within the larger framework of the Mauritius Strategy, from a number of initiatives, including:", "(a) Promoting biodiversity-friendly economies and policy tools, such as payment for ecosystem services, to meet both development and biodiversity targets; there is a benefit to be gained by incorporating biodiversity in the promotion of green economy in the process of preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 (Rio+20), as well as its blue aspects in relation to marine and coastal ecosystems;", "(b) In-depth review of the programme of work on island biodiversity (to be addressed at the sixteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, to be held in May 2012 in Montreal, Canada, as well as at the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, to be held in October 2012 in Hyderabad, India. This review is an excellent opportunity for island countries and countries with islands to focus the attention of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties on island biodiversity.", "D. Addressing energy challenges", "37. The almost total dependence of small island developing States on imported petroleum for their commercial energy needs continues to cause severe imbalances in trade, and the rising costs of petroleum imports have put a serious drain on limited national financial resources. Prices of petroleum products in small island developing States are among the highest in the world. This increase and those projected for the future will exert significant pressure on the economies of small island developing States.", "38. The energy sector is the most critical sector for the vast majority of small island developing States and represents one of the major areas of economic vulnerability. Sustainable development of small island States is not possible without a highly integrated energy sector that is not dependent on external sources and that maintains synergistic linkages with the waste management, water supply, agriculture, tourism, transportation and employment sectors.", "39. The largest single common renewable energy resource for all small island developing States is ocean energy in its various forms. However, the technology for utilizing this source of energy is still in development and thus expensive.", "40. The development of renewable energy resources has been limited by the availability of appropriate technology and technical capacity, poor institutional mechanisms and the challenges of developing systems for small remote markets at reasonable cost. The renewable energy technologies available to small island developing States include hydropower and wind and solar power. Potential areas that may one day be pursued include ocean energy systems; waste-to-energy technologies; biomass algae (blue-green); solar water heaters; solar and seawater cooling systems; low carbon footprint buildings; ultra-low water consumption, sanitation and wastewater recycling systems; and electric transportation.", "41. New technologies are available, but in different stages of development. However, the small island developing States lack the technical and market research expertise required to negotiate technology transfer, commercialization and the dissemination of innovative technologies and applications that contribute to a low carbon economy.", "42. Since 1992, small island developing States have invested billions in their energy sector, very little of which has gone into renewable energy, energy efficiency and conservation. In order for the countries to generate the financial resources needed to transform the energy sector, several options are available, including:", "(a) Exploring the establishment of a special facility within the Climate Technology Centre, which is under development as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process, with special funding to support small island developing States in the assessment and identification of appropriate renewable energy technologies;", "(b) Exploring seed funding to establish a sustainable energy development revolving fund that would be capitalized from various sources including the populations of small island developing States and the diaspora;", "(c) Studying the feasibility of establishing national and regional energy bonds and energy funds to support energy efficiency and energy conservation investments in areas which are increasingly showing very profitable returns on investment and significant national economic benefits;", "(d) Establishing and seeking international support for a technological expertise-sharing mechanism that would utilize unique expertise and generate additional financial benefits for the professionals involved. Such a mechanism could be implemented jointly through relevant United Nations specialized agencies or regional organizations with the required expertise and facilitated through the Small Island Developing States Network (SIDSNet) online platform.", "43. Energy policies could be followed up by subsector policies to promote the development of appropriate types of renewable energy resources, energy efficiency initiatives and conservation policies. Policymaking should be recognized as a process rather than an event. There is need for greater policy coherence to ensure synergy between sectors that have significant impact and influence on the energy sector and socio-economic development.", "44. In addition to financing, partnership initiatives to address the energy challenges can be useful. The objective is to consider different options which can be beneficial. The small island developing States Sustainable Energy Initiative (SIDS DOCK) is an example of a partnership that aims to effectively address the energy challenges of small island developing States. Additionally, the facilitation of new partnerships and the profiling of successful partnerships in small island developing States is one of the primary objectives of SIDSNet, which aims to provide a web-based platform for sharing experiences and expertise and establishing connections.", "E. Addressing the economic structural disadvantages of small island developing States", "45. Many small island developing States are vulnerable to trade-related shocks beyond domestic control not only because they may have experienced measurable shocks, such as a decrease in official development assistance and remittances, a contraction in industries with ties to external markets and an increase in unemployment, but also because of their small size and/or remoteness and limited opportunities for economic specialization. Such vulnerability is typical for economies that are highly dependent on one or a few exports, and where the products imported are highly susceptible to shocks.", "46. One intermediate objective in support of the ultimate goal of building economic resilience has been recognized by organizations, programmes and entities of the United Nations system as deserving special attention, namely the need to reduce structural disadvantages, with particular reference to the handicaps resulting from smallness and remoteness, which have implications in terms of institutional capacities and economic efficiency. This intermediate objective points to areas to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States, as contemplated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/2.", "47. For small island developing States, the following three areas of action to reduce structural disadvantages are particularly important:", "(a) Development of the physical infrastructure, notably in the field of transport, with a view to mitigating the adverse impact of remoteness or smallness;", "(b) Development of the human resource base of the economy to allow the knowledge component of productive capacities to develop in pace with that of growing competitors in the global economy. This would improve capacities of small island developing States to innovate and add value to products and exports in relevant global value chains;", "(c) Building or strengthening institutional capacities to create the most favourable environment for structural progress. This area of action and that in paragraph 47 (b) are mutually supportive.", "48. Each small island developing State, will need to determine its own optimum specialization mix. The small island developing States have a range of unique positive characteristics, including environmental beauty, cultural uniqueness and wealth, and exoticism associated with smallness (smallness can be an asset, as well as a liability). In addition, the wide prevalence of political stability and good governance among small island developing States is one of the strengths to be taken into account in the quest for an optimum specialization mix.", "49. A sound economy will not immunize a small island developing State against natural disasters or economic shocks beyond its control, but may, by widening the productive base, result in greater economic resilience.", "50. Service industries largely dominate the economies of small island developing States, with tourism standing out as the first source of export earnings in many of the countries; in 2009, the average share of service exports of total exports was 67 per cent in the 26 small island developing States for which relevant data are available.[1] International services other than tourism have risen significantly in the economic structure of most small island developing States. Financial and other business-related services are becoming promising areas of specialization for some States (e.g. Samoa, Seychelles, St. Kitts and Nevis and Vanuatu) and are established economic pillars in others (e.g. Bahamas, Barbados and Mauritius).", "51. The growth of the service sector can serve as a catalyst to economic growth and development in general so that diversification becomes possible and, with it, opportunities for investing in and producing a wider range of products. Even with their often intrinsic disadvantages, small island developing States demonstrate potential for achieving economic growth and progress. In order to develop effective economic growth strategies, barriers and structural impediments must be overcome. As noted in paragraph 47 above, three areas of action are important in this respect: development of the physical infrastructure, development of the human resource base and strengthening institutional capacities.", "F. Addressing food security", "52. Food security continues to be one of the major concerns of small island developing States. In order to overcome the threat of food insecurity, risk management capabilities must be strengthened. Food security and protection of biodiversity have been addressed through a regional project on promoting CARICOM/CARIFORUM regional food security, with various national technical cooperation programmes in support of the project.", "53. Small island developing States rely directly or indirectly on agriculture, forestry and fisheries for 80 per cent of their livelihoods. Traditional agriculture and food systems can provide resilience against external economic and natural shocks. High food and oil prices have led to a renewed emphasis on domestic production and food self-sufficiency. Small island developing States also depend on healthy oceans and marine conservation, making equitable sharing of the benefits of ocean resources of paramount importance.", "54. Forests and trees have huge environmental, cultural and economic significance. Forests continue to provide significant wood products, but the value of the forests to the environment is increasingly being recognized.", "55. There is considerable potential for aquaculture for domestic food production and for export trade in marine products, including pearls, shrimp, cultured corals and seaweed. Coastal fisheries resources, targeted by commercial and subsistence fishing, are now generally over-fished and subject to increasing pressure from growing populations.", "56. Over-fishing is one of the contributors to the erosion of biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity undermines food, water and nutrition security, and is likely to produce higher levels of poverty. It will also increase dependency on food imports and impact the prospects for economic growth in the long term.", "57. The transition to a green economy places a value on biodiversity capital and ecosystem goods and services, particularly food, and can become an important source of sustenance and income. Investment in a green economy thus will contribute to improving the capacity of small island developing States to produce their own food and limit their reliance on imports and vulnerability to food crises.", "G. Promoting sustainable tourism", "58. For most small island developing States, tourism is the main economic activity in terms of income generation, creation of employment, and foreign exchange earnings. However, owing to their small size, small island developing States are quite vulnerable to the negative environmental and social impacts that tourism can sometimes have. In addition, tourism is considered to be a highly climate-sensitive economic sector. The impact of climate change on the tourism sector is expected to intensify steadily. Small island developing States may be particularly affected, as the rising temperature of oceans has already caused coral bleaching, among other effects.", "59. Tourism also relies heavily on the natural capital of intact and functioning ecosystems, not only to attract tourists but also to meet their desire for local food, activities and experiences. The tourism sector can also be a driver that demands more sustainable management and use of resources from the many production and service sectors that supply its needs.", "60. It is therefore essential to plan, manage and monitor tourism development, with a view to ensuring its sustainability. It is also necessary to actively support the integration of climate change adaptation criteria into national tourism planning processes.", "61. Small island developing States are very vulnerable to climate change impacts and have low adaptive capacity; they should therefore be given particular attention. Initiatives such as the CARIBSAVE Partnership and the proposed Pacific Green Growth Roadmap have shown some potential. Such initiatives are necessary in other regions in order to pursue the relevant strategies to achieve sustainable tourism.", "62. Some small island developing States have explored creative proactive ways of promoting tourism, such as specialized tourism — for example, medical tourism in Cuba and Mauritius, spa tourism which is expanding in many countries, eco-tourism promoting bird watching, and cultural tourism. These strategies are useful in diversifying the tourism product while also contributing to the preservation of the environment. They also add to the local economies by being both supply and demand factors in a country’s gross domestic product. Additional financing and increased partnerships with the public and private sectors to enhance sustainable tourism will enable countries to maintain their competitiveness in a market that has diminished following the international crises of recent years.", "H. Achieving debt sustainability", "63. High and increasing debt burden in some small island developing States has been a persistent and unresolved problem for some time. There is evidence that debt stocks have significantly worsened since the global economic and financial crisis began. Structural constraints, such as a large exposure to external shocks, a small population base, a limited export base and a public sector that serves as an important source of income and employment for many families, mean that strategies to deal with the debt burden have enjoyed limited success. Several small island developing States are heavily dependent on official development assistance. However, official development assistance has been heavily skewed towards just a few countries, and low levels of aid to other small island developing States have exacerbated a dependence on more volatile and expensive market-based forms of external financing.", "64. In contrast to many other developing countries, most small island developing States have not benefited from international debt relief measures such as the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative or the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. Debt relief, where extended, has helped to reduce the debt burden considerably in beneficiary countries. The high (and rising) public debt burden in many small island developing States has remained largely unaddressed thus far by the international policy community. This problem is exacerbated by low levels of economic growth in many small island developing States, which are recovering from the global financial and economic crisis more slowly than the rest of the world, as measured by forecasts of economic growth over the next few years.", "65. Several small island developing States benefit from concessional finance from the major multilateral lenders under the “small island exception”, in recognition of the particular development challenges such countries face. For several countries, the multilateral financial institutions remain the major lending partner. Nevertheless, some small island countries do not benefit from this exception. There is evidence to suggest that concessional debt as a proportion of total public debt has declined considerably in many small island developing States over the last decade. This has been substituted with private external and/or domestic debt, which is frequently more expensive.", "66. Heavy domestic borrowing by the State can crowd out credit available to the private sector, which in turn can stifle private sector development and economic growth. It can also be more difficult to restructure because a sovereign default on domestic debt can often be followed by a domestic banking crisis. In view of small island developing States’ numerous structural vulnerabilities to external shocks, the suitability of market-based finance to support their economic development can be questioned.", "67. The Governments of small island developing States can take steps to improve debt management capacities and to reduce inefficiency and waste in public expenditure. Debt relief may also be required by some small island developing States. This must be combined with an end to the reverse in aid flows to many small island developing States. The criteria for access to concessional resources from the major multilateral financial institutions should be revised to take into consideration structural constraints to development, as faced by many of the countries. Finally, innovative financing mechanisms such as counter-cyclical loan instruments and debt swaps may be desirable for many small island developing States given their vulnerability to external shocks.", "I. Recommendations from Member States, United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations", "68. In compliance with resolution 65/2, the Secretary-General wrote to Member States, United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations[2] for recommendations on enhancing the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "1. Member States", "69. Responses from Member States underscored the significance that the issue held for them. Questionnaires on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy were also circulated for Member States to complete.", "70. Some countries saw the need for greater consultation and communication between the United Nations system and small island developing States, and suggested that there was a need to develop and implement a formal and holistic coordination mechanism. This recommendation was also echoed by the regional organizations.", "71. There was also a recommendation for a comprehensive review of financial support mechanisms available to small island developing States, including the means of access, as well as a recommendation that data should be developed to show the commonalities and variations among the countries.", "72. The need to strengthen those United Nations agencies with specific responsibilities with respect to small island developing States and to increase the resources available to the organizations dealing with small island developing States issues was also cited by many of the Member States responding to the questionnaire. Many also called for improvements in the collection and analysis of data to better assess the state of the sustainable development of small island developing States and their vulnerabilities and better evaluate lessons learned in the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. There was also a call for the establishment of a concise standard set of common risk-related indicators, and the idea of national ownership of the development process was stressed.", "73. The development of renewable energy resources in small island developing States and the establishment of systems resilient to natural disasters and external shocks were recommended, as well as the promotion of sustainable marine fisheries and greater support for the Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region among the small island developing States. With respect to climate change, it was felt that bilateral and multilateral adaptation assistance to small island developing States needed to be expanded. There was also a recommendation for the implementation of national adaptation strategies and for more cooperation with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change framework.", "74. The need to strengthen and upgrade the Small Island Developing States Unit in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat was reiterated by several Member States, which highlighted the importance of the ongoing work to revitalize SIDSNet and the need to develop effective ways to quantitatively profile the vulnerabilities and resilience of small island developing States. Member States also recommended improved and expanded scientific research, as well as technology development and transfer to assist the countries and the promotion of South-South cooperation.", "75. Greater political commitment to the education system, including an increase in resources devoted to education, were highlighted as critical elements in an overall strategy for achieving sustainable development goals.", "2. United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations", "76. Recommendations from United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations providing input to the present report were complementary and often focused on very similar solutions, suggesting that there is a genuine common understanding of the challenges and that broad consensus exists on some of the strategies and actions to be employed in order to assist small island developing States in their implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. Responses also supported recommendations by Member States regarding issues such as financing mechanisms, including setting up a review of the system for determining overseas development assistance; debt relief; a need for more United Nations attention to the needs of small island developing States and the establishment of a better system of focal points within the United Nations system; increased data collection and strengthened databases; resource mobilization and building of national capacity; and more emphasis on addressing the impact of climate change on small island developing States and the development of climate resilience programmes.", "77. In addition to building capacity, some of the regional organizations of small island developing States saw the need to strengthen the countries’ self-reliance by employing best practices for their own development.", "78. There were also calls to establish and strengthen the coordinating mechanisms for small island developing States and a recommendation for enhanced national sustainable development strategies or their equivalents.", "III. Strengthening collection and dissemination of data on the sustainable development of small island developing States", "A. Data shortcomings and impeding factors", "79. The official statistics in most small island developing States are insufficient and the available data are frequently of low quality. Shortcomings include limited coverage, insufficient compliance with the internationally accepted statistical standards, poor policy relevance, inadequate level of disaggregation and lack of timeliness. The affected areas range from macroeconomic statistics to detailed basic statistics on the structure of the economies of small island developing States, international trade, the environment, energy, social development and tourism. It should be noted that the gravity of the problem is not the same across the group, as some of the countries do significantly better than others.", "80. Macroeconomic statistics continue to be a challenge. Only a minority of small island developing States are able to provide the minimum data set on national accounts, and the data is often not sufficiently current. Detailed data on international merchandise trade is not reported to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE). Substantial data on environment and energy statistics is available only for a handful of small island developing States, and data gaps are numerous.", "81. Most small island developing States lack functional quality assessment frameworks. Dissatisfaction with data availability and quality were expressed by Government bodies and other users. In fact, identifying useful information can be challenging. Some of the available information may be too general, superficial and/or not adapted to the reality of small island developing States. Urgent action is required in this respect, as such data are particularly relevant for the assessment of vulnerabilities.", "82. The data gaps and quality issues are the direct result of an inadequate statistical capacity. Inadequate capacity and frequent overcommitment owing to ever-growing internal and external demands for data lead to process bottlenecks and overload at national statistical offices and other parts of the national statistical system. In most small island developing States, national statistical offices do not have spare capacity to compile more statistical series or significantly improve the quality of the currently disseminated data. To add more work without making significant progress in capacity-building would surely put more strain and burden on the overworked national statistics officers and other members of national statistical systems, potentially further compromising the quality of statistics.", "83. The factors hampering statistical development in small island developing States are numerous, entrenched and interrelated. They can be broadly grouped in the following categories:", "(a) Lack of sustained support from higher levels of government. While the majority of Governments of small island developing States recognize the importance of evidence-based decision-making and the political commitment to improve the situation is generally expressed, improvements are often not implemented or implemented only on an ad hoc basis;", "(b) Ineffective management of the national statistical system. The national statistical systems of many small island developing States suffer from poor management. Too often, activities of national statistical offices and statistical units of line ministries and other governmental agencies are not seen as integral parts of a unified national statistical system and are not managed as such;", "(c) Inadequate legal framework. Many of the countries do not have statistical laws, and statistical laws are outdated in some. Statisticians do not have sufficient legal rights to access various administrative sources of data and to ensure the use of international statistical standards by other governmental bodies. The failure to put existing administrative sources to effective statistical use is one of the most significant causes of the high demand placed on populations and businesses to participate in statistical surveys;", "(d) Weak statistical infrastructure. Only a small number of small island developing States have such basic elements of statistical infrastructure as business registers and harmonized systems of statistical censuses and surveys;", "(e) Inadequate human resources. The lack of sufficient human resources is one of the top constraints. Practically all recent studies of the situation in small island developing States conclude that the main constraint faced by national statistics offices is the lack of qualified, skilled and competent staff;", "(f) Absence of sound strategic planning. Inadequate management and weak statistical infrastructure in general are too frequently exacerbated by the lack of sound strategic planning;", "(g) Lack of a modern, integrated system of data processing, database management and quality assurance. While data-processing equipment is generally available, most small island developing States do not have a modern, integrated system for data and metadata collection, data entry, data-processing, quality control, storing, analysis and dissemination.", "84. Over recent years, national statistical offices and other suppliers of national statistics, in cooperation with regional and international agencies, have undertaken efforts to improve the adequacy of the statistical data of small island developing States, which has yielded some positive results. However, there is much more work to be done to ensure that the emerging progress advances. It should be noted from the outset that the focus must be on strengthening national statistical systems, while efforts at the regional and global levels should play important, but supporting roles.", "85. The shortcomings of the institutions for data collection and analysis in small island developing States could be addressed further by radically improving the functioning of the national statistical system, as a way to translate the expressed political commitment for evidence-based policy into concrete action. If it has not been done recently or properly, the appropriate bodies at the higher levels of government in small island developing States should initiate a review of the national statistical system aimed at modernization. The necessary support should be provided to national statistical offices and other relevant governmental agencies in the preparation of relevant action plans. It should be underscored that successful generation and dissemination of high quality disaggregated statistics can be achieved only if this task is seen as the collective responsibility of all members of the national statistical system, and not simply the responsibility of a statistical office alone.", "86. The modernization of national statistical systems is an indispensable and integral input to the process of developing and implementing sustainable national development strategies. Ensuring close cooperation of all relevant governmental agencies has the potential to enhance data collection in the small island developing States, as does promoting a national partnership for statistics. The establishment and maintenance of strong national partnerships for statistics is essential for a better alignment of donor support and for the increased mobilization of resources at the country level for statistical development activities. All stakeholders, both governmental and private, should be consulted, for example, by setting up (or reactivating) advisory committees of users within and outside government.", "87. The prioritization of data series and definition of the core set of data is another strategy that could prove successful. In view of persistent resource constraints, it is good practice to prioritize data series and define the core set of data intended for regular compilation and dissemination. A core set of statistics should be selected by application of such criteria as policy relevance, including the relevance for assessment and monitoring of vulnerability, measurability, methodological soundness and frequency of use. In the context of vulnerability assessment, the importance of data timeliness should be emphasized.", "88. The samples needed for reliable survey estimates are disproportionately large in most small island developing States, especially in the smallest ones; hence more importance should be placed on administrative sources to minimize the need to collect survey data from both households and businesses.", "89. Continued support at the global level is vital for the statistical development of small island developing States, as national and regional statistical systems remain weak. This support should include the following actions:", "(a) Further enhancement of the role of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs in coordinating statistical capacity-building, including more active engagement of the United Nations Statistical Commission, which is the highest decision-making body for international statistical activities, including for activities relevant to the countries, and the Statistics Division, which supports the Commission in the implementation of its decisions;", "(b) Closer collaboration between the Statistics Division and the United Nations regional commissions and their national counterparts to build the statistical capacities of small island developing States;", "(c) Strengthening of statistical activities oriented towards small island developing States of the United Nations specialized agencies, funds and programmes;", "(d) Ensuring that countries’ statistical needs are better reflected in capacity-building activities of the Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21) and other global players.", "B. Role of the Small Island Developing States Network in data analysis and dissemination", "90. SIDSNet performs an important role in the data analysis of small island developing States. It contributes to filling the gaps in data availability by collating national data and statistical information towards assessment of vulnerability-resilience country profiles. It also focuses on strengthening research and data management by serving as a portal for national and regional statistics. One of the primary objectives of SIDSNet is to make the information provided by national and regional statisticians available and accessible to all stakeholders.", "91. With the strengthening of data collection analysis and dissemination capabilities in small island developing States, national and regional information would feed into SIDSNet and allow for the small island developing States and their partners to ascertain the gaps and needs in implementing the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The ongoing revitalization of SIDSNet, therefore, will go a long way towards enhancing strategies of implementation.", "C. Analysis and dissemination of data: analytical framework for assessing vulnerability-resilience country profiles", "92. The outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (General Assembly resolution 65/2) not only called for strengthening national disaggregated data and information systems, but also for strengthening analytical capabilities for decision-making, tracking progress and the development of vulnerability-resilience country profiles. It became clear during the preparatory process for the High-level Review, that there was no analytical framework with effective indicators or criteria to comprehensively assess progress in addressing the vulnerabilities of small island developing States through implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. The key issue is not only the availability of reliable data and information; it is also the need for analytical frameworks and capacities to answer for the purpose of the data and information.", "93. The Small Island Developing States Unit of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs commissioned a study on vulnerability-resilience assessment profiling of small island developing States and to develop an analytical framework to assess the vulnerabilities of small island developing States, building on the vast wealth of work already carried out on vulnerability indices and assessment methodologies for small island developing States. While the concept of a vulnerability index is well rooted in the Barbados Programme of Action, various studies have indicated the need to look at both the vulnerability and resilience/coping capacity of countries. In addition, while there are advantages to developing a single composite index, the approach is fraught with technical complexities and there is a tendency to focus on a single number and forget the practical implications of what the number means for policy development, implementation and decision-making. An alternative and preferred approach is to develop assessment profiles for countries based on a series of criteria that cover environmental, economic and social dimensions, and that reflect both a country’s vulnerabilities to exogenous and endogenous risks and threats and its resilience or coping capabilities. The latter would include policies and actions by policymakers, communities and the private sector to mitigate or manage these risks and threats.", "94. The above methodology for assessing the vulnerability-resilience country profiles in small island developing States has already undergone peer review, and the next steps will focus on refinement of indicators and criteria and piloting in a few countries. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in collaboration with the Indian Ocean Commission, has secured funding from the European Commission to develop a monitoring and evaluation system for the Mauritius Strategy that will be underpinned by this methodology and will strengthen the framework for developing data and statistics in small island developing States.", "IV. Conclusion", "95. The proposals put forward in the present report have sought to address different areas highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy. Though compartmentalized in this instance, the challenges are cross-cutting, as are the strategies to address them.", "96. Greater access to financing would assist small island developing States in enhancing the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. Scientific research and improved technological capacity will also contribute to the measures to augment implementation.", "97. Increased and efficient human resources will help to build capacity in small island developing States, and the development of new initiatives can be a useful strategy. However, best practices that have been proven successful in some small island developing States could also be expanded and implemented in others.", "98. Improved and expanded collection of data, as well as additional monitoring and evaluation strategies, are important initiatives that could also be applied.", "99. Political commitment and international cooperation remain critical elements in the implementation of the strategies for sustainable development in small island developing States. North-South and South-South cooperation, as well as cooperation between small island developing States and partnerships among diverse stakeholders, all have merit.", "100. The challenges for small island developing States, though varied and extensive, are not insurmountable. The present report has highlighted significant opportunities for a pragmatic approach that would guide the countries along the path of sustainable development. The recommendations provided in the present report are not exhaustive. Rather, as requested in General Assembly resolution 65/2, they will help to promote a results-oriented approach towards addressing the unique vulnerabilities of small island developing States and to build their resilience in the process of implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "[1] Data is available from the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Cape Verde, the Comoros, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Mauritius, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago and Vanuatu.", "[2] Replies were received from the Alliance of Small Island States, the European Union, Cuba, Finland, Malta and the United States of America. Replies were also received from the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations country team for Mauritius and Seychelles, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Telecommunication Union, the World Tourism Organization, the CARICOM secretariat, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Small States Forum, the secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Specific recommendations for better implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The adoption of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy is intended to assist small island developing States in achieving the goals of sustainable development in accordance with Agenda 21. Small island developing States have been facing implementation challenges in the years since the publication of these landmark documents. These challenges include the structural disadvantages and characteristics of small island developing States, as well as the particular impact of the global financial, food, energy and environmental crises on those countries and the exposure of their vulnerabilities.", "The present report summarizes the views and recommendations received from Member States, experts and United Nations entities on how to effectively address some of the key vulnerabilities faced by small island developing States.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution A/65/2, the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, which was held in New York early on 25 September 2010 and which included a five-year review of the Strategy. In the outcome document, it was recognized that small island developing States faced challenges and constraints in achieving sustainable development.", "2. The outcome document also requested the Secretary-General to submit a report with concrete recommendations on how to strengthen the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, with a renewed focus on a results-oriented approach. This mandate calls for measures to address, and not just to recognize, the vulnerability of small island developing States.", "The present report has been prepared jointly with a number of relevant United Nations bodies and reflects comments received from Member States and organizations of the United Nations system. The structure of the present report revolves around the main categories of vulnerability faced by small island developing States, as highlighted at the Mauritius Strategy High-level Review Meeting. The report also contains a number of specific but preliminary recommendations and recognizes the need to address these issues in the long term through continuous intergovernmental and inter-agency consultations, research and technical cooperation.", "The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy outlined many of the challenges facing small island developing States, which limited their potential to achieve sustainable development goals. The challenges specific to small island developing States are reflected in their unique characteristics, their vulnerability to external shocks and natural disasters, and their limited capacity to adapt to and withstand those vulnerabilities.", "5. The challenges facing small island developing States include a wide range of issues. Institutional weaknesses, environmental vulnerabilities, inadequate data, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and large-scale migration to other countries have all had a significant impact on the sustainable development of those countries and the global financial crisis has affected all small countries. While these facts do not describe the full extent of the problem, they relate to the deep-seated challenges faced by small island developing States, namely, their ability to adapt to climate change and their ability to deal with crises that are often beyond their control.", "6. Following the adoption of resolution A/65/2, an interactive consultative process was initiated within the United Nations system to consider concrete strategies to better implement the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The present report highlights recommendations to provide ways to overcome the constraints faced by small island developing States in achieving sustainable development.", "II. More effective measures to address the vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States", "A. Promoting adaptation to climate change", "7. Climate change impacts on the physical identity of small island developing States, affecting their socio-economic development trends, their prospects for sustainable development and their capacity to implement the Mauritius Strategy. There is a need to strengthen adaptive capacity and the capacity of vulnerable countries to respond to and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change in the context of sustainable development.", "8. To implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, States parties agreed on a range of initiatives, including:", "(a) The Cancun Adaptation Framework, agreed upon in the negotiations on enhanced action on adaptation as part of the Bali Action Plan;", "(b) The Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change and the research and systematic observation undertaken within the framework of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice;", "National adaptation plans of action and the Buenos Aires programme of work on adaptation and response measures under the Subsidiary Body for Implementation.", "These initiatives complement each other and build on the need for partnerships and cooperation to address key climate change-related issues. Vulnerability to climate change can be catastrophic for small island developing States. The upcoming COP should be an opportunity for Member States to implement the resolutions adopted at previous sessions, in particular the Cancun Adaptation Framework. This initiative will greatly assist small island developing States.", "The objective of the Cancun Adaptation Framework is to enhance action on adaptation, including through international cooperation and coordinated consideration of matters relating to adaptation under the Convention. The ultimate objective of enhanced action on adaptation is to reduce vulnerability and build resilience of the most vulnerable developing countries.", "Security implications of climate change", "11. Although the concept of the security implications of climate change is relatively new, it is also an important aspect of the threat of climate change. Climate change has environmental, socio-economic, political and legal implications, all of which have potential impacts on small island developing States.", "12. On 20 July 2011, the Security Council discussed climate change and its possible security implications. It was emphasized that the problems of environmental refugees might arise in the future and that climate finance was therefore necessary. It was also argued that one of the major challenges of climate change was that people could not predict the extent to which their changes would increase and therefore could not know how to adapt to their unknown impacts.", "13. Discussions at the United Nations helped to highlight the seriousness of the problems faced by small island developing States, particularly in view of the devastating impact of sea-level rise, food insecurity, soil erosion, drought, environment-related migration and other problems on countries with limited resources and space and many constraints to sustainable development. Addressing the potential security impact of climate change on small island developing States is a proactive and preventive initiative that will go a long way towards safeguarding their survival.", "14. Member States and the international community must be prepared for the very real security threats that climate change poses. There is a need to promote further scientific research and to take preventive measures aimed at developing a legislative framework for the protection of those greatly affected by climate change, which will help to mitigate any socio-economic and political crisis that may arise if a potential threat becomes a reality.", "15. In the international arena, all relevant structures must collect data, undertake trend analysis and other relevant studies to identify the impact to date and anticipate what might occur. This should be done in the context of climate change and sustainable development in the areas of food security, migration and potential conflicts over scarce resources.", "B. Strengthening disaster risk management capacities in small island developing States", "16. Natural disasters that frequently affect small island developing States include hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, droughts and heavy rains. Most countries are also threatened by sea-level rise. Over the past decade, small island developing States have suffered tremendous loss of life and livelihood as a result of natural disasters. The impact of these disasters on livelihoods can be devastating and, at worst, on the economy, more than 100 per cent of GDP. Even where a disaster has a relatively small impact, the development process is undermined by the occurrence of a disaster that results in duplication.", "17. Small island developing States are geographically vulnerable, with few exceptions. Its population and vital civilian infrastructure for health care and transport are also largely located near coasts or flood plains and are therefore particularly exposed to natural disasters. In addition, the small size of the island limits the islanders ' options to move away from the disaster.", "18. Moreover, because of poverty or the small size of the country ' s economy, governance institutions are overstretched and many people in small island developing States are vulnerable to natural disasters. Often, important economic activities take place in coastal zones and are therefore vulnerable to various hazards. Small island developing States are also vulnerable to man-made disasters. The shift from an agriculture-based economy to a tourism-based economy in these countries has led to an increase in passenger and cargo traffic, increasing the risk of oil and chemical spills. For example, about 25 per cent of the world ' s tankers sail through the Caribbean region.", "19. Despite the increased involvement of small island developing States Governments in disaster management activities, the development of disaster risk reduction measures is hampered by low employment, high indebtedness, loss of preferred markets and lack of economic activity beyond tourism. In the event of a disaster, funds earmarked for development activities are often diverted to emergency humanitarian relief, clean-up and reconstruction.", "Despite the frequency and vulnerability of disasters in small island developing States, disaster risk reduction is possible. While it is not possible to reduce the occurrence of meteorological disasters, their negative impacts can be reduced by reducing exposure and vulnerability and increasing resilience to them. In the case of non-anthropogenic disasters, the focus could be on disaster management by reducing exposure and vulnerability. In particular, this may mean that physical planners need to be aware of the situation in the Van Hong Plain, as well as of the coastal areas that may be flooded by storm surges, and that architects and buildings may need to build houses on pillars or make roofs steeper. Cuba ' s experience shows that proactive physical environmental planning in adapting to environmental hazards has led to some reduction in the country ' s impact.", "21. A number of small island developing States have established important institutions to address the challenges of natural disasters. Examples include the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF); the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency; and the Pacific Community Secretariat Disaster Reduction Plan. However, there is still a need for more specific studies on the impact of disasters in small island developing States. Many disaster data do not detail causes or long-term impacts.", "22. Private insurance coverage of households and enterprises in small island developing States is low. In many cases, the Government has not insured its buildings; it does not often make other provisions for losses that may be disaster-related. Even where agencies such as the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Fund have been established in other regions, Governments need to develop contingency plans and continuity plans for small and medium-sized disasters.", "23. Measures to improve physical planning and building technologies are the most cost-effective and promising risk-reduction measures. These measures have been particularly helpful in the case of wind disasters and floods. Storm surges, mudslides, earthquakes and volcanoes may require other strategies, such as relocation and/or evacuation plans. Some disasters may have no other solution than evacuation. For manageable risks, the location and design of the building should be considered accordingly. Coastal planning is a necessary activity, and strict construction zoning requirements should be vigorously enforced. Furthermore, each country should establish or strengthen its disaster management plan.", "C. Biodiversity", "24. Biodiversity is a key component of sustainable development and of particular importance to small island developing States. Biodiversity contributes to food security, human health and access to clean air and water; it also contributes to local livelihoods and economic development and is critical to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, including poverty reduction, as mentioned in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In small island developing States, biodiversity is threatened by, inter alia, the introduction of invasive alien species, habitat fragmentation and climate change. Finally, the erosion and loss of biodiversity is due to urbanization, underutilization of science and technology and cultural factors.", "25. The findings of scientific programmes and activities on biodiversity and ecosystem services must be brought to the attention of policy makers and, to the extent possible, respond to them. It is also important to educate the general public and promote stakeholder dialogue in support of sustainable sectoral planning, so as to complement the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.", "26. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity identified six priority elements for the implementation of the programme of work on island biodiversity (decision IX/21, para. 6). While not specifically targeted at small island developing States, these priority elements are also useful for those States:", "(a) Management and eradication of invasive alien species;", "Activities for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change;", "(c) Establishment and management of marine protected areas;", "Capacity-building;", "(e) Access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization;", "(f) Poverty reduction.", "27. In the same decision, the Conference of the Parties recognized the Global Island Partnership as one of the mechanisms for implementing the programme of work on island biodiversity.", "28. Invasive alien species remain the greatest threat to all types of ecosystems and species, with particularly devastating impacts on island communities and livelihoods. Strategies should be developed to strengthen and mobilize island capacities to address this threat.", "The Global Climate Change Education and Coastal Monitoring Programme, which focuses on small island developing States, is active in over 50 countries, including more than 25 small island developing States. This is a practical, hands-on process in which participants document and measure detailed information on their coastal environment, share their findings with others and take action to ensure the sustainable management of local coastal resources.", "30. The Sandwatch programme began over a decade ago and now has a representative network of coastal monitoring teams, some of which have coastal environmental data dating back 10 years to small island developing States. The Global Sandwatch Database is currently being developed, which will enable sandwatch staff to upload and share data for further analysis of their findings. The Sandwatch database is expected to be a citizen-led records database that captures changes in coastal patterns, biodiversity, use and access to information, development and more.", "31. A healthy environment is essential for livelihoods and food security. The establishment of marine protected areas is particularly important in this regard. For example, the Coral Triangle Initiative, the Caribbean Challenge, the Micronesia Challenge, the Western Indian Ocean Partnership, Phoenix Protected Areas and so on represent regional and subregional approaches that geographically bring together like-minded and ecologically connected island countries. To some extent, many of these approaches have been attributed to the establishment of island biodiversity work programmes.", "32. In recent years, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Plan has added new coastal and marine protected areas to several small island developing States, with three new sites in the Micronesian subregion alone. These sites are linked to other existing and potential coastal biosphere reserves through networks such as Pacific peoples and biosphere reserves. In turn, these networks have actively cooperated with neighbouring peer networks, such as the Southeast Asia Biosphere Reserve Network, which has resulted in increased interaction and South-South bilateral capacity-building activities.", "33. The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at its seventeenth session on 16 November 1972, as well as a number of subregional research and management cooperation networks focusing on small island developing States within the framework of the Man and the Biosphere Programme, can directly support the design and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans.", "34. Action on the ground is also important in these areas. The trend of local and indigenous peoples taking the lead in the management and conservation of marine resources in coastal and island areas, using community-based protected areas, is becoming increasingly common and has shown encouraging results.", "Benefit-sharing", "35. The islands have a high degree of local specificity and thus become repositories of genetic information and are of intrinsic value to the world. The Governments of island States have recognized access and benefit-sharing as a priority, and some small island developing States have made efforts to protect their genetic resources or to ensure that the benefits arising from their utilization are shared locally. The recently adopted Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity will provide greater legal certainty and transparency to island genetic resources providers.", "36. Given the increasing role and importance of biodiversity and its associated ecological services for development planning, regional cooperation and sustainable development strategies, small island developing States can benefit from a range of initiatives within the broader framework of the Mauritius Strategy, including:", "(a) Promoting biodiversity-friendly economic and policy tools, such as the payment of ecosystem services to achieve the twin goals of development and biodiversity, and the benefits of integrating biodiversity into the Rio+20 process (i.e., in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, to mark the twentieth anniversary of the Rio Conference), such as the blue economy for a green economy and its marine and coastal ecosystems;", "(b) In-depth review of the programme of work on island biodiversity (to be held at the sixteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, in Montreal, Canada, in May 2012, and discussed at the twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012). The review was a good opportunity for island States and island-owning States to focus on the twelfth session of the Conference of the Parties on island biodiversity.", "Addressing the energy challenge", "37. The almost total dependence on imported oil for commercial energy needs in small island developing States continues to cause extreme trade imbalances, as well as a serious drain on the country ' s limited financial resources as a result of rising import oil prices. The prices of oil products in small island developing States are among the highest in the world. Such increases, together with projected future growth, will place enormous strain on the economies of small island developing States.", "38. The energy sector is the most critical sector for most small island developing States and a major area of economic vulnerability. Sustainable development of small island States would not be possible without a highly integrated energy sector, a sector that did not have to rely on external sources and maintain synergies with the waste management, water supply, agriculture, tourism, transport and employment sectors.", "39. For all small island developing States, the largest, single and common source of renewable energy is all forms of ocean energy. However, technologies for the use of such energy resources are in the development phase and are costly.", "40. The development of renewable energy resources has been constrained by a number of factors: lack of access to appropriate technology and technological capabilities, weak institutional mechanisms, and challenges in developing systems at reasonable cost for small, remote markets. Renewable energy technologies for small island developing States include hydropower, wind and solar energy. Potential areas that may be developed in the future include: marine energy systems; waste-to-energy technologies; algae biomass (blue-green technologies); solar water heaters; solar and sea-water cooling systems; low-carbon footprint buildings; ultra-low water consumption, sanitation and wastewater recycling systems; and electric transport.", "41. These new technologies are available, but at different stages of development. However, small island developing States lack the necessary technical and market research expertise to negotiate technology transfer, commercialization and diffusion of innovative technologies and applications that contribute to a low-carbon economy.", "42. Since 1992, small island developing States have invested billions of dollars in their energy sectors, but little in renewable energy, energy efficiency and energy conservation. For these countries to have access to the financial resources needed to reform the energy sector, several options are available, including:", "(a) Explore the possibility of establishing a dedicated financial mechanism within the Climate Technology Centre, which, as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is developing to provide dedicated funding to support small island developing States in assessing and identifying appropriate renewable energy technologies;", "(b) Explore the issue of seed funding for the establishment of a working capital fund for sustainable energy development, whose capital originates from a variety of sources, including the people of small island developing States and their diaspora;", "(c) Study the feasibility of establishing national and regional energy bonds and energy funds to support investment in energy efficiency and energy conservation in areas that are increasingly showing very profitable returns on investment and are of great benefit to the national economy;", "(d) Establish and seek the support of the international community for a mechanism for the sharing of technical expertise that draws on unique expertise and brings additional financial benefits to the professionals concerned. The mechanism could be implemented jointly through the relevant United Nations specialized agencies or regional organizations with the required expertise and promoted through the SIDS online platform.", "43. Energy policy follow-up may include policies in the following subsectors to promote the development of appropriate types of bioenergy resources, energy conservation measures and conservation policies. Decision-making should be seen as a process, not a matter of a hundred years. Greater policy coherence was needed to ensure synergies between sectors that had a significant impact on the energy sector and socio-economic development.", "44. In addition to financing, partnership initiatives may also be useful in addressing energy challenges. Objectively, different but potentially beneficial options are considered. The Sustainable Energy Initiative (SIDS DONK) is an example of a partnership to effectively address the energy challenges faced by small island developing States. In addition, the promotion of new partnerships and the promotion of successful partnerships in small island developing States is a key objective of SIDSNet, which aims to provide a web-based platform for sharing experiences and expertise and building relationships.", "E. Addressing structural weaknesses in the economies of small island developing States", "45. Many small island developing States are vulnerable to trade-related shocks that are beyond their control, not only because they may experience measurable shocks, such as a decline in official development assistance and remittances, contractions in sectors such as those linked to foreign markets and increased unemployment, but also because of their small size and remoteness and limited opportunities for economic specialization. This vulnerability is typical for economies that are highly dependent on one or several exports and whose imports are highly vulnerable to shocks.", "46. One of the medium-term objectives of the organizations, programmes and entities of the United Nations system in support of the ultimate goal of building economic dynamism is the need to reduce structural weaknesses, with particular reference to deficiencies resulting from small size and remoteness, which have an impact on institutional capacity and economic efficiency, which deserves special attention. This medium-term goal states that the unique and particularly acute vulnerabilities of small island developing States and their development needs should be addressed more effectively in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/2.", "47. For small island developing States, the following three areas of action to reduce institutional weaknesses are of particular importance:", "(a) Development of physical infrastructure, especially in the area of transport, to mitigate the adverse effects of remoteness or small size of the country;", "(b) Developing the human resource base of the economy, allowing the knowledge component of productive capacity to go hand in hand with the growing number of competitors in the global economy. This will enhance the innovative capacity of small island developing States to add value to products and exports in global value chains;", "(c) Building or strengthening institutional capacity to create the most conducive environment for institutional progress. The areas of this initiative and the areas of action in paragraph 47 (b) are mutually reinforcing.", "48. Each small island developing State must identify the best mix of its own specialization. Small island developing States have unique and positive characteristics, including environmental beauty, cultural uniqueness, the richness of cultural property and the associated alienity (which can be both an asset and a burden) due to their small size. Furthermore, the political stability and good governance prevailing in small island developing States is one of the advantages that must be taken into account in developing the best mix of specialization.", "49. A sound economy does not protect small island developing States from natural disasters or uncontrollable economic shocks, but it has the potential to enhance their economic resilience by broadening their productive base.", "50. Services dominate the economies of small island developing States to a large extent, with tourism as the first source of export earnings in many countries; in 2009, the average share of services exports from 26 small island developing States was 67 per cent, referring to available data. In addition to tourism, international services have also grown significantly in the economic structure of most small island developing States. Financial services and other business-related services have become promising areas for specialization in some countries (e.g., Samoa, Seychelles, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Vanuatu) and have become economic pillars in other small island developing States (e.g., Bahamas, Barbados and Mauritius).", "51. Diversification is also possible through the increasing number of services, which can contribute to economic growth and development in general, with opportunities for investment and production of a wider range of products. In fact, small island developing States often had inherent shortcomings, but also demonstrated their potential for economic growth and progress. In order to develop effective economic growth strategies, obstacles and structural disadvantages must be overcome. In this regard, as noted in paragraph 47 above, there are three important areas: the development of physical infrastructure, the human resource base and the strengthening of institutional capacities.", "F. Addressing food security", "52. Food security remains one of the major problems of small island developing States. To overcome the threat posed by food insecurity, risk management capacity must be strengthened. National technical cooperation programmes have supported the project on the promotion of the Caribbean Community/Caribbean Forum regional special area for food security to address food security and biodiversity conservation.", "53. Eighty per cent of the livelihoods of small island developing States depend directly or indirectly on agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Traditional agricultural and food systems can provide resilience to external economic and natural shocks. High food and oil prices have led to renewed emphasis on domestic production and food self-sufficiency. Small island developing States also depend on healthy oceans and their protection and should share equitably in the marine resources of vital importance.", "54. Forests and trees have great environmental, cultural and economic significance. Forests continue to provide a large number of wood products, and their value to the environment is increasingly recognized.", "55. Aquaculture has considerable potential for domestic food production and export trade in marine products, including pearls, shrimps, coral farming and seaweed. As commercial and subsistence fishing targets coastal fisheries, the general situation is now overfished and under increasing population pressure.", "56. Overfishing is one of the factors contributing to the erosion of biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity undermines food, water and nutrition security and can lead to higher levels of poverty. It will also increase dependence on food imports, affecting long-term economic growth prospects.", "57. The transition to a green economy requires a focus on biodiversity capital and ecosystem products and services, especially food, as an important source of livelihoods and income. Therefore, investment in a green economy would help to improve the ability of small island developing States to produce their own food and reduce their dependence on imports and their vulnerability to the food crisis.", "G. Promoting sustainable tourism", "58. For most small island developing States, tourism is a major economic activity, including income generation, job creation and foreign exchange earnings. However, the small size of small island developing States makes them highly vulnerable to the negative environmental and social impacts that tourism sometimes has. In addition, tourism is considered a highly climate-sensitive economic sector. The impact of climate change on the tourism sector is expected to increase. Small island developing States may be particularly affected by rising ocean temperatures, which have caused, inter alia, coral bleaching.", "59. Tourism also relies heavily on the soundness of natural capital and functioning ecosystems, which not only attract tourists but also meet their aspirations for local food, activities and experiences. The tourism sector can also be a driving force requiring more sustainable management and sustainable use of resources in many production and service sectors.", "60. The development of tourism must therefore be planned, managed and monitored to ensure its sustainability. It is also necessary to actively support the integration of climate change adaptation criteria into national tourism planning processes.", "61. Small island developing States were vulnerable to climate change and had low adaptive capacity; special attention should therefore be given. Initiatives such as the Save the Caribbean Partnership and the proposed Pacific Green Growth Road Map show some potential. These initiatives are also necessary for other small island developing States regions to implement strategies to achieve sustainable tourism.", "62. Some small island developing States have explored innovative and proactive ways to promote tourism, such as specialty tourism, such as medical tourism in Cuba and Mauritius; hydrotherapy tourism, which has been developed in many countries; promotion of ecotourism for bird-watching; and cultural tourism. These strategies contribute to the diversification of tourism products and to the protection of the environment. These strategies add value to the local economy as a factor for both the supply and demand side of the country ' s gross domestic product. Increased financing and partnerships with the public and private sectors to promote sustainable tourism have also enabled these countries to remain competitive in the market, which has been shrinking as a result of recent international crises.", "H. Achieving debt sustainability", "63. For some time now, high levels of debt and increasing debt burdens are persistent and unresolved issues in some small island developing States. There is evidence that the debt stock situation has deteriorated significantly since the beginning of the global economic and financial crisis. Structural constraints, such as exposure to severe external shocks, a small population base, a limited export base and the public sector as an important source of income and employment for many households, mean that strategies to address the debt burden have limited success. Several small island developing States depend heavily on official development assistance. However, ODA has been skewed towards a few countries, with low levels of aid to other small island developing States, increasing dependence on external financing, which is market-based and volatile and expensive.", "64. Most small island developing States have not benefited from international debt relief measures, such as the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative or the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, compared to many other developing countries. The implementation of debt relief measures has helped beneficiary countries to significantly reduce their debt burden. To date, the international policy community has largely failed to address the high (and increasing) public debt burden of many small island developing States. The problem is exacerbated by low levels of economic growth in many small island developing States. According to projections of economic growth in the coming years, while these countries are recovering from the global financial and economic crisis, they are much slower than the rest of the world.", "Several small island developing States have benefited from concessional financing from major multilateral lending institutions, recognizing that they face particular development challenges, and have therefore adopted “small island exception”. Multilateral financial institutions remain the main lending partners for some countries. However, some small island States have not benefited from this exceptional measure. Evidence suggests that the share of concessional debt as a share of total public debt has declined significantly in many small island developing States over the past decade. This has been replaced by foreign private sector debt and/or domestic debt, and is often more costly.", "66. The high level of domestic borrowing by the State has squeezed out the credit available to the private sector, which in turn may stifle private sector development and economic growth. This may also make debt restructuring more difficult, as once sovereign debt defaults on domestic debt, it is often followed by a crisis in domestic banking. Given the numerous structural vulnerabilities of small island developing States to external shocks, the appropriateness of market-based financing to support their economic development was questioned.", "67. Small island developing States Governments could take measures to improve debt management capacity and reduce waste and inefficiencies in public spending. Some small island developing States may also need debt relief. This must be combined with the goal of channelling development assistance to many small island developing States. The criteria for access to concessional resources from major multilateral financial institutions should be revised to take into account the structural constraints on development faced by many such countries. Finally, for many small island developing States, given their vulnerability to external shocks, innovative financing mechanisms, such as counter-cyclical lending instruments and debt swap arrangements, may be desirable.", "I. Recommendations of Member States, United Nations entities and intergovernmental bodies", "1. Member States", "68. Pursuant to resolution 65/2, the Secretary-General wrote to Member States, United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations to request proposals for enhanced implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "The responses of Member States highlighted the importance of the issue. A questionnaire on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, to be completed, was also distributed to Member States.", "70. Some countries felt that there was a need for greater consultation and communication between the United Nations system and small island developing States and suggested that a formal and comprehensive coordination mechanism needs to be developed and implemented. This proposal was echoed by regional organizations.", "71. It was suggested that a comprehensive review of the financial support mechanisms for small island developing States be undertaken, including the methodologies available, and that data be developed to show their commonality and variability.", "72. In response to the questionnaire, many Member States mentioned the need to strengthen United Nations agencies with specific responsibilities for small island developing States and to increase the resources available to those organizations that address small island developing States issues. Many responses also called for improved data collection and analysis in order to better assess the state of sustainable development of small island developing States and their vulnerability, as well as lessons learned in the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. There was also a call for the establishment of criteria for a concise set of common risk-related indicators, and emphasis was placed on the concept of national ownership in the development process.", "73. It was recommended that the Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region be supported to a greater extent by developing renewable energy resources and systems to withstand natural disasters and external shocks in small island developing States to promote sustainable marine fisheries in those States. It was felt that there was a need to expand bilateral and multilateral assistance for adaptation to climate change in small island developing States. Proposals should be made to implement national climate change adaptation strategies and to cooperate more with the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "74. Several Member States reiterated the need to strengthen and enhance the work of the Small Island Developing States Unit of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and stressed the importance of the ongoing revitalization of the Small Island Developing States Information Network and the need to develop effective ways to provide a strong picture of the vulnerabilities and resilience of small island developing States. Member States also recommended improving and expanding research, technology development and transfer to assist countries in promoting South-South cooperation.", "75. It was emphasized that greater political commitment to education systems, including increased resources devoted to education, was a key element in the overall strategy to achieve sustainable development goals.", "2. United Nations entities and non-governmental organizations", "76. The recommendations made by United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations provide inputs to the present report, which are complementary and often focus on very similar solutions. This demonstrates a genuine common understanding of the challenges faced and a broad consensus on strategies and actions to assist small island developing States in implementing the Mauritius Strategy. The responses also supported the recommendations of Member States on financing mechanisms, including the establishment of a review system to determine overseas development assistance; debt relief; the need for the United Nations to pay more attention to the needs of small island developing States; the establishment of a better system of focal points within the United Nations system; increased data collection and the strengthening of databases; the mobilization of resources and the building of national capacities; and increased attention to the issue of small island developing States in addressing the impact of climate change and the development of climate adaptation programmes.", "77. In addition to capacity-building, some regional organizations of small island developing States have seen the need to strengthen national self-reliance through the adoption of best practices appropriate to national development.", "78. There was also a call for the establishment and strengthening of coordination mechanisms in small island developing States and recommendations for strengthening national sustainable development strategies or similar strategies.", "III. Strengthening the collection and dissemination of data on the sustainable development of small island developing States", "A. Data deficiencies and impediments", "79. Official statistics for most small island developing States are inadequate and often of poor quality. Shortcomings include limited coverage, inadequate compliance with internationally accepted statistical standards, poor policy relevance, inadequate classification and timeliness. The affected areas range from macroeconomic statistics to detailed basic statistics on the economic systems of small island developing States, international trade, environment, energy, social development and tourism. It should be noted that the magnitude of the problem varies among this group and that some small island developing States are clearly better off than others.", "80. Macroeconomic statistics remain a challenge. Very few small island developing States are able to provide national accounting data, which are often not new enough. Detailed data on international merchandise trade are not reported to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN Comtrade). Only a few small island developing States provide key data on environment and energy statistics, and there are numerous data gaps.", "81. Most small island developing States lack a functional quality assessment framework. Governments and other users have expressed dissatisfaction with the availability and quality of data. Indeed, identifying useful information is challenging. Some of the information obtained may be too general, superficial and/or inconsistent with the realities of small island developing States. In this regard, urgent action is needed because such data are particularly relevant when assessing vulnerability.", "82. Data gaps and quality issues are a direct consequence of inadequate statistical capacity. Inadequate capacity, as well as frequent and excessive commitments to growing internal and external data, have led to bottlenecks in the process, overburdening national statistical offices and other parts of national statistical systems. In most small island developing States, national statistical offices do not have sufficient space to compile more statistical data series and do not significantly improve the quality of the data currently disseminated. In the absence of significant progress in capacity-building, additional work will certainly strain and burden already overstretched officials of national statistical offices and other members of national statistical systems, with the potential to further undermine the quality of statistics.", "83. The barriers to statistical development in small island developing States are numerous and deeply rooted and interrelated. These factors can be summarized in the following categories:", "(a) Lack of sustained support from higher levels of government. While most Governments of small island developing States recognize the importance of evidence-based decision-making and have generally expressed the political will to improve the situation, the situation has often not improved or has improved only on a specific basis;", "(b) Inefficient management of national statistical systems. National statistical systems in many small island developing States are poorly managed. The statistical activities of national statistical offices, statistical units of ministries and other government agencies are often not seen as part of a unified national statistical system and are not managed as such;", "(c) Lack of an adequate legal framework. Many countries do not have statistical laws and some are outdated. The lack of a sufficient legal right for statisticians to access a wide range of administrative data resources and to ensure the use of international statistical standards by other government agencies; the failure to use available administrative resources for the effective use of statistics is one of the most important reasons for the large number of requests for the participation of people and businesses in statistical surveys;", "(d) Weak statistical infrastructure. Only a few small island developing States have the basic elements of a statistical infrastructure, such as a business register and a harmonized statistical census and survey system;", "(e) Insufficient human resources. Lack of adequate human resources is one of the most important constraints. Almost all recent studies on the situation of small island developing States have concluded that the constraints faced by national statistical officers are the lack of qualified, skilled and competent staff;", "(f) Lack of sound strategic planning. Poor governance and weak statistical infrastructure are often exacerbated by a lack of sound strategic planning;", "(g) Lack of modern data-processing integration systems, database management and quality assurance. While data-processing equipment is generally available, most small island developing States do not have modern integrated data and metadata collection systems, i.e. data entry, data processing, quality control systems, storage, analysis and dissemination.", "84. In recent years, national statistical offices and other providers of the Bureau have worked with regional and international agencies to improve the adequacy of statistics in small island developing States, with some positive results. However, more needs to be done to ensure that the emerging progress is driven. It should be noted from the outset that the focus must be on strengthening national statistical systems, and that efforts at the regional and global levels should play an important but supportive role.", "85. Political commitment to evidence-based decision-making can be translated into concrete action by significantly improving the functioning of national statistical systems and further addressing gaps in data collection and analysis by statistical agencies in small island developing States. This has not been done recently or has not been done properly, and a review of national statistical systems should be initiated by appropriate high-level agencies of Governments of small island developing States with the aim of modernizing them. The necessary support should be provided to national statistical offices and other relevant government agencies for the preparation of action plans. It should be emphasized that the task of generating and disseminating high-quality disaggregated statistics will be successful only if it is seen as the collective responsibility of all members of the national statistical system and not simply as the responsibility of a unit of statistical offices.", "The modernization of national statistical systems is an indispensable and integral input to the process of formulating and implementing national sustainable development strategies. Ensuring close cooperation among all relevant government agencies has the potential to strengthen data collection in small island developing States and to promote national statistical partnerships. The establishment and maintenance of strong national statistical partnerships is essential for better coordination of donor support and for accelerating statistical development activities at the country level. All stakeholders, including the Government and the private sector, should be consulted through the establishment (or resumption) of user advisory committees within and outside government.", "The prioritization of data series and the definition of core parts of data is another successful strategy. Given the continuing resource constraints, this approach is a good practice that allows for the prioritization of data series and the definition of the data core for regular compilation and dissemination. The core of the statistics should be selected through the application of criteria such as policy relevance, which should also include the assessment and monitoring of the relevance, measurability, methodological integrity and frequency of use of vulnerability. The importance of data timeliness in assessing vulnerability should be emphasized.", "88. In most small island developing States, particularly the smallest island States, there is a particularly large amount of sampling data needed for reliable survey estimates; therefore, more emphasis should be placed on administrative resources to minimize the need to collect survey data from households and businesses.", "89. Continued support at the global level is critical for the statistical development of small island developing States, where national and regional statistical systems remain weak. Such support should include the following actions:", "(a) Further strengthening the role of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs in coordinating statistical capacity-building, including the more active participation of the United Nations Statistical Commission, the highest decision-making body for international statistical activities, and the support of the Statistics Division for the implementation of its decisions;", "(b) Closer cooperation between the Statistics Division and the United Nations regional commissions and national counterparts to build the statistical capacity of small island developing States;", "(c) Strengthening statistical activities of the United Nations specialized agencies, funds and programmes for small island developing States;", "(d) Ensure that the capacity-building activities of the Partnership in Statistics for Development under Agenda 21 (PARIS 21) and other global actors better reflect the statistical needs of countries.", "Role of SIDSnet in data analysis and dissemination", "90. The Small Island Developing States Information Network plays an important role in data analysis for small island developing States. The Network has contributed to addressing gaps in data availability by collating national data and statistics to assess country vulnerability-resilience profiles. The Network also focuses on strengthening research and data management as a statistical portal for countries and regions. One of the main objectives of SIDSNet is to share information from national and regional statisticians and make it accessible to all stakeholders.", "91. By strengthening the capacity of small island developing States for data collection, analysis and dissemination, information from countries and regions will complement SIDSNet and enable small island developing States and their partners to identify gaps and needs in the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. Therefore, the revitalization of the Small Island Developing States Information Network will help to strengthen the implementation strategy.", "C. Analysis and dissemination of data: an analytical framework for assessing vulnerability-resilience country profiles", "92. The outcome document of the high-level review meeting on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (General Assembly resolution 65/2) calls not only for the strengthening of national disaggregated data and information systems, but also for the strengthening of analytical capacity in decision-making, tracking progress and producing national vulnerability-resilience profiles. It was made clear that, in preparation for the high-level review process, there was no analytical framework with valid indicators or criteria that could be used to assess comprehensively the progress made in addressing the vulnerabilities of small island developing States through the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. The key issue is not only to obtain reliable data and information, but also to build analytical frameworks and capacity to answer questions for data and information purposes.", "93. The Small Island Developing States Unit of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs conducted a study on the vulnerability-resilience assessment profiles of small island developing States and developed an analytical framework to assess the vulnerability of small island developing States, building on the rich results of the work already undertaken on vulnerability indicators and assessment methodologies for small island developing States. While the concept of a vulnerability index is derived from the Barbados Programme of Action, studies have shown the need to identify vulnerability and resilience/resilience in countries. In addition, while the development of a single composite index is advantageous, it is fraught with complex technical issues and tends to focus on a single number, forgetting its practical impact on policy formulation, implementation and decision-making. An alternative and preferred approach would be to develop country assessment profiles, which would be based on a range of criteria covering environmental, economic and social dimensions and reflect the country ' s vulnerability to exogenous and endogenous risks and threats, as well as its resilience or response capacity. The latter will include policies and actions by policymakers, communities and the private sector to mitigate or manage these risks and threats.", "94. The above-mentioned methodology for assessing vulnerability and resilience country profiles in small island developing States has been peer-reviewed, and the next step will focus on improving indicators and standards and piloting in several countries. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in collaboration with the Indian Ocean Commission, has secured funding from the European Commission to develop a system for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, which is the basis for a framework for the development of data statistics in small island developing States.", "Conclusions", "95. The recommendations presented in this report seek to address the different areas highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy. Despite the fragmentation of issues, the challenges are common and strategies to address them are cross-cutting.", "96. Increased access to funding will help small island developing States to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. Scientific research and the improvement of technical capabilities would also help to expand measures of implementation.", "97. Increased and efficient human resources would help build capacity in small island developing States and the development of new initiatives could be a useful strategy. However, in some small island developing States, proven successful best practices can be replicated and implemented in others.", "Improving and expanding data collection and developing new monitoring and evaluation strategies are important initiatives that can be applied.", "99. Political commitment and international cooperation remain key elements for the implementation of sustainable development strategies in small island developing States. North-South cooperation, South-South cooperation, cooperation among small island developing States and partnerships among different stakeholders were all desirable.", "100. While the challenges faced by small island developing States are many and wide-ranging, they are not insurmountable. The present report highlights an excellent opportunity for a pragmatic approach that will guide these countries along the path of sustainable development. The recommendations made in the present report are not exhaustive. Rather, as called for in resolution 65/2, to facilitate a results-based approach to address the unique vulnerabilities of small island developing States and build their resilience in the process of implementing the Mauritius Strategy.", "[1] The data are provided by the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and cover Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cape Verde, Comoros, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Mauritius, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago and Vanuatu.", "[2] Replies were received from AOSIS, EU, Cuba, Finland, Malta and the United States of America. Responses were also received from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations country teams in Mauritius and Seychelles, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Development Programme, UNESCO, the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Children ' s Fund, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Telecommunication Union, the World Tourism Organization, the Caribbean Community secretariat, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Small States Forum, the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目134", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第64/243号决议提交。本报告概述自秘书长上次关于此问题的报告(A/64/6(Sect.33)/Add.1)以来在制订日内瓦万国宫战略遗产计划方面取得的进展。本报告简要说明大会第六十四届会议核准的构想工程研究的主要结论，并概述该研究提出的与现有设施相关的问题，鉴于结构、健康和安全方面的关切，这些问题需加以紧急处理。", "本报告着重说明，通过执行战略遗产计划，将在合并、空间管理和节能方面大幅度提高效率。本报告大致描述万国宫必要修复和翻新工程的各种可行方案。本报告还从业务影响、所涉成本和效率的角度分析各种项目实施方案，并提出总预算估计数和拟议时间表。", "根据该研究的结果，秘书长建议会员国积极考虑和支持战略遗产计划的拟议实施方案，以确保日内瓦万国宫长期保持良好性能和操作效率。", "建议的翻新和修复实施方案将在纽约总部基本建设总计划完成后实施，需要在2012-2013期间进行筹备方案管理和规划。如大会希望在未来的2012-2013两年期开展有关活动，本报告附件载有该两年期所需相关资金的估计数(数额为410万美元)。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.背景 3\n3.构想工程和建筑研究的结果 3\n4.修复和翻新工程各种执行方案分析 7\n5.建议的实施方案 9\n6.以后步骤 10\n7.有待大会采取的行动 11", "一. 导言", "1. 秘书长的报告(A/64/6(Sect.33)/Add.1)概述了关于万国宫建筑物目前实体状态和与设施有关的问题的初步评估。该报告提交后，秘书长建议下一步进行构想工程和建筑研究，作为供会员国审议的首个重要里程碑和决定点。行政和预算问题咨询委员会第十二次报告[1] 建议大会请秘书长密切监查战略遗产计划项目，并在他提交大会的报告中说明任何情况发展，包括可能涉及经费问题的情况。", "2. 大会第64/243号决议赞同行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告所载的结论和建议，并请秘书长向大会报告拟议的战略遗产计划构想工程研究的结果，包括该项目总费用估计数和时间表。在同一决议中，大会吁请秘书长确保构想工程和建筑研究以成本效益最佳和最有效率的方式查明所有可行的办法。", "二. 背景", "3. 初步研究于2009年进行，已向大会第六十四届会议提交了有关报告。该研究初步评估了万国宫的实体状况，重点说明了70年使用期间的正常损耗造成的多种多样维修挑战。自竣工以来(万国宫建于70年前，E号楼建于40年前)，仅对这些建筑物及其附属建筑物进行过维持运转所必需的最低程度的维护和修理。万国宫目前的损耗状况已导致本组织的维修需要和费用不断增加。", "4. 如同一报告所述，万国宫各建筑物年久失修，使联合国代表、工作人员和民间社会代表以及每年100 000多名访客面临的安全保障和健康风险日益增加。", "5. 根据2009年进行的初步研究的结果，2010年8月启动了一项构想工程和建筑研究，该研究历时六个月。作为该研究的一部分，一名咨询顾问在联合国日内瓦办事处项目小组的陪同下，走访了纽约总部并会晤了管理事务部高级管理当局，包括中央支助事务厅和基本建设总计划办公室，以便直接了解基本建设总计划规划阶段的经验教训，并将建议的最佳做法纳入战略遗产计划的项目规划过程。该咨询顾问于2011年2月提交了关于构想工程和建筑研究的最后报告。", "三. 构想工程和建筑研究的结果", "6. 在开始进行研究时，联合国日内瓦办事处就确立了战略遗产计划关键绩效目标，为咨询顾问提供基准，以确保万国宫设施根据业内最佳做法达到本组织的功能和业务目标，提供满足联合国目前和未来需要的会议服务，并为工作人员和代表提供空间。在提交一系列评估和临时报告后，咨询顾问提交了研究结果和建议，本报告摘要介绍这些结果和建议。", "关键绩效目标", "7. 整个过程将遵循一组关键绩效目标。遵循这些目标将可确保提供效率高、便于出入和安全的会议设施和办公空间。设定的关键绩效目标为：", "(a) 优化现有内部空间和会议设施的使用方式，提供高效率的办公空间和技术功能良好的会议室；", "(b) 符合当地和国际所有关于防火、结构和建筑物安全、健康和进出无障碍化的规则；遵守联合国总部最低运作安保标准的所有准则；", "(c) 更新建筑物外表和机电系统，减少能耗费用；", "(d) 更新和扩建信息和通信网络、广播设施和会议系统，达到目前的业界标准；", "(e) 防止不可挽回的损耗或损坏，并恢复和保持万国宫的资本值及其内容物，特别是其历史档案；", "(f) 保障和确保业务和操作连续性，即在实施任何翻新和修复期间保持万国宫的日常业务活动。", "8. 根据这些目标，咨询顾问审查了向大会第六十四届会议提交的报告所依据的初步研究的详细结论，并对建筑物及其基础设施的状况进行了深入检查和评估。咨询顾问确定了需要进行的重大翻新和修复工程，并考虑到场地利用和能源效益，同时制订了实施所建议工程的适当可选执行方案。", "9. 在这方面，咨询顾问还评估了在可见将来只实施有限翻新和修复(与安全保障需要相关的最急需工程)所涉的操作问题。", "构想工程和建筑研究的主要结果", "10. 该研究查明，万国宫建筑物状况目前不仅有碍联合国日内瓦办事处努力确保使用者的安全保障，而且有碍其努力提供所承担的服务。多年来，由于设施老化，能源和维修需求逐渐增加。即使及时采取有限的修复措施，仍无法避免费用成倍增长。", "11. 此外，咨询顾问还确认，万国宫的损耗已达到临界点，除非进行全面翻新，否则联合国日内瓦办事处不久后可能无法继续向众多使用者提供可用的设施。咨询顾问关于每个绩效目标的主要研究结果和补救措施建议是：", "(a) 优化现有内部空间和会议设施的使用方式，提供高效率的办公空间和技术功能良好的会议室：", "办公空间", "⑴ 研究确认，万国宫现有办公空间的使用方式可大幅度改进。与总部现行办公空间准则的比较表明，日内瓦办公空间的使用不足率约为25%至30%；", "⑵ 通过对现有办公空间进行拟议的完全翻修，重新调整主办公楼各楼层的整个布局，将可使现有场所额外容纳多达700名工作人员；", "⑶ 联合国秘书处驻日内瓦实体的数量已随时间的推移大大增加。由于万国宫内缺少办公空间，不得不在万国宫楼群区以外租用合适设施。通过实施战略遗产计划，联合国驻日内瓦各实体可集中到万国宫内。此举可极大提高操作效率，每个两年期可节省资金约1 400万美元(包括租金、公用事业费用、安保费和其他相关费用)；", "会议室", "⑷ 目前，联合国日内瓦办事处的会议设施有34间各种面积和布局的会议室，是供会员国使用的主要会议设施之一。长期以来，对几个会议室进行了更新和翻修。然而，仍有必要翻新其余的会议室并安装最新通信和视听技术设备，实现支助区域的现代化，并改进口译厢和增加工作空间；", "⑸ 为解决目前和未来的会议需要，咨询顾问建议重新布置和合并空间。会议室将调整布局，以增强使用方式的灵活性。将投资于当前通用技术，包括数字化口译系统，以取代过时设备；", "(b) 符合当地和国际所有关于防火、结构和建筑物安全、健康和进出无障碍化的规则；遵守联合国最低运作安保标准的所有准则：", "⑴ 目前，万国宫楼群不符合当地和国际的有关规则，例如防火、结构防震规则和其他业内标准做法，也不完全符合最低运作安保标准所建议的防爆安全准则。这些规则和准则能保证工作环境的健康和安全。建议遵守当地规则，并应采取适当措施，确保符合现行业内做法；", "⑵ 万国宫楼群目前全面缺乏适当防火隔离系统。需要采取适当措施，减少相关风险；", "⑶ 需要解决消除石棉和清除其他危险污染物的问题。目前正在进行的维修和安装适当防火系统工作只能在清除石棉后进行，有时需要关闭建筑物部分区域，因而打断日常业务活动；", "⑷ 对建筑物的结构调查发现存在腐蚀问题。一所建筑物的石质正面基础腐坏严重，急需加以处理；", "⑸ 虽然联合国日内瓦办事处楼群周围安装了符合最低运作安保标准的新安保系统，但设施容易受爆炸破坏仍是一个安全隐患。天窗玻璃碎片可能威胁到代表和其他使用者，大会堂的情况尤其如此。建议拆除或更换天窗；", "⑹ 目前建筑物残疾人进出无障碍化状况不符合《联合国残疾人权利公约》。[2] 需要根据大会决议实施合适的解决方案；", "(c) 更新建筑物外表和机电基础设施，减少能耗费用：", "⑴ 万国宫内部基础设施状况现已低于可接受标准。机电系统老化，限制了其性能和效率。多年来，万国宫的耗电量大幅度增加。结果，配电网络和相关基础设施，特别是办公区域的此类网络和设施，已经不足。老化的供电系统需要大修。此外，建筑群内只有一个供暖制冷配置环路。较有效率的办法是建立分区配置环路，以提高环境控制水平和降低能耗，并较好地隔绝水和空气配置网络；", "⑵ 研究还突出显示，大多数办公区域的通风设施不良或没有通风设施。建议实施一项解决配电、供暖、通风和空调系统问题的全面行动计划，包括更新和更换现有冷却系统；", "⑶ 联合国日内瓦办事处与东道国携手合作，努力实施可持续发展、减少能耗和降低二氧化碳(CO2)排放的政策。尽管联合国日内瓦办事处不断努力减少能耗和费用，但因建筑物外表和窗户缺乏隔热措施，加上技术基础设施过时，所以该努力只获得有限成效。战略遗产计划将大幅度改进该历史性建筑物外表和窗户的隔热措施。通过更新建筑物外表隔热措施，还将使联合国日内瓦办事处能安装低温系统，从而取代天然气这一主要能源。自2009年以来，该办事处已使用日内瓦湖水为楼群的部分建筑降温，湖水也可用来供暖；", "⑷ 通过实施战略遗产计划，万国宫的能耗可望减少约25%，即每个两年期节约费用170万美元；", "(d) 更新和扩大信息和通信网络、广播设施和会议系统，达到当前业内标准：", "⑴ 由于信息技术、通信和视听领域的进步，急需更换电缆和过时的广播设施和会议系统。战略遗产计划拟议在所有会议室安装当前通用技术设备，替换局部配电设备和电源插座以增大容量，并更新和扩大电话通信系统的容量；", "⑵ 与信息技术系统相关的工程包括在会议室更新和安装无线保真服务设施。需要对视频会议系统进行升级，并改进整个楼群的光纤网络，以保障每个会议室视频和音频信号的录制和发送。另外，还需将现有数据电缆升级，安装公共广播系统并使所有新服务方式一体化。", "(e) 防止不可挽回的损耗或损坏，并恢复和保持万国宫的资本值及其内容物，特别是其历史档案：", "⑴ 万国宫是早在国际联盟时代建成的历史性建筑物。它是一个重要的历史性建筑作品，收藏着重要的艺术品和国际联盟档案。研究建议采取行动防止建筑物及其内容物进一步损耗和发生不可挽回的损坏；", "⑵ 国际联盟档案被列入联合国教育、科学及文化组织《世界记忆名录》。大量档案文件目前的存放地点存在火灾、受潮、水侵和缺乏温度调节等危险，因而有毁损风险；", "⑶ 根据战略遗产计划，将评估所有可能的保护档案措施，包括采用新技术和适当储存空间，并将根据档案材料的保存规定，为保存收藏的无可替代的历史文件采取长期解决方案；", "(f) 保障和确保业务和操作连续性，即在实施任何翻新和修复期间保持万国宫的日常业务活动：", "⑴ 咨询顾问在实施方案和建议中充分考虑到并分析了万国宫日常业务功能如何确保未来提供令人满意的当前通用和最新会议服务的问题；", "四. 修复和翻新工程各种执行方案分析", "12. 咨询顾问审查了执行已定建筑物修复和翻新工程的几种方式。现已确定三种不同的项目实施方案，即：快速实施(约5年)、中期分阶段实施(约8年)和长期分阶段实施(约13年)。", "13. 各实施方案的主要差别在于所需周转空间的多少和地点不同。快速实施方案要求使用大部甚至全部周转空间，并要求将业务活动迁至万国宫楼群区以外。中期和长期方案的主要目标是在实施翻新和修复工程期间让联合国日内瓦办事处的全部活动在万国宫以内进行。中期分阶段实施方案要求联合国日内瓦办事处大约三分之一的业务活动使用周转空间，该空间可位于万国宫楼群区内。长期分阶段实施方案将以楼群区外的租用空间作为周转空间，并将其减至最低程度。", "14. 下文进一步说明这三个规划实施方案的影响及其相关费用。所有费用原来以瑞士法郎(瑞郎)计算，现已按当前业务汇率1美元", "(a) 快速实施方案(约5年)", "⑴ 根据快速实施方案，各部分工程将同时展开，以在尽可能短的时间内实施行动。该方案将要求将联合国日内瓦办事处的所有活动迁至万国宫楼群区以外的租用空间。在日内瓦现有和可见的房地产市场上，要找到合适的临时租用办公和会议空间有很大问题。所需外部周转空间使这个方案的费用大幅度增加，但无法通过减少施工费用来抵消；", "⑵ 如采用此方式，项目设计、方案与项目管理和施工的总费用估计数以及周转空间、迁移和租房等附加费用，外加应急费用，估计约为6.84亿瑞郎(相当于6.54亿美元)。", "(b) 中期实施方案(约8年)", "⑴ 中期方案合理地分组进行大部分施工，且只需要可容纳约1 000名工作人员的周转空间，所以有一些优势并可节省费用。需建造的临时设施可位于万国宫楼群区内。因此在工程进行期间，施工中的建筑物可被隔离，从而减少工作人员接触施工相关活动的风险，并可尽量减少施工噪音和接触危险物质等不便之处；", "⑵ 如采用此方式，项目设计、方案与项目管理和施工的总费用估计数以及周转空间、迁移和租房等附加费用，外加应急费用，估计约为6.18亿瑞郎(相当于5.91亿美元)；", "(c) 长期实施方案(约13年)", "⑴ 实施战略遗产计划的第三个方案是分区翻修各建筑物，有些区域则分楼层翻修。此方案的主要优点是无需在楼群区建设周转空间建筑物；但是，这项一次性节省的费用最终将少于施工时间延长五年的递增费用、增加的内部搬迁费用以及租用有限数量办公室和会议设施的费用；", "⑵ 如选择此方案，可能打搅工作人员和代表的工作、会议以及周围楼区的用户。由于施工期较长，这种情况可能持续很长时间。此方案还要求较大一部分施工在下班后时间进行，因此将大幅度增加施工费用；", "⑶ 如采用此方式，项目设计、方案与项目管理和施工的总费用估计数以及周转空间、迁移和租房等附加费用，外加应急费用，估计约为6.51亿瑞郎(相当于6.22亿美元)；", "15. 咨询顾问还对照上述几个规划的实施方案，分析了保持万国宫建筑物现行维修保养方式的效果。如采用此方式，只有在出现关键性的健康、安全、保障需求时，才会立即进行紧急施工。必要的补救施工将在非工作时间进行，因而将大幅度延长施工项目工期并增加其费用。", "16. 如继续采取现行方式，结果将是：", "(a) 由于建筑物不断损耗，紧急施工的次数和费用将增加；", "(b) 由于空间利用效率低和组织机构扩大，久而久之租用空间的费用将增加；", "(c) 因为系统陈旧低效，加上建筑物隔热性能差，所以能源费用将逐渐增加；", "(d) 无法切实遵守当地和国际关于健康、安全、保障和残疾人进出无障碍化的规则和准则，因为只有在进行紧急施工时才能解决这些问题；", "(e) 因为维修规模有限，所以建筑物的资本资产值将下降；", "(f) 由于维修规模有限和费用攀升，几十年后实施建筑物修复和翻新的规模将更大、费用将更高(情况类似于纽约总部的基本建设总计划)；", "17. 对预计各方案所涉经费问题的比较分析表明，本组织继续保持现行的建筑物被动式维修方式的总费用将大幅度超过上文第14段所述的任何规划方案。", "18. 本研究比较了施工费用、周转空间和相关搬迁等项额外费用以及不可预见的紧急施工应急费用，其中考虑到未来的费用攀升和通货膨胀率。除考虑到项目直接费用外，还假设了25年间的维修、能源和所需空间租用费用，以便公平比较各种方式和实施方案。", "19. 据估计，如保持现行的被动式维修方式，未来25年的费用支出约为14亿美元，而中期实施方案(约8年)或长期实施方案(约13年)在同一25年期间的规划施工总费用在12亿美元至13亿美元之间。因此，本组织如实施拟议的规划方案，预计节省费用总额将在1亿至2亿美元之间。", "20. 规划翻新方案除资本费用低于被动式方案外，还可通过将外部租用空间合并于万国宫来提高效率，从而在近期节省大量费用。", "五. 建议的实施方案", "21. 根据咨询顾问的研究结果，建议采用大约为期八年的中期多阶段翻新方案，因为此方案的费用最低，会是打搅程度最小的翻新方案，而且符合本组织在日内瓦的所有关键绩效目标和业务目标。", "22. 此方式所需的周转空间较少，可在万国宫楼群内解决，因此可限制所有业务活动所受的打搅，因为工作人员将留在楼群区。采用此方案使本组织能安排和描述进行所需修复和翻新维修方案施工的方式，并可获得下列主要优势和优点：", "(a) 通过将万国宫的办公室容纳能力增加约25%至30%，合并联合国秘书处在日内瓦的办事机构，预计每个两年期可节省1 400万美元；", "(b) 完全符合所有健康、安全和保障规则以及业内最佳做法标准，包括消除石棉和清除危险物质；", "(c) 提供现代化、灵活的会议室，其中包括行业最新标准技术设备和高效率办公与工作空间，从而圆满回应会员国对有效会议设施的需求；", "(d) 修正目前天窗结构和外部玻璃窗的所有结构问题并加以更换，从而解决紧迫的安全问题；", "(e) 通过在建议的建筑物安装隔热材料、对建筑物系统进行升级和更换现有玻璃窗，可提高能效，减少公用事业费用和缩小碳足迹，每个两年期可节省约170万美元；", "(f) 通过有组织地和集中地进行施工，可满足紧迫需求和长期需求，同时在施工方面获得规模效益；", "(g) 在正常工作时间完成大部分施工，从而缩短项目工期和所需加班时间；", "(h) 解决万国宫残疾人进出无障碍化方面的需求。", "23. 下表概要列出建议的中期分阶段实施方案的总时间表。", "2012-2021年拟议项目时间表", "时间表：中期方案\n 活动 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", "规划前阶段", "方案管理：工作说明书", "方案管理：招标", "项目实施计划", "多年度投资计划", "设计阶段", "施工阶段", "六. 以后步骤", "24. 如果大会核准战略遗产计划的拟议实施方案，以后步骤是使项目保持有限的进展，途径是，使用现有内部资源，建立专职项目团队和由受项目影响的各实务单位组成的高级别咨询委员会，并为其制订职权范围。", "25. 现在的联合国日内瓦办事处中央支助事务厅房舍和工程科将继续专职负责现有设施的日常运行和维修，以确保当前业务的连续性以及联合国日内瓦办事处本组织人员的健康和安全。该科在不增加专职工作人员的情况下，无力管理这个大规模项目。一开始便获得适当数量的专职技术工作人员对圆满实施此项目至关重要。审计委员会在审查战略遗产计划制订工作和加强安全项目实施工作时，对中央支助厅只有“少量(技术)工作人员”管理如此大规模的项目表示担心(见A/65/5(Vol.I)第346和第347段)。", "26. 如果大会批准，专职项目管理小组可于2012年开始工作，以补充房舍和工程科的现有人力。此小组最初可编制必要文件，以在2012年底前招聘一家包含该科不具备的专业人员的方案管理公司。根据预计，该方案管理公司可于2013年制订全面详细的项目实施和阶段划分计划，并列出一切所涉经费问题。", "27. 如本报告所述的拟议以后步骤获得大会核准，秘书长可向大会第六十七届会议提交一份进展报告，说明随后需采取哪些步骤来推进万国宫的翻新和修复。据预计，在根据大会第64/243号决议规定的任务完成基本建设总计划后，本项目的施工便可开始。", "28. 秘书长高兴地通报，瑞士联邦委员会2011年6月决定，东道国瑞士将以上限为5 000万瑞士法郎的自愿捐款参与联合国日内瓦欧洲总部翻新项目。如果瑞士联邦议会两院批准，将于2012年支付这笔一次性捐款，这笔捐款的用途是执行万国宫全面翻新项目中必要的结构性节能措施。因此，该笔捐款将可减少战略遗产计划翻新施工的总费用。", "七. 有待大会采取的行动", "29. 大会不妨采取下列行动：", "(a) 注意到本报告所载的研究结果和建议；", "(b) 原则上核准建议的实施方案，但并不妨碍大会就战略遗产计划作出最终决定；", "(c) 批准上文第24至第27段所述的以后步骤，其2012-2013两年期的估计费用总额为4 069 700美元(按2012-2013年临时费率计算)，其详情见本报告附件。", "附件", "以后步骤在2012-2013两年期所需的经费(按2012-2013年临时费率计算)", "第29 E款，行政，日内瓦", "一般临时人员(1 164 600美元)", "1. 2012-2013两年期所需经费为1 164 600美元，将用于在联合国日内瓦办事处聘用一个初期专职项目管理小组，成员包括一名P-4建筑师、一名P-4工程师和一名P-3技术专家。该小组人员将通过临时空缺通知招聘，工作是审查咨询顾问的研究结果，验证建议的实施方案，编制工作说明书以及编写方案管理公司征聘工作文件。项目管理小组将制订项目管理总则，以及确立与受战略遗产计划最直接影响的实务部门沟通的战略；并将与方案管理公司共同制定下文所述的阶段划分、规划和预算详细程序。", "第34款，房地建筑、改建、装修和主要维修费", "订约承办事务(2 800 000美元)", "2. 2012-2013两年期订约承办所需经费为2 800 000美元，将用于初期聘用一家方案管理公司，其工作是编制总体项目实施阶段划分计划、包括财务分析的多年度资本投资计划以及包括关键里程碑的详细项目时间表。该公司将与联合国日内瓦办事处密切合作，共同确定圆满完成项目各实施阶段所需的专门知识和咨询顾问；并制定类似于基本建设总计划管理结构的总体咨询顾问项目管理结构，包括一套健全的报告制度。完成这些任务后，该公司将提交一份详细报告，说明实施万国宫翻新和修复施工的方法和需求细节。", "所需经费(按2012-2013年临时费率计算)", "(美元)", "款/支出用途 2012-2013年 \n 估计费用 \n 第29 E款，行政，日内瓦 1 164 600 \n 一般临时人员 第34款，房地建筑、改建、装修和主要维修费\t2 800 000 \n 订约承办事务(方案管理公司)^(a) \n 所需经费净额 3 964 600 第37款，工作人员薪金税 105 100 \n 工作人员薪金税^(b) \n 共计 4 069 700", "^(a) 按瑞士法郎(瑞郎)计算，然后以1美元=1.046瑞郎的汇率换算。", "^(b) 以收入款次第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)的相等数额抵消。", "[1] A/64/7/Add.11。", "[2] 大会第61/106号决议附件一。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 134 of the provisional agenda*", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Strategic heritage plan of the United Nations Office at Geneva", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/243. It summarizes the progress made in preparing the strategic heritage plan for the Palais des Nations in Geneva since the last report of the Secretary-General on the subject (A/64/6 (Sect. 33)/Add.1). It outlines the main findings of the conceptual engineering study approved by the Assembly at its sixty-fourth session, and summarizes current facility-related problems identified in the study, which have to be addressed as a matter of urgency owing to structural, health and safety concerns.", "The report highlights significant efficiencies that would be achieved through the implementation of a strategic heritage plan in terms of consolidation, space management and energy conservations. It broadly describes viable options for implementing the necessary restoration and renovation works of the Palais des Nations. It also provides an analysis of project implementation options in terms of operational impact, cost implications and efficiency, and includes an estimate of the overall budget and proposed timeline.", "Based on the results of the study, the Secretary-General recommends that Member States consider favourably and support the proposed implementation option for the strategic heritage plan so as to ensure the continued long-term performance and operational efficiency of the Palais des Nations in Geneva.", "The recommended renovation and restoration implementation option, to be undertaken upon the completion of the capital master plan at Headquarters in New York, would require preparatory programme management and planning during 2012-2013. Estimates of the related resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013 (amounting to $4.1 million) are provided in the annex to this report, should the General Assembly wish to proceed with activities in the forthcoming biennium.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII. Background 3III.Results 4 of the conceptual engineering and architectural \nstudy IV.Analysis 8 of options for executing the restoration and renovation \nworks V.Recommended 11 implementation \noption VI.Next 12 \nsteps VII.Actions 13 to be taken by the General \nAssembly \nAnnex Resource 14 requirements for the nextstepsin the biennium2012-2013 (at \npreliminary2012‑2013rates)", "I. Introduction", "1. Following the submission of the report of the Secretary-General (A/64/6 (Sect. 33)/Add.1), which summarized the preliminary evaluation of the current physical status of the buildings and facility-related matters at the Palais des Nations, the Secretary-General proposed, as a next step, to undertake a conceptual engineering and architectural study as the first important milestone and decision point for consideration by Member States. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions recommended in its twelfth report[1] that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to monitor the strategic heritage plan project closely and to include in his report to the Assembly any developments, including those that might have financial implications.", "2. In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly on the outcome of the proposed conceptual engineering study of the strategic heritage plan, including an estimate of the overall costs and timeline of the project. In the same resolution, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to ensure that the conceptual engineering and architectural study identified all viable alternatives in the most cost-effective and efficient manner.", "II. Background", "3. The preliminary study, conducted in 2009 and reported on to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session, provided an initial physical assessment of the buildings at the Palais des Nations, and highlighted the many and diverse maintenance challenges that have resulted from normal deterioration over the past 70 years of use. Since the date of construction, which was 70 years ago for the Palais des Nations and 40 years ago for building E, the buildings and their annexes have undergone only the minimal maintenance and repairs considered necessary for their remaining functional. The present deterioration of the Palais des Nations has already resulted in a steady increase in maintenance needs and costs for the Organization.", "4. As noted in the same report, the progressively dilapidated buildings of the Palais des Nations pose an increasing risk to the safety, security and health of the United Nations delegates, staff and civil society representatives, and the more than 100,000 visitors per year.", "5. Building upon the results of the preliminary study conducted in 2009, a conceptual engineering and architectural study was initiated in August 2010 and conducted over a period of six months. As part of the study, the consultant, accompanied by the United Nations Office at Geneva project team, visited Headquarters in New York to meet with senior management from the Department of Management, including the Office of Central Support Services and the Office of the Capital Master Plan, to be able to benefit first-hand from the lessons learned during the planning phases of the capital master plan and to incorporate the recommended best practices into the project planning process of the strategic heritage plan. The consultant submitted the final report on the conceptual engineering and architectural study in February 2011.", "III. Results of the conceptual engineering and architectural study", "6. At the outset, the United Nations Office at Geneva established the key performance objectives for the strategic heritage plan as a benchmark for the consultant to ensure that the facilities meet the Organization’s functional and operational goals, provide conference services that address the current and future needs of the United Nations, and provide space for the staff and delegates at the Palais des Nations in accordance with industry best practices. Following a series of assessments and interim reports, the consultant presented the findings and recommendations that are summarized within this report.", "Key performance objectives", "7. The overall process is to be guided by a set of key performance objectives. Adherence to these objectives will ensure that efficient, accessible and safe conference facilities and office spaces are provided. The established key performance objectives are:", "(a) To optimize the use of the available interior space and conference facilities, and provide efficient office spaces and technologically functional conference rooms;", "(b) To meet all local and international regulations related to fire, structural and building safety, health and accessibility; and comply with all United Nations Headquarters Minimum Operating Security Standards guidelines;", "(c) To update the building exterior and electromechanical systems so as to reduce energy consumption costs;", "(d) To upgrade and expand the information and communications networks, broadcasting facilities and congress systems to meet current industry standards;", "(e) To prevent irreversible deterioration or damage, and restore and maintain the capital value of the Palais des Nations and its content, specifically its historic archives;", "(f) To guarantee and ensure business and operational continuity, that is, the maintenance of the day-to-day business at the Palais des Nations throughout any renovation and restoration implementation.", "8. Given these objectives, the consultant reviewed the detailed findings of the preliminary study, which formed the bases of the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session and conducted an in-depth inspection and assessment of the condition of the buildings and their infrastructures. The consultant identified the major renovation and restoration works required and took into account the utilization of the premises and energy performance, while developing the appropriate implementation options for executing the recommended works.", "9. In this context, the consultant also evaluated the operational implications should only limited renovation and restoration, based on the most urgent works related to safety and security requirements, be executed in the foreseeable future.", "Major findings of the conceptual engineering and architectural study", "10. The study establishes that the state of the buildings of the Palais des Nations is undermining the efforts of the United Nations Office at Geneva not only to ensure the safety and security of its users but also to deliver its mandated services. Throughout the years, energy and maintenance demands have increased steadily owing to the age of the facilities. Even if limited timely corrective actions are undertaken, they will not prevent these costs from growing exponentially.", "11. Furthermore, the consultant confirmed that the deterioration of the Palais des Nations has reached a crucial point, and that, soon, the United Nations Office at Geneva may be unable to continue to offer functional facilities to its many users, unless an overall renovation is undertaken. The consultant’s major findings and recommended remedial actions with respect to each of the performance objectives are set out below:", "(a) Optimize the use of the available interior space and conference facilities, and provide efficient office spaces and technologically functional conference rooms:", "Office space", "(i) The study has confirmed that the utilization of the existing office space in the Palais des Nations could be improved dramatically. Comparison with current office space guidelines implemented at Headquarters suggests an underutilization of office space at Geneva in the magnitude of 25 to 30 per cent;", "(ii) Through a proposed entire refurbishment of the current office space, with a complete new configuration of the floors within the main office buildings, it would be feasible to accommodate up to 700 additional staff members within the existing premises;", "(iii) Geneva-based entities of the United Nations Secretariat have grown significantly over time. Owing to the shortage of office space within the Palais des Nations, suitable facilities had to be rented outside of the compound. The implementation of the strategic heritage plan would permit a consolidation of the United Nations entities in Geneva within the Palais des Nations. This would greatly enhance operational efficiencies and result in savings (in rent, utilities, security and other associated charges) of approximately $14 million per biennium;", "Conference rooms", "(iv) Currently, the United Nations Office at Geneva conference facility offers 34 conference rooms of various sizes and configurations and serves as one of the major conference facilities for Member States. Several conference rooms have been upgraded and refurbished over time. However, there is still an urgent need to renovate the remaining conference rooms and to install updated communication and audio-visual technologies, to modernize support areas, to improve interpreter booths and to add workspaces;", "(v) In order that current and future conference needs may be addressed, the consultant recommends space reconfiguration and consolidation. The conference rooms would be adjusted in their configuration to permit a more flexible utilization. Outdated equipment would be replaced through investing in current technology, including digital interpretation systems;", "(b) Meet all local and international regulations related to fire, structural and building safety, health and accessibility, and comply with all United Nations Minimum Operating Security Standards guidelines:", "(i) Currently, the compound does not comply with applicable local and international regulations, such as fire protection, structural seismic considerations, and other industry standard practices, nor does it comply with all the recommended Minimum Operating Security Standards blast safety guidelines, which guarantee the health and safety of the work environment. Compliance with local regulations is recommended and appropriate measures should be taken to ensure that current industry practices are met;", "(ii) The Palais des Nations currently lacks a proper fire partitioning system throughout its buildings. Appropriate measures need to be taken to minimize the associated risks;", "(iii) The issues of asbestos abatement and the removal of other hazardous polluting materials need to be addressed. Currently, ongoing maintenance and installation of a proper fire prevention system can take place only following asbestos abatement, requiring, in some cases, the closing of building sections, which disrupts the day-to-day business operations;", "(iv) The structural surveys of the buildings have revealed corrosion problems. Significant decay in the anchors of the stone facade of one building needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency;", "(v) While the United Nations Office at Geneva has installed new security systems around the compound to comply with United Nations Minimum Operating Security Standards, the blast vulnerability of the facilities still remains a safety concern. Shattered glazing from skylights could be a threat for delegates and other users, specifically in the Assembly Hall. The removal or replacement of the skylights is recommended;", "(vi) Current building accessibility for persons with disabilities does not comply with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.[2] Suitable solutions need to be implemented in accordance with General Assembly resolutions;", "(c) Update the building exterior and electromechanical infrastructure systems so as to reduce energy consumption costs:", "(i) The condition of the infrastructure within the Palais des Nations has fallen well below acceptable standards. The age of the plant machinery limits the systems’ performance and efficiency. Over the years, there has been a significant increase in electrical power consumption within the Palais des Nations. As a result, the electrical power distribution network and the related infrastructure, specifically in office areas, have become insufficient. The age of this supply system necessitates a major overhaul. Additionally, there is only one heating and cooling distribution circuit within the buildings. It is more efficient to create distribution circuits by zone in order to achieve better environmental control levels and lower energy consumption, as well as improve the insulation of water and air distribution networks;", "(ii) The study also highlights the poor to non-existent ventilation in most office areas. An overall action plan would be undertaken regarding electricity distribution, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, including the upgrading and replacement of the current cooling systems;", "(iii) The United Nations Office at Geneva works hand in hand with the host country in its efforts to implement its policies for sustainable development, decrease of energy consumption and the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Despite continuous efforts made by the United Nations Office at Geneva to reduce energy consumption and costs, there has been limited success owing to the lack of thermal insulation of the exterior building facades and windows, combined with the outdated technical infrastructure. The strategic heritage plan would dramatically improve the thermal insulation on facades and windows in the historic building. The upgrading of the exterior insulation of the buildings would also allow the United Nations Office at Geneva to instal a low temperature system and thus replace natural gas as the primary energy source. Water from Lake Geneva is already being used for cooling part of the buildings dating from 2009, and could be further utilized for heating;", "(iv) The implementation of the strategic heritage plan is expected to result in a reduction in energy consumption at the Palais des Nations of approximately 25 per cent, which would translate into savings of $1.7 million per biennium;", "(d) Upgrade and expand the information and communications networks, broadcasting facilities and congress systems to meet current industry standards:", "(i) Owing to the advances in the information technology, communications and audio-visual field, there is an urgent need to replace the cabling and obsolete broadcasting facilities and conference systems. Under the strategic heritage plan, it is proposed that current technology in all of the conference rooms be installed, that local distribution equipment and outlets be replaced in order to enlarge capacity and that the capacity of the telephony system be renewed and expanded;", "(ii) Works relating to information technology systems include updating and installing Wi-Fi services in conference rooms. It is necessary to upgrade videoconference systems and to improve the optical fibre network throughout the campus so as to guarantee the recording and distribution of video and audio signals in every conference room. Upgrading of the existing data cabling, installation of public address systems and integration of all new services are also required;", "(e) Prevent irreversible deterioration or damage, and restore and maintain the capital value of the Palais des Nations and its content, specifically its historic archives:", "(i) The Palais des Nations is a historic building dating back to the era of the League of Nations. It is an important piece of historic architecture and houses important pieces of artwork as well as the archives of the League of Nations. The study suggests that actions be taken to prevent further deterioration of, and irreversible damage to, the buildings and its contents;", "(ii) The League of Nations archives are listed in the Memory of the World Register of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The extensive archival documents in their current location are at risk of destruction and/or deterioration from the threat of fire, humidity, flooding and lack of temperature control;", "(iii) Under the strategic heritage plan, all possible archival options, including the use of new technology and appropriate storage space, will be assessed, and a long-term solution for the preservation of the irreplaceable collection of historic documents would be implemented in line with the preservation requirements for archival material;", "(f) Guarantee and ensure business and operational continuity, that is, the maintenance of the day-to-day business at the Palais des Nations throughout any renovation and restoration implementation:", "(i) The day-to-day operational functions of the Palais des Nations, with respect to ensuring satisfactory current and up-to-date future conference services, are fully considered and analysed within the context of the implementation options and recommendations of the consultant.", "IV. Analysis of options for executing the restoration and renovation works", "12. The consultant reviewed a number of ways of executing the identified building restoration and renovation works. Three distinctly different project implementation options were identified, namely, a fast-track (approximately 5-year) implementation, a phased implementation over a medium-term (approximately 8-year) period, and a phased implementation a long-term (approximately 13-year) period.", "13. The implementation options differ mainly in terms of the required extent and location of the swing space. The fast-track implementation option would require most, if not all, of the swing space and the relocation of operations out of the compound. The main objective of the medium-term and long-term planned approaches would be to allow all activities at the United Nations Office at Geneva to remain operational within the premises of the Palais des Nations while renovation and restoration works are being implemented. The medium-term phased implementation option requires swing space for approximately one third of the operations at the United Nations Office at Geneva which could be located within the compound. The long-term phased implementation option reduces the need for swing space, in rented space outside the compound, to a minimum.", "14. The impact of these three planned implementation options and their associated costs are described further below. All costs, which were originally developed in Swiss francs (CHF) and have been converted using a current operational exchange rate of 1 United States dollar (US$) = 1.046 CHF, would need to be recalculated based on the updated exchange rate at the time the project is executed.", "(a) Fast-track implementation option (approximately five years):", "(i) Under the fast-track implementation option, the actions would be undertaken in the shortest time possible with works undertaken concurrently. This option would require relocating all of the activities of the United Nations Office at Geneva into rental space outside the compound. Finding suitable temporary rental space for offices and conferences will be highly problematic within the context of the existing and foreseeable real estate market in Geneva. The required exterior swing space would add significant costs to this option, which would not be offset by a reduction in construction costs;", "(ii) Under this approach, the overall estimated costs of the project for design, programme and project management, and construction and additional costs for other related items such as swing space, relocation and rental, together with contingencies, were estimated to be in the range of approximately CHF 684 million (equivalent to US$ 654 million);", "(b) Medium-term implementation option (approximately eight years):", "(i) The medium-term option would balance the advantages and savings of executing a majority of the construction works in logical groupings, and the limited swing space required to accommodate an estimated 1,000 staff members. The required temporary facilities to be constructed could be accommodated within the compound. Consequently, the buildings under construction could be isolated when work is undertaken, which would reduce the risks of exposure of staff to construction-related activities and minimize inconveniences such as construction noise and exposure to hazardous materials, among others;", "(ii) Under this approach, the overall estimated costs of the project for design, programme and project management, and construction and additional costs for other related items such as swing space, relocation and rental, together with contingencies, were estimated in the range of approximately CHF 618 million (equivalent to US$ 591 million);", "(c) Long-term implementation option (approximately 13 years):", "(i) A third alternative for implementation of the strategic heritage plan would be to refurbish the buildings segment by segment and, in some areas, floor by floor. The main benefit of this option would be to eliminate the need for construction of a swing-space structure on the compound; however, this one-time savings would ultimately be outweighed by the increased costs for construction over an additional five years, increased internal relocation costs, and those for the rental of a limited number of offices and conference facilities;", "(ii) Choosing this option could result in disruption to the work of staff and delegates, conferences and occupants in adjacent building areas, which might remain a factor for a significant period of time as construction activities were prolonged. This option would also require a greater portion of the work to be implemented during non-working hours, significantly increasing the construction costs;", "(iii) Under this approach, the overall estimated costs of the project for design, programme and project management, and construction and additional costs for other related items such as swing space, relocation and rental, together with contingencies, were estimated in the range of approximately CHF 651 million (equivalent to US$ 622 million).", "15. The consultant also analysed the impacts of maintaining, in contrast with the above planned implementation options, the current approach to building upkeep and maintenance of the Palais des Nations. Under this approach, only immediate urgent works needed to address critical health, safety and security requirements would be carried out as and when they arose. Necessary stopgap works would be implemented during non-working hours, which would greatly increase both the duration of the projects and their cost.", "16. Continued implementation of the current approach would result in:", "(a) Increased frequency and cost of urgent works due to the buildings’ progressive deterioration;", "(b) Increased rental costs over time, due to inefficient space utilization and organizational expansion;", "(c) Progressively increasing energy costs due to outdated and inefficient systems, and poor insulation in the buildings;", "(d) Nominal compliance with local and international regulations and guidelines related to health, safety, security and accessibility for persons with disabilities, as these issues would be addressed only when urgent works were implemented;", "(e) Reduction of the capital asset value of the buildings due to limited maintenance;", "(f) A larger and more costly building restoration and renovation after several decades (similar to the capital master plan at United Nations Headquarters in New York), due to limited maintenance and cost escalations.", "17. A comparative analysis of the projected financial implications of the different options revealed that the total costs to the Organization of continuing the current reactive building maintenance approach would far exceed those for any of the planned options outlined in paragraph 14 above.", "18. During this study, construction costs, additional allowances for, inter alia, swing space and related moves, and contingencies for unforeseen urgent works, were compared, taking into account future cost escalation and inflation rates. In addition to consideration of the direct project costs, there have been assumptions made based on a 25-year period for maintenance, energy and required rental costs, providing an equal comparison of the approaches and implementation options.", "19. It was estimated that the costs for continuing the current reactive maintenance approach would result in expenditures of approximately $1.4 billion over the next 25 years, while the total amount for the planned works, either the medium-term implementation option (approximately 8 years) or the long-term implementation option (approximately 13 years), over the same period of 25 years would be in the range of $1.2 billion-$1.3 billion. Therefore, the overall projected savings to the Organization in implementing the proposed planned options would be in the range of $100 million-$200 million.", "20. Besides the lower capital costs of a planned renovation vis-à-vis the reactive option, there would also be significant near-term cost benefits secured from the efficiencies gained through consolidation of external rentals into space accommodation at the Palais des Nations.", "V. Recommended implementation option", "21. Based on the consultant’s findings, the medium-term multiphased renovation over a period of approximately eight years is the recommended way to proceed, as it would result in the lowest cost, would be the least disruptive renovation option and would meet all the key performance objectives and operational goals of the Organization in Geneva.", "22. The need for swing space under this approach is reduced and can be accommodated within the compound, thus limiting disturbance to all the operations, as staff will remain in the compound. Pursuing this option would allow the Organization to organize and describe the means by which the required restoration and renovation maintenance programme works would be implemented, and would result in the following major advantages and benefits:", "(a) Consolidation of United Nations Secretariat presence in Geneva through increased office accommodation capacity within the Palais des Nations by some 25‑30 per cent, resulting in projected savings of $14 million per biennium;", "(b) Full compliance with all health, safety and security regulations and industry best practice standards, including asbestos abatement and removal of hazardous materials;", "(c) Provision of modern, flexible conference rooms with up-to-date industry standard technologies and efficient office and workspaces which would successfully respond to requirements of Member States in terms of effective meeting facilities;", "(d) Repair of all structural problems and replacement of the current skylight structures and exterior glazing so as to address pressing safety concerns;", "(e) Reduced utility costs and carbon footprint due to improved energy efficiency, with the installation of thermal insulation, the upgrade of building systems and the replacement of the existing glazing in recommended buildings, which would result in a savings of approximately $1.7 million per biennium;", "(f) Implementation of construction works in an organized and consolidated manner, which would satisfy urgent requirements and long-term needs, while taking advantage of economies of scale in construction activities;", "(g) Completion of most works during regular working hours, thereby reducing project duration and need for overtime;", "(h) Addressing of the requirements for accessibility of the Palais des Nations.", "23. The table below outlines the overall schedule for the recommended medium-term phased implementation option.", "Proposed project schedules, 2012-2021", "Timeline: medium-term approach\n Activities 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", "Pre-planning phase", "Programme management statement of work", "Programme management solicitation", "Project implementation plan", "Multi-annual investment plan", "Design phase", "Construction phase", "VI. Next steps", "24. Subject to endorsement by the General Assembly of the proposed implementation option for the strategic heritage plan, the next steps would entail maintaining limited project progression by using existing internal resources to develop terms of reference for establishing a dedicated project team and senior-level advisory committee comprising the substantive offices that would be affected by the project.", "25. The current Buildings and Engineering Section of Central Support Services at the United Nations Office at Geneva will continue to be dedicated to the day-to-day operations and maintenance of the existing facilities so as to ensure ongoing business continuity, and the health and safety of the Organization at the United Nations Office at Geneva. The Section is not in a position to manage this extensive project without additional dedicated staff. Securing the appropriate level of dedicated technical staff capacity from the beginning would be vital for the successful implementation of the project. The Board of Auditors, in the context of the preparatory work of the strategic heritage plan and implementation of security strengthening projects, expressed its concerns regarding the “small number of (technical) staff” in Central Support Services available for management of projects of this order of magnitude (see A/65/5 (Vol. I), paras. 346-347).", "26. Subject to the approval of the General Assembly, a dedicated project management team could begin work in 2012 to supplement the existing Buildings and Engineering Section staff capacity. This team could initially prepare the documentation necessary to secure a programme management firm, consisting of specialized professionals not available within the Section, by the end of 2012. It is envisioned that during 2013, the programme management firm could develop an overall detailed project implementation and phasing plan inclusive of all financial implications.", "27. Should the proposed next steps described in this report be endorsed by the General Assembly, the Secretary-General could then provide a progress report during the sixty-seventh session of the Assembly regarding the proposed ensuing steps that would be necessary to advance the renovation and restoration of the Palais des Nations. It is envisioned that the construction aspects of the project could begin following the completion of the capital master plan in accordance with the mandate of the Assembly set out in its resolution 64/243.", "28. The Secretary-General is pleased to advise that the Swiss Federal Council decided in June 2011 that Switzerland, as host country, will participate in the renovation of the European headquarters of the United Nations in Geneva through a voluntary contribution of up to a maximum of 50 million Swiss francs. Subject to approval by the Swiss Federal Chambers, this single contribution, to be paid in 2012, is intended for the implementation of necessary structural measures for energy saving to be undertaken in the context of the comprehensive renovation of the Palais des Nations. As such, the contribution will result in a corresponding deduction of the total cost of the renovation works to be carried out in the context of the strategic heritage plan.", "VII. Actions to be taken by the General Assembly", "29. The General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Take note of the findings and recommendations contained in the present report;", "(b) Endorse, in principle, the recommended implementation option, without prejudice to a final decision by the General Assembly on the strategic heritage plan;", "(c) Approve the next steps outlined in paragraphs 24-27 above at a total estimated cost of $4,069,700 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates) in the biennium 2012-2013, as further detailed in the annex to this report.", "Annex", "Resource requirements for the next steps in the biennium 2012-2013 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates)", "Section 29E, Administration, Geneva", "General temporary assistance ($1,164,600)", "1. Resource requirement of $1,164,600 would cover an initial dedicated project management team at the United Nations Office at Geneva, comprising one P-4 Architect, one P-4 Engineer and one P-3 technical expert, during the biennium 2012-2013. This team would be hired through temporary vacancy announcements and would review the consultancy findings, validate the recommended implementation, prepare the statements of works and develop the documentation for the solicitation process for securing a programme management firm. The project management team would develop overall project management guidelines and establish communication strategies with the substantive offices that would be most directly affected by the strategic heritage plan; and would collaborate with the programme management firm on the detailed phasing, planning and budgeting process, as described below.", "Section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "Contractual services ($2,800,000)", "2. Contractual resource requirements of $2,800,000 for the biennium 2012-2013 would cover the initial services of a programme management firm in developing the overall project implementation phasing plan, the multi-annual capital investment plan inclusive of financial analyses, and a detailed project schedule with key milestones. The firm would work closely with the United Nations Office at Geneva project management team on determining the necessary expertise and consultants required for the success of the project during all the phases of its implementation; and develop an overall consultant project management structure, similar to the management structure of the capital master plan, with a robust reporting system. At the conclusion of these tasks, the firm would provide a detailed report on the means of, and detailed requirements for, implementing the renovation and restoration works at the Palais des Nations.", "Resource requirements (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates)", "(United States dollars)", "Section/object of expenditure 2012-2013 estimate", "29E, Administration, Geneva", "General temporary assistance 1 164 600", "34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "Contractual services (programme management 2 800 000 firm)^(a)", "Net requirements 3 964 600", "37, Staff assessment", "Staff assessment^(b) 105 100", "Total 4 069 700", "^(a) Calculated in Swiss francs (CHF) and converted based on a rate of 1 US$ = 1.046 CHF.", "^(b) To be offset by an equivalent amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment.", "[1] A/64/7/Add.11.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 61/106, annex I." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 134 of the provisional agenda*", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Strategic heritage plan of the United Nations Office at Geneva", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/243. The present report provides an overview of the progress made in the development of the strategic heritage plan at the Palais des Nations in Geneva since the previous report of the Secretary-General on the subject (A/64/6 (Sect. 33)/Add.1). The present report summarizes the main findings of the conceptual engineering study approved by the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session and outlines the issues raised in the study in relation to existing facilities, which need to be addressed as a matter of urgency, given structural, health and safety concerns.", "The present report highlights that the implementation of the strategic heritage plan will result in significant efficiencies in integration, space management and energy efficiency. The present report provides an overview of viable options for the necessary restoration and renovation works at the Palais des Nations. The report also analyses the various project implementation options from the perspective of operational impact, cost and efficiency, and provides overall budget estimates and proposed timelines.", "On the basis of the findings of the study, the Secretary-General recommends that Member States actively consider and support the proposed implementation of the strategic heritage plan in order to ensure that the performance and operational efficiency of the Palais des Nations in Geneva are maintained over the long term.", "The proposed renovation and rehabilitation implementation programme will be implemented after the completion of the capital master plan at Headquarters in New York and will require preparatory programme management and planning during 2012-2013. Should the General Assembly wish to undertake related activities in the coming biennium 2012-2013, the annex to the present report contains an estimate of the related funding requirements for the biennium (in the amount of $4.1 million).", "Contents", "3. Results of the conceptual and architectural studies", "Introduction", "1. The report of the Secretary-General (A/64/6 (Sect. 33)/Add.1) provides an overview of the preliminary assessment of the current physical status of the Palais des Nations building and issues related to facilities. Following the submission of the report, the Secretary-General recommended that the next step be the conceptual engineering and architectural study, which would be the first important milestone and decision point for consideration by Member States. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in its twelfth report, recommended that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to closely monitor the strategic heritage plan project and to include in his report to the Assembly any developments, including possible financial implications.", "2. In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly on the results of the proposed conceptual engineering study on the strategic heritage plan, including the overall cost estimates and timetable of the project. In the same resolution, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to ensure that conceptual engineering and architectural research identified all feasible options in the most cost-effective and efficient manner.", "Background", "3. The preliminary study was conducted in 2009 and the report was submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session. The study provided a preliminary assessment of the physical situation at the Palais des Nations and highlighted a wide range of maintenance challenges arising from normal wear and tear during 70 years of use. Since its completion (70 years ago at the Palais des Nations and 40 years ago at Building E), only the minimum level of maintenance and repair necessary to maintain the buildings and their annex has been performed. The current state of wear and tear at the Palais des Nations has led to increasing maintenance needs and costs for the Organization.", "4. As indicated in the same report, the buildings at the Palais des Nations have been in disrepair for a long time, increasing the safety and security and health risks faced by United Nations representatives, staff and representatives of civil society, as well as by over 100,000 visitors each year.", "5. Based on the results of a preliminary study conducted in 2009, a conceptual engineering and construction study was launched in August 2010, which lasted six months. As part of the study, a consultant, accompanied by a project team from the United Nations Office at Geneva, visited Headquarters in New York and met with senior management of the Department of Management, including the Office of Central Support Services and the Office of the Capital Master Plan, to gain a direct understanding of lessons learned from the planning phase of the capital master plan and to incorporate recommended best practices into the project planning process of the strategic heritage plan. The consultant submitted a final report on the conceptual engineering and architectural study in February 2011.", "Results of conceptual engineering and architectural studies", "6. At the outset of the study, the United Nations Office at Geneva established key performance targets for the strategic heritage plan, providing a benchmark for consultants to ensure that the Palais des Nations facility meets the functional and operational objectives of the Organization in accordance with industry best practices, provides conference services to meet the current and future needs of the United Nations and provides space for staff and delegates. Following a series of assessments and interim reports, the consultants submitted their findings and recommendations, which are summarized in the present report.", "Key performance objectives", "7. A set of key performance objectives will be followed throughout the process. Compliance with these objectives will ensure the provision of efficient, accessible and secure conference facilities and office space. The key performance objectives set are:", "(a) Optimizing the use of existing in-house space and conference facilities and providing efficient office space and technically functional conference rooms;", "(b) Comply with all local and international rules on fire, structural and building safety, health and accessibility; and comply with all United Nations Headquarters minimum operating security standards guidelines;", "(c) Upgrading the exterior and electromechanical systems of buildings to reduce energy consumption costs;", "(d) Upgrading and expanding information and communications networks, broadcasting facilities and conference systems to meet current industry standards;", "(e) To prevent irreparable loss or damage and to restore and maintain the capital value of the Palais des Nations and its contents, in particular its historical archives;", "(f) To safeguard and ensure operational and operational continuity, that is, to maintain the day-to-day operations of the Palais des Nations during any renovation or restoration.", "8. In line with those objectives, the consultant reviewed the detailed findings of the preliminary study on which the report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session was based and conducted an in-depth inspection and assessment of the condition of the buildings and their infrastructure. The consultant identified the major renovation and restoration work required, taking into account site utilization and energy efficiency, and developed appropriate options for the implementation of the proposed work.", "9. In this regard, the consultant also assessed the operational implications of implementing only limited renovations and repairs (most urgently needed works related to safety and security needs) in the foreseeable future.", "Main findings of the conceptual engineering and architectural studies", "10. The study identified that the condition of the Palais des Nations buildings currently hampers not only the efforts of the United Nations Office at Geneva to ensure the safety and security of users, but also its efforts to provide the services it receives. Energy and maintenance needs have gradually increased over the years as a result of ageing facilities. Even if limited rehabilitation measures were taken in a timely manner, it would be impossible to avoid a doubling of costs.", "11. In addition, the consultant confirmed that the depletion of the Palais des Nations had reached a critical point and that the United Nations Office at Geneva might not be in a position to continue to provide available facilities to a large number of users in the near future, unless there was a complete renovation. The main findings of the consultants on each performance goal and recommended remedial measures were:", "(a) Optimizing the use of existing in-house space and conference facilities to provide efficient office space and technically functional conference rooms:", "Office space", "(1) The study confirmed that the use of existing office space at the Palais des Nations could be significantly improved. A comparison with current office space guidelines at Headquarters indicates that the underutilization of office space at Geneva is about 25 to 30 per cent;", "(2) The proposed complete renovation of the existing office space and the reconfiguration of the entire floors of the main office building would allow the existing space to accommodate up to 700 additional staff;", "(3) The number of Geneva-based entities of the United Nations Secretariat has increased significantly over time. Owing to the lack of office space in the Palais des Nations, it was necessary to rent suitable facilities outside the compound of the Palais des Nations. Through the implementation of the strategic heritage plan, United Nations entities in Geneva could be concentrated at the Palais des Nations. This would significantly improve operational efficiency, with savings of approximately $14 million per biennium (including rent, utilities, security and other related costs);", "Room", "(4) Currently, the conference facilities at the United Nations Office at Geneva have 34 conference rooms of various sizes and layouts, one of the main conference facilities available to Member States. Several conference rooms have been renovated and renovated for a long time. However, there is still a need to renovate the remaining conference rooms and install up-to-date communications and audio-visual technology equipment, modernize the support areas and improve interpretation booths and additional work space;", "(5) In order to address current and future meeting needs, the consultant recommended the reconfiguration and consolidation of space. The conference rooms will be restructured to increase flexibility in their use. Investments will be made in current generic technologies, including digital interpretation systems, to replace obsolete equipment;", "(b) Comply with all local and international rules on fire, structural and building safety, health and accessibility; and comply with all United Nations minimum operating security standards guidelines:", "(1) At present, the Palais des Nations complex does not comply with local and international rules, such as fire, structural earthquake and other industry standard practices, nor does it fully comply with the blast safety guidelines recommended by the minimum operating security standards. These rules and guidelines ensure the health and safety of the working environment. Recommend compliance with local rules and should take appropriate measures to ensure compliance with existing industry practices;", "(2) The Palais des Nations complex currently lacks an adequate fire-proof isolation system. Appropriate measures are needed to reduce associated risks;", "(3) The need to address asbestos removal and other hazardous pollutants. The ongoing maintenance and installation of appropriate fire protection systems can only be carried out after asbestos removal, sometimes requiring the closure of parts of the building, thus disrupting day-to-day operations;", "(4) A structural survey of buildings revealed problems of corrosion. (a) The grave deterioration of the positive foundations of a building and its urgent need to be addressed;", "(5) Although a new minimum operating security standards-compliant security system has been installed around the United Nations Office at Geneva complex, the vulnerability of facilities to blast remains a security risk. Skyglass fragments could threaten delegates and other users, especially in the General Assembly Hall. It is recommended that skylights be removed or replaced;", "(6) The current accessibility of buildings for persons with disabilities is incompatible with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. [2] The need for appropriate solutions based on General Assembly resolutions;", "(c) Upgrading of the building ' s exterior and electromechanical infrastructure to reduce energy consumption costs:", "(1) The internal infrastructure of the Palais des Nations is now below acceptable standards. The ageing of the electromechanical system limits its performance and efficiency. Electricity consumption at the Palais des Nations has increased significantly over the years. As a result, the distribution network and related infrastructure, especially in the office area, are no longer adequate. Aging power supply systems require major repairs. In addition, there is only one heating and cooling configuration loop within the complex. A more efficient approach would be to establish zonal configuration loops to improve the level of environmental control and reduce energy consumption, and to better isolate water and air distribution networks;", "(2) The study also highlighted poor or no ventilation facilities in most office areas. Recommends the implementation of a comprehensive action plan to address the distribution, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, including the upgrading and replacement of existing cooling systems;", "(3) The United Nations Office at Geneva works with the host country to implement policies for sustainable development, reduction of energy consumption and reduction of CO2 emissions. Despite ongoing efforts by the United Nations Office at Geneva to reduce energy consumption and costs, the lack of heat insulation on the outside of buildings and windows, coupled with outdated technical infrastructure, has had only limited results. The strategic heritage plan will significantly improve the insulation of the exterior and windows of the historic building. The upgrading of the exterior insulation of buildings will also enable the United Nations Office at Geneva to install cryogenic systems, thereby replacing natural gas as a major energy source. Since 2009, the Office has used Lake Geneva water to cool some of the buildings of the complex, which can also be used for heating;", "(4) Energy consumption at the Palais des Nations is expected to be reduced by approximately 25 per cent through the implementation of the strategic heritage plan, or $1.7 million in savings per biennium;", "(d) Upgrading and expanding information and communication networks, broadcasting facilities and conference systems to meet current industry standards:", "(1) As a result of advances in information technology, communications and audiovisual, there is an urgent need to replace cables and outdated broadcasting facilities and conference systems. The strategic heritage plan proposes the installation of current general-purpose technical equipment in all conference rooms, the replacement of local power distribution equipment and power outlets to increase capacity, and the upgrading and expansion of the telephone communications system;", "(2) Work related to information technology systems includes upgrading and installing wireless security services in conference rooms. The videoconferencing system needs to be upgraded and the fibre-optic network throughout the complex improved to ensure the recording and delivery of video and audio signals in each conference room. There is also a need to upgrade existing data cables, install public broadcasting systems and integrate all new service modes.", "(e) To prevent irreparable loss or damage and to restore and maintain the capital value of the Palais des Nations and its contents, in particular its historical archives:", "(1) The Palais des Nations is a historic building built back in the era of the League of Nations. It is an important historical work of construction and contains important works of art and League of Nations archives. The study recommended actions to prevent further wear and tear and irreversible damage to buildings and their contents;", "(2) The League of Nations archives are included in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ' s World Memory Directory. There is a risk of damage from the current location of a large number of archival documents, such as fire, tide, water intrusion and lack of temperature regulation;", "(3) Under the strategic heritage plan, all possible archival protection measures will be assessed, including the introduction of new technologies and appropriate storage space, and a long-term solution will be adopted for the preservation of the collection of irreplaceable historical documents, in accordance with preservation requirements for archival material;", "(f) To safeguard and ensure operational and operational continuity, that is, to maintain the day-to-day operations of the Palais des Nations during any renovation or restoration:", "(1) In implementing the programme and recommendations, the consultant has fully taken into account and analysed the question of how the day-to-day operational functions of the Palais des Nations can ensure satisfactory delivery of current and up-to-date conference services in the future;", "IV. Analysis of the various implementation options for the restoration and renovation works", "12. The consultants reviewed several ways to implement the restoration and renovation of the identified buildings. Three different project implementation programmes have been identified, namely: rapid implementation (approximately five years), medium-term phased implementation (approximately eight years) and long-term phased implementation (approximately 13 years).", "13. The main difference between the implementation programmes is the number and location of swing space requirements. The Quick Implementation Programme requires the use of large or even full swing space and the relocation of operations outside the Palais des Nations complex. The main objective of the medium- and long-term programme is to allow all activities of the United Nations Office at Geneva to be carried out within the Palais des Nations during the renovation and restoration work. The medium-term phased implementation of the programme requires that approximately one third of the United Nations Office at Geneva operations use swing space, which could be located within the compound of the Palais des Nations. The long-term phased implementation programme will be based on rental space outside the complex as swing space and will be reduced to a minimum.", "14. The impact of the three planned implementation programmes and their associated costs are further described below. All costs were originally calculated in Swiss francs (Swiss franc) and are now at current operational rates of $1", "(a) Rapid implementation programme (approximately 5 years)", "(1) Under the Quick Implementation Programme, the components will be carried out simultaneously to implement the operation in the shortest possible time. The programme will require the relocation of all activities of the United Nations Office at Geneva to rented space outside the compound of the Palais des Nations. Finding suitable temporary rental office and meeting space in the existing and visible real estate market in Geneva is problematic. The requirement for external swing space has resulted in a significant increase in the cost of the programme, which cannot be offset by a reduction in construction costs;", "(2) In this way, the total estimated cost of project design, programme and project management and construction, as well as additional costs such as swing space, relocation and rental of premises, plus contingency costs, are estimated at approximately CHF 684 million (equivalent to CHF 654 million).", "(b) Medium-term implementation programme (approximately 8 years)", "(1) The medium-term programme has a number of advantages and cost savings by reasonably grouping most of the construction and requiring only swing space to accommodate approximately 1,000 staff. The temporary facilities to be constructed could be located within the compound of the Palais des Nations. As a result, construction buildings may be isolated during the course of work, thereby reducing the risk of staff exposure to construction-related activities and minimizing inconveniences such as construction noise and exposure to hazardous materials;", "(2) In this manner, the total estimated cost of project design, programme and project management and construction, as well as additional costs such as swing space, relocation and rental of premises, plus contingency costs estimated at approximately CHF 618 million (equivalent to CHF 591 million);", "(c) Long-term programme implementation (approximately 13 years)", "(1) The third option for the implementation of the strategic heritage plan is the renovation of buildings in the sectors and, in some areas, the renovation of floors. The main advantage of this programme is that there is no need to construct swing space buildings in the complex area; however, this one-time cost savings will ultimately be less than the incremental cost of the five-year extension of construction, the increased cost of internal relocation and the cost of renting a limited number of offices and conference facilities;", "(2) This option, if chosen, may interfere with the work of staff and delegates, meetings and users of the surrounding buildings. This situation is likely to continue for a long time owing to the longer construction period. The programme would also require a larger portion of the construction to be carried out after work hours, and would therefore significantly increase construction costs;", "(3) In this manner, the total estimated cost of project design, programme and project management and construction, as well as additional costs such as swing space, relocation and rental of premises, plus contingency costs estimated at approximately CHF 651 million (equivalent to CHF 622 million);", "15. The consultant also analysed the effectiveness of maintaining the current maintenance of the Palais des Nations buildings against the planned implementation options described above. In this way, urgent work will be carried out only when critical health, safety and security needs arise. The necessary remedial work will be carried out outside of working hours and will result in a substantial extension of the construction project and an increase in its cost.", "16. The continuation of the current approach will result in:", "(a) The number and cost of emergency construction will increase as a result of the continued wear and tear of buildings;", "(b) Owing to the inefficient use of space and the expansion of organizational structures, the cost of leasing space over time will increase;", "(c) Energy costs will gradually increase as a result of system obsolescence and poor insulation of buildings;", "(d) The lack of effective compliance with local and international rules and guidelines on health, safety, security and accessibility for persons with disabilities, as these issues can only be addressed during emergency construction;", "(e) Capital asset values of buildings would decline as a result of limited maintenance;", "(f) The scale and cost of building restoration and renovation will be larger and more expensive in decades (similar to the capital master plan at Headquarters in New York) owing to limited maintenance and rising costs;", "17. A comparative analysis of the projected programme financial implications indicates that the total cost of the Organization ' s continued maintenance of the current passive maintenance of buildings would significantly exceed any planned programme described in paragraph 14 above.", "18. The study compares additional costs for construction costs, swing space and related relocations with unforeseen emergency construction contingencies, taking into account future cost escalation and inflation. In addition to taking into account the direct cost of the project, a 25-year period of maintenance, energy and space rental costs were assumed to allow for a fair comparison of modalities and implementation of programmes.", "19. It is estimated that, if the current passive maintenance pattern is maintained, the cost over the next 25 years would be approximately $1.4 billion, while the total cost of planned construction over the same 25-year period would be between $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion for the medium-term (approximately 8 years) or long-term (approximately 13 years). Therefore, the Organization is expected to achieve total cost savings of between $100 million and $200 million if it implements the proposed planning programme.", "20. In addition to a less capital-cost than reactive programme, the planned renovation programme will also result in significant cost savings in the near future through the consolidation of externally leased space at the Palais des Nations.", "V. Proposed implementation programme", "21. Based on the consultant ' s findings, it is proposed to adopt a medium-term multi-phase renovation programme of approximately eight years ' duration, as it would be the least costly, least disruptive renovation programme and would be consistent with all the Organization ' s key performance and operational objectives in Geneva.", "22. The lower level of swing space required for this modality could be accommodated within the Palais des Nations complex, thus limiting disruption to all operations, as staff would remain in the complex area. The programme enables the Organization to organize and describe the manner in which the required repairs and renovations programme will be carried out and to obtain the following main advantages and advantages:", "(a) The projected savings of $14 million per biennium through the consolidation of United Nations Secretariat offices in Geneva through an increase of approximately 25 to 30 per cent in office capacity at the Palais des Nations;", "(b) Full compliance with all health, safety and security rules and industry best practice standards, including asbestos abatement and hazardous substance removal;", "(c) The provision of modern, flexible conference rooms, including state-of-the-art standard technical equipment for the industry and efficient office and work space, thus successfully responding to the needs of Member States for efficient conference facilities;", "(d) To address pressing security concerns by amending and replacing all structural problems of the current skylight structure and external glass windows;", "(e) Energy efficiency, reduced utility costs and reduced carbon footprints through the installation of insulation materials in the proposed buildings, upgrading of building systems and replacement of existing windows, with savings of approximately $1.7 million per biennium;", "(f) To meet urgent and long-term needs through structured and centralized construction, with economies of scale for construction;", "(g) A reduction in the duration of the project and the time required for overtime by completing most of the work during normal working hours;", "(h) Address accessibility needs of persons with disabilities at the Palais des Nations.", "23. The table below summarizes the proposed overall time frame for the medium-term phased implementation of the programme.", "Proposed project schedule for 2012-2021", "Timetable: Medium-term programme activities 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", "Pre-planning phase", "Programme management: statement of work", "Programme management: solicitation", "Project implementation plan", "Multi-year investment plan", "Design phase", "Construction phase", "VI. Next steps", "24. Should the General Assembly approve the proposed implementation programme for the strategic heritage plan, the next step would be to maintain the limited progress of the project through the establishment of a dedicated project team and a high-level advisory board comprising substantive units affected by the project, with terms of reference, using available in-house resources.", "25. The existing Building and Engineering Section of the Office of Central Support Services at the United Nations Office at Geneva will continue to be dedicated to the day-to-day operation and maintenance of existing facilities to ensure the continuity of current operations and the health and safety of the Organization ' s personnel at the United Nations Office at Geneva. The Section cannot manage this large-scale project without additional dedicated staff. An adequate number of full-time technical staff from the outset is essential for the successful implementation of the project. During its review of the development of the strategic heritage plan and the implementation of the enhanced security project, the Board expressed concern that the Office of Central Support Services only had “a small number of (technical) staff” to manage such large-scale projects (see A/65/5 (Vol. I), paras. 346 and 347).", "26. Subject to approval by the General Assembly, the dedicated project management team could begin work in 2012 to supplement the existing capacity of the Buildings and Engineering Section. The team could initially prepare the necessary documentation to recruit a programme management firm, including professionals not available in the Section, by the end of 2012. It is anticipated that the programme management firm could develop a comprehensive and detailed project implementation and phasing plan in 2013, with all financial implications.", "27. As the proposed next steps described in the present report have been approved by the General Assembly, the Secretary-General may submit to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a progress report on subsequent steps to be taken to advance the renovation and restoration of the Palais des Nations. The construction of the project is expected to commence once the capital master plan has been completed, as mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243.", "28. The Secretary-General is pleased to inform that, in June 2011, the Swiss Federal Council decided that the host country, Switzerland, would participate in the renovation project at the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva with a ceiling of SwF 50 million in voluntary contributions. If approved by both houses of the Swiss Federal Parliament, the one-time contribution will be paid in 2012 for the implementation of the necessary structural energy-saving measures in the overall renovation of the Palais des Nations. The contribution would therefore reduce the total cost of the strategic heritage plan renovations.", "Actions to be taken by the General Assembly", "The General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Take note of the findings and recommendations contained in the present report;", "(b) Approve, in principle, the proposed implementation programme, without prejudice to a final decision by the General Assembly on the strategic heritage plan;", "(c) To approve the next steps, as described in paragraphs 24 to 27 above, at a total estimated cost of $4,069,700 (at 2012-2013 interim rates), for the biennium 2012-2013, as detailed in the annex to the present report.", "Annex", "Requirements for future steps for the biennium 2012-2013 (at 2012-2013 interim rates)", "Section 29E, Administration, Geneva", "General temporary assistance ($1,164,600)", "1. Requirements of $1,164,600 for the biennium 2012-2013 would provide for an initial full-time project management team at the United Nations Office at Geneva, comprising one P-4 architect, one P-4 engineer and one P-3 technical expert. The team would be recruited through a temporary vacancy announcement to review the results of the consultancy study, validate the implementation of the recommendations, prepare a statement of work and prepare a working paper on recruitment for the programme management firm. The project management team will develop general project management principles and a strategy for communication with the substantive departments most directly affected by the strategic heritage plan; and will work with the programme management firm to develop detailed procedures for phasing, planning and budgeting, as described below.", "Section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance of premises", "Contractual services ($2,800,000)", "2. The contractual requirements of $2,800,000 for the biennium 2012-2013 would provide for the initial engagement of a programme management firm to prepare a plan for the overall project implementation phase, including a multi-year capital investment plan with financial analysis and a detailed project schedule with key milestones. The firm will work closely with the United Nations Office at Geneva to identify the expertise and consultants required to successfully complete the implementation phases of the project and develop an overall consultancy project management structure, including a robust reporting system, similar to the capital master plan management structure. Upon completion of these tasks, the company will submit a detailed report on the modalities and requirements for the implementation of the renovation and restoration of the Palais des Nations.", "Requirements (at 2012-2013 temporary rates)", "(United States dollars)", "Section 29E, Administration, Geneva 1,164,600 General temporary assistance Section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance of premises", "(a) Calculated in Swiss francs (Swiss franc) and converted at the exchange rate of US$ 1 = SwF 1.046.", "(b) To be offset by an equivalent amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment.", "[1] A/64/7/Add.11.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 61/106, annex I." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位", "2011年8月5日埃塞俄比亚常驻联合国代表给大会主席的信", "谨提及2011年6月8日我给大会主席的信，其中按照大会议事规则第14条的规定，请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位”的补充项目。", "随函附上埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国副总理兼外交部长以政府间发展管理局(伊加特)主席名义的来信(见附文)以及支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和决议草案(附件二)。", "谨以伊加特轮值主席的名义，再次请求把上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "请将本函及其附文和附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "泰凯达·阿莱穆(签名)", "2011年4月21日", "谨以政府间发展管理局(伊加特)轮值主席的名义，根据伊加特部长理事会的决定，按照大会议事规则第14条的规定，请求把题为“给予政府间发展管理局(伊加特)大会观察员地位”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "根据大会议事规则第20条的规定，随函附上支持上述请求的伊加特解释性备忘录(附件一)和决议草案(附件二)。", "1986年1月在吉布提召开的国家元首和政府首脑会议，决定成立政府间发展管理局，作为负责处理次区域内和平与发展问题的次区域机构。非洲之角吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达六国，签署了当时称作政府间抗旱和发展管理局(抗旱发展局)的正式成立协定，并决定把总部设在吉布提。", "1995年4月，国家元首和政府首脑会议发表宣言，决定振兴抗旱发展局的工作。1996年3月21日，国家元首和政府首脑会议签署《抗旱发展局宪章/协定修改指示书》，决定把政府间抗旱和发展管理局更名为政府间发展管理局(伊加特)。", "伊加特工作振兴后，扩大了区域合作领域，并建立了新的组织结构。1996年11月25日，国家元首和政府首脑会议正式启动了伊加特的工作。", "伊加特继续与非洲联盟、联合国及其各机构开展紧密合作，并与其他多边组织和机构签署了合作协议。", "为此，伊加特必须不断扩大次区域和平与发展领域的活动，并结合自身工作和与联合国的共同使命参加联合国的会议和各委员会的工作。因此，伊加特迫切需要以观察员身份参加我们全球性组织的工作。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发并得到大会的严肃审议。", "副总理兼外交部长", "海勒马利亚姆·德赛莱恩(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "背景资料", "东部非洲政府间发展管理局于1996年成立，1986年成立的政府间抗旱和发展管理局从此结束使命。1974年至1984年，非洲持续发生严重干旱和其他自然灾害，给东非各国造成了大规模饥饿、生态恶化和经济困难。虽然各国为应对这种局面作出了艰苦努力并得到了国际社会的慷慨援助，但是问题的范围和严重性强烈促使各国采取区域办法来补充国家努力。", "1983年至1984年，非洲之角吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达六国通过联合国采取行动，成立了本区域政府间抗旱和发展管理局。1986年1月在吉布提举行的国家元首和政府首脑会议，签署了抗旱发展局正式成立协定，并决定把总部设在吉布提。厄立特里亚国在1993年实现独立后成为第七个成员国。抗旱发展局成立的初衷是协调成员国应对干旱和荒漠化的努力，但随着时间的推移该组织日益成为东非国家领导人处理本区域其他政治和社会经济问题的常设论坛。为此，吉布提、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、苏丹和乌干达的国家元首和政府首脑于1995年10月18日举行特别峰会，决心扩大抗旱发展管理局的任务。", "1995年4月，国家元首和政府首脑会议在亚的斯亚贝巴发表宣言，决定振兴抗旱发展局的工作，扩大成员国之间的合作。1996年3月21日，国家元首和政府首脑会议在内罗毕签署“抗旱发展局宪章/协定修改指示书”，决定重振组织工作，并将其更名为“政府间发展管理局”(伊加特)。1996年11月25日，伊加特国家元首和政府首脑会议在吉布提正式宣布经过振兴、扩大区域合作领域并建立新组织结构的伊加特正式成立。", "伊加特的组织结构", "政府间发展管理局设有四个上下级政策机关：", "1. 国家元首和政府首脑会议是管理局的最高决策机关，通过年度会议确定伊加特的目标、方针和方案。主席由成员国轮流选举产生。", "2. 部长理事会由成员国的外交部长和其他协调部长组成。理事会通过半年度会议制订政策，并批准秘书处的工作方案和年度预算。", "3. 大使委员会由伊加特成员国驻伊加特总部国家的大使或特命全权代表组成。委员会根据需要召开会议，为执行秘书提供建议和指导。", "4. 秘书处由国家元首和政府首脑会议任命的执行秘书领导，任期四年，可连任一届。秘书处协助成员国制定优先领域的区域项目，促进协调和统一发展政策，调动资源执行部长理事会批准的区域项目和方案，加强执行区域项目和政策所需要的国家基础设施。", "5. 协助执行秘书工作的有负责经济合作与社会发展司、农业与环境司、和平与安全司、行政与财务司的四名司长、以及22名区域专业工作人员和多名短期项目和技术援助人员。", "使命", "伊加特使命是协助和补充成员国扩大合作实现以下目标的努力：", "• 粮食安全和环境保护。", "• 维护和平与安全和促进人道主义事务。", "• 经济合作与经济一体化。", "愿景", "伊加特将成为实现伊加特区域和平、繁荣和区域一体化的首要区域组织。", "伊加特的目标是：", "• 加强联合发展战略，逐步统一社会、技术和科学领域的宏观经济政策和方案。", "• 统一贸易、海关、运输、通信、农业和自然资源政策，促进区域内商品、服务和人员的自由流动。", "• 为对外、跨国和国内贸易与投资创造有利环境。", "• 实现区域粮食安全，鼓励并协助成员国集体应对干旱、其他自然灾害和人为灾害及其自然后果。", "• 制订和推动各项方案和项目，实现区域粮食安全、自然资源的可持续发展和环境保护，鼓励并协助成员国集体应对干旱、其他自然和人为灾害及其后果。", "• 在本区域运输、电讯和能源领域建设并改善协调和补充性基础设施。", "• 促进本区域和平与稳定，建立区域机制，以通过对话预防、管理和解决国家之间和国家内部的冲突。", "• 调动资源以在区域合作框架内执行紧急方案和长中短期方案。", "• 推动实现东部和南部非洲共同市场和非洲经济共同体的目标。", "• 推动、促进和加强研究开发和科技应用领域的合作。", "战略", "伊加特战略于2003年制定，并在第十届国家元首和政府首脑会议上获得通过。", "战略拟定了协调框架，旨在指导伊加特结合自身任务为优先发展方案提供指导，并推动伊加特作为实现区域和平、繁荣和一体化的首要区域经济组织的工作。战略从成员国实现伊加特区域可行经济合作的愿望中汲取精神和内容。战略包含并借鉴了：", "• 过去的经验。", "• 目前发展合作框架的条件。", "• 区域和全球挑战以及区域面临的新问题。", "在制定战略中，伊加特结合并采用了自主、参与和伙伴合作原则。为此，伊加特充分调动工作人员、成员国和伙伴参与制定战略。", "战略文件分为五个主要章节。第一节介绍本区域概况，侧重介绍经济社会情况。简单回顾了伊加特的历史，概述了伊加特的任务，说明了本区域组织的成立理由。还介绍了伊加特作为区域发展引擎的一些能力，并提及了遇到的挑战与困难以及将在战略完善中加以应用的宝贵经验。", "第二节介绍了伊加特的远景和使命，并明确了战略的其他重要方面，如伊加特执行任务所需遵循的一整套原则和价值；伊加特的战略方法和伙伴关系以及比较优势等。还介绍了战略在灵活性和可行性方面的特征以及框架条件。", "第三节详细阐述了战略的核心产出，并明确规定必须结合区域合作的复杂和变化特征解决若干重大战略问题，包括政治问题；发展信息分享；能力建设；伙伴关系和联盟建设；促进研究和技术发展。", "第四节是战略的主旨部分。介绍了伊加特三大部门(农业与环境、政治与人道主义事务、经济合作)的方案。详细阐述了各项方案以及性别平等主流化等其他跨领域专题。", "第五节强调了执行战略这一重要问题。认为伊加特成员国、秘书处和伊加特伙伴论坛的合作是成功执行战略的关键。", "最后，战略确认其作为指导伊加特秘书处在成员国自主拥有并在伊加特论坛伙伴的支持下执行任务的首要工具。随着战略制定工作的深入，可以明显看出进一步突出战略的重点并不意味着减少区域方案的优先事项，而是应确定与秘书处能力相符合的干预程度和产出水平。应该强调指出，伊加特的能力包括伊加特可以利用的成员国的技术和组织能力。", "伊加特议会联盟", "伊加特议会联盟成立议定书在伊加特四个成员国(埃塞俄比亚、吉布提、苏丹和索马里)批准后，于2007年11月28日生效。", "伊加特议长会议是议会联盟的最高机关，首届会议于2008年11月28日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行。参加会议的有吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达的议长。肯尼亚因进行选举议会解散而派出政府高级官员参加会议。", "民间社会论坛和非政府组织", "伊加特民间社会论坛成立于2003年，但很少开展活动。负责这项工作的伊加特方案干事于2007年10月才征聘上岗。", "为重振伊加特秘书处同民间社会论坛和非政府组织在本区域的互动，和平与安全司决定开展咨询服务活动，目的是动员民间社会论坛和非政府组织具体参加伊加特的专题领域(和平与安全、农业与环境、经济合作与一体化)的工作。", "为此，和平与安全司草拟了职权范围。鉴于民间社会论坛和非政府组织问题涉及各个领域，提议执行秘书成立一个由秘书处和平与安全、经济合作与社会发展、农业与环境三个司的代表组成的跨司委员会。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国和政府间发展管理局之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请政府间发展管理局以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长为执行本项决议采取必要行动。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I wish to refer to my letter dated 8 June 2011 to the President of the General Assembly, requesting, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly”.", "Enclosed with that letter was a letter from the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, in his capacity as Chair of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) (see enclosure), together with an explanatory memorandum in support of the above request (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II).", "In Ethiopia’s capacity as the current Chair of IGAD, I have the honour to reiterate the Authority’s request for the inclusion of the aforementioned item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "I have the honour to request that the present letter and its enclosure and annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Tekeda Alemu", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative", "Enclosure", "21 April 2011", "I have the honour, in my capacity as current Chair of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, to request you to include in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly”, pursuant to the decision taken by the IGAD Council of Ministers.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory profile of IGAD (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II) are attached to this letter in support of the above request.", "The Assembly of Heads of State and Government, which met in Djibouti in January 1986, decided to establish IGAD as a subregional institution to work on peace and development issues within the subregion. The Agreement which officially established the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), as it was called then, with its headquarters in Djibouti, was signed by six countries in the Horn of Africa, namely, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda.", "In April 1995, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government made a Declaration to revitalize IGADD. On 21 March 1996, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter/Agreement, establishing IGAD with a new name, “Intergovernmental Authority on Development”.", "The revitalized IGAD, with expanded areas of regional cooperation and a new organizational structure, was launched by the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government on 25 November 1996.", "IGAD has since then continued to cooperate closely with the African Union, the United Nations and its various agencies, and has concluded cooperation agreements with other multilateral organizations and agencies.", "It has thus become imperative for IGAD, with its ever-increasing engagements in areas of peace and development in the subregion, to take part in the work of various United Nations conferences and committees relevant to its mandate and shared mission with the United Nations, to which observer status within our global organization becomes critical.", "I would request that the present letter, together with its annexes, be circulated as a document of the General Assembly for its serious consideration.", "(Signed) Hailemariam Desalegn", "Deputy Prime Minister and", "Minister for Foreign Affairs", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Background", "The Intergovernmental Authority on Development in Eastern Africa was created in 1996 to supersede the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) which was founded in 1986. The recurring and severe droughts and other natural disasters between 1974 and 1984 caused widespread famine, ecological degradation and economic hardship in the Eastern Africa region. Although individual countries made substantial efforts to cope with the situation and received generous support from the international community, the magnitude and extent of the problem argued strongly for a regional approach to supplement national efforts.", "In 1983 and 1984, six countries in the Horn of Africa — Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda — took action through the United Nations to establish an intergovernmental body for development and drought control in their region. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government met in Djibouti in January 1986 to sign the Agreement which officially launched IGADD with headquarters in Djibouti. The State of Eritrea became the seventh member after attaining independence in 1993. Although IGADD was originally conceived to coordinate the efforts of member States to combat drought and desertification, it became increasingly apparent that the Authority provided a regular forum where leaders of the Eastern African countries were able to tackle other political and socio-economic issues in a regional context. Realizing this, the Heads of State and Government of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Sudan and Uganda, at an extraordinary summit on 18 April 1995, resolved to expand the mandate of IGADD.", "In April 1995 in Addis Ababa, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government made a declaration to revitalize IGADD and expand cooperation among member States. On 21 March 1996 in Nairobi, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter/Agreement, establishing the revitalized IGAD with a new name, “Intergovernmental Authority on Development”. The revitalized IGAD, with expanded areas of regional cooperation and a new organizational structure, was launched by the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government on 25 November 1996 in Djibouti.", "Structure of IGAD", "The Intergovernmental Authority on Development comprises four hierarchical policy organs:", "1. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government is the supreme policymaking organ of the Authority. It determines the objectives, guidelines and programmes for IGAD and meets once a year. A Chairman is elected from among the member States in rotation.", "2. The Council of Ministers is composed of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and one other focal Minister designated by each member State. The Council formulates policy, and approves the work programme and annual budget of the secretariat during its biannual sessions.", "3. The Committee of Ambassadors is composed of IGAD member States’ ambassadors or plenipotentiaries accredited to the country of IGAD headquarters. It convenes as often as the need arises to advise and guide the Executive Secretary.", "4. The secretariat is headed by an Executive Secretary appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a term of four years, renewable once. The secretariat assists member States in formulating regional projects in the priority areas, facilitates the coordination and harmonization of development policies, mobilizes resources to implement regional projects and programmes approved by the Council and reinforces national infrastructures necessary for implementing regional projects and policies.", "5. The Executive Secretary is assisted by four Directors heading Divisions of Economic Cooperation and Social Development; Agriculture and Environment; Peace and Security; and Administration and Finance, together with 22 regional professional staff and various short-term project and technical assistance staff.", "Mission", "The IGAD mission is to assist and complement the efforts of the member States to achieve, through increased cooperation:", "• Food security and environmental protection.", "• Promotion and maintenance of peace and security and humanitarian affairs.", "• Economic cooperation and integration.", "Vision", "IGAD will be the premier regional organization for achieving peace, prosperity and regional integration in the IGAD region.", "The objectives of IGAD are:", "• To promote joint development strategies and gradually harmonize macroeconomic policies and programmes in the social, technological and scientific fields.", "• To harmonize policies with regard to trade, Customs, transport, communication, agriculture, and natural resources, and promote free movement of goods, services and people within the region.", "• To create an enabling environment for foreign, cross-border and domestic trade and investment.", "• To achieve regional food security and encourage and assist efforts of member States to collectively combat drought and other natural and man-made disasters and their natural consequences.", "• To initiate and promote programmes and projects to achieve regional food security and sustainable development of natural resources and environment protection, and encourage and assist efforts of member States to collectively combat drought and other natural and man-made disasters and their consequences.", "• To develop and improve a coordinated and complementary infrastructure in the areas of transport, telecommunications and energy in the region.", "• To promote peace and stability in the region and create mechanisms within the region for the prevention, management and resolution of inter-State and intra‑State conflicts through dialogue.", "• To mobilize resources for the implementation of emergency, short-term, medium-term and long-term programmes within the framework of regional cooperation.", "• To promote and realize the objectives of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the African Economic Community.", "• To facilitate, promote and strengthen cooperation in research development and application in science and technology.", "Strategy", "The IGAD strategy was elaborated in 2003 and adopted at the tenth summit of Heads of State and Government.", "The strategy provides a coherent framework aimed at guiding IGAD priority development programmes in pursuit of its mandate, and in moving it forward as the premier regional economic organization for achieving peace, prosperity and regional integration in the IGAD region. It draws its spirit and substance from the member States’ desire to attain viable regional economic cooperation in the IGAD region. It incorporates and benefits from:", "• Experiences gained in the past.", "• Current framework conditions of development cooperation.", "• Regional as well as global challenges and emerging issues facing the region.", "In preparing the strategy, IGAD has embraced and employed the principles of ownership, participation and partnership. With this in mind, IGAD has involved, to the maximum extent possible, its staff, member States and IGAD partners in preparing the strategy.", "The strategy document is composed of five main sections. Section I introduces an overview of the profile of the region, highlighting the economic and social situation. A glimpse of IGAD’s history and a summary of its mandate provide the raison d’être for establishing this regional organization. The section cites some of the strengths of IGAD as a regional development vehicle. It also mentions the challenges and constraints that were encountered and the valuable lessons learned, which will be utilized in focusing and sharpening the strategy.", "Section II of the strategy presents the IGAD vision and mission statements. It also defines some other important aspects of the strategy, among which are a set of principles and values that IGAD will abide by as it pursues its mandate; and the strategic approach and partnerships and comparative advantages of IGAD. The section also presents characteristics of the strategy with regard to its flexibility and dynamism, and framework conditions.", "Details of the core outputs of the strategy are provided in section III. The section identifies the need to address a number of key strategic issues pertaining to the complex and ever-changing nature of regional cooperation. These include policy matters; development information-sharing; capacity-building; establishing partnerships and alliances; and facilitating research and technology development.", "Section IV is the main thrust of the strategy. It presents the programmes under the three priority sectors of IGAD: agriculture and environment, political and humanitarian affairs and economic cooperation. Fairly detailed descriptions of the programmes and other cross-cutting themes like gender mainstreaming are presented in the section.", "Section V underscores the important issue of implementing the strategy. It identifies that successful implementation of the strategy can be realized only through the concerted collaborative efforts of the IGAD member States, the secretariat and the IGAD Partners Forum.", "Finally it is recognized that the strategy was first and foremost a tool to guide the IGAD secretariat in implementing its mandate, but it is also owned by the member States and supported by the IGAD Partners Forum, which finances most of the programmes. At various stages of the process of formulating the strategy, it became clear that a more focused Strategy did not mean reduction of regional programme priorities but rather a level of intervention and outputs commensurate with the secretariat’s capacity. It should be underlined at this juncture that the capacity of IGAD encompasses both the technical and institutional capacity in the member States that are at the disposal of IGAD.", "IGAD Inter-Parliamentary Union", "The Protocol establishing the IGAD Inter-Parliamentary Union came into force on 28 November 2007 after being ratified by four IGAD member States (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan, Somalia).", "The first meeting of the Conference of the Speakers of Parliaments of IGAD member States, the highest organ of the Union, was held in Addis Ababa on 28 November 2008. The meeting was attended by Speakers of Parliaments of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda. Kenya was represented by high-level government officials, as the Parliament was dissolved because of the election in the country.", "Civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations", "The IGAD Civil Society Forum was established in 2003. However, there has been very little activity since then. The IGAD programme officer responsible for this sector was recruited only in October 2007.", "In order to be able to resuscitate the interface between the IGAD secretariat and the civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations in the region the Peace and Security Division has decided to have a consultancy service. The objective of the consultancy is to involve in a concrete manner civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations of the region in IGAD thematic areas, namely, peace and security, agriculture and environment and economic cooperation and integration.", "Accordingly, the Division prepared draft terms of reference and as the issue of civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations is a cross-cutting one proposed to the Executive Secretary the setting-up of an inter-divisional committee consisting of representatives from the three divisions of the secretariat, Peace and Security, Economic Cooperation and Social Development, and Agriculture and Environment.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,", "1. Decides to invite the Intergovernmental Authority on Development to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to my letter dated 8 June 2011 addressed to the President of the General Assembly, requesting, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly”.", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter from the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, in his capacity as Chairman of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) (see enclosure), as well as an explanatory memorandum in support of the above-mentioned request (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II).", "In my capacity as Chairman-in-Office of IGAD, I have the honour to request once again the inclusion of the above-mentioned item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter, its enclosure and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Tekeda Alemu", "21 April 2011", "In my capacity as Chairperson of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and in accordance with the decision of the IGAD Council of Ministers, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in the General Assembly”, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum by IGAD (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II) in support of the above request are attached.", "The Summit of Heads of State and Government, held in Djibouti in January 1986, decided to establish the Intergovernmental Authority on Development as the subregional body responsible for peace and development in the subregion. Six countries in the Horn of Africa, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda, signed the formal establishment agreement, then known as the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGAD), and decided to have their headquarters in Djibouti.", "In April 1995, the Summit of Heads of State and Government issued a declaration deciding to revitalize IGAD. On 21 March 1996, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed the IGAD Charter/Agreement Amendment Directive and decided to change the name of IGAD to Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGAD).", "Following the revitalization of IGAD, the area of regional cooperation was expanded and a new organizational structure was established. On 25 November 1996, the Conference of Heads of State and Government officially launched the work of IGAD.", "IGAD continues to work closely with the African Union, the United Nations and its agencies and has signed cooperation agreements with other multilateral organizations and agencies.", "To that end, IGAD must continue to expand its activities in the area of peace and development in the subregion and participate in United Nations conferences and committees in the context of its work and its joint mission with the United Nations. It is therefore urgent for IGAD to participate as an observer in the work of our global Organization.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly and under serious consideration by the Assembly.", "Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs", "Permanent Representative", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Background information", "The Intergovernmental Authority on Development for Eastern Africa was established in 1996 and the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development, established in 1986, has since come to an end. The persistence of severe drought and other natural disasters in Africa between 1974 and 1984 caused massive hunger, ecological degradation and economic hardship to the countries of East Africa. While States have worked hard to address this situation and have received generous assistance from the international community, the scope and severity of the problem strongly prompts States to take a regional approach to complement national efforts.", "From 1983 to 1984, six countries in the Horn of Africa, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda, acting through the United Nations, established the Regional Intergovernmental Authority on Drought Control and Development. The Summit of Heads of State and Government, held in Djibouti in January 1986, signed the Agreement for the formal establishment of IGAD and decided to have its headquarters in Djibouti. The State of Eritrea became the seventh member after its independence in 1993. IGAD was originally established to coordinate member States ' efforts to address drought and desertification, but over time it has increasingly become a permanent forum for East African leaders to address other political and socio-economic issues in the region. To that end, the Heads of State and Government of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Sudan and Uganda, at their extraordinary summit meeting on 18 October 1995, resolved to expand the mandate of the Authority.", "In April 1995, the Summit of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa issued a declaration in which it decided to revitalize the work of IGAD and to expand cooperation among its member States. On 21 March 1996, in Nairobi, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed a “Letter of Instruction for the Revision of the IGAD Charter/Agreement” and decided to revitalize the organization and rename it the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). On 25 November 1996, the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government officially announced in Djibouti the inauguration of IGAD, which had been revitalized, expanded the area of regional cooperation and established a new organizational structure.", "IGAD organizational structure", "The Intergovernmental Authority on Development has four superior and lower policy organs:", "1. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government, the highest decision-making organ of the Authority, establishes, through its annual meetings, the objectives, guidelines and programmes of IGAD. The President is elected by rotation among the member States.", "2. The Council of Ministers consists of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and other coordinating Ministers of the member States. The Council formulates policy through semi-annual meetings and approves the work programme and annual budget of the secretariat.", "3. The Committee of Ambassadors consists of Ambassadors or Plenipotentiarys of IGAD Member States to IGAD headquarters. The Committee meets as required to provide advice and guidance to the Executive Secretary.", "4. The secretariat is headed by an Executive Secretary appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a term of four years and may be reappointed for one consecutive term. The secretariat assists member States in the formulation of regional projects in priority areas, promotes the harmonization and harmonization of development policies, mobilizes resources for the implementation of regional projects and programmes approved by the Council of Ministers and strengthens the national infrastructure required for the implementation of regional projects and policies.", "5. The Executive Secretary is assisted by four Directors of the Economic Cooperation and Social Development Division, the Agriculture and Environment Division, the Peace and Security Division and the Administrative and Financial Division, as well as 22 regional professional staff and a number of short-term project and technical assistance staff.", "Mission", "The IGAD mission is to assist and complement the efforts of member States to expand their cooperation towards the following objectives:", "• Food security and environmental protection.", "• Maintaining peace and security and promoting humanitarian affairs.", "Economic cooperation and economic integration.", "Vision", "IGAD will be the primary regional organization for peace, prosperity and regional integration in the IGAD region.", "The objectives of IGAD are:", "• Strengthen joint development strategies and progressively integrate macroeconomic policies and programmes in the social, technical and scientific fields.", "• Harmonizing trade, customs, transport, communications, agriculture and natural resources policies and promoting the free movement of goods, services and people in the region.", "Create an enabling environment for external, cross-border and domestic trade and investment.", "• Achieving regional food security and encouraging and assisting member States in their collective response to drought, other natural and man-made disasters and their natural consequences.", "• Develop and promote programmes and projects to achieve regional food security, sustainable development of natural resources and environmental protection, and encourage and assist member States in their collective response to drought, other natural and man-made disasters and their consequences.", "• Building and improving coordination and complementary infrastructure in the areas of transport, telecommunications and energy in the region.", "• Promoting peace and stability in the region and establishing regional mechanisms to prevent, manage and resolve conflicts between and within countries through dialogue.", "• Mobilizing resources for the implementation of emergency and short- to medium-term programmes within the framework of regional cooperation.", "• Promote the objectives of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the African Economic Community.", "• Promote, promote and strengthen cooperation in research development and scientific and technological applications.", "Strategy", "The IGAD strategy was developed in 2003 and adopted at the Tenth Summit of Heads of State and Government.", "The strategy developed a coordination framework to guide IGAD in guiding priority development programmes in the context of its mandate and to advance the work of IGAD as the primary regional economic organization for regional peace, prosperity and integration. The strategy draws on the spirit and content of the desire of member States to achieve viable economic cooperation in the IGAD region. The strategy incorporates and builds on:", "• Past experience.", "• Conditions of the current development cooperation framework.", "• Regional and global challenges and emerging issues facing the region.", "In developing its strategy, IGAD has integrated and adopted the principles of ownership, participation and partnership. To this end, IGAD fully engages staff, member States and partners in the development of the strategy.", "The strategy paper is divided into five main sections. Section I presents an overview of the region, focusing on the economic and social situation. A brief review of the history of IGAD provides an overview of the IGAD mandate and a rationale for the organization in the region. Some of the capacities of IGAD as an engine of regional development were also presented, and reference was made to the challenges and difficulties encountered and valuable experiences that would be applied in the refinement of the strategy.", "Section II presents the vision and mission of IGAD and identifies other important aspects of the strategy, such as the set of principles and values to be followed by IGAD in carrying out its mandate; the IGAD strategic approach and partnerships; and comparative advantages. The characteristics of the strategy in terms of flexibility and feasibility, as well as framework conditions, were also described.", "Section III elaborates on the core outputs of the strategy and specifies the need to address a number of key strategic issues, including political issues; development information-sharing; capacity-building; partnership and alliance-building; and promotion of research and technology development, in the context of the complex and changing characteristics of regional cooperation.", "Section IV is the main thrust of the strategy. Presentations were made on the IGAD programmes in the three main sectors (agriculture and environment, political and humanitarian affairs, economic cooperation). Programmes and other cross-cutting themes, such as gender mainstreaming, were elaborated.", "Section V highlights the important issue of implementation strategies. Cooperation among IGAD member States, the Secretariat and the IGAD Partners Forum was considered to be key to the successful implementation of the Strategy.", "Finally, the strategy recognizes it as the primary tool to guide the IGAD secretariat in carrying out its mandate, which is owned by member States and supported by IGAD Forum partners. As the strategy is developed further, it is clear that further sharpening the strategy does not mean reducing regional programme priorities, but rather establishing the level of intervention and output that is consistent with the capacity of the secretariat. It should be emphasized that the capacity of IGAD includes the technical and organizational capacities of member States available to IGAD.", "IGAD IPU", "The Protocol establishing the IGAD IPU entered into force on 28 November 2007, following ratification by four IGAD member States (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan and Somalia).", "The IGAD Conference of Speakers of Parliament, the supreme organ of IPU, held its first session in Addis Ababa on 28 November 2008. The meeting was attended by speakers from Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda. Kenya sent senior government officials to participate in the elections for the dissolution of Parliament.", "Civil society forums and non-governmental organizations", "The IGAD Civil Society Forum was established in 2003 but has little activity. The IGAD programme officer responsible for this work was recruited only in October 2007.", "In order to revitalize the interaction of the IGAD secretariat with civil society forums and non-governmental organizations in the region, the Peace and Security Division decided to undertake advisory services aimed at mobilizing civil society forums and non-governmental organizations to participate specifically in the IGAD thematic areas of peace and security, agriculture and environment, economic cooperation and integration.", "To that end, the Peace and Security Division has drafted terms of reference. In view of the cross-cutting nature of civil society forums and non-governmental organization issues, it is proposed that the Executive Secretary establish a cross-divisional committee comprising representatives of the three divisions of the Secretariat, namely, peace and security, economic cooperation and social development, and agriculture and the environment.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,", "1. Decides to invite the Intergovernmental Authority on Development to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目15", "和平文化", "文化间、宗教间和文明间的对话", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告概述参与不同文明、文化和宗教间对话的联合国主要实体所开展的各项活动。本报告根据大会第65/138号决议提交，所涉专题范围广泛，包括国际文化和睦年、联合国不同文明联盟第四次论坛、为促进文化和宗教间对话而开展的交流、提高认识和教育活动，以及对各种问题采取基于权利的办法。本报告还提供了就宣布联合国宗教和文化间对话十年的可能性开展协商的结果。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.从国际文化和睦年汲取的经验教训以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织的未来措施 3\n3.巩固不同文明联盟和筹备其第四次论坛 6\n4.联合国系统促进文化间对话的活动 7\n5.与信仰组织合作以促进宗教间对话 10\n6.以基于权利的方式开展文化、文明和宗教之间的对话 13\n7.关于宗教间和文化间对话十年建议的协商结果 15\n8.结论 17", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据题为“为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作”的大会第65/138号决议提交，说明了自该决议通过以来联合国系统为支持文化间、文明间和宗教间对话而开展的活动。报告还提供信息，说明秘书处依照该决议，与联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)协调，就宣布联合国宗教和文化间对话十年的可能性开展协商的结果。", "2. 自决议通过以来，联合国系统、会员国和民间社会组织已经实施了若干举措。教科文组织仍然是联合国系统内大范围处理一切与文化有关问题的主要机构。联合国不同文明联盟还组织了关于上述问题的高级别活动。因此，联合国各实体做出的贡献与本报告特别有关，本报告突出说明了这些贡献。", "3. 本报告还列入了联合国其他实体的贡献，包括联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)和秘书处经济和社会事务部、政治事务部和新闻部的贡献。根据所开展活动的主要侧重点在报告中列出这些贡献。", "二. 从国际文化和睦年汲取的经验教训以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织的未来措施", "4. 大会指定教科文组织担任联合国系统的牵头机构，利用其在推进各国人民相互了解和理解方面六十多年的宝贵经验，领导国际文化和睦年。下文说明了教科文组织从该国际年中汲取的经验教训。", "5. 国际文化和睦年恰逢为世界儿童建设和平与非暴力文化国际十年(2001-2010年)结束，它为联合国系统重申对人类多元化的根本承诺提供了独特的机会，在人类多元化中，文化多样性和文化间对话相辅相成，其影响推动相关的方案。因此，国际年为重新推动文化间对话这一主题提供了坚实基础。", "6. 国际年的主要目标是帮助消除因无知、偏见和排斥而产生的混乱。这一混乱造成紧张、不安全、暴力或冲突。任务是通过承认文化间交流的重要性以及自人类诞生以来文化间结成的纽带，来显示文化多样性的好处。最终目标是将对话的原则纳入各级的政策，以便创造有助于文化和睦的氛围。", "7. 旨在实现与前一个十年同样目标的一些举措促进了这一进程。所有举措除了作为某一年一个组成部分的主要价值外，还铺平了道路，使得许多决策者和公民了解文化和睦的影响。平行举行的庆祝其他国际年和世界日的活动，大大加深和统一了处理的主题和问题。", "8. 国际文化和睦年的行动计划包括四个主要专题，目的是促进会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织对文化和睦年的自主权：(a) 促进对文化、族裔、语言和宗教多样性的相互了解；(b) 建立共享价值观的框架；(c) 加强素质教育和建立文化间交流能力；(d) 促进对话以实现可持续发展。这些专题的基础是所有文化享有平等尊严、相互尊重和加强国际合作以实现持久和平的最重要原则。", "9. 可在http：//www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/home上查阅会员国和各合作伙伴、包括不同文明联盟和民间社会利益攸关方考虑采取的具体活动。这些活动的重点如下：", "(a) 为研究、会议、公共辩论、各种展览和节日提供更多机会，利用专门促进语言多样化和翻译的新技术；", "(b) 通过强调各社会的个性和共性，促进作为创新根本性标志的创造性的作用，并在这方面加强宣传文化遗产作为历史和必须保存的特性的载体、可持续发展的资源和引擎，包括宗教间对话在内的文化间对话的工具，其所有方面组成的综合远景；", "(c) 改善获得正规和非正规教育的机会，强调高质量的普及教育、人权教育、文化多样性、性别平等和边缘群体的融入，加强南南和北南大学间的合作，特别是通过创建英才和创新中心。", "(d) 媒体和新信息和通信技术对改变不同文化和宗教观念的贡献，途径除其他外，包括促进因特网上的对话，在因特网上，各种文化和语言表达方法可以流传和共享；或者共同制作不同文化的媒体专业人员之间的对话，特别是关于敏感问题的对话；", "(e) 承认和尊重知识，包括传统知识系统和土著民族的知识，这有助于可持续发展、促进人权、哲学和文化间对话，特别强调打击种族主义和歧视，以及强调和平文化和民主。", "10. 正是本着这一精神，无数的建议、倡议和伙伴关系的形成(目前共有约1 000个项目)成功地实现了国际年的全球重要目标。启动了大批项目，全世界成千上万的人参加了这一活动。国际年有助于在广大、不同的人群中，特别是在年轻人群中提高对文化多样性及其文化间对话这一必然结果的有益循环的认识，作为和睦进程的一部分。希望国际年可明显有助于改变态度、思维模式、行为和习惯。", "11. 从这些活动中得出一个值得注意的结论，即在新的、迅速变化的国际环境中，有必要更加重视文化多样性、对话、发展、安全和和平之间的密切联系。鉴于在全球化的世界上将多样性、独特性和普遍性相结合的复杂性，应该重新审视这五个相互依存的概念，以便制定新的做法，即文化应以其丰富的多样性为基础，对话应侧重物质和象征意义上的多样性对实现持久和平的潜力。只有满足了基本的前提，即平等、公正、减少贫穷和尊重人权，对话才可能有效。", "12. 提出了两个持久存在的问题：(a) 在全球化情况下，确定有利于各国和国际社会坚定承诺在文化多样性和文化间对话的基础上创造发展和相互了解的新论据；(b) 确定公共政策方面所需的新选择和新战略。下文在回答这些问题的同时，详述了必须作为优先事项解决的三项挑战。", "13. 必须支持进行深入的结构改革，以便通过地方和国际经验，表明没有一个文化是铁板一块，文化都是由交流和互动组成的，每一文化为新的创造提供了肥沃的土壤。先了解本身文化中固有的多样性对更好了解全世界的文化多样性至关重要。然而，宗教间对话是更广泛的文化间对话的一个组成部分，在宗教间对话的更具体情况下，必须更好地了解和理解宗教和非宗教信仰，以避免无知和有害的过份简单化观点。", "14. 必须为不仅动员国家而且动员民间社会的务实措施提供支持，包括划分国家和地方政府的作用。这需要为不同角色之间的合作建设能力，创造机会并建立框架，以便不仅接触到那些已经致力于对话的人，而且尤其要接触那些尚未对此感到关心的人。参与对话的责任要由知识分子、艺术家和舆论制造者(包括媒体专业人员和宗教及青年领袖)共同承担。这些人可以发挥重大的作用。必须强调亟需在全球、区域和地方各级之间建立联系，以促进这种关键但脆弱的对话。", "15. 只有建立在个人和社会团体的经验和记忆的基础上，社会之间和社会内部对话的增值才会体现出来。必须考虑到对话涉及个人的认知技巧、想象力、敏感性和感情。在新的数据时代，这一点尤其如此。在这个时代，社交媒体使人们与其无法解释的文化和宗教实践相对。正规与非正规教育因此变得至关重要，因为它不仅传播知识，而且对传播的所有内容提供重要和客观的认识。", "16. 在变化的国际环境中，教科文组织继续按照其最初的任务规定和该组织2008-2013年中期战略的一个有关促进文化多样性、文化间对话和和平文化的总体目标，促进文化间对话和宗教间对话。在这一背景下，教科文组织最近为和平和非暴力文化制订了新的部门间和学科间行动方案，预计将在2011年11月举行的教科文组织大会第三十六届会议上由该组织通过。这一方案的主要目标如下：", "(a) 改善全球了解，消除先入为主的观点，为二十一世纪制订关于思考和学习的全球意识，同时考虑到全球民间空间的出现，男女青年是其中的相关行为者；", "(b) 制订注重概念和方案的做法，利用适当和有说服力的语言提出有利于各国和民间社会坚定承诺在社会环境中培育“每日和平”的新论据，鼓励公民参与以及文化和社区内部及其之间的对话，同时改善对冲突根本原因的了解；", "(c) 制订关于人道主义和文化间交流能力的共同全球课程，促进节制、勇气、智慧和公正以及同情、好客、和谐共处、欣赏多样性和尊重男女平等权利这些“最重要的美德”，通过正规和非正规教育，并通过信息和通信技术和社交媒体，激励年轻人明辨思维和创造性思维；", "(d) 提高对暴力行为和投资于青年的公民参与的重要性的认识，以建立参与性社会；发展明辨思维；消除暴力侵害妇女行为；加强民主文化和基本自由；采取措施打击一切形式的歧视和仇外心理。", "17. 教科文组织正在筹备在上述大会届会期间，并在不同文明联盟第四次年度论坛举行之际，于2011年12月2日庆祝《世界文化多样性宣言》通过十周年。将特别重视《宣言》想要实现的目标，包括促进丰富的文化多样性，各种思想以文字和图像形式自由流通，个人表达和创造性的权利，通过创新的伙伴关系加强国际团结，以及扩大民间社会的参与，以实现当代多元社会内部和之间的和谐共处。", "三. 巩固不同文明联盟和筹备其第四次论坛", "18. 在联合国不同文明联盟高级代表若尔热·桑帕约的领导下，该联盟现在成为不同社会内部和之间进行文化间和宗教间对话的主要论坛之一。联盟在西班牙和土耳其的共同提议下成立，包括一个之友小组，其128名成员包括各国政府、国际组织、城市、非政府组织、学术界、宗教人士、公司、媒体和个人，尤其是年轻人。", "19. 联盟继续呼吁其成员通过国家计划发展文化多样性的善政工作，已经制订了26个国家计划，更多的计划正在制订中，题目包括教育、青年、媒体和移徙。相互交换了大有可为的做法。联盟遵循其在东南欧的经验，2010年11月在马耳他通过了地中海文化间对话和合作区域战略，并正在与民间社会协商，把一项行动计划的组成部分结合在一起。正在继续努力制订拉丁美洲区域战略，并将在2011年定稿。", "20. 联盟筹备了将于12月11日至13日在多哈举行的下一次年度论坛。在提高知名度、纳入全球议程和加强对行动的承诺方面，论坛将是一个转折点。为了体现出谢哈·莫萨的提议，重点将放在使联盟的目标与促进千年发展目标产生协同作用方面。5月3日和4日将在多哈与民间社会组织进行大规模初步交流。", "21. 联盟还担任灵活合作的平台，以实施第二个执行计划商定的项目，并对影响文化间对话的事态发展做出回应。事态发展包括中东和北非地区的新情况；欧洲正在进行的关于如何调和多样性与融合的辩论；宗教对和平和发展的影响。伊斯兰与西方关系中相互看法的紧张是个重要话题。应该提到以下几点：", "(a) 联盟与约旦协作，促进全球信仰间和谐周。它还继续为国际文化和睦年做出贡献；", "(b) 在世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日，联盟与教科文组织以及几个技术公司一起，启动了“为多样性和包容做一件事”的网上运动，邀请全世界人民支持文化多样性和融合，以新的形式向众人开展宣传。联盟积极宣传青年组织关于庆祝国际青年年的重要致辞，包括和平、人权和代际团结、文化、宗教和文明；", "(c) 联盟与BMW结成伙伴关系，启动世界文化间创新融资机制，为促进文化了解的基层创新项目提供支助。联盟的青年团结基金为青年组织为推动联盟的目标而领导的20个基层项目提供支助，包括在非洲和欧洲的冲突和冲突后地区。联盟的研究金方案已在2010年成功试行，正在向新的一组来自阿拉伯世界的新领袖介绍西方社会的不同现实，反之亦然。2011年4月，在巴库启动了联盟的全球青年运动，以便把青年组织联系起来，利用它们对联盟各项目标的承诺。确定了联盟网上社区“融合：建立包容性社会”的可喜经验，并在其网站上开展辩论，这获益于在波哥大、伦敦、罗马和澳大利亚墨尔本的外联举措。“多元＋”项目与国际移民组织结成伙伴关系，继续从全世界吸引关于青年对多样性观点的录像；", "(d) 仍然非常注意媒体的叙述、观点和作用。加强了全球专家项目，该项目的目的是把全世界的记者与专家联系起来，提供细致入微的分析。向报道和撰写与文化间了解有关问题的记者和舆论届领袖提供培训课程，尤其是在中东和南亚地区。联盟还在纽约就中东和平进程组织辩论，在开罗就中东和北非国家的政治变化组织辩论。在全世界20家报纸启动了关于宗教和公共空间的系列文章；", "(e) 联盟的夏季学校在2010年8月首次举办，使来自全世界的几百名年轻人聚集一堂，获取知识，训练他们跨文化交流的技能。2011年这个学校正在扩大和多样化。“对话吧”网络继续扩大，让全世界各种人能够面对面交流。拉马拉、特拉维夫、开罗和突尼斯的“对话吧”即将开张。联盟共同赞助了在黎巴嫩举行的跨文化教育会议。", "22. 在与之友小组协商后，联合国不同文明联盟高级代表将在2011年第三季度向秘书长提交联盟的第三个执行计划(2012-13年)。他还正在采取步骤，通过举办将于2011年10月在土耳其举行的充资会议，确保联盟获得更稳定和可预测的资源。", "四. 联合国系统促进文化间对话的活动", "23. 除了参与国际文化和睦年和不同文明联盟的活动外，联合国系统继续开展广泛的一系列活动，以促进文化间的对话。下文说明了联合国主要行为者在这一领域开展的一些重要活动。", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织牵头的活动", "24. 教科文组织继续通过广泛传播和在教学方面利用其关于通史和区域历史的工作，继续开展与历史、记忆和对话有关的活动，以促进对各国人民和各地区的历史采取新的和多元的做法。这一收集工作有助于消除偏见，促进相互了解。教科文组织还启动了一个在教学上利用非洲通史项目，这符合它的目标，即历史教学有助于形成人民的认同以及他们对作为任何区域文化多样性基础的共同联系的了解，尤其是对非洲移民社群而言。贩奴之路项目有助于打破在奴隶制问题上的沉默，揭示出全球转型及其所产生的文化互动。在这方面，教科文组织继续通过进行严密的科学研究以揭示全世界人民、文化和文明之间的被迫对话所产生的无数影响，来提高全球的认识。", "25. 教科文组织推动了在3月21日庆祝国际诺鲁孜节(第64/253号决议)。诺鲁孜在2009年被教科文组织列入人类非物质文化遗产代表名录，凸显出是这类遗产特别活跃的一部分，并在那些庆祝它的人中植入了一种认同感和历史感。", "26. 大会第57/249号决议宣布5月21日为世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日，教科文组织在该决议通过后启动了每年一度的国际文化多样性节，以强调多元和不可替代的多样性将全世界各国人民团结在一起。通过一系列文化活动在教科文组织总部和外地办事处庆祝了这一节日。地方行为体也开展了广泛的一系列活动。与联盟合作开展的“为多样性和融入做一件事”运动也有助于对国际日的宣传。", "27. 教科文组织在与联盟合作的框架内，还制订了由五个项目组成的部门间方案“跨文化手册”，其中两个项目在2010年11月18日世界哲学日期间启动。这两个项目的主题是“穆斯林/阿拉伯文明的科学、哲学、文学和艺术选集及其对西方思想的复苏和欧洲文艺复兴的贡献”和“多棱镜中的阿拉伯-穆斯林文明”。两个项目的目的都是作为教育和媒体的工具，介绍使穆斯林/阿拉伯世界与西方联系的文化间历史观。", "宣传国际青年年的活动：对话与互相了解", "28. 大会第64/134号决议宣布从2010年8月12日开始的一年为“国际青年年：对话和相互了解”，以促进不同年龄层、文化、宗教和文明之间的对话和了解，并促进和平、尊重人权和团结的理想。", "29. 联合国青年发展机构间网络这一联合国系统青年发展方面问题合作全球机制为该国际年制定了一项框架办法。该框架的战略目标之一是建立联系和桥梁，以在青年中促进不同文化之间的了解。在这方面，经济和社会事务部社会政策和发展司及其青年问题协调中心举办了范围广泛的配套活动和简报会，旨在提高人们对这些问题的了解。例如，2010年7月在联合国总部举行每月协商探讨了如何促进青年对话和相互了解。与民间社会的伙伴关系也导致制定了“系列活动：国际青年年庆祝指南”，包括整个国际年期间和此后的实用活动指南和具体例子。2010年在巴西里约热内卢举行的不同文明联盟论坛这一准备性青年活动是上述承诺的又一个事例。", "30. 联合国机构利用国际青年年这一机会来开展以青年为对象的活动。例如，粮农组织联系文明联盟青年活动，为儿童和青年举办生物多样性讲习班和千年发展目标培训课程。该组织还设立了世界青年奖，该奖项是一个有关千年发展目标和国际公民问题的青年人自身发展方案。预定在2011年8月瑞典世界童子军大会上启动该奖。", "31. 新闻部为青年年制作了宣传材料，其口号是“我们的年份，我们的声音”。新闻部的联合国新闻中心网络通过积极的外联举措，动员当地青年宣传青年年，为此目的开展各种活动，包括体育运动、视频竞赛和招贴画展览。", "认识土著文化的活动", "32. 联合国土著问题常设论坛秘书处开展有关活动来促进关于土著问题和权利的文化间对话。在8月9日的世界土著人国际日活动中，为土著制片人举办了一个特别节目，彰显其为促进人们对世界各地土著人民的文化、历史和日常生活的注意和了解所做的杰出工作。", "33. 为了满足各国政府、各级机构和土著人民的能力建设需要，常设论坛秘书处在一些国家——包括多民族玻利维亚国、柬埔寨、厄瓜多尔、圭亚那、尼泊尔和菲律宾——举办了土著问题培训班。制作了一个土著问题资料袋，其重点是发展与土著人民，特别强调文化多样性、民族特性和权利。制作资料袋的目的是指导联合国国家工作队如何让土著人民参与发展进程，并将其观点纳入发展进程，包括将其观点纳入共同国家评估、联合国发展援助框架、减贫战略文件和关于千年发展目标的报告。", "34. 联合国系统的其他实体增加了与土著问题有关的工作。例如，粮农组织在2010年采取了一项关于土著和部落人民的政策，并制定了一项独具特色的农业遗产系统方案，其目的是加强承载世界各地珍贵传统农业系统的基础生态和社会文化方式，并加强和保护小农社区，其中许多是土著社区。粮农组织还将世界各地土著食品体系记入文献，并在复兴当地社会和文化制度的基础上，制定保健措施。", "35. 同样，农发基金系统地促进与全国和地方土著人民组织进行文化间对话，并在2011年设立了一个土著人民论坛，每隔一年在农发基金理事会开会的同时在罗马举行论坛会议。", "36. 儿童基金会在其促进土著人民权利的活动中，就双语和跨文化教育、有文化敏感性的保健服务、出生登记和终止暴力、虐待和剥削等领域采取主动措施。儿基会拉丁美洲和加勒比区域办事处特别长期地参与有关活动，目的是产生战略信息、赋予土著人民能力，主要赋予是妇女和青少年能力，并建立当地能力。", "新闻部的交流活动", "37. 交流与外联是联合国文化间对话工作的主要方面。新闻部通过联合国电台、联合国电视台、《联合国纪事》、联合国新闻报道中心和联合国网站，广泛报道旨在加强联合国在文化间对话中的声音的活动，特别是在大会宣布的国际日和国际周期间的这种对话。以联合国六种正式语文制作了关于多项这类活动的网页。", "38. 2011年7月12和13日在布达佩斯举行的2011年关于中东和平的年度媒体研讨会主题是“和平前景：了解当前的变革与克服障碍”。出席研讨会的人审视了以色列与巴勒斯坦权利机构之间当前和平谈判状况，审查了创艺界——包括作家、音乐家和电影制片人——在增进以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的对话和相互了解方面所起的作用。", "39. 卢旺达种族灭绝实践2011年纪念活动的重点是和解与教育，在2011年4月4日的一周中在联合国总部和世界各地的联合国新闻中心举办了一系列活动，以资纪念。除了纪念仪式和学生会议外，还在基加利、布琼布拉、日内瓦和坦桑尼亚联合共和国达累斯萨拉姆举办了题为“卢旺达的教训”的展览。", "40. 新闻部通过为非政府组织和学生举办特别简报会，继续让民间社会了解包括以下方面的相关的问题：2010年10月举行的国际文化和睦年活动“促进世界文化多样化并加强文化间纽带”；2010年11月举行的“聚焦信仰系列：揭幕犹太教及其在不同文明对话中的位置”；人权日活动“挺身执言，制止歧视：探索穆斯林世界与西方间关系中的人权问题”。", "41. 2011年5月5日新闻部组织了一个关于“文学能否带来变革”的专题讨论会，专题讨论组成员为著名的印度作家和诗人。联合国新闻报道中心根据对联合国和平使者保罗·科埃略的访谈发行了一个关于文化间对话的专题节目。", "政治事务部开展的活动", "42. 在报告所述期间，政治事务部的预防性外交、斡旋以及冲突后建设和平的努力继续推动并支持社会各断层间的对话，以减少、管控和解决暴力冲突。政治部进行这样的努力，有时是因安全理事会的明确授权——推动和支持对话环境，例如，2010年年中布隆迪选举周期在举行选举之前，或是在危机中进行调解，如在2010年吉尔吉斯斯坦，当时联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心和政治部的调解支助股都发挥重要作用。", "43. 政治事务部和联合国开发计划署继续保持其成功的伙伴关系，促进在建立国家预防冲突能力联合方案中的更长期的对话，注重早期接触，以建立国家和平基础设施以及在暴力冲突出现或重新出现之前在社会各断层间进行对话的态度、能力和平台。该方案向斐济、加纳、圭亚那、莱索托、肯尼亚、马尔代夫、毛里塔尼亚和多哥等国提供支助，以建立地方或全国的对话机制。调解支助股还向其中的一些国家提供了其他专门帮助。", "五. 与信仰组织合作以促进宗教间对话", "44. 联合国系统还通过与信仰组织接触并让它们参与其政策和宣传活动来帮助促进宗教间对话。这样的举措让不同信仰的人聚集在一起，讨论共同的问题以及联合国的发展目标。", "联合国人口基金", "45. 人口基金与信仰组织和全球人口与发展跨信仰网络的成员一起，加强宣传、知识管理和能力建设。人口基金继续担任联合国动员信仰组织参与千年发展目标机构间工作队的主席。在这一伙伴关系之下，人口基金将与联合国系统职员学院一起共同促进为联合国工作人员开展有关信仰、发展与伙伴合作的战略学习交流。人口基金定期在联合国实体、学术界和信仰组织之间举行有关宗教、发展和建设和平的协商。基金还在2011年7月合作举办了世界基督教女青年会国际妇女峰会。", "46. 人口基金与各国伙伴——包括政府和民间社会——协商制定了调动非洲、亚洲和太平洋、拉丁美洲和加勒比信仰组织参与的区域战略。", "47. 人口基金支持各国当局同宗教和传统组织合作，在国家一级展开由非洲联盟委员会倡导、人口基金支持的“加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率的运动”，以加紧落实降低孕产妇死亡率的《马普托行动计划》。2011年期间，又有5个国家(刚果、加蓬、利比里亚和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)开展了这一运动，使参加国总数达到31个。", "48. 在国家一级，人口基金泰国办事处向亚洲穆斯林行动网络就安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议提供技术援助，以弥合宗教和文化鸿沟。在柬埔寨，老挝人民民主共和国、泰国和越南的移徙妇女中进行了性健康和生殖健康的社会文化决定因素的研究，由此产生了顾及文化的政策和服务建议。", "49. 人口基金塔吉克斯坦办事处支持设立一个宗教事务委员会，以在宗教领袖中提高对艾滋病毒、生殖健康、性传播感染和性别平等问题的认识。人口基金为各省宗教领袖开设了培训课程，首创了将伊斯兰理念与保健优先事项结合起来的教员培训工作，相应发展机构采纳了这一良好做法。人口基金土耳其办事处继续与各部开展合作，为宗教领袖进行如何处理暴力侵害妇女行为案件的培训。40名宗教领袖参加了2010年5月举办了教员培训；与各地将近4 000名宗教领袖进行了联络。2011年的目标是联络12 000人。", "50. 在报告所述期间，人口基金格鲁吉亚办事处支持青年夏令营将文化、民族和宗教多样性转变成年轻人的资产。其他举措包括与45个不同种族和宗教组织就家庭暴力问题进行对话，与格鲁吉亚东正教会就预防和管理性暴力和性别暴力开展人道主义援助方案，并回应境内流离失所者的生殖保健需要。人口基金格鲁吉亚办事处还与格鲁吉亚教廷合作，向2 000多个家庭提供个人卫生包，惠及8 000名境内流离失所者。", "51. 人口基金吉尔吉斯斯坦办事处举办培训，按照伊斯兰理念宣传性健康和生殖健康、计划生育和艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防。发生在吉尔吉斯斯坦南部的族裔间冲突破坏了社区，此后，在信仰组织的参与下，实施了一个联合国紧急呼吁，使各社区走到一起，借助社区剧场等传统环境，成功应对了性别暴力问题。", "52. 人口基金拉丁美洲和加勒比办事处同区域信仰组织一起支持有关性别暴力问题、艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防治疗和保健、反名声玷污和歧视以及促进《千年发展目标》目标5等各项方案。", "53. 在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国，人口基金设立了一个信仰组织与人口基金合作的全国论坛，这是一个成功的伙伴合作模式，有利于实现与生殖健康有关的各项目标；已将这一做法推广到哥伦比亚和墨西哥。在本报告所述期间，人口基金圭亚那办事处同各类信仰组织接触，建立吸引青年人的空间，借以应对性健康和生殖健康问题以及性别暴力问题。由于这一举措的成功，圭亚那圣公会要求向圣公会全国青年理事会和圣安德鲁兄弟会就开展国际家庭年活动提供支持。", "54. 这些伙伴合作为人口基金、信仰组织和政府提供了对话空间，从而以顾及不同文化和基于权利的方法来解决敏感问题。人口基金看到信仰组织的多样性，调动和促进多信仰和文化间的伙伴合作，主张联合信仰界，以此在人权使命方面建立联合国系统与民间社会的协调的伙伴关系，并建议按照商定原则在整个联合国系统对这种伙伴关系进行系统的监测和评估。", "联合国儿童基金会", "55. 在本报告所述期间，儿基会在与多种宗教机构和宗教界合作促进儿童权利方面取得了很大进展。宗教界具有独特的道义权威和广泛的网络，这使之成为儿基会针对处境最不利儿童和家庭的方案的重要伙伴。儿基会将在2011年为儿基会工作人员和其他儿童权利促进者出版一份与宗教界合作的指南，提供具体的有效联合战略，并举例说明重要的工作领域，如儿童保护、教育、保健、营养、水和环境卫生以及艾滋病毒/艾滋病。", "56. 作为加强宗教界能力、特别是宗教间机制以保护受冲突影响儿童的一个多年期伙伴计划的一部分，儿基会和宗教促进和平组织于2010年11月在纽约召开了一个高级别圆桌会议，会上作出了应对对儿童的暴力行为的具体承诺。圆桌会议产生的出版物《从承诺到行动：宗教界可以为消除暴力侵害儿童而采取的行动》已译成法文、日文和西班牙文，并向儿基会各国家办事处、宗教促进和平分支机构和有关外部伙伴分发。", "57. 2010年，19个儿基会国家办事处参加了世界为儿童祈祷和行动日的倡议活动，调动宗教领袖们参与孕产妇保健和儿童生存共同行动，其重点是全母乳喂养。在阿尔及利亚的15 000清真寺作了关于儿童权利和母乳喂养的宣道。在刚果民主共和国，拥有3 000万人网络的四个主要宗教团体领导开展了为期一周的关于母乳喂养和免疫等重要家庭保健措施重要性的宣讲。在尼泊尔，多宗教协调的活动，包括每周的宣道，将重点放在妇幼保健。在2011-2013年期间，世界为儿童祈祷和行动日的重点将放在消除对儿童的暴力。", "58. 儿基会的国家方案将继续与多种宗教机构和宗教界合作促进儿童权利。国家办事处的活动包括：", "(a) 印度来自全国各地的400多名宗教领袖在南部城市班加罗尔附近举行会议，讨论因艾滋病毒和艾滋病带来的名声玷污和歧视问题；", "(b) 在安哥拉，妇女和家庭部领导9个宗教组织的联盟推动12个家庭重要胜任能力，以保证儿童的生存、健康和茁壮；", "(c) 在尼加拉瓜，神学与社会研究中心同非政府组织基督教医学行动之间旨在促进艾滋病毒流行病的神学-圣职思考的联盟就携带艾滋病毒者的权利问题成功地动员了教会。", "(d) 在肯尼亚，儿基会与肯尼亚公共保健和卫生部以及肯尼亚宗教间理事会联合基督教、伊斯兰教和印度教领袖们在其各自的教会社区展开一场妇幼保健关键高效干预行动。", "世界不同信仰间和谐周活动", "59. 大会在其第65/5号决议中根据约旦的倡议，宣布每年2月份的第一周为包含所有宗教、信仰和信念的世界不同信仰间和谐周。在首次和谐周活动中，40个国家举办了200多项活动(见http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com)。", "60. 联合国开展了和谐周活动，包括由新闻部同宗教非政府组织委员会一起在联合国举行跨信仰早餐会；伊斯兰合作组织常驻观察员办事处举办、几个联合国实体参与的关于信仰组织作用和发展、和解和建设和平跨信仰行动的特别活动；与不同文明联盟合作举办的电影放映会。", "61. 秘书长为和谐周的启动致辞，他重复大会的呼吁，希望教堂神庙宣传宗教间的和谐、和平与善意。", "62. 此外，2011年5月16日斯里兰卡常驻联合国代表团按照大会第54/115号决议举办了纪念国际卫塞节——佛教创立2 600周年活动。在联合国总部举行了关于和平、和谐和共存的宗教间对话，约20人发了言，分别代表不同国家各种佛教组织和其他宗教传统领导人。", "六. 以基于权利的方式开展文化、文明和宗教之间的对话", "63. 大会关于为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作的第65/138号决议以及先前关于同一问题的各项决议载有关于人权和不歧视以及以基于权利的方式开展文化和宗教间对话的具体规定。一些联合国实体开展了相关活动，对实施这些决议作出了直接贡献。", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处", "64. 在2011年5月30日至6月17日举行的人权理事会第十七届会议期间，人权高专办按照人权理事会题为“打击基于宗教或信仰原因对他人不容忍、进行丑化和侮辱及歧视的行为，以及煽动暴力和暴力侵害他人的行为”的第16/18号决议第9段，举行了关于以尊重人权和宗教与信仰多样性为基础、加强国际努力促进全球对话以推动各层次容忍文化与和平的小组讨论。讨论着重于有效实施有关措施和实际行动，以促进各层次的容忍与和平文化。", "65. 在2011年，人权高专办在世界各地举办了四次专家研讨会，讨论《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19和20条所述的言论自由和禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨。人权高专办这一行动的目的是对全面尊重言论自由的同时禁止煽动民族、种族和宗教仇恨的国际义务的全球履行情况作一个全面评估，然后帮助制定在各层次采取的行动。", "66. 2011年10月，人权高专办将为非洲裔人设立一个试点研究金方案，以此作为非洲裔人国际年活动的一个部分。该研究金方案将使参加者增加对联合国人权系统的了解，并分享其他国家和区域的经验。", "67. 关于属于民族或种族、宗教和语言的少数群体者的权利问题，人权专员向人权理事会提交了一份年度报告(A/HRC/16/39)，其中着重介绍了人权高专办和联合国人权机制为加强实施1992年《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》所作的努力。", "68. 为了促进对《宣言》的理解并鼓励保护少数者权利，人权高专办举办了协商、研讨会和讲习班，以提供机会来审查少数群体如何参与公民和政治生活，同时保持其文化和宗教身份。人权高专办还展开了一系列区域协商，以鼓励少数群体参与司法，包括执法工作，特别是维持治安。通过这些协商，使参与者能够交流经验，并着重于经验证明成功的做法。良好做法是确保少数群体有代表参与治安，同时保证少数群体的文化和宗教身份。2011年5月在曼谷举行了第四次这类协商。", "69. 人权高专办与世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)合作，鼓励将《联合国土著人民权利宣言》包括在该组织关于传统知识、遗传资源和传统文化表达文书的谈判中。", "70. 人权高专办按照人权理事会第15/7号决议，正在组织第一个关于语言和文化在促进和保护土著人民福祉和身份特征方面的作用的小组讨论，将在人权理事会第十八届会议期间举行这一讨论。", "联合国人权理事会特别程序", "71. 宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员在他对大会第六十六届会议的临时报告(A/66/156)中着重阐述了国家在促进宗教间沟通方面的作用。特别报告员强调指出，沟通和公开辩论是现实人权的关键因素。特别报告员为各国指出了一些可以采取的行动，包括公开表示赞赏定义明确的对话项目，鼓励宗教间的沟通；向现有或新创建的项目提供财政补贴；促进各种不同的宗教或信仰团体成员之间在国家的框架内开展对话；发展宗教或信仰背景不同的人经常开展交流的论坛。", "72. 2011年，文化权利领域独立专家就获取和享有文化遗产的权利向人权理事会提交了一份报告(A/HRC/17/38)。该报告强调，需要就文化遗产进行文化间对话，建设和平工作需要包括在有关各方的参与下修缮文化遗产，并需要促进关于文化遗产的文化间对话。独立专家指出，在对文化遗产的意义及重要性的解释发生冲突时，开展对话至关重要。她还指出，保存/保护文化遗产的目的应为确保人类发展、建立和平和民主社会，以及促进文化多样性。她特别建议，各国应认识到并重视本国领土上存在的以及在其管辖权范围内的文化遗产多样性，同时承认、尊重和保护可能对文化遗产作出的多种不同解释。", "七. 关于宗教间和文化间对话十年建议的协商结果", "73. 大会在其第63/22号决议中请经济和社会事务部的经社理事会支助和协调办公室与教科文组织协调，协助考虑可否宣布一个联合国为了和平促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作十年。最初提出十年设想的是信仰间、基于信仰和基于价值的非政府组织，这些组织成立了一个主张这样一个十年的联盟，并在联合国和其他地方举行了一系列协商(见www.faithdecadeforpeace.net)。", "74. 在2009年，为了完成这个任务，秘书处与教科文组织协调合作，开展协商，努力收集各相关行为者的意见，以便更好地评估“十年”有可能带来的益处，以及该进程可能会引发的种种问题。协商的结果在于秘书长关于为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作的报告(A/64/325，第88至104段)。", "75. 在协商中，一些国家欢迎该倡议，认为这是加强文化和宗教间对话与了解的机会，但也有人对倡议的内容、这一想法的背景及其发展过程、其有效性和所涉费用表示了一些顾虑。上述报告得出结论，需要作进一步协商，才能在政府间一级就这一建议进行广泛的协商一致的动员。该报告还提请大会注意，需要确保关于文化间、宗教间和文明间问题的多种倡议之间的一致与协调，并与教科文组织密切相关。", "76. 大会在其第64/81号决议中没有就提议的十年采取任何行动，该决议请秘书长与教科文组织协调，并在秘书长提交给大会第六十四和六十五届会议报告所载资讯以及2010年期间采取的行动的基础上，进一步征求会员国关于这一问题的看法，向大会第六十六届会议报告。大会第65/138号决议请秘书长在上述报告所载资讯以及2011年期间采取的有关行动的基础上向大会第六十六届会议报告。", "77. 2011年3月4日就此问题向会员国发出了一项普通照会，并在2011年6月9日向会员国发出一项催复通知。在撰写本报告时，秘书处收到了阿尔巴尼亚、智利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马达加斯加、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、多哥和欧洲联盟的答复，内容概述如下。", "78. 阿尔巴尼亚、智利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马达加斯加、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾和多哥表示支持宣布联合国为了和平促进宗教间和文化间对话与合作十年。它们认为，这一举措将会对改善不同文化的国家和人民之间的理解与合作作出积极贡献。一些国家还提到了这一倡议对联合国努力促进的和平与建设和平活动的意义。", "79. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国则强调，提议的十年与前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国组织举行的第一和第二宗教间和文明间对话会议的关于同一问题活动之间的联系。巴基斯坦认为，十年将会加强联合国在确保尊重和促进多文化主义以及保护不同社会和国家之间的和平与和谐方面的作用。", "80. 菲律宾强调，通过宣布这样一个十年，可持久地突出在联合国开展的各种宗教间和文化间对话活动，以此将这一领域现有的各种方案纳入统一的范畴，并吸引更多的利益攸关方、包括妇女、青年和民间社会组织。因此，建议教科文组织发挥指导作用，经过与会员国协商，为十年制定一个活动方案。", "81. 多哥建议，在宣布十年后，应通过旨在加强宗教间和文化间对话的国家行动计划。多哥还建议宣布一个文化间和信仰间对话国际日，以确保对这一问题的持续承诺。", "82. 欧洲联盟则对这一倡议提出了一些顾虑。它强调，联合国系统和会员国在文化间和宗教间对话中可发挥推动作用，并促进创造进行这种对话的必要条件，但联合国系统和会员国不应领导这一对话，因为宗教间和宗教内的对话主要是在个人以及宗教组织和宗教领袖之间进行。此外，欧洲联盟强调，文化间对话是多方面的，而宗教间对话仅是其一个方面，联合国参与的目的应是促进整个文化间对话，包括其宗教层面。因此，欧洲联盟认为，提议的十年不会对真正的对话作出有意义的贡献。", "83. 欧洲联盟表明其原则上反对宣布新的国际日、年或十年，因为其作用令人置疑，并强调，应参照其他进行中倡议的背景，包括宣布和平文化国际十年和国际文化和睦年的结果和经验教训，慎重评估提议的十年。有鉴于此，欧洲联盟得出结论，目前看不到宣布这样一个十年的更大价值。", "84. 秘书处进行协商的结果是，对提议的十年所表达的兴趣有限。共收到10个答复，包括其中一组国家对该倡议有多大价值表示严重顾虑。因此，大会不大可能在近期对该提议作出决定。为确保联合国系统这方面工作的连贯一致，大会倒是可以考虑在今后开展与教科文组织理事机构采取的倡议相关的活动，包括和平文化国际十年的后续活动。", "八. 结论", "85. 本报告叙述联合国系统的许多行为体为具体支持文化、宗教和文明之间的对话并实施大会在这些方面通过的决议而开展的各种活动。", "86. 也注意到会员国对这一领域的工作的更多参与，例如，一些会员国在提议宣布国际日或国际周——如全球信仰间和谐周——以及组织庆祝活动方面发挥的领导作用。其他会员国倡导的具有深远影响的项目包括“基于文明伙伴的，全球可持续发展长期战略基金会”，该项目由皮特里姆·索罗金-尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫国际学院倡议并由哈萨克斯坦常驻联合国代表团和俄罗斯常驻联合国代表团向联合国提出。", "87. 执行大量的相互关联的对话倡议给本报告的范围带来了问题。在这方面，大会似应探讨是否可能统一关于文化间、宗教间和文明间对话以及和平文化、文化多样性、容忍、相互理解和文化和睦的所有问题的报告，从而加强政策的连贯一致。大会还似应要求今后的报告重点阐述这种对话的具体方面，每年更换一次重点问题，并探讨这类对话如何对和平、发展或人权作出贡献。", "––––––––––––––" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Culture of Peace", "Intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational dialogue", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities carried out by the main United Nations entities in the field of dialogue among civilizations, cultures and religions. The report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/138, covers a range of topics, including the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, the fourth Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, communication, awareness-raising and educational activities, to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue, as well as a rights-based approach to the issue. It also provides the outcome of the consultations carried out on the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade on interreligious and intercultural dialogue.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Lessons 3 learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and future steps by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural \nOrganization III. Consolidation 7 of the Alliance of Civilizations and preparation of its fourth \nforum IV. Activities 8 of the United Nations system to promote intercultural \ndialogue V. Promoting 12 interreligious dialogue through cooperation with faith-based \norganizations VI. A 16 rights-based approach to dialogue among cultures, civilizations and \nreligions VII.Outcome 18 of the consultations on the proposal for a decade for interreligious and intercultural \ndialogue \nVIII. Conclusion 20", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/138, entitled “Promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace”. It sets out the main activities carried out by the United Nations system in support of dialogue among cultures, civilizations and religions since the adoption of the resolution. The report also provides information on the outcome of the consultations carried out by the Secretariat, in coordination with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), on the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue, pursuant to the same resolution.", "2. Since the adoption of the resolution, a number of initiatives have been carried out by the United Nations system, Member States and civil society organizations. UNESCO continues to be the main institution dealing with all culture-related issues on a large scale within the United Nation system. The United Nation Alliance of Civilizations also organizes high-profile events on the issues. The contributions of United Nations entities are therefore of particular relevance to the present report and are highlighted herein.", "3. The report also comprises contributions from the work of other United Nations entities, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Public Information. The contributions are set out in the report according to the main focus of the activities carried out.", "II. Lessons learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and future steps by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "4. The General Assembly designated UNESCO to be the lead agency of the United Nations system for the 2010 International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, capitalizing on its invaluable experience of more than 60 years in advancing the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples. The lessons learned by UNESCO from the International Year are set out below.", "5. Coinciding with the conclusion the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World (2001-2010), the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures provided a unique opportunity for the United Nations system to reaffirm its fundamental commitment to the plurality of humanity, in which cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue are mutually reinforcing and whose implications drive their relevant programmes. The International Year thus served as a firm foundation to give fresh impetus to the theme of dialogue among cultures.", "6. The main objective of the International Year was to help to dissipate any confusion stemming from ignorance, prejudice and exclusion that creates tension, insecurity, violence or conflict. The task was to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diversity by acknowledging the importance of the exchanges between cultures and the ties forged between them since the dawn of humanity. The ultimate aim was to integrate the principles of dialogue into policies at all levels in order to foster an environment conducive to the rapprochement of cultures.", "7. The process was facilitated by a number of initiatives aimed at achieving the same objective as those of the preceding decade. Beyond their principal value as part of a given year, all initiatives paved the way by familiarizing many decision makers and citizens with the implications of the rapprochement of cultures. The parallel celebrations of other international years and World Days enabled a considerable deepening and convergence of the themes and questions addressed.", "8. The action plan for the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures included four main themes, chosen to facilitate ownership of the Year by Member States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations: (a) promoting reciprocal knowledge of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; (b) building a framework for commonly shared values; (c) strengthening quality education and the building of intercultural competences; and (d) fostering dialogue for sustainable development. The themes were based on the cardinal principle of the equal dignity of all cultures, mutual respect and the strengthening of international cooperation for lasting peace.", "9. The specific activities considered by Member States and various partners, including the Alliance of Civilizations and civil society stakeholders, are available from http://www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/home. The activities focused on the following:", "(a) Providing greater opportunities for research, meetings, public debates, exhibitions, fairs and festivals and making use of new technologies that specifically foster linguistic diversity and translation;", "(b) Promoting the role of creativity, which is a fundamental attribute of innovation, by stressing the individualities and similarities of societies and, in that regard, enhancing the promotion of an integrated vision of all aspects of cultural heritage as a bearer of history and identity that must be preserved, a resource and engine of sustainable development and a tool for intercultural dialogue, which includes interreligious dialogue;", "(c) Improving access to formal and non-formal education, with an emphasis on quality education for all, human rights education, cultural diversity, gender equality and the integration of marginalized groups, and the strengthening of South-South and North-South inter-university cooperation, particularly by creating sites of excellence and innovation;", "(d) The contributions of the media and of new information and communications technology to changing the perceptions of different cultures and religions through, inter alia, the promotion of dialogue on the Internet where numerous cultural and linguistic expressions can be circulated and shared; or the co-production of dialogues between media professionals from different cultures, particularly on sensitive issues;", "(e) Recognizing and respecting knowledge, including traditional knowledge systems and the knowledge of indigenous peoples, which contribute to sustainable development, the promotion of human rights, philosophy and intercultural dialogue, with particular emphasis on fighting racism and discrimination and on the culture of peace and democracy.", "10. It is in that spirit that the numerous suggestions, initiatives and formulations of possible partnerships (almost 1,000 projects in all) succeeded in achieving the global key objectives of the Year. A large number of projects were launched and tens of thousands of people worldwide participated in the exercise. The International Year was instrumental in building awareness among a wide, diverse and particularly young audience of the virtuous cycle of cultural diversity and its corollary, intercultural dialogue, as part of processes of rapprochement. It is hoped that the Year demonstrably helped to change attitudes, mindsets, behaviours and habits.", "11. A particular conclusion to emerge from the activities was that, in the new, rapidly changing international landscape, it is necessary to focus increasingly on the close links between cultural diversity, dialogue, development, security and peace. Those five interdependent notions should be reconsidered in order to develop new approaches, namely, that culture be based on its rich diversity and that dialogue focus on the potential of material and symbolic diversity to achieve sustained peace, in view of the complexity of combining diversity, uniqueness and universality in a globalized world. Dialogue can only be effective if basic prerequisites are met, namely equality, justice, poverty reduction and respect for human rights.", "12. Two persistent issues have arisen: (a) in the context of globalization, determining the new arguments in favour of a strong commitment by States and civil society to creating development and mutual understanding on the basis of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue; and (b) determining the new choices and strategies needed in terms of public policies? In answering those questions, the three challenges that must be tackled as a priority are detailed below.", "13. In-depth structural reforms must be supported in order to show, through local and international experiences, that no culture is monolithic, but is instead made up of exchanges and interactions, and that each culture offers a fertile ground for renewed creation. Prior understanding of the diversity inherent in one’s own culture is crucial to better understanding cultural diversity worldwide. However, in the more specific case of interreligious dialogue, which is a component of the wider intercultural dialogue, religious and non-religious beliefs and convictions must be better known and understood in order to avoid ignorance and harmful simplistic views.", "14. Support must be provided for practical measures that mobilize not only States but also civil society, including a demarcation of the roles of States and local governments. That entails building capacities, opportunities and frameworks for cooperation among various players in order to reach not only those who are already committed to dialogue but, above all, those who do not yet feel concerned. The responsibility for engaging in dialogue is shared by such stakeholders as intellectuals, artists and opinion-makers (including media professionals and religious and youth leaders), who have a major role to play. The urgent need for linkages among the global, regional and local levels to promote such vital but fragile dialogue must be stressed.", "15. The added value of dialogue among and within societies is only valid on the basis of the experiences and memories of individuals and social groups. It must be taken into consideration that dialogue involves individuals’ cognitive skills, imagination, sensibilities and emotions. That is particularly true in the new digital landscape, where the social media brings people face to face with cultural and religious practices that they cannot interpret. The role of formal and non-formal education thus becomes crucial since it not only transmits knowledge but also offers critical and objective perspectives on all transmitted content.", "16. In the shifting international context, UNESCO continues to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue in accordance with its original mandate and with one of the overarching objectives of the organization’s medium-term strategy for 2008-2013, related to foster cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace. Against that backdrop, UNESCO is currently developing a new intersectional and interdisciplinary programme of action for a culture of peace and non-violence, which is expected to be adopted by the organization at the thirty-sixth session of its General Conference (to be held in October and November 2011. The main objectives of the programme are as follows:", "(a) To improve the global understanding and deconstruct preconceived ideas, by developing a global consciousness on thinking and learning for the twenty-first century, taking into account the emergence of a global civic space with young men and women as relevant actors;", "(b) To develop a concept- and programme-based approach that uses suitable and convincing language to present new arguments in favour of a strong commitment by States and civil society to nurture “everyday peace” in a social environment that encourages civic engagement and dialogue within and among cultures and communities, while improving the understanding of the root causes of violence;", "(c) To develop a common global curriculum on humanism and intercultural competencies that promote the “cardinal virtues” of temperance, courage, wisdom and justice, as well as empathy, hospitality, the harmonious coexistence and appreciation of diversity and respect for the equal rights of men and women, in order to spur critical and creative thinking among young people through formal and non-formal education, as well as through information and communications technology and the social media;", "(d) To raise awareness about violence and the importance of investing in the civic engagement of young people in order to build participative societies; the development of critical thinking; the eradication of violence against women; the strengthening of democratic culture and fundamental freedoms; and measures to combat all forms of discrimination and xenophobia.", "17. UNESCO is also preparing to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of its Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, on 2 November 2011, during the above-mentioned session of the General Conference, and on the occasion of the fourth annual forum of the Alliance of Civilizations. Special attention will be paid to the aspirations of the Declaration, including the promotion of the fruitful diversity of cultures, the free flow of ideas by word and image, the right to individual expression and creativity, the strengthening of international solidarity through innovative partnerships and the increased involvement of civil society to achieve harmonious coexistence within and among the contemporary plural societies.", "III. Consolidation of the Alliance of Civilizations and preparation of its fourth forum", "18. Under the leadership of United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, Jorge Sampaio, the Alliance has now become one of the premier platforms for intercultural and interreligious dialogue within and between diverse societies. Established under the co-sponsorship of Spain and Turkey, the Alliance includes a Group of Friends, whose 128 members include Governments, international organizations, cities, non-governmental organizations, academics, religious figures, corporations, the media and individuals, prominently young people.", "19. The Alliance continued to call on its members to develop good governance of cultural diversity through national plans, of which 26 are in existence and more are in preparation, on such themes as education, youth, media and migration. Promising practices were exchanged. Following its experience in South-Eastern Europe, the Alliance adopted a regional strategy on intercultural dialogue and cooperation for the Mediterranean in Malta in November 2010, and the elements of an action plan were put together in consultation with civil society. Work on a regional strategy for Latin America is continuing and will be finalized in 2011.", "20. The Alliance prepared for its next annual forum, to be held in Doha from 11 to 13 December. The forum will be a turning point in terms of raising visibility, integrating the global agenda and reinforcing commitments for action. Reflecting the suggestion made by Sheikha Mozah, emphasis will be placed on creating synergies between the objectives of the Alliance and the advancement of the Millennium Development Goals. An initial large-scale exchange with civil society organizations was held in Doha on May 3 and 4.", "21. The Alliance also acted as a platform for flexible cooperation, to implement the projects agreed under the second implementation plan and respond to developments affecting intercultural dialogue. The developments include the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region; the ongoing debates in Europe about reconciling diversity and cohesion; and the influence of religion on peace and development. Tensions in the mutual perceptions of the relationship between Islam and the West remained an important topic. The following points should also be mentioned:", "(a) In collaboration with Jordan, the Alliance promoted Global Interfaith Harmony Week. It also continued to contribute to the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures;", "(b) On World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, the Alliance, with UNESCO and several technology firms, launched the online campaign “Do ONE Thing for Diversity and Inclusion” to invite people worldwide to support cultural diversity and cohesion, in a new form of outreach to large numbers. The Alliance actively promotes the key messages from youth organizations celebrating the International Year of Youth, including peace, human rights and solidarity across generations, cultures, religions and civilizations;", "(c) In partnership with BMW, the Alliance launched the World Intercultural Facility for Innovation to support innovative grass-roots projects that enhance cultural understanding. The Youth Solidarity Fund of the Alliance supported 20 grass-roots projects led by youth organizations to advance the objectives of the Alliance, including in conflict and post-conflict areas in Africa and Europe. Having been successfully piloted in 2010, the fellowship programme of the Alliance is exposing a new group of emerging leaders from the Arab world to the diverse realities of Western societies and vice-versa. In April 2011, the Global Youth Movement of the Alliance was launched in Baku to connect youth organizations and leverage their commitment to the objectives of the Alliance. Promising experiences of the Alliance online community “Integration: Building Inclusive Societies” are identified and debated on its website, which benefited from the outreach initiatives of partners in Bogota, London, Rome and Melbourne, Australia. In partnership with the International Organization for Migration, the “Plural+” project continued to attract video entries from around the world on young people’s views of diversity;", "(d) Attention to narratives, perceptions and the role of the media remained very high. The Global Experts project, which had been created connects journalists with experts throughout the world to provide nuanced analyses, was enhanced. Training courses, notably in the Middle East and South Asia, were provided to journalists and opinion leaders who report on and write about issues relevant to intercultural understanding. The Alliance also organized debates in New York on the Middle East peace process and in Cairo on the political changes in countries in the Middle East and North Africa. A series on religion and the public space was launched in 10 newspapers around the world;", "(e) An Alliance summer school, first held in August 2010, brought together hundreds of young people from around the world to acquire knowledge and hone their skills on communicating across cultures. The school is growing and diversifying in 2011. The network of dialogue cafés continued to expand, enabling groups of people around the world to communicate face to face. Impending openings include Ramallah, Tel Aviv, Cairo and Tunis. The Alliance co-sponsored a conference on cross-cultural education, held in Lebanon.", "22. After consultation with the Group of Friends, the United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations will present the Third Implementation Plan (2012-13) of the Alliance to the Secretary-General in the third quarter of 2011. He is also taking steps to secure more stable and predictable resources for the Alliance, through the organization of a replenishment conference, to be held in Turkey in October 2011.", "IV. Activities of the United Nations system to promote intercultural dialogue", "23. In addition to its involvement in the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and with the Alliance of Civilizations, the United Nations system has continued to undertake a wide range of activities to promote dialogue among cultures. A number of key activities carried out by major United Nations actors in that field are set out below.", "Activities led by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "24. UNESCO continued its activities related to history, memory and dialogue through the wide dissemination and pedagogical use of its works on general and regional histories, to promote a new and pluralistic approach to the histories of peoples and regions. The collections help to deconstruct prejudices and facilitate mutual understanding. The organization also launched a project for the pedagogical use of the general history of Africa, consistent with its aim to make history teaching instrumental in shaping the identities of peoples in and their understanding of the common ties that lie beneath the cultural diversity of any region, particularly with regard to the African diaspora. The Slave Route project helped to break the silence on slavery and shed light on the global transformations and cultural interactions it generated. In that respect, UNESCO continues to raise global awareness by conducting rigorous scientific research in order to reveal the countless influences generated by forced dialogue between people, cultures and civilizations throughout the world.", "25. UNESCO contributed to the celebration of International Day of Nowruz on 21 March (resolution 64/253). Included in 2009 in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, Nowruz stands out as a particularly vibrant component of such heritage and instils a sense of identity and continuity in those who celebrate it.", "26. Following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 57/249, in which 21 May was proclaimed World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, UNESCO launched the annual International Festival of Cultural Diversity to highlight the multifaceted and irreplaceable diversity that unites all peoples of the world. The Festival is celebrated at UNESCO headquarters and field offices through an array of cultural events. A wide range of activities are also carried out by local actors. The campaign “Do ONE Thing for Diversity and Inclusion”, in partnership with the Alliance, also helps to promote the Day.", "27. Within the framework of its cooperation with the Alliance, UNESCO has also developed the intersectoral programme “Intercultural Vademecum” composed of five projects, two of which were launched during World Philosophy Day, celebrated in 2010 on 18 November. The themes of the two projects are “A scientific, philosophical, literary and artistic anthology of Muslim/Arab civilization and its contribution to the revival of Western thought and European Renaissance” and “Arab-Muslim Civilization in the Mirror of the Universal”. Both projects are intended to serve as tools for education and media purposes, to present an intercultural vision of history that unites the Muslim/Arab world and the West.", "Activities to promote the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "28. In its resolution 64/134, the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, in order to promote dialogue and understanding across generations, cultures, religions and civilizations, and the ideals of peace, respect for human rights and solidarity.", "29. The United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, the global mechanism of cooperation on matters related to youth development within the United Nations system, developed a framework approach for the International Year. One of the strategic objectives of the framework was to connect and build bridges to increase intercultural understanding among youth. In that context, the Division for Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and its focal point on youth organized a wide range of side events and briefing sessions aimed at raising the profile of the issues. For example, in July 2010, the monthly consultations held at United Nations Headquarters examined the ways in which young people could promote dialogue and mutual understanding. A partnership with civil society also led to development of the “Activities kit: a guide to celebrating the International Year of Youth”, including practical guidance and concrete examples of activities throughout the International Year and beyond. The preparatory youth event of the Alliance of Civilizations forum held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2010 is another example of that commitment.", "30. United Nations agencies have used the International Year as an opportunity to undertake activities aimed at young people. For example, FAO conducted workshops for children and young people on biodiversity and training courses on the Millennium Development Goals in relation to Alliance activities for youth. It also developed the World Youth Award, a self-development programme for young people that addresses issues related to the Goals and to international citizenship. The award is scheduled to be launched in August 2011 at the World Scout Jamboree in Sweden.", "31. The Department of Information produced communication materials for the Year, with the slogan “Our Year, Our Voice”. Through proactive outreach initiatives, the Department’s network of United Nations information centres mobilized local youth to promote the Year through a variety of activities, including sports, video competitions and poster exhibitions.", "Activities related to recognition of indigenous cultures", "32. The secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues undertakes activities to promote intercultural dialogue relating to indigenous issues and rights. As part of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People, observed on 9 August, a special event was organized in honour of indigenous film-makers for their exceptional work in raising sensitivity and awareness about the culture, history and everyday life of indigenous peoples around the world.", "33. In order to address the capacity-building needs of Governments, agencies and indigenous peoples at all levels, the secretariat of the Permanent Forum has organized training courses on indigenous issues in a number of countries, including Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Cambodia, Ecuador, Guyana, Nepal and the Philippines. A resource kit on indigenous issues was created to focus on development and indigenous peoples, with an emphasis on cultural diversity, identity and rights. The kit is designed to guide United Nations country teams on ways to engage indigenous peoples and include their perspectives in development processes, including in preparing common country assessments, United Nations development assistance frameworks, poverty reduction strategy papers and reports on the Goals.", "34. Other United Nations system entities have increased their work related to indigenous issues. For example, in 2010, FAO adopted a corporate policy on indigenous and tribal peoples and developed a programme on globally important agricultural heritage systems, which aims to reinforce the underlying ecological and sociocultural processes that have sustained valuable traditional agricultural systems from around the world and to empower and conserve smallholder communities, many of which are indigenous. FAO also documents indigenous food systems around the world and formulates health interventions based on reviving local social and cultural systems.", "35. Similarly, IFAD promotes systematic intercultural dialogue with representatives of national and local indigenous peoples’ organizations and, in 2011, established an indigenous peoples’ forum, which will be held in Rome every other year, in conjunction with the IFAD Governing Council.", "36. In the context of its activities to advance the rights of indigenous peoples, UNICEF took initiatives on such themes as bilingual and intercultural education, culturally sensitive health services, birth registration and ending violence, abuse and exploitation. The UNICEF regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean has a particularly long-standing engagement in activities aimed at generating strategic information, empowering indigenous peoples, mainly women and adolescents, and building local capacities.", "Communication activities by Department of Public Information", "37. Communication and outreach are key aspects of the work of the United Nations on intercultural dialogue. Through UN Radio, UN Television, the United Nations Chronicle, the United Nations News Centre and the Organization’s website, the Department of Public Information covers a wide range of events organized to strengthen the Organization’s voice on intercultural dialogue, in particular during the international days and global weeks proclaimed by the General Assembly. Web pages have been created in the six official languages of the United Nations for many of the events.", "38. The 2011 theme of the Department’s annual media seminar on peace in the Middle East, held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011, was “Prospects for peace: understanding current changes and overcoming obstacles”. Participants in the seminar reviewed the current status of peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, and examined the role played by the creative community, including writers, musicians and film-makers, in fostering conditions for dialogue and better understanding between Israelis and Palestinians.", "39. Reconciliation and education was the focus of the 2011 commemoration of the Rwanda genocide, which was observed with a series of events organized during the week of 4 April 2011 at United Nations Headquarters and at United Nations information centres around the world. In addition to a memorial ceremony and a student conference, an exhibition entitled “Lessons from Rwanda” was displayed in Kigali, Bujumbura, Geneva and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.", "40. The Department of Public Information continues to engage civil society on related issues, through special briefings for non-governmental organizations and students, including on such themes as: “Promoting diversity of world cultures and the links that unite them”, held in October 2010 in observance of the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures; “Focus on faith series: unveiling Judaism and its place in the dialogue among civilizations”, held in November 2010; and “Speak up, stop discrimination: exploring human rights in the relationship between the Muslim world and the West”, held in observance of Human Rights Day.", "41. On 5 May 2011, the Department organized a symposium on the theme “Can literature effect change?”, with a panel of eminent Indian authors and poets. The United Nations News Centre also published a feature based on an interview with writer and United Nations Messenger of Peace Paulo Coelho on the theme of intercultural dialogue.", "Activities carried out by the Department of Political Affairs", "42. During the reporting period, the efforts of the Department of Political Affairs on preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and post-conflict peacebuilding, continued to catalyse and support dialogue across societal cleavages, in order to reduce, manage and resolve violent conflict. The Department pursued such efforts where it had been explicitly mandated by the Security Council to promote and support an environment of dialogue, for example, in Burundi in the run-up to the mid-2010 electoral cycle, or in cases of crisis mediation, for example, in Kyrgyzstan in 2010, where both the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia and the Department’s Mediation Support Unit played important roles.", "43. The Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme have continued their successful partnership to promote longer-term dialogue within the Joint Programme on Building National Capacities for Conflict Prevention, which focuses on early engagement in order to build national infrastructures of peace as well as attitudes, aptitudes and platforms for dialogue across societal cleavages before violent conflict emerges or re-emerges. The Programme has provided support to build local or national dialogue mechanisms to such countries as Fiji, Ghana, Guyana, Lesotho, Kenya, Maldives, Mauritania and Togo. The Mediation Support Unit has provided additional expertise to the dialogue processes in a number of those countries.", "V. Promoting interreligious dialogue through cooperation with faith-based organizations", "44. The United Nations system also contributes to promoting interreligious dialogue by engaging with faith-based organizations and involving them in its policy and advocacy activities. Such initiatives bring together peoples of different faiths to discuss common issues and United Nations development objectives.", "United Nations Population Fund", "45. UNFPA strengthens advocacy, knowledge management and capacity-building with faith-based organizations and members of its Global Interfaith Network for Population and Development. The Fund continues to chair the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Engaging Faith-Based Organizations for the Millennium Development Goals. Under the aegis of that partnership, UNFPA and the United Nations System Staff College will co-facilitate a strategic learning exchange for United Nations staff on faith, development and partnerships. The Fund regularly convenes consultations between United Nations entities, academia and faith-based organizations on the themes of religion, development and peacebuilding. It also co-sponsored the World Young Women’s Christian Association’s International Women’s Summit, held in July 2011.", "46. The Fund developed regional strategies for engaging with faith-based organizations for Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean, in consultation with national partners, including Governments and civil society.", "47. UNFPA Africa supports national authorities in partnering with religious and traditional organizations to launch at the national level the Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa, an initiative of the African Union Commission supported by UNFPA to intensify implementation of the Maputo Plan of Action to reduce maternal mortality. Five additional countries (Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Liberia and United Republic of Tanzania) launched the campaign in 2011, bringing the total to 31.", "48. At the country level, UNFPA Thailand provided technical assistance to the Asia Muslim Action Network concerning Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), to bridge religious and cultural gaps. Research was conducted in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam, on sociocultural determinants of sexual and reproductive health among migrant women, resulting in recommendations for culturally sensitive policies and services.", "49. UNFPA Tajikistan supported the establishment of a religious affairs committee to raise awareness among religious leaders of HIV, reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and gender issues. UNFPA conducted training courses for religious leaders from all provinces and pioneered a train-the-trainer process linking Islamic precepts with health priorities, a good practice that has been adopted by development counterparts. UNFPA Turkey continued its partnership with different ministries to train religious leaders in ways of dealing with cases involving violence against women. A train-the-trainer course was conducted in May 2010, with the participation of 40 religious leaders; nearly 4,000 religious leaders working in the field were reached. The aim in 2011 is to reach 12,000.", "50. During the reporting period, UNFPA Georgia supported youth summer camps aimed at transforming cultural, ethnic and religious diversity into youth assets. Other initiatives included a dialogue with more than 45 different ethnic and religious organizations on the theme of domestic violence, and a humanitarian assistance programme with the Georgian Orthodox Church on the prevention and management of sexual and gender-based violence and on responding to the reproductive health needs of internally displaced persons. UNFPA Georgia also partnered with the Patriarchate of Georgia to provide assistance and family dignity kits to more than 2,000 families, covering 8,000 internally displaced persons.", "51. UNFPA Kyrgyzstan conducted training courses to promote sexual and reproductive health, family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention along Islamic lines. After the inter-ethnic conflict that devastated communities in the south of Kyrgyzstan, faith-based organizations were involved in implementing a United Nations flash appeal, bringing communities together and successfully addressing gender-based violence in conservative contexts, for example, through community-based theatres.", "52. UNFPA Latin America and the Caribbean supports programmes with regional faith-based organizations on the prevention of gender based violence, HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care, on working against stigma and discrimination and on the promotion of Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals.", "53. In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, UNFPA established a national forum of faith-based organizations to partner with UNFPA, a successful partnership model for achieving the reproductive health-related Goals that has been replicated in Colombia and Mexico. Also during the reporting period, UNFPA Guyana engaged diverse faith-based organizations to establish youth-friendly spaces in which to address sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence. The success of that initiative led to a request from the Guyana Anglican Diocese for support to be provided to the Anglican National Youth Council and the Brotherhood of St. Andrew in their observation of the International Year of the Family.", "54. The partnerships provided a space for dialogue between UNFPA, faith-based organizations and Governments to tackle sensitive issues using a culturally sensitive rights-based approach. UNFPA acknowledges the diversity of faith-inspired organizations and mobilization, promotes multi-faith and intercultural partnerships, advocates engagement with faith-based communities as a means of building coherent partnerships between the United Nations system and civil society on human rights mandates, and recommends that such partnerships be systematically monitored and evaluated along agreed principles and across the United Nations system.", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "55. During the reporting period, UNICEF made significant progress in its work with multireligious structures and religious communities to promote the rights of children. The unique moral authority and extensive networks of religious communities makes them critical partners in UNICEF programmes that target the most disadvantaged children and families. In 2011, UNICEF will publish a guide for working with religious communities aimed at UNICEF staff and other advocates of children’s rights, providing concrete strategies for effective engagement and examples relating to key areas of work, such as child protection, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation and HIV/AIDS.", "56. As part of a multi-year partnership to strengthen the capacity of religious communities, particularly interreligious mechanisms, as a means of protecting children affected by conflict, UNICEF and Religions for Peace organized a high-level round-table meeting in New York in November 2010, during which concrete commitments were made to address violence against children. The resulting publication, entitled “From Commitment to Action: What Religious Communities can do to Eliminate Violence against Children”, was translated into French, Japanese and Spanish, and distributed to UNICEF country offices, and Religions for Peace affiliates and relevant external partners.", "57. In 2010, 19 UNICEF country offices participated in the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children initiative, which mobilized religious leaders around a common agenda for maternal health and child survival, with a focus on exclusive breastfeeding. In Algeria, sermons were given in the country’s 15,000 mosques on children’s rights and the importance of breastfeeding. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, four of the main religious groups, which have a combined network of nearly 30 million people, led week-long campaigns on the importance of key family health practices, such as breastfeeding and immunization. In Nepal, multireligious coordinated activities, including weekly religious services, focused on maternal and child health. In 2011-2013, the focus of the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children initiative will be on eliminating violence against children.", "58. UNICEF country programmes continued to work with multireligious structures and religious communities to promote the rights of children. Examples of country office activities included:", "(a) In India, more than 400 religious leaders from around the country met near the southern city of Bangalore to address stigma and discrimination linked to HIV and AIDS;", "(b) In Angola, the Ministry for Women and Family led an alliance of nine religious organizations to promote 12 key family competencies to keep children alive, healthy and well;", "(c) In Nicaragua, an alliance between the Theological and Social Research Centre and the non-governmental organization Acción Medica Cristiana to promote theological-pastoral reflexion on the HIV epidemic succeeded in mobilizing churches on the rights of people living with HIV;", "(d) In Kenya, UNICEF, together with the Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation and the Interreligious Council of Kenya, launched an initiative with Christian, Muslim and Hindu religious leaders to promote key high-impact interventions for maternal and child health within their respective religious communities.", "Celebration of World Interfaith Harmony Week", "59. In its resolution 65/5, the General Assembly proclaimed the first week of February every year to be World Interfaith Harmony Week between all religions, faiths and beliefs, following an initiative by Jordan. The first celebration of the Week was marked by over 200 events in 40 countries, (see http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com).", "60. The United Nations observed the Week by holding events such as an interfaith breakfast, organized by Department of Public Information with the Committee of Religious Non-governmental Organizations at the United Nations; a special event on the role of faith-based organizations and interfaith initiatives in development, reconciliation and peacebuilding, organized by the Office of the Permanent Observer for the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, with the participation of several United Nations entities; and a film screening in partnership with the Alliance of Civilizations.", "61. At the launch of the Week, the Secretary-General delivered a message in which he echoed the call by the General Assembly for places of worship to spread the message of harmony, peace and goodwill between religions.", "62. In addition, a special event was organized on 16 May 2011 by the Permanent Mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations to commemorate the International Day of Vesak, 2,600 years of Buddhism, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 54/115. An interfaith dialogue on peace, harmony and coexistence was held at United Nations Headquarters, with close to 20 speakers representing various Buddhist organizations from different countries and leaders of other religious traditions.", "VI. A rights-based approach to dialogue among cultures, civilizations and religions", "63. General Assembly resolution 65/138 on the promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace, and earlier resolutions on the same issue, contain specific provisions on human rights and non-discrimination and on a rights-based approach to intercultural and interreligious dialogue. A number of United Nations entities have carried out activities that directly contribute to the implementation of those resolutions.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "64. During the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, held from 30 May to 17 June 2011, OHCHR organized a panel discussion on strengthened international efforts to foster a global dialogue for the promotion of a culture of tolerance and peace at all levels, based on respect for human rights and diversity of religions and beliefs, pursuant to paragraph 9 of Human Rights Council resolution 16/18, entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against, persons based on religion or belief”. The discussion focused on the effective implementation of measures and practical actions to promote a culture of tolerance and peace at all levels.", "65. For 2011, OHCHR has organized four expert workshops, in the various regions of the world, on the issue of freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred as reflected in articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In doing so, OHCHR aims at conducting a comprehensive assessment of the global state of implementation of the international obligation to prohibit incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, while fully respecting freedom of expression, and to subsequently assist in devising actions at all levels.", "66. In October 2011, as part of the International Year for People of African Descent, OHCHR will launch a pilot fellowship programme for people of African descent. The fellowship programme will enable participants to enhance their understanding of the United Nations human rights system and share experiences from different countries and regions.", "67. Regarding the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, the High Commissioner submitted an annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/39) that highlights the efforts being made by OHCHR and the United Nations human rights machinery to strengthen the implementation of the 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.", "68. In order to advance understanding of the Declaration and encourage protection of the rights of minorities, OHCHR organizes consultations, seminars and workshops that provide an opportunity to examine how minorities can take part in civil and political life while maintaining their cultural and religious identities. Also, OHCHR has launched a series of regional consultations with a view to encouraging the participation of minorities in the administration of justice through law enforcement, in particular policing. Those consultations make it possible for participants to share experiences while focusing on practices that have proved to be successful. The good practices are those that secure the representation and participation of minorities in policing while safeguarding the cultural and religious identity of minorities. The fourth such consultation was held in Bangkok in May 2011.", "69. OHCHR cooperated with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to encourage the inclusion of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the organization’s negotiations on its text on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions.", "70. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 15/7, OHCHR is organizing a panel discussion on the role of languages and culture in the promotion and protection of the well-being and identity of indigenous peoples, to be held during the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "United Nations Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council", "71. In his interim report to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (A/66/156), the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief focuses on the role of the State in promoting interreligious communication. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that communication and public debate constitute a crucial element for human rights to become a reality. He points to a number of possibilities for States, including by encouraging interreligious communication by publicly expressing their appreciation for well-defined dialogue projects; providing financial subsidies to existing or newly created projects; facilitating dialogue between members of various religious or belief groups in the framework of the State itself; and developing forums for regular encounters of people of different religious or belief affiliations.", "72. In 2011, the independent expert in the field of cultural rights submitted a report (A/HRC/17/38) to the Human Rights Council on the right of access to and enjoyment of cultural heritage. The report underlines the need for intercultural dialogue on cultural heritage, for peacebuilding processes to include the repair of cultural heritage with the participation of all concerned and for the promotion of intercultural dialogue regarding cultural heritage. The independent expert noted that dialogue is important when conflicts of interpretation about the meaning and significance of cultural heritage arise. She also noted that the preservation/ safeguarding of cultural heritage should aim at ensuring human development, the building of peaceful and democratic societies and the promotion of cultural diversity. In particular, she recommended that States recognize and value the diversity of cultural heritages present in their territories and under their jurisdiction, and acknowledge, respect and protect the possible diverging interpretations that may arise over cultural heritage.", "VII. Outcome of the consultations on the proposal for a decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue", "73. In its resolution of 63/22, the General Assembly requested the Office for Economic and Social Council Support and Coordination in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to coordinate with UNESCO in facilitating consideration of the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace. Such a decade was originally proposed by interfaith, faith-based and value-based non-governmental organizations that created a coalition in favour of the initiative and held a series of consultations at the United Nations and elsewhere (see www.faithdecadeforpeace.net).", "74. In 2009, in order to comply with that mandate, the Secretariat, in coordination with UNESCO, carried out consultations in order to gather views from various relevant actors and better assess the potential added value of such a decade and the difficulties that the process might generate. The outcome of the consultations is contained in the report of the Secretary-General on interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace (A/64/325, paras. 88-104).", "75. The consultation process revealed that while several Member States welcomed the initiative as an opportunity to enhance dialogue and understanding among cultures and religions, concerns were expressed as to the content of the initiative, the context and process through which the idea was developed, its effectiveness, and the costs involved. The above-mentioned report concluded that further consultations would be needed before a broad and consensual mobilization on the proposal could be reached at the intergovernmental level. The report also drew the attention of the Assembly to the need to ensure coherence and coordination of the multiplicity of initiatives taken on intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational matters and to closely liaise with UNESCO.", "76. In its resolution 64/81, the Assembly did not take any action on the proposed decade and requested the Secretary-General, in coordination with UNESCO, to further solicit views of Member States on the matter and to reporting to it at its sixty-sixth session, building on the information contained in the reports of the Secretary-General at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions and the relevant initiatives taken in the course of 2010. In its resolution 65/138, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session, building on the information contained in the same reports and the relevant initiatives taken in the course of 2011.", "77. A note verbale dated 4 March 2011 and a reminder dated 9 June 2011 were sent to Member States on the matter. At the time of reporting, the Secretariat had received responses, summarized below, from Albania, Chile, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Togo and the European Union.", "78. Albania, Chile, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines and Togo expressed support for proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue and cooperation for peace. They considered that such an initiative would make a positive contribution to improving understanding and cooperation between the nations and peoples of diverse cultures. Some States also mentioned the relevance of the initiative with respect to peace and peacebuilding activities that the Organization strives to promote.", "79. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia underlined the connection between the proposed decade and activities carried out on the same topic as part of the First and Second World Conferences on Interreligious and Intercivilization Dialogue, organized by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Pakistan was of the view that the decade would strengthen the United Nations in its role to ensure respect for and the promotion of multiculturalism and to protect peace and harmony among different societies and nations.", "80. The Philippines stressed that the proclamation of such a decade could be used to highlight in a sustained manner the various interreligious and intercultural dialogue initiatives held at the United Nations, in order to bring existing programmes in that field under one ambit and to draw in more stakeholders, including women, youth and civil society organizations. In that context, it was suggested that UNESCO should play a guiding role by formulating a programme of activities for the decade in consultation with Member States.", "81. Togo suggested that the proclamation of the decade should be followed by the adoption of national action plans aimed at strengthening dialogue among religions and cultures. Togo also proposed the proclamation of an international day for intercultural and interfaith dialogue, to ensure a continuing commitment on the issue.", "82. The European Union raised a number of concerns about the initiative. It underlined that the United Nations system and Member States could play a facilitating role in the field of intercultural and interreligious dialogue and promote the necessary conditions for that dialogue to take place, but that they should not lead such dialogue given the fact that both interreligious and intrareligious dialogue primarily took place between individuals and religious organizations and leaders. In addition, the European Union stressed that interreligious dialogue was only one of the various dimensions of intercultural dialogue and that the aim of the involvement of the United Nations should be to promote intercultural dialogue as a whole, including its religious dimension. Hence, the European Union did not believe that the proposed decade would contribute significantly to a genuine dialogue.", "83. The European Union stated its opposition in principle to new international days, years or decades, given their questionable effectiveness, and stressed that the proposed decade should be carefully assessed against the background of other ongoing initiatives, including the outcome of and lessons learned from the proclamation of the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures. For those reasons, the European Union concluded that that it currently did not see the added value of proclaiming the decade.", "84. The consultations carried out by the Secretariat have led to a limited expression of interest for the proposed decade. Only 10 responses were received, including 1 from a group of countries that raised serious concerns as to the added value of the initiative. It is therefore unlikely that the General Assembly can take a decision on the proposal in the near future. Instead, and in order to ensure coherence in the work of the United Nations system in this field, the Assembly may wish to consider future possible celebrations in connection with initiatives taken by the governing bodies of UNESCO, including in the follow-up to the International Decade for a Culture and Peace.", "VIII. Conclusion", "85. The present report testifies to the diversity of activities carried out by many actors in the United Nations system to offer concrete support for dialogue among cultures, religions and civilizations and to implement the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in those fields.", "86. The increased involvement of Member States in this area of work is also to be noted, as exemplified by the leading role played by several of them in proposing the proclamation of international days or weeks and organizing celebration activities, such as the Global Interfaith Harmony Week. Other far-reaching projects initiated by Member States include the “Foundations of a long-term strategy for global sustainable development based on partnership of civilizations”, initiated by the Pitirim Sorokin-Nikolai Kondratieff International Institute and presented to the United Nations by the Permanent Missions of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation to the United Nations.", "87. The high number of interconnected dialogue initiatives being carried out raises the issue of the scope of the present report. In that respect, the Assembly may wish to explore possibilities for harmonizing the reporting of all issues that deal with intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational dialogue as well as a culture of peace, cultural diversity, tolerance, mutual understanding and rapprochement of cultures, so as to strengthen policy coherence. The Assembly may also wish to request that future reports focus on the specific dimensions of such dialogue, with a change in focus every year, and to address the ways such dialogue can contribute to peace, development or human rights." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture of peace", "Dialogue among cultures, religions and civilizations", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the main United Nations entities involved in dialogue among civilizations, cultures and religions. The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/138, covers a broad range of topics, including the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, the fourth Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, exchanges, awareness-raising and educational activities to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue, and a rights-based approach to issues. The report also provides the outcome of consultations on the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue.", "Contents", "2. Lessons learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and future measures of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Introduction", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/138, entitled “Promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace”, and describes the activities of the United Nations system in support of intercultural, intercivilizational and interreligious dialogue since its adoption. The report also provides information on the outcome of the consultations undertaken by the Secretariat, in coordination with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), on the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue, in accordance with that resolution.", "2. Since the adoption of the resolution, the United Nations system, Member States and civil society organizations have undertaken a number of initiatives. UNESCO remains the main body within the United Nations system that deals with all issues related to culture. The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations also organized a high-level event on the above-mentioned issues. The contributions made by United Nations entities are therefore of particular relevance to the present report, which highlights them.", "3. The report also includes contributions from other United Nations entities, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Public Information. These contributions are presented in the report in the light of the main focus of the activities undertaken.", "II. Lessons learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and future measures of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "4. UNESCO was designated by the General Assembly as the lead agency of the United Nations system to lead the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, drawing on its valuable experience of more than six decades in advancing mutual understanding and understanding among peoples. The lessons learned by UNESCO from the Year are described below.", "5. The International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, which coincided with the conclusion of the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World (2001-2010), provided a unique opportunity for the United Nations system to reaffirm its fundamental commitment to human pluralism, in which cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue were mutually reinforcing and their impact promoted relevant programmes. The International Year thus provided a solid basis for giving new impetus to the theme of intercultural dialogue.", "6. The main objective of the Year was to help eliminate the confusion resulting from ignorance, prejudice and exclusion. This chaos creates tension, insecurity, violence or conflict. The task is to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diversity by recognizing the importance of intercultural exchange and the bonds that have been forged between cultures since the birth of humankind. The ultimate goal is to integrate the principles of dialogue into policies at all levels in order to create an atmosphere conducive to cultural harmony.", "7. A number of initiatives aimed at achieving the same goals as the previous decade facilitated the process. In addition to its primary value as an integral part of a given year, all initiatives have paved the way for many policymakers and citizens to understand the impact of cultural harmony. Parallel events to celebrate other international years and world days have significantly deepened and unified the themes and issues addressed.", "8. The plan of action for the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures includes four main themes aimed at promoting the ownership of the Year by Member States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations: (a) Promote mutual understanding of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; (b) establish a framework for shared values; (c) strengthen quality education and build intercultural capacities; and (d) promote dialogue for sustainable development. These themes are based on the most important principles of equal dignity for all cultures, mutual respect and the strengthening of international cooperation for lasting peace.", "9. Specific activities considered by Member States and partners, including the Alliance of Civilizations and civil society stakeholders, are available at http://www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/home. These activities will focus on the following:", "(a) Increased opportunities for research, conferences, public debates, exhibitions and festivals, taking advantage of new technologies that specifically promote linguistic diversity and translation;", "(b) To promote the creative role of innovation as a fundamental symbol of innovation by emphasizing the individuality and commonality of societies and, in this regard, to enhance the promotion of cultural heritage as a vehicle for history and the identity that must be preserved, as a resource and engine for sustainable development and as a tool for intercultural dialogue, including interreligious dialogue, with a comprehensive vision of all its aspects;", "(c) Improve access to formal and non-formal education, with emphasis on quality universal education, human rights education, cultural diversity, gender equality and the inclusion of marginalized groups, and strengthen South-South and North-South university cooperation, in particular through the creation of centres of excellence and innovation.", "(d) The contribution of the media and new information and communication technologies to changing cultural and religious attitudes through, inter alia, the promotion of dialogue on the Internet, where cultural and linguistic expressions can be circulated and shared; or the co-production of dialogue among media professionals from different cultures, especially on sensitive issues;", "(e) Recognition of and respect for knowledge, including traditional knowledge systems and indigenous peoples ' knowledge, which contributes to sustainable development, the promotion of human rights, philosophy and intercultural dialogue, with particular emphasis on combating racism and discrimination, as well as a culture of peace and democracy.", "10. It is in this spirit that numerous proposals, initiatives and partnerships (currently about 1,000 projects) have succeeded in achieving the important global objectives of the Year. A large number of projects have been launched, with the participation of thousands of people around the world. The Year has helped to raise awareness of the beneficial cycle of cultural diversity and dialogue among cultures among a wide and diverse population, especially among young people, as part of the process of rapprochement. It was to be hoped that the Year would contribute significantly to changing attitudes, mindsets, behaviour and habits.", "11. A noteworthy conclusion drawn from these activities is the need to place greater emphasis on the close link between cultural diversity, dialogue, development, security and peace in a new and rapidly changing international environment. Given the complexity of combining diversity, uniqueness and universality in a globalized world, the five interdependent concepts should be revisited with a view to developing new approaches, namely, that culture should be based on its rich diversity and that dialogue should focus on the potential of diversity in both material and symbolic terms for lasting peace. Dialogue can be effective only if the basic premise of equality, justice, poverty reduction and respect for human rights is met.", "Two persistent problems were raised: (a) in the context of globalization, the identification of new arguments conducive to the firm commitment of States and the international community to the creation of development and mutual understanding based on cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue; and (b) the identification of new options and strategies for public policy. The answers to these questions below detail three challenges that must be addressed as a matter of priority.", "13. In-depth structural reforms must be supported in order to demonstrate, through local and international experience, that no culture is a piece of iron, that culture is composed of exchanges and interactions, and that each culture provides fertile ground for new creation. Understanding the diversity inherent in their own cultures is essential for a better understanding of cultural diversity throughout the world. However, interreligious dialogue is an integral part of the broader intercultural dialogue and, in the more specific context of interreligious dialogue, there is a need to better understand and understand religious and non-religious beliefs in order to avoid ignorance and harmful simplistic views.", "14. Support must be provided for practical measures to mobilize not only the State but also civil society, including the division of roles between national and local governments. This requires building capacity, creating opportunities and establishing a framework for cooperation among the different actors to reach not only those who are already committed to dialogue, but especially those who are not yet concerned. Responsibility for engaging in dialogue rests with intellectuals, artists and opinion makers, including media professionals and religious and youth leaders. These people have an important role to play. It is important to stress the urgent need to establish linkages between global, regional and local levels in order to facilitate this critical but fragile dialogue.", "15. The added value of dialogue between and within societies will be demonstrated only if it is based on the experience and memory of individuals and social groups. It must be taken into account that dialogue involves individual cognitive skills, imagination, sensitivity and feelings. This is particularly true in the new data age. In this age, social media compares people with unexplainable cultural and religious practices. Formal and non-formal education is therefore crucial, as it not only disseminates knowledge but also provides an important and objective understanding of all the elements that are disseminated.", "16. In the changing international environment, UNESCO continued to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue in accordance with its original mandate and one of its overall objectives in the medium-term strategy for 2008-2013, relating to the promotion of cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace. In this context, UNESCO has recently developed a new intersectoral and interdisciplinary programme of action for a culture of peace and non-violence, which is expected to be adopted by UNESCO at the thirty-sixth session of its General Conference in November 2011. The main objectives of the programme are as follows:", "(a) To improve global understanding, remove preconceived ideas and develop a global awareness of thinking and learning for the twenty-first century, taking into account the emergence of a global civil space in which young women and men are relevant actors;", "(b) To develop a conceptual and programmatic approach, with appropriate and convincing language, to present new arguments in favour of a strong commitment by States and civil society to foster “day peace” in a social environment, to encourage civic engagement and dialogue within and between cultures and communities, while improving understanding of the root causes of conflict;", "(c) Develop a common global curriculum on humanitarian and intercultural communication capabilities that promotes the “most important virtues” of moderation, courage, wisdom and justice, as well as compassion, hospitality, harmonious coexistence, appreciation of diversity and respect for the equal rights of men and women through formal and informal education, as well as through information and communication technologies and social media, to inspire young people to discern and creative thinking;", "(d) Raise awareness of the importance of violence and of investing in the civic engagement of youth in order to build a participatory society; develop critical thinking; eliminate violence against women; strengthen democratic culture and fundamental freedoms; and take measures to combat all forms of discrimination and xenophobia.", "17. UNESCO is preparing to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity on 2 December 2011, during the above-mentioned General Conference session and on the occasion of the Fourth Annual Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations. Particular attention will be given to the goals that the Declaration seeks to achieve, including the promotion of rich cultural diversity, the free flow of ideas in the form of words and images, the right of individuals to express and be creative, the strengthening of international solidarity through innovative partnerships and the expansion of civil society participation in order to achieve harmonious coexistence within and among contemporary pluralistic societies.", "III. Consolidation of the Alliance of Civilizations and preparations for its fourth forum", "18. Under the leadership of Jorge Sampaio, United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, the Alliance is now one of the main forums for intercultural and interreligious dialogue within and among societies. The Alliance was established on the joint initiative of Spain and Turkey, and includes a group of friends, whose 128 members include Governments, international organizations, cities, non-governmental organizations, academia, religious personalities, corporations, the media and individuals, especially young people.", "19. The Alliance continues to call on its members to develop good governance of cultural diversity through national plans, with 26 national plans in place and more under development, including education, youth, media and migration. There is a promising exchange of approaches. Guided by its experience in South-Eastern Europe, the Union adopted a regional strategy for intercultural dialogue and cooperation in the Mediterranean in Malta in November 2010 and is working in consultation with civil society to integrate elements of an action plan. Efforts to develop a regional strategy for Latin America are continuing and will be finalized in 2011.", "20. The Alliance prepared its next annual forum, to be held in Doha from 11 to 13 December. The Forum will be a turning point in raising visibility, integrating the global agenda and strengthening commitment to action. To reflect the proposal of Sheikha Moza, the focus will be on creating synergies between the goals of the Alliance and the promotion of the Millennium Development Goals. Large-scale initial exchanges with civil society organizations will take place in Doha on 3 and 4 May.", "21. The Alliance also serves as a platform for flexible cooperation to implement the projects agreed in the second implementation plan and to respond to developments affecting intercultural dialogue. Developments include developments in the Middle East and North Africa region; ongoing European debates on how to reconcile diversity and integration; and the impact of religion on peace and development. The tension between views in Islamic and Western relations is an important topic. The following points should be mentioned:", "(a) The Alliance collaborated with Jordan to promote Global Interfaith Harmony Week. It also continued to contribute to the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures;", "(b) On the occasion of the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, the Alliance, together with UNESCO and several technology companies, launched an online campaign “Do one thing for diversity and inclusion”, inviting people around the world to support cultural diversity and integration and to reach out to people in new forms. The Alliance actively promotes important messages from youth organizations on the observance of the International Year of Youth, including peace, human rights and intergenerational solidarity, culture, religion and civilization;", "(c) The Alliance partnered with BMW to launch the World Intercultural Innovation Facility to support grass-roots innovation projects to promote cultural understanding. The Alliance ' s Youth Solidarity Fund supports 20 grass-roots projects led by youth organizations to advance the goals of the Alliance, including conflict and post-conflict areas in Africa and Europe. The Alliance ' s fellowship programme, which was successfully piloted in 2010, is introducing a new group of new leaders from the Arab world to the different realities of Western society and vice versa. In April 2011, the Alliance ' s global youth movement was launched in Baku to link youth organizations and leverage their commitment to the Alliance ' s goals. The promising experience of the Alliance's online community “Integration: Building Inclusive Societies” was identified and debated on its website, benefiting from outreach initiatives in Bogotá, London, Rome and Melbourne, Australia. In partnership with the International Organization for Migration, the “Multiple Plus” project continues to attract video on youth perspectives on diversity from around the world;", "(d) Much attention remains to be paid to the narrative, perspectives and role of the media. The global expert project, which aims to link journalists and experts from around the world, has been strengthened to provide detailed analysis. Training courses for journalists and opinion leaders on issues related to intercultural understanding, particularly in the Middle East and South Asia. It also organized debates in New York on the Middle East peace process and in Cairo on political changes in the Middle East and North Africa countries. A series of articles on religion and public space was launched in 20 newspapers around the world;", "(e) The Alliance ' s summer school was held for the first time in August 2010, bringing together hundreds of young people from around the world to acquire knowledge and train them in cross-cultural communication skills. This school is being expanded and diversified in 2011. The “dialogue bar” network continues to expand, allowing people around the world to interact face to face. The “dialogue bar” in Ramallah, Tel Aviv, Cairo and Tunisia is about to open. The Alliance co-sponsored a conference on intercultural education in Lebanon.", "22. In consultation with the Group of Friends, the United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations will present the third implementation plan of the Alliance (2012-13) to the Secretary-General in the third quarter of 2011. He is also taking steps to ensure more stable and predictable resources for the Alliance through a replenishment conference to be held in Turkey in October 2011.", "IV. Activities of the United Nations system to promote intercultural dialogue", "23. In addition to its participation in the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and the Alliance of Civilizations, the United Nations system continued to carry out a wide range of activities to promote intercultural dialogue. Some of the important activities undertaken by key United Nations actors in this area are described below.", "Activities led by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "24. UNESCO continues to carry out its activities related to history, memory and dialogue by widely disseminating and using its work on general and regional history in teaching to promote a new and multifaceted approach to the history of peoples and regions. This collection helps to eliminate prejudices and promote mutual understanding. UNESCO has also launched a project on the use of the African General History in teaching, which is in line with its objective, namely that the teaching of history contributes to the development of people ' s identity and their understanding of their common links as the basis of cultural diversity in any region, particularly for the African diaspora. The Slave Route Project helped break the silence on slavery and revealed the global transformation and the cultural interactions that it generated. In this regard, UNESCO continues to raise global awareness through intensive scientific research to reveal the countless implications of forced dialogue among peoples, cultures and civilizations around the world.", "25. UNESCO contributed to the celebration of International Day of Nowruz on 21 March (resolution 64/253). Nowruz was placed in the UNESCO list of representatives of the intangible cultural heritage of mankind in 2009, highlighting the fact that it is a particularly active part of such heritage and embedding a sense of identity and history among those who celebrate it.", "26. Following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 57/249, in which the Assembly proclaimed 21 May as World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, UNESCO launched the annual International Cultural Diversity Festival to emphasize that diversity and irreplaceable diversity unite the peoples of the world. The festival was celebrated at UNESCO headquarters and field offices through a series of cultural events. Local actors have also undertaken a wide range of activities. The “Do one thing for diversity and integration” campaign, carried out in partnership with the Alliance, also contributed to the promotion of the Day.", "Within the framework of its cooperation with the Alliance, UNESCO has also developed the Cross-Cultural Handbook, an intersectoral programme comprising five projects, two of which were launched on 18 November 2010 during World Philosophy Day. The themes of the two projects were “Scientific, philosophical, literary and artistic collections of Muslim/Arab civilization and their contribution to the revival of Western ideas and the revival of European literature” and “Arab-Muslim civilization in the prism”. Both projects are aimed at presenting an intercultural historical view of the Muslim/Arab world as an educational and media tool that links the Muslim/Arab world to the West.", "Promotion of the International Year of Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding", "In its resolution 64/134, the General Assembly proclaimed the year beginning on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding to promote dialogue and understanding among different ages, cultures, religions and civilizations and to promote the ideals of peace, respect for human rights and solidarity.", "29. The United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, the Global Mechanism for Cooperation on Youth Development of the United Nations system, developed a framework approach for the Year. One of the strategic objectives of the framework is to establish linkages and bridges to promote intercultural understanding among youth. In that regard, the Division for Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and its Youth Focal Point organized a wide range of side events and briefings aimed at raising awareness of those issues. For example, monthly consultations at United Nations Headquarters in July 2010 explored ways to promote youth dialogue and mutual understanding. Partnerships with civil society also led to the development of the “Set of events: a guide to the celebration of the International Year of Youth”, which includes practical activities guides and concrete examples throughout the Year and beyond. The Alliance of Civilizations Forum, a preparatory youth event held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2010, is another example of that commitment.", "30. United Nations agencies used the International Year of Youth as an opportunity to launch youth-specific activities. For example, FAO organized biodiversity workshops and Millennium Development Goals training courses for children and youth in connection with the Alliance of Civilizations youth event. The organization also established the World Youth Award, a self-development programme for young people on the Millennium Development Goals and international citizenship. The award is scheduled to be launched at the World Scout Congress in Sweden in August 2011.", "The Department produced promotional material for the Year under the slogan “Our Year, Our Voice”. Through active outreach initiatives, the Department ' s network of United Nations information centres mobilized local youth to promote the Year through various activities, including sports, video competitions and poster exhibitions.", "Awareness activities on indigenous cultures", "32. The secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues undertakes activities to promote intercultural dialogue on indigenous issues and rights. On 9 August, the International Day of the World ' s Indigenous People was marked by a special programme for indigenous filmmakers, which highlighted their outstanding work in promoting awareness and understanding of the cultures, history and daily lives of indigenous peoples around the world.", "In order to address the capacity-building needs of Governments, institutions at all levels and indigenous peoples, the secretariat of the Permanent Forum organized training courses on indigenous issues in a number of countries, including Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Cambodia, Ecuador, Guyana, Nepal and the Philippines. A resource kit on indigenous issues was produced, focusing on development and indigenous peoples, with particular emphasis on cultural diversity, national identity and rights. The resource kit was designed to guide United Nations country teams on how to involve indigenous peoples in and integrate their perspectives into development processes, including in common country assessments, United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks, poverty reduction strategy papers and reports on the Millennium Development Goals.", "34. Other entities of the United Nations system have increased their work on indigenous issues. For example, FAO adopted a policy on indigenous and tribal peoples in 2010 and developed a unique agricultural heritage system programme, which aims to strengthen the underlying ecological and sociocultural approaches that underpin valuable traditional agricultural systems around the world and to strengthen and protect small-scale farming communities, many of which are indigenous communities. FAO has also documented indigenous food systems around the world and developed health measures based on the revival of local social and cultural systems.", "35. Similarly, IFAD has systematically promoted intercultural dialogue with national and local indigenous peoples ' organizations and, in 2011, established an indigenous peoples ' forum, which meets in Rome every other year in conjunction with the IFAD Governing Council.", "36. In its activities to promote the rights of indigenous peoples, UNICEF has taken initiatives in the areas of bilingual and intercultural education, culturally sensitive health services, birth registration and ending violence, abuse and exploitation. The UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean has been particularly involved in activities aimed at generating strategic information, empowering indigenous peoples, primarily women and adolescents, and building local capacity.", "DPI communications", "37. Communication and outreach are key aspects of the work of the United Nations on intercultural dialogue. Through United Nations Radio, United Nations Television, the UN Chronicle, the United Nations News Centre and the United Nations web site, the Department of Public Information provided extensive coverage of activities aimed at strengthening the voice of the United Nations in intercultural dialogue, in particular between international days and cycles proclaimed by the General Assembly. Web pages on many of these activities were produced in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "The theme of the 2011 annual media seminar on peace in the Middle East, held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011, was “Peace prospects: understanding current changes and overcoming obstacles”. Participants at the seminar reviewed the current state of peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority and the role of the creative community — including writers, musicians and filmmakers — in enhancing dialogue and mutual understanding between Israelis and Palestinians.", "39. The 2011 commemoration of the genocide in Rwanda focused on reconciliation and education and was marked by a series of events organized during the week of 4 April 2011 at United Nations Headquarters and at United Nations information centres around the world. In addition to ceremonies and student meetings, exhibitions entitled “Lessons from Rwanda” were held in Kigali, Bujumbura, Geneva and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.", "40. The Department continued to sensitize civil society through special briefings for non-governmental organizations and students on relevant issues, including: The International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, held in October 2010, “Promoting cultural diversity and strengthening intercultural ties in the world”; the Focus on Faith Series: unveiling Judaism and its place in the dialogue among civilizations, held in November 2010; and the Human Rights Day, “Presentation to end discrimination: exploring human rights in relations between the Muslim world and the West”.", "On 5 May 2011, the Department organized a symposium on “Can literature bring about change”, with the panellists being prominent Indian writers and poets. The United Nations News Centre launched a special programme on intercultural dialogue based on interviews with United Nations Messenger of Peace Paul Coelho.", "Activities carried out by the Department of Political Affairs", "42. During the reporting period, the Department of Political Affairs ' preventive diplomacy, good offices and post-conflict peace-building efforts continued to promote and support dialogue among the fault lines of society to reduce, manage and resolve violent conflicts. The Department has made such efforts, sometimes under the explicit mandate of the Security Council — to promote and support an environment for dialogue — for example, mediation in the electoral cycle in Burundi in mid-2010 before elections were held or in crisis, as in Kyrgyzstan in 2010, when the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia and the Department's Mediation Support Unit played an important role.", "43. The Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme continued to maintain their successful partnership to promote longer-term dialogue in the joint programme on building national capacity for conflict prevention, focusing on early engagement to build national peace infrastructures and attitudes, capacities and platforms for dialogue between the various faults of society before violent conflicts emerge or re-emerge. The programme provided support to countries such as Fiji, Ghana, Guyana, Lesotho, Kenya, Maldives, Mauritania and Togo to establish local or national mechanisms for dialogue. The Mediation Support Unit has also provided additional specialized assistance to some of these countries.", "V. Cooperation with faith-based organizations to promote interreligious dialogue", "44. The United Nations system has also helped to promote interreligious dialogue by engaging and involving faith-based organizations in its policy and advocacy activities. Such initiatives bring together people of different faiths to discuss common issues and United Nations development goals.", "United Nations Population Fund", "UNFPA works with faith-based organizations and members of the Global Inter-faith Network on Population and Development to strengthen advocacy, knowledge management and capacity-building. UNFPA continued to chair the United Nations inter-agency task force on mobilizing faith-based organizations in the Millennium Development Goals. Under this partnership, UNFPA will work with the United Nations System Staff College to promote strategic learning exchanges for United Nations staff on faith, development and partnership. UNFPA regularly holds consultations among United Nations entities, academia and faith-based organizations on religion, development and peacebuilding. The Fund also co-organized the World YWCA International Women ' s Summit in July 2011.", "UNFPA has developed regional strategies for engaging faith-based organizations in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean, in consultation with national partners, including Governments and civil society.", "UNFPA supports national authorities, in collaboration with religious and traditional organizations, to accelerate the implementation of the Maputo Plan of Action for the reduction of maternal mortality through the “Accelerating the Campaign to Reduce Maternal Mortality in Africa”, initiated by the African Union Commission and supported by UNFPA, at the country level. During 2011, five additional countries (Congo, Gabon, Liberia and the United Republic of Tanzania) undertook the campaign, bringing the total number of participants to 31.", "48. At the country level, UNFPA Thailand provided technical assistance to the Asian Muslim Action Network on Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) to bridge the religious and cultural divide. In Cambodia, research on socio-cultural determinants of sexual and reproductive health among migrant women in the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam resulted in culturally sensitive policies and service recommendations.", "49. UNFPA Tajikistan supported the establishment of a committee on religious affairs to raise awareness among religious leaders on HIV, reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and gender equality. UNFPA conducted training courses for religious leaders in the provinces and initiated a training-of-trainers exercise to integrate the Islamic philosophy with health priorities, which was adopted by the corresponding development agencies. UNFPA Turkey continued to work with ministries to train religious leaders on how to handle cases of violence against women. Forty religious leaders participated in the training of trainers in May 2010; nearly 4,000 religious leaders were contacted across the country. The target for 2011 is 12,000 persons.", "50. During the reporting period, UNFPA Georgia supported youth summer camps to transform cultural, ethnic and religious diversity into the assets of young people. Other initiatives include a dialogue on domestic violence with 45 different ethnic and religious organizations, a humanitarian assistance programme with the Georgian Orthodox Church on the prevention and management of sexual and gender-based violence and a response to the reproductive health needs of internally displaced persons. UNFPA Georgia also worked with the Holy See of Georgia to provide hygiene kits to over 2,000 families, benefiting 8,000 internally displaced persons.", "51. UNFPA Kyrgyzstan conducted training on sexual and reproductive health, family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention in line with the Islamic philosophy. Following the inter-ethnic conflict in southern Kyrgyzstan, which had destroyed communities, a United Nations flash appeal had been implemented, with the participation of faith-based organizations, to bring communities together and successfully address gender-based violence through traditional settings such as community theatres.", "52. UNFPA Latin America and the Caribbean, together with regional faith-based organizations, supported programmes on gender-based violence, HIV/AIDS prevention treatment and health, anti-honour and discrimination, and the promotion of Millennium Development Goal 5.", "53. In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, UNFPA established a national forum of faith-based organizations working with UNFPA, a successful partnership model for the achievement of reproductive health-related goals, which has been extended to Colombia and Mexico. During the reporting period, UNFPA Guyana engaged with a wide range of faith-based organizations to create spaces for young people to address sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence. As a result of the success of this initiative, the Anglican Communion of Guyana requested support for the Anglican National Youth Council and the St. Andrew Brotherhood in the observance of the International Year of the Family.", "54. These partners provided a space for dialogue among UNFPA, faith-based organizations and Governments to address sensitive issues with a culturally and rights-based approach. UNFPA recognizes the diversity of faith-based organizations, mobilizes and promotes multi-faith and intercultural partnerships and advocates for a united faith community as a coordinated partnership between the United Nations system and civil society in the context of human rights missions, and recommends systematic monitoring and evaluation of such partnerships throughout the United Nations system in accordance with agreed principles.", "United Nations Children ' s Fund", "55. During the reporting period, UNICEF made significant progress in working with a wide range of religious institutions and communities to promote children ' s rights. Religious communities have unique moral authority and extensive networks that make them key partners in UNICEF programmes targeting the most disadvantaged children and families. UNICEF will publish a guide for UNICEF staff and other child rights promoters in 2011 to work with religious communities to provide concrete and effective joint strategies and to illustrate key areas of work, such as child protection, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation and HIV/AIDS.", "56. As part of a multi-year partnership to strengthen the capacity of religious communities, in particular inter-religious mechanisms, to protect children affected by conflict, UNICEF and Religions for Peace convened a high-level round table in New York in November 2010, at which specific commitments were made to address violence against children. The publication from the round table, From Promise to Action: Actions Religions Can Take to Eliminate Violence against Children, has been translated into French, Japanese and Spanish and distributed to UNICEF country offices, the Religions for Peace Branch and relevant external partners.", "57. In 2010, 19 UNICEF country offices participated in the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children initiative to engage religious leaders in joint actions for maternal health and child survival, with a focus on exclusive breastfeeding. In Algeria, 15,000 mosques have been preached about the rights of the child and breastfeeding. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, four major religious leaders with a network of 30 million people conducted a week-long presentation on the importance of important family health interventions, such as breastfeeding and immunization. In Nepal, multi-religious coordination activities, including weekly advocacy, focused on maternal and child health. During 2011-2013, the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children will focus on eliminating violence against children.", "58. UNICEF country programmes will continue to work with multi-religious institutions and religious communities to promote children ' s rights. Country office activities include:", "(a) More than 400 religious leaders from all over India met near the southern city of Bangalore to discuss stigma and discrimination due to HIV and AIDS;", "(b) In Angola, the Ministry of Women and the Family led a coalition of nine religious organizations to promote the critical competencies of 12 families in order to guarantee the survival, health and prosperity of children;", "(c) In Nicaragua, a coalition between the Theological and Social Research Centre and the non-governmental organization Christian Medical Action to promote thetheological-pedagogical thinking of the HIV epidemic successfully mobilized churches on the rights of people living with HIV.", "(d) In Kenya, UNICEF joined with the Kenyan Ministry of Public Health and Health and the Kenya Interreligious Council to launch a critical and efficient intervention on maternal and child health in their respective church communities.", "World Interfaith Harmony Week", "59. In its resolution 65/5, the General Assembly, on the initiative of Jordan, declared the first week of February each year the World Interfaith Harmony Week, which encompasses all religions, beliefs and beliefs. More than 200 events were held in 40 countries during the first Harmony Week (see http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com).", "60. The United Nations carried out the Harmony Week, which included an inter-faith breakfast at the United Nations, organized by the Department of Public Information with the Committee on Religious Non-Governmental Organizations; a special event on the role of faith-based organizations and development, reconciliation and peace-building, organized by the Office of the Permanent Observer of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and involving several United Nations entities; and a film screening in cooperation with the Alliance of Civilizations.", "61. In his opening statement for Harmony Week, the Secretary-General reiterated the call of the General Assembly for the temple to promote interreligious harmony, peace and goodwill.", "62. In addition, on 16 May 2011, the Permanent Mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations organized, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 54/115, the commemoration of the 2600th anniversary of the International Day of Vesak, Buddhism. An inter-religious dialogue on peace, harmony and coexistence was held at United Nations Headquarters, with some 20 speakers representing various Buddhist organizations and leaders of other religious traditions from different countries.", "VI. Rights-based approaches to dialogue among cultures, civilizations and religions", "63. General Assembly resolution 65/138 on the promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace and previous resolutions on the same subject contain specific provisions on human rights and non-discrimination and a rights-based approach to intercultural and interreligious dialogue. A number of United Nations entities have undertaken relevant activities that have directly contributed to the implementation of those resolutions.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "During the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, held from 30 May to 17 June 2011, OHCHR held a panel discussion on strengthening international efforts to promote a global dialogue to promote a culture of tolerance and peace at all levels, based on respect for human rights and diversity of religions and beliefs, in accordance with paragraph 9 of Human Rights Council resolution 16/18 entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, as well as incitement to violence and violence against, persons based on religion or belief”. The discussions focused on the effective implementation of measures and practical actions to promote a culture of tolerance and peace at all levels.", "65. In 2011, OHCHR organized four expert seminars around the world on freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, as set out in articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The purpose of this initiative is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the global implementation of the international obligation to prohibit incitement to national, racial and religious hatred while fully respecting freedom of expression, and then to help develop actions at all levels.", "66. In October 2011, OHCHR will establish a pilot fellowship programme for people of African descent as part of the International Year for People of African Descent. The fellowship programme will enable participants to increase their knowledge of the United Nations human rights system and to share experiences from other countries and regions.", "67. With regard to the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, the Commissioner submitted an annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/39), which highlighted the efforts of OHCHR and United Nations human rights mechanisms to strengthen the implementation of the 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.", "68. In order to promote understanding of the Declaration and encourage the protection of the rights of minorities, OHCHR organized consultations, seminars and workshops to provide opportunities to examine how minorities participate in civil and political life while maintaining their cultural and religious identity. OHCHR has also undertaken a series of regional consultations to encourage the participation of minorities in the administration of justice, including law enforcement, in particular policing. These consultations have enabled participants to exchange experiences and to focus on practices that have proved successful. Good practice is to ensure that minorities are represented in security, while at the same time ensuring their cultural and religious identity. The fourth such consultation was held in Bangkok in May 2011.", "69. In cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), OHCHR encouraged the inclusion of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the negotiations of the organization on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions.", "70. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 15/7, OHCHR is organizing the first panel discussion on the role of languages and culture in promoting and protecting the well-being and identity of indigenous peoples, to be held during the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "United Nations Human Rights Council special procedures", "71. In his interim report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (A/66/156), the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief focused on the role of the State in promoting interreligious communication. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that communication and public debate are key elements of human rights in practice. The Special Rapporteur has identified a number of possible actions for States, including publicly expressing appreciation for well-defined dialogue projects and encouraging interreligious communication; providing financial subsidies to existing or newly created projects; promoting dialogue among members of different religious or belief communities within a national framework; and developing forums for regular exchanges among persons with different religious or belief backgrounds.", "72. In 2011, the independent expert in the field of cultural rights submitted a report to the Human Rights Council on the right to access and enjoy cultural heritage (A/HRC/17/38). The report emphasizes the need for intercultural dialogue on cultural heritage, peace-building efforts that include the restoration of cultural heritage with the participation of all parties concerned and the promotion of intercultural dialogue on cultural heritage. The independent expert notes the importance of dialogue in the event of conflicts in the interpretation of the significance and importance of cultural heritage. She also noted that the preservation/protection of cultural heritage should be aimed at ensuring human development, building peaceful and democratic societies and promoting cultural diversity. In particular, she recommends that States recognize and value the diversity of cultural heritage that exists on their territory and within their jurisdiction, while recognizing, respecting and protecting the many different interpretations that may be given to cultural heritage.", "VII. Outcome of consultations on the proposal for a decade of interreligious and intercultural dialogue", "73. In its resolution 63/22, the General Assembly requested the Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in coordination with UNESCO, to assist in considering the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace. The original idea of the Decade was an interfaith, faith-based and value-based non-governmental organization that formed a coalition for such a decade and held a series of consultations at the United Nations and elsewhere (see www.faithdecadeforpeace.net).", "In 2009, in order to fulfil this mandate, the secretariat, in coordination and cooperation with UNESCO, undertook consultations to gather the views of all relevant actors in order to better assess the potential benefits of the Decade and the problems that the process might raise. The outcome of the consultations was the report of the Secretary-General on the promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace (A/64/325, paras. 88-104).", "75. During the consultations, some States welcomed the initiative as an opportunity to enhance dialogue and understanding between cultures and religions, but some concerns were expressed about its content, the context of the idea and its development process, its effectiveness and the costs involved. The report concludes that further consultations are required to mobilize broad consensus on the proposal at the intergovernmental level. The report also draws the attention of the General Assembly to the need to ensure coherence and coordination among the various initiatives on intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational issues and is closely linked to UNESCO.", "76. In its resolution 64/81, the General Assembly took no action on the proposed decade, in which it requested the Secretary-General, in coordination with UNESCO and on the basis of the information contained in the reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions and the actions taken during 2010, to seek further the views of Member States on the issue and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/138, requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the basis of the information contained in the above-mentioned report and related actions taken during 2011.", "77. A note verbale was sent to Member States on 4 March 2011 and a reminder was sent to Member States on 9 June 2011. At the time of writing, the Secretariat had received responses from Albania, Chile, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Togo and the European Union, summarized below.", "78. Albania, Chile, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines and Togo expressed support for the proclamation of a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue and cooperation for peace. They believe that this initiative will make a positive contribution to improving understanding and cooperation among countries and peoples of different cultures. Some States also referred to the relevance of this initiative to United Nations peace and peace-building activities.", "79. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, for its part, stressed the link between the proposed decade and the activities of the First and Second Conferences on Dialogue among Religions and Civilizations organized by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the same issue. Pakistan believes that the Decade will strengthen the role of the United Nations in ensuring respect for and the promotion of multiculturalism and in protecting peace and harmony between societies and nations.", "80. The Philippines stressed that by proclaiming such a decade, the various interreligious and intercultural dialogue activities at the United Nations could be highlighted on a sustainable basis, bringing existing programmes in this area into a unified context and attracting more stakeholders, including women, youth and civil society organizations. It is therefore recommended that UNESCO play a guiding role in developing, in consultation with Member States, a programme of activities for the Decade.", "81. Togo recommended the adoption of a national plan of action to strengthen interreligious and intercultural dialogue after the declaration of a decade. Togo also recommended the proclamation of an international day of intercultural and interfaith dialogue to ensure a sustained commitment to this issue.", "82. The European Union had some concerns about the initiative. It stressed that the United Nations system and Member States had a catalytic role to play in intercultural and interreligious dialogue and in contributing to the creation of the necessary conditions for such dialogue, but that the United Nations system and Member States should not lead that dialogue, since interreligious and intrareligious dialogue was primarily between individuals and between religious organizations and religious leaders. Furthermore, the European Union emphasizes that intercultural dialogue is multifaceted and that interreligious dialogue is only one aspect and that the United Nations involvement should be aimed at promoting intercultural dialogue as a whole, including its religious dimension. The European Union therefore believes that the proposed decade will not make a meaningful contribution to a genuine dialogue.", "83. The European Union had expressed its opposition in principle to the proclamation of new international days, years or decades, the usefulness of which was questionable, and stressed that the proposed decade should be carefully assessed in the context of other ongoing initiatives, including the proclamation of an international decade for a culture of peace and the results and lessons learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures. With that in mind, the European Union concludes that the greater value of declaring such a decade cannot be seen at present.", "84. Consultations by the secretariat resulted in limited interest expressed in the proposed decade. A total of 10 responses were received, including a group of countries expressing serious concerns about the value of the initiative. It was therefore unlikely that the General Assembly would take a decision on the proposal in the near future. To ensure coherence in the work of the United Nations system in this area, the General Assembly may wish to consider future activities related to initiatives taken by the governing bodies of UNESCO, including follow-up to the International Decade for a Culture of Peace.", "Conclusions", "85. The present report describes the activities undertaken by many actors in the United Nations system to support, in particular, dialogue among cultures, religions and civilizations and to implement resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in those areas.", "The increased involvement of Member States in this field was also noted, for example, the leadership of some Member States in proposing the proclamation of international days or weeks, such as the Global Interfaith Harmony Week, and in organizing celebrations. Among the far-reaching projects promoted by other Member States are the Foundation for a Long-term Global Strategy for Sustainable Development, based on the Partnership for Civilization, which was initiated by the Petrim Solokin-Nolko Kondradiyev International College and presented by the Permanent Missions of Kazakhstan and Russia to the United Nations.", "87. The implementation of a large number of interrelated dialogue initiatives raises questions about the scope of the present report. In this regard, the General Assembly may wish to explore the possibility of harmonizing reports on all aspects of intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational dialogue and the culture of peace, cultural diversity, tolerance, mutual understanding and cultural harmony in order to enhance policy coherence. The General Assembly may also wish to request future reports to focus on specific aspects of such a dialogue, to renew the focus each year and to explore how such a dialogue could contribute to peace, development or human rights.", "{\\cHFFFFFF}{\\cH00FFFF}" ]

[ "2011年8月8日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年8月4日的信(S/2011/502)。你在信中表示拟任命马丁·克布勒先生(德国)担任你的伊拉克问题特别代表兼联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)团长。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "哈迪普·辛格·普里(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 4 August 2011 (S/2011/502) concerning your intention to appoint Mr. Martin Kobler (Germany) as your Special Representative for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri", "President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 4 August 2011 (S/2011/502) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. In that letter, you indicated your intention to appoint Mr. Martin Kobler (Germany) as your Special Representative for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "President of the Security Council", "(Signed) Hardeep Singh Puri" ]

[ "2011年8月4日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及根据安全理事会第1500(2003)号决议于2003年8月14日设立的联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)。", "谨通知你，经例行磋商后，我打算任命马丁·克布勒先生(德国)担任我的特别代表兼联伊援助团团长。", "克布勒先生将接替阿德·梅尔克特先生(荷兰)。梅尔克特先生在伊拉克工作了两年多，我愿借此机会向他表示感谢，感谢他领导联伊援助团执行安全理事会第1770(2007)号决议及其后有关决议规定的任务。", "请将此事提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), which was established on 14 August 2003 in accordance with Security Council resolution 1500 (2003).", "Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Mr. Martin Kobler (Germany) as my Special Representative and Head of UNAMI.", "Mr. Kobler will replace Mr. Ad Melkert (the Netherlands) who has served in Iraq for over two years. I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for Mr. Melkert’s leadership of UNAMI in implementing its mandate under Security Council resolution 1770 (2007) and subsequent resolutions.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), established on 14 August 2003 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1500 (2003).", "I have the honour to inform you that, following the usual consultations, it is my intention to appoint Mr. Martin Kobler (Germany) as my Special Representative and Head of UNAMI.", "Mr. Kobler will replace Mr. Ad Melkert (Netherlands). Mr. Melkert has worked in Iraq for more than two years, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank him for his leadership of UNAMI in carrying out its mandate under Security Council resolution 1770 (2007) and subsequent relevant resolutions.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年8月7日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外交和侨民部长瓦利德·穆阿利姆阁下的信(见附件)，该信代表阿拉伯叙利亚共和国关于2011年8月3日安全理事会发表的主席声明的立场。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "外交和侨民部长", "2011年8月7日", "联合国秘书长", "潘基文先生阁下：", "我遗憾地指出，在安全理事会发表的声明中，安理会某些成员的立场依据的是仅从一方得来的信息，未考虑叙利亚国提供的事实和信息，而鉴于叙利亚当前的局势，这种考虑是特别需要的。叙利亚国是对叙利亚人民的安全和稳定以及叙利亚领土和机构的完整负有主要和最终责任和关切的一方。", "对叙利亚当前事件的描述有很多是夸大其辞，当地正在发生的真实情况被人出于煽风点火和危言耸听的目的加以夸大。伤亡人数也同样被夸大，而武装团伙谋杀和破坏行径正在给叙利亚造成的破坏以及人员和物质的损失却被故意忽略。安全理事会声明所依据的是对当地事实令人遗憾的无视，这是对叙利亚利益极为不利的因素，因为这种无视鼓励武装破坏团伙继续使用武器并施行谋杀和破坏行径，从而大大阻碍了维护国家根本利益的机会。", "如你所知，巴沙尔·阿萨德总统在2011年6月20日的声明中列出了在规范政党和大选的法律方面进行重大改革的一揽子方案，涉及叙利亚公共生活的许多方面，尤其是政治方面。这两部法律做出了许多重要规定，响应人民的要求，并为政治多元化和民主奠定基础。叙利亚已经宣布将在2011年年底前举行大选，政治事务将通过投票箱来决定。", "我在上文提及的只是巴沙尔·阿萨德总统在上述声明中宣布的计划和想法中的几点。叙利亚领导层仍然相信，全国对话是解决国家当前危机的最佳方式。由于反对阵营的消极行为，对话很难开展，但这不会使我们偏离我们想要走的改革之路；我们不会让损害叙利亚利益的颠覆行为和阴谋阻止我们实现自己的目标。", "我们认为，在这对叙利亚来说非常关键的时刻，国际社会有责任促进和平，制止破坏行径，并鼓励采取步骤实现正在进行的改革。必须允许足够的时间让这些改革产生成果，而不是鼓励动乱和暴力升级。我们怀着最强烈的遗憾指出，安全理事会某", "些成员为增加对叙利亚的压力而发表的声明，事实上只会加剧动乱和暴力，决不会有利于叙利亚。", "顺致最崇高的敬意。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外交和侨民部长", "瓦利德·穆阿利姆(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 7 August 2011, from His Excellency Walid Moualem, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of the Syrian Arab Republic, which represents the position of the Syrian Arab Republic regarding the presidential statement issued by the Security Council on 3 August 2011 (see annex).", "I would appreciate it if the present letter and its annex would be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Dr. Bashar Ja’afari Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants", "I regret to say that certain members of the Security Council, in the statement issued by that body, based its position on information that was taken from only one side, without giving the consideration that is particularly due in the light of the current situation in Syria to the facts and information provided by the Syrian State, which is the party with primary and ultimate responsibility and concern for the security and stability of the Syrian people and the integrity of its land and institutions.", "There are numerous exaggerations in the depiction of current events in Syria, and the reality of what is taking place on the ground is magnified with provocative and alarmist intent. The number of casualties is similarly exaggerated, while the damage and human and material losses that are being inflicted on Syria through the murderous and destructive acts of armed gangs are deliberately ignored. That regrettable disregard for the facts on the ground, which informed the Security Council statement, is an extremely negative factor in respect of Syrian interests, because it encourages the armed gangs of wreckers to continue to use weapons and carry out acts of murder and destruction, thereby considerably hindering the chances of preserving the fundamental interests of the country.", "As you are aware, President Bashar Al-Assad, in his statement of 20 June 2011, set out a package of significant reforms concerning a number of aspects of public life in Syria and, in particular, the political aspect, in the laws governing parties and general elections. Those two laws make important provisions that respond to the demands of the people and lay the foundations for political plurality and democracy. It has already been announced that general elections will be held before the end of 2011 and that political affairs will be decided through the ballot box.", "I have referred above to just a few of the plans and ideas that were announced by President Al-Assad in the aforementioned statement. The Syrian leadership continues to believe that national dialogue is the best way to resolve the crisis through which the country is passing. However, the difficulty of conducting that dialogue, which is caused by the negativity of the opposition stance, will not divert us from moving along the path of the reform which we desire; we will not allow subversion and conspiracies against the interests of Syria to prevent us continuing towards our goal.", "We believe that, at this crucial point for Syria, it behoves the international community to promote peace and the end of acts of destruction, and to encourage the steps towards reform that are being taken. Sufficient time must be allowed for those reforms to bear fruit, rather than encouragement being provided for an escalation of the unrest and violence. It is with the greatest regret that we say that the statements that are being issued by certain members of the Security Council, which are intended to increase pressure on Syria, in fact merely serve to exacerbate the disturbances and violence, which in no way serves the interests of Syria.", "(Signed) Walid Al-Moualem Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of the Syrian Arab Republic" ]

[ "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 7 August 2011 from H.E. Walid Al-Moualem, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of the Syrian Arab Republic, representing the position of the Syrian Arab Republic on the presidential statement issued by the Security Council on 3 August 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Bashar Ja'afari", "Permanent Representative", "[Original: Arabic]", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants", "7 August 2011", "Secretary-General of the United Nations", "H.E. Mr. Ban Ki-moon:", "I regret to note that, in the statement issued by the Security Council, the position of some members of the Council was based on information received from one side only, without taking into account the facts and information provided by the Syrian State, which was particularly needed in view of the current situation in Syria. The Syrian State is the party that bears the primary and ultimate responsibility and concern for the security and stability of the Syrian people and for the integrity of Syrian territory and institutions.", "Much of the description of the current events in Syria is exaggerating, and what is happening there is being exaggerated for the sake of incitement and alarm. The number of casualties has likewise been exaggerated, while the destruction being inflicted on Syria by the murder and destruction of armed groups and the human and material losses have been deliberately ignored. The Security Council statement is based on the regrettable disregard for the facts on the ground, which is an extremely negative factor for the interests of Syria, as it encourages armed destructive groups to continue using weapons and carrying out acts of murder and destruction, thus greatly hampering opportunities to defend the fundamental interests of the State.", "As you are aware, President Bashar Al-Assad, in his statement of 20 June 2011, outlined a package of major reforms in the laws governing political parties and general elections, covering many aspects of Syrian public life, particularly the political ones. These two laws make many important provisions, respond to the demands of the people and lay the foundations for political pluralism and democracy. Syria has announced that general elections will be held before the end of 2011, and that political affairs will be decided through ballot boxes.", "I mentioned just a few of the plans and ideas announced by President Bashar Al-Assad in his aforementioned statement. The Syrian leadership remains convinced that the national dialogue is the best way to resolve the country ' s current crisis. Dialogue is difficult because of the negative actions of the opposition, but it will not divert us from the path of reform we want to pursue; we will not allow subversive acts and plots that harm Syria ' s interests to prevent us from achieving our goals.", "We believe that it is the responsibility of the international community to promote peace, to put an end to acts of destruction and to encourage steps towards the ongoing reforms at this critical time for Syria. Sufficient time must be allowed for these reforms to bear fruit, rather than encouraging an escalation of unrest and violence. We note with the strongest regret that the Security Council", "Statements made by some members to increase pressure on Syria will in fact only exacerbate unrest and violence and will never benefit Syria.", "Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration.", "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Expatriates of the Syrian Arab Republic", "(Signed) Walid Al-Moualem" ]

[ "2011年8月4日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随信转递古巴共和国外交部副部长马科斯·德罗德里格斯·科斯塔先生今天就阿拉伯叙利亚共和国问题发表的声明(见附件)。", "请将此信及其附件作为安全理事会的正式文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "大使", "鲁道夫·本拉兹·韦尔松(签名)", "2011年8月4日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴外交部副部长关于阿拉伯叙利亚共和国问题的声明", "2011年8月4日，哈瓦那", "我们对于联合国安全理事会处理叙利亚国内局势的做法深表关切。这一机构成员中的西方列强正在施加高压，以期通过谴责该国合法政府的若干决议。", "最近一些事件的经验和已设先例证明，安全理事会的行动具有操弄《联合国宪章》和使用双重标准的特点。有鉴于此，我们表示反对任何旨在破坏该国独立、主权和领土完整的企图。", "古巴重申其坚信叙利亚人民和政府有能力在没有任何外国干涉的情况下解决其国内问题，并要求充分尊重该阿拉伯国家的自决和主权。" ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the statement concerning the Syrian Arab Republic that was made today by Mr. Marcos Rodríguez Costa, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba (see annex).", "I would be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Statement concerning the Syrian Arab Republic by the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Cuba", "Havana, 4 August 2011", "We express great concern at the handling of the internal situation in Syria by the United Nations Security Council; the Western Powers that are members of that organ are exerting strong pressure with a view to the adoption of resolutions condemning the legitimate Government of that country.", "In light of the experience and precedent already set by recent cases, which have evidenced the manipulation of the Charter of the United Nations and the double standard that characterizes the actions of the Security Council, we express our rejection of any attempt to undermine the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of that nation.", "Cuba reiterates its confidence in the capacity of the Syrian people and Government to resolve their internal problems without any foreign interference and demands full respect for the self-determination and sovereignty of that Arab country." ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the statement on the Syrian Arab Republic issued today by Mr. Marcos Rodríguez Costa, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the Security Council.", "Annex", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benraz Versón", "Permanent Representative", "Statement by the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Cuba on the Syrian Arab Republic", "Havana, 4 August 2011", "We are deeply concerned about the approach of the United Nations Security Council in addressing the situation in Syria. Western Powers among the members of this body are exerting high pressure with a view to adopting a number of resolutions condemning the legitimate Government of that country.", "The experience of recent events and precedents have proved that the Security Council ' s actions are characterized by the manipulation of the Charter of the United Nations and the use of double standards. In view of this, we express our rejection of any attempt to undermine the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of that country.", "Cuba reiterates its firm belief in the ability of the people and Government of Syria to resolve their domestic problems without any foreign interference and calls for full respect for the self-determination and sovereignty of that Arab State." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目20", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情 况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告根据大会第65/165号决议第14段提交。报告说明过去一年联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)为执行联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果和加强人居署而开展的活动。 \n更具体地说，本报告还概述了人居署理事会第二十三届会议与政策有关的成果。除了审查2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行进展情况和核定2012-2013年方案预算，理事会还就若干专题通过决议，包括：(a)第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议；(b)对人居署治理结构的审查；(c)超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架；(d)通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会促进可持续城市发展，包括理事会对2012年联合国可持续发展大会作出贡献；(e)联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动。", "本报告还审查了《人居议程》若干方案构成部分和大会第65/165号决议强调的其他问题的执行进展情况，这些问题包括2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划中期审查、贫民窟改造、关于权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则、城市和气候变化、灾后和冲突后重建、财政和预算事项、最重要的报告、区域部长级会议以及组织改革和方案改革。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的大会第65/165号决议第14段提交，报告分为五节。第一节报告人居署理事会第二十三届会议各项主要决议；第二节报告开展人居署实质性工作的进展；第三节涉及预算和财政问题；第四节摘要说明本报告所述期间的其他重大事态发展；第五节是结论意见和建议。", "二. 联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议采取的行动", "2. 联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议于2011年4月11日至15日在内罗毕举行，会议的特别主题是“通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展”。", "3. 理事会采取的重要行动之一是审查2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行进展情况，以及核定人居署2012-2013两年期工作方案和预算。理事会还对下列问题进行讨论并通过决议：(a) 第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议：(b) 对人居署治理结构的审查；(c) 超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架；(d) 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展，包括理事会对2012年联合国可持续发展大会作出贡献；(e) 联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动，包括就未来试验性可偿还种子资金业务提出的建议。", "A. 第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议", "4. 2016年举行第三次联合国住房和可持续发展问题会议(人居三)是人居署理事会第二十三届会议讨论的最重要问题之一。", "5. 为落实人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过的第22/1号决议，秘书长在提交大会第六十四届会议关于人居二成果执行情况和加强人居署的报告(A/64/260)中，请大会考虑在2016年举行第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议(人居三)。", "6. 为此，大会在第64/207号决议中注意到理事会的建议，并请秘书长同人居署理事会合作就此问题编写一份报告,供大会第六十六届会议审议。为落实此项要求，人居署执行主任编写了一份报告草稿(HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4)，供2011年4月理事会第二十三届会议审议。", "7. 通过审查1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第二次联合国人类住区会议以来的重大发展，本报告认为完全有理由举行第三次会议。这些新发展包括：", "(a) 现在全球有一半以上人口以城市为家，城市人口和经济的主导地位与日俱增，城市作为国家和全球经济行为主体的作用得到加强；", "(b) 城市住区螺旋式地快速扩张，导致产生了超级城市、大都市区域和城市走廊；", "(c) 产生新的全球性问题、影响力和关切，包括全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全和安保，以及不断加深的城市贫穷；", "(d) 在从扶持政策和放宽的监管政策转向再次强调公共政策和管理，包括改革后的城市规划的过程中，公私营部门和非政府部门的作用正在发生变化；", "(e) 自然灾害和人为灾害发生的频率和强度及其对城市人口的影响显著增加。", "8. 理事会在审议了报告草稿之后，通过了关于第三次联合国住房和可持续发展问题会议的第23/8 号决议，其中理事会注意到执行主任的报告，并请秘书长在其提交大会第六十六届会议审议的报告中纳入执行主任报告中所提构想和建议。在这些构想中尤其包括第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议的下列拟定目标：(a) 审查以往政策、成绩和障碍；(b) 除推动城市和地方当局发挥新作用外，还实施能够应付气候变化和城市安全和安保等城市新挑战和新机会的新城市发展议程；(c) 寻求加强土地治理、住房和可持续城市发展体制框架的途径。", "9. 理事会还向秘书长提交了一份报告，作为对大会第64/207号决议要求秘书长编写的报告的投入。", "B. 对治理结构的审查", "10. 人居署理事会在关于联合国人类住区规划署治理结构的第22/5号决议中，请“执行主任和常驻代表委员会在工作方案和预算内，对联合国人类住区规划署治理结构进行联合审查，以期找到并实施提高现有治理结构运作的透明度、问责制、效率和效果的办法，并为任何其他可能进行的相关改革确定备选方案，以供理事会第二十三届会议审议。”", "11. 根据这项决议，将人居署治理结构审查第一阶段的重点放在拟定审查的工作范围。2009年6月，常驻代表委员会和人居署秘书处联合小组制定了工作范围。根据这一工作范围确定了进行审查的结构，其中包括一个不限成员名额联络小组、一个区域均衡的执行工作队和7个由委员会和秘书处同等人数组成的评估小组。执行工作队和评估小组都于2009年9月开始工作。", "12. 第二阶段于2010年1月开始，重点是改进内罗毕人居署的治理结构，即重视经常驻代表委员会核准、但无须提交联合国总部的可由秘书处采取的行动。在7个评估小组举办了远景规划讲习班和进行了研究，以及执行工作小组举行了一系列会议之后，提出了一份29个“速效”活动清单。常驻代表委员会于2010年9月15日核可了这份清单。", "13. 第三阶段始于2010年11月初执行工作小组的一次讲习班。该阶段的重点是在范围更广的联合国系统内改进人居署的治理结构，特别是改进人居署与大会、秘书处、经济及社会理事会、行政和预算问题咨询委员会和方案和协调委员会之间的治理关系。常驻代表委员会在2010年12月16日举行的会议上收到并核准了另一份中长期“成绩”名单。", "14. 第四阶段审查是编写一份报告，分析人居署进行治理结构改革可用的备选方案。已将审查各阶段结果的详情提交人居署理事会第二十三届会议。", "15. 除了维持现况基线外，还提出四个新选项供理事会审议。它们是：", "(a) 引进理事会年度会议制度；", "(b) 引进理事会年度会议制度及扩大理事会成员组成；", "(c) 成立执行局以取代理事会；", "(d) 建立一个类似联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署的混合治理结构。", "16. 理事会对该报告进行了适当审议，并通过了题为“联合国人类住区规划署治理结构”的第23/13号决议。总之，该决议请执行主任和常驻代表委员会共同：", "(a) 进一步审查改革的各个备选方案，并拟定一个首选方案；", "(b) 拟定审查阶段的程序；", "(c) 寻求对已定方案达成共识；", "(d) 制定推行首选方案的行动计划。", "17. 理事会还授权常驻代表委员会批准该行动计划，如有可能将其提交大会第六十七届会议。为完成这项仍待完成的工作，2011年6月设立了一个新机构，即不限成员名额协商小组。这是常驻代表委员会和秘书处(委员会每个区域集团都有两名常驻成员参加)的一个联合机构。", "C. 超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架", "18. 人居署报告《2010/2011年世界城市状况——人人共享的城市：弥补城市鸿沟》指出，2000至2010年，2.27亿贫民窟居民的生活得到了改善。但是，并不是各个区域都取得了同样的成绩。较发达的发展中国家比较贫困的发展中国家取得的进展更大。", "19. 报告还指出，与千年发展目标中到2020年使至少一亿贫民窟居民的生活得到明显改善的目标相比，人数增加了1亿。这比目标日期提前了10年。尽管如此，没有一个发展中国家成功地将贫民窟居民人数减少了一半。事实上，仍有8.28亿人住在城市贫民窟。根据现有预测，从现在到2020年，世界贫民窟居民总人数将增加6 000万。", "20. 正是在此背景下，各国国家元首和政府首脑在大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上承诺按照会议成果文件第77(k)段所概述，要超越现有目标，通过减少贫民窟人口和改善贫民窟居民的生活，继续努力建设无贫民窟的城市(见大会第65/1号决议)。后来，大会又在第65/165号决议第4段中请人居署理事会考虑制定适当的全球和各国今后工作战略和框架，超越与贫民窟有关的现有具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活实现重大改善。", "21. 为此，人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过了题为“超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架”的第23/9号决议，其中理事会邀请各国政府、区域和地方当局清点本国、本区域和城市地区的贫民窟人口，并在此基础上，自愿制定到2020年实现极大改善贫民窟居民生活的实际可行的国家、区域和地方具体目标。实现这些目标的主要手段如下：", "(a) 制订和实施重视改善贫民窟居民获得适当住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，包括改进供水、环卫、运输、能源、保健和教育的国家城市发展战略；", "(b) 推动获取有安居权的负担得起的土地；", "(c) 为可持续城市生活创造必要条件；", "(d) 促进可持续城市发展和所有利益攸关方，特别是贫民窟居民的参与。", "22. 目前人居署正在与各国政府协商，制定下一个十年全球执行上述决议的行动计划。", "D. 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展", "23. 目前人类有一半以上居住在城市地区，因此，可持续发展日益等同于可持续城市化。由于认识到这一点，人居署理事会将通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展的题目作为其第二十三届会议的特别主题予以通过。秘书处编写了一份报告，为理事会第二十三届会议高级别部分对话提供便利。此份报告的目的是促进各国政府、地方当局和《人居议程》其他伙伴方就如何有效应对现代城市挑战展开辩论，以望达成如下目标：", "(a) 使理事会能够对可持续城市发展采取立场，作为对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献；", "(b) 结合《人居议程》的建议、千年发展目标、《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)和大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果，拟定应对可持续城市发展挑战的战略对策；", "(c) 鼓励各国政府和《人居议程》国际、国家和地方各级伙伴承诺在可持续城市发展框架内，扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会。", "24. 虽然本报告所述重点是发展中国家的城市，但是报告中的很多意见和建议具有全球重要性，这些意见和建议涉及可持续城市发展、城市贫穷、绿色经济和可持续城市发展体制框架范围内的土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施问题，这些问题对于发达国家和经济转型国家的很多城市地区也都构成重大挑战。", "25. 理事会第二十三届会议通过了关于通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展的第23/17号决议，其中理事会欢迎在其第二十三届会议期间就此主题进行对话，作为对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献，并请执行主任确保通过理事会主席将对话结果转交大会主席团。", "26. 理事会同一项决议还鼓励各国政府和《人居议程》伙伴方，除其他外：", "(a) 将可持续城市发展问题作为它们对2012年联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程所作贡献的一部分；", "(b) 结合《人居议程》的建议、千年发展目标、2005年世界首脑会议成果、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果，拟定应对可持续城市发展问题的战略对策；", "(c) 动员各国政府和《人居议程》国际、国家和地方各级伙伴作出承诺，促进权力下放和改进城市治理，确保有更多机会公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施。", "E. 联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动", "27. 理事会在2007年第21/10号决议中请执行主任在联合国生境和人类住区基金会内设立一个信托基金，支持开展试验性可偿还种子资金业务活动，为城市穷人的住房、基础设施和贫民窟改造筹集资金，并花四年时间在实地检验这些业务。还请执行主任在四年结束时进行一次评价。", "28. 试验性可偿还种子资金业务采用了促进投资办法，以便促成市场机制办法与社区主导的努力和政府投入相结合，作为解决住房、供水和环卫不足问题的最有效途径。通过种子资金业务方案取得了重大进展，2010年向4个国家(尼泊尔、尼加拉瓜、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)和巴勒斯坦提供了5笔贷款，总贷款额为275万美元。根据计划，通过此项种子资金的杠杆作用获得的资金将超过5亿美元，上述第一轮贷款将协助在5个国家建造和改造3万套负担得起的社会住房单位。", "29. 种子资金业务方案在四年实验期结束时接受了一次独立外部评价。评价结果报告提交给了理事会第二十三届会议，由此而产生了一项决定，涉及今后的种子资金业务和人居署未来在城市改造财政机制领域的一般性活动。", "30. 本报告得出结论认为，人居署在下列方面具有相对优势：进行全球宣传、向政府和地方当局提供咨询、联合主要利益攸关方和在咨询和规范基础上与社区团体共同努力。报告还认为，根据其任务规定，人居署不适合继续充当主流直接贷款方。报告指出，捐助方没有提供进一步资金，从而使借贷活动难以为继。", "31. 理事会在题为“联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动”的第23/10号决议中授权执行主任审查与联合国系统内伙伴发展融资机构进行合作的机会。这些伙伴将带头参与今后的尝试性或扩大规模的贷款、担保和金融咨询活动，而人居署则侧重于这些领域的规范性和全球宣传工作。", "三. 执行实质性工作取得的进展", "32. 大会第65/165号决议请秘书长报告在以下方面取得的进展：(a) 对2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的中期审查，(b) 负担得起的住房和贫民窟改造，(c) 关于权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则,(d) 城市与气候变化，以及(e) 灾后和冲突后重建。决议的第5、第3、第6和第7段分别就这些问题作了重点说明。", "A. 2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的中期审查", "33. 在2007年4月20日的第21/2号决议中，并在2009年4月3日的第22/7号决议的第8段中，理事会请执行主任与常驻代表委员会进行磋商，开展对2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的中期审查并向理事会第二十三届会议提交成果。", "34. 此外，在第21/2号决议的第18段，理事会还请执行主任与《人居议程》各合作伙伴开展合作，发起实施中期战略和体制计划的年度同行审查进程。2008年，常驻代表委员会核可了秘书处的提案，即在2009年底进行同行审查，以评估计划启动阶段的“速赢”措施和人居署实现计划目标的准备程度。因此，2010年8月完成的同行审查涵盖了与中期审查相同的时间段。", "35. 如该计划所呼吁的，同行审查对提高人居署方案、组织结构和程序的进展进行了全面评估。委员会和秘书处商定，中期审查应借鉴涵盖了与中期审查相同时间段和范围的全面同行审查。在这一基础上，人居方案编制了关于计划的中期审查的报告，理事会第二十三届会议对该报告进行了审议。", "36. 以下是该报告强调的最重要的建议：", "(a) 执行主任应审议一项新的组织结构，以确保2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划重点领域能实现更好的协调一致；", "(b) 人居署应针对决策、资源调动和向所有捐助方汇报设立统一的规划和汇报系统，并防止价格高昂的重叠系统；", "(c) 常驻代表委员会以及特别是捐助国应审查各自对人居署汇报的要求，以降低成本，减少重复工作，提升汇报的一致性和质量；", "(d) 战略规划、绩效监测和汇报应由方案最高一级的中央战略管理部门予以协调；", "(e) 应设立独立的评价职能部门；", "(f) 人居署应对其国家一级的方案和项目进行一次全面的独立评估，以便记录执行工作迄今取得的成果和吸取的经验教训，并建立系统跟踪国家一级业务活动的机制；", "(g) 常驻代表委员会应作为优先事项继续解决人居署管理结构的改革问题。", "B. 适当住房和贫民窟改造", "37. 大会在第65/165号决议的第3段鼓励人居署继续提供必要的技术援助以减少贫民窟人口和改善贫民窟居民的生活。在本报告所述期间，人居署支持了33个国家(17个非洲和阿拉伯国家，10个亚太国家，1个东欧国家和5个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家)执行贫民窟改造和贫民窟预防政策。", "38. 在被占领巴勒斯坦领土，人居署参与了通过重建工作组修订加沙地带重建和恢复指导原则的工作，参加该工作组的有所有行为者和住房行业。此外，人居署还为同以色列谈判如何便利建筑材料进入加沙地带当地市场以支持自助房倡议提供了技术投入。", "39. 在斯里兰卡，人居署支持了名为“通过住房为受冲突影响人民提供居所支助”的项目，并促进进行重新安置的经测验过的工具和办法，减少强迫搬迁的情况。人居署还帮助境内流离失所者重建被损坏房屋，作为今后获得房屋所有权的计划的一部分。在尼泊尔，人居署与综合城市发展中心合作，编写了尼泊尔城市住房行业简介研究报告。在菲律宾，2010年12月和2011年5月，举办了制定改善贫民窟居民生活的国家基准和目标的讲习班。", "40. 在孟加拉国，共划拨预算1.2亿美元用于继续执行城市减贫伙伴关系项目，该项目是世界上最大规模城市减贫倡议之一。该项目的目标是改善300万城市穷人和赤贫人口、特别是妇女和女童的生计和生活条件。人居署有责任帮助社区编制和管理社区合同，以便落实各项住区改造工作的活动。作为另一项目的一部分，孟加拉国13个城镇完成了住区和空地的制图工作。制图工作为编制以城镇中最脆弱住区为对象的城镇减贫战略提供了依据。", "41. 在加纳和冈比亚，人居署支持发起和完成城市和住房行业简介。冈比亚还完成了参与式贫民窟改造项目的第一阶段。在哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加，对贫民窟改造和预防政策及战略进行了测试。", "C. 关于权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则", "42. 大会在第65/165号决议的第6段中表示支持传播和实施分别由人居署理事会第21/3号决议第22/8号决议核准的权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则和人人享有基本服务的准则。", "43. 权力下放准则的最终目标是促进加强地方权力机构和倡导提高它们在提供基本服务的能力。这是基于对基本服务所涉地方性问题的认识。", "44. 然而，尽管制定上述两套准则的进程是以记载良好做法为基础的包容性、参与性的过程，但仍须做更多工作使这些准则切实适应区域、国家和地方环境，并将准则变成改进立法、管制和运作框架的有用工具。", "45. 因此，人居署制定了全面的方案文件，重点说明其战略在让两套准则综合地适应国家和本地情况方面的三个主要部分：", "(a) 区域和国家各级的政策制定和倡导；", "(b) 区域和国家各级的培训和能力建设；", "(c) 监测和报告。", "46. 在这种情况下，开展了动员伙伴的工作，在包括布基纳法索、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、牙买加、墨西哥和越南等一些国家开展一系列协商对话。", "47. 2010年10月27日和28日，人居署和法国政府举行人居署伙伴会议，着手挑选试点国家和为国家一级的活动铺路。随后，人居署应各伙伴的要求完成了全面手册的编制，该手册的目的是指导在有关国家协调地执行准则。", "D. 城市与气候变化", "48. 根据大会第65/165号决议第7段，并依照2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的重点领域1、2和3，人居署继续就与城市与气候变化有关的问题进行现有合作，并继续在与联合国系统内气候变化有关的问题上，特别是在应对城市气候变化脆弱性方面发挥补充作用。", "49. 在全球一级，人居署继续努力解决气候变化问题，将重点放在城市上。2011年4月，人居署出版并公布了2011年《全球人类住区报告：城市与气候变化》，下文第五节述及该报告的内容。", "50. 人居署还与一作家和研究人员网络一道，参加了2011年3月在印度加尔各答举行的政府间气候变化专门委员会人类住区和基础设施专家组的会议，为该专门委员会今后的第五次评估做筹备工作。预期这一报告将对解决气候变化的全球辩论和协议产生重大影响。", "51 人居署还推出了两个倡导和能力建设工具：“气候行动的本地领导”和“气候变化的规划”。这些工具供城市规划者使用。迄今为止，协调人利用这些工具建立了地方官员和利益攸关方的能力(2011年2月在坎帕拉)。", "52. 人居署将重点放在促进执行城市气候适应和缓解战略上，在2010年12月在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国第十六届会议的一次会边活动中，协调了十个联合国机构的投入，以便确定联合国系统内为支持城市就缓解适应气候变化采取行动的办法和工具。", "53. 作为2012年联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的一部分，同时作为人居署正在出现的方案重点领域的一部分，人居署将绿色经济确定为城市行动的重点领域，其中包括紧凑的城市扩张、可再生能源和绿色基础设施、绿色技术创新以及规划和建筑条例。", "54. 在区域一级，人居署支持非洲规划学校协会编制气候变化课程，支持非洲城市规划教育，并通过迄今就与规划和气候变化问题相关做法为13各国间举办的有希望做法讲习班，为非洲解决气候变化和所吸取经验教训的区域努力作了贡献。", "55. 此外，城市青年已参与到气候变化的议题中去，非洲已将青年的参与作为主流事项纳入到人居署城市与气候变化倡议中。迄今为止，这一倡议围绕青年宣传、对话和技能开发等问题开展了为期数天的讲习班，随后有在蒙巴莎(肯尼亚)、坎帕拉和基加利开展了示范项目。", "56. 在本报告所述期间，人居署在国家一级开展了不少活动。人居署支持了“促进城市领导能力建设”将气候变化问题作为主流事项纳入到阿富汗、蒙古、菲律宾、塞尔维亚、土耳其和越南等六个国家的城市发展中。", "57. 菲律宾在为所有地方政府机构制定的两项授权地方计划中纳入了参与性脆弱性评估，从而将气候变化适应和缓解问题纳入国家发展规划工作。2011年2月，人居署同菲律宾内政和地方政府签署了全国复制纳入主流办法的协议。此外，索索贡市通过了地方立法，准备加装更多节能照明，对公共建筑和街道进行改造，并逐步改造该市的电动出租三轮摩托车队。", "58. 在城市气候变化缓解和应变方面，马普托市在人居署的支助下，制定了该市沿海地区红树林试点项目。官员估计此项目将在极端气候事件的缓解和应变方面带来效益。", "59. 人居署还通过与坎帕拉市的合作，将气候变化问题纳入该市两性平等政策的主流，而两性平等问题已作为主流事项被列入该市和全国的气候变化评估中。", "60. 气候变化概念和知识已列入了博茨瓦纳大学的研究生城市规划方案。24门课程涉及气候变化，一门课程“气候变化的规划和管理”则完全是以2009年人居署与英联邦规划者协会以及伊拉斯谟大学住房和城市发展研究合作设计的课程大纲为基础。", "E. 灾难后和冲突后重建", "61. 大会在第65/165号决议的第8段中指出，人居署必须及时采取行动应对自然灾害和人为灾难，特别是通过有效城市规划，以及作为从紧急救济到复原的连续作业的一部分，努力满足灾后和冲突后住房和基础设施需求。", "62. 在本报告所述期间，在人道主义事务委员会和机构间常设委员会的框架内落实了人居署的灾害后和冲突后重建活动。人居署继续在执行委员会中发挥积极作用。在机构间常设委员会的全球国家组别协调制度中，人居署担任了全球保护国家组别工作组住房问题工作分组的组长，通过住房、早期恢复和保护问题国家组别，重点关注救济、恢复和重建方案。", "63. 在国际一级，人居署同联合国粮食及农业组织一道，借助全球土地工具网制定了加强国家在自然灾害和冲突后局势中处理土地问题的能力的三项准则。", "64. 在机构间常设委员会应对城市地区人道主义挑战问题工作队的范围内，人居署同世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)建立了伙伴关系，评估城市地区人道主义应急行动的工具、办法和经验，并在评估关键工具的优势和弱点方面进行协作。人居署还向粮食计划署开展的一项审查提供了意见，审查的内容涉及有针对性地提供粮食援助的工具以及城市紧急情况下采取的做法。", "65. 在区域一级，人居署同联合国国际减灾战略亚洲区域办事处密切合作，通过亚洲减灾伙伴关系，将城市风险、安全建设和安全住房问题纳入主流。亚洲减灾伙伴关系是相关区域性利益攸关方参加的区域机制，致力于执行《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：加强国家和社区的抗灾能力》中提出的减轻灾害风险战略。", "66. 在本报告所述期间，总共有11个容易发生危机和冲突后国家在人居署的协助下执行了纳入了城市风险和脆弱性措施的政策。人居署继续通过其业务工作参与人道主义国家工作队的住房和早期恢复协调系统。在这方面，人居署向人道主义协调员以及海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦和巴基斯坦的人道主义国家工作队提供了国家一级的指导、技术支助和培训。", "67. 此外，人居署还就红十字会与红新月会国际联合会在灾害后行动发挥紧急情况住房国家组别协调员的作用问题提供了技术支助。签署了一系列国家专题协议，以确保紧急情况期间的长期住房规划和由危机向恢复和重建顺利过渡。", "68. 在2010年10月13日的国际减灾日方面，人居署支持了缅甸、泰国和太平洋地区国家的“让城市具有防灾能力”的世界减灾运动的国家发起活动。", "69. 在所开展的国家专题倡议中，一项倡议是在塔那那利佛开展的项目。由人居署同联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和人道主义事务协调厅合作开展的这一倡议，通过在社区改善卫生和固体废物管理，缓解冲突和灾害的风险。在苏丹，人居署在达尔富尔派驻了区域城市规划、土地管理和住房建设方面的人员。在海地，人居署继续参与同联合国环境规划署(环境署)、儿童基金会和人口基金共同执行金额30 000 000美元的重建总方案。", "四. 财务和预算事项", "70. 大会第65/165号决议第12和13段呼吁通过增加向联合国生境和人类住区基金会自愿捐款、可预测的多年期资金并增加不指定用途的捐款，继续向人居署提供财政支持，以支持实施2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划。", "A. 不指定用途的捐款和多年期资金", "71. 2010-2011两年期人居署核定一般用途预算为6 620万美元，而来自自愿捐助的收入预计为5 700万美元(每年2 850万美元)，利息和投资收益为120万美元。800万美元的差额将由联合国生境和人类住区基金会累计盈余填补。", "72. 不幸的是，全球金融危机对人居署及其他联合国机构活动的影响仍远未结束。一些主要捐助者已不得不作出有关其向联合国机构的多年期供资的艰难决定。这导致人居署得到的不指定用途资金支助彻底停止或大幅削减。在本两年期第一年(2010年)，捐助方提供的自愿捐款收入为1 660万美元，远远低于2 850万美元的预测额。截至2011年3月31日，已收到1 690万美元不指定用途的资金，约占2010-2011两年期的5 700万美元目标的30%。因此，2011年的年度收入预测作出相应修改，从2 850万美元改为1 700万美元。", "73. 因此，人居署不得不根据现有资源和当前的优先次序严格评估其方案活动，也不得不采取谨慎措施填补空缺职位。", "B. 指定用途的捐款", "74. 2010-2011两年期前15个月收到指定用途的资金2.61亿美元，超出两年期目标2.52亿美元的3.6%，主要用于执行技术合作项目。", "75. 在本报告所述期间，人居署的技术合作项目约占其总预算的65%。虽然人居署还需要提高效率，消除外地项目执行早期阶段的延误，但在技术合作项目方面显然已经做得相当不错，为人居署提供资金的国家对危机后环境中的业务工作所取得的成果感到尤其满意。特别是，在阿富汗、海地、伊拉克、巴基斯坦、索马里和苏丹开展的工作深受好评。", "76. 未指定用途资金和指定用途资金之间不平衡的主要缺陷是人居署将重点放在其核定核心工作方案活动的能力越来越受到限制，因此有必要继续向不指定用途的收入倾斜，并提高收入的可预见性。", "五. 其他重大进展", "A. 最重要的报告", "77. 在本报告所述期间，人居署发表了《2001年全球人类住区报告》、两期区域城市状况系列出版物，以及一份国家城市状况报告。", "《2011年全球人类住区报告》", "78. 城市化和气候变化的影响相互交织，严重威胁到世界环境、经济和社会的稳定。《人居署2011年全球人类住区报告——城市和变化》于2011年4月出版，该报告力图提高各国政府和所有对城市发展与气候变化感兴趣的各方对下列问题的认识：城市对气候变化的作用、气候变化对城市的影响，以及城市如何缓解和适应气候变化。更重要的是，该报告指出了有望缓解和适应气候变化的措施，这些措施支持更可持续和更具复原力的城市发展道路。", "79. 报告认为，当地行动对于实现经国际谈判商定的国家气候变化承诺是必不可少的。然而，国际气候变化框架中的大多数机制主要针对各国政府，并没有写明一个地方政府、利益攸关方和行为体可参加的明确过程。", "80. 报告对世界各地城市采取的气候变化缓解和适应措施进行审查后提出了前进的道路，指出了国际社会可支持实现更有效地城市缓解和适应对策的三个主要领域：", "(a) 财政资源应更直接地提供给地方行为体——例如，用于脆弱城市适应气候变化、用于投资各种替代能源以及地方政府和当地私营部门组织之间的缓解气候变化伙伴关系；", "(b) 应当减轻地方接受国际支助的官僚负担，国际社会应帮助建立地方行为体和国际捐助方之间的直接沟通和问责渠道；", "(c) 政府间气候变化专门委员会、联合国和其他国际组织应更广泛地散播关于气候变化科学及缓解和适应对策选项的信息，包括关于下列问题的知识：气候对城市中心目前已观察到的和今后的影响、基于城市的缓解和适应备选方案，以及这些选项的成本、效益、潜力和局限性。", "2010年非洲城市状况", "81. 在报告所述期间，人居署发表了《2010年非洲城市状况报告：治理、不平等和城市土地市场》。这是第二份关于非洲的区域报告，于2010年11月在巴马科公布。报告警告说，非洲大陆的城市人口将在未来40年增加三倍，这一增长的大部分都是在贫民窟。据预测，非洲的城市人口将在2040年增长到10亿，2050年达12.3亿，届时所有非洲人口中将有60%生活在城市。", "82. 为了应对这一严峻的人口挑战，报告呼吁采取“以人为本的视角”，强调需要更合适、更切合实际的城市贫民负担得起的规划和法规，促进而不是限制城市可持续生计。", "83. 报告指出，在过去的约十年中，北非实现了城市贫民窟居民比例的大幅下降。然而，在撒哈拉以南非洲，贫民窟改善普遍无法跟上人口快速城市化的步伐。该报告警告说，如果不采取紧急行动，城市人口增加三倍会带来灾难性后果。", "84. 该报告还指出，撒哈拉以南非洲大多数国家都不可能实现千年发展目标。高达70%的非洲城市人口增长将发生在人口不到50万的较小城市，这将越来越多地需要公共投资来应对这一增长。", "85. 该报告载有对非洲五大次区域的土地机制的深入分析，并建议将非正规土地制度和市场纳入到正规土地制度和市场中去。", "亚洲城市报告", "86. 在世界人居日全球庆祝活动期间，人居署于2010年10月在上海发表了两份关于亚洲的新出版物：《亚洲城市状况报告(2010/2011)》和《中国城市状况报告(2010/2011)：城市，让生活更美好》。", "87. 《亚洲城市状况报告(2010/2011)》由亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会、环境署及世界城市和地方政府联合组织亚太区域部门合作编写，着重指出一个事实：亚洲在世界经济中的突出作用是由在其城市的不懈活力所驱动的。然而，报告也警告说，亚洲城市要在未来几十年里持续这种成功，就必须准备应对气候变化并调整基本基础设施和教育，以适应人口的不断增长。尽管在2026年之前该区域人口不会由城市居民主导，但亚洲城市已经成为过去二十年中该区域成功融入国际经济的缩影。", "88. 与中国专家合作发表的关于中国的报告指出，截至2009年底中国有62 186万人口居住在654个城市中。随着城市化的逐步扩大，城市经济在国家经济发展中的地位和作用正变得越来越重要。城市化已成为推进中国工业化、解决就业、扩大内需和促进社会进步的重要力量。截至2009年底，全中国就业人员77 995万人，其中城镇就业人员31 120万人。", "B. 区域部长级会议", "89. 人居署继续支持召开关于非洲、亚洲和太平洋地区以及拉丁美洲和加勒比住房和城市发展的区域部长级会议。作为负责督导和实施城市议程的决策者的高级别机构，这些部长级区域会议提供了一个有效的伙伴关系，人居署可籍此影响政策、加强执行情况，并可进行联合监测和评价。", "90. 非洲住房和城市发展问题部长级会议于2010年11月22日至24日在巴马科举行，会议主题为“可持续城市化背景下的土地问题”。在人居署的支持下，与会国的部长们起草了一项解决土地问题的行动计划和宣言，以期消除非洲城市中的贫民窟。", "91. 2010年6月，亚太住房与城市发展部长级会议在印度尼西亚梭罗举行第三届会议，会上来自38个国家的部长审议了赋权社区以促进城市可持续发展的问题，并通过了《梭罗宣言和实施计划》。", "92. 拉丁美洲和加勒比住房和城市发展部长级会议于2010年9月在布宜诺斯艾利斯举行。其大会敦促成员国完成由拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会编制的关于降低自然灾害和气候变化风险的战略总表，并支持没有此类立法的国家制定城市和建筑法规。气候变化被指定为下届大会讨论的议题之一。", "C. 组织和方案改革", "93. 在本报告所述期间，人居署着手制定一个新的战略方向，以确保该组织的实质性工作及其连贯性得到更多关注，并促进方案交付和组织管理的最佳做法。该战略方向巩固了人居署公认的成就，同时解决其查明的缺点。它也承认今天面临的主要城市挑战，即：(a) 城市贫穷、不平等和失业问题增加；(b) 城市过度消耗能源，发达国家尤其如此；(c) 城市流动性的需求迅速增加；(d) 自然灾害频率增加，对城市的影响也增大。", "94. 今天，占世界50%以上的人口是城市人口，主要是在非洲和亚洲的城市化进程正在继续快速展开。在许多发展中国家，特别是在城市化率最高的非洲，最严峻的挑战是如何处理日益严重的城市贫穷和失业问题，因为快速城市化并未伴随着快速工业化。然而，在亚洲和拉丁美洲，中国、印度和巴西等国正在迅速工业化，它们面临的挑战是如何管理这一很大程度上由城市化驱动的进程。", "95. 城市化和能源消耗之间的历史相关性已得到公认。发达国家的经济增长及其高能源消耗模式获益于低廉的能源价格。然而，目前发展中国家的增长是在能源价格高企的背景下发生的。这两种形成鲜明对照的模式要求发达国家深入改革其能源消费，并要求发展中国家进行妥善预测和预先规划。一方面，发达国家的城市无法维持其目前的能源消费水平。另一方面，发展中国家的城市可以利用发达国家工业化时期还不存在的可再生能源新技术。", "96. 在过去约30年期间城市规划不足，导致世界各地许多城市出现了严重的流动性问题，特别是在发展中国家迅速扩张的大都市中。在这里，交通拥堵成为常态，制约了城市创造价值、创造就业机会并帮助居民致富的能力。在发达国家，城市人口正通过城市无计划扩展缓慢地分散化，导致过多的能量消耗、温室气体排放和气候变化。", "97. 鉴于这些不断发展的模式，有必要重新考虑目前关于城市化的观点——即重新思考城市的未来。有必要制定一个基于更有效的城市规划的新战略，该战略应加强地方机构和立法进程，并增强城市对经济的贡献。在所有这些领域，有必要追根溯源，缩短政治领导人和公民之间的距离，并提供基于将城市视为一种财富而不是一个问题的解决方案。", "98. 因此，已决定将人居署的实质性工作集中在三个关键领域：(a) 新的城市规划，将重点放在移徙和人口增长之前的提前规划以及根据挑战的规模进行分阶段规划，从公共场所特别是街道开始规划；(b) 城市治理和立法；及(c) 城市经济和金融，包括在城市地区创造体面的工作。", "99. 人居署在一定程度上已经在解决这些问题。新的内容是工作方向及其重点。这些优先事项完全符合人居署的任务规定，但也反映了显著的全球趋势。这在一定程度上反映在2012-2013两年期方案预算中，但在2014-2019年战略计划和今后的两年期战略框架和方案预算中会得到更充分的反映。", "100.　鉴于这些新的优先事项、财政资源减少和现有的管理挑战，人居署已启动了一个组织审查过程，2011年底将实现机构重组。这样做的目的是审查并寻求人居署的组织结构合理化，以更有效、更高效率地在国家、区域和全球各级交付其任务。", "六. 结论和建议", "101.　自1996年第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以来，人类住区领域已经出现了一些重大变化。这些变化包括：城市在人口和全球经济方面的主导地位日益增强，现在一半以上人口居住在城市里；城市住区的空间迅速扩大为特大城市和大都市地区；全球范围内出现了全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全与安保和城市贫穷现象增加等新议题；公共部门、私营部门和非政府部门在城市发展中的角色发生转变，包括从授权政策和放松管制政策转向再次强调公共政策、管理和城市规划；自然灾害和冲突的频率和强度增加及其对城市人口的影响。", "102.　鉴于这些新趋势，并基于人居署理事会提出的建议，政府必须审查1996年《人居议程》规定的以往政策的有效性，建立能够应对城市为主的新挑战的新议程，并找到加强现有人类住区发展体制框架的方式。目前大会应抓住时机作出决定，支持于2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议(人居署第三)。", "103.　由于50%以上的世界人口目前居住在城镇，并鉴于城市中心对全球变暖的作用以及气候变化对城市住区的重大影响，在城市一级通过的政策和实施的行动对实现可持续发展的影响显然将越来越大。因此，建议各国政府将可持续城市发展和城市及地方当局的作用纳入2012年联合国可持续发展大会成果文件。", "104.　虽然关于贫民窟的千年发展目标已经在2020年的目标日期之前大大提前实现，但全球8.28亿人仍生活在贫民窟中，而且世界贫民窟人口据估计以每年接近6 000万的速度不断增加。因此，建议大会大力支持关于“制定全球和各国战略和框架，超越千年发展目标，改善贫民窟居民生活”的人居署理事会第23/9号决议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 20 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 65/165. It describes the activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) over the past year in implementing the outcome of the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and the strengthening of UN-Habitat.", "More specifically, the report also provides an overview of the outcomes of the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat that relate to policy. In addition to reviewing progress in the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013 and approving the programme budget for 2012-2013, the Governing Council adopted resolutions on a number of subjects, including (a) a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development; (b) a review of the governance of UN-Habitat; (c) global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target; (d) sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, including the contribution of the Governing Council to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012; and (e) future activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor.", "The report also contains a review of progress made in the implementation of a number of programmatic components of the Habitat Agenda and other issues highlighted in General Assembly resolution 65/165, including a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013, slum upgrading, guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, cities and climate change, post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction, financial and budgetary matters, flagship reports, regional ministerial meetings, and organizational and programmatic reforms.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 65/165 on implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and the strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and is divided into five sections. The first section reports on the main resolutions of the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the second section reports on progress in implementing the substantive work of UN-Habitat, the third section addresses budgetary and financial issues, the fourth section summarizes other significant developments that have occurred during the reporting period, and the final section contains conclusions and recommendations.", "II. Action taken at the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "2. The twenty-third session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) was held in Nairobi from 11 to 15 April 2011, with the special theme “Sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure”.", "3. Among the most important actions taken by the Governing Council was the review of progress made in the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013 and the approval of the work programme and budget of UN-Habitat for the biennium 2012-2013. In addition, the Governing Council held discussions and adopted resolutions on the following issues: (a) a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development; (b) a review of the governance of UN-Habitat; (c) global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target; (d) sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, including the contribution of the Governing Council to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012; and (e) future activities by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor, including recommendations on the future of the experimental reimbursable seeding operations.", "A. Third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development", "4. The convening of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016 was among the most important issues discussed by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session.", "5. In follow-up to resolution 22/1, adopted by the Governing Council of UN‑Habitat at its twenty-second session, the Secretary-General, in his report presented to the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly on the implementation of the outcome of Habitat II and the strengthening of UN-Habitat (A/64/260), invited the General Assembly to consider convening in 2016 a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III).", "6. In response, the General Assembly, by its resolution 64/207, took note of the recommendation made by the Governing Council in its resolution 22/1 and requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report on this question, in collaboration with the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In follow-up to this request, the Executive Director of UN-Habitat prepared a draft report (HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4) for consideration by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session in April 2011.", "7. The report makes a case for holding the conference by examining key developments since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996. These new developments include:", "(a) The increasing demographic and economic dominance of cities, now home to more than half of the world’s population, and their enhanced role as economic agents both nationally and globally;", "(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, resulting in mega-cities and large metropolitan regions and urban corridors;", "(c) The emergence of new global issues, forces and concerns, including globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, urban safety and security, and increasing urban poverty;", "(d) The changing roles of the public, private and non-governmental sectors, as part of the shift from enabling and deregulation policies towards a renewed emphasis on public policy and management, including reformed urban planning;", "(e) The significantly increased frequency and intensity of natural and human-made disasters and their impact on the urban population.", "8. Following its consideration of the draft report, the Governing Council adopted resolution 23/8 on a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable development, by which it took note of the report of the Executive Director and invited the Secretary-General to include the ideas and proposals set forth therein in his report to be considered by the General Assembly at its sixty sixth session. These ideas included, in particular, the following proposed aims of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development: (a) to review past policies, achievements and obstacles; (b) to put in place a new urban development agenda capable of responding to the new urban challenges and opportunities, such as climate change and urban safety and security, in addition to advancing a new role for cities and local authorities; and (c) to find ways of strengthening the institutional framework for land governance, housing and sustainable urban development.", "9. The Governing Council has submitted the report to the Secretary-General as its input to his report requested in General Assembly resolution 64/207.", "B. Governance review", "10. In its resolution 22/5 on governance of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat requested “the Executive Director and the Committee of Permanent Representatives to undertake jointly, within the work programme and budget, an examination of the governance of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme with a view to identifying and implementing ways to improve the transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of the existing governance structure and to identify options for any other potential relevant changes for consideration by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session”.", "11. Pursuant to this resolution, phase I of the governance review of UN-Habitat focused on preparation of the terms of reference for the review. The terms of reference were drawn up by a joint group of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the UN-Habitat secretariat in June 2009. In line with the terms of reference, a structure for the review was established. This comprised an open-ended contact group, a regionally balanced implementation team and seven assessment teams with equal representation from the Committee and the secretariat. Both the implementation team and the assessment teams began work in September 2009.", "12. Phase II, which began in January 2010, focused on improvement in the governance of UN-Habitat in Nairobi, i.e., on actions that could be implemented by the secretariat with the approval of the Committee of Permanent Representatives, but without reference to United Nations Headquarters. Following a visioning workshop, research by the seven assessment teams and a series of meetings of the implementation team, a list of 29 “quick wins” was proposed. The list was approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives on 15 September 2010.", "13. Phase III commenced with an implementation team workshop in early November 2010. It focused on improvement in the governance of UN-Habitat within the wider United Nations system, especially its governance relationship with the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Committee for Programme and Coordination. A further list of proposed medium- and long-term “wins” was presented to and approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives at its meeting on 16 December 2010.", "14. Phase IV of the review involved preparation of a report analysing the options available for structural reform of the governance of UN-HABITAT. The details of the outcome of all phases of the review were presented to the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session.", "15. Four new options, in addition to keeping the current situation baseline, were put forward for consideration by the Governing Council. These were:", "(a) Introducing annual Governing Council meetings;", "(b) Introducing annual Governing Council meetings plus an enlarged membership of the Council;", "(c) Establishing an Executive Board to replace the Governing Council;", "(d) Establishing a hybrid governance structure along the lines of that of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.", "16. The Governing Council duly considered the report and passed resolution 23/13 entitled “Governance of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme”. In brief, the resolution requested the Executive Director, jointly with the Committee of Permanent Representatives:", "(a) To further examine the options for reform and develop a preferred option;", "(b) To develop procedures for the examination phase;", "(c) To seek consensus on the identified option;", "(d) To develop an action plan for pursuing the preferred option.", "17. In addition, the Governing Council mandated the Committee of Permanent Representatives to approve the action plan and to present it, if possible, to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. To carry out this remaining work, a new body, an open-ended consultative group, was set up in June 2011. This is a joint body of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the secretariat in which each regional group of the Committee is represented by two permanent members.", "C. Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target", "18. The UN-Habitat report, State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 — Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide, shows that between 2000 and 2010, the lives of 227 million slum-dwellers were improved. However, this achievement was not uniformly distributed across regions. The more advanced developing countries made better progress than the poorer developing countries.", "19. The report further states that the Millennium Development Goals target of improving the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers by 2020 has been exceeded by 100 million. This is 10 years before the target date. In spite of this, not a single developing country has succeeded in reducing its slum population by 50 per cent. In fact, 828 million people still live in urban slums. Current predictions suggest that between now and 2020 the total number of slum-dwellers in the world will increase by 60 million.", "20. It was against this background that Heads of State and Government at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals committed themselves to continue working towards cities without slums, beyond current targets, by reducing slum populations and improving the lives of slum-dwellers, as outlined in paragraph 77 (k) of the outcome document of the Meeting (see General Assembly resolution 65/1). Subsequently, the General Assembly, in paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/165, invited the Governing Council of UN-Habitat to consider appropriate global and national strategies and frameworks for future work required to achieve a significant improvement in the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the current slum-related targets.", "21. In response, the UN-Habitat Governing Council, at its twenty-third session, adopted resolution 23/9, entitled “Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target”, by which it invited Governments and regional and local authorities to enumerate the slum populations in their countries, regions and urban areas and, on that basis, to set voluntary and realistic national, regional and local targets, to be attained by 2020, with regard to improving significantly the lives of slum-dwellers. The principal means for achieving these targets would be:", "(a) The formulation and implementation of national urban development strategies that prioritize improved access to adequate housing and basic services and infrastructure for slum-dwellers, including improved water and sanitation, transport, energy, health and education;", "(b) Promotion of access to affordable land with secure tenure;", "(c) Creation of the conditions necessary for sustainable urban livelihoods;", "(d) Promotion of sustainable urban development and the participation of all stakeholders, in particular slum-dwellers.", "22. UN-Habitat is now in the process of developing, in consultation with Governments, an action plan for the global implementation of this resolution during the next decade.", "D. Sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure", "23. Given that more than half of humanity now lives in urban areas, sustainable development is increasingly becoming synonymous with sustainable urbanization. In recognition of this, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat adopted, as the special theme for its twenty-third session, the topic of sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure. The secretariat prepared a report to facilitate dialogue at the high-level segment of the twenty-third session of the Council. The aim of the report was to stimulate debate between Governments, local authorities and other Habitat Agenda partners on how to provide an effective response to contemporary urban challenges, with the following objectives in mind:", "(a) To enable the Governing Council to adopt a position on sustainable urban development as its contribution to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012;", "(b) To develop strategic responses to sustainable urban development challenges, building on the recommendations of the Habitat Agenda, the Millennium Development Goals, the Plan of Implementation of the Word Summit on sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation), and the outcomes of the High-level Plenary Meetings of the sixtieth and sixty-fifth sessions of the General Assembly;", "(c) To encourage Governments and Habitat Agenda partners at the international, national and local levels to commit themselves to expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, within a framework of sustainable urban development.", "24. While the report focused on cities in developing countries, many of its observations and recommendations with regard to the issues of land, housing, basic services and infrastructure within the context of sustainable urban development, urban poverty, the green economy and the institutional framework for sustainable urban development, are of global relevance, as these issues represent major challenges for many urban areas in developed countries and countries with economies in transition.", "25. At its twenty-third session, the Governing Council adopted resolution 23/17 on sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, by which it welcomed the dialogue on this topic held during the twenty-third session of the Governing Council as a contribution to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and requested the Executive Director to ensure transmission, through the President of the Governing Council, of the results of the dialogue to the Bureau of the Conference.", "26. By the same resolution, the Governing Council further encouraged Governments and Habitat Agenda partners, among other things:", "(a) To include the issue of sustainable urban development in their contributions to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012;", "(b) To develop strategic responses to the problems of sustainable urban development, building on the recommendations of the Habitat Agenda, the Millennium Development Goals, the 2005 World Summit Outcome, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the outcome of the high-level plenary meetings of the sixtieth and sixty-fifth sessions of the General Assembly;", "(c) To mobilize the commitment of Governments and Habitat Agenda partners at the international, national and local levels to promote decentralization and improve urban governance to ensure expanded equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure.", "E. Future activities by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor", "27. In 2007 the Governing Council, in its resolution 21/10, requested the Executive Director to establish a trust fund within the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation to support the introduction of experimental reimbursable seeding operations for the financing of housing, infrastructure and slum upgrading for the urban poor and to field test those operations for four years. The Executive Director was also requested to carry out an evaluation at the end of the four years.", "28. The experimental reimbursable seeding operations used a catalytic investment approach in order to integrate market-based solutions with community-led efforts and government inputs as the most effective way to address inadequate housing, water and sanitation. Significant progress was made through the seeding operations programme, and five loans with a total loan value of $2,750,000 were disbursed in four countries (Nepal, Nicaragua, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania) and in Palestine in 2010. It was planned that funds leveraged through this seed funding would reach over $500 million and that this initial round of lending would support the creation and upgrading of over 30,000 affordable social housing units in five countries.", "29. The seeding operations programme went through an independent external evaluation as it reached the end of a four-year experimental period. A report on the results of the evaluation was presented to the Governing Council at its twenty-third session, leading to a decision on the future of the seeding operations and of the general activities of UN-Habitat in the area of financial mechanisms for urban upgrading.", "30. The report concluded that UN-Habitat had a comparative advantage in undertaking global advocacy, advising national Governments and local authorities, bringing key stakeholders together and working with community groups on an advisory and normative basis. It also concluded that, due to its mandate, UN-Habitat was not best positioned to continue as a mainstream direct lender. The report observed that donors had not provided further funding for lending activities to continue.", "31. By its resolution 23/10 entitled “Future activities by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor”, the Governing Council authorized the Executive Director to examine opportunities to work with partner development finance institutions within the United Nations system. These partners would take the lead in future pilot or scaled-up lending, guarantee and financial advisory activities, while UN-Habitat would focus on normative and global advocacy work in those areas.", "III. Progress in the implementation of substantive work", "32. In its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the following: (a) a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013, (b) affordable housing and slum upgrading, (c) guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, (d) cities and climate change, and (e) post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction. These issues are highlighted in paragraphs 5, 3, 6 and 7 of the resolution, respectively.", "A. Midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013", "33. In its resolution 21/2 of 20 April 2007 and again in paragraph 8 of its resolution 22/7 of 3 April 2009, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director, in consultation with the Committee of Permanent Representatives, to conduct a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008 to 2013 and to present the results of that review to the Governing Council at its twenty-third session.", "34. In addition, in paragraph 18 of resolution 21/2, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director to establish an annual peer review process, in close collaboration with the Habitat Agenda partners, on the implementation of the plan. In 2008, the Committee of Permanent Representatives endorsed the proposal by the secretariat that the peer review should be conducted at the end of 2009 to enable assessment not only of the “quick wins” of the kick-start phase of the plan, but also of the degree of preparedness of UN-Habitat to achieve the objectives of the plan. Consequently, the peer review, which was completed in August 2010, covered the same period as that anticipated for the midterm review.", "35. The peer review provided a comprehensive assessment of the progress made in improving UN-Habitat programmes and its organizational structure and procedures, as called for in the plan. It was agreed by the Committee and the secretariat that the midterm review should draw from the comprehensive peer review, which covered the same period and scope as that anticipated for the midterm review. On that basis, UN-Habitat prepared a report on the midterm review of the plan, which was considered by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session.", "36. The following were among the most significant recommendations highlighted in the report:", "(a) That the Executive Director should consider a new organizational structure, with the aim of achieving better alignment with the focus areas of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013;", "(b) That UN-Habitat should seek to establish a unified planning and reporting system for decision-making, resource mobilization and reporting to all donors and avoid expensive overlapping systems;", "(c) That the Committee of Permanent Representatives, and in particular donor countries, should review their own demands for reporting by UN-Habitat to reduce costs and duplication and strengthen the coherence and quality of reporting;", "(d) That strategic planning, performance monitoring and reporting should be coordinated by a central strategic management unit at the highest level of the Programme;", "(e) That an independent evaluation function should be established;", "(f) That UN-Habitat should undertake a comprehensive independent assessment of its country-level programmes and projects to document what has been achieved to date and learn lessons from experiences in implementation, and also put in place mechanisms for systematic tracking of country-level operational activities;", "(g) That the Committee of Permanent Representatives should, as a matter of priority, continue to address the issue of reform of the UN-Habitat governance structure.", "B. Adequate shelter and slum upgrading", "37. The General Assembly, in paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/165, encouraged UN-Habitat to continue providing the technical assistance necessary for reducing slum populations and improving the lives of slum-dwellers. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat supported 33 countries (17 in Africa and the Arab States, 10 in Asia and the Pacific, 1 in Eastern Europe and 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean) in implementing slum upgrading and slum prevention policies.", "38. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, UN-Habitat took part in the revision of the guidelines for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of war-affected housing in the Gaza Strip through the Reconstruction Working Group, which brings together all actors in the housing sector. In addition, UN-Habitat provided technical inputs into the negotiations with Israel to facilitate the flow of building materials to local markets in the Gaza Strip to support self-help housing initiatives.", "39. In Sri Lanka, UN-Habitat supported a project entitled “Shelter support to conflict-affected people through housing” and promoted field-tested tools and methods for resettlement in order to reduce forced eviction. UN-Habitat also helped internally displaced families rebuild damaged houses as part of a scheme whereby they could later obtain ownership of the houses. In Nepal, UN-Habitat, in partnership with the Centre for Integrated Urban Development, prepared the Nepal urban housing sector profile study report. In the Philippines, workshops aimed at establishing national baselines and targets for improving the lives of slum-dwellers were held in December 2010 and May 2011.", "40. In Bangladesh, implementation of the Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction project, one of the largest urban poverty reduction initiatives in the world, continued, with a total budget of $120 million. Its objective is to improve the livelihoods and living conditions of three million urban poor and extremely poor people, especially women and girls. UN-Habitat has the responsibility of helping communities prepare and manage community contracts to implement various activities aimed at upgrading settlements. As part of another project, settlement and vacant land mapping was completed in 13 cities and towns in Bangladesh. The mapping provides the basis for targeting the most vulnerable settlements in cities and towns and for the preparation of city- and town-wide poverty reduction strategies.", "41. In Ghana and the Gambia, UN-Habitat supported the launch and completion of urban and housing sector profiles. Also in the Gambia, phase I of the Participatory Slum Upgrading Project was completed. In Colombia and Costa Rica, slum upgrading and prevention policies and strategies were tested.", "C. Guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities", "42. The General Assembly, in paragraph 6 of its resolution 65/165, expressed its support for the dissemination and implementation of the guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities and the guidelines on access to basic services for all, approved by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat in its resolutions 21/3 and 22/8 respectively.", "43. The ultimate objective of the guidelines on decentralization is to promote the strengthening of local authorities and to advocate for their empowerment in the provision of basic services. This is based on recognition of the local dimension of basic services.", "44. However, despite the fact that the process of development of both sets of guidelines was inclusive, participatory and based on the documentation of good practices, more work remains to be done to adapt them effectively to regional, national and local contexts, and to transform them into a useful tool to improve legislative, regulatory and operational frameworks.", "45. UN-Habitat has therefore developed a comprehensive programme document highlighting three major components of its strategy for the integrated adaptation of both sets of guidelines to national and local situations:", "(a) Policy development and advocacy at the regional and national levels;", "(b) Training and capacity development at regional, national and local levels;", "(c) Monitoring and reporting.", "46. Against this background, efforts to mobilize partners have been intensified through a series of consultative dialogues in a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico and Viet Nam.", "47. On 27 and 28 October 2010, UN-Habitat and the Government of France organized a meeting of the UN-Habitat partners to initiate the selection of pilot countries and pave the way for activities at the country level. Subsequently, UN‑Habitat finalized a comprehensive handbook, at the request of the partners, whose aim is to guide the coordinated implementation of the guidelines in interested developing countries.", "D. Cities and climate change", "48. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/165, and in line with focus areas 1, 2 and 3 of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013, UN-Habitat has continued its existing cooperation on issues related to cities and climate change and has continued to play a complementary role in matters related to climate change within the United Nations system, in particular in addressing the vulnerability of cities to climate change.", "49. At the global level, UN-Habitat has contributed to efforts to address climate change by putting the spotlight on cities. In April 2011, it published and launched the Global Report on Human Settlements 2011: Cities and Climate Change, the content of which is described in section V below.", "50. UN-Habitat also engaged with a network of authors and researchers at a meeting in Kolkata, India, in March 2011, of the Expert Group on Human Settlements and Infrastructure of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in preparation for the forthcoming fifth assessment report of the Panel. This report is expected to strongly influence the global debate and agreements on addressing climate change.", "51. UN-Habitat also launched two advocacy and capacity-building tools: “Local leadership for climate action” and “Planning for climate change”. These tools are for use by urban planners. Thus far, they have been used by facilitators to build the capacity of local officials and stakeholders in Kampala (February 2011).", "52. Focusing on enhancing the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation strategies for cities, UN-Habitat coordinated inputs from 10 United Nations agencies at a side event at the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Cancun, Mexico, in December 2010, to identify approaches and tools used in the United Nations system to support cities to act on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.", "53. Partly in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, and also as part of its emerging programmatic priority areas, UN-Habitat has prioritized key areas of urban action towards a green economy, including compact urban expansion, renewable energy and green infrastructure, green technology innovations and planning and building regulations.", "54. At the regional level, UN-Habitat supported the African Association of Planning Schools in developing a curriculum on climate change and African cities in planning education and contributed to African regional efforts to address climate change and disseminate lessons learnt to date by organizing a “promising practices workshop” for 13 countries on selected practices related to urban planning and climate change.", "55. In addition, urban youth have become engaged in climate change topics and in East Africa their involvement is being mainstreamed in the UN-Habitat Cities and Climate Change Initiative. To date the Initiative has launched multi-day workshops on youth sensitization, dialogue and skills development, followed by demonstration projects in Mombasa (Kenya), Kampala and Kigali.", "56. UN-Habitat carried out a number of activities at the country level during the reporting year. It supported capacity-building for urban leadership in mainstreaming climate issues into urban development in six countries: Afghanistan, Mongolia, the Philippines, Serbia, Turkey and Viet Nam.", "57. The Philippines has mainstreamed climate change adaptation and mitigation issues into the national development planning process by integrating participatory vulnerability assessments into the two mandated local plans for all local government units. UN-Habitat signed an agreement with the Philippines Department of Interior and Local Government in February 2011 for national replication of the mainstreaming approach. In addition, Sorsogon City has passed local legislation to convert public buildings and streets to more energy-efficient lighting, and gradually upgrade the city’s fleet of motorized tricycle taxis.", "58. With respect to urban climate change mitigation and resilience, the city of Maputo is developing, with UN-Habitat support, a pilot project on the mangroves in the coastal zone of the city, which officials expect will yield benefits both in terms of mitigation and resilience to extreme weather events.", "59. UN-Habitat is also working with the city of Kampala to mainstream climate change into its gender policy, while gender has been mainstreamed into the city and national climate change assessments.", "60. Climate change concepts and knowledge have been integrated into the undergraduate urban planning programme at the University of Botswana. Twenty-four courses touch on climate change and one course, “Planning and management for climate change”, is fully based on the course outline designed at a 2009 meeting hosted by UN-Habitat in cooperation with the Commonwealth Association of Planners and the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies of Erasmus University.", "E. Post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction", "61. In paragraph 8 of resolution 65/165, the General Assembly recognized the importance of timely action by UN-Habitat in response to natural and human-made disasters, in particular through its work in addressing post-disaster and post-conflict housing and infrastructure needs through effective urban planning, and as part of the continuum from emergency relief to recovery.", "62. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat activities in the area of post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction were implemented within the framework of the Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. UN-Habitat remained active within the Executive Committee. Within the Inter-Agency Standing Committee global cluster coordination system, UN‑Habitat chairs the Sub-Working Group on Housing, Land and Property of the Global Protection Cluster Working Group and provides an urban focus on relief, recovery and reconstruction programmes through the shelter, early recovery and protection clusters.", "63. At the international level, UN-Habitat, jointly with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, worked through the Global Land Tool Network on the preparation of three guidelines to strengthen international capacity to deal with land issues after natural disasters and in post-conflict situations.", "64. Within the context of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee task force on meeting humanitarian challenges in urban areas of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, UN-Habitat entered into partnership with the World Food Programme (WFP) on assessing tools, methodologies and experiences in humanitarian response in urban areas and collaborated in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of key tools. UN-Habitat also provided inputs to a WFP review of tools for targeting food assistance and of practices in an urban emergency context.", "65. At the regional level, UN-Habitat worked closely with the regional office for Asia of the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction on mainstreaming issues on urban risks, safer construction and safer settlements through the Asian Partnership on Disaster Reduction, a regional mechanism involving the relevant regional stakeholders in implementing the disaster risk reduction strategies outlined in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.", "66. During the reporting period, a total of 11 crisis-prone and post-crisis countries were implementing policies that incorporate urban risk and vulnerability measures with the assistance of UN-Habitat. UN-Habitat continued to participate in shelter and early recovery coordination systems within humanitarian country teams through its operational portfolio. In this context, it provided country-level guidance, technical support and training to humanitarian coordinators and to humanitarian country teams in Haiti, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan.", "67. In addition, UN-Habitat also provided technical support to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies with regard to its role as emergency shelter cluster coordinator in post-disaster operations. A series of country-specific agreements have been signed to ensure long-term shelter planning during emergencies and a smooth transition from crisis to recovery and reconstruction.", "68. For the International Day for Disaster Reduction on 13 October 2010, UN‑Habitat supported national launches of the world risk reduction campaign, “Making cities resilient”, in Myanmar, Thailand and countries in the Pacific region.", "69. Among the country-specific initiatives undertaken was a project in Antananarivo, on which UN-Habitat worked with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs to mitigate conflict and disaster risks through community-based improvements in sanitation and solid waste management. In the Sudan, UN-Habitat established its presence in Darfur in the field of regional urban planning, land management and housing construction. In Haiti, UN-Habitat continued its participation in the implementation of an umbrella reconstruction programme of $30,000,000 jointly with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNICEF and UNFPA.", "IV. Financial and budgetary matters", "70. In paragraphs 12 and 13 of resolution 65/165, the General Assembly called for continued support for UN-Habitat through increased voluntary contributions to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation, predictable multi-year funding and increased non-earmarked contributions to support the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013.", "A. Non-earmarked contributions and multi-year funding", "71. The approved general purpose budget for UN-Habitat for the biennium 2010-2011 was $66.2 million, while income projection was $57 million ($28.5 million annually) from voluntary contributions and $1.2 million from interest and investment income. The balance of $8 million was to be met from the cumulative surplus of the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation.", "72. Unfortunately, the effects of the global financial crisis on UN-Habitat activities are, as with other United Nations agencies, far from over. A number of major donors have had to make some hard decisions with regard to their multilateral funding to United Nations agencies. For UN-Habitat, the result has been either complete cessation or substantial reduction in non-earmarked funding support to the organization. During the first year of the current biennium (2010), the voluntary income received from donors was $16.6 million, falling well short of the $28.5 million projection. As of 31 March 2011, $16.9 million had been received for non-earmarked funds, which is about 30 per cent of the target of $57 million for the biennium 2010-2011. The annual income projection for 2011 has therefore had to be revised accordingly, from $28.5 million to $17 million.", "73. As a consequence, UN-Habitat has had to rigorously assess its programmatic activities in line with available resources and current prioritization. A cautious approach in filling posts that fall vacant has also had to be followed.", "B. Earmarked contributions", "74. For earmarked resources, which are used predominantly for the implementation of technical cooperation projects, $261 million was received during the first 15 months of the 2010-2011 biennium, which exceeds the biennium target of $252 million by 3.6 per cent.", "75. UN-Habitat technical cooperation projects during the reporting period accounted for approximately 65 per cent of its total combined budget. While the agency still needs to increase efficiency by eliminating delays in the early stages of field project implementation, it has clearly done quite well with respect to its technical cooperation projects, and the countries that provided resources for UN‑Habitat operational work, especially in post-crisis environments, were happy with what had been achieved. In particular, the work undertaken in Afghanistan, Haiti, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia and the Sudan was much appreciated.", "76. The major drawback of the imbalance between non-earmarked and earmarked funding is that the ability of UN-Habitat to focus on its approved core work programme activities is becoming increasingly constrained, hence the continuing need to tilt the balance towards non-earmarked income, as well as the need for improved predictability of income.", "V. Other significant developments", "A. Flagship reports", "77. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat published the Global Report on Human Settlements 2001, two issues in its regional state of cities series, and one national state of cities report.", "Global Report on Human Settlements 2011", "78. The effects of urbanization and climate change are converging in dangerous ways that seriously threaten the world’s environmental, economic and social stability. The UN-Habitat Global Report on Human Settlements 2011 — Cities and Change, published in April 2011, sought to improve knowledge among Governments and all those interested in urban development and climate change, of the contribution of cities to climate change, the impacts of climate change on cities, and how cities are mitigating and adapting to climate change. More importantly, the report identifies promising mitigation and adaptation measures that are supportive of more sustainable and resilient urban development paths.", "79. In the report, it is argued that local action is indispensable for the realization of national climate change commitments agreed through international negotiations. However, most of the mechanisms within the international climate change framework are addressed primarily to national Governments and do not indicate a clear process in which local governments, stakeholders and actors may participate.", "80. In proposing the way forward, following a review of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures taken by cities all over the world, the report suggests three main areas in which the international community can support and enable more effective urban mitigation and adaptation responses:", "(a) Financial resources need to be made more directly available to local players — for example, for climate change adaptation in vulnerable cities, for investment in a portfolio of alternative energy options and in mitigation partnerships between local governments and local private sector organizations;", "(b) Bureaucratic burdens on local access to international support should be eased, with the international community helping to create direct communication and accountability channels between local actors and international donors;", "(c) Information on climate change science and options for mitigation and adaptation responses should be made more widely available by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations and other international organizations, including knowledge available about observed and future climate impacts on urban centres, urban-based mitigation and adaptation alternatives, and the costs, benefits, potential and limits of these options.", "The State of African Cities 2010", "81. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat published The State of African Cities Report 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban Land Markets. This second regional report on Africa was launched in Bamako in November 2010. The report warns that the urban population of the continent stands to increase threefold over the next 40 years, with most of that growth taking place in slums. It is projected that Africa’s urban population will grow to 1 billion in 2040, and to 1.23 billion in 2050, by which time 60 per cent of all Africans will be living in cities.", "82. To meet this daunting demographic challenge, the report calls for “a people-centred perspective” which highlights the need for more appropriate and realistic planning and regulations that are affordable for the urban poor and that facilitate, rather than restrict, sustainable urban livelihoods.", "83. The report states that over the past decade or so, North Africa has achieved dramatic reductions in the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, slum improvements have generally been unable to keep pace with the rapid urbanization of the population and the report warns that short of urgent action, a threefold increase in the urban population could spell disaster.", "84. The report also notes that most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are unlikely to meet the Millennium Development Goals targets. As much as 70 per cent of Africa’s urban population growth will take place in smaller cities with populations of less than half a million, which will increasingly need public investment to cater for this growth.", "85. The report contains an in-depth analysis of land mechanisms in Africa’s five major subregions and suggests the integration of informal into formal land systems and markets.", "Asian cities reports", "86. UN-Habitat launched two new publications on Asia during the global celebration of World Habitat Day in Shanghai in October 2010: The State of Asian Cities 2010/2011 and The State of China’s Cities 2010/2011: Better City, Better Life.", "87. The State of Asian Cities 2010/2011, which was prepared in collaboration with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNEP, and the Asia-Pacific regional section of the organization United Cities and Local Government, highlighted the fact that Asia’s prominent role in the world economy is driven by the relentless dynamism of its cities. However, the report also warned that Asian cities must prepare for climate change and adjust basic infrastructure and education to ongoing demographic growth if this success is to be sustained in the decades ahead. Although the population of the region will not become predominantly urban before 2026, Asian cities already epitomize the successful integration of the region into the international economy over the past two decades.", "88. The report on China, published in cooperation with Chinese experts, found that by the end of 2009, there were 654 cities in China that were home to 621.86 million people. With the gradual increase of urbanization, the position and role of the urban economy are becoming more important in the economic development of the nation. Urbanization is already an important force in the industrialization of China, driving the creation of jobs, the expansion of domestic demand and social progress. At the end of 2009, the total number of employed people in China was 779.95 million, of whom 311.20 million worked in cities and towns.", "B. Regional ministerial meetings", "89. UN-Habitat continued to support regional ministerial conferences on housing and urban development in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. As high-level organs of policymakers responsible for steering and implementing the urban agenda, these ministerial regional conferences provide an effective partnership instrument for UN-Habitat for influencing policy, backstopping implementation and allowing for joint monitoring and evaluation.", "90. The African Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development was held in Bamako from 22 to 24 November 2010. The theme of the conference was “Land in the context of sustainable urbanization”. With support from UN-Habitat, ministers from the participating States drafted an action plan and declaration to tackle land issues, with a view to eliminating slums in African cities.", "91. In June 2010, the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development held its third session in Solo, Indonesia, at which ministers from 38 countries deliberated on the issue of empowering communities for sustainable urban development and adopted the Solo Declaration and Implementation Plan.", "92. The Latin America and Caribbean Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development was held in Buenos Aires in September 2010. Its Assembly urged member countries to complete the strategic matrix on risk reduction with respect to natural disasters and climate change, prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and to support the development of urban and building regulations in countries where there is no such legislation. Climate change was designated as one of the topics to be discussed at the next Assembly.", "C. Organizational and programmatic reforms", "93. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat embarked on the formulation of a new strategic direction to ensure greater focus and coherence in the substantive work of the organization and to promote excellence in programme delivery and organizational management. It builds on the recognized achievements of UN‑Habitat, while addressing its identified shortcomings. It also recognizes the main urban challenges of today, which are: (a) increasing urban poverty, inequality and unemployment; (b) excessive energy consumption in cities, especially in developed countries; (c) rapidly increasing demand for urban mobility; and (d) increasing frequency of natural disasters and their increasing impact on cities.", "94. Today, more than 50 per cent of the world’s population is urban and the process of urbanization is continuing at a rapid rate, mostly in Africa and Asia. In many developing countries, especially in Africa where the rate of urbanization is highest, the most serious challenge is how to deal with increasing urban poverty and unemployment, because rapid urbanization has not been accompanied by rapid industrialization. However, in Asia and Latin America, countries such as China, India and Brazil are industrializing fast, and the challenge is how to manage this process, which is largely driven by urbanization.", "95. The historical correlation between urbanization and energy consumption is well established. The economic growth of developed countries and their high energy consumption patterns were fuelled by low energy prices. However, current growth within developing countries is taking place in the context of high energy prices. These contrasting patterns call for profound energy consumption changes in developed countries and well thought out anticipation and advance planning in developing countries. On one hand, cities in developed countries cannot sustain their present levels of energy consumption. On the other hand, cities in developing country can take advantage of new renewable energy technologies not available to developed countries during their period of industrialization.", "96. Inadequate urban planning during the last 30 years or so has resulted in serious mobility problems in many cities all over the world, but especially in the rapidly expanding metropolises of developing countries. Here, traffic congestion is an everyday reality that limits the ability of cities to generate value, create jobs and help their populations to prosper. In developed countries, a process of slow decentralization of the urban population through urban sprawl is taking place, leading to excessive energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.", "97. In view of these evolving patterns, there is a need to reconsider current views of urbanization — to rethink the future of cities. A new strategy based on more effective urban planning, strengthened local institutions and legislative processes, and enhanced economic contributions from cities is needed. In all these areas, it is necessary to go back to the basics, to reduce the distance between political leaders and citizens and to provide solutions that are based on a perception of the city as an asset rather than as a problem.", "98. It has therefore been decided that the substantive work of UN-Habitat will focus on three key areas: (a) new urban planning, with an emphasis on planning in advance of migration and population growth and planning at the scale of the challenges and in phases, starting with public spaces, especially the street; (b) urban governance and legislation; and (c) urban economy and finance, including the creation of decent jobs in urban areas.", "99. UN-Habitat has, to some extent, already been working on these topics. What is new is the orientation and emphasis that will be placed on them. These priorities are fully in line with the UN-Habitat mandate, but also reflect significant global trends. To a certain extent they are reflected in the programme budget for the 2012-2013 biennium, but will be more fully reflected in the strategic plan for 2014-2019 and future biennial strategic frameworks and programme budgets.", "100. In light of these new priorities, diminishing financial resources and the existing management challenges, UN-Habitat has initiated an organizational review process, which will result in a restructuring of the agency by the end of 2011. The objective of this exercise is to review and seek rationalization of the organizational structure of UN-Habitat for more effective and efficient delivery of its mandate at the country, regional and global levels.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "101. Since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in 1996, there have been a number of significant changes in the human settlements sector. These include the increasing demographic and global economic dominance of cities, now home to more than half of humanity; the rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements into mega-cities and large metropolitan regions; the emergence, globally, of new issues such as globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, urban safety and security and increasing urban poverty; the changing roles of the public, private and non-governmental sectors in urban development, including the shift from enabling and deregulation policies towards a renewed emphasis on public policy, management and urban planning; and the increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters and conflicts and their impact on the urban population.", "102. In light of these new trends, and based on the recommendations made by the UN-Habitat Governing Council, it is important that Governments review the effectiveness of past policies set forth in the 1996 Habitat Agenda, put in place a new agenda capable of responding to the new and predominantly urban challenges and find ways of strengthening the existing institutional framework for human settlements development. It is time for the General Assembly to make a decision supporting the convening of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016.", "103. With more than 50 per cent of the world’s population now living in cities and towns, and in light of the contribution of urban centres to global warming and of the significant impacts of climate change on urban settlements, it is clear that policies adopted and actions implemented at the city level will have an increasing influence on the attainment of sustainable development. It is therefore recommended that Governments include sustainable urban development and the role of cities and local authorities in the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "104. While the Millennium Development Goals target on slums has been achieved well in advance of the target date of 2020, 828 million people, globally, are still living in slums and the world’s slum population is increasing at an estimated annual rate of close to 60 million. Strong support by the General Assembly for UN-Habitat Governing Council resolution 23/9 on global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target is therefore recommended." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 20 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 65/165. The report describes activities undertaken by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) during the past year to implement the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and to strengthen UN-Habitat. More specifically, the present report also outlines the policy-relevant outcomes of the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat. In addition to the review of progress in the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013 and the approval of the programme budget for 2012-2013, the Governing Council adopted resolutions on a number of topics, including: (a) the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development; (b) a review of the governance structure of UN-Habitat; (c) global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target; (d) sustainable urban development through expanded and equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, including the contribution of the Governing Council to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012; and (e) future activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in promoting the urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor.", "The report also reviews progress in the implementation of a number of Habitat Agenda programme elements and other issues highlighted in General Assembly resolution 65/165, including the midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013, slum upgrading, guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, cities and climate change, post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction, financial and budgetary matters, flagship reports, regional ministerial meetings and organizational and programmatic reforms.", "Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 65/165 on the implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), and is divided into five sections. Section I reports on the main resolutions of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session; section II on progress in the implementation of the substantive work of UN-Habitat; section III on budgetary and financial implications; section IV on other significant developments during the reporting period; and section V on concluding observations and recommendations.", "Action taken by the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme at its twenty-third session", "The Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme held its twenty-third session in Nairobi from 11 to 15 April 2011, with the special theme “Promoting sustainable urban development through expanded and equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure”.", "3. One of the important actions taken by the Governing Council is to review progress in the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013 and to approve the work programme and budget of UN-Habitat for the biennium 2012-2013. The Council also discussed and adopted resolutions on: (a) the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development: (b) a review of the governance structure of UN-Habitat; (c) global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target; (d) sustainable urban development through expanded and equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, including the Council ' s contribution to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development; and (e) future activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme on financial mechanisms for urban economy and urban upgrading, shelter and basic services for the urban poor, including recommendations for future experimental reimbursable seeding operations.", "A. Third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development", "4. The holding of the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable development (Habitat III) in 2016 was one of the most important issues discussed by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session.", "5. In follow-up to resolution 22/1, adopted by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session, the Secretary-General, in his report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session on the implementation of the outcome of Habitat II and the strengthening of UN-Habitat (A/64/260), invited the General Assembly to consider convening a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development in 2016 (Habitat III).", "6. In this regard, in its resolution 64/207, the General Assembly took note of the recommendations of the Governing Council and requested the Secretary-General to prepare, in cooperation with the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, a report on the subject for consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In response to that request, the Executive Director of UN-Habitat prepared a draft report (HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4) for consideration by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session in April 2011.", "7. By reviewing major developments since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996, the present report considers that the holding of the third meeting is fully justified. These include:", "(a) More than half of the world ' s population is now urban-headed, urban population and economic dominance is increasing, and the role of cities as agents of national and global economic behaviour has been strengthened;", "(b) The rapid and spiralling expansion of urban settlements, which led to the creation of megacities, metropolitan areas and urban corridors;", "(c) Generating new global issues, impacts and concerns, including globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, urban safety and security and deepening urban poverty;", "(d) The changing role of the public, private and non-governmental sectors in moving away from enabling and liberalized regulatory policies towards a renewed emphasis on public policy and management, including reformed urban planning;", "(e) The frequency and intensity of natural and man-made disasters and their impact on urban populations have increased significantly.", "8. Having considered the draft report, the Council adopted resolution 23/8 on the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development, in which it took note of the report of the Executive Director and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report to the General Assembly for consideration at its sixty-sixth session the ideas and recommendations contained in the report of the Executive Director. These include, in particular, the following proposed objectives of the third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development: (a) to review past policies, achievements and obstacles; (b) to implement a new urban development agenda that is responsive to new urban challenges and opportunities, such as climate change and urban safety and security, in addition to promoting new roles for cities and local authorities; and (c) to seek ways to strengthen the institutional framework for land governance, housing and sustainable urban development.", "9. The Council also submitted a report to the Secretary-General as an input to the report requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/207.", "Review of the governance structure", "In its resolution 22/5 on the governance structure of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat requested “the Executive Director and the Committee of Permanent Representatives, within the work programme and budget, to undertake a joint review of the governance structure of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, with a view to identifying and implementing ways to improve the transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of the existing governance structure, and to identify options for any other possible related reforms for consideration by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session”.", "Pursuant to that resolution, the first phase of the review of the governance structure of UN-Habitat focused on the development of terms of reference for the review. The terms of reference were developed by a joint team of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the UN-Habitat secretariat in June 2009. Based on the terms of reference, the structure of the review was established, including an open-ended contact group, a regionally balanced implementation task force and seven assessment panels comprising an equal number of members of the Committee and the Secretariat. Both the Implementation Task Force and the Assessment Team began work in September 2009.", "12. The second phase, which began in January 2010, focuses on improving the governance structure of UN-Habitat in Nairobi, that is, focusing on actions that could be taken by the secretariat, as approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives but not required to be submitted to United Nations Headquarters. A list of 29 “quick-impact” activities was presented after seven assessment teams had conducted vision workshops and studies and a series of meetings of the Implementation Working Group. The list was approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives on 15 September 2010.", "13. Phase III began with a workshop of the Implementation Working Group in early November 2010. This phase focused on improving the governance structure of UN-Habitat within the wider United Nations system, in particular the governance relationship between UN-Habitat and the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Committee for Programme and Coordination. At its meeting held on 16 December 2010, the Committee of Permanent Representatives received and approved another list of mid- to long-term “accomplishments”.", "14. The fourth phase of the review involved the preparation of a report analysing options available to UN-Habitat for implementing a governance structure reform. Details of the results of the various phases of the review were presented to the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session.", "15. In addition to maintaining the current status baseline, four new options are proposed for consideration by the Council. They are:", "(a) Introduction of a system of annual sessions of the Council;", "(b) Introduction of a system of annual meetings of the Council and expansion of its membership;", "(c) Establish an Executive Board to replace the Council;", "(d) A hybrid governance structure similar to that of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.", "The Governing Council duly considered the report and adopted resolution 23/13, entitled “Governance structure of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme”. In summary, the resolution requested the Executive Director, in conjunction with the Committee of Permanent Representatives:", "(a) Further examine the reform options and develop a preferred option;", "(b) Develop procedures for the review phase;", "(c) Seeking consensus on agreed options;", "(d) Develop action plans for the implementation of preferred programmes.", "17. The Council also authorized the Committee of Permanent Representatives to approve the plan of action and, if possible, to submit it to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. To complete this work, which remains to be completed, a new body, the Open-ended Consultative Group, was established in June 2011. It is a joint body of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the secretariat, with two permanent members from each regional group of the Committee.", "C. Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goal target", "The report of UN-Habitat, State of the World's Cities 2010/2011: Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide, noted that the lives of 227 million slum dwellers had improved between 2000 and 2010. However, not all regions have achieved the same. More advanced developing countries have made greater progress in poorer developing countries.", "19. The report also notes that the number of people has increased by 100 million compared to the Millennium Development Goal target of achieving a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. This is 10 years ahead of the target date. Despite this, no developing country has succeeded in halving the number of slum dwellers. Indeed, 828 million people still live in urban slums. According to current projections, the total number of slum dwellers in the world will increase by 60 million between now and 2020.", "20. It is in this context that Heads of State and Government committed themselves at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals to continue their efforts to build cities without slums, beyond the existing targets, as outlined in paragraph 77 (k) of the outcome document of the Conference (see General Assembly resolution 65/1). Subsequently, in paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly requested the Governing Council of UN-Habitat to consider developing appropriate global and national strategies and frameworks for future work beyond existing slum-related targets to achieve a significant improvement in the lives of slum-dwellers.", "Accordingly, at its twenty-third session, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat adopted resolution 23/9, entitled “Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goal target”, in which it invited Governments, regional and local authorities to take stock of slum populations in their countries, regions and urban areas and, on that basis, to set, on a voluntary basis, realistic national, regional and local targets for achieving a significant improvement in the lives of slum-dwellers by 2020. The main means of achieving these objectives are:", "(a) Develop and implement national urban development strategies that focus on improving access of slum dwellers to adequate housing, basic services and infrastructure, including water, sanitation, transport, energy, health and education;", "(b) Promote access to secure and affordable land;", "(c) Creating the necessary conditions for sustainable urban life;", "(d) Promote sustainable urban development and the participation of all stakeholders, in particular slum dwellers.", "22. UN-Habitat is currently developing an action plan for the global implementation of the above-mentioned resolution for the next decade, in consultation with Governments.", "D. Promoting sustainable urban development by expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure", "23. With more than half of humanity now living in urban areas, sustainable development is increasingly equated with sustainable urbanization. Recognizing this, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat will adopt the theme of sustainable urban development as the special theme for its twenty-third session by expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure. The secretariat prepared a report to facilitate the dialogue at the high-level segment of the twenty-third session of the Governing Council. The purpose of the report is to stimulate debate among Governments, local authorities and other Habitat Agenda partners on how to respond effectively to the challenges of modern cities, with a view to achieving the following objectives:", "(a) To enable the Council to take a position on sustainable urban development as a contribution to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012;", "(b) Develop strategic responses to sustainable urban development challenges, taking into account the recommendations of the Habitat Agenda, the Millennium Development Goals, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) and the outcome of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals;", "(c) Governments and Habitat Agenda partners are encouraged to commit to expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure within the framework of sustainable urban development.", "24. While the present report focuses on cities in developing countries, many of its observations and recommendations are of global importance, relating to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure within the institutional framework for sustainable urban development, urban poverty, a green economy and sustainable urban development, which also pose major challenges for many urban areas in developed countries and countries with economies in transition.", "25. At its twenty-third session, the Governing Council adopted resolution 23/17 on promoting sustainable urban development through expanded and equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, in which it welcomed the dialogue on the subject at its twenty-third session as a contribution to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, and requested the Executive Director to ensure that the outcome of the dialogue is transmitted to the Bureau of the General Assembly through the President of the Governing Council.", "In the same resolution, the Governing Council also encouraged Governments and Habitat Agenda partners, inter alia:", "(a) Sustainable urban development as part of their contribution to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012;", "(b) Develop strategic responses to sustainable urban development issues, taking into account the recommendations of the Habitat Agenda, the Millennium Development Goals, the 2005 World Summit Outcome, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the outcome of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals;", "(c) To mobilize the commitment of Governments and Habitat Agenda partners at the international, national and local levels to promote decentralization and improve urban governance to ensure greater and equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure.", "E. Future activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in promoting the urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor", "In its resolution 21/10 of 2007, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director to establish a trust fund within the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation to support experimental reimbursable seeding operations to finance housing, infrastructure and slum upgrading for the urban poor and to spend four years field-testing those operations. The Executive Director was also requested to conduct an evaluation at the end of the four-year period.", "28. The experimental reimbursable seeding operations have adopted an investment promotion approach in order to facilitate the integration of market-based mechanisms with community-led efforts and government inputs as the most effective way to address inadequate housing, water and sanitation. Significant progress has been made through the seeding operations programme, with five loans to four countries (Nepal, Nicaragua, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania) and Palestine in 2010, totalling $2.75 million. The first round of these loans will assist in the construction and rehabilitation of 30,000 affordable social housing units in five countries.", "29. The seed money operations programme was subject to an independent external evaluation at the end of the four-year pilot period. The report of the evaluation was submitted to the Governing Council at its twenty-third session, resulting in a decision on future seeding operations and future general UN-Habitat activities in the area of financial mechanisms for urban upgrading.", "30. The present report concludes that UN-Habitat has a comparative advantage in global advocacy, advising Governments and local authorities, engaging key stakeholders and working with community groups on an advisory and normative basis. The report also found that, in accordance with its mandate, UN-Habitat was not fit to continue to be a mainstream direct lender. The report notes that donors have not provided further funding, thus making borrowing unsustainable.", "In its resolution 23/10, entitled “Future activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in promoting the urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor”, the Governing Council mandated the Executive Director to review opportunities for cooperation with partner development finance institutions within the United Nations system. These partners will take the lead in future pilot or scaling-up lending, guarantee and financial advisory activities, while UN-Habitat will focus on normative and global advocacy work in these areas.", "III. Progress in the implementation of substantive work", "32. In its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on progress made in: (a) Midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan, 2008-2013; (b) affordable housing and slum upgrading; (c) guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities; (d) cities and climate change; and (e) post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction. These issues are highlighted in paragraphs 5, 3, 6 and 7 respectively.", "A. Midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013", "In its resolution 21/2 of 20 April 2007, and in paragraph 8 of its resolution 22/7 of 3 April 2009, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director, in consultation with the Committee of Permanent Representatives, to undertake a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013 and to present the outcome to the Governing Council at its twenty-third session.", "In addition, in paragraph 18 of resolution 21/2, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director, in collaboration with Habitat Agenda partners, to initiate an annual peer review process for the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan. In 2008, the Committee of Permanent Representatives endorsed the secretariat's proposal to conduct a peer review at the end of 2009 to assess the “quick wins” of the start-up phase of the plan and the readiness of UN-Habitat to achieve its objectives. Accordingly, the peer review completed in August 2010 covered the same period as the MTR.", "35. As called for in the plan, the peer review provided a comprehensive assessment of progress in enhancing UN-Habitat programmes, organizational structures and procedures. The Commission and the secretariat agreed that the Mid-term Review should draw on a comprehensive peer review covering the same time frame and scope as the Mid-term Review. On this basis, Habitat has prepared a report on the mid-term review of the plan, which was considered by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session.", "36. The following are the most important recommendations highlighted in the report:", "(a) The Executive Director should consider a new organizational structure to ensure better coherence among the focus areas of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013;", "(b) UN-Habitat should establish a unified planning and reporting system for decision-making, resource mobilization and reporting to all donors and prevent costly overlapping systems;", "(c) The Committee of Permanent Representatives and, in particular, donor countries should review their reporting requirements to UN-Habitat in order to reduce costs, reduce duplication and improve the consistency and quality of reporting;", "(d) Strategic planning, performance monitoring and reporting should be coordinated by central strategic management at the highest level of the programme;", "(e) An independent evaluation function should be established;", "(f) UN-Habitat should undertake a comprehensive independent assessment of its country-level programmes and projects in order to document results achieved and lessons learned from implementation to date and establish a mechanism to systematically track operational activities at the country level;", "(g) The Committee of Permanent Representatives should continue to address the reform of the management structure of UN-Habitat as a matter of priority.", "B. Adequate housing and slum upgrading", "37. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly encouraged UN-Habitat to continue to provide the necessary technical assistance to reduce slum populations and improve the lives of slum-dwellers. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat supported 33 countries (17 in Africa and the Arab States, 10 in Asia-Pacific, 1 in Eastern Europe and 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean) in implementing slum upgrading and slum prevention policies.", "38. In the occupied Palestinian territory, UN-Habitat participated in the revision of the guiding principles for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Gaza Strip through the Reconstruction Working Group, which involved all actors and the housing sector. In addition, UN-Habitat provided technical input to negotiations with Israel on facilitating access to the local Gaza Strip market for construction materials in support of self-help housing initiatives.", "In Sri Lanka, UN-Habitat supported the project entitled “Housing support for people affected by conflict through housing” and promoted tested tools and approaches for resettlement to reduce forced evictions. UN-Habitat also helped internally displaced persons to rebuild damaged houses as part of future plans to acquire home ownership. In Nepal, UN-Habitat, in collaboration with the Integrated Urban Development Centre, prepared a study on the urban housing sector in Nepal. In the Philippines, workshops were held in December 2010 and May 2011 to develop national benchmarks and targets for improving the lives of slum dwellers.", "40. In Bangladesh, a total of $120 million was allocated to the continuation of the Urban Poverty Reduction Partnership project, one of the largest urban poverty reduction initiatives in the world. The objective of the project is to improve the livelihoods and living conditions of the 3 million urban poor and those living in extreme poverty, especially women and girls. It is the responsibility of UN-Habitat to assist communities in developing and managing community contracts for the implementation of settlement upgrading activities. As part of another project, mapping of settlements and open areas was completed in 13 towns in Bangladesh. Cartography provides the basis for the preparation of urban poverty reduction strategies that target the most vulnerable settlements in towns.", "41. In Ghana and the Gambia, UN-Habitat supported the launch and completion of urban and housing sector profiles. The Gambia has also completed the first phase of its participatory slum upgrading project. Slum upgrading and prevention policies and strategies were tested in Colombia and Costa Rica.", "C. Guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities", "42. In paragraph 6 of its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly expressed support for the dissemination and implementation of the guidelines on decentralization and the strengthening of local authorities and on basic services for all, as endorsed by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat in its resolution 21/8.", "43. The ultimate goal of the guidelines on decentralization is to promote the strengthening of local authorities and to advocate for their capacity to provide basic services. This is based on an understanding of the local dimension of basic services.", "44. However, while the process of developing the two sets of guidelines is an inclusive and participatory process based on the documentation of good practices, more needs to be done to adapt them effectively to regional, national and local contexts and to turn them into useful tools for improving legislative, regulatory and operational frameworks.", "45. As a result, UN-Habitat has developed a comprehensive programme document that highlights three main components of its strategy for integrating the two sets of guidelines into national and local contexts:", "(a) Policy development and advocacy at the regional and national levels;", "(b) Training and capacity-building at the regional and national levels;", "(c) Monitoring and reporting.", "46. In this context, efforts have been made to mobilize partners through a series of consultative dialogues in a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico and Viet Nam.", "47. On 27 and 28 October 2010, UN-Habitat and the Government of France convened a meeting of UN-Habitat partners to begin the selection of pilot countries and pave the way for country-level activities. Subsequently, UN-Habitat completed, at the request of partners, a comprehensive manual to guide the coordinated implementation of the guidelines in the countries concerned.", "Cities and climate change", "48. In accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/165, and in line with focus areas 1, 2 and 3 of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013, UN-Habitat continues its ongoing cooperation on issues related to cities and climate change and continues to play a complementary role on issues related to climate change within the United Nations system, in particular in addressing the vulnerability of cities to climate change.", "49. At the global level, UN-Habitat continued its efforts to address climate change, focusing on cities. In April 2011, UN-Habitat published and published the Global Report on Human Settlements 2011: Cities and Climate Change, the contents of which are described in section V below.", "50. Together with a network of writers and researchers, UN-Habitat also participated in the meeting of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Expert Group on Human Settlements and Infrastructure, held in Calcutta, India, in March 2011, in preparation for the future fifth assessment of the Panel. The report is expected to have a significant impact on the global debate and agreement to address climate change.", "UN-Habitat also launched two advocacy and capacity-building tools: “Local leadership for climate action” and “Climate change planning”. These tools are available to urban planners. To date, the focal points have used these tools to build the capacity of local officials and stakeholders (in Kampala in February 2011).", "52. Focusing on promoting the implementation of urban climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, UN-Habitat coordinated inputs from 10 United Nations agencies at a side event at the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Cancun, Mexico, in December 2010, to identify approaches and tools within the United Nations system to support urban action on climate change mitigation.", "53. As part of the preparations for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and as part of its emerging programme focus areas, UN-Habitat identified the green economy as a focus area for urban action, including compact urban expansion, renewable energy and green infrastructure, green technology innovation and planning and building regulations.", "54. At the regional level, UN-Habitat has supported the African Association of Planning Schools in developing climate change curricula, supporting urban planning education in Africa and contributing to regional efforts to address climate change and lessons learned in Africa through promising practices workshops to date for 13 countries on practices related to planning and climate change.", "55. In addition, urban youth have been involved in climate change issues, and in Africa youth participation has been mainstreamed into the UN-Habitat Cities and Climate Change Initiative. To date, the initiative has conducted several days of workshops on youth advocacy, dialogue and skills development, followed by demonstration projects in Mombasa (Kenya), Kampala and Kigali.", "56. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat undertook a number of activities at the country level. UN-Habitat supported the promotion of capacity-building for urban leadership in mainstreaming climate change into urban development in six countries, namely Afghanistan, Mongolia, the Philippines, Serbia, Turkey and Viet Nam.", "57. In the Philippines, participatory vulnerability assessments have been incorporated into two enabling local plans for all local government agencies, thus integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into national development planning. In February 2011, UN-Habitat signed an agreement with the Home Affairs and Local Government of the Philippines on a national replication of the mainstreaming approach. In addition, the city of Sosogon has adopted local legislation for the installation of more energy-efficient lighting, the renovation of public buildings and streets and the gradual renovation of the city ' s electric three-wheeled motorcycle fleet.", "58. In the area of urban climate change mitigation and adaptation, the city of Maputo, with the support of UN-Habitat, has developed a mangrove pilot project for the city ' s coastal areas. Officials estimated that the project would yield benefits in terms of mitigation and adaptation to extreme weather events.", "59. UN-Habitat has also worked with the city of Kampala to mainstream climate change into its gender policy, and gender has been mainstreamed into the city and national climate change assessments.", "60. Climate change concepts and knowledge have been included in the postgraduate urban planning programme of the University of Botswana. Twenty-four courses deal with climate change, while one course, “Climate change planning and management”, is based solely on the curriculum developed in 2009 by UN-Habitat in cooperation with the Commonwealth Association of Planners and the University of Erasmus on housing and urban development research.", "E. Post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction", "61. In paragraph 8 of its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly noted the importance of timely action by UN-Habitat to respond to natural and man-made disasters, in particular through effective urban planning and as part of a continuum from emergency relief to recovery, to address post-disaster and post-conflict shelter and infrastructure needs.", "62. UN-Habitat post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction activities were implemented during the reporting period within the framework of the Humanitarian Committee and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. UN-Habitat continues to play an active role in the Executive Committee. In the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Global Country Cluster Coordination System, UN-Habitat chairs the sub-working group on housing of the Global Protection Country Team, focusing on relief, recovery and reconstruction programmes through the country cluster on housing, early recovery and protection.", "63. At the international level, UN-Habitat, together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, through the Global Land Tool Network, has developed three guidelines for strengthening national capacities to address land issues in natural disasters and post-conflict situations.", "64. Within the framework of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Addressing Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, UN-Habitat has established a partnership with the World Food Programme (WFP) to assess tools, approaches and experiences of humanitarian response in urban areas and to collaborate in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of key tools. UN-Habitat also provided input to a review conducted by WFP on tools for targeted food assistance and approaches in urban emergencies.", "65. At the regional level, UN-Habitat worked closely with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Regional Office for Asia to mainstream urban risk, safety and safe housing issues through the Asian Partnership for Disaster Reduction. The Asian Partnership for Disaster Reduction, a regional mechanism involving relevant regional stakeholders, is committed to implementing the disaster risk reduction strategy set out in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.", "66. During the reporting period, a total of 11 crisis-prone and post-conflict countries implemented policies incorporating urban risk and vulnerability measures with the assistance of UN-Habitat. Through its operational work, UN-Habitat continued to participate in the housing and early recovery coordination system of humanitarian country teams. In this regard, UN-Habitat provided country-level guidance, technical support and training to humanitarian coordinators and humanitarian country teams in Haiti, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan.", "67. In addition, UN-Habitat provided technical support on the role of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as national focal point for emergency shelter in post-disaster operations. A series of country-specific agreements were signed to ensure long-term housing planning during emergencies and a smooth transition from crisis to recovery and reconstruction.", "In connection with the International Day for Disaster Reduction on 13 October 2010, UN-Habitat supported national launches of the World Disaster Reduction Campaign “Making Cities Resilient” in Myanmar, Thailand and countries in the Pacific region.", "69. One of the country-specific initiatives undertaken was a project in Antananarivo. This initiative, undertaken by UN-Habitat in collaboration with the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, mitigates the risks of conflict and disasters through improved sanitation and solid waste management in communities. In the Sudan, UN-Habitat has a regional presence in Darfur in urban planning, land management and housing construction. In Haiti, UN-Habitat continued to participate in a total reconstruction programme of $30,000,000 with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNICEF and UNFPA.", "Financial and budgetary matters", "70. In paragraphs 12 and 13 of its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly called for continued financial support to UN-Habitat in support of the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013 through increased voluntary contributions to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation, predictable multi-year funding and increased non-earmarked contributions.", "A. Non-earmarked contributions and multi-year funding", "71. The approved general-purpose budget for UN-Habitat for the biennium 2010-2011 amounts to $66.2 million, while income from voluntary contributions is projected at $57 million ($28.5 million per annum) and interest and investment income at $1.2 million. The difference of $8 million would be covered by the accumulated surplus of the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation.", "72. Unfortunately, the impact of the global financial crisis on the activities of UN-Habitat and other United Nations agencies remains far from over. Some major donors have had to make difficult decisions about their multi-year funding to United Nations agencies. This led to the complete cessation or significant reduction of unearmarked financial support to UN-Habitat. During the first year of the biennium (2010), voluntary contributions income from donors was $16.6 million, well below the projected level of $28.5 million. As at 31 March 2011, $16.9 million in unearmarked funds had been received, representing approximately 30 per cent of the $57 million target for the biennium 2010-2011. Accordingly, the annual income projections for 2011 were revised accordingly, from $28.5 million to $17 million.", "73. As a result, UN-Habitat had to critically assess its programme activities in the light of existing resources and current priorities, and had to exercise caution in filling vacant posts.", "B. Earmarked contributions", "74. Earmarked funding of $261 million was received for the first 15 months of the biennium 2010-2011, 3.6 per cent above the biennial target of $252 million, mainly for the implementation of technical cooperation projects.", "75. UN-Habitat technical cooperation projects accounted for approximately 65 per cent of its total budget during the reporting period. While UN-Habitat also needed to improve efficiency and eliminate delays in the early stages of implementation of field projects, it was clear that considerable progress had been made in technical cooperation projects, and the countries that had funded UN-Habitat were particularly satisfied with the results of operational work in the post-crisis environment. In particular, work in Afghanistan, Haiti, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia and the Sudan was well received.", "76. The main drawback of the imbalance between unearmarked and earmarked funds is the increasingly limited ability of UN-Habitat to focus on its approved core work programme activities and the need to continue to favour unearmarked income and to enhance its predictability.", "V. Other significant developments", "A. Most important reports", "77. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat published the Global Report on Human Settlements 2001, two issues of the regional State of Cities series and a State of National Cities report.", "Global Report on Human Settlements 2011", "78. The effects of urbanization and climate change were intertwined and seriously threatened the world ' s environmental, economic and social stability. The UN-Habitat Global Report on Human Settlements 2011, Cities and Change, published in April 2011, seeks to raise the awareness of Governments and all those interested in urban development and climate change on the role of cities in climate change, the impact of climate change on cities and how cities mitigate and adapt to climate change. More importantly, the report identifies promising climate change mitigation and adaptation measures that support more sustainable and resilient urban development paths.", "79. The report considers that local action is essential for achieving internationally negotiated national commitments on climate change. However, most of the mechanisms in the international climate change framework are primarily directed at Governments and do not include a clear process in which local governments, stakeholders and actors can participate.", "80. The report presents a review of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures undertaken by cities around the world, identifying three main areas where the international community can support more effective urban mitigation and adaptation responses:", "(a) Financial resources should be provided more directly to local actors — For example, climate change mitigation partnerships between vulnerable cities for adaptation to climate change, investment in alternative energy sources and local government and local private sector organizations;", "(b) The bureaucratic burden of local access to international support should be reduced and the international community should help to establish direct channels of communication and accountability between local actors and international donors;", "(c) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations and other international organizations should disseminate more widely information on climate change science and mitigation and adaptation options, including knowledge of the current and future impacts of climate on urban centres, city-based mitigation and adaptation options and the costs, benefits, potential and limitations of these options.", "State of African Cities 2010", "81. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat published the State of African Cities Report 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban Land Markets. This second regional report on Africa was released in Bamako in November 2010. The report warns that the urban population of the African continent will triple over the next 40 years, and that much of this growth will be in slums. The urban population of Africa is projected to grow to 1 billion in 2040 and 1.23 billion in 2050, by which time 60 per cent of all Africans will live in cities.", "To address this critical demographic challenge, the report calls for a “people-centred perspective” and emphasizes the need for more appropriate and relevant affordable planning and regulations for the urban poor to promote, rather than limit, sustainable urban livelihoods.", "83. The report indicates that North Africa has achieved a significant decline in the proportion of urban slum dwellers over the past decade or so. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, slum upgrading has generally not kept pace with rapid population urbanization. The report warns of the devastating consequences of a threefold increase in the urban population if urgent action is not taken.", "84. The report also notes that most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are unlikely to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. As much as 70 per cent of the urban growth in Africa will occur in smaller cities with fewer than half a million inhabitants, which will increasingly require public investment to cope with this growth.", "85. The report contains an in-depth analysis of land mechanisms in five major African subregions and recommends that informal land systems and markets be integrated into formal land systems and markets.", "Asian Cities Report", "86. During the global celebration of World Habitat Day, UN-Habitat issued two new publications on Asia in Shanghai in October 2010: State of Asian Cities Report (2010/2011) and State of Chinese Cities Report (2010/2011): Cities for a Better Life.", "87. The State of Asian Cities report (2010/2011), prepared by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNEP and the Asia-Pacific regional unit of the United Cities and Local Governments, highlights the fact that: The prominent role of Asia in the world economy is driven by the unremitting dynamism of its cities. However, the report also warns that, if Asian cities are to sustain this success in the coming decades, they must be prepared to cope with climate change and adapt basic infrastructure and education to the growing population. Although the population of the region will not be dominated by urban dwellers until 2026, Asian cities have become a microcosm of the successful integration of the region into the international economy over the past two decades.", "88. The report on China, published in cooperation with Chinese experts, noted that at the end of 2009 there were 621.86 million people living in 654 cities. As urbanization expands, the place and role of the urban economy in national economic development becomes increasingly important. Urbanization had become an important force in advancing China ' s industrialization, addressing employment, expanding domestic demand and promoting social progress. By the end of 2009, 779.95 million persons were employed in China, of whom 311.2 million were employed in towns.", "B. Regional ministerial meetings", "89. UN-Habitat continued to support the convening of regional ministerial conferences on housing and urban development in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. As high-level bodies responsible for overseeing and implementing the urban agenda, these ministerial regional meetings provide an effective partnership through which UN-Habitat can influence policy, strengthen implementation and undertake joint monitoring and evaluation.", "The African Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development was held in Bamako from 22 to 24 November 2010 on the theme “Land in the context of sustainable urbanization”. With the support of UN-Habitat, ministers from participating countries drafted a plan of action and declaration to address land issues with a view to eliminating slums in African cities.", "91. In June 2010, the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development held its third session in Solo, Indonesia, at which ministers from 38 countries considered the empowerment of communities for sustainable urban development and adopted the Solo Declaration and Implementation Plan.", "92. The Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development in Latin America and the Caribbean was held in Buenos Aires in September 2010. The Assembly urged member States to complete the strategic matrix on natural disaster and climate change risk reduction prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and to support the development of city and building codes in countries without such legislation. Climate change was designated as one of the topics for discussion at the next session of the General Assembly.", "C. Organizational and programme reform", "93. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat embarked on a new strategic direction to ensure greater attention to the substantive work of the organization and its coherence and to promote best practices in programme delivery and organizational management. The strategic direction consolidates the recognized achievements of UN-Habitat while addressing the shortcomings it has identified. It also recognizes the major urban challenges that face us today, namely: (a) increased urban poverty, inequality and unemployment; (b) excessive energy consumption by cities, especially in developed countries; (c) rapidly increasing demand for urban mobility; and (d) increased frequency and impact of natural disasters on cities.", "94. Today, more than 50 per cent of the world ' s population is urban, mainly in Africa and Asia, and urbanization continues at a rapid pace. In many developing countries, particularly in Africa, where urbanization is highest, the most serious challenge is to address the growing problems of urban poverty and unemployment, as rapid urbanization is not accompanied by rapid industrialization. However, in Asia and Latin America, countries such as China, India and Brazil are rapidly industrialization and the challenge is how to manage this largely urbanization-driven process.", "95. The historical correlation between urbanization and energy consumption is well recognized. Economic growth in developed countries and their high energy consumption patterns have benefited from low energy prices. However, current growth in developing countries is taking place against the backdrop of high energy prices. These two contrasting patterns call for deep reform of energy consumption in developed countries and for sound forecasting and advance planning by developing countries. On the one hand, cities in developed countries cannot sustain their current levels of energy consumption. On the other hand, cities in developing countries could take advantage of new renewable energy technologies that did not exist in developed countries during their industrialization.", "Inadequate urban planning over the past 30 years or so has led to serious mobility problems in many cities around the world, particularly in rapidly expanding cities in developing countries. Here, traffic congestion has become the norm, limiting the ability of cities to create value, create jobs and help their inhabitants to become rich. In developed countries, the urban population is slowly diversifying through urban sprawl, leading to excessive energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.", "Given these evolving patterns, there is a need to reconsider the current perspective on urbanization — that is, to rethink the future of cities. There was a need for a new strategy based on more effective urban planning, which should strengthen local institutions and legislative processes and enhance the contribution of cities to the economy. In all these areas, it is necessary to trace the roots, reduce the distance between political leaders and citizens and provide solutions based on viewing cities as an asset rather than a problem.", "98. It has therefore been decided to focus the substantive work of UN-Habitat on three key areas: (a) new urban planning, with a focus on early planning before migration and population growth, and phased planning based on the scale of the challenge, starting with public spaces, especially streets; (b) urban governance and legislation; and (c) urban economy and finance, including the creation of decent jobs in urban areas.", "99. UN-Habitat is already addressing these issues to some extent. The new elements are the direction of work and its focus. These priorities are fully in line with the mandate of UN-Habitat, but also reflect significant global trends. This is reflected in part in the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, but more fully in the strategic plan for 2014-2019 and in the strategic framework and programme budget for future bienniums.", "100. In the light of these new priorities, reduced financial resources and existing management challenges, UN-Habitat has initiated an organizational review process, which will be reorganized by the end of 2011. The aim is to review and seek to rationalize the organizational structure of UN-Habitat in order to deliver its mandate more effectively and efficiently at the country, regional and global levels.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "101. Since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in 1996, a number of major changes have taken place in the area of human settlements. These changes include: the growing dominance of cities in population and the global economy, with more than half of the population now living in cities; the rapid expansion of space in urban settlements into megacities and metropolitan areas; the emergence of new issues at the global level, such as globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, urban safety and security and increased urban poverty; the shift in the role of the public, private and non-governmental sectors in urban development, including from empowerment and deregulation policies to a renewed emphasis on public policy, management and urban planning; and the increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters and conflicts and their impact on urban populations.", "102. In the light of these new trends and on the basis of recommendations made by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, Governments must review the effectiveness of previous policies as set out in the 1996 Habitat Agenda, establish a new agenda that responds to new urban-oriented challenges and find ways to strengthen the existing institutional framework for human settlements development. The General Assembly should now seize the opportunity to take a decision in support of the convening of the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (UN-Habitat III) in 2016.", "103. Given that more than 50 per cent of the world ' s population currently lives in towns and cities, and given the role of urban centres in global warming and the significant impact of climate change on urban settlements, it is clear that policies and actions adopted at the city level will have an increasing impact on the achievement of sustainable development. It is therefore recommended that Governments include sustainable urban development and the role of cities and local authorities in the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "104. Although the Millennium Development Goal on slums had been met well in advance of the 2020 target date, 828 million people globally still lived in slums, and the world ' s slum population was estimated to be increasing at a rate of nearly 60 million per year. It is therefore recommended that the General Assembly strongly support Governing Council resolution 23/9 on “Developing global and national strategies and frameworks to improve the lives of slum dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals”." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目20", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果执行情况", "和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会2009年12月21日第64/207号决议要求秘书长与联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)理事会协作，就在2016年举行第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)准备一份报告。理事会第二十三届会议注意到人居署执行主任关于召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议的报告，并请大会在第六十六届会议上进一步审议在2016年召开人居三的问题。本报告是根据大会第64/207号决议和理事会2011年4月15日第23/8号决议提交的,阐述了举行第三次会议作为审查自从1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行第二次联合国人类住区会议以来出现的主要发展动态的一种手段的理由，主要发展动态包括：", "(a) 城市的人口主导地位——现在容纳了世界人口的一半以上，和作为国家经济增长和发展的引擎的更大的主导作用；", "(b) 城市住区迅猛的空间扩张,导致超大城市、超大城市地区的涌现，和城市内与日俱增的空间和社会的分裂、贫困和不平等；", "^(*) A/66/150。", "(c)新的全球问题和力量的出现，包括大量的境内和跨国移民、全球化、城市可持续发展、气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪现象上升、天灾人祸和冲突造成人类住区日益被破坏、和城市内非正规现象上升；(d)公、私和非政府部门的作用正在变化，即，从扶持政策，包括放松管制，转向公共部门在城市规划和发展中的作用重新恢复活力； \n(e)天灾人祸对城市的发生频率、强度和影响大大上升，人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和恢复方面所承担的业务工作量大增。\n本报告建议举行人居三，以勾画一个能应对新的挑战和城市新作用的新的发展议程。会议还应审议加强住房和城市可持续发展体制框架的途径。报告最后就会议的筹备进程提出了建议供大会审议。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.概述 4\n3.城市时代 6\n4.可持续的城市化的里程碑和国际反应 7\n5.业绩审评 9\n6.当前的和正在出现的城市挑战 11\nA.气候变化和城市风险 11\nB.贫民窟的预防和升级改造：住房很要紧 12\nC.经济发展挑战 12\nD.社会和空间挑战 13\nE.不安全和犯罪现象 13\n7.可持续的城市化今后的挑战和机遇 14\n8.第三次会议的本质 15\n9.会议目标 16\n10. 会议的时间安排草案 16\n11. 结论和建议 16", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据2009年12月21日第64/207号决议编写，在决议中，大会注意到联合国人类住区方案(人居署)理事会在第22/1号决议[1] 中的建议。大会在审议了在2016年召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)问题后，要求秘书长与人居署理事会协作，就该问题编写一份报告供其在第六十六届会议上审议。", "2. 在审议人居署执行主任关于召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)的报告时，一些代表再次表示对在2016年举行这一会议的支持，认为这样的会议是一种机会，可用以评估前两次会议的成就、对在城市发展中的进步进行反思和对付这种发展所造成的挑战。理事会在第二十三届会议的审议中确认，过去十年，在国家、区域和国际层面，在人类住区方取得了巨大进步。但理事会也承认有必要对在实现人居议程[2] 和其他与人类住区相关的国际目标方面的全球进展情况进行深入的审查和评估。理事会在其第23/8号决议[3] 中，除其他外，请大会第六十六届会议进一步审议在2016年召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议的问题。", "3. 本报告还根据理事会第23/8号决议编写，旨在就1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第二次联合国人类住区会议的主要成果——人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、[4] 和新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言、[5] 及其他与人类住区相关的国际目标的实施进展情况提供最新情况。它也为举行人居三提供理由。", "二. 概述", "4. 自第二次联合国人类住区会议于1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行以来，已过去15年多了，该次会议的成就是，通过了两份载有在日益城市化的世界中实现人人有适足住房和可持续的人类住区发展双重目标的宗旨和原则、承诺和全球行动计划的文件——伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言和人居议程。虽然在世界许多地区朝着实现这些目标已取得了巨大进展，但各国政府今天比以往任何时候都面临着重大的城市挑战，部分是由于以往政策的失误，部分是由于迅猛的城市化和超大城市地区的涌现加上新挑战的出现，如，全球化、全球经济危机、城市犯罪和暴力行为的上升、和气候变化等。", "5. 城市和城市中心已成为经济发展的引擎，是生产和消费价值链的核心，界定社会、政治和经济关系，并承担一个国家国内生产总值(GDP)的很大比例。城市对实现国家、区域和全球发展和促进城市可持续发展至关重要。确实，城市中心现在已是人类占主导地位的住区。然而，特别是在发展中国家的城市，正陷于贫困、不安全和非正规现象日益严重和贫民窟蔓延之中，这消极地影响了城市对国家发展的贡献。", "6. 过去十年，除了贫困的城市化(其特点是贫民窟在全世界范围的上升)之外，城市的角色和结构变化变得更加明显，从而对人居议程中确定的目标和成果的全面实现及对其的承诺造成巨大冲击。新的协同增效的演变、城市中新的关系的形成、和科学技术和商业系统的新进步，也影响了人居二的预期成果。虽然人居议程的规范性基础方面的进展是有益的，但新出现的情况需要新的应对措施。", "7. 2001年，即，伊斯坦布尔宣言通过五年之后，对人居议程的执行情况进行了一次大审评，其结果是于2001年6月9日通过了新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言。即使在那样的早期阶段，城市化不可逆转性就已经得到了确认，并已认识到城市化进程迅猛加快的前景。然而，主要的反应只是重申伊斯坦布尔承诺和呼吁加倍进行早先商定的努力实现议程的双重目标。今天，日益增长的世界人口比例所面临的挑战和变化不定的形势的严重性已放大许多。各种力量之间的平衡已发生变化，同时也出现了新的问题和机遇。确实，这种新阶段迫切需要对全球城市议程进行一次审评。", "8. 城市内部动态所发生的变化并不是审评必要性背后的唯一推动力量。人居议程在过去15年的执行情况突出表明，有必要对通过一系列政策和战略所实现的目标和所经历的挫折所取得的教训进行总结。做法上已发生变化：第一，议程的实施从各自为政和部门的做法转向在城市环境的动态内建立联系的一体化努力。第二，从放宽住房市场的政策转为更直接的公共部门做法，在一些政府部门和非国家行为者参与下，强化议程对全面实现适足住房权的承诺。第三，现在更多的强调在可持续的人类住区发展的总体框架内的城市可持续发展。这些转变的影响相当深远，特别是在以全球化、气候变化和日益权力下放及将责任转交城市政府为特征的时代。", "9. 在被确认为城市世纪的二十一世纪之初，迫切需要再次审查人居议程及其实施情况，以防止这一新世纪成为贫民窟世纪。拟议的第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议将提供一个论坛，供各国政府和人居议程各合作伙伴就世界城市的未来——以前所未有的挑战和严重风险为特征的未来——进行认真的磋商。", "10. 为城市未来指引航向需要考虑到自1996年第二次会议以来的以下主要变化：", "(a) 城市的人口主导地位——现在容纳了世界人口的一半以上，和作为国家经济增长和发展的引擎的更加大的多的主导作用；", "(b) 城市住区迅猛的空间扩张，导致超大城市、超大城市区的涌现，广阔的城市走廊，和往往是混乱不堪的城乡交接地区，此外还有城市内与日俱增的空间和社会的分裂、贫困和不平等；", "(c) 新的全球问题和力量的出现，包括全世界大量的境内和跨国移民、全球化、城市可持续发展、气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪现象上升、天灾人祸和冲突造成人类住区日益被破坏、和城市内非正规现象上升；", "(d) 公、私和非政府部门的作用正在变化，反映了从扶持政策，包括放松管制，转向公共部门在城市规划和发展中的作用重新恢复活力；", "(e) 天灾人祸的频率、强度及其对城市的影响大大上升，以及人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和恢复方面所承担的业务工作量大增。", "11. 在以下各节将为上述问题提供更多的资料。", "三. 城市时代", "12. 过去十年全世界的城市发生了令人瞩目的变迁,给各国政府和地方当局提出了前所未有的挑战。2008年，破天荒第一次世界人口的一半以上生活在城市地区，据预测，到2050年，这一数字将上升到70%。这一增长几乎都将发生在发展中国家。从2007年到2025年，发展中国家的城市人口年增长预计将达5 300万人(或2.27%)，而在发达国家仅为300万人(或0.49%)。", "13. 一般而言，城市中心已成为经济、社会和人类发展的有活力的工具。它们吸引投资和创造财富，提高社会发展和利用人力和技术资源，从而使生产力和竞争力得到空前提高。确实，城市已成为知识的宝库和社会、政治和经济变革的力量。", "14. 虽然与城市发展联系在一起的活力在大城市变得更为突出——其中有一些已成为超大城市或向四处蔓延的超大城市地区，但城市壮大的大部分却发生在中小城市，大多不到50万人。确实，据估算，早在2005年，全世界城市人口几乎有一半住在那种规模的城市，并且，这一格局在近期肯定会继续下去。这一空间人口现象的矛盾在于，这些小城市中心苦于管理资源和机构能力奇缺，难以应付其作为主要城市住区的新挑战。", "15. 同时，城市也变成了日益贫困和匮乏的地方。这是许多发展中国家的特有的问题，在那里，迅猛而又无节制的城市化伴随着贫民窟的形成、胡乱搭建的住房、日益的贫困和对于天灾人祸的脆弱性，此外还有日益严重的不平等，所有这些都对人的安全和安保以及国家发展和社会凝聚力构成了严重威胁。2010年，在发展中国家有8.28亿城市人口居住在贫民窟，被剥夺了最基本的便利设施，例如，水、卫生设施、土地使用权保障、持久的住房和足够的生活空间。一些国家成功地减少了贫民窟人口相对于总人口的比例。然而，在绝对数字上，全世界的贫民窟人口一直在上升，并且，如果国家、地方政府、非政府组织、社区组织和国际社会不采取共同行动，则还会继续上升。如果这一局面持续下去，就会成为对社会稳定和全球和平与安全的一个重大威胁。", "16. 虽然空间和规模因素是隐含在人居议程中的，但标志这一新形势的特点却是所发生的变化和机构改组的速度，以及城市化的无所不包的性质。变化发生的速度如此之快几乎令人难以招架。为确保实现至关重要的供需平衡，必须大刀阔斧地改进开发土地、提供住房、提供基本服务、创造就业和便利城市交通的程序。", "17. 关于城市化的无所不包的性质，城市在国家体制框架内的兴起导致了新关系、甚至新政治的出现。二十年以前，提供推动力在于国家政府，人居议程要求其发挥引领作用，使其他主要利益攸关方发挥有效的作用。今天，这一建设伙伴关系和实现持久结果的责任显然正在下放到城市当局。包括来自私营部门的其他利益攸关方，例如，银行和开发商，还有民间团体，正在强劲地表现自己，从而对城市发展的总体活力做出贡献。", "四. 可持续的城市化的里程碑和国际反应", "18. 虽然1976年5月31日至6月11日在加拿大温哥华举行的第一次联合国人类住区会议达成的结论将城市化明确界定为是一种挑战，需要加以控制，而二十年后的第二次会议则认为，城市化和因此而产生的城市是一种机遇和增长的引擎。伊斯坦布尔宣言确定了两个目标：人人有适足的住房和在一个城市化的世界可持续的人类住区。", "19. 2000年9月6日至8日在纽约召开的千年峰会的成果是大会通过了联合国千年宣言，[6] 其中隐含地核可了“没有贫民窟的城市”目标，并成为一组八个有时限的、与可持续发展相关的国际具体目标构成的千年发展目标的基础，从而进一步推动了人居议程的实施。消除贫困和环境的可持续性这一重点正是人居议程重点的反映。", "20. 2001年,在审评人居议程执行情况的大会第二十五届特别会议第六次全体会议上，各国政府代表重申了他们对于全面执行伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言和人居议程的意愿和承诺。审评过程揭示了重要的结果：各国正变得越来越互相依存，城市则更有竞争力；自第二次联合国人类住区会议以来，城市化和全球化都在加快，既促进了繁荣，也助长了一些地区的城市贫困。", "21. 人居议程也是2002年8月26日至9月4日在南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界峰会的一个参照点。峰会的与会者再次肯定可持续发展是国际议程的一个核心要素，并赋予与贫困作斗争和保护环境的全球行动以新的动力。他们认识到，城市化现象是可持续发展方程式的一部分，这一认识在程度上超过了以往关于可持续发展的国际会议。他们重申，改善贫民窟居民的生活和获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的千年发展目标对于促进城市健康必不可少。", "22. 2004年和2005年举行的可持续发展委员会第十二和十三届会议也审议了水、卫生设施和可持续的人类住区问题。秘书长关于可持续的人类住区发展报告为委员会的审议和关于各级实现二十一世纪议程、[7] 二十一世纪议程进一步执行方案[8] 和可持续发展问题世界峰会执行计划[9] 中所载的人类住区目标和具体指标进展情况的结论提供了基础。大会第六十届会议高级别全体会议的成果进一步推动了人居议程投入运作，其中，大会确认迫切需要为廉价住房和与住房相关的基础设施提供更多的资金、将防止贫民窟和贫民窟升级改造列为优先事项；并鼓励对联合国生境和人类住区基金及其贫民窟升级改造基金提供支持。[10]", "23. 环境议程和人居议程之间在不断趋同，并且在支撑人居议程的规范条例方面取得了显著的进展，这反映了人们对可持续发展的理念有了更深刻的理解。", "24. 值得指出的是，虽然自2005年以来，专门以城市和人类住区问题为重点的全球会议减少了，但在大会的框架内磋商一直在继续。长达十年的磋商最终导致理事会在其2007年4月20日第21/3号决议[11] 中批准了关于权力分散和加强地方当局的指导原则，这就是这一进程的一个例子。同样，还有其他一些渠道，例如，每两年举行一次的世界城市论坛，现在是处理与人居议程相关的新出现的问题合作伙伴的一个主要的非法定会议。此外，秘书长定期向大会提交人类住区进展情况报告，而大会则经常以通过决议的方式做出反应。人居署理事会也就人居议程的主要内容通过了几项决议以维持这一势头，即：适足住房权：人人获得基本服务的指导原则；公私营伙伴关系为廉价住房提供资金；及城市与气候变化。", "五. 业绩审评", "25. 九年前，在大会第二十五次特别会议期间，对人居议程进行了一次全面审评，以便全面审查和评估联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的落实情况和加强人居署。虽然评估结论大体上是正面的，但也着重指出了一些障碍。就政策、机构和方案而言，有证据表明各国做了共同努力履行承诺，并根据人居议程中的全球行动计划采取了具体措施。然而，所有干预措施的累积影响并不足以实现人人享有适足住房和可持续的人类住区发展的目标。", "26. 人居署在题为“2010/2011年世界城市状况：消除城市鸿沟”的报告[12] 中确认，在过去十年，发展中世界生活在贫民窟中的城市人口比例从2000年的39%下降到了2010年的33%。从全球范围看，这是一个乐观的理由。有两亿多贫民窟居民已获得了改善的水、卫生设施或持久较宽敞的住房，这表明相关国家和市政府做了认真的努力来改善贫民窟的条件。然而，从绝对数字上看，发展中世界贫民窟居民的人数实际上增加了并在不久的将来会继续上升。所取得的进展不足以抵消发展中世界非正规住区的增长，在那里，生活在贫民窟条件下的城市居民的人数现在估计约为8.28亿，而1990年为6.57亿，2000年为7.67亿。", "27. 从将来的预测看，据估算，到2030年，近30亿人、或世界人口的约40%，将需要新的住房和基本的城市基础设施和服务。假定平均家庭规模为5口之家，将需要5.65亿套新房子。如果将这一数字按2003年至2030年每年度细分，则每年需要约2 000万套房子。", "28. 关于住房的提供，由于公共政策的变化和政府开支的削减，政府有明显的退缩，而对私人市场的依赖则有所上升。住房不再是政治优先事项，而市场也无法为低收入家庭提供廉价的适足住房机会。这对城市造成了严重和深远的影响。第一，住房部门与经济其他部分在减少贫困和产生就业方面的互相依存关系没有被承认。第二，非正规的土地和住房开发成为城市成长的引擎，而反过来又推动了贫民窟的扩大，对城市的空间结构和居民的生活质量造成灾难性的后果。第三，涉及国际和国家非政府组织的自我组织的举措倍增，并伴随着城市贫民联合会和储蓄团体的创立，其目标是为那些被排除在正规住房融资和有限的公共住房方案之外的人们提供获得有服务的土地和住房的渠道。最后，人居议程的全世界范围的合作伙伴都同意议程的承诺——捍卫适足住房权。这已对法律和宪法改革以及有针对性的补贴方案的设计产生了影响，并鼓励倡导团体努力改善穷人的住房条件。", "29. 尽管如此，获得土地和住房的渠道仍然有限，亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的住房问题区域部长级会议的与会者号召开展广泛的住房改革和新一代的住房和土地政策。拟议的第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议将提供一次十分需要的机会，以重新审查以往的做法和通过新的全球住房战略，使其更有包容性、更基于权利、筹资上更有创意并符合绿色建筑行为和环境可持续性。", "30. 关于社会发展和消除贫困，在对付五年审评期间普遍观察到的现象——即，贫困的城市化和尤其是女性化——方面取得了一些进展。在各发展中国家，已采取了一些步骤，尤其是为妇女，便利获得土地和改善其安全，以促进社会包容和一体化，并开展消除贫困方案。虽然如此，贫困的城市化仍在继续，并且，这一现象最近由于在收入、获得服务，特别是在缺乏机会方面的不平等加剧，而变得更为复杂。", "31. 关于城市环境管理，在管理和控制污染方面取得了重要进展；采用了液态和固态废物管理技术，在循环利用方面进行创新发明，并且通过规划和规范控制以保护脆弱的生态系统。城市的生态足迹概念应运而生，在所谓“棕色”议程和“绿色”议程之间做了区分，显示出对城市壮大及其对周边环境的影响的关切。对于许多发展中国家，棕色议程仍然是个复杂的问题——虽然在使其服从绿色议程方面取得了进展。对于规划的作用和气候变化的影响的重新辩论将这个问题推到了前台。现在鼓励城市采取城市化的低碳增长模式，使生活标准的改善不要以其生态足迹和碳足迹为代价。", "32. 如前文所述，在许多国家，城市承担了国内生产总值的大部分，在国家乃至全球发展中担当支柱作用。全球化进程造成了城市的等级，通过生产、贸易、服务和行政管理虚弱地互相联系在一起。一般而言，这一经济活力在一国的各个城市之间，或往更大处说，区域之间，并不是平等分享的。城市经济发展中最触目惊心的不平等发生在过去15年。", "33. 为改善城市管治已采取了更多的举措。为确保补贴制度、民间社会参与、透明度和问责制，体制改革已风行全世界。在发达国家和发展中国家都采用了权力分散政策并强化了城市自主权和市政府。创新的程序，例如，参与性预算编制，正在改造推广到全世界。已产生了新型伙伴关系和商业安排，并正在帮助改善效率和效果。", "34. 尽管有这些积极的变化，发展中国家的地方当局的作用、特别是在城市管理中的作用，一般仍然相当薄弱。政治和行政权力分散之后并没有伴随财政自主，这意味着地方当局仍然相对被剥夺了财政资源，要依赖来自政府间转帐的资源。中央机关仍然占主导地位，使用了大部分财政收入并负责大部分开支。在世界许多地方，除了公民参与执行和甚至监测和评价公共政策之外，在公民参与决策方面有了些许进步，但还需更进一步放权。", "35. 最后，关于国际发展，为执行人居议程已采取了值得称赞的措施。将前联合国人类住区中心改革成一个完全的联合国方案-联合国人类住区方案(人居署)，加强了其监测和实施其活动和履行其承诺的能力。近十年来，为开展活动和支持交流和分享经验和最佳做法的举措，提供了大量资源。", "36. 然而过去五年,城市化的迅猛步伐和城市面临的越来越多的问题却并没有相应的来自发展伙伴给政府和城市的更多援助与之匹配。相反，援助实际上减少了。人居议程、特别是城市议程受到的援助不够，许多双边发展机构已缩减或甚至结束了城市方案。", "六. 当前的和正在出现的城市挑战", "37. 人居议程的实施及其目标的实现不仅受到了所采取的做法的影响，而且受到这些年来出现的新问题的影响。", "A. 气候变化和城市风险", "38. 人们认识到，城市是温室气体的主要制造者。因此，城市在减少温室气体排放和适应气候变化方面可发挥重要作用，此外，可通过更适当的土地使用规划、新的城市空间格局、更有效的城市管理和绿色建筑行为，来促进能效。", "39. 千百万人已经、或将要受到气候变化的影响。城市地区通常人口和楼房高度集中，特别易受影响。地处沿海、沿河、陡坡或其他易受灾地区的城市，特别容易受到全球变暖的影响和极端天气事件和海平面上升的与日俱增的威胁。值得指出的是，沿海城市特别容易受到旋风之害，而过去三十年里旋风的频率和强度都上升了。气候变化会造成海平面上升、更频繁和强度更大的极端天气事件、内陆洪灾等挑战，因此，预计会使城市地区的总的脆弱性变得更加复杂。而在气候变化预计会减少降雨的地区，则会发生旱灾，使地下水位下降和粮食短缺。", "40. 在城市地区，穷人对于气候变化的影响最脆弱，特别是发展中国家的贫民窟居民。城市土地和住房的高费用正将低收入家庭推向易受自然灾害的地点，增加了他们的脆弱性并鼓励不正当的城市化模式。目前，在发展中世界，每十座非永久性房屋中，有四座位于易受洪灾、滑坡和其他自然灾害威胁的地区。重要的是，自然力量只是造成这类灾害的部分原因——它们也是城市管理和规划失误和强制执行条例法规和控制开发活动的能力有限的产物。荒谬的是，灾害也能创造机会；恢复和重建为重新评价过去的做法和为灾区重新制定发展政策提供了独特的机会，从而可建设应对、减轻和预报自然灾害影响的能力。", "41. 为应对与日俱增的城市风险，人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和恢复方面的业务工作量自第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以来大幅度上升。大多数灾后和冲突后重建方案和项目是需求驱动的，并且捐助方为这一工作的自愿捐款现已构成人居署年度预算的很大比例。", "42. 气候变化是农村到城市移民的一个推动因素；旱灾、荒漠化和水土流失导致人们到城市边缘的脆弱的土地上非正规的住区内，或在城市中心的贫民窟定居。过度拥挤和服务不足的住区和城市街区使百万计的人暴露在天灾人祸造成的健康风险面前。", "43. 另一个主要关切是城市范围的蔓延：郊区和城乡交接处的非正规住区的扩张。城市在过去半个世纪左右的时间里侵略了周边的环境，威胁了自然资源和增加了通勤的距离和对私家汽车的依赖。这一现象对城市的生态足迹造成了负面影响，并鼓励使用汽油作为能源来源，从而增加了温室气体的排放。这就给住房政策，城市规划和设计、特别是从住房类型、城市密度和市内和城市间交通的角度的城市规划和设计，提出了新的当务之急。", "B. 贫民窟的预防和升级改造：住房很要紧", "44. 鉴于当今发展中国家三分之一的城市居民，或世界人口的六分之一，生活在贫民窟的条件中——并且这一数字在未来20年会翻一番，贫民窟问题和获得有服务的土地和住房仍是二十一世纪城市面临的最大挑战之一。一方面，贫民窟住房需通过各种修缮和改造升级方案来处理。过去15年最大的变化是，从基于街区的方案转向了全市范围的贫民窟改造升级方案，力争获得规模并将这些地区纳入城市的正式的法律体制和城市规划和管理框架内。然而，另一方面，贫民窟预防战略不足，并且没有结合贫民窟改造升级方案一起使用。", "45. 只有在实施政策，向各阶层人口提供广泛的住房机会和有服务的土地的情况下，贫民窟的预防才会成功。过去15年，进展缓慢而又不明显。因此，扶持住房部门有效地工作对贫民窟的预防至关重要。这是未来的最大挑战。鉴于通过以低廉的价格在适当的规模上提供住房机会的必要性，其中包括不同大小、价格和类型的房子，并且相对于获得就业和创收，地点合适，这样，住房很可能会对城市的未来产生影响；直接影响到城市的生态足迹和碳足迹，以及总体的可持续性。", "46. 供应的规模是根本，因为它影响到房价和房产市场的总的表现。这方面的成效很可能会导致更多的选择和廉价，并通过为非正规的土地和房屋开发提供可行的替代办法，预防贫民窟的形成。因此，扶持住房部门有效运作和发挥其作用很可能会直接影响到城市的可持续性。将住房部门纳入城市规划和管理、关于土地供应、基础设施投资和城市财政的体制和政策改革，将使新一代城市政策成形。与经济部门的联系将得到加强，从而导致创造就业机会、地方经济发展和减少贫困。", "C. 经济发展挑战", "47. 最近几十年的全球化和经济结构改革进程影响了城市劳工市场，呈现出职业和收入结构日益两极分化(从而收入日益不平等)，其原因是发达经济体的服务部门增长和制造业衰退，并带有重要的性别方面，因为越来越多的妇女转向了有酬就业。", "48. 2008年始于房屋贷款部门的全球经济危机加快了世界各地的经济结构改革和失业现象，对城市劳工市场产生直接影响，造成所有地区的城市非正规经济迅速增长。在非洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比，非正规部门工作占就业总数的一半以上，而在亚洲，则稍低一些。今后几十年，各国政府、特别是发展中国家的政府必须对付的最大的城市挑战包括与日俱增的贫困和不平等，以及迅猛扩大的城市非正规部门和影响到从事非正规或小生意的大多数公民的与日俱增的社会不安全。", "D. 社会和空间挑战", "49. 新的空间形式和程序已经出现，而其推动者却往往在地方政府控制范围之外。社会和空间变化似乎主要朝着城市内部功能和用途的分裂、脱离和专门化的方向发生。这体现在富人区和穷人区的差别越来越大——既包括住宅区、也包括工业区，既在发达国家的城市、也在发展中国家的城市。虽然这大部分是代表城市的市场力量运作的结果，反映了房地产和土地投机的逻辑，但也是对当地政策的反应——寻求将城市置于世界城市地位，通过竞争性的城市做法吸引新的投资。在世界一些地区，包括拉美和加勒比的城市，对于犯罪行为的恐惧使中等收入和更高收入的家庭将自己隔离在有大门的社区内，从而加剧了城市的分裂。", "50. 在许多贫困城市，创造空间形式主要由低收入家庭推动-他们努力寻找廉价的、地点靠近就业和其他生计来源的土地。这一过程导致全新的城市形态，因为农村本身也开始城市化了。在发展中国家，大部分的城市迅猛增长现在实际上发生在没有计划的城市周围地区，其中有些已开始通过庞大的城市走廊与遥远的城市中心连接。", "51. 必须承认,使移民融入城市环境是迅速城市化和技术进步带来的独特挑战。各地的应对措施，从打造文化“熔炉”以促进文化同化进程到为“文化拼花”的演变做准备，各不相同。很明显，无论何种情况，这个互相连接互相依存的世界是经受不起排斥、孤立和隔离的。必须指出，文化多样性往往会提高社区内的创造力，加强社会凝聚力，并有助于跨文化的关系和国际和平与安全。", "E. 不安全和犯罪现象", "52. 在新出现的问题中纳入已成为许多公民每日关切的一部份的犯罪现象和恐怖主义的幽灵也是有用的。楼房设计中的一大考虑因素就是安全。旅行、信息系统、物品的包装、甚至个人之间的关系等都受到犯罪现象和不安全的威胁。", "53. 在许多城市，家庭暴力或武装暴力、黑道谋杀和绑架，都是生活的现实。惊恐的城市社会往往用短期的办法来应对，例如，给小区装上大门、找私人保安公司等，这些都是城市穷人可望不可及的。对犯罪现象的恐惧正在造成城市妄想狂的气氛，甚至有些城市无法正常运作。这种情况加剧了城市的非正规行为、排斥、法外处事、非法处事和不文明。", "54. 犯罪和暴力对城市的经济造成负面影响：就业机会丧失，地方或外国投资也丧失。从社会角度看，当地民众的生活质量大受影响。在犯罪猖獗的城市，公私营制造商和服务供应商须承担额外的费用，而这对无法承受这种费用的穷人造成了负面影响。", "55. 虽然所有上述问题都已包含在人居议程内，但最近已变得更加紧迫了。情况的每况愈下阻碍了议程中所规定的目标的实现，甚至侵蚀了已经取得的某些进展。", "七. 可持续的城市化今后的挑战和机遇", "56. 现在必须问的问题是：今后25年，全球城市发展会朝哪个方向走，有哪些主要指标能帮助各国政府及其私营部门和地方合作伙伴以及国际社会为城市的未来做准备。", "57. 随着人居议程20周年纪念的日益临近，这些问题以及其他相关的问题需要予以回答。人类已成了城市物种。从全球看，这个阶段的到来正是以下大量旧账未还的时候：住房、基本服务和基础设施，此外还有创造生计等需求。当前的城市趋势是以不平等加剧为特点的，这往往会恶化为多数人被少数人疏远化和边缘化。上述新问题和新挑战将使城市议程成为全球的优先事项。", "58. 在中期和短期，有两种基本的情况。第一种：城市由于缺乏必要的资源和没有确定政治优先次序，因而未能满足未来的需要。在不到一代人的时间里，约20亿人有可能最终会生活在不够标准的住房和过度拥挤的非正规住区里。贫民窟将会蔓延，规划差的城市和功能失调的都会地区将成为非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的占主导地位的城市格局。同时，北半球许多城市地区由于郊区的蔓延、人口老龄化和退出工业化，将继续萎缩和失去经济活力。生活在规划差的城市地区的很多人将得不到适足的住房和基本服务。很少人会被承认是城市公民，许多人将最后不得不在非正规经济中就业，或堕入犯罪圈子。而能实现其生产潜力的人则更少。", "59. 另一种情况是，城市的挑战上升到公共政策的前台，并有公私营部门对负责任的城市成长进行投资与之相匹配。这包括有活力的住房政策，加上合理的土地使用规划和改进的城市基础设施和基本服务，以及充分利用技术以降低和制止目前的贫民窟蔓延的速度和遏制城市的生态足迹。这也需要有稳定、灵活和有效的体制，以理解和处理复杂的、互相交织的问题。正在崛起的模式是更绿色、更有复原力和更宜居的城市，它能创造就业和商业机会从而提供体面的工作和生计，并使千百万人摆脱贫困和住房不足的困境。这必须伴之以系统的干预措施和大胆的改革，以满足加快、广泛和平等的获得土地、住房和基本基础设施和服务的需要。", "60. 这两种情况的社会、经济和环境后果是显而易见并容易理解的。同时，数以百计的城市和小镇各自都在以自己的方式与如何驾驭城市化和处理其主要的挑战-城市蔓延、城市衰败、城市萎缩、或贫民窟的形成——而大费周章。对于这些情况，有些正在取得成功。", "61. 越来越多的国家政府开始推行国家政策，促使城市和地方采取行动促进可持续的城市化。然而，他们的努力大多仍是零敲碎打的。数百个、也许是数千个组织正在创造先例，为应对城市挑战开发各种手段并提出政策备选方案，然而，这些行动都是互不联系的。他们的行动很少得到承认或评估，其集体影响也没有实现，更重要的是，这些行动很少能达到直面挑战所需要的规模。", "62. 无论未来的城市社会面临什么样的未知挑战，它们必须发展新的能力以实现城市可持续发展，变得更有复原力并在不完全和不完整的理解和信息的基础上采取行动。需要培育知情的基于证据的政策，加强能力，和开发并试验新的手段和参与性工具。", "63. 需采取共同行动巩固和强化大批行为者和利益攸关方的参与，并协调其行动，以应对明天的城市挑战。在决定二十一世纪城市地区的发展和运作方式中，每一个城市居民都是主要的行为者。中央、地区和地方政府，加上民间社会、私营部门、学术机构、城市公民及其草根组织，应都聚集在城市可持续发展的目标周围。要克服这些挑战并在拟议的第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议上提请国际社会注意，合作和团结至关重要。这些正是为什么召开这次会议如此重要和及时的主要原因。", "八. 第三次会议的本质", "64. 第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议将以“城市的未来”这一主题为重点，提供可能的城市预测和设想以及自第二次会议以来这段时间的评价，以便确定在新的千年城市所面临的城市化挑战和机遇，以及联合国、特别是人居署应如何支持包括各国政府在内的利益攸关方实现城市可持续发展。第二次会议的成果主要是一个国家-地方议程，而第三次会议则要审议执行和报告机制，以及应对城市可持续发展某些方面——如，气候变化——的国际公约。", "65. 通过强化的城市可持续发展网络，会议将使城市、国家政府、民间社会、私营部门、学术机构和利益团体聚集一堂，审评在一个国际管治结构内的城市和住房政策，并起草一个承认人类文明是永远变化的动态的新的城市议程。", "66. 会议将听取城市当局及其伙伴，包括城市对城市伙伴关系、私营部门和各种类型的草根组织联合会，的最新经验。所有这些都将展示可采取何种潜在的做法，以创建更加绿色、更有复原力和更宜居的城市，其中有生气勃勃的城市经济和平等地享有土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的权利。全球性的监测和研究当前的城市形势将为会议的路线图及其讨论提供基础。", "67. 在会上将就以下方面寻求共识：总结归纳以往方案的经验教训；扩大利用最佳做法的方案规模，以应对住房、土地、基本服务和基础设施严重缺乏的问题；为可持续的城市管理和贫民窟预防战略的设计和实施提供专门化技术援助筹集资金；在城市和其他可持续发展部门之间建立网络，以应对一般用各自为政、成果不彰的部门做法处理的问题；以及针对新出现的挑战，例如，气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪现象等，制定有效的政府和城市应对措施。", "九. 会议目标", "68. 会议的目标包括五个方面：", "(a) 对人居议程、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言及相关的国际商定的发展目标的实施情况进行全面严格的审评和评估；", "(b) 查明阻碍实施上述文件中所提出的目标的主要制约因素；", "(c) 应对第二次会议以来新出现的挑战和机遇，包括气候变化、贫民窟扩散、和城市安全和安保；", "(d) 勾画一个能应对新的挑战和加强城市和相关体制框架在城市可持续发展和住房问题中的新作用的新发展议程；", "(e) 以新的发展做法评估和重新界定人居署及其发展战略伙伴的管治结构。", "十. 会议的时间安排草案", "69. 可能的时间安排是：首先于2013年在内罗毕举行一次筹备委员会工作安排会议。筹备委员会第一次会议将于2014年举行，随后是各区域和次区域会议，第二次会议于2015年举行，而大会本身将于2016年举行，地点待定。", "十一. 结论和建议", "70. 伊斯坦布尔宣言和人居议程通过已有约15个年头了，今天，国际社会比以往任何时候都面临着重大的城市挑战和巨大的机遇。在实现人居议程和新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言的目标方面已取得了重要进展。然而，也有挫折和问题。新的问题已经出现，社会主要部门之间的关系也已发生演变。有必要举行关于人类住区问题的另一次会议，以评估国际社会直面新的城市未来及其相关的困难和机遇的能力。", "71. 虽然在相隔的这些年里，在联合国系统范围内为应对城市问题已经举行过几次全球会议，但这些会议的重点是城市发展的某些特定方面，并且出席的一般是国家政府的代表。现在已很清楚，应纳入各个部门的经验并对城市可持续发展采取更加整体的做法。为实现这一点，有必要达成一个更强有力的集体协议。", "72. 鉴于上述情况,谨建议大会：", "(a) 呼吁各国政府、联合国系统各组织和所有人居议程合作伙伴，确认、深化和重申对城市可持续发展和住房开发的承诺，加倍努力实施人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言和其他与城市可持续发展相关的国际目标；", "(b) 呼吁各国政府继续为人居署提供支持并，在这方面，向联合国生境和人类住区基金捐款，以支持更好地实施人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言和其他与城市可持续发展相关的国际目标；", "(c) 请各国政府就2016年召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)的建议展开讨论并做出决定；", "(d) 还请各国政府就会议的实质性方面和组织形式提供指导。并还建议，要审议的议程应包括加强城市可持续发展和住房问题体制框架的方式方法，并应以新的与发展相关的思路评估和重新界定人居署及其发展战略伙伴的管治结构；", "(e) 呼吁各国政府和所有人居议程合作伙伴推动加强对人居三的参与，并继续提供财政捐助以支助发展中国家的代表与会；", "(f) 鼓励各国政府与包括联合国系统在内的人居议程合作伙伴协作，考虑通过发展合作框架和参与性学习和交流做法等，在国家层面加强实施人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言和其他与城市可持续发展相关的国际目标，并审评在实施中所取得的进展情况；", "(g) 为落实大会第65/165号决议第15段，决定将以前建议作为大会高级别会议议题的“住房金融系统”和“可持续的城市化”这两个主题纳入人居三的筹备进程，以节省财政资源和防止重叠。", "[1] 见A/64/8，附件一，第B节。", "[2] 联合国人类住区会议(人居二)报告，伊斯坦布尔，1996年6月3-14日，(出版物销售号No.E.97.IV.6)，第一章，决议1。", "[3] 见A/66/8，附件，第B节。", "[4] 联合国人类住区会议(人居二)报告，伊斯坦布尔，1996年6月3-14日，(联合国出版物销售号No.E.97.IV.6)，第一章，决议1，附件一。", "[5] 大会决议第S-25/2，附件。", "[6] 见大会决议55/2。", "[7] 联合国环境和发展会议，里约日内卢，1992年6月3-14日，第一卷，会议通过的决议(联合国出版物销售号No.E.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件二。", "[8] 大会决议S-19/2，附件。", "[9] 可持续发展问题世界峰会，南非约翰内斯堡，2002年8月26日至9月4日(联合国出版物销售号No.E.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议3，附件。", "[10] 见大会决议60/1，第56(m)段。", "[11] 见A/62/8，附件一，B。", "[12] 伦敦，地球扫描，2010年。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 20 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations", "Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and", "strengthening of the United Nations Human", "Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary In its resolution 64/207 of 21 December 2009, the General Assemblyrequested the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the GoverningCouncil of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat), to prepare a report on the question of convening in2016 a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainableurban development (Habitat III). Having taken note of the report ofthe Executive Director of UN-Habitat on convening a third UnitedNations conference on housing and sustainable urban development, theGoverning Council, at its twenty-third session, invited the Assemblyto deliberate further at its sixty-sixth session on the question ofconvening Habitat III in 2016. The present report, which is submittedpursuant to Assembly resolution 64/207 and Governing Councilresolution 23/8 of 15 April 2011, makes the case for holding theConference as a means of examining key developments that have emergedsince the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, heldin Istanbul from 3 to 14 June 1996, which include: (a) The demographic dominance of cities, which now accommodate morethan half of the world’s population, and their much more dominantrole as engines of national economic growth and development; \n(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, leading to theemergence of megacities, mega-urban regions, and increasing spatialand social fragmentation, poverty and inequality within cities;(c) The emergence of new global issues and forces, including highlevels of internal and transnational migration, globalization,sustainable urban development, climate change, rising urbaninsecurity and crime, increasing destruction of human settlements bynatural and human-caused disasters and conflicts, and risinginformality within cities; (d) The changing roles of the public, private and non-governmentalsectors, that is, in terms of a shift from enabling policies,including deregulation, towards a resurgence of the role of thepublic sector in urban planning and development; \n(e) The significantly increased frequency, intensity and impacts oncities of human-caused and natural disasters, and the much largervolume of operational work undertaken by UN-Habitat in post-disasterand post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation.\nThis report recommends that Habitat III be held to outline a newdevelopment agenda, one that can respond to the new challenges andthe new role of cities.The conference should also consider ways to strengthen theinstitutional frameworks for housing and sustainable urbandevelopment. It concludes by making recommendations on thepreparatory process for the conference, for consideration by theGeneral Assembly.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Overview 3III.The 5 urban \n age IV. Milestones 7 in sustainable urbanization and international \nresponses V.Performance 8 \nreview VI.Current 11 and emerging urban \nchallenges A.Climate 11 change and urban \nrisks B.Slum 12 prevention and slum upgrading: housing \nmatters C.Economic 13 development \nchallenges D.Social 13 and spatial \nchallenges E.Insecurity 14 and \ncrime VII. Future 14 challenges and opportunities for sustainable \nurbanization VIII.Essence 16 of the third \nconference IX. Conference 16 \nobjectives X. Draft 17 schedule of the \nconference XI. Conclusion 17 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report was prepared pursuant to resolution 64/207 of 21 December 2009, in which the General Assembly took note of the recommendation made by the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN‑Habitat) in its resolution 22/1.[1] Having considered the question of convening a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report on that question, in collaboration with the Governing Council of UN‑Habitat, for its consideration at its sixty-sixth session.", "2. While considering the report of the Executive Director of UN‑Habitat on the convening of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III), a number of representatives reiterated their support for the holding of such a conference in 2016, viewing it as offering an opportunity to assess the achievements of the previous two conferences, to reflect on progress made in urban development and to tackle the challenges that such development has posed. In its deliberations, the Governing Council, at its twenty-third session, recognized that, substantial progress had been achieved in human settlements at the national, regional and international levels over the past decade. It acknowledged, however, a need for an in-depth review and assessment of global progress made towards the attainment of the goals of the Habitat Agenda[2] and of other international goals relevant to human settlements. In its resolution 23/8,[3] the Governing Council, inter alia, invited the General Assembly to deliberate further at its sixty-sixth session on the question of convening, in 2016, a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development.", "3. The present report has been prepared pursuant also to Governing Council resolution 23/8 in order to provide an update on progress made in implementing the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements,[4] the main outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), held in Istanbul from 3 to 14 June 1996, and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium,[5] and other international goals relevant to human settlements. It also makes the case for holding Habitat III.", "II. Overview", "4. It is more than 15 years since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), which culminated in the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda, documents setting out goals and principles, commitments and a global plan of action for achieving the twin goals of adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements development in an urbanizing world. While significant progress has been made in many regions of the world towards achieving these goals, today more than ever before, Governments are facing major urban challenges, as a result partly of the failure of previous policies and partly of the rapid urbanization and emergence of mega-urban regions, together with the advent of new challenges such as globalization, global economic crises, rising urban crime and violence, and climate change.", "5. Cities and urban centres, which have become engines of economic development, are both central to the value chain of production and consumption, defining social, political and economic relations, and responsible for large proportions of countries’ gross domestic product (GDP). Cities have become crucial to achieving national, regional and global development and promoting sustainable urban development. Indeed, urban centres are now the dominant habitat for humankind. Yet, cities, particularly in developing countries, are beleaguered by poverty, insecurity and increasing informality and slum formation which adversely affect their contribution to national development.", "6. The shift in the role and configuration of the city, in addition to the urbanization of poverty (characterized by the global rise of slums), has become more pronounced over the past decade, thus impinging significantly on the commitments and the full realization of the goals and outcomes identified in the Habitat Agenda. The evolution of new synergies, the development of new relationships in cities, and new advances in science, technology and business systems have also affected the expected outcomes of Habitat II. New scenarios have emerged that require new responses, although progress in respect of the normative underpinnings of the Habitat Agenda has been beneficial.", "7. In 2001, five years after the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration, a major review was conducted of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, resulting in the adoption on 9 June 2001 of the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium. Even at that early stage, the irreversibility of urbanization was confirmed and the prospect of a rapidly increasing process of urbanization was recognized. The main response, however, was to reaffirm the Istanbul commitments and to call for the efforts agreed upon earlier to be redoubled to achieve the twin goals of the Agenda. Today, the magnitude of those challenges and the precarious situation faced by an ever-growing proportion of the global population has been considerably amplified. The balance of forces has altered and new issues and opportunities have emerged. Indeed, this new phase urgently requires a review of the global urban agenda.", "8. The changes that have taken place in the internal dynamics of the city are not the only driving force behind the need for review. The implementation of the Habitat Agenda over the past 15 years underlines a need to take stock of the lessons learned and goals achieved through an array of policies and strategies, in addition to the setbacks experienced. There have been changes of approach: first, from a fragmented and sectoral implementation of the Agenda, to an integrated effort which establishes links within the dynamics of an urban setting. Second, there has been a switch from policies designed to deregulate the housing market, towards more direct public sector approaches, embraced by some Governments and non-State actors, aimed at reinforcing the Agenda’s commitment to the full realization of the right to adequate housing. Third, greater emphasis is now laid on sustainable urban development within the overall context of sustainable human settlements development. The implications of these shifts are quite profound, particularly in an era marked by globalization, climate change and increasing decentralization and transfer of responsibilities to city governments.", "9. At the dawn of the twenty-first century — a century recognized as the century of the city — there is an urgent need to revisit the Habitat Agenda and its implementation so as to prevent this new century from becoming the century of slums. The proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development will provide a forum for serious consultations between Governments and Habitat Agenda partners on the world’s urban future, a future certain to be characterized by unprecedented challenges and serious risks.", "10. Charting that urban future will need to take into account the following key changes that have emerged since the 1996 second conference:", "(a) The demographic dominance of cities, which now accommodate more than half of the world’s population, and their much more dominant role as engines of national economic growth and development;", "(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, leading to the emergence of megacities, mega-urban regions, extensive urban corridors, and often chaotic peri-urban areas, in addition to increasing spatial and social fragmentation, poverty and inequality within cities;", "(c) The emergence of new global issues and forces, including internal and transnational migration, globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, rising urban insecurity and crime, increasing destruction of human settlements by natural and human-caused disasters and conflicts, and rising informality within cities all over the world;", "(d) The changing balance among the roles of the public, private and non‑governmental sectors, reflecting the shift from enabling policies and strategies, including deregulation, towards a resurgence of the role of the public sector in urban planning and development;", "(e) The significantly increased frequency and intensity of human-caused and natural disasters and of their impacts on cities, as well as the much larger volume of operational work undertaken by UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation.", "11. In the following sections, additional information is provided on the issues raised above.", "III. The urban age", "12. The global urban transition witnessed over the past decades has been phenomenal, presenting Governments and local authorities with unprecedented challenges. In 2008, for the first time ever, over half of the world’s population was living in urban areas and, according to current projections, this figure will rise to 70 per cent by 2050. Almost all of this growth will take place in developing countries. Between 2007 and 2025, the annual urban population increase in developing countries is expected to be 53 million (or 2.27 per cent), compared with a mere 3 million (or 0.49 per cent) in developed countries.", "13. Generally, urban centres have become vibrant instruments for economic, social and human development. They attract investment and create wealth. They enhance social development and harness human and technological resources, resulting in unprecedented gains in productivity and competitiveness. Indeed, cities have become the repositories of knowledge and agents of social, political and economic change.", "14. While the vibrancy associated with urban development has become more prominent in large cities, some of which have become megacities or sprawling mega-urban regions, the bulk of urban growth has been taking place in small and medium-sized cities, mostly with populations of less than 500,000 people. Indeed, it is estimated that, as early as 2005, almost half of the global urban population already lived in cities of that size and the pattern is set to continue in the immediate future. The paradox of this spatial demographic phenomenon lies in the fact that such small urban centres suffer from an acute lack of the managerial resources and institutional capacities required to cope with the new challenge arising from their being the dominant urban habitat.", "15. At the same time, cities have also become a locus of increasing poverty and deprivation. This is a particular problem in much of the developing world, where rapid and unmanaged urbanization is accompanied by slum formation, poorly built housing, increasing poverty and vulnerability to human-caused and natural hazards, in addition to growing inequalities, all of which pose serious threats to human security and safety and national development and social cohesion. In 2010, 828 million urban-dwellers in the developing world were living in slums, deprived of the most basic amenities such as water, sanitation, security of tenure, durable housing and sufficient living space. Some countries have succeeded in reducing the proportion of slum-dwellers in the total urban population. In absolute terms, however, the number of urban slum-dwellers has been increasing globally and will continue to increase if no concerted action, involving national and local governments, non-governmental and community-based organizations and the international community, is taken. If this situation persists, it could become a major threat to social stability and global peace and security.", "16. While the spatial and scale factors were implicitly addressed in the Habitat Agenda, the speed with which change and institutional realignment have taken place, together with the all encompassing nature of urbanization, marks a new state of affairs. Change is occurring at so swift a rate as to be almost overwhelming. The procedures for developing land, providing housing, delivering basic services, creating employment and facilitating urban mobility have to be drastically improved to ensure the attainment of the critical balance between demand and supply.", "17. With regard to the all-encompassing nature of urbanization, the rise of the city within the national institutional framework has led to the emergence of new relationships and even new politics. Twenty years ago, providing the impetus lay with national Governments, charged by the Habitat Agenda to take a leading role in enabling other key stakeholders to play an effective role. It is evident today that this responsibility for building partnerships and achieving lasting results is being delegated to city authorities. Other stakeholders, including from the private sector, such as banks and developers, in addition to civil society groups, are vigorously asserting themselves and are thus contributing to the overall dynamism of urban development.", "IV. Milestones in sustainable urbanization and international responses", "18. While the conclusions reached at the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Vancouver, Canada, from 31 May to 11 June 1976, clearly defined urbanization as a challenge in need of control, the second conference 20 years later regarded urbanization and the cities resulting therefrom as offering an opportunity and engines for growth. The Istanbul Declaration identified two goals: adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world.", "19. The Millennium Summit, convened in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, resulted in the adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[6] which implicitly endorsed the goal of “Cities without slums” and formed the basis for the Millennium Development Goals, a group of eight time-bound international targets relevant to sustainable development which provided a further impetus to the implementation of the Habitat Agenda. The focus on poverty eradication and environmental sustainability mirrored that of the Habitat Agenda.", "20. In 2001, at the sixth plenary meeting of the twenty-fifth special session of the General Assembly to review the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, the representatives of Governments reaffirmed their will and commitment to implementing fully the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda. The review process revealed important findings: countries were becoming increasingly interdependent and cities more competitive; and urbanization and globalization had both accelerated since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements and were contributing to both increased prosperity and urban poverty in some regions.", "21. The Habitat Agenda was also a point of reference for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. Participants at the Summit reaffirmed that sustainable development was a central element of the international agenda and gave new impetus to global action to fight poverty and protect the environment. They recognized the phenomenon of urbanization as part of the sustainable development equation to a greater degree than had participants at previous international meetings on sustainable development. They reaffirmed the Millennium Development Goal target of improving the lives of slum-dwellers and access to safe drinking water and to basic sanitation as essential to promoting urban well-being.", "22. Water, sanitation and sustainable human settlements were also considered at the twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2004 and 2005. The reports of the Secretary-General on sustainable human settlements development provided the basis for the Commission’s review of and conclusions on progress made at all levels to attain the human settlements goals and targets contained in Agenda 21,[7] the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21,[8] and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.[9] The operationalization of the Habitat Agenda was given further impetus by the outcome of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly, at which the Assembly recognized the urgent need for the provision of increased resources for affordable housing and housing-related infrastructure, prioritizing slum prevention and slum upgrading; and encouraged support for the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation and its Slum Upgrading Facility.[10]", "23. There have been a continuing convergence of the environmental and the human settlements agendas, and remarkable progress in the regulations that underpin the Habitat Agenda, reflecting a deeper understanding of the notion of sustainable development.", "24. It is worth noting that, while there have been fewer global conferences since 2005 focusing specifically on cities and human settlements, consultations have continued to take place within the framework of the General Assembly. The decade-long consultations that ultimately led to the approval by the Governing Council of guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, in its resolution 21/3 of 20 April 2007,[11] is one example of such a process. Similarly, there have been other channels, such as the World Urban Forum, held every two years, which is now a major non-statutory conference of partners that tackles emerging issues relevant to the Habitat Agenda. Moreover, the Secretary-General has presented regular progress reports on human settlements to the Assembly, to which the Assembly has responded, often by adopting resolutions. The Governing Council of UN-Habitat has also sustained this momentum by adopting several resolutions on key elements of the Habitat Agenda, notably: the right to adequate housing; guidelines on access to basic services for all; public-private partnerships to finance affordable housing; and cities and climate change.", "V. Performance review", "25. A comprehensive review of the Habitat Agenda was undertaken nine years ago, during the twenty-fifth special session of the General Assembly for an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and the strengthening of UN-Habitat. While the assessment was generally positive, some obstacles were highlighted. In terms of policy, institutions and programmes, there is evidence of concerted efforts by countries to live up to the commitments and to take specific measures in line with the global plan of action contained in the Habitat Agenda. The cumulative impact of all the interventions has not, however, been sufficient to realize the goals of adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements development.", "26. The UN-Habitat report entitled State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide[12] confirmed that, over the past 10 years, the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has fallen from 39 per cent (in 2000) to 33 per cent (in 2010). On a global scale, this is cause for optimism. That more than 200 million slum-dwellers have gained access to improved water, sanitation or durable and less-crowded housing shows that countries and municipal governments have made serious attempts to improve slum conditions. In absolute terms, however, the number of slum-dwellers in the developing world has actually grown and will continue to rise in the near future. The progress made has not been sufficient to offset the growth of informal settlements in the developing world, where the number of urban residents living in slum conditions is now estimated at some 828 million, compared with 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.", "27. In terms of future projections, it is estimated that close to 3 billion people, or about 40 per cent of the world’s population, will need new housing and basic urban infrastructure and services by 2030. Assuming an average household size of five people, 565 million new housing units will be needed. If this number is broken down on an annual basis for the period 2003-2030, approximately 20 million housing units per year will be required.", "28. With regard to housing provision, there was a noticeable retreat of the State and an increasing reliance on the private market as a result of changes in public policies and cuts in government expenditure. Housing was no longer a political priority and the market failed to provide affordable and adequate housing opportunities for low-income households. The impact on cities has been severe and far-reaching. First, the interdependence of the housing sector with other parts of the economy and its role in reducing poverty and generating employment were not recognized. Second, informal land and housing developments became engines of cities’ growth, which in turn drove slum growth, resulting in disastrous effects on the urban spatial structure and residents’ quality of life. Third, self-organizing initiatives involving international and national non-governmental organizations multiplied, accompanied by the creation of urban poor federations and savings groups, whose goal was to provide those excluded from formal housing finance and limited public housing programmes with access to serviced land and housing. Lastly, Habitat Agenda partners worldwide embraced the Agenda’s commitment to defending the right to adequate housing. This has influenced legal and constitutional reforms and the design of targeted subsidy programmes, and encouraged advocacy groups to improve the housing conditions of the poor.", "29. Nevertheless, access to land and housing remains limited and participants at the regional ministerial conferences on housing for Asia, Africa and Latin America are calling for broad housing reforms and a new generation of housing and land policies. The proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development would provide a much-needed opportunity to re-examine previous approaches and adopt a new global housing strategy, one that is more inclusive, rights-based, financially creative and in line with green building practices and environmental sustainability.", "30. With regard to social development and the eradication of poverty, some progress has been made in tackling the phenomenon widely observed during the five-year review — that is, the urbanization of poverty and, more particularly, its feminization. In various developing countries, steps have been taken to facilitate access to land and improve its security, particularly for women, to foster social inclusion and integration and to embark on poverty eradication programmes. Nevertheless, the urbanization of poverty persists and the phenomenon has been compounded recently by increasing inequalities in income, and in access to services and, more particularly, by a lack of opportunities.", "31. With regard to urban environmental management, significant progress has been made in managing and controlling pollution through liquid and solid waste management technologies and innovations in recycling and protection of vulnerable ecosystems through planning and regulatory controls. The notion of an ecological footprint of cities has emerged, and a distinction has been made between what are known as the “brown” agendas and the “green” ones, demonstrating concern at the phenomenon of urban growth and its impact on the surrounding environment. The brown agenda remains a complex issue for many developing countries, although there has been progress in reconciling it with the green agenda. The renewed debate on the role of planning and the impact of climate change has brought this question to the fore. Cities are encouraged to adopt low-carbon growth patterns of urbanization, where improvements in living standards are not made at the expense of its ecological and carbon footprint.", "32. As stated above, cities are responsible for most of the GDP of many countries and have assumed a pivotal role in national and global development. The process of globalization has created hierarchies of cities, tenuously interlinked through production, trade, services and administration. Generally, this economic dynamism is not shared equally among cities in a particular country or, more significantly, among regions. The starkest inequalities in cities are to be seen in the context of the economic development that has taken place over the past 15 years.", "33. More initiatives have been taken to improve urban governance. Institutional changes designed to ensure subsidiarity, civil society participation, transparency and accountability have been introduced worldwide. Decentralization policies have been adopted and have strengthened municipal autonomy and city governments in both developed and developing countries. Innovative processes, such as participatory budgeting, are being disseminated for adaptation worldwide. New partnerships and business arrangements have evolved and are helping to improve efficiency and effectiveness.", "34. These positive changes notwithstanding, the role of local authorities in developing countries, particularly in urban management, remains generally weak. Political and administrative decentralization has not been followed by fiscal autonomy, meaning that local authorities remain relatively deprived of financial resources and dependent on resources originating from intergovernmental transfers. National institutions continue to dominate, using most of the revenue generated and remaining responsible for most of the expenditure. In many parts of the world, there has been modest progress in respect of citizen participation in decision-making processes, in addition to implementing and even monitoring and evaluating public policies, but decentralization needs to be taken further.", "35. Lastly, with regard to international development, laudable measures have been taken to implement the Habitat Agenda. The transformation of the former United Nations Centre for Human Settlements into a full United Nations programme, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), has strengthened capacity to monitor and implement activities and honour commitments. For almost a decade, substantial resources have been provided to carry out activities and to support initiatives for exchanging and sharing experiences and best practices.", "36. The rapid pace of urbanization over the past five years and the growing number of problems faced by cities have not, however, been matched by increased aid from development partners to Governments and cities. On the contrary, aid has actually decreased. The Habitat Agenda, and the urban agenda in particular, has received inadequate support and many bilateral development agencies have downsized or even ended their urban programmes.", "VI. Current and emerging urban challenges", "37. Implementing the Habitat Agenda and achieving its goals has been affected not only by the approaches adopted, but also by the new issues that have emerged over the years.", "A. Climate change and urban risks", "38. It is acknowledged that cities are a major producer of greenhouse gases. They therefore have a key role to play in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, in addition to promoting energy efficiency through more appropriate land-use planning, new urban spatial patterns, more efficient urban management and green building practices.", "39. Millions of people are already, or will be, affected by climate change. Urban areas, which typically have high concentrations of populations and buildings, are particularly vulnerable. Cities located in coastal areas, along riverbanks, on steep slopes or in other disaster-prone areas are particularly vulnerable to global warming and to the growing threat of extreme weather events and rising sea levels. It is worth noting that coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to cyclones, which have been more frequent and intense over the past three decades. Climate change is expected to compound the overall vulnerability of urban areas through rising sea levels, more frequent and intense extreme weather events, and inland flooding, among other challenges. Conversely, areas where climate change is expected to reduce rainfall may be affected by drought, shrinking water tables and food scarcity.", "40. In urban areas, the poor are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly slum-dwellers in developing countries. High urban land and housing costs are pushing low-income households into locations that are prone to natural hazards, increasing their vulnerability and encouraging perverse urbanization patterns. Four of every 10 non-permanent houses in the developing world are now located in areas threatened by floods, landslides and other natural disasters. Significantly, such disasters are only partly the result of natural forces: they are also products of failed urban management and planning and limited capacities to enforce regulations and control development activities. Paradoxically, disasters can also create opportunities; recovery and reconstruction offer a unique chance to re-evaluate past practices and rewrite development policies for disaster-prone areas, thereby building the capacities to counteract, mitigate and forecast the effects of natural disasters.", "41. In response to increasing urban risks, the volume of operational work carried out by UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation has increased significantly since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II). Most of the post-disaster and post-conflict programmes and projects are demand-driven and the voluntary financial contributions made by donors for this work now constitute a significant proportion of the UN-Habitat annual budget.", "42. Climate change is a driving factor in rural-urban migration, with droughts, desertification and soil erosion leading people to settle on fragile land and in informal settlements on the periphery of cities or in crowded slum areas in the urban centre. Overcrowded and under-serviced settlements and urban neighbourhoods leave millions exposed to health risks and both human-caused and natural disasters.", "43. Another major concern is urban sprawl: the expansion of suburbia and informal settlements on peri-urban lands. Cities have in about half a century invaded their surrounding environments, threatening natural resources and increasing commuting distances and dependence on private cars. This phenomenon has had an adverse impact on the ecological footprint of cities and has encouraged the use of oil as an energy source, thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions. This sets new imperatives for housing policies, urban planning and design, especially in terms of types of housing, urban density and transport both within and between cities.", "B. Slum prevention and slum upgrading: housing matters", "44. Given that, today, one third of urban-dwellers in developing countries, or one sixth of the world’s population, live in slum conditions, with the threat of this figure doubling over the coming 20 years, the problem of slums and access to serviced land and housing remains one of the greatest challenges facing cities in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, slum housing needs to be tackled through a range of improvements and upgrading programmes. The biggest change during the past 15 years was a move from neighbourhood-based to city-wide slum upgrading programmes, in an effort to gain scale and integrate these areas into the cities’ formal, legal, institutional and urban planning and management frameworks. On the other hand, however, slum prevention strategies have fallen short and have not been utilized in tandem with slum upgrading policies.", "45. Slum prevention can succeed only if there are policies in place designed to make a wide range of housing opportunities and serviced land available to all segments of the population. Progress has been slow and timid during the past 15 years. Enabling the housing sector to work effectively is therefore critical for slum prevention. This is the greatest challenge for the future. Given the need to provide housing opportunities on an appropriate scale, at an affordable price, with houses of different size, price and type, and in suitable locations vis-à-vis access to employment and income-generation, housing is likely to affect the future of cities, directly influencing their ecological and economic footprints and their overall sustainability.", "46. The scale of supply is fundamental, as it affects housing prices and the overall performance of the housing market. Effectiveness in this regard is likely to lead to greater choice and affordability and prevent slum formation by providing viable alternatives to informal land and housing developments. Enabling the housing sector to operate effectively and play its role is therefore likely to have a direct effect on cities’ sustainability. Inclusion of the housing sector in urban planning and management and the institutional and policy reforms dealing with land delivery, investments in infrastructure and municipal finance, will enable a new generation of urban policies to be shaped. Links with economic sectors will be strengthened, leading to job creation, local economic development and poverty reduction.", "C. Economic development challenges", "47. Processes of globalization and economic restructuring in recent decades have affected urban labour markets, which show a growing polarization of occupational and income structures (and hence growing income inequality) caused by the growth of the service sector and the decline of manufacturing in developed economies, with their important gender dimension, as women have increasingly moved into paid employment.", "48. The global economic crisis, which began in the housing finance sector in 2008, has accelerated economic restructuring and unemployment in all parts of the world, with a direct impact on urban labour markets, causing rapid growth in the urban informal economy in all regions. Informal sector jobs account for more than half of all employment in Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean, and a little less in Asia. Among the most significant urban challenges that Governments have to tackle in the next few decades, especially in developing countries, are increasing poverty and inequality, in addition to the rapidly expanding urban informal sector and the growing social insecurity affecting the majority of citizens engaged in informal or small businesses.", "D. Social and spatial challenges", "49. New spatial forms and processes have emerged, whose drivers often lie outside the control of local governments. Social and spatial change appears to have taken place primarily in the direction of the fragmentation, separation and specialization of functions and uses within cities. This is reflected in growing differences between wealthier and poorer areas, both residential and industrial, in both developed-country and developing-country cities. While much of this represents the playing out of market forces in cities, reflecting the logic of real estate and land speculation, it is also a response to local policies that have sought to position cities globally so as to attract new investment through competitive city approaches. In some parts of the world, including in Latin American and Caribbean cities, fear of crime has increased urban fragmentation as middle- and upper-income households segregate themselves into gated communities.", "50. In many poorer cities, creation of spatial forms is largely driven by the efforts of low-income households to secure land that is affordable and in a location close to employment and other livelihood sources. This process is leading to entirely new urban forms as the countryside itself begins to urbanize. In fact, the bulk of rapid urban growth in developing countries is now taking place in unplanned peri-urban areas, some of them beginning to connect distant urban centres through huge urban corridors.", "51. The integration of migrants in an urban context has to be recognized as a unique challenge brought about by rapid urbanization and technological advancements. Local responses have varied from fostering a process of cultural assimilation, through the creation of cultural “melting pots”, to providing for the evolution of “cultural mosaics”. It is clear that, in all cases, this ever-connected and interdependent world cannot afford exclusivity, isolationism or segregation. It must be noted that cultural diversity often enhances creativity within communities, strengthens social cohesion and contributes to cross-cultural relations and international peace and security.", "E. Insecurity and crime", "52. It is also useful to include among the emerging issues the spectres of crime and terrorism, which are now part of the daily consciousness of many citizens. Security is a major consideration in the design of buildings. Travel, information systems, the packaging of goods and even relations between individuals are all affected by the threat of crime and insecurity.", "53. In many cities, domestic or armed violence, gang murders and kidnapping are facts of life. Fearful urban societies are responding with short-term solutions, such as gated communities and private security firms, which are options unavailable to the urban poor. Fear of crime is creating an atmosphere of urban paranoia, with some cities almost failing to function normally. This situation exacerbates urban informality, exclusion, extralegality, unlawfulness and incivility.", "54. Crime and violence have negative repercussions on cities’ economies: jobs are lost, as are local or global investments. Socially, the quality of life of local populations is affected dramatically. In cities in which crime is rife, public and private manufacturers and service providers have to bear extra costs which adversely affect the poor, who cannot afford to incur such costs.", "55. While all the aforementioned issues were covered in the Habitat Agenda, they have recently become more urgent. The worsening situation has hampered the achievement of the goals set out in the Agenda and has even eroded some of the progress made.", "VII. Future challenges and opportunities for sustainable urbanization", "56. It must now be asked what direction global urban development will take over the coming 25 years and what the main indicators are that can help Governments and their private sector and local partners, in addition to the international community, prepare for the urban future.", "57. These and other pertinent questions need to be answered as the 20-year anniversary of the Habitat Agenda looms. Humankind has become an urban species. Globally, this stage has coincided with a severe backlog in meeting the needs and demands for housing, basic services and infrastructure, in addition to means of generating livelihoods. Current urban trends are characterized by increased inequality, which often degenerates into alienation and the marginalization of the majority at the hands of the minority. The new issues and challenges identified above will make the urban agenda a global priority.", "58. In the short and medium terms, there are two basic scenarios. In the first, cities fail to meet future needs as a result of a lack of necessary resources and a failure to set political priorities. In less than a generation, some 2 billion people could end up living in substandard housing and overcrowded informal settlements. Slums will proliferate and poorly planned cities and dysfunctional metropolitan regions will constitute the dominant urban pattern in Africa, Asia and Latin America. At the same time, many urban areas in the northern hemisphere will continue to shrink and lose their economic vitality as a result of suburban sprawl, ageing populations and deindustrialization. Many people living in poorly planned urban areas will lack access to adequate housing and basic services. Few will be recognized as urban citizens and many will end up working in the informal economy or enter criminal circles. Fewer still will realize their productive potential.", "59. The other scenario is one where the urban challenges rise to the fore of public policy and are matched with public and private investments in responsible urban growth, including robust housing policies coupled with rational land-use planning and improved urban infrastructure and basic services, in addition to the full exploitation of technology, so as to reduce and halt current rates of slum formation and contain the ecological footprint of cities. This will also require stable, flexible and effective institutions that can make sense of and address the complex interrelated issues. The emerging paradigm is one of greener, more resilient and liveable cities, which create job and business opportunities that are sources of decent work and livelihoods and lift millions of people out of poverty and inadequate housing. This will have to be accompanied by systemic interventions and bold reforms capable of meeting the need for accelerated, broad and equitable access to land, housing and basic infrastructure and services.", "60. The social, economic and environmental consequences of these two scenarios are quite evident and easy to comprehend. Meanwhile, hundreds of cities and towns are each in its own way grappling with the issue of how to manage urbanization and address its key challenges, whether in the form of urban sprawl, urban decay, shrinking cities or slum formation. Some are achieving success against great odds.", "61. Increasingly, Governments are beginning to promote national policies aimed at making municipal and local action for sustainable urbanization possible. Their efforts remain, for the most part, piecemeal, however. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of organizations, are setting precedents, developing tools and offering policy options designed to meet the urban challenge, yet these actions are disparate. Their work is rarely recognized or assessed and the collective impact of their actions is not realized and, more importantly, they rarely reach the scale required to face the challenges.", "62. Regardless of the unknown challenges that future urban societies will face, they will have to develop new capacities to achieve sustainable urban development, become resilient and act on the basis of incomplete and imperfect understanding and information. Well-informed and evidence-based policies need to be nurtured, capacities strengthened and new instruments and participatory tools developed and tested.", "63. Concerted efforts need to be made to consolidate and reinforce the participation of a multitude of actors and stakeholders and to coordinate their actions in order to tackle the urban challenges of tomorrow. Every urban-dweller is a key actor in determining the way in which urban areas will develop and perform in the twenty-first century. Central, regional and local governments, together with civil society, the private sector, academic institutions and urban citizens and their grass-roots organizations, should all rally around the goal of sustainable urban development. Cooperation and solidarity are essential to overcoming these challenges and bringing them to the attention of the international community at the proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development. These are the main reasons why convening the conference is so important and timely.", "VIII. Essence of the third conference", "64. The third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development will focus on the theme of “urban futures”, providing likely urban trajectories and scenarios and an evaluation of the period since the second conference, so as to determine the urbanization challenges and opportunities facing cities in the new millennium, and how the United Nations, and particularly UN‑Habitat, should support stakeholders, including Governments, in achieving sustainable urban development. While the outcomes of the second conference constituted essentially a national-local agenda, the third conference will consider mechanisms for global implementation and reporting, in addition to international conventions for tackling some dimensions of sustainable urban development, such as climate change.", "65. Through enhanced sustainable urban development networks, the conference will bring together cities, Governments, civil society, the private sector, academic institutions and interest groups to review urban and housing policies within an international governance architecture, and draft a new urban agenda, one that recognizes the ever-changing dynamics of human civilization.", "66. The conference will benefit from city authorities’ recent experiences and their partnerships with various stakeholders, including city-to-city partnerships, the private sector and various types of grass-roots federations, all of which demonstrate potential approaches for creating greener, more resilient and more liveable cities with vibrant urban economies and equitable access to land, housing and basic services and infrastructure. Global monitoring of and research into current urban situations will form the basis of the road map for the conference and the discussions thereat.", "67. At the conference, agreement will be sought: on consolidating lessons learned from previous programmes; on scaling up programmes that use best practices to tackle the critical lack of housing, land and basic services and infrastructure; on mobilizing resources for specialized technical assistance for sustainable urban management and the design and implementation of slum prevention strategies; on creating networks between urban and other sustainable development sectors in order to tackle issues that are generally addressed through fragmented and unproductive sectoral approaches; and on producing effective government and city responses to emerging challenges, such as climate change and urban insecurity and crime.", "IX. Conference objectives", "68. The objectives of the conference are fivefold:", "(a) To undertake a comprehensive critical review and assessment of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium and the relevant internationally agreed development goals;", "(b) To identify major constraints hindering the implementation of the goals set forth in those outcomes;", "(c) To tackle new challenges and opportunities that have emerged since the second conference, including climate change, the proliferation of slums, and urban safety and security;", "(d) To outline a new development agenda that is capable of responding to the new challenges and strengthening the new role of cities and relevant institutional frameworks in sustainable urban development and housing;", "(e) To assess and redefine the governance structure of UN-Habitat and of its strategic development partners in the new development approach.", "X. Draft schedule of the conference", "69. A possible schedule would begin with an organizational session of the preparatory committee, to be held in Nairobi in 2013. The first session of the preparatory committee would be held in 2014, followed by regional and subregional meetings; the second session in 2015; and the conference itself in 2016, at a location to be decided.", "XI. Conclusion and recommendations", "70. Some 15 years after the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration and the Habitat Agenda, today more than ever before, the international community is facing major urban challenges and enormous opportunities. Significant progress has been made towards attaining the goals of the Habitat Agenda and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium. There have also, however, been setbacks and problems. New issues have emerged and the relationship between key sectors of society has evolved. Another conference on human settlements needs to be held to assess the ability of the international community to confront the new urban future, with its associated difficulties and opportunities.", "71. Although a few global conferences have been held within the framework of the United Nations system to tackle urban issues during the intervening years, they have focused on specific aspects of urban development and were generally attended by representatives of national Governments. It is now becoming clear that the experience of various sectors should be included and a more holistic approach to sustainable urban development adopted. To achieve this, a stronger, collective pact will need to be struck.", "72. In view of the above, it is recommended that the General Assembly:", "(a) Call upon Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and all Habitat Agenda partners to recognize, deepen and renew their commitments to sustainable urban development and housing development by increasing their efforts to implement the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium, and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development;", "(b) Call upon Governments to continue providing their support to UN‑Habitat and, in this regard, to contribute to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation in support of enhanced implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium, and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development;", "(c) Invite Governments to discuss and decide on the proposal of convening, in 2016, a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III);", "(d) Also invite Governments to provide guidance on both the substantive aspects and the organizational modalities for the conference. It is also recommended that the agenda to be considered should include ways and means of strengthening the institutional framework for sustainable urban development and housing, and should assess and redefine the governance structure of UN-Habitat and of its strategic development partners within the context of the new development-related thinking;", "(e) Call on Governments and all Habitat Agenda partners to promote enhanced participation in Habitat III and to continue providing financial contributions in support of the participation of representatives of developing countries;", "(f) Encourage Governments, in collaboration with the Habitat Agenda partners, including the United Nations system, to consider enhancing the implementation and the review of progress made in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium, and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development at the national level, including through development cooperation frameworks and participatory learning and sharing approaches;", "(g) Decide, in follow-up to General Assembly resolution 65/165, paragraph 15, to integrate into the preparatory process for Habitat III the two themes of “housing finance systems” and “sustainable urbanization”, previously suggested as topics for high-level events of the Assembly, in order to save financial resources and prevent duplication.", "[1] See A/64/8, annex I, sect. B.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.97.IV.6), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[3] See A/66/8, annex, sect. B.", "[4] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.97.IV.6), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.", "[5] General Assembly resolution S-25/2, annex.", "[6] See General Assembly resolution 55/2.", "[7] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex II.", "[8] General Assembly resolution S-19/2, annex.", "[9] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[10] See General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 56 (m).", "[11] See A/62/8, annex I.B.", "[12] London, Earthscan, 2010." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 20 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II)", "and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 64/207 of 21 December 2009, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), to prepare a report on the convening of the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016. At its twenty-third session, the Governing Council took note of the report of the Executive Director of UN-Habitat on the convening of the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development and requested the General Assembly to consider further the question of convening Habitat III in 2016 at its sixty-sixth session. The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/207 and Council resolution 23/8 of 15 April 2011, sets out the rationale for the holding of the third meeting as a means of reviewing major developments that have taken place since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996, including:", "(a) Population dominance of cities — now more than half of the world's population and greater leadership as engines of national economic growth and development;", "(b) Rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, leading to the emergence of mega-cities, mega-cities and growing spatial and social divisions, poverty and inequality within cities;", "A/66/150.", "(c) The emergence of new global issues and forces, including large numbers of internal and transnational migrants, globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, rising urban insecurity and crime, the increasing destruction of human settlements as a result of natural and man-made disasters and conflicts, and the rise in intra-urban informality; (d) the changing role of the public, private and non-governmental sectors, namely, the revitalization of the role of the public sector in urban planning and development, from enabling policies, including deregulation, to natural and man-made disasters; and (e) the significant increase in the frequency, intensity and impact of natural and man-made disasters on cities and the significant increase in the operational workload of UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and recovery. The present report recommends the holding of Habitat III to outline a new development agenda that responds to new challenges and the new role of cities. It should also consider ways to strengthen the institutional framework for housing and sustainable urban development. The report concludes with recommendations for consideration by the General Assembly on the preparatory process for the Conference.", "Contents", "2. The urban age 6 4. Milestones of sustainable urbanization and the international response 7 5. Performance review 6 Current and emerging urban challenges 11A. Climate change and urban risk 11B. Slum prevention and upgrading: critical housing 12C. Economic development challenges 12D. Social and spatial challenges 13E. Insecurity and crime 13E. Future challenges and opportunities for sustainable urbanization 14 8. The essence of the third meeting 15 9. Objectives 16 10. Draft schedule of meetings 16", "Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to resolution 64/207 of 21 December 2009, in which the General Assembly took note of the recommendations of the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) in resolution 22/1. Having considered the question of convening a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, to prepare a report on the issue for consideration at its sixty-sixth session.", "2. In considering the report of the Executive Director of UN-Habitat on the convening of the third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III), several representatives reiterated their support for the holding of the conference in 2016 as an opportunity to assess the achievements of the previous two conferences, reflect on progress in urban development and address the challenges posed by such development. In its deliberations at its twenty-third session, the Governing Council recognized that significant progress had been made in human settlements over the past decade at the national, regional and international levels. However, the Governing Council also recognized the need for an in-depth review and assessment of global progress towards the achievement of the Habitat Agenda and other international human settlements-related goals. In its resolution 23/8, the Governing Council, inter alia, requested the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to consider further the question of convening a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development in 2016.", "The present report has also been prepared pursuant to Council resolution 23/8 in response to the main outcome of the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996. - The Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements,[4] and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium,[5] and other international human settlements-related goals provide an update on progress made in their implementation. It also justifies the holding of Habitat III.", "Overview", "More than 15 years have passed since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996, which resulted in the adoption of two documents containing the purposes and principles, commitments and a global plan of action for achieving the twin goals of adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements development in an urbanizing world — the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda. While significant progress has been made towards achieving these goals in many parts of the world, Governments today more than ever face major urban challenges, partly as a result of past policy failures and partly as a result of rapid urbanization and the emergence of mega-cities coupled with new challenges, such as globalization, the global economic crisis, the rise in urban crime and violence, and climate change.", "Cities and urban centres have become engines of economic development, are at the heart of the production and consumption value chain, define social, political and economic relations and assume a large share of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). Cities are essential for achieving national, regional and global development and promoting sustainable urban development. Indeed, urban centres are now predominantly human settlements. However, cities, particularly in developing countries, are caught in the grip of increasing poverty, insecurity and informality and the spread of slums, which negatively affect the contribution of cities to national development.", "6. Over the past decade, in addition to the urbanization of poverty, characterized by the worldwide rise in slums, changes in the role and structure of cities have become more visible, with a significant impact on the full achievement of and commitment to the goals and outcomes set out in the Habitat Agenda. The evolution of new synergies, the formation of new relationships in cities and new advances in science, technology and business systems have also influenced the expected outcomes of Habitat II. While progress on the normative basis of the Habitat Agenda has been beneficial, emerging situations require new responses.", "In 2001, five years after the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration, a major review of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda was undertaken, resulting in the adoption of the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium on 9 June 2001. Even at that early stage, the irreversibility of urbanization had been recognized and the prospect of rapid urbanization had been recognized. The main response, however, was simply a reaffirmation of the Istanbul commitment and a call for a redoubling of earlier agreed twin goals of working towards an agenda. Today, the challenges faced by the growing proportion of the world ' s population and the gravity of the volatile situation have been amplified. The balance of forces has changed, while new problems and opportunities have emerged. Indeed, this new phase urgently requires a review of the global urban agenda.", "8. Changes in urban dynamics are not the only driving force behind the need to evaluate. The implementation of the Habitat Agenda over the past 15 years has highlighted the need to take stock of lessons learned from the goals achieved and setbacks experienced through a range of policies and strategies. The approach has changed: first, the implementation of the agenda has shifted from a fragmented and sectoral approach to integrated efforts to build linkages within the dynamics of the urban environment. Second, from a policy of liberalizing the housing market to a more direct public sector approach, the agenda ' s commitment to the full realization of the right to adequate housing has been strengthened with the involvement of a number of government departments and non-State actors. Third, more emphasis is now placed on sustainable urban development within the overall framework of sustainable human settlements development. The implications of these transformations are quite far-reaching, especially in times of globalization, climate change and increasing decentralization and the transfer of responsibilities to urban governments.", "9. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, which was recognized as the urban century, there was an urgent need to review the Habitat Agenda and its implementation in order to prevent the new century from becoming the slum century. The proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development would provide a forum for serious consultations between Governments and Habitat Agenda partners on the future of the world's cities, characterized by unprecedented challenges and serious risks.", "10. Directions for the future of cities need to take into account the following major changes since the Second Conference in 1996:", "(a) Population dominance of cities — which now accommodates more than half of the world's population and a larger and more dominant role as an engine of national economic growth and development;", "(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, which has led to the emergence of mega-cities, mega-cities, vast urban corridors and often chaotic urban-rural areas, in addition to growing spatial and social divisions, poverty and inequality within cities;", "(c) The emergence of new global issues and forces, including large numbers of internal and transnational migrants worldwide, globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, rising urban insecurity and crime, increasing human settlements destruction as a result of natural and man-made disasters and conflicts, and rising informality within cities;", "(d) The changing role of the public, private and non-governmental sectors, reflecting a shift from enabling policies, including deregulation, to a revitalized role of the public sector in urban planning and development;", "(e) A significant increase in the frequency, intensity and impact of natural and man-made disasters on cities, as well as a significant increase in the operational workload of UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and recovery.", "Additional information on the above issues will be provided in the following sections.", "III. Urban age", "12. The dramatic changes that have taken place in cities around the world over the past decade have presented unprecedented challenges to Governments and local authorities. In 2008, more than half of the world ' s first-ever population lived in urban areas, a figure projected to rise to 70 per cent by 2050. Almost all of this growth will occur in developing countries. From 2007 to 2025, annual urban population growth is expected to reach 53 million (or 2.27 per cent) in developing countries, compared to only 3 million (or 0.49 per cent) in developed countries.", "In general, urban centres have become dynamic tools for economic, social and human development. They attract investment and create wealth, enhance social development and utilize human and technological resources, thus achieving unprecedented increases in productivity and competitiveness. Indeed, cities have become a reservoir of knowledge and a force for social, political and economic change.", "While the dynamism associated with urban development has become more prominent in large cities — some of which have become megacities or are spreading to mega-urban areas — the majority of urban growth takes place in small and medium-sized cities, mostly with fewer than 500,000 people. Indeed, it is estimated that almost half of the world ' s urban population lived in cities of that size as early as 2005, and this pattern will certainly continue in the near future. The paradox of this spatial demographic phenomenon is that these small urban centres suffer from a lack of resources and institutional capacity to cope with the new challenges they face as major urban settlements.", "15. At the same time, cities have become increasingly poor and deprived. This is a particular problem in many developing countries, where rapid and uncontrolled urbanization is accompanied by slum formation, indiscriminate housing, increasing poverty and vulnerability to natural and man-made disasters, in addition to growing inequalities, all of which pose a serious threat to human safety and security and to national development and social cohesion. In 2010, 828 million urban people in developing countries lived in slums and were deprived of the most basic amenities, such as water, sanitation, security of tenure, sustainable housing and adequate living space. Some countries have succeeded in reducing the proportion of the slum population to the total population. In absolute terms, however, the number of slum-dwellers worldwide has been rising and will continue to rise if States, local governments, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations and the international community do not act together. If this situation continues, it will become a major threat to social stability and global peace and security.", "While spatial and scale factors are implicit in the Habitat Agenda, this new situation is characterized by changes and the pace of institutional restructuring, as well as by the all-encompassing nature of urbanization. The speed at which the change is taking place is almost overwhelming. In order to ensure a critical balance between supply and demand, the process of land development, housing, basic services, job creation and urban transport must be significantly improved.", "17. With regard to the all-encompassing nature of urbanization, the rise of cities within national institutional frameworks has led to new relationships and even new politics. Twenty years ago, the driving force lay in national Governments, which were called upon by the Habitat Agenda to play a leading role in making other key stakeholders effective. Today, it is clear that responsibility for building partnerships and achieving lasting results is being devolved to city authorities. Other stakeholders, including from the private sector, such as banks and developers, as well as civil society, are strongly demonstrating themselves, thus contributing to the overall dynamism of urban development.", "IV. Milestones and international responses to sustainable urbanization", "18. While the conclusions of the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Vancouver, Canada, from 31 May to 11 June 1976, clearly defined urbanization as a challenge that needed to be controlled, the second Conference, 20 years later, considered urbanization and the resulting cities to be an engine of opportunity and growth. The Istanbul Declaration set two goals: adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world.", "The outcome of the Millennium Summit, held in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, was the adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[6] which implicitly endorsed the “Cities without slums” goal and served as the basis for the Millennium Development Goals, a set of eight time-bound international targets related to sustainable development, thus further advancing the implementation of the Habitat Agenda. The focus on poverty eradication and environmental sustainability is reflected in the focus of the Habitat Agenda.", "In 2001, at the sixth plenary meeting of the twenty-fifth special session of the General Assembly to review the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, representatives of Governments reaffirmed their will and commitment to the full implementation of the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda. The review process revealed important results: countries are becoming increasingly interdependent and cities are becoming more competitive, and urbanization and globalization have accelerated since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, contributing both to prosperity and to urban poverty in some regions.", "The Habitat Agenda was also a reference point for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. The Summit participants reaffirmed that sustainable development was a central element of the international agenda and gave new impetus to global action to combat poverty and protect the environment. They recognized that the phenomenon of urbanization was part of the sustainable development equation to a greater extent than previous international conferences on sustainable development. They reaffirmed that the Millennium Development Goals on improving the lives of slum-dwellers and access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation were essential to promoting urban health.", "The twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development, held in 2004 and 2005, also considered water, sanitation and sustainable human settlements. The report of the Secretary-General on sustainable human settlements development provides the basis for the Commission ' s deliberations and conclusions on progress towards the human settlements goals and targets contained in the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, [7] and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The operationalization of the Habitat Agenda was further advanced by the outcome of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly, in which the Assembly recognized the urgent need for increased funding for affordable housing and housing-related infrastructure, prioritizing slum prevention and slum upgrading, and encouraged support for the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Fund and its Slum Upgrading Facility. [10]", "The growing convergence between the environmental agenda and the Habitat Agenda and the remarkable progress made in the normative framework underpinning the Habitat Agenda reflect a deeper understanding of the concept of sustainable development.", "24. It is worth noting that, although there have been fewer global conferences focusing specifically on urban and human settlements issues since 2005, consultations have continued within the framework of the General Assembly. One example of this process was the 10-year consultation that culminated in the approval by the Governing Council of the guiding principles on decentralization and the strengthening of local authorities in its resolution 21/3 of 20 April 2007. Similarly, there are other channels, such as the biennial World Urban Forum, which is now a major off-the-shelf meeting of partners dealing with emerging issues related to the Habitat Agenda. In addition, the Secretary-General regularly submits progress reports on human settlements to the General Assembly, which often responds by adopting resolutions. The Governing Council of UN-Habitat has also adopted several resolutions on key elements of the Habitat Agenda to sustain this momentum, namely: the right to adequate housing: guiding principles on access to basic services for all; public-private partnerships to finance affordable housing; and cities and climate change.", "V. Performance review", "25. Nine years ago, during the twenty-fifth special session of the General Assembly, a comprehensive review of the Habitat Agenda was carried out in order to undertake an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and to strengthen UN-Habitat. While the assessment findings were generally positive, some obstacles were highlighted. In terms of policies, institutions and programmes, there is evidence of countries working together to fulfil their commitments and to take concrete measures in line with the global plan of action of the Habitat Agenda. However, the cumulative impact of all interventions is not sufficient to achieve the goals of adequate housing for all and sustainable human settlements development.", "In its report entitled “State of the World's Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide”, UN-Habitat recognized that, over the past decade, the proportion of the urban population living in slums in the developing world had declined from 39 per cent in 2000 to 33 per cent in 2010. This is a reason for optimism on a global scale. More than 200 million slum-dwellers have access to improved water, sanitation or sustainable and more spacious housing, which indicates serious efforts by the countries and municipalities concerned to improve the conditions of slums. However, in absolute terms, the number of slum-dwellers in the developing world has actually increased and will continue to rise in the near future. Progress has not been sufficient to offset the growth of informal settlements in the developing world, where the number of urban dwellers living in slum conditions is now estimated at 828 million, compared with 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.", "In future projections, it is estimated that nearly 3 billion people, or about 40 per cent of the world's population, will need new housing and basic urban infrastructure and services by 2030. Assuming an average family size of five, 565 million new homes will be required. If this figure is broken down by year for the period 2003-2030, about 20 million housing units will be required annually.", "28. With regard to the provision of housing, as a result of changes in public policy and cuts in government spending, there has been a marked contraction of government and an increase in reliance on the private market. Housing is no longer a political priority, and the market is unable to provide low-income families with affordable access to adequate housing. This has serious and far-reaching implications for cities. First, the interdependence between the housing sector and the rest of the economy in reducing poverty and generating employment is not recognized. Second, informal land and housing development has become an engine of urban growth, which in turn has contributed to the expansion of slums, with disastrous consequences for the spatial structure of cities and the quality of life of their inhabitants. Thirdly, self-organized initiatives involving international and national non-governmental organizations have multiplied and have been accompanied by the creation of associations of the urban poor and savings groups, with the objective of providing access to serviced land and housing for those excluded from formal housing finance and limited public housing programmes. Finally, the Habitat Agenda's world-wide partners agreed to its commitment to defend the right to adequate housing. This has had an impact on legal and constitutional reforms and the design of targeted subsidy programmes, and has encouraged advocacy groups to work to improve the housing conditions of the poor.", "29. Despite this, access to land and housing remains limited, and participants at the Regional Ministerial Conferences on Housing in Asia, Africa and Latin America called for broad housing reforms and a new generation of housing and land policies. The proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development would provide a much-needed opportunity to re-examine past practices and adopt a new global housing strategy to make it more inclusive, rights-based, innovative in financing and consistent with green building behaviour and environmental sustainability.", "With regard to social development and poverty eradication, some progress had been made in dealing with the phenomena generally observed during the five-year review — namely, the urbanization of poverty and, in particular, the feminization of poverty. In developing countries, a number of steps have been taken, in particular for women, to facilitate access to land and improve their security in order to promote social inclusion and integration and to implement poverty eradication programmes. Nevertheless, the urbanization of poverty continues, and this phenomenon has recently been compounded by increased inequalities in income, access to services and, in particular, lack of opportunities.", "31. With regard to urban environmental management, important progress had been made in the management and control of pollution, the introduction of liquid and solid waste management technologies, innovations in recycling and the protection of fragile ecosystems through planning and regulatory control. The concept of the ecological footprint of cities emerges, distinguishing between the so-called “brown” and “green” agendas, which reveals concerns about urban growth and its impact on the surrounding environment. For many developing countries, the brown agenda remains a complex issue — although progress has been made in subordinating it to the green agenda. A renewed debate on the role of planning and the impact of climate change brought the issue to the forefront. Cities are now encouraged to adopt a low-carbon growth model of urbanization so that improvements in living standards do not come at the expense of their ecological and carbon footprints.", "32. As noted earlier, in many countries, cities assume a large share of GDP and play a supporting role in national and, indeed, global development. The process of globalization has resulted in urban hierarchies that are inextricably linked through weak production, trade, services and administration. In general, this economic dynamism is not shared equally between the cities of a country, or even more, between regions. The most dramatic inequalities in urban economic development have occurred in the past 15 years.", "33. More initiatives have been taken to improve urban governance. To ensure a subsidy system, civil society participation, transparency and accountability, institutional reform has prevailed throughout the world. Decentralization policies have been adopted in both developed and developing countries, and urban autonomy and municipalities have been strengthened. Innovative procedures, such as participatory budgeting, are being adapted and extended worldwide. New partnerships and business arrangements have emerged and are helping to improve efficiency and effectiveness.", "Despite these positive changes, the role of local authorities in developing countries, particularly in urban governance, remains generally rather weak. The decentralization of political and administrative authority has not been accompanied by financial autonomy, which means that local authorities remain relatively deprived of financial resources and dependent on resources transferred from Governments. The central authority continues to dominate, using most of the revenue and covering most of the expenditure. In many parts of the world, in addition to citizen participation in the implementation and even monitoring and evaluation of public policies, there has been some progress in citizen participation in decision-making, but further decentralization is needed.", "35. Lastly, with regard to international development, commendable measures had been taken to implement the Habitat Agenda. The transformation of the former United Nations Centre for Human Settlements into a full-fledged United Nations programme, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), has strengthened its capacity to monitor and implement its activities and fulfil its commitments. Over the past decade, significant resources have been made available for activities and initiatives to support the exchange and sharing of experiences and best practices.", "36. Over the past five years, however, the rapid pace of urbanization and the increasing problems faced by cities have not matched the increased assistance from development partners to Governments and cities. On the contrary, aid has actually declined. The Habitat Agenda, in particular the urban agenda, has received insufficient assistance, and many bilateral development agencies have scaled down or even ended their urban programmes.", "VI. Current and emerging urban challenges", "The implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the achievement of its objectives have been affected not only by the approach taken but also by new issues that have emerged over the years.", "Climate change and urban risk", "It is recognized that cities are the main producers of greenhouse gases. Cities therefore have an important role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, in addition to promoting energy efficiency through more appropriate land-use planning, new urban spatial patterns, more efficient urban management and green building practices.", "39. Millions of people have been or will be affected by climate change. Urban areas are usually highly concentrated and particularly vulnerable. Cities located along coasts, rivers, steep slopes or other vulnerable areas are particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming and the increasing threat of extreme weather events and sea-level rise. It is worth noting that coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to cyclones, whose frequency and intensity have increased over the past three decades. Climate change poses challenges such as sea-level rise, more frequent and intense extreme weather events and inland flooding, which are expected to complicate the overall vulnerability of urban areas. In areas where climate change is expected to reduce rainfall, drought can occur, resulting in reduced groundwater tables and food shortages.", "40. In urban areas, the poor are most vulnerable to climate change, especially slum-dwellers in developing countries. The high cost of urban land and housing is pushing low-income households to locations prone to natural disasters, increasing their vulnerability and encouraging perverse urbanization patterns. Currently, four out of every ten non-permanent houses in the developing world are located in areas vulnerable to floods, landslides and other natural disasters. Importantly, natural forces are only part of the cause of such disasters — they are also the product of urban management and planning failures and limited capacity to enforce regulations and control development activities. Paradoxically, disasters can also create opportunities; rehabilitation and reconstruction provide a unique opportunity to re-evaluate past practices and reformulate development policies in the affected areas, thus building capacity to respond, mitigate and predict the impact of natural disasters.", "41. In response to increasing urban risks, the operational workload of UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and recovery has increased significantly since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II). Most post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction programmes and projects are demand-driven, and voluntary contributions from donors for this work now constitute a large proportion of the annual budget of UN-Habitat.", "42. Climate change is a driving force for rural-urban migration; drought, desertification and soil erosion lead people to settle in informal settlements on fragile land on the margins of cities or in slums in urban centres. Overcrowding and underserved settlements and urban neighbourhoods expose millions of people to health risks from natural and man-made disasters.", "43. Another major concern is the spread of urban reach: the expansion of suburban and informal settlements at the urban-rural interface. Cities have invaded the surrounding environment for about half a century, threatening natural resources and increasing commuting distance and dependence on private cars. This phenomenon has had a negative impact on the ecological footprint of cities and has increased greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging the use of gasoline as a source of energy. This has given rise to new priorities for housing policy, urban planning and design, particularly in terms of housing type, urban density and intra- and inter-urban transport.", "B. Slum prevention and upgrading: housing is critical", "Given that one third of the urban population of today's developing world, or one sixth of the world's population, lives in conditions of slums — and this figure doubles in the next 20 years — the problem of slums and access to serviced land and housing remain one of the greatest challenges facing cities in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, slum housing needs to be addressed through various rehabilitation and upgrading programmes. The biggest change over the past 15 years has been the shift from a neighbourhood-based programme to a city-wide slum upgrading programme that seeks to scale up and integrate these areas into the formal legal framework of cities and urban planning and management frameworks. On the other hand, slum prevention strategies are inadequate and are not used in conjunction with slum upgrading programmes.", "Slum prevention can only be successful if policies are implemented that provide broad housing opportunities and serviced land for all segments of the population. Over the past 15 years, progress has been slow and not visible. Therefore, enabling the housing sector to work effectively is essential for slum prevention. This is the greatest challenge for the future. Given the need to provide housing opportunities at an appropriate scale at affordable prices, which includes different sizes, prices and types of housing, and where they are appropriate in relation to access to employment and income generation, housing is likely to have an impact on the future of cities; it has a direct impact on their ecological and carbon footprint, as well as on their overall sustainability.", "46. The size of supply is fundamental because it affects the overall performance of the housing price and the real estate market. This is likely to lead to greater choice and affordability and to the prevention of slum formation by providing viable alternatives to informal land and housing development. Thus, enabling the housing sector to function effectively and play its role is likely to have a direct impact on the sustainability of cities. The integration of the housing sector into urban planning and management, institutional and policy reforms on land supply, infrastructure investment and urban finance will shape a new generation of urban policies. Linkages with economic sectors will be strengthened, leading to job creation, local economic development and poverty reduction.", "C. Economic development challenges", "47. The process of globalization and economic restructuring reform in recent decades has affected urban labour markets, presenting an increasingly polarized structure of occupation and income (and thus income inequality), as a result of service sector growth and the decline in manufacturing in developed economies, with important gender dimensions, as more and more women turn to gainful employment.", "48. The global economic crisis that began in 2008 in the housing and lending sector has accelerated economic restructuring and unemployment worldwide, with a direct impact on urban labour markets, resulting in rapid growth of the urban informal economy in all regions. In Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, informal sector work accounts for more than half of total employment, while in Asia it is slightly lower. The greatest urban challenges that Governments, especially in developing countries, will have to address in the coming decades include growing poverty and inequality, as well as the rapidly expanding urban informal sector and growing social insecurity that affects the majority of citizens engaged in informal or small businesses.", "D. Social and spatial challenges", "New spatial forms and procedures have emerged, and their promoters are often outside the control of local governments. Social and spatial changes appear to have occurred mainly in the direction of fragmentation, alienation and specialization of functions and uses within cities. This is reflected in the growing disparity between rich and poor areas — both residential and industrial — in cities in developed and developing countries alike. While much of this is the result of market forces that represent cities and reflects the logic of real estate and land speculation, it is also a response to local policies — seeking to place cities in the world's cities and to attract new investments through competitive urban practices. In some parts of the world, including cities in Latin America and the Caribbean, fear of criminal behaviour exacerbates the division of cities by separating middle- and higher-income families from their own closed communities.", "50. In many poor cities, the creation of spatial forms is largely driven by low-income households, who seek to find low-cost land close to employment and other sources of livelihood. This process has led to a completely new urban pattern, as the countryside itself has begun to urbanize. In developing countries, most of the rapid urban growth is now actually taking place in unplanned urban areas, some of which have begun to connect to remote urban centres through large urban corridors.", "51. The integration of migrants into the urban environment must be recognized as a unique challenge posed by rapid urbanization and technological progress. The responses vary from the creation of cultural “melting furnaces” to the promotion of the process of cultural assimilation to the preparation for the evolution of “cultural fragrances”. It is clear that this interconnected and interdependent world cannot afford exclusion, isolation and isolation under any circumstances. It is important to note that cultural diversity often enhances creativity within communities, enhances social cohesion and contributes to intercultural relations and international peace and security.", "E. Insecurity and crime", "52. It would also be useful to include in the emerging issues the spectre of crime and terrorism, which had become a daily concern of many citizens. A major consideration in the design of buildings is security. Travel, information systems, packaging of goods and even personal relationships are threatened by crime and insecurity.", "53. In many cities, domestic or armed violence, mob murder and kidnapping are realities of life. Frightened urban societies tend to respond in a short-term manner, for example, by installing gates in small areas and finding private security companies, which are beyond the reach of the urban poor. Fear of crime is creating a climate of paranoia in cities, and even some cities are unable to function properly. This situation exacerbates urban informality, exclusion, extrajudiciality, illegality and uncivilization.", "54. Crime and violence have a negative impact on urban economies: loss of employment opportunities and loss of local or foreign investment. From a social point of view, the quality of life of the local population is greatly affected. In crime-prone cities, public and private manufacturers and service providers bear additional costs, which negatively affect the poor who cannot afford them.", "While all of the above issues are covered by the Habitat Agenda, they have recently become more urgent. The deterioration of the situation hindered the achievement of the goals set out in the agenda and even eroded some of the progress made.", "VII. Future challenges and opportunities for sustainable urbanization", "56. The question must now be asked as to which direction the global urban development would take over the next 25 years and what key indicators would help Governments and their private sector and local partners, as well as the international community, to prepare for the future of cities.", "As the twentieth anniversary of the Habitat Agenda approaches, these and other related questions need to be answered. Human beings have become urban species. Globally, this period comes at a time when a large amount of old debt remains outstanding: housing, basic services and infrastructure, in addition to the need to create livelihoods. Current urban trends are characterized by increased inequality, which tends to worsen to the point where the majority is alienated and marginalized by minorities. These new issues and challenges will make the urban agenda a global priority.", "58. There are two basic scenarios in the medium and short term. First: Cities have failed to meet future needs due to lack of necessary resources and political priorities. In less than a generation, some 2 billion people are likely to end up in substandard housing and overcrowded informal settlements. Slums will spread and poorly planned cities and dysfunctional metropolitan areas will become dominant urban patterns in Africa, Asia and Latin America. At the same time, many urban areas in the northern hemisphere will continue to shrink and lose economic dynamism as a result of the expansion of their suburbs, population ageing and deindustrialization. Many people living in poorly planned urban areas will not have access to adequate housing and basic services. Few will be recognized as urban citizens and many will end up in employment in the informal economy or fall into criminal circles. Fewer can realize their productive potential.", "59. In another case, the challenges of cities have risen to the forefront of public policy and are matched by public and private investment in responsible urban growth. This includes dynamic housing policies, together with sound land-use planning and improved urban infrastructure and basic services, as well as the full use of technology to reduce and halt the current rate of slum spread and to stem the ecological footprint of cities. It also requires stable, flexible and effective institutions to understand and address complex, interwoven issues. The emerging model is greener, more resilient and more liveable cities, which create jobs and business opportunities that provide decent jobs and livelihoods and lift millions of people out of poverty and inadequate housing. This must be accompanied by systematic interventions and bold reforms to meet the need for accelerated, broad and equitable access to land, housing and basic infrastructure and services.", "60. The social, economic and environmental consequences of both scenarios are clear and easy to understand. At the same time, hundreds of cities and small towns have been struggling in their own way with how to manage urbanization and deal with its main challenges — urban sprawl, urban decline, city contraction or slum formation. Some of these cases are being successful.", "61. An increasing number of Governments have embarked on national policies to promote urban and local action for sustainable urbanization. However, most of their efforts remain piecemeal. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of organizations are setting a precedent, developing tools and proposing policy options to meet urban challenges, but these actions are not linked. Their actions are rarely recognized or assessed, their collective impact has not been realized and, more importantly, they rarely reach the scale required to face the challenge.", "62. Whatever the unknown challenges facing future urban societies, they must develop new capacities to achieve sustainable urban development, become more resilient and act on the basis of incomplete and incomplete understanding and information. There is a need to foster informed evidence-based policies, strengthen capacities and develop and test new tools and participatory tools.", "63. Joint action is needed to consolidate and strengthen the participation of a wide range of actors and stakeholders and to coordinate their actions to address the urban challenges of tomorrow. Each urban inhabitant is the main actor in determining the way urban areas develop and operate in the twenty-first century. Central, regional and local governments, together with civil society, the private sector, academic institutions, urban citizens and their grass-roots organizations, should all gather around the goal of sustainable urban development. Cooperation and solidarity were essential to overcome those challenges and bring them to the attention of the international community at the proposed Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development. Those are the main reasons why this meeting is so important and timely.", "VIII. Nature of the third meeting", "The third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development will focus on the theme of “The future of cities”, providing possible urban projections and scenarios and an evaluation of the period since the second meeting to identify the urbanization challenges and opportunities facing cities in the new millennium and how the United Nations, and in particular UN-Habitat, should support stakeholders, including Governments, in achieving sustainable urban development. While the outcome of the second session was primarily a national-local agenda, the third session was to consider implementation and reporting mechanisms, as well as international conventions addressing certain aspects of sustainable urban development, such as climate change.", "65. Through a strengthened network for sustainable urban development, the conference will bring together cities, national Governments, civil society, the private sector, academic institutions and interest groups to review urban and housing policies within an international governance structure and to draft a new urban agenda that recognizes human civilization as a dynamic that changes forever.", "The meeting will hear the latest experiences of city authorities and their partners, including the Cities-to-City Partnership, the private sector and various types of grass-roots associations of organizations. All of this will demonstrate potential approaches to creating greener, more resilient and more liveable cities with a vibrant urban economy and equal access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure. Global monitoring and research on the current urban situation will provide the basis for the road map for the Conference and its discussions.", "67. At the meeting, consensus will be sought on the following: taking stock of lessons learned from past programmes; scaling up programmes that draw on best practices to address the acute lack of housing, land, basic services and infrastructure; financing the provision of specialized technical assistance for the design and implementation of sustainable urban management and slum prevention strategies; networking between cities and other sustainable development sectors to address issues that are generally addressed by fragmented and ineffective sectoral approaches; and developing effective government and urban responses to emerging challenges, such as climate change, urban insecurity and crime.", "IX. Objectives of the Conference", "68. The objectives of the meeting were five-pronged:", "(a) Undertake a rigorous comprehensive review and assessment of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium and the related internationally agreed development goals;", "(b) To identify the main constraints impeding the implementation of the objectives set out in the above-mentioned document;", "(c) Addressing emerging challenges and opportunities since the second meeting, including climate change, slum proliferation and urban safety and security;", "(d) Mapping a new development agenda that responds to new challenges and strengthens the new role of cities and related institutional frameworks in sustainable urban development and housing;", "(e) Assessing and redefining governance structures for UN-Habitat and its development strategy partners with a new development approach.", "Draft scheduling of meetings", "69. A possible schedule would be to start with a meeting on the organization of work of the Preparatory Committee in Nairobi in 2013. The first meeting of the Preparatory Committee will be held in 2014, followed by regional and subregional meetings, the second in 2015, and the Conference itself in 2016 at a venue to be determined.", "XI. Conclusions and recommendations", "70. Some 15 years after the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration and the Habitat Agenda, the international community today, more than ever before, faces major urban challenges and great opportunities. Significant progress has been made in achieving the goals of the Habitat Agenda and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium. However, there are also setbacks and problems. New problems have emerged and relations between the main sectors of society have evolved. Another conference on human settlements was needed to assess the international community ' s capacity to confront the new urban future and its associated difficulties and opportunities.", "71. Although several global meetings have been held in the United Nations system to address urban issues over the years, they have focused on specific aspects of urban development and were attended by representatives of national Governments in general. It is now clear that the experiences of various sectors should be incorporated and a more holistic approach to sustainable urban development should be adopted. To achieve this, a stronger collective agreement is necessary.", "72. In the light of the foregoing, it is recommended that the General Assembly:", "(a) Call upon Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and all Habitat Agenda partners to recognize, deepen and reaffirm their commitment to sustainable urban development and housing development and to redouble their efforts to implement the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium and other international goals related to sustainable urban development;", "(b) Call upon Governments to continue to provide support to UN-Habitat and, in this regard, to contribute to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Fund to support better implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium and other international goals related to sustainable urban development;", "(c) Invite Governments to discuss and decide on the proposal to convene a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016;", "(d) Also invited Governments to provide guidance on the substantive aspects and organizational format of the Conference. It was also suggested that the agenda to be considered should include ways and means to strengthen the institutional framework for sustainable urban development and housing and that the governance structure of UN-Habitat and its development strategy partners should be assessed and redefined in a new development-related approach;", "(e) Call upon Governments and all Habitat Agenda partners to promote increased participation in Habitat III and to continue to make financial contributions to support the participation of representatives of developing countries;", "(f) Governments, in collaboration with Habitat Agenda partners, including the United Nations system, are encouraged to consider strengthening the implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development at the national level, including through development cooperation frameworks and participatory learning and exchange of practices, and to review progress in their implementation;", "(g) In follow-up to paragraph 15 of General Assembly resolution 65/165, decided to include the themes “Housing financial systems” and “Sustainable urbanization”, previously recommended as topics for the high-level meeting of the General Assembly, in the preparatory process for Habitat III, in order to save financial resources and prevent duplication.", "[1] See A/64/8, annex I, sect. B.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (Sales No. E.97.IV.6), chap. I, resolution 1.", "[3] See A/66/8, annex, sect. B.", "[4] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[5] General Assembly resolution S-25/2, annex.", "[6] See General Assembly resolution 55/2.", "[7] United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[8] General Assembly resolution S-19/2, annex.", "[9] World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[10] See General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 56 (m).", "[11] See A/62/8, annex I.B.", "[12] London, Earth Scan, 2010." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童", "贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会各会员国转递贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员乔伊·埃泽洛根据人权理事会第8/12号和第17/1号决议提交的报告。", "* A/65/150。", "贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本年度报告是根据人权理事会第8/12号和第17/1号决议向大会提交的，述期为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。", "本报告分为三个主要章节：导言、报告述期内特别报告员活动情况概述和贩运人口有效补救权利的专题重点。报告论述了不同形式的实质补救办法，其中包括复原、恢复、赔偿、满足要求和保证不再重犯。报告还强调了获得这些实质性补救办法的程序性权利十分重要，诸如提供信息、法律援助、翻译服务和居住身份正常化。特别报告员在结束时就如何落实有效补救权利向各国提出建议。最后，关于有效补救权利的基本原则载入附件。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.特别报告员的活动 4\nA.参加会议和磋商的情况 4\nB.国别访问 4\n3.专题分析：被贩运者获得有效补救的权利 5\nA.导言 5\nB.被贩运者获得有效补救的权利 5\nC.提出人权理事会报告之后的补充意见 7\nD.有效补救权利的基本原则草案 8\nE.结论和建议 9 \n 附件 \n关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的基本原则草案 12", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是现任贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第8/12号和第17/1号决议向大会提交的第三次报告。报告着重介绍了她在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。报告的主要专题重点是贩运人口的有效补救。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "2. 针对2010年8月1日至2011年3月1日开展的活动，特别报告员提及她向人权理事会第十七届会议提交的上一次报告(A/HRC/17/35)。特别报告员2011年3月1日至2011年7月31日的活动简述如下。", "A. 参加会议和磋商的情况", "3. 2011年5月31日，特别报告员在由德国常驻联合国代表团、菲律宾常驻联合国代表团、反奴隶制国际、“大道”国际组织和欧洲安全与合作组织所举办的会外活动“诉诸法律的渠道和对被贩运者的补救”发表讲话。2011年6月1日，特别报告员还以专题小组成员身份参加了由国际方济会和反对贩运妇女全球联盟组织的一项会外活动“肆意驱逐：被贩运者获得补救的障碍”。", "4. 2011年6月7日，特别报告员作为主旨发言者参加了苏格兰儿童和青年人问题专员在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国爱丁堡举办的一日会议“苏格兰的儿童贩运问题”。", "5. 2011年6月21日至22日，特别报告员参加了世界司法项目在西班牙巴塞罗那举办的第三届世界司法论坛。她主持了一个关于“人口贩运和法治”的小组讨论并论及通过现有国家、区域和国际法律打击贩运人口，为受害者提供有效保护，以及世界各地有助于预防人口贩运的良好做法。", "6. 特别报告员于2011年7月4日在瑞士日内瓦召集了一次专家会议“起诉贩运人口案件：将基于人权的方法纳入刑事司法”。大多出自检察机关和执法背景的15名专家参与这为期一天的会议,讨论在起诉贩运人口的案件同时,确保尊重被贩运者的人权方面所取得进展、面临的挑战以及经验教训。", "7. 2011年7月11日至13日，特别报告员参加了由新加坡内政部在新加坡举办的东南亚国家联盟(东盟)关于贩运人口的刑事司法对策研讨会。", "B. 国别访问", "8. 特别报告员应两国政府的邀请，于2010年9月6日至12日访问了阿根廷并于2010年9月13日至17日访问了乌拉圭。这两次访问的完整报告已于2011年6月提交给人权理事会第十七届会议(分别为A/HRC/17/35/Add.4，A/HRC/17/ 35/Add.3)。", "9. 在编写此报告期间，应泰国政府的邀请，特别报告员计划于2011年8月8日至19日访问泰国。她还计划于2011年11月访问澳大利亚。关于这些访问的全面报告将于2012年提交给人权理事会第二十届会议。", "三. 专题分析：被贩运者获得有效补救的权利", "A. 导言", "10. 本报告是特别报告员提交给人权理事会第十七届会议报告(A/HRC/17/35)的后续部分。特别报告员提请各会员国注意到她在人权理事会的报告中的分析、结论和建议，其中包括载于本报告附件一的“被贩运者获得有效补救的基本原则草案”。", "11. 本报告主要论述了人权理事会报告的主要结果、结论和建议，同时还介绍了特别报告员在这一问题上的补充意见，以及她在提出人权理事会报告后所收到成员国和其他利益攸关者的反馈。", "B. 被贩运者获得有效补救的权利", "12. 获得有效补救的权利是包括被贩运者在内所有人的一项基本人权，各国必须按照国际人权法予以尊重、保护和履行。国际法中明确公认的一个学说是，可归咎于一个国家的行为或不行为构成违反该国国际义务时，该国有义务采取补救措施。在贩运人口情况下，各国未能尽职尽责防止和打击人口贩运，未能保护被贩运者的人权，那么就有义务为被贩运者采取补救措施。", "13. 虽然关于被贩运者获得有效补救权利的讨论往往侧重于赔偿，赔偿仅仅是这一权利的一个方面。它包括恢复、复原、满足要求并保证不重犯，以及配套程序性权利，使被贩运者可以切实行使有效补救的权利。这种获得实质补救的程序权利可包括法律、医疗、心理、社会、行政和其他援助方面的权利。", "14. 恢复原状的宗旨是恢复违反情况之前已经存在的状态。就被贩运者所采取的复原措施可包括诸如：从拘留所释放贩运者(无论是人口贩子、国家或任何其他实体的拘留)；[1] 归还财产，诸如身份证和旅行证件以及其他私人物品等；承认法律身份和公民地位；安全和自愿遣返原籍国；为协助其融入社会所给予的必要援助和支持。", "15. 根据向人权理事会所提交报告中的论述，复原在常规意义上，可能并不是最适当的补救形式，因为仅仅为被贩运者恢复其原来的状况，可能会使他(她)遭遇到人权受到侵犯以及再次被贩运的风险。从这个角度看，复原意味着国家有义务采取更为广义的措施，从根源上解决贩运问题，并为被贩运者重新融入社会提供必要的支持，以尽量减少这些人再次被贩运的风险。例如，在被贩运妇女和女童遭到性暴力或性别暴力的情况下，他们在返回家园和社区时，可能面临着歧视、社会歧视、社区和家庭的排斥，从而再次沦为受害者。在这种情况下，消除贩运根源的措施则是确保被贩运的妇女和女童得到有效恢复发挥着关键作用。", "16. 特别报告员在人权理事会报告中还指出，将被贩运者送返回其原籍国可能并不是一种妥当的补救形式，因为在他(她)已经失去了与原籍国的法律、文化和社会联系的情况下，返回原籍国已不符合他(她)的根本利益。例如，可以想象，一名孩子被贩运到另一个国家，并在这种情况下生活了数十年，很可能已失掉与原籍国的社会和文化认同感。鉴于这些因素，恢复原状可能涉及到让贩运者重新融入收容社区或在第三国重新安置。", "17. 恢复包括医疗和心理方面护理，以及法律和社会服务。由于贩运往往会给受害者造成严重的生理和心理后果，恢复是一种重要的补救形式。在人权理事会的报告中，特别报告员关注地指出，在有些国家，恢复服务只适用于某些类别的被他人贩运者，而排除了其他一些人，如被在国内贩运的男人与儿童，而且能否得到恢复服务，还要以被贩运者是否能够或是否愿意与执法当局合作为条件。此外，她表示关注的是，许多国家没有一个“考虑和恢复时期”，以使被贩运者摆脱贩运者的影响，恢复心理稳定，考虑作何选择，并在没有被迫离境风险的情况下就是否与法律执法机关合作做出明智决定。这一时期不仅是恢复的一个组成部分，而且是寻求其他形式补偿，例如赔偿的第一基本步骤。被贩运者的考虑和恢复时期可能对被贩运者的安全与福祉有所帮助，而被贩运者的安全与福祉又是其寻求赔偿的一个必不可少的先决条件。", "18. 对于经济上可评估损害，应当在不能恢复原状的情况下，提供补偿。对于罪犯所造成的大范围伤害、损失或损害，可作出赔偿，其中包括：受害者所需要的医疗、身体、心理或精神治疗的费用；收入损失及应得工资；法律费用和其他类似费用；因道德、身体或心理伤害、情绪困扰、疼痛和苦难所造成的非物质损害作出赔偿。", "19. 在许多国家，从理论上是可以通过刑事、民事或劳工诉讼寻求赔偿。然而，正如人权理事会报告所述，由于各种障碍的存在，使这种可能性在现实中只是一种虚幻。虽然各种因素影响到刑事、民事和劳工诉讼的结果，被贩运者通过法律程序寻求赔偿的共同障碍包括：未能确定被贩运者，并给予他们长期居留身份；被贩运者得不到恢复方面的足够支持；被贩运者得不到信息和知识；没有免费法律援助；司法人员和律师缺乏为被贩运者寻求赔偿的能力、知识和经验；和证人保护方案不完善，难以确保被贩运者及其家属的安全保障。", "20. 在一些国家，被贩运者可能可以通过罪行受害者的一般赔偿计划提出赔偿要求。但是，通常被贩运者都依然无法通过国家资助的赔偿计划获得补偿，因为要受益于此类计划有一定的资格要求，例如国籍、居留资格或者受害人所遭受的犯罪类型等方面的限制。", "21. 寻求赔偿中的一些障碍清楚地表明，获得补救的程序性权利对于被贩运者实现实质性补救的权利是至关重要的先决条件。例如，各国必须向被贩运者提供有关其寻求补救过程中的权利和机制方面的的信息，因为他们如果不了解这种重要信息，就无法寻求补救措施。在许多司法管辖区，司法和行政程序往往十分复杂，法律援助对于被贩运者也至关重要，在他们不熟悉有关国家的法律制度的情况下尤为如此。此外，在寻求补救措施的国家拥有长期居留许可证是一项重要的先决条件，因为如果被贩运者面临着被驱逐的危险或已经被驱逐，要寻求补救措施将是非常困难的。但是，特别报告员发现，被贩运者实际上往往得不到这种待遇。", "22. 最后，即使对贩运者发出赔偿令，要执行赔偿令也非常困难，因为所涉贩运者可能并没有足够的资产，以支付赔偿，或者执法部门可能缺乏关于冻结和没收贩运人口者资产的专业知识、培训和资源。[2]", "23. 此外，特别报告员在人权理事会报告中强调说，在被贩运儿童的的情况下，特别考虑了为实现有效补救的权利而制定和实施的对策。最起码应遵循“儿童权利公约”的一般原则，为被贩运儿童实现有效补救的权利。特别重要的原则是，在所有涉及儿童的行动中，应当以儿童的根本利益为首要考虑。因此，在就行动方针和寻求补救的类型作出决定时，必须对儿童的根本利益，加以慎重考虑。例如，儿童参与刑事诉讼未必符合其根本利益，例如，他(她)会多次受到采访，必须在法庭上当着贩运者的面提出证词，并受到贩运者或其法定代表人的敌对提问，或有效的证人保护方案不到位，无法保证孩子和他(她)的家庭成员的隐私和安全。此外，根据儿童根本利益提出的方案显示，就被贩运儿童而言，赔偿未必是最恰当的补救形式。在某些情况下，应当寻求补救措施，以建立一个全面儿童保护系统，从而确保儿童各项权利，诸如其受教育的权利、健康的权利和生理和心理恢复的权利，并帮助遭剥削的儿童受害者重返社会。", "24. 根据“儿童权利公约”，各国也必须尊重儿童对涉及其自身的一切事项自由发表意见的权利，并向他们提供在有关司法和行政诉讼中作出陈述的机会。为此，孩子应切实有机会获取影响到其利益所有事项的信息，诸如其状况、应享权利、各种服务和家庭团聚和(或)遣返过程。[3] 此外，必须确保儿童积极参与其中，这就意味着，应当为儿童免费提供法律代表，和必要的母语翻译。", "C. 提出人权理事会报告之后的补充意见", "25. 特别报告员在提出人权理事会的报告之后与若干利益攸关者做了进一步对话，并发现上文所论述在顺利获得补救方面的各种障碍在世界许多地区依然普遍存在。就赔偿而言，欧洲对被贩运者赔偿行动项目所进行的研究表明，虽然人们逐步认识到被贩运者拥有获得赔偿的权利，而且这些欧洲国家设有允许被贩运者要求赔偿的法律框架，但被贩运者实际得到赔偿的情况十分罕见。虽然有各种因素影响到被贩运者提出赔偿要求的能力，最常见的原因是被贩运者不了解其获得赔偿的权利，国家资助的赔偿基金限制较严的资格标准，执法当局未能没收资产或利用所没收资产赔偿被贩运者，以及缺乏关于赔偿被贩运者的判例。由白俄罗斯La Strada于2011年6月10日举办了关于“赔偿白俄罗斯、摩尔多瓦和乌克兰的被贩运者”的国际圆桌会议，会议表明诸如缺乏关于赔偿权利的信息、法官和律师缺乏对受害者获得赔偿权利的知识以及没有法律援助等问题都极大影响到被贩运者顺利获得赔偿的机会。", "26. 因此，在确保被贩运者享有有效补救的权利方面依然存在着重大挑战。然而，有积极迹象表明，各国在制定和实施打击人口贩运的对策时，越来越多地考虑到有效补救的权利。使特别报告员感到很受鼓舞的是一些国家在人权理事会的互动对话中提出切实承诺，将在国家一级实施这一权利。例如，挪威指出，以适当方式向人口贩运受害者提供必要信息常常十分困难，并承诺将借助特别报告员的报告来推动改进工作。澳大利亚则提到对帮助被贩运者的方案作出了重大变动，包括延长了考虑和恢复时期。菲律宾还向特别报告员通报，根据其反贩运法的规定，设立了一个国家信托基金，利用对被定罪贩运者的罚款和没收资产为被贩运者提供各种复原服务，如紧急避难所、心理咨询、免费法律服务、医药和心理治疗。诸如巴西、韩国和希腊等其他国家向特别报告员提供了关于其为实现有效补救权利所作各项努力的信息，如提供咨询、住房、医疗和法律援助。", "27. 虽然特别报告员注意到这些积极的事态发展，但是她强调指出，一个旨在实现这一权利的全面和整体对策是至关重要的。正如人权理事会报告所述，能否实现有效补救的权利取决于若干相互关联的因素。准确识别被贩运者是被贩运者能够行使其有效补救权利的一个先决条件，因为如果将他们误认为非正常移民或刑事罪犯，那么问题就无法得以解决。同时必须给他们提供一个考虑和恢复时期，并无条件地提供复原所必需的支持和援助，使他们能够就自己要采取的行动方案作出明智决定。如果被贩运者希望就所遭受损害寻求赔偿，他们必须掌握关于自己的权利以及行使权利的渠道、法律援助、口译和其他必要的服务及定期居留身份的各方面信息。自确定被贩运者身份那一刻起，就必须承认其所拥有的权利，国家必须实施让被贩运者获得有效补偿权利的那些必要对策环节。如果要完全实现有效补偿的权利，仅仅依靠针对某些方面的临时措施是远远不够的。", "D. 有效补救权利的基本原则草案", "28. 为了指导各国实施有效补救的权利，特别报告员在人权理事会的报告中提出了“被贩运人口的有效补救权利的基本原则草案”。该基本原则草案载在本报告附件。特别报告员赞赏地注意到，包括巴西、哥斯达黎加、希腊、摩尔多瓦、斯洛伐克共和国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国等一些国家，在人权理事会的互动对话中对基本原则草案明确表示欢迎。", "29. 基本原则草案基于现有的国际人权法和标准，并不代表新的人权规范。草案的目的是，明确有效补救权利的概念，并拟订将这种权利适用于贩运者时，要考虑到的具体因素。例如，基本原则草案明确阐述，国家有责任确保制定有适当程序，可以快速、准确地进行识别，而且被贩运者在法律上和实践中都不会受到歧视待遇，因为这是被贩运者行使有效补救权利的先决条件。此外，该基本原则草案反映出了人口贩运罪的复杂性，指出要恢复原状可能需要国家在被贩运者不能保证安全返回原籍国或者返回原籍国并不符合其根本利益时，为被贩运者提供临时或永久居留身份。就复原而言，基本原则草案规定，各国应确保贩运者所获得的援助和其他福利并是不取决于他们在法律程序中是否合作，因为这是被贩运者在获取这种援助和其他福利时的一个常见障碍。最后，考虑到被贩运者常常被当作非正常移民而被拘留和递解出境，基本原则草案规定，国家有义务确保被贩运者在寻求补救的诉讼期间，可以合法在该国逗留。", "30. 在人权理事会的互动对话期间，若干国家提出一个重要问题，即根据特别报告员的设想，基本原则草案下一步如何，应具有怎样的法律地位。正如在互动对话中提到的，基本原则草案仍处于发展阶段，并仅仅是努力为被贩运者行使有效补救权利的第一步。因此，她欢迎各国和其他利益攸关者为进一步完善基本原则草案而提出的进一步意见和建议，并考虑下一步应该如何。然而，特别报告员强调指出，各国在打造基本原则草案过程中的承诺和主人翁意识至关重要。虽然基本原则草案是要为各国以及与被贩运者打交道的工作人员提供指导，特别报告员认为至关重要的是国家作为责任承担者，要承诺履行其义务，尊重、保护和履行其得到有效补救的权利并利用基本原则草案，以期了解这些义务的实际意义。因此，特别报告员希望有机会通过政府间的协商，与各国讨论基本原则草案的内容。在这个过程中，特别报告员欢迎人权理事会成员和大会以及团结一致打击人口贩运之友小组作为一个强有力领导激发会员国的政治意愿。", "E. 结论和建议", "31. 特别报告员重申，各国在未能恪尽职守防止和打击人口贩运并保护被贩运者的人权时，有义务为被贩运者采取补救措施。此外，各国有义务根据国际人权法尊重、保护和履行有效补救的权利。为此目的，国家对人口贩运的对策应以实施贩运者的有效补救权利为目标。自确定被贩运者身份那一刻起，就必须承认其所拥有的权利，而国家必须采取措施，协助被贩运者实现其各项权利。由于有效补救的权利的各组成部分是相互关联的，关键在于各国要根据每宗个案的情况，酌情在恢复原状、恢复、补偿、满足和保证不重复等方面，提供持续援助和支持。", "32. 在加强落实被贩运者获得有效补救的权利方面，特别报告员在人权理事会报告中向各国提出了她的建议。特别报告员尤其提到以下建议：", "33. 作为确保被贩运者有机会以侵犯人权行为的受害者身份寻求补救的第一步，各国应确保相关机构和官员，例如警察、边防和移民官员，在识别被贩运者方面受过充分的培训，以便迅速而准确地识别被贩运者。", "34. 各国应向被贩运者提供考虑和恢复期，并无条件提供援助，以便实现其全面康复，并适当考虑到每一个被贩运者的情况和需要。", "35. 为了使被贩运者能够有意义地行使其获得赔偿的权利，各国应为被贩运者提供必需的手段、援助和地位，即可获取信息、免费法律援助、确保其完全康复所必需的其他援助以及正常居留身份。此外，各国应保证被贩运者在参与法律诉讼时的隐私权、人身安全和证人保护。", "36. 各国应加强对司法人员、检察官和律师在法律和与对被贩运者权利和有关法律程序有关问题上的培训。", "37. 各国应充分训练执法官员辨认、追查、冻结和没收与贩运罪行相关的资产并明确颁布法律规定，将没收资产用于向被贩运者提供赔偿。", "38. 凡具备由国家出资的赔偿犯罪行为受害人方案的国家均应废除有可能使被贩运者无法寻求赔偿的资格标准，例如国籍和长期居留等要求。", "39. 各国应确保为被贩运者提供有关补救权、行使该项权利的机制和程序、以及如何并于何处获得必要援助的信息。为了促进这一进程，各国应就向被贩运者提供的信息的适当形式、内容和语言制定指导准则，并确保这些准则的正确使用。", "40. 各国应向被贩运者提供免费法律援助，并将此作为所有被贩运者行使其获得有效补救的权利的基本先决条件。各国应确保提供此类援助的律师在被贩运者——包括儿童——权利方面获得过充分的培训，并与侵犯人权行为的受害者进行有效的沟通。", "41. 在法律诉讼期间，各国应无条件地向被贩运者提供临时居留许可。如果无法保障被贩运者安全返回原籍国，或由于被贩运者自身的情况，例如已失去公民身份或在原籍国的文化社会身份，返回原籍国并不符合其最大利益，那么各国应基于社会和人道主义理由，为被贩运者提供临时或永久居留许可。", "42. 各国应确保在所有针对被贩运儿童的决定和行动中，均将儿童的最大利益作为首要考量因素，不论行动方是公共或私营社会福利机构、法院、行政机关还是立法机构。", "43. 各国应鼓励被贩运儿童表达自己的意见，并根据其年龄和成熟度适当考虑这些意见。为促进这一进程，各国应确保告知被贩运儿童所有影响其利益的事物的信息，包括其处境、法律意见、可享有的权利和服务、以及家庭团聚或遣返的程序。此外，各国应确保被贩运儿童能够得到必要的法律、翻译和其他援助，提供这些援助的专业人员应受到过儿童权利以及如何与被贩运儿童沟通方面的培训。", "附件", "关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的基本原则草案", "1. 权利和义务", "1. 被贩运者作为侵犯人权行为的受害人，有权就所受到的伤害获得有效的补救。", "2. 包括原籍国、过境国和目的地国在内的所有国家有义务向各自境内并受各自管辖的包括非公民在内的所有被贩运者就其所受到的伤害提供公平、充分和适当的补救，或促进其获得此类补救。", "3. 获得有效补救的权利包括获得赔偿的实质性权利和获得赔偿所必需的程序性权利。", "4. 实质上，被贩运者应因其所受到的伤害，获得充分的赔偿，包括恢复原状、补偿、康复、抵偿和不再被贩运的保障。", "5. 被贩运者应可诉诸于有能力且独立的机构，以便成功获得赔偿。至少需要向其提供：", "(a) 有关其权利、可获得的赔偿和获得赔偿的机制是否存在及如何获得赔偿的信息；", "(b) 在寻求补救过程中所必需的法律、医疗、心理、社会、行政及其他援助；", "(c) 一段考虑和康复期，然后在被贩运者寻求补救时为其提供居留身份。", "2. 实现获得补救的权利", "6. 各国应：", "(a) 确保具备充分的程序，以便迅速准确地识别被贩运者，并为可能与被贩运者接触的执法官员及其他机构成员提供充足的培训；", "(b) 确保被贩运者不因任何原因，例如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份——包括其年龄、人口贩运受害者的身份、职业或所受到的剥削类型等，在法律和实践中受到歧视性的待遇；", "(c) 适当考虑被贩运者的个人情况，确保补救的重点是赋权于被贩运者和充分尊重其人权。各国应至少“不伤害”，并确保补救程序不损害被贩运者的权利及其身心安全。", "(a) 恢复原状", "7. 各国：", "(a) 在提供恢复原状措施时，以被贩运者的最大利益为中心；", "(b) 如果无法保障被贩运者安全返回其原籍国，或返回原籍国可能使其面临被迫害或被进一步侵犯人权的风险，或在其他方面不符合其最大利益，则应向被贩运者提供临时或永久居留许可，作为补救的一种方式；", "(c) 有效地解决贩运问题的根源，以确保被贩运者不再次陷入原先的处境，从而再次面临被贩运或被进一步侵犯人权的风险。", "(b) 恢复", "8. 各国应：", "(a) 为被贩运者提供一个无条件的考虑和恢复期，其间为其提供身心和社会恢复所必需的措施，包括——但不仅限于——适当的住房、有关其境况和法定权利的咨询和信息；医疗、心理和物质援助；以及就业、教育和培训机会；", "(b) 确保不将被贩运者在诉讼过程中进行合作作为其获得援助和其他福利的前提条件。", "(c) 赔偿", "9. 各国应：", "(a) 确保具备法律、机制和程序，以便被贩运者在其愿意的情况下，能够：", "㈠ 因与贩运相关的罪行——包括违反劳动法的行为——获得民事赔偿；", "㈡ 确保刑事法庭命令犯下与贩运相关罪行者向受害人提供赔偿；", "㈢ 因所遭到的伤害和损害而获取国家赔偿。", "(b) 解决被贩运者因其遭受的物质和非物质损害而获取赔偿的过程中所面临的共同障碍。为此，他们应确保：", "㈠ 所有被贩运者，不论其移民地位或肇事者是否已被定罪，均享有获取赔偿的可依法执行的权利；", "㈡ 被贩运者充分了解其法定权利，包括通过司法、劳动和行政程序，以其能够理解的语言和形式，及时获得补救的权利；", "㈢ 向寻求补救措施的被贩运者，不论其移民地位如何，提供必要的援助，包括社会援助、免费并合格的法律援助和代表，并在必要时为其提供合格的翻译；", "㈣ 在刑事、民事、劳动或行政程序进行期间，允许被贩运者在其寻求补救的国家内合法居留，不得影响他们可能提出的将更永久的居留许可作为补救措施的权利要求；", "㈤ 制定法律和程序，以支持没收贩运所得收益及人贩子的资产，并明确规定，这些收益和资产在一审时将被用于对被贩运者的赔偿，二审时被用来为被贩运者提供一般性补救；", "㈥ 制定有效措施，以执行赔偿判决，包括外国法院的判决。", "10. 在被贩运的妇女和女童遭受到性暴力和基于性别的暴力的情况下，各国应考虑到司法程序可能对其造成心理伤害、耻辱和被社区家庭排斥的风险，因而采取各项措施，给予这些妇女和女童充分的保护，同时创造机会，通过非司法途径为其寻求补偿。", "3. 被贩运的儿童", "11. 各国应：", "(a) 确保在向被贩运儿童提供补救的过程中，始终将儿童的最大利益作为首要考量因素，并考虑到每个孩子的具体情况，包括其年龄、教养情况、种族、文化和语言背景以及保护需要；", "(b) 尊重儿童就所有对其有影响的事务自由发表意见的权利。为此，各国应向被贩运儿童有效地提供有关影响其利益的所有事务的信息，例如其境况、权利、可获得的服务以及家庭团聚和/或遣返的程序；", "(c) 采取措施，确保向从事被贩运儿童工作的人员提供充分而适当的培训，尤其是法律及心理培训，内容为涉及儿童的案件中的具体权利和义务。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] Anne T. Gallagher，国际人口贩运法(纽约，剑桥大学出版社，2010年)，第366页。", "[2] 欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室,“对欧安组织区域内被贩运者和被剥削者的赔偿”(华沙，2008年)，第40-42段。", "[3] 联合国儿童基金会，保护贩运儿童受害者准则(纽约，2006年)，准则2.5。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Trafficking in persons, especially women and children", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ezeilo, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children", "Summary", "The present annual report is submitted to the General Assembly in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1 and covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "The report is divided into three main sections: an introduction, an outline of the activities undertaken by the Special Rapporteur during the reporting period and a thematic focus on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. The report discusses different forms of substantive remedies, including restitution, recovery, compensation, satisfaction and guarantee of non-repetition. It also highlights the importance of procedural rights of access to these substantive remedies, such as the provision of information, legal assistance, interpretation services and regularization of residence status. In conclusion, the Special Rapporteur offers recommendations to States in effectively implementing the right to an effective remedy. Finally, the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy are included in the annex.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the Special \nRapporteur A. Participation 3 in conferences and \nconsultations B.Country 4 \nvisits III.Thematic 4 analysis: the right to an effective remedy for trafficked \npersons \nA.Introduction 4B.The 4 right to an effective remedy for trafficked \npersons C.Additional 7 observations after the presentation of the Human Rights Council \nreport D. Draft 9 basic principles on the right to effective \nremedy E.Conclusions 10 and \nrecommendations \nAnnex Draftbasicprincipleson 12 therighttoaneffectiveremedy fortrafficked \npersons", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the third submitted to the General Assembly by the current Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1. It highlights her activities from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The main thematic focus of the report is the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons.", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "2. With respect to the activities carried out from 1 August 2010 to 1 March 2011, the Special Rapporteur makes reference to her previous report, submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/35). Her activities from 1 March 2011 to 31 July 2011 are briefly set out below.", "A. Participation in conferences and consultations", "3. On 31 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur delivered a speech at a side event, “Access to justice and compensation for trafficked persons”, organized by the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations, the Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations, Anti-Slavery International, La Strada International and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. On 1 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur also participated as a panellist in a side event, “Deported without justice: barriers to trafficked persons accessing remedies”, organized by Franciscans International and the Global Alliance against Traffic in Women.", "4. On 7 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as a key-note speaker in a one-day conference, “Child trafficking in Scotland”, organized by the Scottish Commissioner for Children and Young People in Edinburgh, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "5. On 21 and 22 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the World Justice Forum III, organized in Barcelona, Spain, by the World Justice Project. She moderated a panel on “Human trafficking and the rule of law” and discussed, inter alia, the existing national, regional and international laws to combat human trafficking, effective protection for victims and good practices from around the world that contribute to the prevention of human trafficking.", "6. On 4 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur convened an expert meeting on “Prosecution of trafficking in persons cases: integrating a human rights-based approach in the administration of criminal justice” in Geneva. Fifteen experts, mostly from prosecution and law enforcement backgrounds, participated in this one-day meeting to discuss progress, challenges and lessons learned in prosecuting trafficking in persons cases while ensuring respect for the human rights of trafficked persons.", "7. From 11 to 13 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations workshop on criminal justice responses to trafficking in persons in Singapore, hosted by Singapore’s Ministry of Home Affairs.", "B. Country visits", "8. The Special Rapporteur visited Argentina from 6 to 12 September 2010 and Uruguay from 13 to 17 September 2010 at the invitation of the Governments. The full reports on these visits were submitted to the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council in June 2011 (A/HRC/17/35/Add.4, A/HRC/17/35/Add.3, respectively).", "9. At the time of writing, the Special Rapporteur plans to visit Thailand from 8 to 19 August 2011 at the invitation of the Government. She also plans to visit Australia in November 2011. Full reports on these visits will be presented to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session in 2012.", "III. Thematic analysis: the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "A. Introduction", "10. The present report is a follow-up to the Special Rapporteur’s report to the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/35). The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of Member States to her analysis, conclusions and recommendations in the Human Rights Council report, including the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons, which are reproduced in the annex to the present report.", "11. This report seeks to highlight the main findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Human Rights Council report. It also presents the Special Rapporteur’s additional observations on the issue, as well as the feedback of Member States and other stakeholders that she received after the presentation of the Human Rights Council report.", "B. The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "12. The right to an effective remedy is a fundamental human right for all persons, including trafficked persons, which States must respect, protect and fulfil in accordance with international human rights law. It is also a well-established doctrine of international law that a State has an obligation to provide remedies where an act or omission is attributable to it and constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State. In the context of trafficking in persons, States are under an obligation to provide remedies for trafficked persons where they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking in persons or to protect the human rights of trafficked persons.", "13. While discussions on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons tend to focus on compensation, compensation is only one aspect of this right. It encompasses recovery, restitution, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, as well as a set of ancillary procedural rights that enable trafficked persons to exercise the right to an effective remedy in a meaningful manner. Such procedural rights of access to substantive remedies may include the rights to legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and other assistance.", "14. Restitution is aimed at restoring the situation that existed prior to the violation. Measures of restitution in the context of trafficked persons may include, for example: the release of the trafficked person from detention (whether such detention is imposed by traffickers, the State or any other entity);[1] return of property such as identity and travel documents and other personal belongings; recognition of legal identity and citizenship; safe and voluntary repatriation to the country of origin; and assistance and support necessary to facilitate social integration.", "15. As discussed in the report to the Human Rights Council, restitution, as conventionally understood, may not be a suitable form of remedy where simply returning the trafficked person to the pre-existing situation may place him or her at the risk of further human rights violations and being re-trafficked. From this perspective, restitution implies States’ obligations to undertake broader measures to address root causes of trafficking and to provide necessary reintegration support to trafficked persons, so as to minimize any risk of re-trafficking. For instance, where trafficked women and girls have been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence, they may face discrimination, social stigma, communal and family ostracism upon return to their families and communities, thereby resulting in their re-victimization. In this context, measures to address the root causes of trafficking, such as gender discrimination and inequality, play a crucial role in ensuring effective restitution of trafficked women and girls.", "16. The Special Rapporteur also noted in the Human Rights Council report that returning a trafficked person to his or her country of origin may not be an appropriate form of remedy where he or she has lost legal, cultural or social ties with the country of origin and it is no longer in his or her best interest to return to it. For instance, it is conceivable that a child who is trafficked to another country and perpetuated in this situation over decades may lose his or her social and cultural identity in the country of origin. Where these factors exist, restitution may involve reintegration of the trafficked person into the host community or resettlement in a third country.", "17. Recovery includes medical and psychological care, as well as legal and social services. As trafficking often causes severe physical and psychological consequences for the victims, recovery is a crucial form of remedy. In the Human Rights Council report, the Special Rapporteur noted with concern that in some States, recovery services are only available to certain categories of trafficked persons at the exclusion of others, such as men and children who are internally trafficked, and that access to recovery services is made conditional on the capacity or willingness of trafficked persons to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. Further, she expressed concern about the absence in many States of a “reflection and recovery period”, during which trafficked persons may escape the influence of traffickers, recover psychological stability to consider their options, and make an informed decision as to whether to cooperate with law enforcement authorities without the risk of being removed from the country. This period is not only an integral element of recovery, but also the fundamental first step in seeking other forms of reparations, such as compensation. The security and well-being of trafficked persons, which may be facilitated by the reflection and recovery period, is an essential prerequisite for trafficked persons in seeking compensation.", "18. Compensation should be provided for economic assessable damage to the extent that such damage cannot be made good by restitution. It may be provided as payment for a wide range of injury, loss or damage caused by the offender, including, for example: costs of the medical, physical, psychological or psychiatric treatment required by the victim; lost income and due wages; legal fees and other similar costs; and payment for non-material damages, resulting from moral, physical or psychological injury, emotional distress, pain and suffering.", "19. In many States, it is possible in theory to seek compensation through criminal, civil or labour proceedings. However, as discussed in the Human Rights Council report, various obstacles render such a possibility simply illusory in practice. While different factors affect the efficacy of criminal, civil and labour proceedings, common obstacles for trafficked persons to seek compensation through legal proceedings include: failure to identify trafficked persons and accord them regular residence status; lack of adequate support in recovery of trafficked persons; lack of information and knowledge on the part of trafficked persons; lack of free legal aid available; lack of capacities, knowledge and experience on the part of the judiciary and lawyers in seeking compensation for trafficked persons; and inadequate witness protection programmes to guarantee the safety and security of trafficked persons and their family members.", "20. In some States, trafficked persons may be able to claim compensation through general compensation schemes for victims of crime. However, it is still not common for trafficked persons to successfully obtain compensation through State-funded compensation schemes, as access to such schemes may be restricted by certain eligibility criteria, such as nationality, residence status or types of crimes that the victim suffered.", "21. Some of these obstacles in seeking compensation clearly show that procedural rights of access to remedies are critical preconditions in realizing the substantive right to remedies for trafficked persons. For instance, States must provide trafficked persons with information relating to their rights and mechanisms available to seek remedies, as they would not be able to seek remedies unless they are aware of this essential information. As judicial and administrative proceedings are often complex in many jurisdictions, legal assistance is also crucial for trafficked persons, especially where they are not familiar with the legal system of the country concerned. In addition, regular residence permits in countries where remedies are being sought are an important prerequisite, as it would be very difficult for trafficked persons to seek remedies if they are at risk of expulsion or have already been expelled. The Special Rapporteur found, however, that these measures are often not available to trafficked persons in practice.", "22. Finally, even when compensation orders are made against traffickers, it is extremely difficult to enforce such orders, as identified traffickers may not have adequate assets to satisfy an award of compensation, or law enforcement authorities may lack the expertise, training and resources to freeze and confiscate traffickers’ assets.[2]", "23. In addition, the Special Rapporteur stressed in the Human Rights Council report that in the case of trafficked children, special considerations apply in developing and implementing responses aimed at the realization of the right to an effective remedy. At a minimum, the realization of the right to an effective remedy for trafficked children should be guided by the general principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The principle of particular importance is that the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children. Thus, the best interests of the child need to be carefully considered before deciding the course of action and the type of remedy to be sought. For instance, the child’s participation in criminal proceedings may not be in his or her best interest in some cases where, for example, he or she is interviewed repeatedly, required to provide testimony in court in the presence of the traffickers, subjected to hostile questioning by the traffickers or their legal representative, or effective witness protection is not in place to guarantee the privacy and security of the child and his or her family members. Further, this formula based on the best interests of the child suggests that compensation may not always be a suitable form of remedy for trafficked children. In some cases, it may be more appropriate to seek reparative measures geared towards building a comprehensive child protection system that guarantees children’s rights, such as the right to education, the right to health and the right to physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration in the case of child victims of exploitation.", "24. Pursuant to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States are also required to respect the rights of children to express their views freely in all matters affecting them and to provide them with the opportunity to be heard in any relevant judicial and administrative proceedings. To this end, the child should be given effective access to information on all matters affecting his or her interests, such as his or her situation, entitlements, services available and the family reunification and/or repatriation processes.[3] Further, the need to ensure active participation of children implies that the child should be provided with legal representation without costs to the child, as well as with interpretation into the native language of the child, as necessary.", "C. Additional observations after the presentation of the Human Rights Council report", "25. The Special Rapporteur engaged in further dialogues with a number of stakeholders following the presentation of the Human Rights Council report and found that the obstacles discussed above in successfully obtaining remedies are still common in many parts of the world. As far as compensation is concerned, research conducted by the European Action for Compensation for Trafficked Persons project (“COM.PACT project”) demonstrated that although there is an emerging awareness about the right to compensation for trafficked persons and the legal frameworks in these European countries allow trafficked persons to claim compensation, the actual receipt of a compensation payment by a trafficked person is extremely rare. While there is a variety of factors that negatively affect trafficked persons’ ability to claim compensation, the most common reasons include the lack of knowledge on the part of trafficked persons about their right to compensation, restrictive eligibility criteria for State-funded compensation funds, the failure of law enforcement authorities to confiscate assets or to use confiscated assets to compensate trafficked persons and the lack of jurisprudence on compensation for trafficked persons. Further, discussions at the international round table on “Compensation for trafficked persons in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine”, organized by La Strada Belarus on 10 June 2011, revealed that such obstacles as the lack of information about the right to compensation, the lack of knowledge on the part of judges and lawyers about the victims’ right to compensation and the absence of legal aid, significantly reduce trafficked persons’ chances of successfully claiming compensation.", "26. Thus, significant challenges still remain in ensuring the enjoyment of the right to an effective remedy by trafficked persons. There are positive signs, however, that States increasingly take the right to an effective remedy into consideration in developing and implementing anti-trafficking responses. The Special Rapporteur was encouraged by solid commitments expressed by a number of States during the interactive dialogue at the Human Rights Council to operationalize this right at the national level. Norway, for instance, noted that the provision of essential information to victims of trafficking in an appropriate manner is often a challenge and pledged to use the Special Rapporteur’s report as an inspiration for improvement. Australia mentioned important changes to programmes to support for trafficked persons, including the provision of an extended period for reflection and recovery. The Philippines also informed the Special Rapporteur that its anti‑trafficking legislation provides for the establishment of a national trust fund that uses fines and properties confiscated from convicted traffickers to provide trafficked persons with a variety of services for their recovery, such as emergency shelters, counselling, free legal services, medical and psychological treatment. Other States, such as Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Greece, shared with the Special Rapporteur information on their efforts geared towards the realization of the right to an effective remedy, such as the provision of counselling, housing, health care and legal assistance.", "27. While noting these positive developments, the Special Rapporteur underlines that a comprehensive and holistic response aimed at the realization of this right is critical. As discussed in the Human Rights Council report, the realization of the right to an effective remedy hinges upon a variety of interrelated factors. Accurate identification of trafficked persons is a prerequisite for trafficked persons to be able to exercise the right to an effective remedy, as it is almost impossible to do so if they are misidentified as irregular migrants or criminal offenders. They must be also provided with a reflection and recovery period as well as the support and assistance necessary for their recovery on a non-conditional basis, so that they can make an informed decision as to what course of action they would like to pursue. If trafficked persons wish to seek compensation for the harms suffered, they need to be equipped with information about their rights and the avenues available to exercise their rights, legal assistance, interpretation and other necessary services, and regular residence status. Trafficked persons must be recognized as holders of rights from the moment that they are identified as trafficked and States must implement responses underpinned by all of these elements necessary for trafficked persons to enjoy the right to an effective remedy. Ad hoc measures designed to address only some of these aspects would be hardly sufficient if the right to an effective remedy were to be fully realized.", "D. Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy", "28. In order to guide States in operationalizing the right to an effective remedy, the Special Rapporteur submitted the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons in the Human Rights Council report. The draft basic principles are reproduced in the annex to the present report. The Special Rapporteur noted with appreciation that a number of States, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Greece, the Republic of Moldova, Slovakia and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), expressly welcomed the draft basic principles during the interactive dialogue at the Human Rights Council.", "29. The draft basic principles are based on existing international human rights law and standards and do not represent new norms of human rights. They are designed to bring clarity to the concept of the right to an effective remedy and to elaborate specific factors to be taken into account when this right is applied to trafficked persons. For example, the draft basic principles explicitly spell out that States have obligations to ensure that adequate procedures are in place to enable quick and accurate identification and that trafficked persons are not subjected to discriminatory treatment in law or in practice, as these are preconditions in exercising the right to an effective remedy in the context of trafficked persons. Further, reflecting the complex nature of the crime of trafficking, the draft basic principles specify that restitution may require States to provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence status where a safe return to the country of origin cannot be guaranteed or is otherwise not in the best interest of the trafficked person. With respect to recovery, the draft basic principles provide that States shall ensure that trafficked persons’ access to assistance and other benefits are not dependent on their cooperation in legal proceedings, as this is a common obstacle for trafficked persons in accessing such assistance and other benefits. Lastly, the draft basic principles provide that States have a duty to ensure that trafficked persons are allowed to lawfully remain in the country in which the remedy is being sought for the duration of any proceedings, having regard to the fact that trafficked persons are often treated as irregular migrants subject to detention and deportation.", "30. During the interactive dialogue at the Human Rights Council, some States raised an important question as to what might be the next step and what legal status the Special Rapporteur envisaged for the draft basic principles. As mentioned during the interactive dialogue, the draft basic principles are still under development and constitute only an initial step in the efforts to effectively implement the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. Thus, she would welcome further input and suggestions by States and other stakeholders to further refine the draft basic principles and to consider what should be the next step. The Special Rapporteur stresses, however, that States’ commitments and sense of ownership in this process of shaping the draft basic principles are crucial. While the draft basic principles are intended to guide not only States but also practitioners working with trafficked persons, the Special Rapporteur considers it critical that States, as duty-bearers, commit to fulfil their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the right to an effective remedy and to utilize the draft basic principles in order to understand what these obligations entail in practice. Thus, the Special Rapporteur wishes to have opportunities to engage with States to discuss the content of the draft basic principles through intergovernmental consultations. In this process, the Special Rapporteur would welcome a strong leadership by members of the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, and the Group of Friends United against Human Trafficking in galvanizing the political will of Member States.", "E. Conclusions and recommendations", "31. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that States have an obligation to provide remedies for trafficked persons where they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking in persons or to protect the human rights of trafficked persons. Furthermore, States have a duty to respect, protect and fulfil the right to an effective remedy under international human rights law. To this end, States’ responses to trafficking should be guided by the objective of implementing the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. Trafficked persons must be recognized as holders of rights from the moment when they are identified as trafficked and States should implement measures to facilitate their realization of these rights. As different components of the right to an effective remedy are interrelated with each other, it is crucial for States to provide for a continuum of assistance and support, aimed at restitution, recovery, compensation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, as appropriate in each individual case.", "32. In the efforts to enhance the implementation of the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons, the Special Rapporteur refers States to her recommendations in the Human Rights Council report. In particular, the Special Rapporteur highlights the following recommendations:", "33. As a very first step in ensuring that trafficked persons have the opportunity to seek remedies as victims of human rights violations, States should ensure that relevant authorities and officials, such as police, border guards and immigration officials, are adequately trained in the identification of trafficked persons to allow rapid and accurate identification of trafficked persons.", "34. States should provide trafficked persons with a reflection and recovery period, as well as assistance in realizing their full recovery on a non-conditional basis, duly taking into account the individual circumstances and needs of each trafficked person.", "35. In order to enable trafficked persons to exercise their right to compensation in a meaningful manner, States should provide trafficked persons with the necessary means, assistance and status, namely, access to information, free legal assistance and other assistance necessary to ensure their full recovery, and regular residence status. In addition, States should guarantee the right to privacy, safety and witness protection for trafficked persons taking part in legal proceedings.", "36. States should intensify training for the judiciary, prosecutors and lawyers on laws and issues pertaining to the rights of trafficking in persons and relevant legal procedures.", "37. States should adequately train law enforcement officials in identifying, tracing, freezing and confiscating assets connected to the crime of trafficking, and explicitly enact legislation that provides that the confiscated assets are to be used to compensate trafficked persons.", "38. Where State-funded compensation schemes for victims of crime exist, States should abolish eligibility criteria that have the effect of preventing trafficked persons from seeking compensation, such as nationality and long-term residence requirements.", "39. States should ensure that they provide trafficked persons with information on the right to a remedy, mechanisms and procedures available to exercise this right, and how and where to obtain the necessary assistance. To facilitate this process, States should develop guidelines on the appropriate form, content and language of the information to be provided to trafficked persons and ensure that the guidelines are properly applied.", "40. States should provide legal assistance to trafficked persons on a free-of-charge basis as an essential precondition for all trafficked persons to exercise their right to an effective remedy. States should ensure that lawyers providing such assistance have received adequate training in the rights of trafficked persons including children, and in effective communication with victims of human rights violations.", "41. States should provide trafficked persons with temporary residence permits during the duration of any legal proceedings on an unconditional basis. States should also provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence permits on social and humanitarian grounds, where a safe return to the country of origin is not guaranteed or a return would not otherwise be in the best interests of the trafficked person for reasons related to his or her personal circumstances, such as the loss of citizenship or cultural and social identity in the country of origin.", "42. States should ensure that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in all decisions or actions that affect trafficked children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies.", "43. States should encourage trafficked children to express their views and give them due consideration in accordance with their age and maturity. In order to facilitate this process, States should ensure that trafficked children are equipped with information on all matters affecting their interests, including their situation, legal options, entitlements and services available to them, and processes of family reunification or repatriation. Further, States should ensure that trafficked children have access to legal, interpretative and other necessary assistance, provided by professionals trained in child rights and how to communicate with trafficked children.", "Annex", "Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "1. Rights and obligations", "1. Trafficked persons as victims of human rights violations have the right to an effective remedy for harms committed against them.", "2. All States, including countries of origin, transit and destination, are obliged to provide or facilitate access to remedies that are fair, adequate and appropriate to all trafficked persons within their respective territory and subject to their respective jurisdiction, including non-citizens, for harms committed against them.", "3. The right to an effective remedy encompasses both a substantive right to reparations and procedural rights necessary to access reparations.", "4. In substance, trafficked persons should be provided with adequate reparations for the harms suffered, which may include restitution, compensation, recovery, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition.", "5. Trafficked persons should also be provided with access to a competent and independent authority in order to successfully obtain reparations. This necessitates, at a minimum, the provision of:", "(a) Information concerning their rights, the reparations available and the existence of and modalities for accessing reparation mechanisms;", "(b) Legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and other assistance necessary in seeking remedies;", "(c) A reflection and recovery period, followed by residence status while trafficked persons seek remedies.", "2. Realizing the right to a remedy", "6. States shall:", "(a) Ensure that adequate procedures are in place to enable quick and accurate identification of trafficked persons and provide adequate training to law enforcement and other agencies that might come in contact with trafficked persons;", "(b) Ensure that trafficked persons are not subjected to discriminatory treatment in law or in practice on any ground, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, including their age, their status as victims of trafficking, their occupation or types of exploitation to which they have been subjected;", "(c) Give due consideration to individual circumstances of trafficked persons to ensure that remedies are centred on the empowerment of trafficked persons and full respect for their human rights. At a minimum, States should “do no harm” and ensure that remedial proceedings are not detrimental or prejudicial to the rights of trafficked persons and their psychological and physical safety.", "(a) Restitution", "7. States shall:", "(a) Place the best interests of trafficked persons at the centre in providing measures of restitution;", "(b) Provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence status as a form of remedy where a safe return to the country of origin cannot be guaranteed, may place them at risk of persecution or further human rights violations, or is otherwise not in their best interests;", "(c) Effectively address the root causes of trafficking in order to ensure that trafficked persons are not returned to the pre-existing situation which places them at risk of being re-trafficked or further human rights violations.", "(b) Recovery", "8. States shall:", "(a) Provide a non-conditional reflection and recovery period, during which trafficked persons are provided with measures necessary for the physical, psychological and social recovery, including, but not limited to: appropriate housing, counselling and information about their situations and legal rights; medical, psychological and material assistance; and employment, educational and training opportunities;", "(b) Ensure that trafficked persons’ access to assistance and other benefits are under no circumstances dependent upon their cooperation in legal proceedings.", "(c) Compensation", "9. States shall:", "(a) Ensure that laws, mechanisms and procedures are in place to enable trafficked persons, if they desire, to:", "(i) Obtain civil damages for trafficking-related offences, including breaches of labour laws;", "(ii) Secure awards or orders from criminal courts for compensation from persons convicted of trafficking-related offences;", "(iii) Gain access to compensation from the State for injuries and damages;", "(b) Address the common obstacles for trafficked persons to obtain compensation for their material and non-material damage. To this end, they should ensure that:", "(i) All trafficked persons have a legally enforceable right to obtain compensation, irrespective of their immigration status and of whether their perpetrators have been convicted;", "(ii) Trafficked persons are fully informed of their legal rights, including their rights to have access to remedies through judicial, labour and administrative proceedings, promptly and in a language and form they understand;", "(iii) Trafficked persons seeking to access remedies are provided with necessary assistance to this end, including social assistance, free and qualified legal aid and representation, and, where necessary, qualified interpreters, regardless of their immigration status;", "(iv) Trafficked persons are allowed to lawfully remain in the country in which the remedy is being sought for the duration of any criminal, civil, labour or administrative proceedings, without prejudice to any claim they may have to the right to remain on a more permanent basis as a remedy in itself;", "(v) Laws and procedures are in place to support the seizure of the proceeds of trafficking and confiscation of traffickers’ assets, and explicitly indicate that such proceeds and assets are intended in the first instance to compensate trafficked persons and in the second instance for general provision of remedies to trafficked persons;", "(vi) Effective measures are in place for the enforcement of reparation judgements including foreign judgements.", "10. In cases of trafficked women and girls who have been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence, States should take into account potential risks of psychological harm, stigma and communal and family ostracism that judicial proceedings may impose on them and provide measures to afford adequate protection to those women and girls affected, while creating opportunities to seek compensation through non-judicial avenues.", "3. Trafficked children", "11. States shall:", "(a) Ensure that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in providing trafficked children with remedies, taking into account the individual circumstances of the child, including his or her age, upbringing, ethnic, cultural and linguistic background and protection needs;", "(b) Respect the child’s right to express his or her views freely in all matters affecting the child. To this end, States should provide trafficked children with effective access to information on all matters affecting their interests, such as their situation, entitlements, services available and the family reunification and/or repatriation process;", "(c) Take measures to ensure adequate and appropriate training, in particular legal and psychological training, for persons working with trafficked children on specific rights and obligations in cases involving children.", "[1] Anne T. Gallagher, The International Law of Human Trafficking (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 366.", "[2] Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Compensation for Trafficked and Exploited Persons in the OSCE Region (Warsaw, 2008), pp. 40-42.", "[3] United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), “Guidelines on the protection of child victims of trafficking” (New York, 2006), guideline 2.5." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Trafficking in persons, especially women and children", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ezeilo, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1.", ":: A/65/150.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children", "Summary", "The present annual report, which covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1.", "The report is divided into three main sections: an introduction, an overview of the activities of the Special Rapporteur during the reporting period and a thematic focus on the right to an effective remedy for trafficking in persons. The report addresses different forms of substantive remedies, including restitution, rehabilitation, compensation, satisfaction of claims and guarantees of non-repetition. The report also highlights the importance of procedural rights to these substantive remedies, such as the provision of information, legal aid, translation services and regularization of residence status. The Special Rapporteur concludes by making recommendations to States on the implementation of the right to an effective remedy. Finally, the basic principles on the right to an effective remedy are annexed.", "Contents", "2. Activities of the Special Rapporteur 4 A. Country visits 4 B. Thematic analysis: the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 5 A. Introduction 5 B. The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 5 C. Additional observations following the presentation of the report of the Human Rights Council 7 D. Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy 8 E. Conclusions and recommendations 9 Annex to the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 12", "Introduction", "1. The present report is the third submitted to the General Assembly by the current Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1. It highlights her activities from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The main thematic focus of the report is on effective remedies for trafficking in persons.", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "2. In response to her activities from 1 August 2010 to 1 March 2011, the Special Rapporteur refers to her previous report to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/35). The activities of the Special Rapporteur from 1 March 2011 to 31 July 2011 are summarized below.", "A. Participation in meetings and consultations", "On 31 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur delivered a presentation at a side event on “Access to justice and redress for trafficked persons”, organized by the Permanent Missions of Germany, the Philippines, Anti-Slavery International, Avenue International and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. On 1 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur also participated, as a panellist, in a side event organized by Franciscans International and the Global Alliance against Trafficking in Women, “Arbitrary evictions: barriers to redress for trafficked persons”.", "On 7 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as a keynote speaker in a one-day conference organized by the Scottish Commissioner for Children and Young People in Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, “Child Trafficking in Scotland”.", "5. From 21 to 22 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the third World Justice Forum organized by the World Justice Project in Barcelona, Spain. She moderated a panel discussion on “Trafficking in persons and the rule of law” and discussed existing national, regional and international laws to combat trafficking in persons, provide effective protection for victims and good practices around the world that contribute to the prevention of trafficking in persons.", "The Special Rapporteur convened an expert meeting on “Prosecuting cases of trafficking in persons: integrating a human rights-based approach into criminal justice” in Geneva, Switzerland, on 4 July 2011. Most of the 15 experts from the prosecution service and law enforcement background participated in the one-day meeting to discuss progress, challenges and lessons learned in the prosecution of trafficking cases while ensuring respect for the human rights of trafficked persons.", "7. From 11 to 13 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) seminar on criminal justice responses to trafficking in persons, organized by the Ministry of Home Affairs of Singapore in Singapore.", "B. Country visits", "8. At the invitation of both Governments, the Special Rapporteur visited Argentina from 6 to 12 September 2010 and Uruguay from 13 to 17 September 2010. The full reports of these visits were submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session in June 2011 (A/HRC/17/35/Add.4, A/HRC/17/35/Add.3, respectively).", "9. During the preparation of this report, the Special Rapporteur plans to visit Thailand from 8 to 19 August 2011, at the invitation of the Government. She also plans to visit Australia in November 2011. A comprehensive report on these visits will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session, in 2012.", "III. Thematic analysis: the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "Introduction", "10. The present report is a follow-up to the Special Rapporteur ' s report to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/35). The Special Rapporteur draws the attention of Member States to the analysis, conclusions and recommendations contained in her report to the Human Rights Council, including the draft basic principles on effective remedies for trafficked persons, contained in annex I to the present report.", "11. The present report focuses on the main findings, conclusions and recommendations of the report of the Human Rights Council, while also presenting the additional observations of the Special Rapporteur on this issue, as well as the feedback she received from Member States and other stakeholders following the presentation of the report of the Human Rights Council.", "B. Right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "12. The right to an effective remedy is a fundamental human right for all, including trafficked persons, which States must respect, protect and fulfil in accordance with international human rights law. A well-established doctrine in international law is that a State is under an obligation to take remedial measures when the conduct or omission attributable to it constitutes a breach of its international obligations. In the context of trafficking in persons, States are obliged to take remedial measures for trafficked persons if they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking and to protect the human rights of trafficked persons.", "13. While the discussion on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons tends to focus on reparation, reparation is only one aspect of this right. It includes restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction of requirements and guarantees of non-repetition, as well as procedural rights to enable trafficked persons to effectively exercise their right to an effective remedy. This procedural right to a substantive remedy may include legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and other assistance.", "14. The purpose of restitution is to restore the situation which existed before the violation. Measures of rehabilitation for trafficked persons may include, for example, the release from detention of traffickers (whether traffickers, the State or any other entity); [1] the return of property, such as identity papers and travel documents and other personal effects; recognition of legal and civil status; safe and voluntary repatriation to the country of origin; and necessary assistance and support to facilitate their integration into society.", "15. According to the discussion in the report submitted to the Human Rights Council, rehabilitation may not be the most appropriate form of remedy in the conventional sense, as the mere restoration of the former status of a trafficked person may expose him/her to the risk of human rights violations and re-trafficking. From this perspective, rehabilitation means that States have an obligation to take broader measures to address the root causes of trafficking and to provide the necessary support for the reintegration of trafficked persons in order to minimize the risk of their re-trafficking. For example, in situations where trafficked women and girls are subjected to sexual or gender-based violence, they may face discrimination, social discrimination, community and family exclusion and fall victim again when returning to their homes and communities. In this context, measures to address the root causes of trafficking play a key role in ensuring the effective recovery of trafficked women and girls.", "16. In his report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur also noted that the return of trafficked persons to their country of origin may not be an appropriate form of remedy, as it is no longer in his or her fundamental interest to return to the country of origin when he or she has lost his or her legal, cultural and social ties with the country of origin. For example, it is conceivable that a child who has been trafficked to another country and has lived in that situation for decades may have lost his or her social and cultural identity with his or her country of origin. Given these factors, restitution may involve the reintegration of traffickers into host communities or resettlement in third countries.", "17. Rehabilitation includes medical and psychological care, as well as legal and social services. Since trafficking often has serious physical and psychological consequences for victims, rehabilitation is an important form of redress. In his report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur noted with concern that, in some countries, rehabilitation services only apply to certain categories of trafficked persons, excluding others, such as men and children trafficked within the country, and that access to recovery services is conditional on the ability or willingness of trafficked persons to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. In addition, she expressed concern that in many countries there was no “consideration and recovery period” to remove trafficked persons from the influence of traffickers, restore psychological stability, consider options and make informed decisions about cooperation with legal law enforcement authorities without the risk of forced departure. This period is not only an integral part of recovery, but also a first and fundamental step in seeking other forms of reparation, such as compensation. The consideration and recovery of trafficked persons may contribute to the safety and well-being of trafficked persons, who are an essential prerequisite for seeking compensation.", "18. In the case of economically assessable damage, compensation should be provided where restitution is not possible. Compensation may be made for extensive injury, loss or damage caused by the offender, including: the cost of medical, physical, psychological or psychiatric treatment required by the victim; loss of income and wages due; legal and other similar costs; and compensation for non-material damage caused by moral, physical or psychological injury, emotional distress, pain and suffering.", "19. In many countries, compensation can theoretically be sought through criminal, civil or labour proceedings. However, as stated in the report of the Human Rights Council, the existence of obstacles makes this possibility illusory in reality. While various factors affect the outcome of criminal, civil and labour proceedings, common obstacles to trafficked persons seeking compensation through legal proceedings include: failure to identify trafficked persons and to grant them permanent residence status; lack of adequate support for their recovery; lack of information and knowledge of trafficked persons; lack of free legal aid; lack of capacity, knowledge and experience of the judiciary and lawyers to seek compensation for trafficked persons; and inadequate witness protection programmes to ensure the safety and security of trafficked persons and their families.", "20. In some States, trafficked persons may claim compensation through a general compensation scheme for victims of crime. Often, however, trafficked persons are still unable to obtain compensation through State-funded compensation schemes, as they benefit from certain eligibility requirements for such schemes, such as restrictions on nationality, residency status or the type of crime suffered by the victim.", "21. Some of the obstacles to seeking reparation clearly demonstrate that the procedural right to a remedy is a crucial prerequisite for the realization of the right to a substantive remedy for trafficked persons. For example, States must provide trafficked persons with information on their rights and mechanisms in the process of seeking redress, as they cannot seek redress without such important information. Judicial and administrative procedures are often complex in many jurisdictions, and legal aid is essential for trafficked persons, especially when they are not familiar with the legal system of the country in question. In addition, having a long-term residence permit in the country where remedies are sought is an important prerequisite, as it will be very difficult to seek redress if trafficked persons are at risk of being expelled or have been expelled. However, the Special Rapporteur has found that trafficked persons often do not receive such treatment in practice.", "22. Finally, even when reparation orders are issued against traffickers, it is very difficult to enforce them because the traffickers may not have sufficient assets to pay compensation or law enforcement may lack expertise, training and resources to freeze and confiscate the assets of traffickers. [2]", "23. In addition, in the report of the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that in the case of trafficked children, particular consideration was given to developing and implementing responses to realize the right to an effective remedy. At a minimum, the right to an effective remedy for trafficked children should be observed in accordance with the general principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Of particular importance is the principle that the best interests of the child should be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children. The fundamental interests of the child must therefore be carefully considered when deciding on the course of action and the type of remedy sought. For example, participation of a child in criminal proceedings may not necessarily be in his or her fundamental interest, for example, he or she will be interviewed several times, must testify in court in the presence of the traffickers and be questioned in a hostile manner by the traffickers or their legal representatives, or an effective witness protection programme will not be in place to guarantee the privacy and security of the child and his or her family members. Furthermore, programmes based on the fundamental interests of the child show that compensation is not necessarily the most appropriate form of redress for trafficked children. In some cases, remedial measures should be sought to establish a comprehensive child protection system to ensure the rights of children, such as their right to education, health and physical and psychological recovery, and to assist in the social reintegration of child victims of exploitation.", "Under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States must also respect the right of the child to express his or her views freely in all matters affecting him or her and provide them with the opportunity to be heard in relevant judicial and administrative proceedings. To this end, children should have effective access to information on all matters affecting them, such as their status, entitlements, services and family reunification and/or repatriation processes. In addition, it is important to ensure the active participation of children, which means that legal representatives should be provided free of charge to children, as well as the necessary mother-tongue interpreters.", "C. Additional observations after the presentation of the report of the Human Rights Council", "25. Following the presentation of the report of the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur engaged in further dialogue with a number of stakeholders and found that the obstacles to successful access to remedies discussed above remain prevalent in many parts of the world. As far as reparations are concerned, studies conducted by the European Compensation Action for Trafficked Persons Project show that while there is a growing recognition of the right of trafficked persons to compensation and these European countries have a legal framework that allows trafficked persons to claim compensation, it is rare that trafficked persons actually receive compensation. While various factors affect the ability of trafficked persons to claim compensation, the most common reasons are the lack of awareness of trafficked persons of their right to compensation, the restrictive eligibility criteria of State-funded compensation funds, the failure of law enforcement authorities to confiscate assets or use confiscated assets to compensate trafficked persons, and the lack of jurisprudence on compensation for trafficked persons. The international round table on “Compensation for trafficked persons in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine”, organized by La Strada, Belarus, on 10 June 2011, showed that issues such as lack of information on the right to compensation, lack of knowledge on the right to reparation of victims by judges and lawyers, and lack of legal aid had a significant impact on the chances of successful access to reparation for trafficked persons.", "26. Thus, significant challenges remain in ensuring the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. However, there are positive signs that States are increasingly taking into account the right to an effective remedy when developing and implementing responses to human trafficking. The Special Rapporteur is encouraged by the fact that a number of States have made concrete commitments during the interactive dialogue of the Human Rights Council to implement this right at the national level. Norway, for example, noted that it was often difficult to provide victims of trafficking with the necessary information in an appropriate manner and pledged to use the reports of the Special Rapporteur as a tool for improvement. Australia referred to significant changes in programmes to assist trafficked persons, including the extension of the period of reflection and recovery. The Philippines also informed the Special Rapporteur that a national trust fund had been established under its anti-trafficking law to provide rehabilitation services for trafficked persons, such as emergency shelters, psychological counselling, free legal services, medicine and psychological treatment, using fines and confiscation of assets against convicted traffickers. Other States, such as Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Greece, provided the Special Rapporteur with information on their efforts to realize the right to an effective remedy, such as counselling, housing, medical and legal assistance.", "27. While noting these positive developments, the Special Rapporteur stresses that a comprehensive and holistic approach to the realization of this right is essential. As noted in the report of the Human Rights Council, the realization of the right to an effective remedy depends on a number of interrelated factors. Accurate identification of trafficked persons is a prerequisite for trafficked persons to be able to exercise their right to an effective remedy, as the problem cannot be solved if they are mistaken for irregular migrants or criminal offenders. At the same time, they must be given a period of reflection and recovery, and the support and assistance necessary for recovery, without conditions, to enable them to make informed decisions about the course of action they are taking. If trafficked persons wish to seek compensation for the damage suffered, they must have information on all aspects of their rights and the channels through which they exercise them, legal aid, interpretation and other necessary services and regular residence status. The rights of trafficked persons must be recognized from the moment they are identified, and States must implement the necessary countermeasures to enable trafficked persons to obtain effective redress. If the right to an effective remedy was to be fully realized, it would be far from sufficient to rely solely on interim measures for certain aspects.", "D. Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy", "In order to guide States in their implementation of the right to an effective remedy, the Special Rapporteur proposed in his report to the Human Rights Council “draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons”. The draft basic principles are contained in the annex to the present report. The Special Rapporteur notes with appreciation that several States, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Greece, Moldova, the Slovak Republic and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), explicitly welcomed the draft basic principles during the interactive dialogue of the Human Rights Council.", "29. The draft basic principles were based on existing international human rights law and standards and did not represent a new human rights norm. The purpose of the draft is to clarify the concept of the right to an effective remedy and to develop the specific elements to be taken into account when applying that right to traffickers. For example, the draft basic principles clearly state that it is the responsibility of States to ensure that adequate procedures are in place for rapid and accurate identification and that trafficked persons are not subjected to discriminatory treatment in law and in practice, as this is a prerequisite for the exercise of the right to an effective remedy by trafficked persons. In addition, the draft basic principles reflect the complexity of the crime of trafficking in persons, noting that restitution may require the State to provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence status when they are unable to secure their safe return to their country of origin or when return to their country of origin is not in their fundamental interest. As far as rehabilitation is concerned, the draft basic principles provide that States should ensure that the assistance and other benefits received by traffickers are not dependent on their cooperation in legal proceedings, as this is a common obstacle for trafficked persons to access such assistance and other benefits. Finally, in view of the fact that trafficked persons are often detained and deported as irregular migrants, the draft Basic Principles provide that States have an obligation to ensure that trafficked persons can lawfully remain in the country during proceedings for redress.", "30. During the interactive dialogue in the Human Rights Council, a number of States raised the important question of the legal status of the draft basic principles, as envisaged by the Special Rapporteur, as to the next steps. As mentioned during the interactive dialogue, the draft basic principles are still at a stage of development and are only a first step in efforts to exercise the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. She therefore welcomed further comments and suggestions from States and other stakeholders to further refine the draft basic principles and to consider what the next steps should be. The Special Rapporteur stresses, however, that the commitment and ownership of States in shaping the draft basic principles are essential. While the draft basic principles are intended to provide guidance to States and to staff dealing with trafficked persons, the Special Rapporteur considers it essential that States, as duty-bearers, commit themselves to fulfilling their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil their right to an effective remedy and to use the draft basic principles in order to understand the practical implications of these obligations. The Special Rapporteur therefore hopes to have an opportunity to discuss the content of the draft basic principles with States through intergovernmental consultations. In this process, the Special Rapporteur welcomes the members of the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, as well as the Group of Friends United against Trafficking in Human Beings, as a strong leadership that inspires the political will of Member States.", "E. Conclusions and recommendations", "31. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that States have an obligation to take remedial measures for trafficked persons when they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking and to protect the human rights of trafficked persons. Furthermore, States have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to an effective remedy in accordance with international human rights law. To that end, State responses to trafficking in persons should aim at the implementation of the right to an effective remedy for traffickers. The rights of trafficked persons must be recognized from the moment they are identified, and States must take measures to assist trafficked persons to realize their rights. Since the components of the right to an effective remedy are interrelated, it is crucial that States provide continued assistance and support, as appropriate, in the areas of restitution, rehabilitation, compensation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, in each individual case.", "32. In strengthening the implementation of the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons, the Special Rapporteur has made her recommendations to States in her report to the Human Rights Council. In particular, the Special Rapporteur refers to the following recommendations:", "33. As a first step to ensure that trafficked persons have the opportunity to seek redress as victims of human rights violations, States should ensure that relevant agencies and officials, such as police, border and immigration officials, are adequately trained in the identification of trafficked persons in order to identify trafficked persons promptly and accurately.", "34. States should consider and rehabilitate trafficked persons for a period of time and provide unconditional assistance for their full rehabilitation, with due regard to the circumstances and needs of each trafficked person.", "35. In order to enable trafficked persons to meaningfully exercise their right to compensation, States should provide trafficked persons with the necessary means, assistance and status to obtain information, free legal aid, other assistance necessary to ensure their full rehabilitation and regular residence status. In addition, States should ensure the right to privacy, personal security and witness protection of trafficked persons when they participate in legal proceedings.", "36. States should strengthen the training of judicial personnel, prosecutors and lawyers on legal and related issues relating to the rights of trafficked persons and related legal procedures.", "37. States should adequately train law enforcement officials in the identification, tracing, freezing and confiscation of assets related to trafficking offences and explicitly enact legal provisions to use confiscated assets to provide compensation to trafficked persons.", "38. States that have State-funded reparation programmes for victims of crime should abolish eligibility criteria that may prevent trafficked persons from seeking compensation, such as nationality and long-term residence requirements.", "39. States should ensure that trafficked persons are provided with information on the right to a remedy, the mechanisms and procedures for exercising that right and how and where to obtain the necessary assistance. In order to facilitate this process, States should develop guidelines on the appropriate form, content and language of information provided to trafficked persons and ensure the correct use of such guidelines.", "40. States should provide trafficked persons with free legal assistance as a basic prerequisite for all trafficked persons to exercise their right to an effective remedy. States should ensure that lawyers providing such assistance are adequately trained in the rights of trafficked persons, including children, and communicate effectively with victims of human rights violations.", "41. States should provide temporary residence permits to trafficked persons without conditions during legal proceedings. If it is not possible to guarantee the safe return of trafficked persons to their country of origin or because of their own circumstances, such as having lost their citizenship or cultural and social identity in their country of origin, return to their country of origin is not in their best interests, States should provide temporary or permanent residence permits for trafficked persons on social and humanitarian grounds.", "42. States should ensure that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in all decisions and actions against trafficked children, whether by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies.", "43. States should encourage trafficked children to express their views and to give them due consideration in accordance with their age and maturity. In order to facilitate this process, States should ensure that trafficked children are informed of all matters affecting their interests, including their situation, legal opinions, rights and services, and procedures for family reunification or repatriation. In addition, States should ensure that trafficked children have access to the necessary legal, translation and other assistance and that professionals providing such assistance are trained in children ' s rights and how to communicate with trafficked children.", "Annex", "Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "Rights and obligations", "Trafficked persons, as victims of human rights violations, have the right to an effective remedy for the harm suffered.", "2. All States, including countries of origin, transit and destination, have an obligation to provide or facilitate access to fair, adequate and appropriate remedies for the harm suffered by all trafficked persons, including non-citizens, within their territory and subject to their jurisdiction.", "3. The right to an effective remedy includes both the substantive right to reparation and the procedural rights necessary for it to be granted.", "4. In essence, trafficked persons should receive adequate compensation for the harm suffered, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition.", "5. Trafficked persons should have access to competent and independent institutions for successful reparations. At a minimum, they need to be provided with:", "(a) Information on their rights, the compensation available and the existence of mechanisms for obtaining compensation and how they are obtained;", "(b) Legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and other assistance necessary in the process of seeking redress;", "(c) A period of reflection and rehabilitation, followed by residence status for trafficked persons when seeking redress.", "2. Realization of the right to a remedy", "6. States should:", "(a) To ensure that adequate procedures are in place for the rapid and accurate identification of trafficked persons and that adequate training is provided for law enforcement officials and members of other institutions who may be in contact with trafficked persons;", "(b) To ensure that trafficked persons are not subjected to discriminatory treatment in law and practice on any ground, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, including their age, status as victims of trafficking, occupation or type of exploitation;", "(c) Give due consideration to the individual circumstances of trafficked persons and ensure that remedies focus on empowering trafficked persons and fully respecting their human rights. States should, at a minimum, “without harm” and ensure that remedial procedures do not undermine the rights and physical and psychological safety of trafficked persons.", "(a) Restitution", "7. States:", "(a) Where restitution measures are provided, the best interests of the trafficked person shall be at the centre;", "(b) Provide trafficked persons with a temporary or permanent residence permit as a means of redress if there is no guarantee of their safe return to their country of origin or if return to that country would expose them to the risk of persecution or further human rights violations, or if otherwise not in their best interests;", "(c) Address effectively the root causes of trafficking in order to ensure that trafficked persons do not fall back into their original situation and are thus again at risk of being trafficked or subjected to further human rights violations.", "(b) Recovery", "8. States should:", "(a) Provide trafficked persons with an unconditional period of reflection and recovery, during which they are provided with the measures necessary for their physical, psychological and social recovery, including, but not limited to, adequate housing, counselling and information on their situation and legal rights; medical, psychological and material assistance; and access to employment, education and training;", "(b) Ensure that the cooperation of trafficked persons in the course of proceedings is not made a precondition for access to assistance and other benefits.", "Compensation", "9. States should:", "(a) Ensure that laws, mechanisms and procedures are in place to enable trafficked persons to:", "(i) Civil compensation for trafficking-related offences, including violations of labour laws;", "(ii) Ensure that criminal courts order those who commit trafficking-related offences to provide compensation to victims;", "(iii) State compensation for injury or damage suffered.", "(b) Address common obstacles to the process of obtaining compensation for the material and non-material damage suffered by trafficked persons. To this end, they should ensure that:", "(i) All trafficked persons, regardless of their immigration status or the conviction of the perpetrator, have an enforceable right to compensation;", "(ii) Trafficked persons are fully informed of their legal rights, including the right to a prompt remedy in a language and form that they can understand, through judicial, labour and administrative procedures;", "(iii) To provide trafficked persons seeking redress, regardless of their immigration status, with the necessary assistance, including social assistance, free and qualified legal aid and representation, and, where necessary, qualified interpreters;", "(iv) Allow trafficked persons to stay legally in the country in which they seek redress during criminal, civil, labour or administrative proceedings, without prejudice to their possible claim to a more permanent residence permit as a remedy;", "(v) Develop laws and procedures to support the confiscation of the proceeds of trafficking and the assets of traffickers, and specify that such proceeds and assets will be used in the first instance to compensate trafficked persons and in the second instance to provide general redress to trafficked persons;", "(vi) The development of effective measures to enforce reparation judgements, including those of foreign courts.", "10. Where trafficked women and girls are victims of sexual and gender-based violence, States should take into account the risk of psychological harm, stigmatization and exclusion from the community through judicial processes and take measures to provide them with adequate protection and to create opportunities to seek redress through non-judicial means.", "3. Trafficked children", "11. States should:", "(a) To ensure that the best interests of the child are always a primary consideration in providing redress to trafficked children, taking into account the specific circumstances of each child, including his or her age, upbringing, ethnic, cultural and linguistic background and protection needs;", "(b) Respect for the right of the child to freedom of expression in all matters affecting him or her. To this end, States should provide trafficked children with effective information on all matters affecting their interests, such as their situation, rights, available services and procedures for family reunification and/or repatriation;", "(c) Take measures to ensure that personnel working with trafficked children are provided with adequate and appropriate training, in particular legal and psychological training, on specific rights and obligations in cases involving children.", "{\\cHFFFFFF}{\\cH00FFFF}", "[1] Anne T. Gallagher, International Human Trafficking Law (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 366.", "[2] Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, “Reparation for trafficked and exploited persons in the OSCE region” (Warsaw, 2008), paras.", "[3] UNICEF, Guidelines for the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking (New York, 2006), guideline 2.5." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的现况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的第65/209号决议欢迎《公约》于2010年12月23日生效，并吁请尚未签署和批准或加入《公约》的国家优先考虑这样做，并考虑《公约》(第31和32条规定的有强迫失踪问题委员会的选择办法。大会在该决议中决定宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日，并吁请会员国、联合国系统及其他国际和区域组织以及民间社会纪念这一国际日。大会请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员继续加紧努力，协助各国成为《公约》缔约方，以期实现各国普遍参加《公约》，还请联合国各机构和组织，并邀请各政府间组织和非政府组织以及强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，继续作出努力，传播关于《公约》的信息，增进对《公约》的了解，做好《公约》生效的准备，并协助缔约国履行根据这一文书所承担的义务。大会还请秘书长就《公约》现况及第65/209号决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。本报告是根据该要求提交的。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的批准状况及其生效 3\n3.公约缔约国第一次会议 4\nA.选举强迫失踪问题委员会的成员 4B.关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》：结束有罪不罚 4 \n现象并防止出现新的受害者的小组讨论 \n4.秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动 4\n5.强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组的活动 5\n6.联合国各机构和组织的活动 7\n7.结论 7", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在题为“保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约”的第65/209号决议中强调深为关切世界各区域强迫失踪或非自愿失踪，包括构成强迫失踪的部分行为或相当于强迫失踪的逮捕、拘留和绑架事件增加的情况，并深为关切有关对失踪事件的证人或失踪者亲属进行骚扰、虐待和恐吓的报告日益增多的情况。", "2. 大会在该决议中欣见《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》获得通过，[1] 并欣见87国签署以及21国批准或加入《公约》，使《公约》于2010年12月23日得以生效；吁请尚未签署和批准或加入《公约》的国家优先考虑这样做，并考虑《公约》第31和32条规定的有关强迫失踪问题委员会的选择办法。", "3. 大会在第65/209号决议中决定宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日，并吁请会员国、联合国系统及其他国际和区域组织以及民间社会纪念这一国际日；", "4. 在同一决议中，大会请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员继续加紧努力，协助各国成为《公约》缔约方，以期实现各国普遍参加《公约》。", "5. 大会还请联合国各机构和各组织，并邀请各政府间组织和非政府组织以及强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，继续作出努力，传播关于《公约》的信息，增进对《公约》的了解，做好《公约》生效的准备，并协助缔约国履行根据这一文书所承担的义务。", "6. 大会欢迎秘书长的报告(A/65/257)，并请秘书长就《公约》现况及第65/209号决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。", "二. 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的批准状况及其生效", "7. 2006年6月29日，人权理事会第1/1号决议[2] 将《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》作为该决议的附件予以通过，并建议大会通过该《公约》。", "8. 大会第61/177号决议通过了《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》，并开放供签署、批准和加入。2010年11月23日，继第二十份批准书或加入书交存后，《公约》按照其第39条第1款的规定，于2010年12月23日开始生效。截至2011年7月7日，88个国家签署《公约》，29个国家加入《公约》。有10个国家还承认强迫失踪问题委员会有权接受和审议受该国管辖、声称是该缔约国违反《公约》规定之受害人本人或其代理提出的来文(第31条)；11个国家承认该委员会有权接受和审议一个缔约国声称另一缔约国未履行公约义务的来文(第32条)。", "三. 公约缔约国第一次会议", "A. 选举强迫失踪问题委员会的成员", "9. 依照《公约》第26条第3款的规定秘书长于2011年5月31日在纽约联合国总部召开第一次缔约国会议，首次选举强迫失踪问题委员会的10名成员。会议选举了下列成员：Mohammed Al-Obaidi先生(伊拉克)、Mamadou Badio Camara先生(塞内加尔)、Emmanuel Decaux先生(法国)、Alvaro Garcé García y Santos先生(乌拉圭)、Luciano Hazan先生(阿根廷)、Rainer Huhle先生(德国)、Suela Janina女士(阿尔巴尼亚)、Juan José López Ortega先生(西班牙)、Enoch Mulembe先生(赞比亚)和Kimio Yakushiji先生(日本)。2011年7月1日，各成员就职。该委员会第一届会议将于2011年11月8日至11日在日内瓦召开。", "B. 关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》：结束有罪不罚现象并防止出现新的受害者的小组讨论", "10. 阿根廷、法国和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在议程项目7下主办了一次小组讨论，题为“《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》：结束有罪不罚现象并防止出现新的受害者”。小组讨论的目的是倡导和促进批准《公约》。小组成员在讨论期间承认《公约》是打击有罪不罚现象的有力工具，并鼓励各国推动受害者及其家属运用《公约》寻求正义、真相和赔偿。", "四. 秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "11. 自《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》通过以来，秘书长多次呼吁各国批准该文书(见报告A/63/299、A/63/337和A/64/186)。2011年3月24日，秘书长在了解严重侵犯人权行为真相权利和维护受害者尊严国际日指出，了解真相的权利在《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》中有明确规定。[3]", "12. 为促进国际法和推动执行条约，联合国于2007年、2008年、2009年和2010年在纽约举办了与条约相关的大型活动，期间强调了《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "13. 联合国人权事务高级专员在其提交给人权理事会的关于了解真相权利的报告(A/HRC/15/33)中回顾，《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》明确规定，各国有义务采取具体措施，保护证人和受害者。", "14. 2010年11月23日，继第二十份批准书或加入书交存后，人权事务高级专员于2010年11月24日发表声明，欢迎《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的第二十份批准书，并欢迎《公约》根据其第39条于2010年12月23日生效。高级专员强调，“这一开创性公约为杜绝有罪不罚现象和追求正义提供了坚实的国际框架”。高级专员还呼吁所有国家“以首批20个缔约国为榜样，尽早签署和批准这一非常重要的公约”。", "15. 此外，联合国人权事务高级专员在最近关于其危地马拉办事处活动情况的年度报告(A/HRC/16/20/Add.1和Corr.1)中，指出《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》有关倡议获得的支持。高级专员在通过其哥伦比亚国家办事处提交人权理事会的哥伦比亚人权状况报告(A/HRC/16/22)中欢迎哥伦比亚议会核可批准《公约》，并促请该国政府尽快完成这一进程。", "16. 2010年11月5日，在强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组成立三十周年的纪念活动上，联合国人权事务副高级专员回顾，《公约》生效还需一个国家批准，呼吁所有尚未批准或加入《公约》的会员国毫不拖延地这样做，并明确承认其监测机制，即强迫失踪问题委员会，有权受理个人和国家间的来文。她还声称，大会通过《公约》之举说明国际社会一致公认必须保证个人在免遭强迫失踪方面具有不可克减的权利，并突出说明了工作组和《公约》之间的联系。[4]", "17. 关于《公约》批准情况的最新信息可在联合国和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站查询。", "五. 强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组的活动", "18. 强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组是人权委员会在第20(XXXVI)号决议中建立的，这是第一个肩负全球任务的联合国人权专题机制。2011年3月24日，人权理事会第16/16号决议延长了其任务期限。自成立以来，工作组向90多个国家政府转交了53 000多例个人案件。目前，仍在积极审议的尚未澄清、结案或停止的案件数目为42 633个，涉及83个国家。在过去五年里，工作组澄清了1 814个案件。", "19. 工作组利用一切机会，包括在访问各国期间以及在与其代表举行双边会议时，促进批准《公约》。工作组在2011年访问了东帝汶和墨西哥，在访问期间，它鼓励东帝汶政府成为《公约》缔约国，并鼓励两国政府接受《公约》第31条和第32条规定的委员会受理个人和国家间投诉的管辖权。同样，工作组在2006年访问了危地马拉和2007年访问了洪都拉斯之后，在关于落实建议的报告(A/ HRC/16/48/Add.2)中，呼吁这两个缔约国接受这些条款规定的委员会的管辖权。", "20. 工作组在2010年8月30日失踪者国际日和2010年11月12日第九十二届会议结束之际发表公开声明，敦促所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快这样做。工作组还呼吁各国接受《公约》第31和32条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会接受和审议个人和国家间来文的管辖权。", "21. 工作组主席兼报告员在2010年11月5日纪念工作组成立三十周年之际致开幕词，呼吁所有尚未批准《公约》的国家尽快批准《公约》并接受《公约》第31和32条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会的管辖权。", "22. 在2010年11月23日第二十份批准书交存后，工作组于2010年11月25日发表声明，欢迎《公约》获得第二十份批准书。在这项声明中，工作组回顾，它积极支持了《公约》的生效和委员会的建立，并强调，委员会将补充和加强工作组以及包括失踪人员亲属在内的民间社会打击强迫失踪行为的工作。工作组再次呼吁所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快这样做并接受《公约》第31和32条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会接受和审议个人和国家间来文的管辖权。", "23. 2010年12月23日，工作组发表声明，欢迎《公约》生效。工作组强调，《公约》在打击强迫失踪行为方面开创了新局面，并回顾，《公约》承认受强迫失踪影响的所有人有权知道该罪行的情况真相、调查进展和结果以及失踪者的下落。此外，工作组强调，已经批准《公约》的国家承诺进行调查，以便找到失踪者，起诉责任人，并确保幸存者及其家属获得赔偿。最后，工作组再次呼吁所有尚未批准《公约》的国家尽快批准《公约》，并在批准时接受强迫失踪问题委员会按受和审议个人和国家间来文的管辖权。", "24. 工作组在2010年度报告(A/HRC/16/48)中，再次呼吁所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快这样做，并在批准时接受《公约》第31和32条分别规定的强迫失踪问题委员会受理个人案件和国家间投诉的管辖权。", "25. 工作组在关于国内刑事立法中有关强迫失踪的最佳做法的报告(A/HRC/16/　48/Add.3和Corr.1)中，提及《公约》的数条规定。此外，工作组在结论中强调，批准《公约》是各国应遵循的最佳做法之一。", "26. 2011年3月7日，工作组主席兼报告员在与人权理事会的互动对话期间，对《公约》生效表示欢迎，并指出，已有23个国家批准《公约》，但其中只有7个国家已经接受第31条和第32条分别规定的委员会受理个人投诉和国家间投诉机制的管辖权，还有1个国家只接受第32条规定的委员会受理国家间投诉的管辖权。主席兼报告员邀请所有国家批准《公约》，并接受第31条和第32条规定的委员会的管辖权。", "27. 2011年5月31日，工作组发表声明，表示注意到《公约》缔约国第一次会议。它赞赏地注意到，26个国家批准了公约，88个国家已经签署，并邀请所有尚未批准《公约》的国家予以批准并接受第31条和第32条规定的委员会的管辖权。工作组强调，《公约》生效主要是因为失踪者家属在至少30年期间一直努力让国际社会注意强迫失踪这一令人发指的罪行危害之深。它回顾说，在起草《公约》的谈判期间，一些人认为成立强迫失踪问题委员会是不必要的重复工作。失踪者亲属不得不奋力争取成立委员会。工作组则应这些家属的要求，一直大力支持它们。工作组一直强调，两种机制是相辅相成的，表示这两种机制之间的合作将考虑到虽然委员会的管辖权将限于那些已批准《公约》的国家，但工作组可以审议所有国家的情况。虽然委员会将有权处理《公约》生效后发生的强迫失踪案件，但工作组可以审查所有情况，无论它们何时发生。最后，工作组指出，它期待着与委员会建立卓有成效的合作关系，为防止和消除世界各地的强迫失踪现象而奋斗。", "六. 联合国各机构和组织的活动", "28. 若干联合国机构和组织在国家、区域和全球各级作出了协调努力，以传播关于《公约》的信息，促进对《公约》的了解，为《公约》生效作准备，并协助各缔约国履行该文书规定的义务。", "29. 2010年11月19日，第三委员会第49次会议建议大会通过题为“保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约”的决议草案，其中大会除其他外，将核准把8月30日定为强迫失踪受害者国际日。[5] 缔约国一些代表指出，这一日期是由民间社会和受害者家属选定的，世界各地许多国家已经采用。2010年12月21日，大会第71次全体会议通过第65/209号决议，其中除其他外，宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日。[6]", "七. 结论", "30. 强迫失踪问题委员会将于2011年11月召开首次会议。该委员会的成立是保护所有人免遭强迫失踪和捍卫包括失踪者家属在内的所有受影响人士了解真相权利方面的里程碑。秘书长、联合国人权事务高级专员以及强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组正在继续努力，促进各国批准《公约》。", "[1] 第61/177号决议，附件。", "[2] 见A/61/53，第一部分，第二章A节。", "[3] 见http://www.un.org/en/events/righttotruthday/sgmessage.shtml。", "[4] 见http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10510&LangID=E。", "[5] 见GA/SHC/3999。请查阅http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3999.doc.htm。", "[6] 见GA/11041。请查阅http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga11041.doc.htm。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Status of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/209 on the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the General Assembly welcomed the entry into force of the Convention on 23 December 2010 and called upon States that had not yet done so to consider signing and ratifying or acceding to the Convention as a matter of priority and to consider the option provided for in articles 31 and 32 of the Convention regarding the Committee on Enforced Disappearances. In the same resolution, the Assembly decided to declare 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances and called upon Member States, the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations, as well as civil society, to observe that day.", "The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue their intensive efforts to assist States in becoming parties to the Convention, with a view to achieving universal adherence and requested United Nations agencies and organizations, and invited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, to continue making efforts to disseminate information on the Convention, promote understanding of it, prepare for its entry into force and assist States parties in implementing their obligations under that instrument. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to submit to it, at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the status of the Convention and the implementation of resolution 65/209. The present report is submitted in accordance with that request.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Status 3 of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its entry into \nforce III. First 4 meeting of States parties to the \nConvention A.Election 4 of the members of the Committee on Enforced \nDisappearances B. Panel 4 discussion on the International Convention on Enforced Disappearances: ending impunity and preventing new \nvictims IV. Activities 4 of the Secretary-General and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights V.Activities 6 of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary \nDisappearances VI. Activities 8 of United Nations agencies and \norganizations \nVII. Conclusion 8", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/209, entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance”, the General Assembly underlined its deep concern regarding the increase in enforced or involuntary disappearances in various regions of the world, including arrest, detention and abduction, when these were part of or amount to enforced disappearances, and by the growing number of reports concerning harassment, ill treatment and intimidation of witnesses of disappearances or relatives of persons who had disappeared.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly welcomed the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance[1] and the fact that 87 States had signed the Convention and 21 had ratified or acceded to it, thereby enabling it to enter into force on 23 December 2010; and called upon States that had not yet done so to consider signing and ratifying or acceding to the Convention as a matter of priority, as well as to consider the option provided for in articles 31 and 32 of the Convention regarding the Committee on Enforced Disappearances.", "3. Also in resolution 65/209, the General Assembly decided to declare 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances, calling for observance of this Day by Member States, the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations, as well as civil society.", "4. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue their intensive efforts to assist States in becoming parties to the Convention, with a view to achieving universal adherence.", "5. The General Assembly also requested United Nations agencies and organizations, and invited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, to continue making efforts to disseminate information on the Convention, to promote understanding of it, to prepare for its entry into force and to assist States parties in implementing their obligations under that instrument.", "6. The General Assembly welcomed the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/257) and requested him to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the status of the Convention and the implementation of resolution 65/209.", "II. Status of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its entry into force", "7. On 29 June 2006, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 1/1,[2] adopted the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, as annexed to that resolution, and recommended that the General Assembly adopt the Convention.", "8. By its resolution 61/177, the General Assembly adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. Following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession on 23 November 2010, the Convention entered into force on 23 December 2010 in accordance with article 39, paragraph 1, of the Convention. As at 7 July 2011, there were 88 signatories to the Convention, while 29 States were party to it. Ten States have also recognized the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider communications from or on behalf of individuals subject to its jurisdiction claiming to be victims of a violation by the State party of provisions of the Convention (article 31); and 11 States have recognized the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications in which a State party claims that another State party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Convention (article 32).", "III. First meeting of States parties to the Convention", "A. Election of the members of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances", "9. In accordance with article 26, paragraph 3, of the Convention the first meeting of States parties was convened by the Secretary-General on 31 May 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York to hold the initial election of 10 members of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances. The meeting elected the following members: Mr. Mohammed Al-Obaidi (Iraq), Mr. Mamadou Badio Camara (Senegal), Mr. Emmanuel Decaux (France), Mr. Alvaro Garcé García y Santos (Uruguay), Mr. Luciano Hazan (Argentina), Mr. Rainer Huhle (Germany), Ms. Suela Janina (Albania), Mr. Juan José López Ortega (Spain), Mr. Enoch Mulembe (Zambia) and Mr. Kimio Yakushiji (Japan). The members assumed office on 1 July 2011. The first session of the Committee will be held from 8 to 11 November 2011 in Geneva.", "B. Panel discussion on the International Convention on Enforced Disappearances: ending impunity and preventing new victims", "10. A panel discussion sponsored by Argentina, France and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, entitled “The International Convention on Enforced Disappearances: ending impunity and preventing new victims”, was conducted under agenda item 7. The aim of the panel discussion was to raise the visibility and promote the ratification of the Convention. In the course of the discussions, the Convention was recognized as a powerful instrument against impunity and States were encouraged to promote its use for victims and their families seeking justice, truth and reparations.", "IV. Activities of the Secretary-General and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "11. Since the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, on a number of occasions the Secretary-General has called upon States to ratify this instrument (see reports A/63/299, A/63/337 and A/64/186). On 24 March 2011, on the occasion of the International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims, the Secretary-General recalled that the right to the truth is explicitly provided for in the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.[3]", "12. The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance was highlighted during the treaty-related events organized by the United Nations in New York in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, to bolster international law and promote treaty implementation.", "13. In the report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to the truth (A/HRC/15/33), submitted to the Human Rights Council, the High Commissioner recalled that the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance makes clear reference to States’ obligations to adopt specific measures to protect witnesses and victims.", "14. Following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession to the Convention on 23 November 2010, the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a statement, on 24 November 2010, welcoming the twentieth instrument of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, and the Convention’s entry into force on 23 December 2010, in accordance with article 39 of the Convention. The High Commissioner stressed that “this groundbreaking Convention provides a solid international framework to put an end to impunity and pursue justice”. The High Commissioner also urged all States “to follow the first 20 States parties’ example by signing and ratifying this very important Convention as soon as possible”.", "15. In addition, in the most recent annual report on the activities of her office in Guatemala (A/HRC/16/20/Add.1 and Corr.1), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights noted the support given to initiatives related to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and in her report on the situation of human rights in Colombia, submitted to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/22) through her country office in Colombia, the High Commissioner welcomed the approval by the Congress of Colombia of the ratification of the Convention and urged the Government to promptly complete the process.", "16. On 5 November 2010, at the event commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, the Deputy United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights recalled that there was one ratification needed to enable the Convention to come into force and appealed to all Member States that had not done so to ratify or accede to the Convention without delay and expressly recognize the competence of its monitoring mechanism, the Committee on Enforced Disappearance, to receive individual and inter-State communications. She also asserted that with the Convention’s adoption by the General Assembly, the international community unanimously recognized the need to guarantee individuals the non-derogable right not to be subject to enforced disappearance and highlighted the link between the Working Group and the Convention.[4]", "17. Updated information on the status of the ratification of the Convention can be found on the websites of the United Nations and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "V. Activities of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances", "18. Established by the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 20 (XXXVI), the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances was the first United Nations human rights thematic mechanism established with a global mandate. Its mandate was extended on 24 March 2011 by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 16/16. Since its inception, the Working Group has transmitted more than 53,000 individual cases to Governments in more than 90 States. The number of cases under active consideration that have not yet been clarified, closed or discontinued stands at 42,633 and concerns 83 States. The Working Group has been able to clarify 1,814 cases over the past five years.", "19. The Working Group uses every opportunity to promote the ratification of the Convention, including during visits undertaken to different States, and bilateral meetings held with its representatives. In 2011, the Working Group carried out missions to Timor-Leste and Mexico, during which it encouraged the Government of Timor-Leste to become party to the Convention and encouraged both Governments to accept the competence of the Committee, under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention, to receive individual and inter-State complaints. Similarly, in its report on follow-up to recommendations made following country visits to Guatemala in 2006 and Honduras in 2007 (A/HRC/16/48/Add.2), the Working Group called upon these two States parties to the Convention to accept the competence of the Committee under those articles.", "20. On 30 August 2010, on the occasion of the International Day of the Disappeared, and on 12 November 2010, on the occasion of the conclusion of its ninety-second session, the Working Group issued public statements in which it urged States that had not signed and/or ratified the Convention, to do so as soon as possible. It also called upon States to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention, to receive and consider individual and inter-State communications.", "21. On 5 November 2010, on the occasion of the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Working Group, its Chair-Rapporteur, in his opening remarks, called upon States that had not yet ratified the Convention to do so and to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention.", "22. Following the deposit, on 23 November 2010, of the twentieth instrument of ratification of the Convention, the Working Group, on 25 November 2010, issued a statement welcoming the twentieth ratification. In this statement, the Working Group recalled that it had actively supported the coming into force of the Convention and the establishment of the Committee, which, it stressed, would complement and strengthen the work of the Working Group and that of civil society, including relatives of disappeared people, towards combating enforced disappearance. The Working Group reiterated its call upon all Governments that had not signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention, to receive and consider individual and inter-State communications.", "23. On 23 December 2010, the Working Group issued a statement welcoming the entry into force of the Convention. The Working Group emphasized that the Convention breaks new ground in the fight against the scourge of enforced disappearances, and recalled that the Convention recognizes the right of all persons affected by enforced disappearance to know the truth about the circumstances of this crime, the progress and results of the investigation, and the fate of the disappeared person. In addition, the Working Group highlighted the fact that the States that ratify the Convention commit themselves to conducting investigations in order to locate the disappeared person, to prosecute those responsible and to ensure reparations for survivors and their families. Finally, the Working Group reiterated its call upon all Governments that have not ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible, and to accept, when ratifying it, the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider individual and inter-State communications of the Convention.", "24. In its 2010 annual report (A/HRC/16/48), the Working Group reiterated its call upon States that had not signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and, when ratifying the Convention, to accept the competence of the Committee to receive individual cases, under article 31 of the Convention, and inter-State complaints, under article 32.", "25. In its report concerning best practices on enforced disappearances in domestic criminal legislation (A/HRC/16/48/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Working Group made reference to several articles of the Convention. In addition, in its conclusions, the Working Group highlighted the ratification of the Convention as one of those best practices that should be followed by States.", "26. On 7 March 2011, during the interactive dialogue with the Human Rights Council, the Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group welcomed the entry into force of the Convention and noted that, out of 23 States that had ratified the Convention, only 7 had accepted the competence of the Committee, under article 31 for individual complaints, and the inter-State complaint mechanism, under article 32, and 1 had accepted the competence of the Committee under article 32 only. The Chair-Rapporteur invited all States to ratify the Convention and to accept the competence of its Committee under articles 31 and 32.", "27. On 31 May 2011, the Working Group issued a statement in which it took note of the first meeting of the States parties to the Convention. It noted with appreciation that 26 States had ratified the Convention and 88 States had signed it, and invited all States that had yet to ratify the Convention to do so and to accept the competence of the Committee under articles 31 and 32. The Working Group highlighted the fact that the entry into force of the Convention was largely due to the efforts, over at least 30 years, of the families of disappeared persons to bring to the attention of the international community the extent of the heinous crime of enforced disappearance. It recalled that, during the negotiations conducted to draft the Convention, the relatives of disappeared persons had had to fight for the establishment of the Committee which was considered by some as conducing to an unnecessary duplication of effort; and that, in their demand, the families had been strongly supported by the Working Group which had always stressed the fact that the two mechanisms would be complementary. It stated that this collaboration between the two mechanisms would take into account the fact that, while the competence of the Committee will be limited to those States that have ratified the Convention, the Working Group will be able to consider the situation in all countries. While the Committee will be competent to deal with those cases of enforced disappearances that occurred after the entry into force of the Convention, the Working Group may examine all situations regardless of when they occurred. Finally, the Working Group stated that it looked forward to a very productive relationship with the Committee in the fight to prevent and eradicate enforced disappearances around the world.", "VI. Activities of United Nations agencies and organizations", "28. A number of United Nations agencies and organizations have made concerted efforts at the national, regional and global levels to disseminate information on the Convention, promote the understanding of it, prepare for its entry into force, and assist States parties in implementing their obligations under this instrument.", "29. On 19 November 2010, the Third Committee, at its 49th meeting, recommended to the General Assembly the adoption of the draft resolution entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance”, in which the Assembly would, inter alia, approve 30 August as the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances.[5] As recalled by a few representatives of State parties, this date had been chosen by civil society and the families of victims, and was already observed by many countries around the world. On 21 December 2010, during its 71st plenary meeting, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/209, in which, inter alia, it declared 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances.[6]", "VII. Conclusion", "30. With the establishment of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, which will meet for the first time in November 2011, a milestone has been reached in respect of the protection of persons from enforced disappearances and the right of those affected, including family members of the disappeared, to know the truth. The Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances, are continuing their efforts to promote the ratification of the Convention.", "[1] Resolution 61/177, annex.", "[2] See A/61/53, part one, chap. II.A.", "[3] See http://www.un.org/en/events/righttotruthday/sgmessage.shtml.", "[4] See http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10510&LangID=E.", "[5] See GA/SHC/3999. Available from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3999.doc.htm.", "[6] See GA/11041. Available from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga11041.doc.htm." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Status of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/209 on the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the General Assembly welcomed the entry into force of the Convention on 23 December 2010 and called upon States that had not yet done so to sign and ratify or accede to the Convention as a matter of priority and to consider the option of a committee on enforced disappearances provided for in the Convention (arts. 31 and 32). In that resolution, the Assembly decided to declare 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances and called upon Member States, the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations, as well as civil society, to observe the Day. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue to intensify their efforts to assist States to become parties to the Convention, with a view to achieving universal adherence to the Convention, and invited United Nations agencies and organizations, as well as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, to continue their efforts to disseminate information on the Convention, to promote understanding of the Convention, to prepare for its entry into force and to assist States parties in implementing their obligations under that instrument. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the status of the Convention and the implementation of resolution 65/209. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "Contents", "2. Status of ratification and entry into force of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 5. Activities of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances", "Introduction", "In its resolution 65/209, entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance”, the General Assembly stressed its deep concern at the increase in enforced or involuntary disappearances in all regions of the world, including arrest, detention and abduction, which constituted part of or amounted to enforced disappearances, and at the increasing number of reports of harassment, ill-treatment and intimidation of witnesses of disappearances or relatives of disappeared persons.", "2. In that resolution, the General Assembly welcomed the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, and welcomed the fact that 87 States had signed and 21 had ratified or acceded to the Convention, enabling it to enter into force on 23 December 2010; and called upon States that had not yet done so to consider signing and ratifying or acceding to the Convention as a matter of priority and to consider the option of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances provided for in articles 31 and 32 of the Convention.", "3. In its resolution 65/209, the General Assembly decided to declare 30 August the International Day of Victims of Enforced Disappearances, and called upon Member States, the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations, as well as civil society, to observe the Day;", "4. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue to intensify their efforts to assist States in becoming parties to the Convention, with a view to achieving universal adherence.", "5. The General Assembly also requested United Nations bodies and organizations, and invited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, to continue their efforts to disseminate information on the Convention, promote understanding of it, prepare for its entry into force and assist States parties in implementing their obligations under this instrument.", "6. The General Assembly welcomed the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/257) and requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the status of the Convention and the implementation of resolution 65/209.", "Status of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its entry into force", "7. On 29 June 2006, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 1/1,[2] adopted the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance as an annex to that resolution and recommended it to the General Assembly for adoption.", "8. In its resolution 61/177, the General Assembly adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. On 23 November 2010, following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention entered into force on 23 December 2010, in accordance with article 39, paragraph 1. As at 7 July 2011, 88 States had signed the Convention and 29 had acceded to it. Ten States have also recognized the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider communications from or on behalf of individuals subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be victims of a violation by that State party of the provisions of the Convention (art. 31) and 11 States have recognized the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State party claims that another State party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Convention (art. 32).", "First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention", "A. Election of members of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances", "9. In accordance with article 26, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the Secretary-General convened the first Meeting of States Parties at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 31 May 2011 for the first time to elect 10 members of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances. The Conference elected the following members: Mr. Mohammed Al-Obaidi (Iraq), Mr. Mamadou Badio Camara (Senegal), Mr. Emmanuel Decaux (France), Mr. Alvaro García y Santos (Uruguay), Mr. Luciano Hazan (Argentina), Mr. Rainer Huhle (Germany), Ms. Suela Janina (Albania), Mr. Juan José López Ortega (Spain), Mr. Enoch Mulembe (Zambia) and Mr. Kimio Yakushiji (Japan). Members took office on 1 July 2011. The first session of the Committee will be held in Geneva from 8 to 11 November 2011.", "Panel discussion on the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance: ending impunity and preventing new victims", "Under agenda item 7, Argentina, France and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights organized a panel discussion entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance: ending impunity and preventing new victims”. The purpose of the panel discussion was to promote and facilitate the ratification of the Convention. During the discussion, the panellists recognized the Convention as a powerful tool in the fight against impunity and encouraged States to promote its use by victims and their families for justice, truth and reparation.", "Activities of the Secretary-General and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "11. Since the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the Secretary-General has repeatedly called upon States to ratify that instrument (see reports A/63/299, A/63/337 and A/64/186). On 24 March 2011, on the occasion of the International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims, the Secretary-General stated that the right to the truth was enshrined in the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. [3]", "12. To promote international law and promote the implementation of treaties, the United Nations organized treaty-related events in New York in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, during which the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance was highlighted.", "13. In her report to the Human Rights Council on the right to the truth (A/HRC/15/33), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights recalled that the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance clearly establishes the obligation of States to take concrete measures to protect witnesses and victims.", "14. On 23 November 2010, following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a statement on 24 November 2010, welcoming the twentieth instrument of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its entry into force on 23 December 2010, in accordance with its article 39. The High Commissioner stressed that “this groundbreaking convention provides a solid international framework for ending impunity and pursuing justice”. The High Commissioner also calls upon all States “to follow the example of the first 20 States parties by signing and ratifying this very important Convention as soon as possible”.", "15. In addition, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in her most recent annual report on the activities of her office in Guatemala (A/HRC/16/20/Add.1 and Corr.1), noted support for initiatives related to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. In her report on the situation of human rights in Colombia submitted to the Human Rights Council through her country office in Colombia (A/HRC/16/22), the High Commissioner welcomed the approval of the Colombian Congress for the ratification of the Convention and urged the Government to complete the process as soon as possible.", "16. On 5 November 2010, at the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the establishment of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, the United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights recalled that one State was required for the Convention to enter into force, called upon all Member States that had not yet ratified or acceded to the Convention to do so without delay and explicitly recognized the competence of its monitoring mechanism, the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, to receive communications from individuals and States. She also claims that the adoption of the Convention by the General Assembly demonstrates the unanimous recognition by the international community of the need to ensure the non-derogable right of individuals to be protected from enforced disappearance and highlights the link between the Working Group and the Convention. [4]", "17. Updated information on the status of ratification of the Convention is available on the websites of the United Nations and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "V. Activities of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances", "18. The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances was established by the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 20 (XXXVI), the first United Nations human rights thematic mechanism with a global mandate. On 24 March 2011, the Human Rights Council extended the mandate in its resolution 16/16. Since its establishment, the Working Group has transmitted more than 53,000 individual cases to more than 90 Governments. At present, the number of unclarified, closed or discontinued cases still under active consideration stands at 42,633, involving 83 countries. Over the past five years, the Working Group has clarified 1,814 cases.", "19. The Working Group has taken every opportunity to promote ratification of the Convention, including during country visits and bilateral meetings with its representatives. During its visits to Timor-Leste and Mexico in 2011, the Working Group encouraged the Government to become a party to the Convention and both Governments to accept the competence of the Committee to receive individual and inter-State complaints under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention. Similarly, following its missions to Guatemala in 2006 and Honduras in 2007, the Working Group, in its report on the implementation of the recommendations (A/HRC/16/48/Add.2), called upon both States parties to accept the competence of the Committee under those articles.", "20. The Working Group, in a public statement on the occasion of the International Day of Missing Persons on 30 August 2010 and the conclusion of its ninety-second session on 12 November 2010, urged all States that had not yet signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible. The Working Group also calls upon States to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention to receive and consider communications from individuals and States.", "21. On 5 November 2010, on the occasion of the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Working Group, the Chairperson-Rapporteur of the Working Group made an opening statement, calling upon all States that had not yet ratified the Convention to ratify it as soon as possible and accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention.", "22. Following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification on 23 November 2010, the Working Group issued a statement on 25 November 2010 welcoming the twentieth instrument of ratification of the Convention. In that statement, the Working Group recalled its active support for the entry into force of the Convention and the establishment of the Committee and stressed that the Committee would complement and strengthen its work, as well as that of civil society, including relatives of disappeared persons, in combating enforced disappearances. The Working Group reiterates its appeal to all States that have not yet signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider communications from individuals and States, as provided for in articles 31 and 32 of the Convention.", "23. On 23 December 2010, the Working Group issued a statement welcoming the entry into force of the Convention. The Working Group emphasizes that the Convention has created a new situation in the fight against enforced disappearance and recalls that it recognizes the right of all persons affected by enforced disappearance to know the truth about the circumstances of the crime, the progress and results of the investigation and the fate of the disappeared person. In addition, the Working Group stresses the commitment of States that have ratified the Convention to conduct investigations in order to locate disappeared persons, prosecute those responsible and ensure that survivors and their families receive reparation. Finally, the Working Group reiterates its call upon all States that have not yet ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and, upon ratification, to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider communications from individuals and States.", "24. In its 2010 annual report (A/HRC/16/48), the Working Group reiterated its call upon all States that had not yet signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and, upon ratification, to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention to receive individual cases and inter-State complaints, respectively.", "25. In its report on best practices on enforced disappearances in domestic criminal legislation (A/HRC/16/48/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Working Group referred to several provisions of the Convention. In addition, in its conclusions, the Working Group emphasized that ratification of the Convention was one of the best practices to be followed by States.", "26. On 7 March 2011, during an interactive dialogue with the Human Rights Council, the Chairperson-Rapporteur of the Working Group welcomed the entry into force of the Convention and noted that 23 States had ratified the Convention, but only seven of them had accepted the competence of the Committee to receive individual and inter-State complaints mechanisms under articles 31 and 32, respectively, and one had accepted the Committee ' s competence to receive inter-State complaints only under article 32. The Chairperson-Rapporteur invited all States to ratify the Convention and accept the competence of the Committee under articles 31 and 32.", "27. On 31 May 2011, the Working Group issued a statement in which it took note of the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention. It noted with appreciation that 26 States had ratified the Convention and 88 States had signed it, and invited all States that had not yet ratified the Convention to do so and to accept the competence of the Committee under articles 31 and 32. The Working Group emphasizes that the entry into force of the Convention is mainly due to the efforts of the families of disappeared persons to draw the attention of the international community to the depth of the heinous crime of enforced disappearance for at least 30 years. It recalled that during the negotiations to draft the Convention, the establishment of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances was seen by some as an unnecessary duplication of work. Relatives of the disappeared had to struggle to establish the Commission. The Working Group has been very supportive of these families at their request. The Working Group has consistently emphasized that the two mechanisms are complementary and indicated that cooperation between the two mechanisms would take into account that while the Committee ' s jurisdiction would be limited to those States that have ratified the Convention, the Working Group could consider the situation of all States. While the Committee will have competence to deal with cases of enforced disappearance that occurred after the entry into force of the Convention, the Working Group may examine all situations, whenever they occur. Finally, the Working Group notes that it looks forward to a fruitful cooperation with the Committee in its struggle to prevent and eradicate enforced disappearances throughout the world.", "VI. Activities of United Nations agencies and organizations", "28. A number of United Nations agencies and organizations have made concerted efforts at the national, regional and global levels to disseminate information on the Convention, promote understanding of the Convention, prepare for its entry into force and assist States parties in meeting their obligations under the instrument.", "At its 49th meeting, on 19 November 2010, the Third Committee recommended to the General Assembly the adoption of a draft resolution entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance”, in which the Assembly, inter alia, would approve 30 August as the International Day of Victims of Enforced Disappearances. [5] A number of representatives of the State party noted that this date had been chosen by civil society and the families of victims and had been adopted in many countries around the world. At its 71st plenary meeting, on 21 December 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/209, in which, inter alia, it proclaimed 30 August the International Day of Victims of Enforced Disappearances. [6]", "VII. Conclusion", "30. The Committee on Enforced Disappearances will hold its first meeting in November 2011. The establishment of the Commission was a milestone in the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance and in the defence of the right to the truth of all persons affected, including the families of disappeared persons. The Secretary-General, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances are continuing their efforts to promote ratification of the Convention.", "[1] Resolution 61/177, annex.", "[2] See A/61/53, part one, chap. II.A.", "[3] See http://www.un.org/en/events/righttotruthday/sgmessage.shtml.", "[4] See http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10510&LangID=E.", "[5] See GA/SHC/3999. Available at http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3999.doc.htm.", "[6] See GA/11041. Available at http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga111041.doc.htm." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进人权和 基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "保护和援助国内流离失所者", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨依照大会第64/142号决议和人权理事会第14/6号决议，向大会成员转递国内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员查洛卡·贝亚尼的报告。", "* A/66/150。", "摘要", "本报告概述2010年8月至2011年7月期间任务执行人开展的主要活动。此外，还专门阐述了气候变化与国内流离失所者问题。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.特别报告员的任务和活动 3\nA.特别报告员的任务 3\nB.国家参与 3\nC.与区域和国际组织合作 4\nD.将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的主流 5\n3.专题部分：气候变化与国内流离失所 5\nA.导言 5\nB.一些基本概念和术语 6\nC.更广的视野 7\nD.气候变化对流离失所模式的潜在后果 8\nE.基于权利的做法的必要性 9\nF.国内流离失所者人权框架的相关性 10\nG.处理气候变化背景下的国内流离失所问题 11\nH.受影响者的参与和程序权利 18\nI.国际合作框架 19\n4.建议 20", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告概述2010年8月至2011年7月期间任务执行人开展的主要活动。其中载述2010年11月开始任职的国内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员开展的活动以及任期于2010年10月结束的负责国内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长报告员瓦尔特·卡林开展的活动。", "2. 本报告还列有一个章节，专题讨论气候变化和国内流离失所问题。这一节是依照大会第62/153号决议以及人权理事会第14/6号决议提出的。", "二. 特别报告员的任务和活动", "A. 特别报告员的任务", "3. 人权理事会第14/6号决议授权特别报告员处理国内流离失所这一复杂问题，尤其是将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的所有相关部分；通过协调一致的国际宣传及进一步保护和尊重国内流离失所者人权的行动，努力加强国际应对措施。", "4. 特别报告员根据其任务规定，通过与各国政府对话，在联合国和区域组织内部将该问题纳入主流并开展宣传活动，从而努力促进采用基于人权的办法来处理国内流离失所问题。他感谢有些政府已经发出邀请或以其他方式参与执行该项任务规定。", "B. 国家参与", "5. 特别报告员于2011年7月16日至22日访问了马尔代夫，评估因2004年海啸而流离失所的人员的当前情况，以及自然灾害和气候变化可能造成潜在的国内流离失所的相关问题。特别报告员发现，许多岛屿上已经感觉到海岸侵蚀、盐碱化、海平面上升以及风暴和洪涝日趋频繁等气候变化现象的后果，这些后果影响到各种人权，如住房、安全饮水和生计等权利。", "6. 特别报告员强调，必须采用基于人权的做法来制订防范措施，应对气候变化可能引起的流离失所现象。他赞扬马尔代夫当局最近通过了“全国减少灾害风险和适应气候变化战略行动计划”，同时还指出，现在必须制订减少灾害风险的法律，并建立配有适当资源的体制支助结构，确保这一战略得以实施，并处理国内流离失所问题。", "7. 关于2004年海啸受害者的情况，特别报告员发现，处理这些受害者方面已经取得很大成绩，但是，几个岛屿上仍有1 600人住在临时住所内，需要立即给予关注。2012年3月将向人权理事会提交关于这次访问的报告，这份报告将对本报告关于国内流离失所问题和气候变化的专题章节作出补充，重点说明低洼岛屿国家的特殊情况。", "8. 在本报告所述期内，负责国内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表瓦尔特·卡林访问了以下国家：格鲁吉亚(2010年9月13日至16日；见A/HRC/16/43/Add.3)；亚美尼亚(2010年9月17日和18日)、伊拉克(2010年9月26日至10月3日见A/HRC/16/43/Add.1)和海地(2010年10月11日至16日)。", "9. 特别报告员就任以来，向下列国家提出访问请求：科特迪瓦、哥伦比亚、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、肯尼亚和苏丹。他已经收到苏丹和肯尼亚的肯定答复，并计划于2011年9月访问肯尼亚。", "C. 与区域和国际组织合作", "10. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员与主要的区域和国际组织积极开展协作。除其他机构外，他还与世界银行、尤其是冲突、犯罪和暴力股以及红十字国际委员会开展了建设性协助，与它们讨论了保护国内流离失所者的具体做法、未来的合作领域以及如何继续就共同关心的问题进行一年一度的对话。", "11. 特别报告员与非洲各区域组织密切合作，以期在国家一级宣传、批准和实施2009年《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》(《坎帕拉公约》)，这是专门关于保护和援助国内流离失所者的第一份具有法律约束力的区域文书。在这方面，他参加了下列会议：2011年7月6日和7日在阿布贾举行的西非国家经济共同体第一次西非人道主义援助和国内流离失所问题部长级会议；2011年5月23日在肯尼亚蒙巴萨为肯尼亚议会国内流离失所者问题特别委员会成员举行的《坎帕拉公约》研讨会；2011年5月20日和21日在金沙萨举行的关于《坎帕拉公约》东非和中部非洲区域行动计划区域协商会议；2011年3月17日和18日在利隆圭举行的《坎帕拉公约》南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)行动计划区域协商会议。", "12. 特别报告员始终与日内瓦和纽约以及外地的民间社会组织保持接触。他尤其要感谢布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院国内流离失所问题项目对他的任务给予的支持。他还赞赏与国内流离失所问题监测中心就共同关心的各种问题，包括有关《坎帕拉公约》的培训和宣传活动的问题开展密切合作。", "13. 特别报告员、布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院国内流离失所问题项目、国际人道主义法研究所、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)在意大利圣雷莫(2011年6月7日至12日)联合举办了第七次年度国内流离失所法课程，为世界各国政府高级官员提供了培训。2011年，来自受流离失所问题影响的14个国家的21人参加了该课程。", "14. 特别报告员还参加了2011年6月15日至17日布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院流离失所问题项目和人道主义事务协调厅在坎帕拉举办的大湖地区和东非在自然灾害中保护和促进人权区域讲习班和《坎帕拉公约》论坛。", "15. 此外，特别报告员还参加了其他各种国际论坛和活动，与本专题报告相关的活动包括2011年2月22日至25日在意大利贝拉焦举行的气候变化与流离失所问题专家圆桌会议以及2011年6月6日和7日在奥斯陆举行的21世纪气候变化与流离失所问题南森会议。", "D. 将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的主流", "16. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员参加了机构间常设委员会，这是特别报告员将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统以及更广泛的人道主义界的关键平台。", "17. 特别报告员与联合国各主要实体，包括人权高专办、难民署和人道协调厅保持密切合作。他通过在纽约举行的情况简报会和各种会议，与这些实体进行接触，讨论有关保护国内流离失所者的具体问题以及合作领域。特别报告员还参加了这些实体举办的一些重要活动，例如培训、宣传《坎帕拉公约》的活动、气候变化与流离失所问题专家圆桌会议、以及人权高专办举办的各种人权活动。人权高专办不仅向特别报告员提供全面的实质性和后勤支持，还促进与联合国系统开展协调。特别报告员表示特别感谢这些持续不断地支持他执行任务。", "三. 专题部分：气候变化与国内流离失所", "A. 导言", "18. 根据联合国的估计，每年之多有5 000万人因自然灾害而在国内流离失所。[1] 仅2010年，至少有4 230万人因突发性自然灾害而首次流离失所，其中90%是与气候有关的灾害造成的。[2]", "19. 流离失所问题在气候变化辩论中十分重要，这是有充分根据的，现在需要有具体战略和措施来予以解决。早在1990年，政府间气候变化专门委员会就指出，气候变化可能对人类迁徙产生的影响最大。[3] 该委员会估计，到2050年，可能有1.5亿人会因为荒漠化、以及水资源短缺、洪涝和风暴加剧等与气候变化有关的现象而流离失所。从那时起，虽然各种估计数字并不一致，但是人们普遍认为，气候变化的后果的确会导致人的大规模移徙，预期大部分是发生在受影响国家境内，预计南半球的发展中国家受到的影响可能最为严重。", "20. 预计气候变化的社会经济影响将对享受人权、落实千年发展目标和人类安全产生严重后果(A/HRC/10/61)。因此，国内流离失所对适应气候变化影响产生了进一步的挑战。大会2009年12月18日第64/162号决议确认自然灾害是导致境内流离失所的一个原因，并关切诸如气候变化等预计将加剧自然灾害影响的因素以及与气候有关的缓慢发生的事件。", "21. 最近，联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议确认，必须处理气候变化引起的流离失所问题。2010年11月29日至12月10日在墨西哥坎昆举行的缔约方会议第16次会议通过了《坎昆适应框架》，[4] 其中明确承认气候变化引起的流离失所现象。", "22. 坎昆协定请所有缔约方在《坎昆适应框架》之下加强适应行动，考虑到它们共同但有区别的责任和各自能力以及具体的国家和区域发展优先事项、目标和情况，除其他外，采取措施酌情加强对国家、区域和国际各级气候变化所致流离失所、移徙和计划搬迁问题的了解、协调和合作。[5]", "23. 本报告力图从人权的角度探讨气候变化和国内流离失所者之间的联系。报告借鉴了1998年联合国关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则、[6] 主要国际人权文书以及迄今提出的应对气候变化的主要框架建议。本报告虽然并非面面俱到，但突出了作为讨论依据的若干必要关键原则和概念，揭示了围绕这一问题的各个复杂方面，并提出可以指导这一领域今后工作的若干建议。", "24. 依照特别报告员的任务规定范畴，本报告的讨论内容以国内流离失所问题为限。由于气候变化与自然灾害日趋频繁和严重具有密切关系，加上气候变化导致的自然灾害和与气候现象无关的自然灾害本来就难以区分，因此，本报告采用广义的做法来探讨这一问题。因篇幅有限，报告中不讨论低洼岛屿国家的具体情况，不过，特别报告员将在2012年3月提交给人权理事会关于2011年7月访问马尔代夫的报告中重点阐述这个问题。", "B. 一些基本概念和术语", "25. 这一节提出有关气候变化的辩论中所采用的关键概念和术语的定义。政府间气候变化专门委员会将“气候变化”定义为“在一个时期内无论是自然变异或是[……]人类活动引起的任何气候变化”。[7] 然而，《联合国气候变化框架公约》的具体重点是“除……气候的自然变异之外，由于人类活动[……]直接或间接造成的”气候变化。[8]", "26. 减缓和适应影响是应对气候变化所带来威胁的两个主要战略。在气候变化政策范畴内，缓解是指通过减少排放量和稳定大气中的温室气体浓度，从而最大限度减少全球变暖的措施。[9] 气候变化“适应”措施是指自然界或人类体系中对实际或预期的气候刺激因素或其影响、并为减少危害或利用有利机会而作的调整。[10] 换言之，这些措施可以减少危害，加强社会和生态系统应对和适应气候变化的风险和影响。", "27. 在这一范畴内提到的“复原力”是指“面临危害的一个系统、社区或社会及时和有效地抵抗、吸收、适应危险的影响并得以恢复的能力”。[11] 本报告以下各节列出其他术语的定义。", "C. 更广的视野", "28. 虽然气候变化的影响本身会导致流离失所，但是，看待这一因素时不应脱离更为广泛的全球、区域和国家动态。2011年难民署举办的专家研讨会强调，与气候变化影响产生相互作用的还有人口增长、快速城市化、人的流动性增强及食品、水和能源不安全等全球大趋势，[12] 以及地方和区域因素(已有的社会经济和治理情况)，这些因素都可能影响流离失所的规模和型态以及可能的解决办法。", "29. 可以说，气候变化已经成为“影响的倍增器和加速器”。[13] 气候变化除了对社会和经济权利产生负面影响(这本身就会造成一些流离失所现象)之外，它还会同其他方面的压力或社会和政治因素相互作用，加剧冲突的风险，造成进一步的流离失所现象。因此，与气候相关的流离失所可能是多种因素造成的，例如争夺资源造成的冲突，或丧失生机。2011年7月20日，联合国安理会辩论气候变化可能对安全造成的影响时强调了这一点，安理会指出，气候变化会加剧或扩大现有的安全关切，而且会产生新的关切，在已经十分脆弱和易受伤害的国家中尤为如此。它也会大大加剧人的流离失所问题，造成各社区进一步竞争有限的自然资源，对全球经济稳定造成全面影响。[14]", "30. 对突然发生和缓慢发生的事件应作区分，因为，它们以不同的方式对人的流动产生影响。缓慢发生的事件往往造成人们迁居异地，目的是寻找生机、食物、保障和安全——世界各地已经存在这一趋势。在这方面，需要监测和了解流离失所型态的区域特点及其不同原因。非洲和亚洲的情况更是如此，因为预计气候变化会对发展中国家以及这些国家中最脆弱的群体产生尤为不利的影响。在撰写本报告的时，估计非洲之角有1 200万人因干旱和粮食匮乏而需要紧急人道主义援助，受影响的国家包括：索马里、肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、乌干达和吉布提。[15] 在索马里，干旱造成农作物连续歉收，食品价格不断上升，缺乏粮食援助，加上冲突、不安全和人道主义组织进入受到限制，导致出现数十年来最严重的饥荒，有370万人需要紧急援助，并造成大规模流离失所。[16]", "31. 为了应对这些相互交错的挑战，并制定适应战略，以应对与流离失所相关的复杂的气候变化，需要对此有更广泛和更全面的了解，这种了解应超越在突发性自然灾害的情况下通常适用的直接因果关系。", "D. 气候变化对流离失所模式的潜在后果", "32. 自然气候和环境一些不同的变化会造成或加剧人口流离失所，其中包括：", "(a) 干旱加剧、生态环境恶化以及荒漠化等缓慢发生的灾害破坏农业生计，减少了粮食安全；", "(b) 水和空气温度上升，海洋酸度提高；", "(c) 冰雪覆盖地区缩小，海冰融化，造成海平面上升，影响沿海地区和低洼岛屿国家的可居住性；", "(d) 热带气旋、飓风、泥石流和洪水等与天气有关的自然灾害的频率和强度增加，将威胁到受影响人口的人身安全；", "(e) 与气候变化直接或间接相关的冲突和社会动荡，如争夺匮乏的自然资源、民生模式发生变化、社会紧张局势加剧以及弱势群体可能集中居住在城市贫困地区等地方。", "33. 预计上述环境和气候变化将增加流离失所人口并改变其模式，人们将迁移到其他地方，主要是本国境内的其他地方，因为这些地方为他们提供更安全的环境和更多谋生机会。在某些情况下，例如有计划的迁移不成功，或自发的流离失所人口集中于已经压力很大的城市中心，就可能导致二次流离失所。事实上，第二次或周期性流离失所可能成为处理最初流离失所情势的适应战略不得力的副产品，也可能是未能预先在粮食安全、城市规划或资源管理等领域作充分规划的后果，所有这一切都可能因气候变化的影响而遭受额外的压力。", "E. 基于权利的做法的必要性", "34. 以往有关气候变化的辩论的核心是科学和经济因素，近几年来，这种辩论已经将社会权利和人权层面包括在内。因而有越来越多的研究和报告在探讨气候变化的影响所带来的挑战的多学科和人权方面的问题。[17]", "35. 2008年，人权理事会第7/23号决议要求人权高专办与各国和其他重要利益攸关者协商，开展一项关于气候变化和人权关系的研究。这份研究报告(A/HRC/10/61)概述气候变化对人权的影响，包括对各项具体人权、弱势群体、被迫流离失所和冲突的影响，并探讨应对气候变化的措施对人权的影响。更重要的是，它概述了国际人权法规定的有关国家和国际义务，包括与逐步实现经济、社会和文化权利以及获取信息和参与决策相关的义务。这份研究报告最后指出，应对气候变化的措施应当以国际人权标准和原则为出发点，并通过这些标准和原则得到加强。", "36. 其他行动者着重说明了具体的人权或气候变化对特定群体的影响，也丰富了讨论的内容。[18] 气候变化的影响不但直接威胁到生命权，预计还会对获得充足的食物(A/HRC/7/5)和住房(A/64/255)、水和卫生的权利等基本权利产生负面影响，并影响享有适当生活标准的权利。(A/HRC/10/61，第21至38段)有些分析报告重点说明了这些权利得不到享受与流离失所之间的联系。[19] 在气候变化范畴内，由于流离失所通常会在物质、社会和精神方面造成不利后果，因此，国内流离失所者也被认为是越来越多面临特别大风险的一类人。这些风险会加剧，因为预计气候变化最严重的影响、包括流离失所，将对贫困地区和国家以及因贫困和其他因素而已经处于弱势的民众产生十分严重影响。[20]", "37. 采取措施克服与气候变化引起的流离失所相关的这些弱点以及迎应这些挑战时，应该采用基于人权的做法，在处理流离失所和救灾的各个阶段，都应该采用这种做法。气候变化和流离失所问题的南森会议期间提出的南森原则(见上文第15段)，强调必须采取这种做法。原则一指出，“应对气候和与环境有关的流离失所问题时，必须了解人性、人的尊严、人权和国际合作的基本原则，并以此为基本原则”。[21]", "F. 国内流离失所者人权框架的相关性", "全球性框架", "38. 过去二十年来，一个保护国内流离失所者人权的广泛框架已经形成，而且明确应用到自然灾害情势中，还延伸到受气候变化的影响而流离失所的人(见A/HRC/13/21，见第2和41至44段。)", "39. 该框架的核心是关于国内流离失所的指导原则(见上文注6)，它基于国际人权法和人道主义法，依次类推，也基于国际难民法。指导原则虽然不具有法律约束力，但它重申了有关的成文法，国际社会也确认该指导原则是“保护国内流离失所者的重要国际框架”。[22] 它已成为在发生冲突、严重侵犯人权、发生自然灾害和执行发展项目等各种情况下保护服务流离失所者的重要规范性标准。", "40. 在指导原则中，国内流离失所者的定义是：“特别是由于或为了避免武装冲突的影响、普遍暴力情势、侵犯人权行为或自然灾害或人为灾害而被迫或不得不逃离或离开自己的家园或惯常住所、但没有越过国际公认的边界的人或群体”。", "41. 这些指导原则也是拟定机构间常设委员会已通过并经订正的关于在自然灾害中保护人员的业务指导原则(A/HRC/16/43/Add.5)和国内流离失所者持久解决办法框架(A/HRC/13/21/Add.4)等业务指导方针的依据。前者尤其表明，由于和气候相关的灾害频率不断提高，在应用基于人权的做法来处理自然灾害情势方面取得了进步。[23] 指导原则不仅应用于不同的情势中，还规定了在流离失所的所有阶段、包括在预防流离失所、在流离失所阶段期间以及在寻找持久解决办法时提供援助和保护的具体标准。", "区域框架", "42. 指导原则为非洲联盟《保护和援助非洲国内流离失所者公约》(《坎帕拉公约》)这一新的区域条约进一步铺平了道路。该公约在2009年通过，是专门关于保护国内流离失所者的第一项具有法律约束力的文书。[24] 第5(4)条特别规定，必须采取措施，保护和援助因自然灾害或人为灾害、包括因气候变化引发的灾害而流离失所的人员。此外，第2(a)条规定，该公约的一个具体目的是防止、减轻、禁止和消除造成国内流离失所的根源。第4(2)条进一步详细规定了预防和减轻这些根源的要求，该条规定，缔约国除了提供必要的保护和援助外，还必须在可能发生流离失所现象、减少灾害风险战略和应急管理措施等方面建立早期预警系统。", "43. 其他区域文书，例如实施指导原则的《保护和援助国内流离失所者大湖议定书》[25] 以及东南亚国家联盟2005年《关于灾害管理和应急对策的协定》，进一步提供了区域一级处理流离失所问题、包括气候变化引起的流离失所问题的法律和政策框架。它们还可以为区域业务机制提供依据，促进协调人道主义援助、与流离失所相关的适应计划以及调配适应气候变化的资金。[26]", "国家框架", "44. 在国家一级，许多国家越来越多地利用该指导原则来制订自己的国内法和政策(见A/HRC/13/21，第15段；大会第64/162号决议，第10和13段)。南森原则(见上文第37段)确认，指导原则在国家一级应对气候变化引起的国内流离失所问题方面十分重要。原则八指出：“国内流离失所问题指导原则提供了一个健全的法律框架，以处理与气候和其他环境因素相关的国内流离失所者的保护问题。鼓励各国通过国家立法、政策和机构，确保这些原则得以充分执行和实施。”", "45. 在气候变化引起国内流离失所以及有关的自然灾害频率不断提高的情况下，现在国家立法比以往任何时候都更要充分列入关于这些情况的条款，而不仅仅是与冲突有关的流离失所的现象。在这方面，《坎昆适应框架》特别促请《联合国气候变化框架公约》所有缔约方“加强并在必要时建立和(或)指定国家一级的体制安排，以期增进关于从规划到执行的全部适应行动的工作[包括与处理流离失所问题相关的适应措施]”(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第32段)。", "G. 处理气候变化背景下的国内流离失所问题", "46. 本节重点阐述的适应战略涉及灾害管理、预防和持久的解决办法，而不涉及流离失所阶段的人道主义援助。若要切实有效地应对与气候变化引起的国内流离失所有关的人权挑战，国际社会就必须超越传统的人道主义援助和应对式施政模式。《南森原则》的原则四和原则五指出，在气候变化范畴内处理国内流离失所问题，可能需要更加注重远见卓识、可靠的数据和监测系统、以及预防、应变能力建设和持久解决的积极义务。", "减少灾害风险和备灾", "47. 减少灾害风险的定义为：“在可持续发展的广义范畴内，被认为可以在整个社会中减少脆弱性和灾害风险以避免(预防)或限制(减轻和防备)灾害造成的不利影响的各种要素的概念框架。[27] 换句话说，减少灾害风险的目的是解决潜在的风险因素，以减少可避免的生命损失以及财产和生计方面的损失——其中许多风险因素直接影响到国内流离失所者。因此，2005年1月18日至22日在日本兵库召开的世界减灾会议通过了一项十年计划，[28] 已有168个联合国会员国签署了该计划。", "48. 面对自然灾害的频率和强度不断增加，各国政府有责任采取合理的预防措施，以减少影响面，尽量减少脆弱性，避免或限制灾害的不利影响。[29] 正如大会第64/142号决议所强调，减少灾害风险战略可以防止或大幅度减轻灾害后果，大会建议，应将这一战略纳入国家发展政策和方案。这种战略可以包括有形基础设施，但还应该采取措施，建立国家和地方的人道主义应对和灾害管理系统，建立参与机制，并加强受灾人员的复原能力和早期恢复能力。", "49. 早期预警机制在减少损害、生命的损失以及流离失所现象可以发挥关键作用。然而，对2011年7月和8月索马里的饥荒及其导致的流离失所者的分析表明，虽然饥荒预警系统网络早在2010年11月就发出了灾害预警，但是，到2011年7月才宣布发生饥荒，而且捐助者对联合国的捐助呼吁反应不力。[30] 就索马里而言，虽然局势不安全和缺乏人道主义准入加剧了各种困难，但是，最近的情况以及以及影响到邻国的旱情都表明，国家和国际社会都面临系统性困难，难以对早期预警作出积极反应，从而防止灾害或限制对民众造成的不利影响，即便在饥荒等缓慢发生灾害的情况下亦是如此。这表明，除了预警系统等技术性机制外，还需要有政治意愿和应对治理系统来及时落实备灾、减少灾害风险并采取其他应对措施。", "50. 除了预警系统之外，还可以在发生灾害之前采取法律上的防备措施和政策以及其他措施，保护国内流离失所者的人权，以期限制潜在的流离失所的负面影响。这可以包括采取措施，保护和恢复家庭团聚(如在疏散期间)，这是有助于提供保护的关键因素，并通过快速、简化程序，确保更换个人证件。这还可以包括通过登记和保管土地所有权，以及灾后解决财产纠纷的机制，并采取预防措施，以保护房屋、土地和财产权利，确保在救灾工作中避免歧视(例如基于性别、年龄或种族的歧视)。[31]", "防止和减少国内流离失所及其不利影响", "51. 指导原则指出，流离失所必须依然是在没有其他办法时才采用的一种不得已的最后选择。它必须有合法目的，并有足够的法律和程序上的保障。[32]", "52. 指导原则7⑴规定，“有关当局在作出需要人员流离失所的决定时，[必须]确保已经探讨了所有其他可行的做法，以避免出现流离失所，在没有其他办法时，必须采取一切措施，尽量避免其不利影响。”因此，与潜在的流离失所相关的适应措施还必须包括作出投资，并采取措施，尽可能避免和减少这种流离失所现象。", "53. 迄今，提供保护避免流离失所方面的主要着眼点是保护个人或社区不遭受“武断的”流离失所(指导原则6)，这些流离失所的起因是国家或其他行为者蓄意侵犯人权，例如将其作为一种集体惩罚的形式，或是为了实施种族清洗政策，或者是大型发展项目未能达到预期的要求。", "54. 但是，在气候变化造成一些流离失所现象，例如缓慢形成的灾害引起的流离失所时，可能需要进一步强调国家的积极义务，即在区域机构和国际社会的支持下，国家有义务预测、预先作出计划并采取措施防止或减轻可能引起流离失所和危害人权的状况。发挥这种未雨绸缪的作用，为享受人权、包括使民众能够避免流离失所的适当生活标准的权利创造有利条件，这是政府治理、国际治理和保护人权的标准，它是以积极义务和积极行动为依据，而不是基于不干涉人权的消极义务。", "55. 负责任的政府在履行自己的义务时，需要加强能力，尽早发现潜在的灾难和流离失所现象，加强问责机制，确保采取后续预防和保护措施，并加强更有效的地方和区域协商制度，让受影响的民众参与与他们的未来相关的决策。尤其在处理缓慢发生的灾害可能引起的流离失所现象时，除了采取对环境的适应措施，减少环境退化(如水土流失)，还需要采取措施，处理地方一级广泛的社会问题。这些措施可以包括实现经济多样化，发展替代生计方式，处理与自然资源管理相关的问题，为人口中最脆弱的阶层建立适当的社会安全网。", "56. 譬如，食物权问题特别报告员分析了极端气候变化对生计和粮食安全的不利影响。[33] 现在已有大量文件记载气候变化对发展中国家农业生产的影响，这种影响将导致市场动荡，并威胁到千百万人的食物权。可能需要采取措施，除了处理和评估人道主义援助需要之外，还要处理和重新评估农业生产方式。[34] 有关农作方式的研究和决定以及确保粮食安全和资源管理的其他措施将对流离失所的模式产生深刻影响。", "57. 如果没有采取或无法采取预防措施，就可能出现人口流离失所和预发性的迁移，[35] 这是合理的应对做法。有必要预见到这些现象，在这种情况下，要确保收集数据并进行监测，[36] 以便进行规划并减少最终出现负面后果，包括生命或财产损失以及在东道地区引发动乱的危险。", "58. 在突发性灾害引起流离失所时，减少灾害风险和加强抗灾能力的措施是防止流离失所及限制其后果的关键要素。同样重要的是，必须确保尽早开展早日恢复和重建工作，使流离失所的持续时间不超过必要的时间。但是，这已经成为迄今一个系统性的关键挑战，人道主义和发展机构以及各国在与流离失所相关的适应战略中必须应对这一挑战。", "59. 《坎昆应对框架》确认，必须加强国际合作及国家的能力和专长，以便拟定办法，不论在发生突发性灾害和缓慢发生事件时，都能减少与气候变化相关的损失和损害。[37]", "60. 更重要的是，该框架还具体提到与减少风险、应变能力建设、小额保险、风险共担和经济多样化相关的活动，以及必须处理与缓慢发生事件相关的复原措施。[38]", "迁移", "61. 有时候，可能必须将人口迁出高风险地区或灾害易发地区，或者是为了应对缓慢发生的事件，这些事件造成某一地区无法维持生活。[39] 在非紧急情况下发生流离失所现象，例如政府安排预防性迁移时，需要采取保障措施，确保个人权利得到尊重。", "62. 指导原则7⑶规定了若干这种程序性的保障(除上文第52段所述“指导原则”7⑴的规定之外)。国家有关当局作出具体决定；必须向国内流离失所者提供关于流离失所的原因和程序、搬迁地点及相关补偿的全部信息；必须征求他们自由和之情的同意。此外，当局必须努力让受影响者、包括妇女参与迁移的管理和计划，并确保获得有效补救，包括审查各项决定的权利得到尊重。", "63. 制订迁移个人或社区的计划时，需要确保受影响者切实参与所有决策，包括关于新的迁移地点以及迁移时间和方式。迁移中的关键问题、而且往往是难以处理的问题往往包括国内流离失所者获得土地、谋生机会以及补偿问题。迁移计划中还应该敏感地注意到其他因素，例如社区、族裔和文化特征问题，并注意到与接收社区可能(往往是已经存在的)不相融合或关系紧张的情况。常常需要制订敏感地注意到接收社区的需要和关切的措施，这些措施还要注意到吸收能力(例如对自然资源和其他资源、社会服务等产生的额外压力)并促进融合，必要时进行调解。这就需要与所有各方协作，促成信任，并为国内流离失所者和接收社区提供必要的迁移支助。", "64. 虽然社区的搬迁有时是必要的，但这始终应该是不得已的最后措施。搬迁计划和地点往往会存在一些问题，导致搬迁不成功。譬如，人们对补偿以及丧失住房和生机的关切可能导致社区抵制搬迁计划，直到发生悲剧或灾难为止。在其他情况下，问题在于原先的地点和新的地点距离遥远。如果没有认识到地点的重要性，有时可能导致流离失所者返回原来的高风险地区。[40] 城市中的非正式安置常常会出现这种情况。人们经常返回这种居住地点，因为他们很看重靠近市中心、他们的生活来源、社区以及已经建立的社会网络，尤其对弱势群体而言，这些是获得支持的重要来源。[41]", "65. 在低洼岛屿国家，某些岛屿的长期居民也常常表现出要作为一个群体进行迁移，并希望能邻近他们的原先地址，即便他们必须迁移到一个不同的岛屿。[42] 在其他情况下，例如在发生与发展相关的驱逐事件时的适用原则，也可以为制订与气候变化引起的迁移相关的标准和程序提供宝贵的指导(见A/HRC/4/18)。", "城市迁移的层面", "66. 有人认为，谋生手段在一定程度上因气候变化受到侵蚀是农村向城市迁移人数增加的重要“推动”因素，而这种迁移大多是到城市贫民窟和非正规住区，生活条件很不稳定(A/HRC/10/6，第37段)。目前，世界上50%以上的人口居住在城市地区，大多数人是在低收入和中等收入国家。城市人口中的三分之一(10亿人口)居住在不稳定的非正规住区和贫民窟内，因此，他们更容易因人道主义危机而遭受危害。[43] 据估计，到2030年，城市人口将超过50亿，城市人口的80%将生活在发展中世界城镇中。[44] 专家们指出，在亚洲和非洲，城市增长因难民和国内流离失所者人数增加而加剧，因为这些人往往迁移到城市”。[45]", "67. 因此，在各国中期和长期发展战略以及旨在处理潜在流离失所现象的适应措施中，应该将气候变化所引起流离失所的城市层面问题作为重要考虑因素。城市可能需要更具有“可扩展性”，以便吸收可能涌入的民众。同时，为了减少无计划的城市迁徙流动，需要对潜在的流离失所现象进行妥善管理。", "68. 在无计划情况下大批人员涌入城市的现象具有若干潜在的风险。因为国内流离失所者很可能“没有身份”、“没有注册”、“没有登记”和“没有证件”，灾难之前已存在的不平等现象，在发生灾害之后可能更加严重。[46] 作为新来者，国内流离失所者获得资源和生机的计划更少，他们可能栖身于贫民区，在这些地方成为城市暴力的潜在对象。他们和贫民窟其他贫民一样，可能会被迫生活在低洼地带和垃圾填埋场等灾害易发地点，[47] 因而使他们的人身安全面临风险，并面临丧失住房和进一步流离失所的风险。", "69. 专家指出，“城市中资源、资产和服务高度集中，可能使得灾害、冲突和暴力产生更大的破坏力”。[48] 这已经引起人道主义界和城市问题专家关注气候变化对城市环境的特殊影响，并特别注重城市脆弱性差距不断扩大，而且注意到不仅要重视人道主义反应，还需要制订专门针对城市环境的防灾战略。[49]", "减少减缓气候变化措施所产生的流离失所现象", "70. 据预测，减轻气候变化的各种措施，例如投资于清洁技术(如水力发电，风力发电)、农业燃料的生产、森林保护项目或恢复沼泽地，都会导致产生大量国内流离失所者。", "71. 国际社会已经确认，应对气候变化的影响的措施可能对某些人产生不利的经济和社会后果，因此，需要提供支助，包括供资、技术和能力建设方面的支助，以期减少这种后果，并“加强受应对措施负面影响的社会和经济体的承受能力”。[50] 但是，防止或尽量减少旨在减少气候变化的措施(在许多情况下，这种措施对土著和少数群体造成影响)造成的流离失所现象的保障措施依然很薄弱。", "72. 农业燃料生产获和保护森林覆盖面方案有时妨碍了土著人民对其土地和文化的传统权利，这表明有些减缓气候变化的措施可能产生不良后果，导致被迫流离失所现象。[51] 发展行动者迄今为大规模发展项目、包括为水电大坝等促进清洁能源项目制订的指导方针，也受到批评，因为他们未能减少流离失所现象，也未能充分实施人权标准。[52]", "73. 指导原则6(c)和7⑴⑶规定了预计在非紧急情况下(如上文提到的缓解措施及大型发展项目中)发生流离失所现象时必须遵守的具体标准。就减缓气候变化的措施而言，必须评估这种措施可能引起的流离失所现象，并加强指导原则中的标准和基于人权的做法。", "处理气候变化导致的流离失所现象的持久解决办法", "74. 鉴于已预测到气候变化的影响所引发流离失所的程度，应对战略不仅需要采取措施缓解当下的人道主义后果和痛苦，还需要采取持久的解决办法来制止流离失所的现象。虽然迁移到或逃到比较安全的地方可以暂时缓解灾情，但是，事实已经充分证明，长期的流离失所状态会加剧现有的脆弱性，产生依赖性，导致社会紧张状态，并且会在保护、人道主义和人权方面产生一些严峻挑战。", "75. 在许多情况下，国内流离失所者可能住在面积狭小的定居点或营地中，这种现象引起了一些关切，其中包括：对人身安全的关切，特别是对性暴力和基于性别的暴力的关切；与营地内提供援助物品有关的不和因素；营地内的人道主义援助可能持续太久，损害了早日复原和持久的解决办法。由于气候变化引起的流离失所现象不断增加，必须立即为受影响的民众找到长期、持久的解决办法，避免长期流离失所情况下的不安全、边缘化和不稳定的处境，这将成为保障国家安全、并可能是区域安全的必要措施。", "76. 解决国内流离失所现象的应对措施若要取得成功，就必须提供持久的解决战略，即回归、融入当地或在国内另一地区进行重新安置。但是，在气候变化引起的流离失所情况下，持久的解决办法可能比较复杂，不是静态或单一层面的。它们可能是若干解决办法的综合体，包括季节性迁移或暂时性迁移，有些办法可能包括持续住在原籍地和融入国内其他地方(例如部分家庭成员长期或季节性返回原籍地，而挣钱者在另一地点工作)。因此，处理流离失所问题的战略应具有充分的灵活性，应包括并支持人的各种适应做法，并确保持久解决办法是建立在自由和知情同意的基础之上。", "77. 指导原则28至30和持久解决办法框架中提供了有关持久解决办法的标准和准则。后者指出，“如果国内流离失所者不再需要与其流离失所状态相关的援助和保护，而且他们能享受人权并不因其流离失所状态而受歧视”，就可以认为实现了持续解决(A/HRC/13/21/Add.4，第8段)。", "78. 有些因素有利于持久解决办法。其中一种因素是确保早在人道主义援助阶段就过渡到尽早复原和重建，从而使国内流离失所者能够返回原籍地，并在灾后尽早重建自己的生活。大会第46/182号决议附件中关于人道主义援助的指导原则确认，从开始发生紧急情况起，就必须确保人道主义援助与发展是相辅相成的。但是，在实践中，很难将人道主义援助与复原和发展的长期目标相挂钩，因为不同的行动者在自己的活动领域都采用不同的标准，都有着不同的考虑。如果国家政府没有明确的长期战略，这种困难就会变得更大。然而，预计突发性灾害的发生频率和强度都会增加，因此，必须加强地方、国家和国际行动者弥补与人道主义援助、复原和重建各个阶段相关的缺口和目标之间差距的能力。", "79. 其他一些因素也有利于持久解决办法，这包括重新建立地方经济和生计，鼓励受影响的社区自力更生，促进这些社区参与各种活动，从参与人道主义援助物品的交付到参与发展行动者的活动。在重新安置或搬迁时，与土地、住房和生计相关的战略极为重要，基于社区并顾及接收社区需要的做法也是如此。国内流离失所现象不断加剧，这也需要有机制来处理可能出现的融合方面的挑战以及与接收社区的紧张关系。", "80. 流离失所人口的持久解决办法应该成为国家应对计划[53] 以及地方和国家能力建设方案的组成部分，并获得为应对措施所提供的资金。它们也应该成为国家发展计划的组成部分。不过，气候变化的一些影响可能会影响受灾民众采用的持久解决办法的类别。譬如，发生某种缓慢发生的灾害时，近期内返回原地可能不再是可行的做法。这就说明需要尽早探讨各种可行方案，并将其纳入国家发展和适应计划，以尽量减少大规模自发性国内流离失所造成的社会和人道主义后果。在极端的情况下，例如在地势低洼的岛国，当地的状况不再适合人类居住，探讨持久解决办法时，可能还必须作出区域和国际合作努力，这样，可以为新的标准和做法、包括跨国界安置铺平道路。", "H. 受影响者的参与和程序权利", "81. 在气候变化造成的流离失所情况下，受影响者的程序权利具有关键的作用。这些权利有助于确保尊重人权，确保对具体的脆弱性作出有效应对，促进加强受影响者的能力以及充分利用这种能力。事实上，个人和社会的适应能力在很大程度上取决于在多大范围内加强国内流离失所者适应变化的能力以及在多大范围内让他们参与对其生活有影响的决策。程序权利除其他外，包括：获取信息；协商和有效参与决策过程；并获得有效的补救。", "82. 必须确保持续机制和问责机制到位，以保证受影响者参与流离失所所有阶段的工作。[54] 指导原则7、28和30规定了国内流离失所者在防止流离失所以及保障国内流离失所者参与迁移和持久解决进程方面的具体程序权利。东道社区和接收社区也应该参加这些参与性进程和协商进程。[55]", "83. 《坎昆适应框架》确认，应当支持“国家驱动、性别敏感、参与型和充分透明的方针”的适应行动，“同时考虑到脆弱群体[和]社区”(FCCC/CP/2010/7/ Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第12段)。它还确认，需要采取措施，加强对气候变化所致流离失所和计划搬迁问题的了解和合作，并需要对影响、脆弱性和适应评估，包括对气候变化适应备选办法和应对措施的社会和经济后果进行评估(第14(b)和(f)段以及序言部分至三.E节)。指导原则和持久解决办法框架是相辅相成的，它们对有关国内流离失所者的参与权和程序权利提供了比较具体和详细的指导。", "I. 国际合作框架", "84. 国家在其境内保护和援助国内流离失所者方面负有首要责任。同时，在气候变化造成流离失所以及贫困地区和国家承受过重负担的情况下，也确认了国际社会的共同责任。如果国家能力和资源不足，应该通过国际合作和伙伴关系来帮助承担适应措施的成本。这是符合人权标准和原则的(A/HRC/10/61，第87段)，《坎昆适应框架》也确认了这一点，它请缔约方加强适应行动，并考虑到它们共同但有区别的责任和能力，以及它们的优先事项和情况(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第14段)。", "85. 具体地说，《坎昆协定》第14(f)段确认，必须就流离失所、移徙和搬迁问题开展国家、区域和国际各级的合作，这种合作应能提供机会制定协定和新的标准，促进和支持民众的迁移，包括必要时迁移到本国境外。", "86. 气候变化突出表明了各国所采取的行动的影响会超越国界，影响到世界各地的人民和社区。气候变化是不分国界，影响着世世代代。因此，需要有切实有效的国际合作制度以及符合人权义务的负责的国内施政来处理这个问题，并支持适应战略处理气候变化给国际社会带来的各种人权挑战，例如流离失所。", "四. 建议", "基于人权的做法", "87. 在处理与气候变化相关的国内流离失所问题时，应该采用基于人权的做法，采取并加强地方、区域、国家和国际各级的所有行动。国内流离失所问题指导原则6的依据包括国际人权法、人道主义法，依次类推亦包括难民法的标准，该原则提供了各国在国家一级通过立法、政策和体制机构应该执行的一套健全的法律框架。", "适应和减缓措施", "88. 处理气候变化引起的流离失所问题的适应措施应该是综合性的，应包括下列各个方面：减少灾害风险和管理；积极主动地防止或尽量减少流离失所的战略；适当时，有计划的迁移；在国家健全政策基础上的预防性国内移徙，将此作为应对缓慢发生的灾害的机制；持久解决办法。这些措施必须符合国际人权义务，必须在流离失所阶段向受影响者提供人道主义援助和保护。", "89. 各种适应气候变化基金都应该支持与气候变化造成的国内流离失所向的适应措施。它们应该支持各国政府这方面的努力，并支持社区参与。资助机制应采取综合性办法处理与流离失所相关的适应措施，从上文所述的预防措施到持久解决办法，还应该对被迫流离失所和有计划的迁移采取保障措施。这种机制应该跟上相关的研究成果，并符合这一领域的规范的发展。", "90. 应加强减少灾害风险和备灾措施，以防止或尽量减少流离失所。这一点十分必要，这尤其是因为突发性灾害日趋频繁和严重，干旱等缓慢形成的灾害产生了严重的人道主义后果，这两者都是气候变化的负面作用造成的。国家灾害管理系统、法律和政策都应该纳入基于人权的做法，强调地方或社区的能力建设和参与，在无法避免流离失所现象时，应该提及关于国内流离失所者的适用标准。灾难管理措施应列入国家发展计划和适应气候变化战略。", "91. 应加强和支持促进接触和参与、加强当地政府、社区、民间社会和私营部门能力的机制。它们可以发挥重要作用，有效地解决与气候变化有关的挑战。应该让最脆弱的人员参与社区。", "92. 特别报告员欢迎《联合国气候变化框架公约》进程提出的减缓气候变化的目标，并鼓励在这方面作出更多努力，因为减缓气候变化的影响也将减少气候变化导致的国内流离失所者的人数。", "知识、指导和信息", "93. 必须采取措施，加强与气候变化相关的流离失所领域的知识，并应根据《坎昆适应框架》(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定)的建议尽早采取这种措施。这应包括在与受影响的社区进行协商以及机构间和跨学科努力的基础上，就这种流离失所现象的范围和规模开展研究。", "94. 需要作出特别努力，以更好地了解和应对与气候变化有关、缓慢发生的灾害的情况，从而避免或尽量减少与有关的痛苦和流离失所现象。", "95. 鼓励就推广清洁能源等减缓和适应气候变化的项目可能造成的流离失所现象开展研究。这种研究应探讨这种流离失所的范围和性质，以及如何采取可能必要的进一步行动，依照国内流离失所问题指导原则以及其他适用的人权标准和准则，确保这些项目造成的流离失所者的人权。", "96. 应该针对因气候变化的影响而认为必须迁移的人员的情况，制订进一步的指导方针。这种指导方针应该汲取以往的经验教训，确保必须迁移的人员的权利得到保障。尤其要处理赔偿、财产权、程序权利、社会和文化认同、生计以及对接收社区的支持问题。", "97. 应加强对国内流离失所问题的全球监督机制，以便将与突发性和缓慢发生的气候变化相关的灾害都包括在内，并帮助确定与气候变化现象有关联的流离失所的整体范围。", "98. 应该进一步研究与气候变化有关的流离失所的城市层面问题，并加强业务应对措施，以便处理城市脆弱性特点和能力，并处理缓慢发生和突发性灾害造成的意外城市移徙的潜在增加人数和影响。", "99. 会员国应该就下列方面制定具体的指导方针：如何确保在关于气候变化的辩论中考虑到流离失所问题；现有的规范标准和指导文件；对人权的影响；与气候变化引起的流离失所现象有关的广泛动态，如对安全和城市迁移的影响。", "合作与援助", "100. 必须提供更多的国际支持，以加强地方和国家处理气候变化引起的流离失所现象的能力以及法律框架和政策。为了支持各国采取一切必要措施，根据其国际人权义务尊重、保护和履行受影响者的权利，必须开展这种合作，提供援助，并充分履行《坎昆适应框架》第14(f)段的规定。", "101. 为了取得具体成果，并建立更强有力的运作和问责制结构，现在必须注重区域、国家及国家以下一级的政策和方案实施工作。这就需要在区域和国家层面的论坛上加强有关具体应对措施的行动和宣传，以处理国内和区域内气候变化引起的流离失所问题。", "102. 机构间常设委员会处理和宣传一般性人道主义问题以及与气候变化有关的流离失所这一具体问题的作用十分关键，应该得到加强，具体做法包括通过其气候变化工作队开展工作，参与《联合国气候变化框架公约》等重要的全球政策论坛，并在区域、国家和次国家一级提供技术投入，以建立应变能力并加强有关气候变化的切实可行的活动和应对措施。", "[1] 见：www.unocha.org/what-we-do/advocacy/thematic-campaigns/internal-displacement/ overview。", "[2] 挪威难民理事会国内流离失所现象观察中心，造成破坏的自然灾害引起的流离失所：对2009和2010年的全球估计数，2011年6月，第11页。", "[3] 第一次评估报告，可查阅：www.ipcc.ch。", "[4] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定。", "[5] 同上，第14段。", "[6] E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2,附件，可查阅:http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/ standards.htm。", "[7] 第二工作组为政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告提供的资料；决策者摘要，第21页。可查阅：www.ipcc.ch。", "[8] 《联合国条约汇编》，第1771卷，第30822号，第1条，第2款。", "[9] 根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》改编，气候变化简称表(http://unfccc.int/essential_ background/glossary/items/3666.php)。", "[10] 同上。", "[11] 减灾战略秘书处(国际减灾战略秘书处),减少灾害风险词汇，日内瓦，2009年，第10页。", "[12] 难民署，“气候变化与流离失所问题讨论摘要”，2011年2月22日至25日在意大利贝拉焦举行的气候变化与流离失所问题专家圆桌会议文件，第2页。", "[13] 同上。", "[14] SC/10332号新闻稿(www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10332.doc.htm)。并见2007年4月17日安全理事会的辩论，(SC/9000)；A/HCR/10/61，第61至63页。", "[15] 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)2011年7月20日对媒体的报告)(www.fao.org/news/ story/en/item/82387/icode/)。", "[16] 人道主义事务协调厅，饥荒与旱灾：第6号情况报告，2011年8月3日，第2页，可查阅：http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Somalia%20Situation%20Report%20No.%206%2003%20August%202011.pdf。", "[17] 例如见：国际人权政策理事会，“气候变化与人权：一个粗略的指南”，2008年；世界银行，“人权与气候变化：对国际法律层面的审查”，华盛顿特区，2011年。", "[18] 见A/HRC/SF/2010/2,，第11、14以及18至20段；A/HRC/10/61，第42至60段，其中分析了气候变化对妇女、儿童、土著民族和国内流离失所者的影响。", "[19] 例如，A/HRC/7/5、A/64/255、A/HRC/10/61、以及A/HRC/13/21，第43和44段。", "[20] 见：A/HRC/10/61,第42至54段；A/HRC/16/62，第48段；UNFCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1(序言部分)。", "[21] 关于南森会议和原则的信息。可查阅：http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Whats-new/ news/ transcript-of-the-prime-ministers-speech/nansen_principles.html?id=651568。", "[22] 2005年世界首脑会议成果文件（见大会第60/1号决议，第132段；并见第64/162号决议，序言部分和第10段。", "[23] 到2008年，人们注意到，以往二十年来，自然灾害的数量增加了一倍，2010年，估计90%的灾害与气候相关。见联合国新闻中心，“联合国指出，现在就必须开展备灾工作”，可查阅： http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29154&Cr=Disaster&Cr1=Climate#，以及国内流离失所问题监测中心，上文注2。", "[24] 《坎帕拉公约》在15个签署国批准后将具有约束力。截至2011年8月2日，共有12个国家批准了该公约。", "[25] 《大湖区安全、稳定和发展公约》第12条。", "[26] 难民署，关于气候变化问题的讨论摘要，同上，第6页。", "[27] 国际减灾战略，“生活中存在风险：减灾行动全球审查”，2004年，第17页。", "[28] 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》(A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1，chap.I，决议2)。", "[29] A/HRC/10/61，第72至74段；A/RES/64/162，序言部分；并见J.McAdam编辑的“气候变化与流离失所：多学科的视角”中Walter Kälin撰写的“气候引发的流离失所的概念化”一文中关于各国有义务减少脆弱性和灾害风险的论述，包括欧洲人权法院的理解，牛津，2010年，第82和83页。", "[30] “经济学家”，2011年7月30日至8月5日，第32页，人道协调厅，“饥荒和旱灾”，同上，第4页。", "[31] 2011年6月5日至7日在奥斯陆举行的21世纪气候变化和流离失所问题南森会议上，Walter Kälin提出的“以基于人权的方式处理复原能力建设”，可查阅www.brookings.edu/papers/ 2011/0606_disasters_human_rights_kaelin。", "[32] 指导原则6和7。另见：Walter Kälin，“国内流离失所问题指导原则：说明”，修订版，第27和30页，《跨国法律政策研究》，38号(2008年)，美国国际法协会，华盛顿市。请注意，“提供保护防止流离失所”指的是提供保护防止强迫流离失所(即当局的命令或强迫流离失所)，以及通过减少人口移动必要性的措施来防止流离失所，而不是指流离失所者的逃离或迁移行为。", "[33] 见A/HRC/7/5，第51段，A/HRC/7/5/Add.2，第11和15段。并见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于充分食物权(第11条)的一般性评论12 (1999年)，第28段；A/HRC/10/61，第25至27段。", "[34] 新发布的文件，“关于气候问题的坎昆首脑会议：联合国农业专家呼吁制订‘农业绿色马歇尔计划’”，2010年11月29日。", "[35] 见国际移民组织，“关于移民、气候变化和环境的政策简报”(2009年)，可查阅：https://www.iom.int/envig。", "[36] 难民署，“关于气候变化的讨论摘要”，同上，第39段。", "[37] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第25和26段。", "[38] 同上，第28(b)和(c)段。", "[39] 有计划的迁移与紧急情况下自发的撤离和流离失所是可以区分的。", "[40] Wilton Park，Conference report，Urban risks：moving from humanitarian responses to disaster prevention，22-25 November 2010。", "[41] 同上。", "[42] 2011年7月特别报关员访问马尔代夫时观察到这一情况。", "[43] Wilton Park，Conference report，同上，第1页。", "[44] 同上。", "[45] 同上。", "[46] 同上，第8页。", "[47] 同上，第3页。", "[48] 同上，第2页。", "[49] 同上，机构间常设委员会也确认，必须加强对城市中心的紧急情况采取人道主义应对措施，该委员会通过应对人道主义挑战问题咨询小组处理这一问题。见机构间常设委员会战略：应对城市地区人道主义挑战，2010年。", "[50] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第89段；并见《京都议定书》第2条第3款和第3条第14款。", "[51] A/HRC/10/61，第66至68段；E/C.19/2008/13，第45段。保护森林覆盖面的方案有时让当地社区密切参与这种项目，保护他们不受农产品加工业项目的影响，从而也防止了流离失所现象。", "[52] 见关于大坝项目的A/64/255号文件，第47段。", "[53] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第14(a)、15和16段中关于制订国家应对计划的方式和提供支助的说明。", "[54] 见大会第64/162号决议，第7段； A/HRC/16/43/Add.5，第11、14和15、26和33段。", "[55] 东道社区指国内流离失所者自发迁至(逃至)的社区，而接收社区是指国内流离失所者有意图地或有计划地定居或迁至的社区。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedom", "* A/66/150.", "Protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons", "Note by Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Chaloka Beyani, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/142 and Human Rights Council resolution 14/6.", "Summary", "The report outlines the major activities undertaken by the mandate holder during the period of August 2010 to July 2011. In addition, it provides a thematic review of the issue of climate change and internal displacement.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Mandate 3 and activities of the Special \nRapporteur A.The 3 mandate of the Special \nRapporteur B.Country 3 \nengagement C.Cooperation 4 with regional and international \norganizations D. Mainstreaming 5 the human rights of internally displaced persons in the United Nations \nsystem III.Thematic 6 section: climate change and internal \ndisplacement \nA.Introduction 6B.Some 7 basic concepts and \nterminology C.The 8 larger \npicture D. Potential 9 consequences of climate change for displacement \npatterns E.The 10 need for a rights-based \napproach F.The 11 relevance of the human rights framework for internally displaced \npersons G.Addressing 13 internal displacement in the context of climate \nchange H. Participation 21 and procedural rights of affected \npersons I. International 21 cooperation \nframeworks \nIV.Recommendations 22", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report provides an overview of the main activities undertaken by the mandate holder during the period from August 2010 to July 2011. It covers the activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, who assumed his functions in November 2010, and the activities of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin, whose mandate ended in October 2010.", "2. The report also contains a thematic section on climate change and internal displacement. It is presented in accordance with General Assembly resolution 62/153 and Human Rights Council resolution 14/6.", "II. Mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur", "A. The mandate of the Special Rapporteur", "3. By its resolution 14/6, the Human Rights Council mandated the Special Rapporteur to address the complex problem of internal displacement, in particular by mainstreaming the human rights of internally displaced persons into all relevant parts of the United Nations system; and to work towards strengthening the international response through coordinated international advocacy and action for improving protection and respect of the human rights of the internally displaced.", "4. In accordance with his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to promote a rights-based approach to internal displacement through dialogue with Governments and mainstreaming and advocacy activities within the United Nations and regional organizations. He would like to express his appreciation to the Governments that have issued invitations or otherwise engaged with the mandate.", "B. Country engagement", "5. The Special Rapporteur carried out a mission to Maldives from 16 to 22 July 2011 to assess the current situation of persons displaced by the 2004 tsunami, as well as issues relating to potential internal displacement owing to natural disasters and climate change. The Special Rapporteur found that the effects of climate change, such as coastal erosion, salination, rising sea levels and more frequent storms and flooding, were being felt in many islands and affecting human rights such as the right to housing, safe water and livelihoods.", "6. The Special Rapporteur stressed the need to put in place preparedness measures for potential climate change-induced displacement, founded on a human rights-based approach. While commending the efforts of the Maldives authorities for having recently endorsed the strategic national action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, he noted that it was now essential to put in place a law on disaster risk reduction and properly resourced institutional support structures which would ensure implementation of the strategy and address internal displacement.", "7. With regard to the situation of the 2004 tsunami victims, the Special Rapporteur found that while much had been achieved in addressing their situation, 1,600 people were still living in difficult conditions in temporary shelters on several islands and required urgent attention. The report on his visit will be presented to the Human Rights Council in March 2012, and will serve to complement the thematic section of the present report, on internal displacement and climate change, by highlighting the particular situation of low-lying island States.", "8. During the reporting period, the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin, visited the following countries: Georgia (13-16 September 2010; see A/HRC/16/43/Add.3); Armenia (17 and 18 September 2010); Iraq (26 September-3 October 2010; see A/HRC/16/43/Add.1); and Haiti (11-16 October 2010).", "9. Since assuming his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has made visit requests to the following countries: Côte d’Ivoire, Colombia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Kenya and the Sudan. He has received positive replies from the Sudan and Kenya, and is planning to visit Kenya in September 2011.", "C. Cooperation with regional and international organizations", "10. The Special Rapporteur has actively engaged with key regional and international organizations during the reporting period. Among others, he has continued constructive engagement with the World Bank, and more particularly its conflict, crime and violence unit, and the International Committee of the Red Cross, with whom he discussed operational approaches to the protection of internally displaced persons, future areas of cooperation and the continuation of the annual open dialogue session on issues of mutual concern.", "11. The Special Rapporteur has engaged closely with regional organizations in Africa for the promotion, ratification and implementation at the national level of the 2009 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (Kampala Convention), the first legally binding regional instrument specifically on the protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons. In that context, he participated in, inter alia, the first ministerial conference of the Economic Community of West African States on humanitarian assistance and internal displacement in West Africa, held in Abuja on 6 and 7 July 2011; a workshop on the Kampala Convention for Members of the Kenyan Parliament Select Committee on Internally Displaced Persons on 23 May 2011, in Mombasa, Kenya; the regional consultative meeting on the plan of action for the Kampala Convention for the Eastern and Central Africa region, held in Kinshasa on 20 and 21 May 2011; and the regional consultative meeting on the plan of action for the Kampala Convention for the Southern African Development Community (SADC), held in Lilongwe on 17 and March 2011.", "12. The Special Rapporteur has maintained ongoing contacts with civil society organizations in Geneva and New York and in the field. In particular, he wishes to express his appreciation for the support provided to his mandate through the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement. He is also appreciative of the strong cooperation with the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre on various issues of mutual interest, including training and advocacy activities relating to the Kampala Convention.", "13. The Special Rapporteur, the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) co‑organized the seventh annual course on the law of internal displacement in San Remo, Italy, from 7 to 12 June 2011. The course provides training to high-level Government officials working on internal displacement from different parts of the world. In 2011, it welcomed 21 participants from 14 displacement-affected countries.", "14. The Special Rapporteur also participated in the regional workshop on protecting and promoting rights in natural disasters in the Great Lakes region and East Africa and the forum on the Kampala Convention organized by the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and held in Kampala from 15 to 17 June 2011.", "15. In addition, the Special Rapporteur participated in various other international forums and events, including, in the context of this thematic report, the Expert Roundtable on Climate Change and Displacement held in Bellagio, Italy from 22 to 25 February 2011,, and the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, held in Oslo on 6 and 7 June 2011.", "D. Mainstreaming the human rights of internally displaced persons in the United Nations system", "16. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Inter‑Agency Standing Committee, the key platform for the Special Rapporteur to mainstream the human rights of internally displaced persons within the United Nations system and the wider humanitarian community.", "17. The Special Rapporteur has maintained close cooperation with key United Nations entities, including OHCHR, UNHCR and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian. He engaged with these entities through briefings and meetings in New York and Geneva to discuss specific issues relating to the protection of internally displaced persons, and areas of cooperation. The Special Rapporteur also participated in a number of key events and activities organized by these entities, such as training sessions, events related to the promotion of the Kampala Convention, an expert round table on climate change and displacement and various human rights events organized by OHCHR. In addition to providing overall substantive and logistical support to the activities of the Special Rapporteur, OHCHR facilitates coordination with the United Nations system. The Special Rapporteur wishes to express his special appreciation for the support these entities have continued to provide to him in fulfilling his mandate.", "III. Thematic section: climate change and internal displacement", "A. Introduction", "18. According to United Nations estimates, up to 50 million people are internally displaced because of natural disasters each year.[1] In 2010 alone, at least 42.3 million people were newly displaced by sudden-onset natural disasters, 90 per cent of which were due to climate-related.[2]", "19. The importance of displacement, and in particular internal displacement, within the climate change debate is well established and now calls for specific strategies and measures to address it. Already in 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that the greatest single impact of climate change might be on human migration.[3] The Panel estimated that by 2050, 150 million people could be displaced by climate change-related phenomena, such as desertification, increasing water scarcity, floods and storms. Since then, while estimates have varied, it has generally been accepted that the effects of climate change will indeed result in large-scale movements of people, mostly within the boundaries of affected States, and that developing States in the southern hemisphere are likely to be the worst affected.", "20. The socio-economic impact of climate change is expected to have significant consequences for the enjoyment of human rights, for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and for human security (A/HRC/10/61) In this context, internal displacement represents a further challenge of adaptation to the effects of climate change. In its resolution 64/162 of 18 December 2009, the General Assembly recognized natural disasters as a cause of internal displacement and voiced concern about factors, such as climate change, that were expected to exacerbate the impact of natural hazards, and climate-related slow-onset events.", "21. The importance of addressing displacement caused by climate change was more recently recognized by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At its sixteenth session, held in Cancun, Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010, the Conference of the Parties adopted the “Cancun Adaptation Framework”,[4] which expressly acknowledges climate-induced displacement.", "22. The Conference of the Parties invited all parties to enhance action on adaptation under the Cancun Adaptation Framework, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, by undertaking, inter alia, measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement, migration and planned relocation, where appropriate, at national, regional and international levels.[5]", "23. The present report aims to explore the linkages between climate change and internal displacement from a human rights perspective. It draws on the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,[6] the core international human rights instruments and the principal climate change frameworks proposed to date. While not exhaustive, it highlights some key principles and concepts necessary to inform the discussion, sheds light on the complexities surrounding the issue and makes a number of recommendations which could serve to orient future work in this area.", "24. The scope of the report is limited to internal displacement, in keeping with the parameters of the Special Rapporteur’s mandate. Moreover, owing to the close linkages between climate change and the increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, combined with the inherent difficulty of distinguishing between natural disasters provoked by climate change and those unrelated to this phenomenon, the report takes an inclusive approach to the issue. Owing to space limitations, the specific situation of low-lying island States is not addressed, but will be the focus of attention in the Special Rapporteur’s report to the Human Rights Council in March 2012 on his visit to Maldives in July 2011.", "B. Some basic concepts and terminology", "25. The present section provides definitions of key concepts and terminology used in the climate change debate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines climate change as “any change in the climate over time, whether due to natural variability or […] human activity”.[7] The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, however, specifically focuses on changes in the climate which are “attributed directly or indirectly to human activity” and are “in addition to natural climate variability”.[8]", "26. Two principal strategies to respond to the threats posed by climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation, in the context of climate change policy, refers to measures which aim to minimize the extent of global warming by reducing emission levels and stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.[9] Climate change adaptation measures are adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.[10] Alternatively stated, they are measures that reduce harm and strengthen the capacity of societies and ecosystems to cope with and adapt to climate change risks and impacts. This report explores, in particular, possible adaptation measures specific to climate change-induced displacement.", "27. References to resilience in this context relate to “the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner”.[11] Definitions of other terms are provided in subsequent sections of the report.", "C. The larger picture", "28. While the effects of climate change are themselves expected to result in displacement, this factor should not be considered in isolation from broader global, regional and national dynamics. As highlighted at an expert workshop organized by UNHCR in 2011, the impact of climate change will interact with a number of global mega-trends such as population growth, rapid urbanization, increased human mobility and food, water and energy insecurity,[12] as well as local and regional factors (pre-existing socio-economic and governance situations), which will potentially affect the magnitude and patterns of displacement as well as possible solutions.", "29. Climate change is arguably already acting as “an impact multiplier and accelerator”.[13] In addition to its negative impact on social and economic rights, which will itself provoke some displacement, climate change, interacting with other pressures or social and political factors, will exacerbate the risk of conflicts, which could then act as a driver of further displacement. Climate-related displacement is therefore likely to be characterized by multiple causalities, such as conflicts due to competition over resources or the loss of livelihoods. This was more recently highlighted during the Security Council debate of 20 July 2011 on the possible security implications of climate change, in which it was noted that climate change could aggravate or amplify existing security concerns and give rise to new ones, particularly in already fragile and vulnerable nations. It could also sharply intensify human displacement, bringing communities into increasing competition for finite natural resources with global repercussions for global economic stability.[14]", "30. A distinction should be drawn between sudden-onset and slow-onset events since they affect human mobility in different ways. Slow-onset disasters tend to prompt movements of people to other locations in search of livelihoods, food security and safety — a trend already being manifested in different parts of the world. In this context, regional particularities around displacement patterns and their various causes will be important to monitor and understand. This is particularly the case in Africa and Asia, as climate change is expected to have especially dire effects on developing countries, and the most vulnerable populations within them. At the time of writing of this report, an estimated 12 million people in the Horn of Africa required immediate humanitarian assistance owing to drought and food insecurity affecting, inter alia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti.[15] In Somalia, successive drought-induced crop failures, spiralling food prices and lack of food assistance, combined with conflict, insecurity and limited access by humanitarian organizations, have resulted in one of the worst famines in decades, placing 3.7 million people in need of urgent assistance and causing large-scale displacements.[16]", "31. In order to address these intersecting challenges and develop adaptation strategies to deal with complex climate change-related displacement, a broader and more holistic understanding is required which goes beyond the direct line of causality usually applied in situations of sudden-onset natural disasters.", "D. Potential consequences of climate change for displacement patterns", "32. Population displacements are likely to result from or be exacerbated by a number of different changes in our physical climate and environment, including:", "(a) Increased droughts, environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters such as desertification which undermine agricultural livelihoods and reduce food security;", "(b) Higher temperatures in water and air, and increasing acidity of seas;", "(c) Contraction of snow-covered areas and melting of sea ice, leading among other things, to rising sea levels affecting the habitability of coastal areas and low‑lying island States;", "(d) Increased frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, mudslides and flooding, which will threaten the physical safety of affected populations;", "(e) Conflict and social upheaval, directly or indirectly attributable to climate change-related factors, such as competition for scarcer natural resources, changing livelihood patterns, increased social tensions and possible concentration of vulnerable populations, including in poor urban areas.", "33. The above changes in our environment and climate are predicted to increase displacement and to alter its patterns, as people move to locations, predominantly within their own countries, which offer them greater human security and livelihoods. In some instances, for example when planned relocation is unsuccessful or when the spontaneously displaced congregate in urban centres already under pressure, secondary displacements may ensue. Indeed, secondary or cyclical displacements may become a by-product of ineffective adaptation strategies to address original displacement situations, as well as a consequence of the failure to sufficiently plan ahead in areas such as food security, urban planning or resource management — all of which may be put under additional pressure by the effects of climate change.", "E. The need for a rights-based approach", "34. In the last several years, the climate change debate, traditionally centred on scientific and economic factors, has gradually begun to encompass the social and human rights dimensions. This has led to a growing body of studies and reports exploring the multidisciplinary and human rights facets of the challenges posed by the effects of climate change.[17]", "35. In 2008, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/23, requested OHCHR to undertake a study, in consultation with States and other key stakeholders, on the relationship between climate change and human rights. The study (A/HRC/10/61) provides an overview of the effects of climate change for human rights, including its impact on specific rights, vulnerable groups of persons, forced displacement and conflict, and examines the human rights implications of response measures to climate change. Importantly, it outlines relevant national and international obligations under international human rights law, including those relating to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and access to information and participation in decision-making. The study concludes that measures to address climate change should be informed and strengthened by international human rights standards and principles.", "36. Other actors have also enriched the discussion by focusing on specific rights or the impact of climate change on particular groups.[18] In addition to posing a direct threat to the right to life, the effects of climate change are expected to have negative implications for basic rights relating to food (A/HRC/7/5), housing (A/64/255), water and health, and affect the overall right to an adequate standard of living (A/HRC/10/61, paras. 21-38). Some of these analyses have highlighted the link between the lack of access to these rights and displacement.[19] In the context of climate change, internally displaced persons are also a growing category of persons considered to be especially at risk, given the adverse material, social and psychological consequences commonly associated with displacement. These risks are heightened by the fact that the most serious effects of climate change, including displacement, are predicted to disproportionately affect poor regions and countries and populations already in a vulnerable situation owing to poverty and other factors.[20]", "37. Measures to address these vulnerabilities and meet the challenges related to climate change-induced displacement should be informed and supported by a human rights-based approach which is applied at all phases of displacement and disaster response. The Nansen principles, developed at the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement (see para. 15 above), underscored the need for such an approach. Principle I states that “responses to climate and environmentally-related displacement need to be informed by adequate knowledge and guided by the fundamental principles of humanity, human dignity, human rights and international cooperation”.[21]", "F. The relevance of the human rights framework for internally displaced persons", "A global framework", "38. A broad human rights protection framework for internally displaced persons has been developed in the last two decades, which applies explicitly to situations of natural disasters, and extends to persons displaced by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/13/21, paras. 2 and 41-44).", "39. Holding a central place in this framework are the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (see note 6 above), which are based on standards in international human rights and humanitarian law and, by analogy, international refugee law. While not legally binding as such, the Guiding Principles restate relevant hard law and have been affirmed by the international community as “an important international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons”.[22] They have served as an important normative standard for the protection of persons displaced in a variety of contexts including conflict, serious human rights violations, natural disasters, and development projects.", "40. The Guiding Principles define internally displaced person as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border”.", "41. The Guiding Principles have also served as a basis for developing further operational guidance, such as the revised Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4), both adopted by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. The former, in particular, represent progress in the application of a human rights-based approach to situations of natural disasters — situations closely related to climate change given the increased frequency of climate-related disasters.[23] In addition to applying in different contexts, the Guiding Principles provide specific standards of assistance and protection at all stages of displacement, including in the prevention of displacement, during the displacement phase itself and in the search for durable solutions.", "Regional frameworks", "42. The Guiding Principles have further paved the way for a new regional treaty, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention). Adopted in 2009, the Convention is the first legally binding instrument specifically on the protection of internally displaced persons.[24] Article 5(4) specifically requires that measures be taken to protect and assist people who have been internally displaced by natural or human-made disasters, including those triggered by climate change. Moreover, as stated in article 2 (a), it is a particular objective of the Convention to prevent, mitigate, prohibit and eliminate the root causes of internal displacement. This requirement of prevention and mitigation is further detailed in article 4(2), which obligates parties to develop an early warning system in areas of potential displacement, disaster risk reduction strategies and emergency management measures, in addition to providing protection and assistance if necessary.", "43. Other regional instruments, such as the Protocol on Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons,[25] which implements the Guiding Principles, and the 2005 Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response of the Association of South East Asian Nations, provide further legal and policy frameworks to address displacement, including climate change-induced displacement, at the regional level. They could also potentially provide the basis for regional operational mechanisms for the coordination of humanitarian assistance, displacement-related adaptation schemes and the channelling of climate change adaptation funding.[26]", "National frameworks", "44. At the national level, the Guiding Principles are being increasingly used by many countries to develop their domestic laws and policies (see A/HRC/13/21, para. 15, and General Assembly resolution 64/162, paras. 10 and 13). The Nansen Principles (see para. 37 above) recognize the importance of the Guiding Principles in addressing climate change-induced internal displacement at the national level. Principle VIII states: “The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement provide a sound legal framework to address protection concerns arising from climate and other environmentally-related internal displacement. States are encouraged to ensure the adequate implementation and operationalization of these principles through national legislation, policies and institutions.”", "45. In the context of climate change-induced internal displacement and the increased frequency of related natural disasters, it is now more important than ever that national legislation fully include provisions for these situations, and not just for situations of conflict-related displacement. In this regard, the Cancun Adaptation Framework specifically urges all parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to “strengthen and, where necessary, establish and/or designate national-level institutional arrangements, with a view to enhancing work on the full range of adaptation actions [including displacement-related adaptation measures], from planning to implementation” (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 32).", "G. Addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change", "46. The present section focuses on adaptation strategies which relate to disaster management, prevention and durable solutions, rather than humanitarian assistance during the displacement phase itself. Effective responses to the human rights challenges related to climate change-induced internal displacement will require the international community to move beyond the traditional humanitarian assistance and reactive governance models. As suggested by principles IV and V of the Nansen principles, addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change is likely to demand greater focus on foresight, reliable data and monitoring systems, as well as the positive obligations of prevention, resilience building and durable solutions.", "Disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness", "47. Disaster risk reduction is defined as “the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibility to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development”.[27] Stated differently, disaster risk reduction seeks to address the underlying risk factors in order to reduce avoidable loss of life, as well as loss of property and livelihoods — many of which affect internally displaced persons directly. With this aim in mind, the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Hyogo, Japan from 18 to 22 January 2005, adopted a 10-year plan[28] which was signed by 168 States Members of the United Nations.", "48. In the face of the increased frequency and intensity of natural hazards, governments have a responsibility to take reasonable preventive action to reduce exposure, minimize vulnerabilities and avoid or limit the adverse impact of hazards[29]. As highlighted by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/142, the consequences of hazards can be prevented or substantially mitigated by disaster risk reduction strategies, which, it suggested, should be integrated into national development policies and programmes. Strategies may include physical infrastructures, but also measures to build national and local humanitarian response and disaster management systems, establish participation mechanisms and strengthen the resilience of affected persons and early recovery capacities.", "49. Early warning mechanisms can be instrumental in minimizing damage and loss of life, as well as displacement. However, preliminary analysis of the famine and resulting displacements in Somalia in July and August 2011 shows that while a disaster was forecast as early as November 2010 by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, the famine was not declared until July 2011, and response by donors to funding appeals by the United Nations was insufficient.[30] While insecurity and lack of humanitarian access exacerbate the difficulties in the case of Somalia, this most recent situation, as well as the drought affecting neighbouring countries, have revealed systemic difficulties on the part of both States and the international community in responding proactively to early warnings in order to prevent disasters or limit the adverse impacts on populations, even in the case of slow-onset disasters such as famine. This indicates that technical mechanisms such as early warning systems need to be combined with political will and responsive governance systems that implement preparedness, disaster risk reduction and other adaptation measures in a timely.", "50. In addition to early warning systems, legal preparedness measures, such as national legislation and policies, and other measures to protect the human rights of internally displaced persons can be put in place before disaster strikes in order to limit the negative impact of potential displacement. They can include measures to preserve and restore family unity (e.g. during evacuations), which is a key factor contributing to protection, and to ensure the replacement of personal documentation through rapid and simplified procedures. They can also include measures to protect housing, land and property rights through the registration and safekeeping of land titles; mechanisms to resolve property disputes following a disaster; and precautions to ensure that disaster relief interventions are conducted in such a way as to avoid discrimination (for example on the basis of gender, age or ethnicity).[31]", "Preventing and minimizing internal displacement, and its adverse effects", "51. According to the Guiding Principles, displacement must remain an option of last resort. It must only be exercised when there are no other alternatives, and be undertaken for legitimate purposes with sufficient legal and procedural guarantees.[32]", "52. Guiding Principle 7(1) provides that “prior to any decision requiring the displacement of persons, the authorities concerned shall ensure that all feasible alternatives are explored in order to avoid displacement altogether” and that ” where no alternatives exist, all measures shall be taken to minimize displacement and its adverse effects”. Adaptation strategies related to potential displacement should, therefore, also include investments and measures to avoid and minimize such displacements, where that is feasible.", "53. Much of the attention to date in the area of protection from displacement has focused on protecting individuals or communities from ”arbitrary” displacement (Guiding Principle 6), resulting from active violations of human rights by the State or other actors, such as when displacement is used as a form of collective punishment or to effect policies of ethnic cleansing, or when large-scale development projects fail to meet set requirements.", "54. Some climate change-induced displacement however, such as movements triggered by slow-onset disasters, may require more emphasis on the positive obligations of States, with the support of regional bodies and the international community, to anticipate, plan ahead and take measures to prevent or mitigate conditions likely to bring about displacement and threaten human rights. This precautionary role to ensure conditions conducive to human rights, including rights related to an adequate standard of living which allow one to avoid displacement, is a standard of governmental, international governance and human rights protection which is based on positive obligations and actions, rather than the negative obligation of non-interference in human rights.", "55. To discharge its obligations, responsible governance will need to develop capacities to detect potential disaster and displacement situations early on, accountability mechanisms to ensure that follow-up prevention and protection measures are taken, and more effective systems of local and regional consultation which engage affected populations in decisions about their future. In particular, addressing potential displacement in cases of slow-onset disasters may demand that, in addition to environmental adaptation measures to minimize degradation (e.g. soil erosion), measures be taken to address a wide range of social issues at the local level. These can include pre-emptive measures such as economic diversification, the development of alternative forms of livelihoods, addressing issues related to the management of natural resources and putting in place appropriate social safety nets for the most vulnerable sectors of the population.", "56. The Special Rapporteur on the right to food for example, has analysed the adverse impact of extreme climate changes on livelihoods and food security.[33] The impact of climate change on agricultural production in developing countries in particular, which has been well documented, will result in volatile markets and threaten the right to food for millions of people. It may be necessary to address and re-evaluate methods of agricultural production,[34] in addition to addressing humanitarian assistance needs. Research and decisions made with regard to agricultural approaches and other measures to ensure food security and resource management will profoundly affect displacement patterns.", "57. When preventive measures have not been taken or are not feasible, displacement and pre-emptive movements by populations, which are rational adaptation responses,[35] are likely to take place. Anticipating these movements, and ensuring data collection and monitoring in such situations are important[36] in order to be able to plan for and minimize the negative consequences, including loss of life or property, and the risk of provoking instability in host areas.", "58. In the case of internal displacement caused by sudden-onset disasters, disaster risk reduction and measures to build resilience are key elements to preventing displacement or limiting its consequences It is also important to ensure that early recovery and reconstruction are undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity so that displacement does not last longer than required. However, this has represented a key and systemic challenge to date, which humanitarian and development actors, as well as States, must address in their displacement-related adaptation strategies.", "59. The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to strengthen international cooperation and national capacities and expertise, with a view to developing approaches which can reduce loss and damage associated with the effects of climate change, in cases of both sudden disasters and slow-onset events.[37]", "60. Importantly, the Framework specifically mentions activities related to risk reduction, resilience building, micro-insurance, risk sharing and economic diversification, as well as the need to address rehabilitation measures associated with slow-onset events.[38]", "Relocations", "61. It may at times be necessary to relocate people from high-risk or disaster-prone areas or in response to a slow-onset disaster which has made life unsustainable in a particular area.[39] Where displacement takes place outside of an emergency situation, such as in the case of pre-emptive relocations by the Government, safeguards are necessary to ensure that individual rights are respected.", "62. Guiding Principle 7(3) provides for a number of such procedural guarantees, in addition to the requirements in Guiding Principle 7(1) mentioned in paragraph 52 above. A specific decision by an appropriate State authority is required; full information must be provided to internally displaced persons on the reasons and procedures for the displacement, the place of relocation and compensation; and their free and informed consent must be sought. Moreover, authorities must endeavour to involve affected persons, including women, in the management and planning of the relocation and ensure that the right to an effective remedy, including the review of decisions, is respected.", "63. Plans to relocate individuals or communities need to ensure effective participation by the affected population in all decisions, including with regard to the new relocation site and the timing and modalities of the relocation. Key and often difficult issues in relocations frequently include access to land, livelihood opportunities and compensation for the displaced. Relocation plans need to be sensitive to other factors as well, such as issues of community, ethnic and cultural identity and possible (often pre-existing) incompatibilities or tensions with the receiving community. Measures which are sensitive to the needs and concerns of the receiving community, including with regard to absorption capacity (additional pressures placed on natural and other resources, community services, etc.), and which promote integration, and mediation where necessary, will often be necessary. These require working with all parties in order to foster trust and provide the necessary support for the relocation to both the displaced and the receiving communities.", "64. While sometimes necessary, the relocation of communities should always remain a measure of last resort. Relocation plans and sites often present a number of problems which tend to make them unsuccessful. Concerns relating to compensation and the loss of housing and livelihoods, for example, may result in resistance by communities to relocation plans until a tragedy or disaster strikes. In other situations, the problem is the distance between the original and the new site. Not recognising the importance of location can sometimes result in displaced persons returning to the original high-risk area.[40] This is often the experience with informal settlements in urban settings for example. People frequently return to such settlements because of the high value they place on being close to the city centre, to their source of livelihood and to the community and social networks they have established, which are a critical source of support, especially for vulnerable groups.[41]", "65. In low-lying island States, long-standing inhabitants of particular islands also often manifest the wish to move as a group and to stay close to their original location, even if they must move to a different island.[42] Principles applicable to relocations in other contexts, such as development-linked evictions, can provide valuable guidance for the formulation of standards and procedures for relocations necessitated by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/4/18).", "The urban migration dimension", "66. The erosion of livelihoods, in part provoked by climate change, is considered a key push factor for the increase in rural-to-urban migration, most of which will be to urban slums and informal settlements offering precarious living conditions (A/HRC/10/61, para. 37). More than 50 per cent of the world’s population currently live in urban areas, most of which are situated in low- and middle-income nations. One third of this urban population (1 billion people) live in precarious informal settlements and slums, which exacerbates their vulnerability to humanitarian crisis.[43] By 2030, it is estimated that urban populations will surpass 5 billion and that 80 per cent of urban populations will live in towns and cities in the developing world.[44] In Asia and Africa, experts note that “urban growth is accentuated by the increasing number of refugees and internally displaced persons who tend to migrate to cities”.[45]", "67. The urban dimensions of climate change-induced displacement should therefore factor as a key consideration in national medium- and long-term national development strategies, as well as adaptation measures to address potential displacement. Cities may need to become more “expandable” to absorb potential influxes of people. At the same time, in order to decrease unplanned urban migratory flows, potential displacement situations need to be better managed.", "68. Unplanned influxes to urban settings present a number of potential risks. Because internally displaced persons are more likely to be “untitled”, “unregistered”, “unlisted” and “undocumented”, inequalities which existed prior to a disaster may be reinforced after the disaster.[46] As newcomers, internally displaced persons are likely to have less access to resources and livelihoods, to live in slum areas, and to be the potential targets of urban violence in these sites. Like other impoverished slum-dwellers they may be forced to live in hazard-prone locations such as low-lying areas and landfill sites,[47] exposing them to risks to their physical safety and the risk of loss of housing and further displacement.", "69. According to experts, the very “concentration of resources, assets and services in cities can lead to more debilitating impacts of disasters, conflict and violence”.[48] This has drawn the attention of the humanitarian community and urban specialists to the particular impact on urban settings of climate change, with a focus on the increasing urban vulnerability gap, housing challenges and the need to move away from only focusing on humanitarian response and develop disaster prevention strategies specific to urban settings.[49]", "Reducing the displacement effect of climate change mitigation measures", "70. Measures to mitigate climate change, such as investments in clean technologies (e.g. hydropower, wind power), agro-fuel production, forest conservation projects or the restoration of marshlands, are also predicted to cause significant levels of internal displacement.", "71. The international community has acknowledged that measures responding to the effects of climate change are likely to have adverse economic and social consequences for some, and that support, including financing, technology and capacity-building, will be necessary in order to minimize these impacts and “build up the resilience of societies and economies negatively affected by response measures”.[50] However, safeguards to prevent or minimize displacement resulting from measures which aim to mitigate climate change — and which in many cases affect indigenous and minority groups — continue to be weak.", "72. Agro-fuel production and programmes to preserve forest cover, which have at times been found to impinge on the rights of indigenous peoples in relation to their traditional lands and culture, are examples of how some climate change mitigation measures can have adverse consequences and lead to forced displacement.[51] Guidelines developed to date by development actors in the context of large-scale development projects, including some which promote clean energy such as hydroelectric dams, have been criticized as well for failing to minimize displacement and sufficiently apply human rights standards.[52]", "73. Guiding Principles 6(c) and 7(1)(3) provide for specific standards and criteria that must be met when displacement is envisaged in a non-emergency context, such as with regard to the mitigation measures mentioned above and large-scale development projects. In the context of mitigation measures to address climate change, it will be important to assess the potential displacement likely to result from such measures and to strengthen guidelines, applying the standards in the Guiding Principles and a human rights-based approach.", "Durable solutions to displacement in the context of climate change", "74. Given the predicted extent of displacement provoked by the effects of climate change, adaptation strategies will require measures not only to alleviate the immediate humanitarian consequences and suffering, but also to end situations of displacement through durable solutions. While moving or fleeing to a safer location may provide temporary relief, it is well established that prolonged displacement situations exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, create dependency, lead to social tensions, and generally lead to a number of serious protection, humanitarian and human rights challenges.", "75. In many instances, internally displaced persons may live in compact settlements or camps, which present a number of further concerns, including concerns for personal safety, and in particular sexual and gender-based violence; the pull factor related to the provision of assistance in the camps; and the fact that camps may sustain a humanitarian assistance situation for too long at the expense of early recovery and durable solutions. As levels of displacement rise in the context of climate change, the urgency of finding long-lasting solutions for affected populations and avoiding the precariousness, marginalization and instability associated with situations of protracted displacement, will become a national, and potentially regional, security imperative.", "76. In order to be successful, adaptation measures addressing internal displacement must provide durable solutions strategies in the form of return, local integration or resettlement in another part of the country. However, in the context of climate change, durable solutions are likely to be more complex and less static or one-dimensional. They may combine a number of solutions, including movements which are seasonal or temporary, or solutions which include continuity with the place of origin as well as integration in a different part of the country (for example, part of the family returns to the place of origin permanently or on a seasonal basis, while the breadwinner works in another location). Strategies addressing internal displacement should therefore be sufficiently flexible to include and support various scenarios of human adaptation, and ensure that durable solutions are based on free and informed consent.", "77. Standards and guidelines related to durable solutions are provided in the Guiding Principles 28 to 30 and the Framework for Durable Solutions. The latter provides that durable solutions can be considered to have been achieved “when internally displaced persons no longer have specific assistance and protection needs that are linked to their displacement and such persons can enjoy their human rights without discrimination resulting from their displacement (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4, para. 8)”.", "78. A number of factors are conducive to durable solutions. One such factor is ensuring a transition early on from the humanitarian assistance phase to early recovery and reconstruction, thus allowing internally displaced persons to return to their places of origin and rebuild their lives as early as possible after a disaster. The importance of ensuring that humanitarian assistance and development are mutually reinforcing from the beginning of an emergency is recognized in the guiding principles on humanitarian assistance annexed to General Assembly resolution 46/182. Yet, aligning humanitarian assistance and the longer-term objectives of recovery and development has been difficult in practice, as the various actors apply different criteria and considerations to their areas of activity. The difficulties are compounded in situations where national Governments do not have a clear long-term strategy. Predicted increases in the frequency and intensity of sudden-onset disasters, however, make it imperative to improve the capacity of local, national and international actors to bridge the gap between objectives linked to the humanitarian and the recovery and reconstruction phases.", "79. Other factors conducive to durable solutions include re-establishing local economies and livelihoods, encouraging self-reliance in affected communities and promoting their participation in all activities, from humanitarian assistance delivery to engagement with development actors. In the case of resettlement or relocation, strategies related to land, housing and livelihoods are essential, as is a community-based approach which takes account of the needs of receiving communities. Increased internal displacement will also require mechanisms to address possible integration challenges and tensions with receiving communities.", "80. Durable solutions for displaced populations should be part of national adaptation plans,[53] and local and national capacity-building programmes, and be supported by funds made available for adaptation measures. They should also be part of national development plans. Some effects of climate change, however, may affect the types of durable solutions accessible to affected populations. In the case of certain types of slow-onset disasters, for example, return may not be a viable alternative for the foreseeable future. This highlights the need to explore various possible options early on and integrate them within national development and adaptation plans, in order to minimize the social and humanitarian consequences of spontaneous and large-scale internal displacement. In extreme situations, such as the case of some low-lying island States, where conditions are no longer fit for human habitation, durable solutions may also have to be explored through regional and international cooperative efforts, which may pave the way for new standards and options, including cross-border displacements.", "H. Participation and procedural rights of affected persons", "81. Procedural rights of affected persons have a critical place in the context of climate change-induced displacement. They help ensure respect for human rights and a more effective response to specific vulnerabilities, and promote the empowerment of affected persons as well as the full use of their capacities. Indeed, individual and community resilience will largely depend on the extent to which internally displaced persons are empowered to adapt to change and included in decisions affecting their lives. Procedural rights include, inter alia, access to information; consultation and effective participation in decision-making processes; and access to effective remedies.", "82. It is important to ensure that procedural and accountability mechanisms are in place to guarantee participation of affected populations at all stages of displacement.[54] Guiding Principles 7, 28 and 30 provide for specific procedural rights of internally displaced persons in relation to prevention of displacement as well as guarantees of their participation in relocation and durable solution processes. Host and receiving communities should also feature in many of these participatory and consultation processes.[55]", "83. The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to support adaptation measures which are “country driven, gender sensitive, participatory and fully transparent […] taking into consideration vulnerable groups [and] communities” (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 12). It further recognizes the need for measures to enhance understanding and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement and planned relocation and the need to undertake impact vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including on the social and economic consequences of climate change adaptation options and response measures (paras. 14 (b) and (f) and preamble to section III.E). While complementary, the Guiding Principles and the Framework for Durable Solutions provide more specific and detailed guidance on standards related to participatory and procedural rights of internally displaced persons.", "I. International cooperation frameworks", "84. The State has the primary responsibility to protect and assist persons displaced within its borders. At the same time, in the context of climate change-induced displacement and the disproportionate burden imposed on poor regions and countries, shared international responsibility has also been acknowledged. Where State capacities and resources are insufficient, international cooperation and partnerships should help support the cost of adaptation measures. This is consistent with human rights standards and principles (A/HRC/10/61, para. 87) and recognized in the Cancun Adaptation Framework, which invites Parties to enhance action on adaptation, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and capacities as well as their priorities and circumstances (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 14).", "85. More specifically, the Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes, in paragraph 14 (f), the need for national, regional and international cooperation with regard to adaptation strategies to address displacement issues, migration and relocation — cooperation which can present opportunities for agreements and new standards to facilitate and support the movement of peoples, including outside their national borders when that is necessary.", "86. Climate change has served to crystallize the impact of actions by individual States which go beyond the State to affect the rights of people and communities around the globe. Climate change knows no State or generational boundaries. Effective systems of international cooperation and responsible domestic governance are thus required to address it in line with human rights obligations and to support adaptation strategies to deal with the various human rights challenges, such as displacement, that it presents to the international community as a whole.", "IV. Recommendations", "A human rights-based approach", "87. A human rights-based approach should be used to inform and strengthen all actions, at the local, regional, national and international levels, to address climate change-related internal displacement. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which are based on standards in international human rights law, humanitarian law and, by analogy, refugee law, provide a sound legal framework which States should implement at the national level through legislation, policies and institutions.", "Adaptation and mitigation measures", "88. Adaptation measures to address climate change-induced displacement should be comprehensive in nature, so as to encompass disaster risk reduction and management; proactive strategies to prevent or minimize displacement; planned relocations, when appropriate; pre-emptive internal migration when this is based on sound national policies and used as a coping mechanism in the case of slow-onset disasters; and durable solutions. Such measures must be in line with international human rights obligations, and include the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection to affected persons during the displacement phase.", "89. The various climate change adaptation funds should incorporate support for adaptation measures related to climate change-induced internal displacement. They should support the efforts of national Governments in this regard as well as community engagement. Financing mechanisms should adopt a comprehensive approach to displacement-related adaptation measures, running the gamut from prevention to durable solutions as detailed above, and uphold safeguards with regard to forced displacements and planned relocations. Such mechanisms should keep abreast of relevant research and be consistent with normative developments in this field.", "90. Disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness measures should be enhanced in order to prevent or minimize the displacement of persons. This is particularly necessary in light of the more frequent and severe sudden-onset disasters, as well as the dire humanitarian consequences of slow-onset disasters such as droughts, both of which are due to the negative effects of climate change. National disaster management systems, laws and policies should incorporate a human rights-based approach, stress local or community capacity-building and participation and refer to applicable standards on internal displacement in the event displacement cannot be avoided. Disaster management measures should be included in national development plans and climate change adaptation strategies.", "91. Mechanisms to promote the engagement and participation and to strengthen the capacities of local governments, communities, civil society and the private sector should be enhanced and supported. Their role is instrumental to effectively address the challenges related to climate change. Community participation should involve those who are most vulnerable.", "92. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the climate change mitigation targets set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process and encourages additional efforts in this regard, as mitigation of the effects of climate change will also reduce the numbers of people internally displaced as a result of climate change.", "Knowledge, guidance and information", "93. Measures to enhance knowledge in the area of climate change-related displacement are necessary and should be taken as soon as possible, in accordance with the recommendation of the Cancun Adaptation Framework (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16). This should include research on the scope and scale of such displacement, which should be based on consultations with affected communities and inter-agency and interdisciplinary efforts.", "94. Particular efforts are required to understand and respond better to situations of slow-onset disaster related to climate change, so as to avoid or minimize related human suffering and displacement.", "95. Research is encouraged on the potential displacement of persons through climate change mitigation and adaptation projects, such as those promoting clean energy. Such research should explore the scope and nature of such displacements, as well as further actions which may be necessary to ensure the human rights of those displaced by such projects, in line with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and other applicable human rights standards and guidelines.", "96. Further guidance should be developed with regard to situations where relocation of populations is deemed necessary owing to the effects of climate change. Such guidance should be based on lessons learned and ensure that the rights of persons who must be relocated are guaranteed. In particular, issues of compensation, property rights, procedural rights, community and cultural identity, livelihoods and support to receiving communities should be addressed.", "97. Global monitoring mechanisms for internal displacement should be strengthened with a view to encompassing both sudden- and slow-onset disasters related to climate change, and help determine the overall scope of displacement that is connected to the phenomenon of climate change.", "98. The urban dimension of climate change-related displacement should be further researched and operational responses enhanced, so as to address the distinctive nature of urban vulnerabilities and capacities and the potential increase and impact of unplanned urban migration resulting from increased slow- and sudden-onset disasters.", "99. Specific guidance should be developed for Member States on how to ensure that displacement is taken into account in the climate change debate, on the normative standards and guidance documents available and on the human rights implications and broader dynamics of climate change-induced displacement, such as its impact on security and urban migration.", "Cooperation and assistance", "100. Increased international support is needed to strengthen local and national capacities and legal frameworks and policies to address displacement resulting from the effects of climate change. This cooperation and assistance, and the full implementation of paragraph 14 (f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework, will be essential to support States in taking all necessary steps to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of affected persons in accordance with their international human rights obligations.", "101. In order to achieve concrete results and establish stronger operational and accountability structures, greater focus must now be placed on policy and programme implementation at the regional, national and subnational levels. This requires enhancing actions and advocacy in regional and national level forums on specific adaptations measures to address climate change-related displacement, both internal and regional.", "102. The role of the Inter-agency Standing Committee in addressing and advocating on general humanitarian concerns as well as displacement-specific issues related to climate change is key and should be strengthened, including through the work of its task force on climate change, its participation in key global policy forums such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and technical inputs at the regional, national and subnational levels to build resilience and scale up practical climate change activities and adaptation measures.", "[1] See www.unocha.org/what-we-do/advocacy/thematic-campaigns/internal-displacement/overview.", "[2] Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, “Displacement due to natural hazard-induced disasters: global estimates for 2009 and 2010”, June 2011, p. 11.", "[3] First Assessment report, available from www.ipcc.ch.", "[4] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16.", "[5] Ibid., para. 14.", "[6] E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, annex. Available at www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/standards.htm.", "[7] Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers, p. 21. Available from www.ipcc.ch.", "[8] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822, art. 1, para. 2.", "[9] Adapted from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Glossary of climate change acronyms (http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php).", "[10] Ibid.", "[11] UNISDR (Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, 2009, p. 10.", "[12] UNHCR, Summary of deliberations on climate change and displacement, resulting from the expert round table on climate change and displacement held in Bellagio, Italy, from 22 to 25 February 2011, p. 2.", "[13] Ibid.", "[14] Press release SC/10332 (www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10332.doc.htm). See also the related Security Council debate on 17 April 2007 (SC/9000); and A/HCR/10/61, paras. 61-63.", "[15] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), media report of 20 July 2011 (www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/82387/icode/).", "[16] Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Famine and drought situation report No. 6, 3 August 2011, p. 2, at http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20 Somalia%20Situation%20Report%20No.%206%2003%20August%202011.pdf.", "[17] See, for example, International Council on Human Rights Policy, Climate Change and Human Rights: A Rough Guide, 2008; and The World Bank, Human Rights and Climate Change: A Review of the International Legal Dimensions, Washington, D.C., 2011.", "[18] See A/HRC/SF/2010/2, paras. 11, 14 and 18-20, and A/HRC/10/61, paras. 42-60, which analyse the impact of the effects of climate change on women, children, indigenous peoples and internally displaced persons.", "[19] For example, A/HRC/7/5, A/64/255, A/HRC/10/61 and A/HRC/13/21, paras. 43 and 44.", "[20] See A/HRC/10/61, paras. 42-54; A/HRC/16/62¸ para. 48; and UNFCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, preamble.", "[21] For information on the Nansen Conference and the principles, see http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Whats-new/news/transcript-of-the-prime-ministers-speech/nansen_principles.html?id=651568.", "[22] The 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1), para. 132. See also resolution 64/162, preamble and para. 10.", "[23] By 2008 it was noted that the number of disasters had doubled in the preceding 20 years, while in 2010 it was estimated that 90 per cent of disasters were climate-related. See United Nations News Centre, “Time to prepare for disasters is now says UN”, at www.un.org/apps/news/ story.asp?NewsID=29154&Cr=Disaster&Cr1=Climate#, and Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, note 2 above.", "[24] The Kampala Convention will become binding upon ratification by 15 signatory States. As of 2 August 2011, a total of 12 countries had ratified the Convention.", "[25] Article 12 of the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region.", "[26] UNHCR, note 12 above, p. 6.", "[27] UNISDR, “Living with risk: a global review of disaster reduction initiatives”, 2004, p. 17.", "[28] Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2).", "[29] A/HRC/10/61, paras. 72-74; General Assembly resolution 64/162, preamble; see also discussion of obligations of States to reduce vulnerabilities and disaster risks, including interpretations by the European Court of Human Rights, in “Conceptualising climate-induced displacement”, by Walter Kälin, in J. McAdam (ed), Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Oxford, 2010, pp. 82 and 83.", "[30] The Economist, 30 July-5 August 2011, p. 32; Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Famine and drought situation report No. 6, 3 August 2011, p. 4.", "[31] Walter Kälin, “A human rights-based approach to resilience building”, presented at Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement, in the 21st Century, Oslo, 5-7 June, 2011, p. 2. Available at www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0606_disasters_human_rights_kaelin.", "[32] Guiding Principles 6 and 7. Also see Walter Kälin, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations, revised edition, pp. 27 and 30; and American Society of International Law, Studies in Transnational Legal Policy, No. 38 (2008). Note that the term protection against displacement refers to protection against arbitrary displacement (i.e., an order or forced displacement by authorities) and that prevention of displacement refers to measures which seek to alleviate the need for populations to move — and never to prevent the act of fleeing or moving by those displaced.", "[33] See A/HRC/7/5, para. 51, and A/HRC/7/5/Add.2, paras. 11 and 15. See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food (art. 11), para. 28; and A/HRC/10/61, paras. 25-27.", "[34] News release, “Cancun climate Summit: UN food expert calls for a ‘Green Marshall Plan for Agriculture”, 29 November 2010.", "[35] See International Organization for Migration, Policy Brief on Migration, Climate Change and Environment (2009), available at www.iom.int/envig.", "[36] UNHCR, note 12 above, para. 39.", "[37] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paras. 25 and 26.", "[38] Ibid., paras. 28 (b) and (c).", "[39] Planned relocations are distinguishable from evacuations or spontaneous displacements, which occur in an emergency context.", "[40] Report of the Wilton Park conference on “Urban risks: moving from humanitarian responses to disaster prevention”, 22-25 November 2010.", "[41] Ibid.", "[42] This was observed during the visit of the Special Rapporteur to Maldives in July 2011.", "[43] Report of the Wilton Park conference, note 40 above, p. 1.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] Ibid.", "[46] Ibid., p. 8.", "[47] Ibid., p. 3.", "[48] Ibid., p. 2.", "[49] Ibid. The need to strengthen humanitarian responses to emergencies in urban centres has also been recognized by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, which addresses this issue through its reference group on meeting humanitarian challenges in urban areas. See IASC Strategy: Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, 2010.", "[50] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 89; see also Kyoto Protocol, arts. 2, para. 3 and 3, para. 14.", "[51] A/HRC/10/61, paras. 66-68; E/C.19/2008/13, para. 45. Programmes to preserve forest cover have also at times prevented displacement by involving local communities closely in the project and by shielding them from agro-industrial projects.", "[52] See A/64/255, para. 47 with regard to large dam projects.", "[53] See references to modalities and support with regard to development of national adaptation plans in FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paras. 14 (a), 15 and 16.", "[54] See General Assembly resolution 64/162, para. 7; A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, pp. 11, 14-15, 26 and 33.", "[55] Host communities refer to communities to which internally displaced persons have been spontaneously fled, whereas receiving communities refer to communities in which the displaced have, in an intentional or planned fashion, resettled or been relocated." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Chaloka Beyani, in accordance with Assembly resolution 64/142 and Human Rights Council resolution 14/6.", "* A/66/150.", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the main activities undertaken by the mandate holders between August 2010 and July 2011. In addition, climate change and internally displaced persons were specifically addressed.", "Contents", "2. Mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur 3 A. Mandate of the Special Rapporteur 3 B. Country engagement 4 D. Mainstreaming the human rights of internally displaced persons in the United Nations system 5 D. Thematic component: climate change and internal displacement 5 A. Introduction 5 B. Some basic concepts and terminology 6 C. Wider perspectives 7 D. Potential consequences of climate change on patterns of displacement 8 E. Need for a rights-based approach 9 F. Relevance of the human rights framework for internally displaced persons 10 G. Addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change 11 H. Participation and procedural rights of affected persons 18 I. Framework for international cooperation 19 4 Recommendations 20", "Introduction", "1. The present report provides an overview of the main activities carried out by mandate holders between August 2010 and July 2011. It covers the activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, who assumed his mandate in November 2010, and the activities of the Special Rapporteur of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin, whose mandate ends in October 2010.", "The present report also includes a section on climate change and internal displacement. This section is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/153 and Human Rights Council resolution 14/6.", "II. Mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur", "A. Mandate of the Special Rapporteur", "3. In its resolution 14/6, the Human Rights Council mandated the Special Rapporteur to address the complex issue of internal displacement, in particular by integrating the human rights of internally displaced persons into all relevant parts of the United Nations system, and to strengthen the international response through coordinated international advocacy and further action to protect and respect the human rights of internally displaced persons.", "4. In accordance with his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has worked to promote a human rights-based approach to internal displacement through dialogue with Governments, mainstreaming the issue within the United Nations and regional organizations, and advocacy activities. He thanked those Governments that had extended invitations or otherwise participated in the implementation of the mandate.", "B. Country engagement", "5. The Special Rapporteur visited Maldives from 16 to 22 July 2011 to assess the current situation of persons displaced as a result of the 2004 tsunami, as well as issues related to the potential for internal displacement as a result of natural disasters and climate change. The Special Rapporteur found that the consequences of climate change, such as coastal erosion, salinization, sea-level rise and the increasing frequency of storms and floods, were already being felt on many islands and affected various human rights, such as the rights to housing, safe drinking water and livelihoods.", "6. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes the importance of a human rights-based approach to the development of preventive measures to address the displacement that may result from climate change. Commending the authorities of Maldives for the recent adoption of the National Strategic Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change, he also noted that it was now necessary to develop a law on disaster risk reduction and an institutional support structure with adequate resources to ensure that the strategy was implemented and to address internal displacement.", "With regard to the situation of the victims of the 2004 tsunami, the Special Rapporteur found that much had been achieved in dealing with those victims, but that 1,600 people still lived in temporary shelters on several islands, which required immediate attention. The report on the visit, which will complement the thematic sections of the present report on internal displacement and climate change, will be submitted to the Human Rights Council in March 2012, focusing on the special situation of low-lying island States.", "During the reporting period, the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin, visited the following countries: Georgia (13-16 September 2010; see A/HRC/16/43/Add.3); Armenia (17-18 September 2010); Iraq (26 September-3 October 2010 see A/HRC/16/43/Add.1); and Haiti (11-16 October 2010).", "9. Since assuming his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has requested visits to the following countries: Côte d ' Ivoire, Colombia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Kenya and the Sudan. He has received positive responses from the Sudan and Kenya and plans to visit Kenya in September 2011.", "C. Cooperation with regional and international organizations", "10. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur actively collaborated with key regional and international organizations. Among others, he has provided constructive assistance to the World Bank, in particular the Conflict, Crime and Violence Unit and the International Committee of the Red Cross, with which he has discussed concrete approaches to the protection of internally displaced persons, future areas of cooperation and how to continue the annual dialogue on issues of common interest.", "11. The Special Rapporteur has worked closely with African regional organizations with a view to promoting, ratifying and implementing at the national level the 2009 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), the first legally binding regional instrument devoted to the protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons. In this regard, he participated in the following meetings: the first Economic Community of West African States Ministerial Conference on Humanitarian Assistance and Internal Displacement in West Africa, held in Abuja on 6 and 7 July 2011; the Kampala Convention workshop for members of the Kenyan Parliamentary Special Committee on Internally Displaced Persons, held in Mombasa, Kenya, on 23 May 2011; the Regional Consultation on the Kampala Convention Regional Action Plan for Eastern and Central Africa, held in Kinshasa on 20 and 21 May 2011; and the Regional Consultation on the Action Plan for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) of the Kampala Convention, held in Lilongwe on 17 and 18 March 2011.", "12. The Special Rapporteur has maintained contacts with civil society organizations in Geneva and New York, as well as in the field. In particular, he would like to thank the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement for its support to his mandate. He also appreciates the close cooperation with the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre on various issues of common concern, including training and awareness-raising on the Kampala Convention.", "13. The Special Rapporteur, the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) jointly organized the seventh annual course on the law of internal displacement in San Remo, Italy (7-12 June 2011), which provided training to senior government officials around the world. In 2011, 21 people from 14 countries affected by displacement participated in the course.", "14. The Special Rapporteur also participated in the Regional Workshop on the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in Natural Disasters in the Great Lakes Region and East Africa and the Kampala Convention Forum, organized by the Brookings-London School of Economics Project and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Kampala from 15 to 17 June 2011.", "15. In addition, the Special Rapporteur participated in various other international forums and events relevant to this thematic report, including the expert round table on climate change and displacement, held in Bellagio, Italy, from 22 to 25 February 2011, and the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the Twenty-first Century, held in Oslo on 6 and 7 June 2011.", "D. Mainstreaming the human rights of internally displaced persons within the United Nations system", "16. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, a key platform for the Special Rapporteur to integrate the human rights of internally displaced persons within the United Nations system and the wider humanitarian community.", "17. The Special Rapporteur maintains close cooperation with key United Nations entities, including OHCHR, UNHCR and OCHA. He engaged these entities through briefings and meetings in New York to discuss specific issues and areas of cooperation related to the protection of internally displaced persons. The Special Rapporteur also participated in a number of important events organized by these entities, such as training, the promotion of the Kampala Convention, the expert round table on climate change and displacement, and various human rights activities organized by OHCHR. OHCHR not only provides full substantive and logistical support to the Special Rapporteur, but also facilitates coordination with the United Nations system. The Special Rapporteur wishes to express his special appreciation for these ongoing support for his mandate.", "III. Thematic segment: climate change and internal displacement", "Introduction", "18. According to United Nations estimates, 50 million people are internally displaced as a result of natural disasters each year. [1] In 2010 alone, at least 42.3 million people were displaced for the first time as a result of sudden-onset natural disasters, 90 per cent of which were caused by climate-related disasters. [2]", "19. The importance of displacement in the climate change debate is well founded and now requires specific strategies and measures to address it. As early as 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted that climate change could have the greatest impact on human migration. [3] The Commission estimates that 150 million people may be displaced by 2050 as a result of climate change-related phenomena such as desertification and water scarcity, floods and storm surges. Since then, although estimates have not been consistent, it is generally accepted that the consequences of climate change do lead to large-scale human migration, most of which is expected to occur within the affected countries, with developing countries in the southern hemisphere likely to be the most affected.", "20. The socio-economic impact of climate change is expected to have serious consequences for the enjoyment of human rights, the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and human security (A/HRC/10/61). As a result, internal displacement poses further challenges in adapting to the impacts of climate change. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/162 of 18 December 2009, recognized natural disasters as a cause of internal displacement and expressed concern about factors, such as climate change, that are expected to exacerbate the impact of natural disasters and slow climate-related events.", "21. More recently, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change recognized the need to address climate change-induced displacement. At its 16th meeting, held in Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010, the COP adopted the Cancun Adaptation Framework,[4] which explicitly recognizes climate change-induced displacement.", "22. The Cancun Agreements invite all Parties to enhance action on adaptation under the Cancun Adaptation Framework, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, as well as specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, by, inter alia, taking measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation, as appropriate, on climate change-induced displacement, migration and planned relocation at the national, regional and international levels. [5]", "23. The present report seeks to address the link between climate change and internally displaced persons from a human rights perspective. The report draws on the 1998 United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,[6] the main international human rights instruments and the main framework recommendations to date for addressing climate change. While not exhaustive, the present report highlights a number of key principles and concepts that are necessary as a basis for discussion, reveals the complex aspects surrounding this issue and makes a number of recommendations that could guide future work in this area.", "24. In accordance with the scope of the Special Rapporteur ' s mandate, the discussion in this report is limited to internal displacement. Because of the close relationship between climate change and the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters, as well as natural disasters caused by climate change and those unrelated to climate phenomena, it is difficult to distinguish, therefore, to address this issue in a broader context. Owing to space constraints, the report does not address the specific situation of low-lying island States, although the Special Rapporteur will focus on this issue in his report to the Human Rights Council in March 2012 on his visit to Maldives in July 2011.", "B. Some basic concepts and terminology", "This section presents definitions of key concepts and terms used in the climate change debate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defined “climate change” as “any climate change over a period of time, whether caused by natural variability or by [...] human activities”. [7] However, the specific focus of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is on climate change “in addition to ... natural variability resulting directly or indirectly from human activities [...]”. [8]", "Mitigation and adaptation are two major strategies to address the threats posed by climate change. In the context of climate change policies, mitigation refers to measures to minimize global warming by reducing emissions and stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. [9] Climate change “adaptation” measures are adjustments made in natural or human systems to actual or expected climate incentives or their impacts, and to reduce hazards or take advantage of favourable opportunities. [10] In other words, these measures can reduce hazards and strengthen social and ecosystem responses to and adaptation to climate change risks and impacts.", "The reference to “resilience” in this context refers to “the ability of a system, community or society at risk to resist, absorb, adapt to and recover from the effects of hazards in a timely and effective manner”. [11] The following sections of the report provide definitions of other terms.", "C. Broader perspectives", "28. While the effects of climate change themselves can lead to displacement, this factor should not be seen in isolation from broader global, regional and national dynamics. The expert workshop organized by UNHCR in 2011 emphasized that the effects of climate change are also interacting with global trends such as population growth, rapid urbanization, increased human mobility and food, water and energy insecurity, [12] as well as local and regional factors (existing socio-economic and governance), which may affect the scale and patterns of displacement and possible solutions.", "It can be said that climate change has become an “impact multiplier and accelerator”. [13] In addition to having a negative impact on social and economic rights, which in itself can result in some displacement, climate change also interacts with other sources of pressure or social and political factors that exacerbate the risk of conflict and lead to further displacement. Climate-related displacement can therefore be caused by a number of factors, such as conflict over resources or loss of life. This was underscored by the United Nations Security Council in its debate on the possible security implications of climate change on 20 July 2011, which noted that climate change could exacerbate or broaden existing security concerns and could generate new ones, especially in countries that are already very fragile and vulnerable. It also contributes significantly to human displacement, resulting in increased competition among communities for limited natural resources, with overall implications for global economic stability. [14]", "30. A distinction should be made between sudden-onset and slow-onset events, as they affect the movement of people in different ways. Slow events tend to cause people to migrate in search of life, food, security and safety — a trend that already exists throughout the world. In this regard, regional characteristics of displacement patterns and their different causes need to be monitored and understood. This is particularly true in Africa and Asia, where climate change is expected to have a particularly negative impact on developing countries and the most vulnerable groups in those countries. At the time of writing, an estimated 12 million people in the Horn of Africa were in need of emergency humanitarian assistance owing to drought and food insecurity, including Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti. [15] In Somalia, successive crop failures caused by drought, rising food prices, lack of food aid and conflict, insecurity and restricted access for humanitarian organizations have led to the worst famine in decades, with 3.7 million people in need of emergency assistance and massive displacement. [16]", "31. In order to address these cross-cutting challenges and to develop adaptation strategies to respond to the complex climate change associated with displacement, a broader and more comprehensive understanding is needed that goes beyond the direct causal relationship that usually applies in the case of sudden-onset natural disasters.", "D. Potential consequences of climate change on patterns of displacement", "32. Differing changes in the natural climate and the environment cause or exacerbate population displacement, including:", "(a) Increased drought, environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters, such as desertification, undermine agricultural livelihoods and reduce food security;", "(b) Increased water and air temperature and increased ocean acidity;", "(c) The shrinking of ice and snow cover and the melting of sea ice, resulting in sea-level rise and affecting the habitability of coastal and low-lying island countries;", "(d) Increased frequency and intensity of weather-related natural disasters, such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, mudslides and floods, which threaten the physical safety of affected populations;", "(e) Conflicts and social unrest directly or indirectly related to climate change, such as competition for scarce natural resources, changing livelihood patterns, increased social tensions and the possible concentration of vulnerable groups in poor urban areas.", "33. It is expected that the above-mentioned environment and climate change will increase and change patterns of displacement and that people will relocate elsewhere, mainly within their own countries, as they are provided with a safer environment and more livelihood opportunities. In some cases, such as planned relocations that were unsuccessful or spontaneous displacements concentrated in already stressful urban centres, may lead to secondary displacement. In fact, secondary or cyclical displacement can be a by-product of inadequate adaptation strategies to address initial displacement situations, or a consequence of inadequate pre-planning in areas such as food security, urban planning or resource management, all of which may be subject to additional pressure as a result of the effects of climate change.", "E. Need for a rights-based approach", "34. Scientific and economic factors have been at the heart of previous debates on climate change, which in recent years have included social and human rights dimensions. As a result, an increasing number of studies and reports are addressing the multidisciplinary and human rights aspects of the challenges posed by the impacts of climate change. [17]", "35. In 2008, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/23, requested OHCHR to undertake a study on the relationship between climate change and human rights, in consultation with States and other key stakeholders. The study (A/HRC/10/61) provides an overview of the impact of climate change on human rights, including on specific human rights, vulnerable groups, forced displacement and conflict, and explores the impact of measures to address climate change on human rights. More importantly, it outlines the relevant national and international obligations under international human rights law, including those relating to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and access to information and participation in decision-making. The study concluded that measures to address climate change should be based on and strengthened through international human rights standards and principles.", "36. Other actors also enriched the discussion by highlighting specific human rights or the impact of climate change on specific groups. [18] The impact of climate change is not only a direct threat to the right to life, but is also expected to have a negative impact on the fundamental rights to adequate food (A/HRC/7/5) and housing (A/64/255), water and sanitation, and to an adequate standard of living. Some analytical reports highlight the link between the lack of enjoyment of these rights and displacement. [19] In the context of climate change, internally displaced persons are also considered to be a growing category of people at particularly high risk, as displacement usually has adverse physical, social and spiritual consequences. These risks are exacerbated by the expectation that the most severe impacts of climate change, including displacement, will have a significant impact on poor regions and countries and on populations already vulnerable by poverty and other factors. [20]", "Measures to address these vulnerabilities related to climate change-induced displacement and to address these challenges should be based on a human rights-based approach, which should be applied at all stages of displacement and disaster response. The Nansen Principles proposed during the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement (see para. 15 above) emphasize the importance of this approach. Principle I states that “the basic principles of humanity, human dignity, human rights and international cooperation must be understood as the basic principles in addressing climate and environment-related displacement”. [21]", "F. Relevance of the human rights framework for internally displaced persons", "Global framework", "38. Over the past two decades, a broad framework for the protection of the human rights of internally displaced persons has been developed and explicitly applied in situations of natural disasters and extends to persons displaced by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/13/21, paras. 2 and 41-44). I'm not sure.", "39. At the core of the framework are the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (see note 6 above), which are based on international human rights and humanitarian law and, by analogy, on international refugee law. While not legally binding, the Guiding Principles reaffirm the relevant statutory law and are recognized by the international community as “an important international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons”. [22] It has become an important normative standard for the protection of displaced persons in situations of conflict, serious human rights violations, natural disasters and the implementation of development projects.", "In the Guiding Principles, internally displaced persons are defined as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of habitual residence without crossing an internationally recognized border, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, human rights violations or natural or man-made disasters”.", "41. The Guiding Principles are also the basis for the development of operational guidelines, such as those on the protection of persons in natural disasters (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the framework for durable solutions for internally displaced persons (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4), which have been adopted and revised by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. The former, in particular, shows that progress has been made in applying a human rights-based approach to natural disaster situations as a result of the increasing frequency of climate-related disasters. [23] The Guiding Principles not only apply to different situations, but also set out specific standards for the provision of assistance and protection at all stages of displacement, including prevention of displacement, during displacement and in the search for durable solutions.", "Regional frameworks", "42. The Guiding Principles further paved the way for a new regional treaty, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention). The Convention was adopted in 2009 as the first legally binding instrument devoted to the protection of internally displaced persons. Article 5 (4) provides, inter alia, that measures must be taken to protect and assist persons displaced by natural or man-made disasters, including those caused by climate change. Furthermore, article 2 (a) provides that one of the specific purposes of the Convention is to prevent, mitigate, prohibit and eliminate the root causes of internal displacement. The requirements to prevent and mitigate these causes are further elaborated in article 4 (2), which provides that States parties must, in addition to providing the necessary protection and assistance, establish early warning systems in areas such as potential displacement, disaster risk reduction strategies and emergency management measures.", "43. Other regional instruments, such as the Great Lakes Protocol for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons, which implements the Guiding Principles, and the 2005 Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, further provide the legal and policy framework for addressing displacement at the regional level, including displacement due to climate change. They can also provide the basis for regional operational mechanisms to facilitate the coordination of humanitarian assistance, displacement-related adaptation plans and the allocation of climate change adaptation funds. [26]", "National framework", "44. At the national level, the Guiding Principles are increasingly being used by many States to develop their own domestic laws and policies (see A/HRC/13/21, para. 15; General Assembly resolution 64/162, paras. 10 and 13). The Nansen Principles (see para. 37 above) recognize the importance of the Guiding Principles in addressing internal displacement at the national level as a result of climate change. Principle VIII states: “The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement provide a sound legal framework for addressing the protection of internally displaced persons associated with climate and other environmental factors. States are encouraged to adopt national legislation, policies and institutions to ensure the full implementation and implementation of these principles.”", "45. In the context of climate change-induced internal displacement and the increasing frequency of associated natural disasters, it is now more important than ever that national legislation fully include provisions on these situations, not just conflict-related displacement. In this regard, the Cancun Adaptation Framework specifically urges all Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to “strengthen and, where necessary, establish and/or designate institutional arrangements at the national level with a view to enhancing work on all adaptation actions from planning to implementation [including adaptation measures relevant to addressing displacement]”. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 32.", "Addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change", "The adaptation strategies highlighted in this section relate to disaster management, prevention and durable solutions, rather than humanitarian assistance during the displacement phase. An effective response to the human rights challenges associated with climate change-induced internal displacement requires that the international community move beyond traditional models of humanitarian assistance and responsive governance. Principle IV and principle V of the Nansen Principles state that addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change may require a greater focus on vision, reliable data and monitoring systems, as well as positive obligations for prevention, response capacity-building and durable solutions.", "Disaster risk reduction and preparedness", "Disaster risk reduction is defined as: “In the broader context of sustainable development, the conceptual framework of elements that are considered to be capable of reducing vulnerability and disaster risk in society as a whole in order to avoid (prevention) or limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse effects of disasters. [27] In other words, disaster risk reduction aims to address potential risk factors to reduce avoidable loss of life and loss of property and livelihoods — many of which directly affect internally displaced persons. Accordingly, the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Hyogo, Japan, from 18 to 22 January 2005, adopted a 10-year plan,[28] signed by 168 United Nations Member States.", "48. In the face of the increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters, Governments have a responsibility to take reasonable preventive measures to reduce the impact, minimize vulnerability and avoid or limit the adverse effects of disasters. [29] As emphasized in General Assembly resolution 64/142, disaster risk reduction strategies can prevent or significantly mitigate the consequences of disasters, and the Assembly recommended that such strategies be integrated into national development policies and programmes. Such a strategy could include physical infrastructure, but measures should also be taken to establish national and local humanitarian response and disaster management systems, establish participatory mechanisms and strengthen the resilience and early recovery capacities of affected persons.", "Early warning mechanisms can play a key role in reducing damage, loss of life and displacement. However, an analysis of the famine in Somalia in July and August 2011 and the resulting displaced persons shows that, although the Famine Early Warning System Network had issued early warning of disasters as early as November 2010, famine was declared only in July 2011 and donor responses to United Nations appeals were weak. [30] In the case of Somalia, while insecurity and the lack of humanitarian access have exacerbated difficulties, the recent situation, as well as the drought affecting neighbouring countries, have shown that both the State and the international community face systemic difficulties in responding positively to early warning, thus preventing or limiting the adverse effects of disasters on the population, even in situations of slow onset, such as famine. This suggests that, in addition to technical mechanisms such as early warning systems, there is a need for political will and responsive governance systems to implement preparedness, disaster risk reduction and other responses in a timely manner.", "50. In addition to early warning systems, legal preparedness and policy and other measures can be taken to protect the human rights of internally displaced persons before disasters occur, with a view to limiting the negative impact of potential displacement. This may include measures to protect and restore family reunification (e.g. during evacuation), which is a key factor in providing protection and ensuring the replacement of personal documents through rapid and simplified procedures. This could also include the registration and custody of land ownership, as well as post-disaster mechanisms for the resolution of property disputes, and the adoption of preventive measures to protect housing, land and property rights and to ensure that no discrimination (e.g. on the basis of gender, age or race) is allowed in disaster relief efforts. [31]", "Preventing and reducing internal displacement and its negative effects", "51. The Guiding Principles state that displacement must remain a last resort when there is no alternative. It must have a legitimate purpose and have adequate legal and procedural safeguards. [32]", "Guiding Principle 7 (1) provides that “in making decisions requiring the displacement of persons, the relevant authorities [must] ensure that all other feasible practices have been explored in order to avoid displacement and, in the absence of alternatives, must take all measures to avoid, to the extent possible, its adverse effects”. Adaptation measures associated with potential displacement must therefore also include investment and measures to avoid and reduce such displacement as much as possible.", "To date, the main focus of protection from displacement has been to protect individuals or communities from “arbitrary” displacement (Guiding Principle 6), which is the result of systematic violations of human rights by the State or other actors, such as as as a form of collective punishment, or for the purpose of implementing a policy of ethnic cleansing, or large-scale development projects that fail to meet the expectations.", "54. However, when climate change causes some displacements, such as those caused by slow-onset disasters, there may be a need to place more emphasis on the positive obligations of States, supported by regional institutions and the international community, to anticipate, plan in advance and take measures to prevent or mitigate situations that may give rise to displacement and endanger human rights. This proactive role in creating conditions conducive to the enjoyment of human rights, including the right to an adequate standard of living that enables people to avoid displacement, is a standard of government, international governance and the protection of human rights, based on positive obligations and positive actions, rather than on negative obligations of non-interference in human rights.", "55. In fulfilling their obligations, responsible Governments need to strengthen their capacity to detect potential disasters and displacements at an early stage, strengthen accountability mechanisms, ensure follow-up preventive and protective measures, and strengthen more effective local and regional consultative systems that involve affected populations in decisions related to their future. In particular, in addressing the potential displacement caused by slow-onset disasters, measures are needed to address a wide range of social problems at the local level, in addition to environmental adaptation measures to reduce environmental degradation, such as soil erosion. Such measures could include economic diversification, development of alternative livelihoods, addressing issues related to natural resource management and the establishment of appropriate social safety nets for the most vulnerable segments of the population.", "56. For example, the Special Rapporteur on the right to food analysed the adverse effects of extreme climate change on livelihoods and food security. [33] The impact of climate change on agricultural production in developing countries is well documented and will lead to market volatility and threaten the right to food of millions of people. Measures may need to be taken to address and reassess agricultural production, in addition to addressing and assessing humanitarian assistance needs. [34] Research and decisions on farming practices and other measures to ensure food security and resource management will have a profound impact on patterns of displacement.", "57. If preventive measures are not taken or cannot be taken, population displacement and pre-emptive migration may occur,[35] which is a reasonable response. It is necessary to anticipate these phenomena, in which case data collection and monitoring are ensured,[36] in order to plan and reduce the eventual negative consequences, including loss of life or property and the risk of unrest in the host area.", "58. When sudden-onset disasters lead to displacement, disaster risk reduction and resilience measures are key elements in preventing displacement and limiting its consequences. It is also important to ensure that early recovery and reconstruction efforts are undertaken as soon as possible so that displacement does not last longer than necessary. However, this has thus far become a key systemic challenge that humanitarian and development agencies and States must address in their displacement-related adaptation strategies.", "59. The Cancun Response Framework recognizes the need to strengthen international cooperation and national capacities and expertise in order to develop ways to reduce loss and damage associated with climate change in the event of sudden-onset disasters and slow-onset events. [37]", "More importantly, the framework also specifically refers to activities related to risk reduction, resilience-building, microinsurance, risk sharing and economic diversification, as well as the need to address recovery measures related to slow-onset events. [38]", "Migration", "61. In some cases, populations may have to be relocated from high-risk areas or disaster-prone areas, or in response to slow-onset events, which result in a region being unable to sustain itself. [39] When displacement occurs in non-emergency situations, such as when Governments arrange for preventive relocation, safeguards are required to ensure that individual rights are respected.", "Guiding Principle 7 (3) provides for a number of such procedural safeguards (in addition to the provisions of “Guiding Principles” 7 (1) referred to in paragraph 52 above). National authorities must take specific decisions; internally displaced persons must be provided with full information on the causes and procedures of displacement, relocation sites and related compensation; their free and informed consent must be sought. In addition, authorities must work to involve affected persons, including women, in the management and planning of relocations and ensure that the right to an effective remedy, including review of decisions, is respected.", "63. Plans for the relocation of individuals or communities need to ensure the effective participation of those affected in all decision-making, including with regard to new relocation sites and the timing and modalities of such relocation. The key and often difficult issues in the context of migration often include access to land, livelihood opportunities and compensation for IDPs. Migration plans should also be sensitive to other factors, such as community, ethnic and cultural identity, and to situations where there may be, and often already exist, a lack of integration or tension with receiving communities. Measures that are sensitive to the needs and concerns of the receiving community are often needed, as well as absorptive capacity (e.g., additional pressures on natural and other resources, social services, etc.) and facilitate integration and mediation where necessary. This requires working with all parties to build confidence and provide the necessary support for the relocation of internally displaced persons and host communities.", "64. While community relocation is sometimes necessary, it should always be a measure of last resort. Often, there are problems with relocation plans and locations, resulting in unsuccessful relocations. For example, concerns about compensation and loss of housing and livelihood may lead communities to resist relocation plans until a tragedy or disaster occurs. In other cases, the problem is the distance between the original location and the new location. If the importance of the location is not recognized, it may sometimes lead to the return of displaced persons to their original high-risk areas. [40] This is often the case in informal settlements in cities. People often return to such settlements because they value proximity to urban centres, their sources of livelihood, communities and established social networks, which are important sources of support, especially for vulnerable groups. [41]", "65. In low-lying island countries, long-term residents of certain islands have also often shown a desire to move as a group and wish to be near their original address, even if they have to move to a different island. [42] The principles applied in other contexts, such as in the case of development-related evictions, can also provide valuable guidance for the development of standards and procedures related to climate change-induced migration (see A/HRC/4/18).", "Dimensions of urban migration", "The view was expressed that the erosion of livelihoods to some extent due to climate change was an important “movement” factor in the increase in rural-urban migration, mostly to urban slums and informal settlements, where living conditions were precarious (A/HRC/10/6, para. Currently, more than 50 per cent of the world ' s population lives in urban areas, the majority in low- and middle-income countries. One third of the urban population (1 billion people) lives in precarious informal settlements and slums, making them more vulnerable to humanitarian crises. It is estimated that by 2030, the urban population will exceed 5 billion and that 80 per cent of the urban population will live in towns and cities in the developing world. The experts noted that in Asia and Africa, urban growth is exacerbated by the increase in the number of refugees and internally displaced persons, who tend to migrate to cities”. [45]", "67. The urban dimension of displacement caused by climate change should therefore be an important consideration in national medium- and long-term development strategies and in adaptation measures aimed at addressing potential displacement. Cities may need to be more “extensible” to absorb potential influxes. At the same time, in order to reduce unplanned urban migration flows, potential displacement needs to be properly managed.", "68. There are a number of potential risks associated with mass influxes into cities without planning. Because internally displaced persons are likely to be “unidentified”, “unregistered”, “unregistered” and “undocumented”, pre-disaster inequalities may have worsened in the aftermath of disasters. As new arrivals, IDPs have fewer plans to gain access to resources and livelihoods, and they may live in slums where they are potential targets of urban violence. They, like other slum poor, may be forced to live in disaster-prone locations such as low-lying areas and landfills,[47] exposing them to risks for their physical safety and to the risk of loss of housing and further displacement.", "Experts noted that “the high concentration of resources, assets and services in cities can increase the destructive power of disasters, conflicts and violence”. [48] This has drawn the attention of the humanitarian community and urban experts to the particular impact of climate change on the urban environment, with a particular focus on the widening urban vulnerability gap, and the need to focus not only on humanitarian response, but also on the development of disaster prevention strategies tailored to the urban environment. [49]", "Reducing displacement resulting from climate change mitigation measures", "70. Measures to mitigate climate change, such as investment in clean technologies (e.g. hydropower, wind generation), agrofuel production, forest conservation projects or the rehabilitation of marshlands, are projected to result in large numbers of internally displaced persons.", "The international community has recognized that measures to address the impacts of climate change may have adverse economic and social consequences for some people and that support, including in the areas of financing, technology and capacity-building, is therefore required to reduce such consequences and “to enhance the resilience of societies and economies adversely affected by response measures”. [50] However, measures aimed at the reduction of climate change are prevented or minimized (para. In many cases, safeguards for displacement resulting from such measures affecting indigenous and minority groups remain weak.", "72. Programmes for the production of agrofuels and the protection of forest cover have sometimes impeded the traditional rights of indigenous peoples to their lands and cultures, indicating that some measures to mitigate climate change may have negative consequences, leading to forced displacement. The guidelines developed so far by development actors for large-scale development projects, including those promoting clean energy, such as hydroelectric dams, have also been criticized for their failure to reduce displacement and to fully implement human rights standards. [52]", "73. Guiding Principles 6 (c) and 7 (l) (iii) set out specific criteria to be followed in cases of anticipated displacement in non-emergency situations (as in the case of mitigation measures and large-scale development projects mentioned above). In the context of measures to mitigate climate change, it is important to assess the displacement that such measures may cause and to strengthen the standards in the Guiding Principles and the human rights-based approach.", "Durable solutions to address climate change-induced displacement", "74. Given the degree of displacement that has been predicted as a result of the effects of climate change, response strategies need to take measures not only to mitigate immediate humanitarian consequences and suffering, but also to adopt durable solutions to stop displacement. While relocation to or escape to more secure places can temporarily alleviate the situation, there is ample evidence that prolonged displacement can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, create dependency, create social tensions and pose serious protection, humanitarian and human rights challenges.", "75. In many cases, internally displaced persons may live in small settlements or camps, which raises a number of concerns, including concerns about personal security, in particular sexual and gender-based violence; discrepancies related to the provision of aid in camps; and humanitarian assistance in camps, which may last too long, undermining early recovery and durable solutions. As climate change-induced displacement increases, it is imperative that long-term and durable solutions be found for the affected populations to avoid insecurity, marginalization and instability in situations of protracted displacement, which will be necessary to ensure national and possibly regional security.", "76. A successful response to internal displacement requires the provision of durable solutions strategies, namely, return, local integration or resettlement in another part of the country. However, in situations of climate change-induced displacement, durable solutions may be complex and not static or single-dimensional. They may be a combination of a number of solutions, including seasonal or temporary migration, some of which may include continued residence in the place of origin and integration elsewhere in the country (e.g., permanent or seasonal return of some family members to the place of origin, while the earner works in another location). Strategies to address displacement should therefore be sufficiently flexible to include and support people ' s adaptation practices and ensure that durable solutions are based on free and informed consent.", "77. The Guiding Principles 28 to 30 and the Durable Solutions Framework provide standards and guidelines for durable solutions. According to the latter, “continuing solutions can be considered to have been achieved if internally displaced persons are no longer required to provide assistance and protection in relation to their displacement situation and if their enjoyment of human rights is not discriminatory by reason of their displacement” (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4, para.", "78. There are factors that favour durable solutions. One such factor is to ensure a transition to early recovery and reconstruction as early as possible in the humanitarian assistance phase, so that internally displaced persons can return to their places of origin and rebuild their lives as early as possible after a disaster. The guiding principles on humanitarian assistance annexed to General Assembly resolution 46/182 recognize the need to ensure that humanitarian assistance and development are mutually reinforcing from the outset of an emergency. In practice, however, it is difficult to link humanitarian assistance to longer-term goals of recovery and development, since different actors have different criteria and different considerations in their own areas of activity. This difficulty is compounded when national Governments do not have a clear long-term strategy. However, as the frequency and intensity of sudden-onset disasters are expected to increase, the capacity of local, national and international actors to bridge gaps and goals related to the various phases of humanitarian assistance, recovery and reconstruction needs to be strengthened.", "79. A number of other factors also contribute to durable solutions, including the re-establishment of local economies and livelihoods, the encouragement of self-reliance among affected communities, the promotion of such communities ' participation in activities, from involvement in the delivery of humanitarian assistance to participation in development actors. In resettlement or relocation, strategies related to land, housing and livelihoods are crucial, as are community-based approaches that take into account the needs of host communities. Increased internal displacement also requires mechanisms to address possible integration challenges and tensions with host communities.", "80. Durable solutions for displaced populations should be an integral part of national response plans, as well as local and national capacity-building programmes, and receive funding for the response. They should also be an integral part of national development plans. However, some of the impacts of climate change may affect the types of durable solutions used by affected populations. For example, in the event of a slow-onset disaster, return in the near future may no longer be feasible. This points to the need to explore viable options as early as possible and to integrate them into national development and adaptation plans in order to minimize the social and humanitarian consequences of large-scale spontaneous internal displacement. In extreme situations, such as low-lying island States, where local conditions are no longer appropriate for human habitation, regional and international cooperation efforts may also be necessary to explore durable solutions, which could pave the way for new standards and practices, including cross-border resettlement.", "H. Participation and procedural rights of affected persons", "81. In the context of climate change-induced displacement, the procedural rights of affected persons play a key role. These rights help to ensure respect for human rights, to ensure effective responses to specific vulnerabilities and to contribute to strengthening the capacity of those affected and making full use of that capacity. In fact, the resilience of individuals and societies depends to a large extent on the extent to which the ability of internally displaced persons to adapt to change and their participation in decisions that affect their lives is strengthened. Procedural rights include, inter alia, access to information; consultation and effective participation in decision-making processes; and access to effective remedies.", "82. Continued mechanisms and accountability mechanisms must be in place to ensure the participation of affected persons in all phases of displacement. [54] Guiding Principles 7, 28 and 30 set out the specific procedural rights of internally displaced persons in preventing displacement and guaranteeing their participation in the relocation and durable solutions process. Host and host communities should also participate in these participatory and consultative processes. [55]", "The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes that adaptation actions should be supported through a “country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach”, “taking into account vulnerable groups [and] communities” (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. It also recognized the need for measures to enhance understanding and cooperation on climate change-induced displacement and planned evictions, as well as for impact, vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including on the social and economic consequences of climate change adaptation options and response measures (para. 14 (b) and (f) and preambular sections III.E). The Guiding Principles and the Durable Solutions Framework complement each other and provide more specific and detailed guidance on participatory and procedural rights for the internally displaced.", "Framework for international cooperation", "84. States have the primary responsibility to protect and assist internally displaced persons within their territory. At the same time, the shared responsibility of the international community was recognized in the context of the displacement caused by climate change and the overburdening of poor regions and countries. If national capacities and resources are inadequate, international cooperation and partnerships should help to meet the costs of adaptation measures. This is in line with human rights standards and principles (A/HRC/10/61, para. 87), as recognized in the Cancun Adaptation Framework, which invites Parties to enhance action on adaptation, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and capacities and their priorities and circumstances (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 14).", "85. Specifically, paragraph 14 (f) of the Cancun Agreements recognizes the need for cooperation at the national, regional and international levels on displacement, migration and relocation, which should provide an opportunity to develop agreements and new standards to facilitate and support the movement of people, including, where necessary, beyond their borders.", "86. Climate change highlights the impact of actions taken by countries that transcend national borders and affect people and communities around the world. Climate change knows no boundaries and affects generations. An effective system of international cooperation and responsible domestic governance consistent with human rights obligations are therefore needed to address this issue and to support adaptation strategies to address the human rights challenges posed by climate change to the international community, such as displacement.", "Recommendations", "Human rights-based approach", "87. In addressing climate change-related internal displacement, a human rights-based approach should be adopted and all actions taken at the local, regional, national and international levels strengthened. Guiding Principles 6 on Internal Displacement, which are based on international human rights law, humanitarian law and, by analogy, refugee law standards, provide a robust legal framework that States should implement at the national level through legislation, policies and institutional mechanisms.", "Adaptation and mitigation measures", "Adaptation measures to address climate change-induced displacement should be comprehensive and should include the following aspects: disaster risk reduction and management; proactive strategies to prevent or minimize displacement; planned migration, where appropriate; preventive internal migration based on sound national policies as a mechanism for responding to slow-onset disasters; and durable solutions. Such measures must be consistent with international human rights obligations and must provide humanitarian assistance and protection to those affected during the displacement phase.", "89. Adaptation funds should support adaptation measures that are linked to climate change-induced internal displacement. They should support the efforts of Governments in this regard and support community participation. Funding mechanisms should adopt a comprehensive approach to displacement-related adaptation measures, ranging from the preventive measures described above to durable solutions, and should include safeguards for forced displacement and planned displacement. Such a mechanism should keep pace with relevant research and be in line with normative developments in this area.", "90. Disaster risk reduction and preparedness measures should be strengthened to prevent or minimize displacement. This is necessary, in particular because of the increasing frequency and severity of sudden-onset disasters and the serious humanitarian consequences of slow-onset disasters such as drought, both of which are due to the negative effects of climate change. National disaster management systems, laws and policies should incorporate a human rights-based approach, emphasize capacity-building and participation at the local or community level, and refer to applicable standards for internally displaced persons when displacement is unavoidable. Disaster management measures should be included in national development plans and climate change adaptation strategies.", "91. Mechanisms to promote engagement and participation and strengthen the capacity of local governments, communities, civil society and the private sector should be strengthened and supported. They can play an important role in effectively addressing climate change-related challenges. The most vulnerable should be included in the community.", "92. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the objective of climate change mitigation set out in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process and encourages further efforts in this regard, as mitigation of climate change will also reduce the number of internally displaced persons as a result of climate change.", "Knowledge, guidance and information", "93. Measures must be taken to strengthen knowledge in the area of climate change-related displacement and should be taken as soon as possible, as recommended in the Cancun Adaptation Framework (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16). This should include research on the scope and scale of such displacement, based on consultations with affected communities and inter-agency and interdisciplinary efforts.", "94. Special efforts are needed to better understand and respond to climate change-related, slow-onset disasters in order to avoid or minimize the associated suffering and displacement.", "95. Encourage research on the potential displacement that may result from projects to mitigate and adapt to climate change, such as the promotion of clean energy. Such a study should explore the scope and nature of such displacement and how further action may be necessary to ensure the human rights of displaced persons resulting from such projects, in accordance with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and other applicable human rights standards and norms.", "96. Further guidelines should be developed on the situation of persons deemed necessary for migration as a result of climate change impacts. Such guidelines should draw on lessons learned and ensure that the rights of persons who must be relocated are guaranteed. In particular, compensation, property rights, procedural rights, social and cultural identity, livelihood and support for the receiving community should be addressed.", "97. Global monitoring mechanisms on internal displacement should be strengthened to include disasters associated with sudden and slow-onset climate change and to help define the overall scope of displacement linked to climate change phenomena.", "98. The urban dimension of climate change-related displacement should be further studied and operational responses strengthened to address the characteristics and capacities of urban vulnerability and the potential increase and impact of unexpected urban migration caused by slow-onset and sudden-onset disasters.", "99. Member States should develop specific guidelines on: How to ensure that displacement is taken into account in the climate change debate; existing normative standards and guidance documents; human rights implications; and broader developments related to climate change-induced displacement, such as the impact on security and urban mobility.", "Cooperation and assistance", "100. More international support is needed to strengthen local and national capacities and legal frameworks and policies to address climate change-induced displacement. In order to support States in taking all necessary measures to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of those affected in accordance with their international human rights obligations, such cooperation, assistance and full implementation of paragraph 14 (f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework are essential.", "101. In order to achieve concrete results and build stronger operational and accountability structures, attention must now be focused on policy and programme implementation at the regional, national and subnational levels. This requires enhanced action and advocacy on specific response measures to address internal and intraregional climate change-induced displacement in forums at the regional and national levels.", "102. The role of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee in addressing and advocating on humanitarian issues in general and on the specific issue of displacement in relation to climate change should be strengthened, including through the work of its Climate Change Task Force, participation in important global policy forums such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and technical inputs at the regional, national and subnational levels to build resilience and strengthen practical activities and responses to climate change.", "[1] See www.unocha.org/what-we-do/advocacy/thematic-campaigns/international-displacement/overview.", "[2] The Norwegian Refugee Council ' s Observatory on Internal Displacement, displacement caused by natural disasters causing damage: Global estimates for 2009 and 2010, June 2011, p. 11.", "[3] First assessment report, available at www.ipcc.ch.", "[4] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16.", "[5] Ibid., paragraph 14.", "[6] E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, annex, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/standards.htm.", "[7] Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Summary for policymakers, p. 21. Available at www.ipcc.ch.", "[8] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822, art. 1, para.", "[9] Adapted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, abbreviations for climate change (http://unfccc.int/economic_background/global/items/36666.php).", "[10] Ibid.", "[11] ISDR secretariat (ISDR secretariat), Glossary for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, 2009, p. 10.", "[12] UNHCR, “Summary of discussions on climate change and displacement”, expert round table paper on climate change and displacement, held in Bellagio, Italy, from 22 to 25 February 2011, p. 2.", "[13] Ibid.", "[14] Press release SC/10332 (www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10332.doc.htm). See also Security Council debate of 17 April 2007 (SC/9000); A/HCR/10/61, pp. 61-63.", "[15] Report on the media of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) dated 20 July 2011 (www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/82387/code/).", "[16] Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Famine and Drought: Situation Report No. 6, 3 August 2011, p. 2, available at http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Somalia%20Situation%20Report%20No.%206%2003%20August%202011.pdf.", "[17] See, for example, International Council on Human Rights Policy, “Climate change and human rights: a rough guide”, 2008; World Bank, “Human rights and climate change: a review of international legal dimensions”, Washington, D.C., 2011.", "[18] See A/HRC/SF/2010/2, paras. 11, 14 and 18-20; A/HRC/10/61, paras. 42-60, which analyses the impact of climate change on women, children, indigenous peoples and internally displaced persons.", "[19] For example, A/HRC/7/5, A/64/255, A/HRC/10/61 and A/HRC/13/21, paras. 43 and 44.", "[20] See: A/HRC/10/61, paras. 42-54; A/HRC/16/62, para. 48; FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 (preamble).", "[21] Information on Nansen meetings and principles. Available at http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/whats-new/news/transcript-of-the-prime-ministers-speech/nansen_principles.html?id=651568.", "[22] 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 132; see also resolution 64/162, preambular paragraph 10).", "[23] By 2008, it had been noted that the number of natural disasters had doubled over the past two decades and that in 2010, an estimated 90 per cent of disasters were climate-related. See United Nations Information Centre, “The United Nations notes the need for preparedness now”, available at: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29154&cr=Disaster&Cr1=Climate#, and Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, supra note 2.", "[24] The Kampala Convention will be binding upon ratification by 15 signatory States. As at 2 August 2011, 12 States had ratified the Convention.", "[25] Article 12 of the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region.", "[26] UNHCR, Summary of discussions on climate change, ibid., p. 6.", "[27] International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Risks in Life: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Action, 2004, p. 17.", "[28] Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2).", "[29] A/HRC/10/61, paras. 72-74; A/RES/64/162, preamble; see also Walter Kälin's discussion of the obligation of States to reduce vulnerability and disaster risk, including the understanding of the European Court of Human Rights, Oxford, 2010, pp. 82-83, in Walter Kälin, “Conceptualization of climate-induced displacement”, J. McAdam.", "[30] “The Economist”, 30 July-5 August 2011, p. 32, OCHA, “Famine and drought”, ibid., p. 4.", "[31] “Capacity-building for a human rights-based approach to recovery”, presented by Walter Kälin at the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, Oslo, 5-7 June 2011, available at www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0606_disasters_human_rights_kaelin.", "[32] Guiding principles 6 and 7. See also Walter Kälin, “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Notes”, revised edition, pp. 27-30, Transnational Legal Policy Study, No. 38 (2008), American Society of International Law, Washington, D.C. Note that “protection from displacement” refers to protection against forced displacement (i.e., orders from the authorities or forced displacement) and through measures to reduce the need for population movement to prevent displacement, not to the displacement or displacement of displaced persons.", "[33] See A/HRC/7/5, para. 51, A/HRC/7/5/Add.2, paras. 11 and 15. See also general comment No. 12 (1999) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the right to adequate food (art. 11), para. 28; A/HRC/10/61, paras.", "[34] Newly released document, “Cancún Summit on Climate: United Nations Agricultural Experts Call for an Agricultural Green Marshall Plan”, 29 November 2010.", "[35] See International Organization for Migration, Policy Brief on Migration, Climate Change and the Environment (2009), available from https://www.iom.int/envig.", "[36] UNHCR, “Summary of discussions on climate change”, ibid., para.", "[37] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paragraphs 25 and 26.", "[38] Ibid., paras. 28 (b) and (c).", "[39] There is a distinction between planned relocation and spontaneous evacuation and displacement in emergency situations.", "[40] Wilton Park, Conference Report, Urban Risks: moving from humanitarian responses to disaster prevention, 22-25 November 2010.", "[41] Ibid.", "[42] This was observed by the Special Rapporteur during his visit to Maldives in July 2011.", "[43] Wilton Park, Conference Report, ibid., p. 1.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] Ibid.", "[46] Ibid., p. 8.", "[47] Ibid., p. 3.", "[48] Ibid., p. 2.", "[49] Ibid., the Inter-Agency Standing Committee also recognized the need to strengthen the humanitarian response to emergencies in urban centres and addressed this issue through the Advisory Group on Humanitarian Challenges. See IASC Strategy: Addressing Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, 2010.", "[50] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 89; see also Articles 2.3 and 3.14 of the Kyoto Protocol.", "[51] A/HRC/10/61, paras. 66-68; E/C.19/2008/13, para. Programmes to protect forest cover sometimes involve local communities closely in such projects and protect them from agricultural processing projects, thus also preventing displacement.", "[52] See document A/64/255 on dam projects, para. 47.", "[53] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paragraphs 14 (a), 15 and 16, on modalities for the development of national response plans and the provision of support.", "[54] See General Assembly resolution 64/162, para. 7; A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, paras. 11, 14 and 15, 26 and 33.", "[55] Host communities are those to which internally displaced persons have spontaneously relocated (to) and those to which internally displaced persons have deliberately or systematically settled or relocated." ]

[ "联 合 国", "联合国人权事务高级专员的报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第36号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第36号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "联合国人权事务高级专员的报告", "A/66/36", "ISSN 1020-3702", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月9日]", "目录", "页次A.一. 1 \n 导言 B.二. 1 \n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处优先专题 A. 1 \n加强人权机制和逐步发展国际人权法. B. 6 \n打击歧视，特别是种族歧视、根据性别或宗教的歧视和对其他边缘化人的歧视 C. 8 \n追求经济、社会、文化权利和打击不平等和贫穷，包括经济、粮食和气候危机 \nD.移徙情况中的人权 11\nE.打击有罪不罚和加强问责制、法治和民主社会 11\nF.武装冲突、暴力和不安全情况中保护人权 13C.三. 15 \n 结论", ">", "一. 导言", "1. 今年，北非和中东发生大规模人民运动，人民要求取得他们的公民、文化、经济、社会和政治权利，并表示渴望得到合理的治理。联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)通过实地介入和联合国决策论坛，寻求抓住这些运动造成的势头。作为高级专员，我欢迎一些国家采取有希望的步骤，处理要求改革的呼声，展开久已应该进行的改革，但我要强调的是，焦点必须放在处理令人民走上街头的那些问题。", "2. 办事处继续执行六个优先专题的工作，并加强同联合国家庭各组织以及同其他区域和多边组织的伙伴关系。高级专员办事处驻纽约办事处助理秘书长的任命，使人权在联合国总部举行的政府间、部厅间和机构间讨论上，增加了能见度和影响。", "3. 我访问了澳大利亚、多民族玻利维亚国、德国、几内亚、以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土、约旦、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、挪威、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、突尼斯和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。副高级专员则访问了柬埔寨、海地、肯尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、立陶宛、尼泊尔、索马里和苏丹；人权事务助理秘书长访问了阿富汗、科特迪瓦和伊拉克。", "4. 人权高专办支助54个人权实地人员、12个区域派驻人员、13个国家办事处(新增突尼斯国家办事处)、联合国和平特派团14个人权单位和联合国国家工作队15个人权顾问(参看A/HRC/16/20)。目前继续同埃及政府讨论设立一个北非区域办事处。", "5. 办事处的任务急剧增加(包括人权条约机构体系不断扩大)，造成严重挑战。我感谢办事处工作人员，他们勤奋工作，献身事业；我呼吁会员国提供办事处足够资源，使它能完成任务。", "二. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处优先专题", "A. 加强人权机制和逐步发展国际人权法", "1. 加强人权机制", "(a) 人权理事会", "6. 大会在第65/281号决议中认可人权理事会对其工作和运作情况的审查结果，这项审查是于2011年3月完成的。我敦促理事会继续表现其及时应对紧急和长期情况的能力，包括进一步试验创新的工作方式。", "7. 在本报告所述期间，理事会举行了三次特别会议，一次关于科特迪瓦局势(2010年12月)，一次关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势(2011年2月)，一次关于阿拉伯叙利亚共和国局势(2011年4月)。理事会成立国际调查委员会调查违反国际法、包括国际人道主义法和人权法的行为。理事会要求我派遣一个特派团到阿拉伯叙利亚共和国，但直到现在编写报告时，特派团仍未部署，因为得不到政府的合作。", "8. 理事会于2011年2月28日至3月25日举行第十六届会议，2011年5月30日至6月17日举行第十七届会议，两届会议一共通过29个决议和决定(比2010年多10个)，这表示它决定全面处理人权问题，它建立一些新的特别程序(参看第16段)，并继续制订标准和建立程序：它通过《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》并拟订《儿童权利宣言》的一个任择议定书。", "9. 这些行动值得称赞，但牵涉到大量资源，等待大会处理。", "(b) 普遍定期审议", "10. 到5月底，192年会员国中有175个会员国接受了审议，国家参与率为百分之一百，这反映它们热烈支持普遍定期审议机制。", "11. 办事处支助普遍定期审议：它编写有关每个国家的审议的文件，并支持报告员，管理工作组和理事会的进程，和促进各国参与。人权高专办利用参加普遍定期审议自愿信托基金的资源，迄今一共召开了25次实地和在总部举行的区域间、区域和国家工作会议，向国家提供关于编写国家报告的咨询意见，和向利益攸关方提供关于协助审议的咨询意见。", "12. 普遍定期审议的第一周期将于2012年3月结束。它让国际社会可以评价所有会员国境内的人权状况，并提供一个框架，让每个国家可以对改进实地人权状况的建议作出公开承诺。第二个周期应以初次审议的结果为基础，贯彻成果和国家的承诺。", "13. 办事处继续支助国家拟订实际方法，以贯彻和执行普遍定期审议产生的建议。人权高专办常常同对口合作，向40个左右国家提供关于贯彻建议的协助，协助工作利用“财政和技术协助执行普遍定期审议信托基金”和审议全面活动可用的资源。人权高专办召开了三次会议，交流经验和拟订执行审议产生的建议的综合路线图(两次会议同联合国开发计划署合作，在非洲举行，一次会议同欧洲联盟合作，在欧洲举行)。", "14. 审议第二周期的方式经理事会第十七届会议通过，它寻求在审议所接受建议的执行情况和考虑所审议国家人权状况的发展之间取得平衡。执行责任主要由国家承担，但国内利益攸关方可起作用，广泛的参与确保普遍定期审议纳入国家议程。", "(c) 特别程序", "15. 促进理事会特别程序——最可使用和最能回应的人权机制——的工作，是人权高专办的一个优先事项。特别程序的任务执行人通过国家访问、通讯和咨询服务，经常同国家和其他利益攸关方进行对话。我欢迎大会通过人权理事会工作与运作情况的审查结果，理事会强烈排斥恐吓或报复同联合国及其人权领域代表合作的人。", "16. 理事会建立了两个新的专题任务(消除法律上和事实上对妇女歧视工作组，和平集会和结社自由权利特别报告员)和两个新的国家任务(伊朗伊斯兰共和国人权状况特别报告员，和科特迪瓦问题独立专家)，所以现在一共有43项任务规定(33项专题任务，10项国家任务)。理事会还设立了人权与跨国和其他公司企业工作组。", "17. 2010年，特别程序任务执行人到48个国家进行了67次国家访问，向大会和人权理事会提出了161份报告，向110多个国家发出600多件信函。他们也通过协调委员会参加理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的特别会议。", "18. 80多个会员国向特别程序发出长期邀请，但任务执行人在取得访问国家、包括一些已发出长期邀请的国家的许可方面，仍遭遇困难。对信函提出答复的百分比仍只得35%左右。我感到高兴的是，理事会在其工作和运作情况审查结果发表后，再次呼吁各国切实同特别程序合作，并鼓励它们接受国家访问和采取立刻行动贯彻任务执行人的建议和信函内容。独立、正直和专门知识是特别程序的标志。这些原则也在审查结果中得到加强，它们使任务执行人能够公正地、平衡地履行职责。我深信大会会鼓励国家、区域和国际级别的密集对话。", "19. 办事处继续鼓励同特别程序任务执行人合作工作，并在工作中更加协调、划一工作方法和最有效地使用资源，任务执行人同条约机构、普遍定期审议和区域机构密切合作。人权高专办实地人员同特别程序合作，共同致力促进人权。特别程序的联合通讯报告将可加强工作方法，更有效地使用资源，因为这将大大减少文件和相关的处理费用——目前大约有66%的信函是由两个或两个以上任务执行人联合发出的。", "(d) 条约机构", "20. 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》(2010年12月23日生效)缔约方第一次会议于2011年5月举行，庆祝第10个人权条约机构成立。在过去10年间，条约机构的数目从5个增至10个；它们年会的开会日期总数，从44个星期增至73个星期；专家人数从74人增至172人。到7月底，人权条约及其实质和程序议定书的批准书和加入书共为1 905件。", "21. 在我呼吁进行思考进程之后，人权高专办鼓励和促进利益攸关方之间进行进一步的对话，发展进一步加强条约机构体系的概念和建议。4月和6月，分别在首尔和比勒陀利亚同民间社会组织举行咨商会议。5月，差不多90个会员国的代表在瑞士、锡永举行会议(会议由我邀请、9位条约机构主席在场)，讨论加强体系问题、包括报告、建设性对话、条约机构成员的独立和专门知识和在国家一级执行的问题。", "22. 条约机构主席于6月30日至7月2日在日内瓦举行第二十三次会议，会前并举行12次委员会间会议。主席们通过关于如下问题的建议：条约机构成员的专门知识和独立；提高会议地位，授予决策权；每年召开两次区域会议；以特设专题工作组替代委员会间会议。", "2. 逐步发展国际人权法", "23. 办事处支持联合国人权体系(人权理事会、其咨询委员会和社会论坛、条约机构和特别程序)的制订标准活动。在人权高专办的支助下，条约机构举行了几天的一般性讨论，包括提出一般性评论。7月11日至29日，人权事务委员会举行第102届会议，通过了关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19条解释的第34号一般性评论。经济、社会、文化权利委员会讨论性健康和生殖健康权利；残疾人权利委员会讨论无障碍环境问题(《残疾人权利公约》第9条)。2010年12月，移徙工人问题委员会通过关于移徙家庭佣工权利第一次一般性评论，并在庆祝《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员的权利的国际公约》通过20周年纪念的范围内，讨论“保护权利，建立合作”专题。消除对妇女歧视委员会通过关于年长妇女及保护其人权以及《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》缔约方在第2条下所负核心义务的一般性评论。", "24. 2010年，5个委员会一共通过120多件关于个别来文的决定(这5个委员会订有实用的个别来文程序)，这促进了不同领域的国际判例。人权高专办支持关于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》任择议定书的不限成员名额工作组。人权理事会第十七届会议通过《儿童权利公约》任择议定书文本，并建议大会今届会议予以通过。任择议定书授权儿童权利委员会收受和审议个别来文。", "25. 5月，人权高专办支助人权理事会第15/26号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组第一届会议，该届会议审议是否可能拟订国际管理框架以管理、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动的问题。不限成员名额工作组审议了一个可能公约的草案，草案是由使用雇佣军问题工作组编写的。", "26. 2010年，在人权高专办的支持下，根据关于境内流离失所者人权的任务规定，拟订了关于保护遭受自然灾害者的订正行动准则(A/HRC/16/43/Add.5，附件)，并经机构间常设委员会认可。", "27. 办事处支助人权与跨国公司及其他商业企业问题秘书长特别代表编写防止和处理商业活动人权遭受不利影响风险全球准则。特别代表拟订的“商业与人权指导原则：执行联合国保护、尊重和补救框架”(A/HRC/17/31，附件)，经理事会第十七届会议通过。人权高专办也向《联合国全球契约》的人权组成部分提供技术和政策咨询意见，并同《全球契约》联合提出一个关于商业与人权的订正在线学习工具以及一个商业企业拟订公司人权政策指南。", "28. 人权理事会第15/19号决议请人权高专办征求对赤贫与人权问题指导原则草案的意见、评论和建议(草案由人权与赤贫问题独立专家(现在为特别报告员)提出)。人权高专办于6月召开一次咨商会议，最后报告将提交理事会第十九届会议；特别报告员将向理事会第二十一届会议提出订正指导原则最后草案。", "29. 法律上和事实上对妇女歧视问题工作组于6月举行第一届会议。我有信心，工作组正在拟订的关于消除法律上和事实上歧视法律的最佳做法纲要，会向各国提供宝贵指导。", "30. 办事处管理普遍人权索引(www.universalhumanrightsindex.org)，这是一个电子工具，可以广泛传播人权机构和特别程序的建议和意见，从而帮助国家一级执行方面的努力。为了促进一种综合处理方法，将普遍定期审议产生的各项建议编入索引，这样，到2011年底，用户将能分析和比较联合国三个人权机制的建议。这将有助于各国执行建议，促进后续工作和简化使用结论和建议者的工作。", "31. 办事处支助政府间发展权利问题不限成员名额工作组的工作，包括工作组审议执行发展权利高级别工作队任务的成果。", "32. 办事处支助人权理事会咨询委员会拟订消除对麻风病患者及其家人的歧视原则和准则(2010年12月大会第65/215号决议通过)。", "33. 办事处促进理事会拟订《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》的倡议，它向理事会不限名额工作组(1月10日至14日开会)提供支助。", "34. 人权高专办同暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表合作，召开一次关于对儿童问题敏感的咨询、申诉和报告机制专家咨商会议(2010年9月30日和10月1日举行)。人权高专办另同特别代表办事处、各国议会联盟和非政府组织暴力侵害儿童问题咨询理事会合作，于2011年7月召开禁止、防止和应对一切形式暴力侵害儿童法律框架专家会议。", "35. 办事处继续促请注意以性取向和性别为基础侵害人权的行为，包括歧视。人权理事会第17/19号决议严重关切世界各区域根据性取向和性别暴力侵害和歧视个人的行为，请我委托进行一项关于相关歧视法律和做法及暴力行为的研究。研究结果将提交理事会第十九届会议讨论。", "36. 办事处召开一系列关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的专家工作会议，以讨论立法、法学和国家政策；加深了解；加强禁止煽动仇恨；确保充分尊重言论自由。工作会议分别在欧洲区域(维也纳，2月)、非洲区域(内罗毕，4月)和亚洲及太平洋区域(曼谷，7月)举行。最后一个工作会议预定在美洲区域举行(圣地亚哥，10月)。", "B. 打击歧视，特别是种族歧视、根据性别或宗教的歧视和对其他边缘化人的歧视", "1. 种族歧视", "37. 办事处在2011年非洲裔人国际年起主导作用，发展了一个全办事处的打击对非洲裔人歧视的行动框架。人权理事会第十六届会议期间召开了一个非洲裔人享受人权小组会议。现代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍问题特别报告员参加了非洲裔人问题专家工作组第十届会议。特别报告员在消除种族歧视国际日，同其他人权机制联合发表了一份联合声明，题为“承认正义和发展：实现非洲裔人完全平等路线图”。在消除种族歧视委员会第七十八届会议期间，举行一天关于对非洲裔人种族歧视问题的专题讨论会；专家工作组成员于5月访问葡萄牙时，并同非洲裔人会面。人权高专办发起非洲裔人伙伴方案，目的是加深参与者对联合国人权体系的了解，以期加强保护和促进伙伴所在国家和社区非洲裔人的权利。新闻部已展开宣传倡议，包括设立六种正式语文的专门网站。", "38. 今年是《德班宣言和行动纲领》通过10周年纪念，人权高专办举行活动庆祝，包括消除种族歧视国际日和非洲裔人国际年活动。并同大会主席办公室和新闻部合作，设立一个六种正式语文的网站。", "39. 2010年10月，有效执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》政府间工作组提出关于移徙、保护儿童、就业和国家行动计划的建议。", "40. 办事处继续协助会员国将它们在国际和区域人权文书下所负禁止和消除种族歧视的义务，落实为国家法律、政策和方案。办事处向贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、布基纳法索、哥斯达黎加和乌拉圭提供发展国家打击种族歧视行动计划的技术协助。并举行区域培训工作会议(例如，埃塞俄比亚会议)，协助政府代表国家人权机构和民间社会拟订和执行国家行动计划。", "2. 土著和少数民族问题", "41. 7月，土著人民权利问题专家机制通过其关于参与决策权利的最后报告。它也讨论《联合国土著人民权利宣言》以及专家机制关于土著人民和教育权利专题研究的后续工作情况。", "42. 办事处继续支持少数民族问题论坛的工作。它同各国议会联盟合作于2010年11月在墨西哥恰帕斯举行一次关于少数民族和土著人民政治代表权的国际会议。办事处2010年9月在贝鲁特，2011年5月在曼谷同执法机构举行咨商会议，讨论如何加强少数民族参与警务。", "43. 人权高专办中非区域办事处同联合国系统组织及其他伙伴合作倡议，促进2010年12月通过一项关于刚果土著人民权利的法律，这是非洲第一个这类法律。", "44. 我曾承诺鼓励努力处理根据社会等级的歧视，按照这一承诺，人权事务高级专员驻尼泊尔办事处同国家达利特人委员会和人权维护者，通过能力建设和其他活动，鼓吹打击根据社会等级的歧视。2011年5月，尼泊尔议会通过一项关于根据社会等级歧视和不可接触贱民的里程碑法律。", "45. 人权高专办印发了两本出版物：“属于民族或种族、宗教和语言少数民族的权利宣言”和“少数民族权利：国际标准和执行准则”。", "46. 5月，人权高专办同国际劳工组织、开发计划署和联合国儿童基金会合作，共同发起“联合国土著人民伙伴关系”。“伙伴关系”将提供资金进行4个方案：(a) 获得正义、土地和祖先领土；(b) 法律审查和改革；(c) 民主治理和土著人民机构；(d) 自然资源和采掘工业。这些方案有助于促进《联合国土著人民权利宣言》及其执行。", "3. 两性平等与妇女人权", "47. 2010年安全理事会主席发展关于妇女与和平及安全的声明后(S/PRST/2010/ 22)，人权高专办参加妇女与两性平等机构间网络妇女、和平与安全工作队促进制订一个战略框架以指导执行安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议，和订定相关指标。人权高专办通过“联合国打击冲突中性暴力行动”机构间倡议，促进执行安全理事会关于与冲突有关的性暴力第1820(2008)、1888(2009)和1960(2010)号决议。办事处关于刚果民主共和国境内性暴力的高级别小组的报告(3月在日内瓦发表)载有性暴力受害人的证词，其中提出她们的需要及她们对可得到的救济和赔偿的看法。联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团联合国联合人权办事处已得到加强，以帮助贯彻报告内所载建议。", "48. 办事处协助联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(联合国妇女署)的战略规划进程，并展开拟订一项联合国妇女署/人权高专办联合工作计划，该工作计划将于2012年3月提交人权理事会和妇女地位委员会。", "49. 人权高专办同联合国人口基金、儿童基金会和世界卫生组织合作，编写一份关于防止根据性别的性选择机构间声明，于6月14日发表。在理事会第十七届会议期间，举行关于妇女权利的第4次年度讨论会，讨论专题为：鉴定防止暴力侵害妇女行为的良好做法和差距，与冲突有关的暴力侵害妇女行为。依照理事会的要求，我提出一份后续报告，向各国提供进一步指引。指出可防止孕产妇死亡和发病及人权方面的有效人权做法(A/HRC/18/27，待印发)。", "4. 对残疾人的歧视", "50. 到7月底，大会通过《残疾人权利公约》未到5年，已有103个国家成为《公约》的缔约方。办事处加强对残疾人权利委员会的支助，该委员会开始审议缔约国的报告和个人来文。2010年有25名实地人员向各国和民间社会提供这一领域的协助(2006年只有4名实地人员)。协助范围包括协助批准工作和履行报告义务；提供对法律、政策改革和体制建设的咨询意见；协助民间社会。人权高专办、儿童基金会、经济和社会事务部和开发计划署设立一项多捐助者信托基金，支助国家一级与《公约》有关的技术援助，我鼓励各国向基金捐款。人权高专办继续同经济和社会事务部共同主持关于《公约》的机构间支助小组。", "51. 在人权高专办、经济和社会事务部和其他联合国实体的建议下，成立了一个部门间无障碍环境工作队，以改善全联合国系统的无障碍环境标准，特别是会议议事程序和文件方面。在残疾人权利委员会和某种程度上在人权理事会方面，参与会议议事程序和取得文件上已有所改善；残疾人亦较可以参与联合国关于人权的会议。我欢迎联合国东帝汶综合特派团人权与过渡司法科发表联合国和平特派团关于残疾人权利的第一份公开报告，并通过一系列的广播电台节目，鼓吹残疾人应在更大程度上得到教育、就业和保健。", "5. 老年人", "52. 办事处支持执行大会第65/182号决议，大会在该决议中要求审议制定其他文书和措施的可能性，以期处理老年人面对的特殊人权挑战。会员国正审议现行的人权框架和机制，以加强保护老年人人权和处理这方面的任何差距。", "6. 根据健康状况的歧视", "53. 办事处继续同联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)合作，促进和保护染患和可能染患艾滋病毒的人的人权。并向各国政府提供技术援助，以审查妨碍普遍得到艾滋病毒预防、治疗、照顾和支持的法律、政策和做法。秘书长提交理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/69)提供对全球应对艾滋病方法当前面临的挑战的人权分析，该报告被用以筹备大会6月召开的艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议。人权高专办也鼓励一些国家人权机构将艾滋病毒问题纳入其工作范围。", "C. 追求经济、社会、文化权利和打击不平等和贫穷，包括经济、粮食和气候危机", "1. 促进发展权利", "54. 2011年庆祝《联合国发展权利宣言》通过第25周年纪念的主要专题是“发展是人人的人权”。由于会员国和其他相关利益攸关方的努力，这个庆典启发促进发展权利的活动，这些活动在周年纪念之后仍继续。人权高专办正在汇编30多个国际发展权利专家的研究和分析研究报告。秘书长和我将联合向大会今届会议提交一份报告，详细说明经济及社会理事会、人权理事会及其社会论坛、条约机构、特别程序、联合国实体和民间社会、包括非政府组织在庆祝周年纪念期间进行的活动。经济、社会、文化权利委员会曾指出，它认为发展权利建立一个特定框架，在这个框架内履行提供国际合作和援助的义务。7月1日，各人权条约机构主席在一份联合声明中指出，它们决心一致努力促进对所有人权条约的具体发展内容和相互依存性的了解。从而突出和强调发展权利在解释和适用人权条约的规定和监测这些规定遵守情况方面的相干性和重要性。", "55. 办事处参加5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的联合国最不发达国家会议。会议通过的《伊斯坦布尔宣言和行动纲领》提到人权，显示全球越来越认识到人权对成功的发展成果的重要性。", "2. 一切人权纳入发展", "56. 人权高专办根据会员国在2005年世界首脑会议成果文件(大会第60/1号决议)和大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议成果文件所作的承诺，带头领导联合国发展集团机构间努力，促进将人权纳入联合国发展方面的业务活动，加强政策的连贯性、协调和能力发展，使联合国系统可以更有效地回应国家的优先事项。依照秘书长的要求，于2010年10月建立了一个人权主流化机制。机制所需支助的初步规划，显示国家一级的要求很强。人权高专办的实地人员、特别是联合国国家工作队人权顾问，促进将人权纳入发展方案拟订。", "57. 2010年举行的大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议对人权在会员国实现千年目标的努力上的重要性，达成历史性的协议：成果文件所定的行动议程中列有8个具体人权承诺。人权高专办对准备过程作出贡献：建立通讯战略和进行宣传运动；研究和政策分析；支助关于与千年目标有关问题的特别程序；参与并促进联合国发展集团千年发展目标工作队的准备工作和专题报告。各人权条约机构主席在高级别全体会议期间发表的联合声明强调国际人权标准在实现千年目标上的重要性。", "3. 打击贫穷", "58. 在打击贫穷上，我的优先重点是协助把上述的承诺落实为实地人权成果。在大会高级别全体会议上，我表示办事处准备向愿意带头将人权纳入其国家发展计划的所有会员国提供支助。在厄瓜多尔，规划部同人权高专办合作，发展将人权纳入国家发展规划进程的方法。这项工作在2011年继续进行，焦点放在水部门。", "59. 2011年5月，人权高专办和世界卫生组织与瑞典国际开发合作署一起，完成一个政策评估工具：“卫生部门战略中的人权与两性平等：如何评估政策的连贯性”，这个工具正在国家一级进行试验。人权高专办根据2010年10月在海地和利比里亚进行的以权利为基础的预算监测，完成了一个关于预算进程与人权的学习包，以帮助会员国和国家伙伴将人权纳入它们的国家发展和减贫战略。目前正在在国家、联合国和民间社会伙伴的支持下，在非洲进行学习包和训练培训员模式的测试。", "4. 经济、社会、文化权利", "60. 办事处进行关于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》的宣传和培训活动，包括这些权利在以下国家的法院可审判性：贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、布基纳法索、佛得角、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、马里、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、尼日尔、塞内加尔、西班牙和多哥。这些活动促成厄瓜多尔和西班牙批准《任择议定书》，哥斯达黎加和哈萨克斯坦签署议定书和萨尔瓦多议会赞同议定书。", "61. 办事处支持将适当住房权利国际标准纳入国内法和做法。在吉尔吉斯斯坦，人权高专办的宣传促进将人权语言纳入住房法草案。在塔吉克斯坦，非政府组织报告说，在人权高专办组织的活动后，当局比较接受公开讨论取得资讯和参与都市规划以及使用司法等问题，而法院也越来越对住房问题敏感。在一些法院，法官对被迫迁者，补偿和重新安置都加以保护。在塞尔维亚，宣传和培训导致较公开地讨论有关罗姆人住房和迫迁的人权问题。", "62. 在海地，人权高专办对强迫驱逐案件发出具体指引。它也支持海地非政府组织监测保护方面关切事项并同营地委员会和妇女团体进行能力建设工作。", "63. 联合国科特迪瓦行动人权科在奥迭内北部地区建造两所学校，让儿童可以受教育。", "64. 人权高专办在柬埔寨的国家办事处在42件村民与公司的土地争端中提供协助，并向省和地方当局、社区和非政府组织提供法律意见。在哥伦比亚，人权高专办在关于受害人与土地归还法的辩论中提供法律意见，这项法律的目的是对国内武装冲突的受害人提供补偿和将土地归还几百万流离失所的人。", "5. 经济、粮食和气候危机中保护人权", "65. 我对非洲之角目前的饥荒深感关切，这次饥荒不幸使人想起尊重人权在预防重大经济、粮食和气候危机方面是非常重要的。虽然旱灾和冲突及广泛的结构不平衡是一部分原因，但饥荒主要是治理不善和缺乏国际合作所造成的。国际法规定国家个别地和集体地有责任执行预防饥荒措施，特别是根据气候变化的情况进行。国际法也要求对这些危机的应对应遵守人权标准，在生命遭遇危险时更强制要求有职责这样做的人立即有责任进行。", "66. 办事处继续参加全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队，帮助更新其综合行动框架，将以人权为基础的方法纳入世界粮食和营养安全战略。人权高专办向西非国家经济共同体提供关于萨赫勒地带气候变化下粮食安全、人类安全、人权和冲突相互关系的咨询意见。尼泊尔办事处拟订保护清单，该清单正被纳入机构间常设委员会该国行动计划的后勤和粮食组群。粮食权利特别报告员密切注意全球粮食危机的冲击，同联合国粮食和农业组织密切合作，进行世界粮食安全委员会的改革。", "67. 办事处按照人权理事会第16/11号决议，对人权与环境之间的关系进行分析研究，研究报告将向理事会第十九届会议提出。", "D. 移徙情况中的人权", "68. 我以全球移徙问题小组主席的身分，在2010年11月在墨西哥巴亚尔塔港举行的第四次全球移徙和发展问题论坛上讲话，呼吁停止将非正常移徙者罪犯化。人权高专办组织一次关于移徙者易成为歧视、种族主义和仇外心理对象的小组讨论会，并同联合国难民事务高级专员办事处合作，召开一次关于对移徙者、寻求庇护者、难民和无国籍人实施行政拘留之外的其他办法圆桌讨论会。", "69. 在我担任主席期间，全球论坛发表一份里程碑性声明，呼吁各国保护非正常移徙者的人权。人权高专办作为三人全球移徙问题小组的成员，于5月参加小组召开的一次研讨会，主题为“移徙与青年：利用发展机会”。", "70. 人权高专办作为打击贩运人口机构间协调小组主席，在人权理事会第十七届会议期间，组织一次会旁活动，强调联合国各实体在保护贩运行为受害人方面的作用。2010年12月，人权高专办在曼谷发表一份出版物：“建议的人权与贩运问题原则和准则：评注”。2010年和2011年，人权高专办参加几次区域能力建设活动，促进在处理贩运人口问题时采用以人权为基础的处理方法。", "71. 2010年，我继续呼吁增加批准和有效执行《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员的权利的国际公约》，2010年是该《公约》通过20周年。2010年6月，人权高专办欧洲区域办事处发起一项关于《公约》的研究。2010年12月，中非区域办事处组织关于中非人权与移徙问题的第一次对话，这次对话提供一个平台，鼓吹批准《公约》和审查现行政策。在墨西哥，人权高专办监测过境移徙者的状况，这是我7月访问墨西哥的一个重点。5月，在我访问澳大利亚期间，我敦促政府寻求强制移民拘留之外的其他替代办法，并确保这方面的双边和区域安排充分维护人权。6月1日，我在人权理事会的开幕词中提出我对北非移徙者的状况感到关切，包括据称沉船上的移徙者被弃，任由其沉溺，尽管据称附近的欧洲单位有能力予以救援", "E. 打击有罪不罚和加强问责制、法治和民主社会", "72. 联合国系统使用2010年3月通过的秘书长关于联合国处理过渡司法准则说明，作为支持建立过渡司法机制及其运作的共同标准。", "73. 联合国东帝汶综合特派团人权与过渡司法科继续监测和汇报联合国调查委员会就2006年危机期间所犯罪行建议的起诉尚余部分的进展情况，并促进东帝汶真相、接受和和解委员会各项建议的后续行动。我继续密切注意斯里兰卡境内的发展情况，并敦促贯彻秘书长专家小组的工作，该小组审查对过去指称的犯罪行为的各种问责选择。", "74. 办事处组织两个专家工作会议，讨论新出现的过渡司法问题：处理过渡司法进程中侵犯经济、社会、文化权利的行为；尽量扩大裁军、复员、重返社会和过渡司法之间的协调机会。2月，办事处组织一个研讨会，讨论档案作为保证获得真相权利的经验。办事处也协助多哥建立过渡司法和和解委员会，该委员会从2010年8月至12月收集了17 000件证词。尼泊尔办事处协助受害人参加过渡司法对话，鼓吹增加受害人群体接触当局的机会，包括提供关于寻求真相法案要素的培训和召开三次关于法案的咨商会议(4月和5月)，这些法案的目的是使受害人群体在全国范围参与。", "75. 2010年10月，人权高专办出版一份关于规划工作的报告，用文件证据指出1993年3月至2003年6月期间刚果民主共和国境内所犯最严重的侵犯人权和国际人道主义法的行为。3月，人权高专办就刚果民主共和国政府提出的一份法律草案提供技术意见，该草案是关于设立特别法庭，负责起诉侵犯国际人权法和国际人道主义法的行为。", "76. 在海地，对让-克洛德·杜瓦利埃统治下所犯严重侵犯人权行为的调查，提供技术协助。", "77. 办事处对阿根廷、尼泊尔、多哥和乌干达建立保护司法和准司法或非司法程序受害人框架，提供技术支助。在乌干达，办事处还同乌干达法律改革委员会和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作，于2010年11月组织一次高级别专家研讨会。2010年12月，在尼泊尔举行一次关于这些问题的区域研讨会。5月，人权高专办组织一次关于性别观点及受害人和证人保护方案拟订的专家会议，其后开始制订一个关于受害人和证人性别方面的工具。", "78. 办事处促进批准《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，并在国际刑事法院和联合国关系协定(经大会2004年批准)的框架内，加强同法院的关系。", "79. 国家人权机构是国家保护体系的一个重要组成部分，人权高专办向20多个国家提供法律和技术意见，支助加强这些机构；并向40多个国家人权机构提供法律和技术意见，加强它们遵守“关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位的原则”(大会第48/134号决议，附件)的能力。2010年11月，人权高专办同联合国利比里亚特派团合作，组织一个人权研讨会，由尼日利亚、冈比亚、利比里亚、乌干达、塞拉利昂和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的议员和国家人权机构参加。", "80. 2010年12月，在南非举行一次关于人权和传统司法的专家会议；2010年9月，同加蓬参议院和国民议会及中非国家经济共同体中非议员网络合作，组织一个关于人权与选举的区域培训讨论会。人权高专办继续向会员国提供支助，确保安全机构、武装部队、警察和执法机构的建立和发展(不论在冲突后、早期复员或发展环境)，均以国际人权法为基础。人权高专办帮助拟订一系列关于安全部门改革的准则说明。2011年6月，人权高专办和维持和平行动部出版一本执行指南，其中载列一份法治指标清单及相关的项目工具简编。", "81. 人权高专办作为反恐怖主义执行工作队保护人权反恐怖主义工作组的领导，于2月组织五个区域专家专题讨论会的第一个讨论会，以期确保被控恐怖主义罪行的人获得公平评判权利的基本原则。工作组制订两项人权参考指南，分别关于安全基本结构和关于在反恐怖主义范围内拦住和搜索人。依照人权理事会的要求，3月和6月组织了两个小组讨论会，分别讨论采取行动处理恐怖主义劫持人质事件中的人权和恐怖主义受害人的人权。", "82. 办事处继续鼓吹被拘留者要求由独立公正法院对其拘留进行司法审查的权利，和在遭受酷刑、虐待或其他侵犯人权行为之后寻求救济的权利，以及审判前被拘留人要求获得律师和迅速审判或释放的权利。2010年，联合国中非共和国综合建设和平办事处获准访问该国所有拘留中心。人权高专办在柬埔寨获准访问该国的所有平民监狱；在几内亚，人权高专办协助参加2010年9月示威游行后被拘留的60青年从一组公益律师中获得法律援助。", "83. 人权高专办深信人权教育有助于打击有罪不罚及加强问责制、法治和民主，它执行人权教育方案，向各国政府、机构和民间社会提供协助，并制订相关工具。同时发展以最佳做法为基础的人权教育和培训方法；2011年3月，人权高专办同EQUITAS-国际人权教育中心联合出版“评价人权培训活动：人权教育手册”。2011年4月，人权高专办同开发计划署合作，推动“共助社区项目”第七阶段，提供赠款，支助14个国家的人权教育和培训项目。", "84. 人权高专办在世界人权教育方案的范围内，传播方案第一阶段(2005年至2009年)的评价报告结论——第一阶段着重学校系统的人权教育。人权高专办同教科文组织合作，执行世界方案第二阶段(2010年至2014年)行动计划传播战略——第二阶段着重高等教育和教师、教育工作者、公务员、执法官员和军事人员的人权培训(参看A/HRC/15/28)。", "F. 武装冲突、暴力和不安全情况中保护人权", "85. 许多严重侵犯人权行为都是在武装冲突、暴力和不安全情况中发生的，而且不受惩罚。最近在中东和北非一些国家，例如巴林、埃及、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、突尼斯和也门的事态发展，以及其他情况，例如科特迪瓦和苏丹的情况，突出了迫切需要发展可持续方法防止暴力升级和迅速地、有效地保护平民。人权高专办曾发表强烈的公开声明；在埃及和突尼斯部署高级别特派团；支持科特迪瓦和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的独立调查团；继续同安全理事会互动，以期确保对侵犯人权行为问责。", "86. 办事处继续加强回应紧急情况的能力，主要是通过它的迅速反应科，该科2011年收到的要求比过去任何一年都多，包括促进执行人权理事会的相关决议方面(参看上文第6至第9段)。在许多情况，我提供人权高专办协助。我派遣上述特派团到突尼斯和埃及(分别为1月至2月和3月至4月)，以期能同国家和国际对口讨论人权挑战和探讨早期过渡阶段的合作途径。", "87. 6月底，在政府同意下，我派遣一个特派团到也门，进行初步的人权情况评估。我将按照人权理事会第十七届会议发表的关于也门人权情况的联合声明，向理事会第十八届会议提出报告。", "88. 2010年南吉尔吉斯坦发生暴力事件后，我派遣一个特派团到奥什，监测侵犯人权行为并用文件证明；协助受害人获得救济；向执法当局和司法机关就加强它们保护人权的能力，提供意见。特派团的在场就是提供保护，这表明人权高专办在防止和处理威胁生命的侵犯人权行为方面可起关键作用。", "89. 联合国海地稳定特派团人权科继续领导2010年地震后全面人道主义应对保护组群。它按照发展情况调整，重新设计其战略，着重保护境内流离失所的人和受影响社区；法治；人权纳入公共政策、包括重建。", "90. 办事处参加2008年8月格鲁吉亚事件后日内瓦发起的国际讨论会，它强调所有负有义务者、包括控制当局，有责任确保人人享受一切人权，毫无歧视。在阿富汗，联合国阿富汗援助团人权组成部分同阿富汗独立人权委员会联合进行尽量减少冲突对平民影响的活动。", "91. 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动人权科鼓吹将人权纳入达尔富尔调解进程主流，包括支助民间社会参加多哈和平会谈。", "92. 在哥伦比亚，人权高专办加强它监测武装冲突情况中所犯性暴力案件，着重创造安全和信任条件，从而鼓励妇女举报性暴力行为。在萨尔瓦多，人权高专办就制订关于暴力侵害妇女的新法律提供意见(该法律于2010年11月通过)。", "93. 办事处同维持和平行动部订定关于保护平民和将保护平民纳入特派团规划的行动概念，并进行盘点执行保护平民任务所需资源和能力的工作。办事处也就联合国和平行动(例如在科特迪瓦和达尔富尔的行动)发展的保护平民战略提供意见，并帮助发展维持和平军人行动概念培训综合教材，人权高专办在这一领域工作的基本原则是，国际人道主义法和人权法是互相补充和互相加强性质、以及人权在冲突情况中有效保护平民的中心作用。", "94. 办事处完成了两项关于将人权纳入联合国警察和军事工作方面所汲取的教训、良好做法和持续挑战的报告。在安全部门改革方面，办事处支持机构间努力发展一系列准则说明，以加强联合国支助建立一支专业的、遵守人权的和问责的安全部队的能力。秘书长交付人权高专办和维持和平行动部一项任务，就是领导联合国系统内咨商、审查联合国对非联合国安全部队的支助情况，以确保严格遵守国际人权法、国际人道主义法和难民法。", "95. 在越来越多的国家，严重的暴力罪行、包括杀害、酷刑、失踪或性暴力和以性别为基础的暴力，使人民遭受侵犯人权行为并严重破坏国家的民主运作，往往，政府缺乏资源，有时缺乏意愿适当地处理情况，保持被动或采取违反它们国际人权义务的政策和措施。", "96. 有些国家请求人权高专办提供这方面的意见。人权高专办、美洲人权委员会和儿童基金会出版一份关于公民安全的报告，该报告主张对犯罪行为和暴力采取一种以权利为基础的综合处理方法，而非着重控制和镇压的强硬政策。人权高专办向南方共同市场公人权政策研究所提供技术合作，以发展一项成员国公民安全政策；人权高专办并参加中美洲一体化体系建立政府在这一领域能力的活动。", "97. 在墨西哥，人权高专办鼓吹反对使用军人担任公共秩序职务，主张在民事法院起诉军人所犯的侵犯人权行为。在一些国家，人权高专办提供关于警察和监狱改革的意见并支助发展和实施对负责公共秩序职务的政府官员和安全部队的人权培训。在危地马拉，人权高专办就安全立法和司法问题向议会提供技术援助。", "三. 结论", "98. 在本报告所述期间，办事处寻求迅速回应世界许多部分的人权危机。办事处也继续处理长期的人权问题；支持订立标准活动，人权理事会审查和加强条约机构体系的努力。但是，人权高专办面临的一项挑战，就是它对越来越多的任务规定，需要给予它们要求和应得的优先地位和仔细关注。我欢迎大会决定在本届会议审议迅速提供必要资源的方法，以应对理事会建立的迫切和时间敏感的任务规定。", "99. 人权同联合国的一切活动相关，这是不容争论的。我敦促国际社会加强对联合国人权方案的支持，使其能真正构成本组织的第三个柱石，和能回应世界所有部分一切人民充分和平等享受人权的合理要求。", "11-44840 (C) 020911 060911", "*1144840*" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 36", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 36", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "A/66/36", "ISSN 1020-3672", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[9 August 2011]", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 1II.Thematic 1 priorities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for \nHuman Rights A. Strengthening 1 of human rights mechanisms and the progressive development of international human rights \n law B.Countering 7 discrimination, in particular racial discrimination, discrimination on the grounds of sex or religion and discrimination against others who are \nmarginalized C.Pursuing 10 economic, social and cultural rights and combating inequalities and poverty, including in the context of the economic, food and climate \ncrises D. Human 13 rights in the context of \nmigration E. Combating 14 impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democratic \nsociety F.Protecting 16 human rights in situations of armed conflict, violence and \ninsecurity \nIII. Conclusion 18", "I. Introduction", "1. The current year saw massive popular movements in North Africa and the Middle East, where people claimed their civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights and expressed their desire for sound governance. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) sought to seize the momentum created by these movements through interventions on the ground and in United Nations policymaking forums. As the High Commissioner, I welcome the promising steps taken by some countries to address the calls for change and initiate long-overdue reforms, but emphasize that the focus must remain on addressing the range of issues that brought people into the streets.", "2. My Office continued to implement its six thematic priorities and strength its partnerships with organizations of the United Nations family, and with other regional and multilateral organizations. The appointment of an Assistant Secretary-General to New York Office of the Office of the High Commissioner has increased the visibility and impact of human rights in intergovernmental, interdepartmental and inter-agency discussions at United Nations Headquarters.", "3. I conducted missions to Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Germany, Guinea, Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory, Jordan, Mauritania, Mexico, Norway, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. The Deputy High Commissioner visited Cambodia, Haiti, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Nepal, Somalia and the Sudan, and the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights visited Afghanistan, Côte d’Ivoire and Iraq.", "4. With the inauguration of a country office in Tunisia, OHCHR provides support to 54 human rights field presences, 12 regional presences, 13 country offices, 14 human rights components in United Nations peace missions and 15 human rights advisers within United Nations country teams (see A/HRC/16/20). Discussions are ongoing with the Government of Egypt for the establishment of a regional office for North Africa.", "5. The sharp increase in the tasks requested of my Office, including those arising from the steadily expanding system of human rights treaty bodies, presents serious challenges. I am grateful to my staff for their diligence and dedication and appeal to Member States to provide my Office with adequate resources in order to enable it to fulfil its mandate.", "II. Thematic priorities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "A. Strengthening of human rights mechanisms and the progressive development of international human rights law", "1. Strengthening of human rights mechanisms", "(a) Human Rights Council", "6. The General Assembly, by resolution 65/281, endorsed the outcome of the review by the Human Rights Council of its work and functioning, which was completed in March 2011. I urge the Council to continue to demonstrate its capacity to respond to urgent and chronic situations in a timely manner, including through further experimentation with creative modalities of work.", "7. During the period under review, the Council held three special sessions, on the situations in Côte d’Ivoire (December 2010), the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (February 2011) and the Syrian Arab Republic (April 2011). It established international commissions of inquiry to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law. The Council requested me to dispatch a mission to the Syrian Arab Republic but, at the time of writing, the mission had not been deployed because of the lack of cooperation on the part of the Government.", "8. At its sixteenth and seventeenth sessions, held from 28 February to 25 March and 30 May to 17 June 2011, the Council adopted 29 resolutions and decisions (10  more than in 2010), demonstrating its determination to address human rights issues comprehensively. It established new special procedures (see para. 16) and continued to set standards and create procedures through its adoption of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training and elaboration of an optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "9. These actions are laudable, but have significant resource implications which remain to be addressed by the General Assembly.", "(b) Universal periodic review", "10. By the end of May, 175 of 192 Member States had been reviewed, with the 100 per cent participation rate of States reflecting their strong engagement with the universal periodic review mechanism.", "11. My Office supports the universal periodic review by, inter alia, preparing documents relating to the review of each country and supporting the rapporteurs, managing the process in the Working Group and the Council and facilitating the participation of States. Drawing on the resources of the Voluntary Trust Fund for Participation in the Universal Periodic Review, OHCHR has to date convened 25 field and headquarters-based interregional, regional and national workshops to advise States on the preparation of their national reports and stakeholders on their input to the review.", "12. The first cycle of the universal periodic review will be completed in March 2012. It has allowed the international community to take stock of the human rights situation in all Member States and provided a framework within which each State has made public commitments in respect of recommendations directed at improving the human rights situation on the ground. The second cycle should build on the initial review by following up on the achievements and pledges by States.", "13. My Office continues to provide support to States as they devise practical ways to follow up and implement recommendations arising from the universal periodic review. Often with counterparts, OHCHR has provided assistance to follow up recommendations in about 40 countries, through the Trust Fund for Financial and Technical Assistance for Implementation of the Universal Periodic Review and the resources available for the review’s overall activities. OHCHR convened three meetings at which experiences were shared and comprehensive roadmaps for the implementation of the recommendations arising from the review were developed (two in Africa, with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and one in Europe, with the European Union).", "14. The modalities for the second cycle of the review, adopted by the Council at its seventeenth session, seek to strike a balance between reviewing the implementation of accepted recommendations and consideration of developments in the human rights situation of the States reviewed. Responsibility for implementation rests primarily with States, but national stakeholders have a role to play, and wide participation ensures that the universal periodic review is integrated into the national agenda.", "(c) Special procedures", "15. Facilitating the work of the Council’s special procedures, the most accessible and responsive of the human rights mechanisms, is a priority for OHCHR. The dialogue held by the mandate holders with States and other stakeholders is sustained through country visits, communications and advisory services. I welcome the adoption by the General Assembly of the outcome of the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, which strongly rejects any act of intimidation or reprisal against those who cooperate with the United Nations and its representatives in the field of human rights.", "16. With the establishment by the Council of two new thematic mandates (Working Group on the elimination of discrimination against women in law and in practice, and Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association) and two new country mandates (Special Rapporteur on the human rights situations in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and independent expert on Côte d’Ivoire), there are now 43 mandates (33 thematic and 10 country). The Council has also established the Working Group on human rights and transnational and other business enterprises.", "17. In 2010, special procedure mandate holders conducted 67 country visits to 48 States, submitted 161 reports to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council, and issued over 600 communications to some 110 States. They also participated, through their Coordination Committee, in the special sessions of the Council on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Syrian Arab Republic.", "18. Over 80 Member States have extended standing invitations to special procedures but the mandate holders still face difficulties in securing approval to visit States, including some which have extended standing invitations. Responses to communications remain at only around 35 per cent. I am pleased that the Council, in the outcome of the review of its work and functioning, again called on States to cooperate effectively with special procedures, and encouraged them to accept country visits and take immediate action to follow up the recommendations and communications of the mandate holders. Independence, integrity and expertise are the hallmarks of the special procedures. These principles, also reinforced in the outcome of the review, have enabled the mandate holders to fulfil their functions with impartiality and balance. I am confident that the Assembly will encourage intensified dialogue at the national, regional and international levels.", "19. My Office continues to encourage greater coordination, harmonized working methods and the most efficient use of resources in its work with the special procedure mandate holders, who work closely with treaty bodies, the universal periodic review and regional bodies. OHCHR field presences cooperate with the special procedures in the common quest to advance human rights. The joint communications report of the special procedures will strengthen working methods and allow for more efficient use of resources by significantly reducing documentation and related processing costs, given that approximately 66 per cent of communications are issued jointly by two or more mandate holders.", "(d) Treaty bodies", "20. The first meeting of the States parties to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, which entered into force on 23 December 2010, was held in May, marking the establishment of the tenth human rights treaty body. The number of treaty bodies has increased from 5 to 10 in the past 10 years; the annual number of weeks in session has grown from 44 to 73; and the number of experts has expanded from 74 to 172. At the end of July, ratifications of and accessions to human rights treaties and their substantive and procedural protocols numbered 1,905.", "21. Following my call for a process of reflection, OHCHR has encouraged and facilitated further dialogue among various stakeholders, aimed at developing ideas and proposals for further strengthening of the treaty body system. In April and June, consultations with civil society organizations were convened in, respectively, Seoul and Pretoria. In May, representatives of almost 90 Member States met in Sion, Switzerland, at my invitation and in the presence of the nine chairpersons of the treaty bodies, to discuss the strengthening of the system, including in relation to reporting, constructive dialogue, independence and expertise of treaty body members, and implementation at the national level.", "22. The chairpersons held their twenty-third meeting in Geneva from 30 June to 2 July, preceded by the twelfth inter-committee meeting. They adopted recommendations concerning the expertise and independence of treaty body members, on enhancing the meeting by investing it with decision-making power, convening the annual meeting biannually at the regional level, and replacing the inter-committee meeting with ad hoc thematic working groups.", "2. Progressive development of international human rights law", "23. My Office provided support for the standard-setting activities of the United Nations human rights system (Human Rights Council, its Advisory Committee and Social Forum, treaty bodies and special procedures). With OHCHR support, treaty bodies held days of general discussion, including on the development of general comments. At its 102nd session, held from 11 to 29 July, the Human Rights Committee adopted General Comment No. 34, on the interpretation of article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights discussed the right to sexual and reproductive health and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities discussed accessibility (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 9). In December 2010, the Committee on Migrant Workers adopted its first general comment, on the rights of migrant domestic workers and, in the context of the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, addressed the theme “Protecting rights, building cooperation”. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted general recommendations on older women and protection of their human rights and the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "24. Some 120 decisions on individual communications were adopted in 2010 by the five committees which have operative individual communications procedures, thus furthering international jurisprudence in various areas. OHCHR provided support for the Open-ended Working Group on an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Human Rights Council, at its seventeenth session, adopted the text of an optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and recommended it to the General Assembly for adoption at its present session. The optional protocol would empower the Committee on the Rights of the Child to receive and consider individual communications.", "25. In May, OHCHR provided support for the first session of the Open-ended Working Group, established by the Human Rights Council in resolution 15/26 to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the regulation, monitoring and oversight of the activities of private military and security companies. The Open-ended Working Group considered the draft text of a possible convention, prepared by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries.", "26. In 2010, with the support of OHCHR and in the context of the mandate on human rights of internally displaced persons, revised operational guidelines on the protection of persons in situations of natural disaster were developed (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, annex) and endorsed by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee.", "27. My Office provided support to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises in the preparation of global standards for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework developed by the Special Representative (A/HRC/17/31, annex) were adopted by the Council at its seventeenth session. OHCHR also provided technical and policy advice on the human rights component of the United Nations Global Compact, producing jointly with the Global Compact a revised online learning tool on business and human rights and a guide for business enterprises on the development of corporate human rights policies.", "28. In resolution 15/19, the Human Rights Council invited OHCHR to seek views, comments and suggestions on the progress report on the draft guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights, submitted by the independent expert (now Special Rapporteur) on the question of human rights and extreme poverty. OHCHR convened a consultation in June, and a final report will be submitted to the Council at its nineteenth session; the Special Rapporteur will submit a final draft of the revised guiding principles to the Council at its twenty-first session.", "29. The Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice held its first session in June. I am confident that the compendium being developed by the Working Group of best practices related to the elimination of de jure and de facto discriminatory laws will provide valuable guidance to States.", "30. My Office manages the Universal Human Rights Index (www.universalhumanrightsindex.org), an electronic tool which allows for the wide dissemination of the recommendations and observations of the human rights treaty bodies and special procedures, thereby assisting implementation efforts at the national level. In order to foster a holistic approach, recommendations arising from the universal periodic review will be indexed so that, by the end of 2011, users will be able to analyse and compare the recommendations of the three United Nations human rights mechanisms This will assist States in the implementation of recommendations, facilitate follow-up and simplify the work of those who use the conclusions and recommendations.", "31. The Office provides support to the intergovernmental Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development, including in connection with its consideration of the outcome of the mandate of the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development.", "32. It provided support to the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee in developing the principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination against persons affected by leprosy and their family members, which were adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/215 of December 2010.", "33. My Office facilitated the Council’s initiative to develop the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training through the support it provided to the Council’s open-ended working group which met from 10 to 14 January.", "34. In joint cooperation with the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, OHCHR convened an expert consultation on child-sensitive counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms, which was held on 30 September and 1 October 2010. An expert meeting on the legal framework required to prohibit, prevent and respond to all forms of violence against children was convened in July 2011 by OHCHR, jointly with the Office of the Special Representative, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the non-governmental organization (NGO) Advisory Council on Violence against Children.", "35. The Office continued to draw attention to human rights violations, including discrimination, perpetrated against individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity. By resolution 17/19, the Human Rights Council, expressing grave concern at acts of violence and discrimination, in all regions of the world, committed against persons because of their sexual orientation and gender identity, requested me to commission a study on relevant discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence. The findings of the study will be discussed by the Council at its nineteenth session.", "36. My Office convened a series of expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred with the aim of discussing legislation, jurisprudence and national policies, and deepening understanding of and strengthening compliance with the prohibition of incitement to hatred, while ensuring full respect for freedom of expression. Workshops were held for the European region (Vienna, February), the African region (Nairobi, April) and Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, July). The final workshop for the region of the Americas is scheduled to be held in Santiago in October.", "B. Countering discrimination, in particular racial discrimination, discrimination on the grounds of sex or religion and discrimination against others who are marginalized", "1. Racial discrimination", "37. My Office has played a leading role in the 2011 International Year for People of African Descent (IYPAD), developing an office-wide framework for action to combat discrimination against Afro-descendants. A panel on the enjoyment of the human rights by people of African descent was convened during the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance participated in the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. On the occasion of the International Day on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint statement with other human rights mechanisms, entitled “Recognition, justice and development: a roadmap to achieve full equality for people of African descent”. A day of thematic discussion on racial discrimination against people of African descent was held during the seventy-eighth session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and, during their visit to Portugal in May, the members of the Working Group of Experts met with Afro-descendants. OHCHR launched a fellowship programme for people of African descent, aimed at deepening participants’ understanding of the United Nations human rights system with a view to strengthening the protection and promotion of rights of Afro-descendants in the countries and communities of the fellows. Public information initiatives, including a dedicated website in the six official languages, have been undertaken with the Department of Public Information.", "38. The current year marks the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, and OHCHR has engaged in activities to promote commemoration of the anniversary, including in the context of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the International Year for People of African Descent. A website in the six official languages has been created in collaboration with the Office of the President of the General Assembly and the Department of Public Information.", "39. In October 2010, the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action made recommendations on migration, protection of children, employment and national plans of action.", "40. My Office continued to assist Member States in translating their obligations under international and regional human rights instruments to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination into national law, policies and programmes. Technical assistance for the development of national action plans against racial discrimination has been provided to Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Costa Rica and Uruguay. Regional training workshops in, for example, Ethiopia, benefited government representatives, national human rights institutions and civil society in relation to the elaboration and implementation of national action plans.", "2. Indigenous and minority issues", "41. In July, the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted its final report concerning the right to participate in decision-making. It also discussed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the follow-up to its thematic study on indigenous peoples and the right to education.", "42. My Office continued to support the work of the Forum on Minority Issues. An international conference on the representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in politics was organized with the Inter-Parliamentary Union in Chiapas, Mexico, in November 2010. Consultations with law enforcement agencies on how to enhance inclusion of minorities in policing were convened in Beirut in September 2010, and in Bangkok in May 2011.", "43. The collaboration of the OHCHR Central Africa Regional Office with organizations of the United Nations system and other partners on advocacy initiatives formed part of the background to the adoption, in December 2010, of a law on the rights of indigenous peoples in the Congo, the first of its kind in Africa.", "44. In line with my commitment to encourage efforts to address caste-based discrimination, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal engaged with the National Dalit Commission and human rights defenders to advocate against caste-based discrimination through capacity-building and other activities. A landmark law on caste-based discrimination and untouchability was adopted by the Nepalese Parliament in May 2011.", "45. Two publications, Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities and Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation, have been issued by OHCHR.", "46. In May, OHCHR launched the United Nations Indigenous Peoples Partnership, together with the International Labour Organization, UNDP and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The Partnership will fund programmes on (a) access to justice, land and ancestral territories, (b) legislative review and reform, (c) democratic governance and indigenous peoples’ institutions and (d) natural resources and extractive industries, thus promoting the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and facilitating its implementation.", "3. Gender equality and women’s human rights", "47. In follow-up to the statement issued in 2010 by the President of the Security Council on women and peace and security (S/PRST/2010/22), OHCHR participated in the Task Force on Women, Peace and Security of the Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality, contributing to the formulation of a strategic framework to guide the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and the development of related indicators. Through the inter-agency initiative United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict, OHCHR contributed to the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), on conflict-related sexual violence. The report of my high-level panel on sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, containing the testimony of victims of sexual violence with regard to their needs and their perceptions of the remedies and reparations available to them, was launched in Geneva in March. The United Nations Joint Human Rights Office at the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been strengthened to assist in the follow-up to the recommendations of the report.", "48. My Office contributed to the strategic planning process of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and began work on a joint UN-Women/OHCHR workplan to be presented to the Human Rights Council and the Commission of the Status of Women in March 2012.", "49. An inter-agency statement on preventing gender-biased sex selection, prepared by OHCHR in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund, UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO), was released on 14 June. Identifying good practices and gaps in the prevention of violence against women, and conflict-related violence against women, were the themes of the fourth annual discussion on women’s human rights held during the seventeenth session of the Council. At the request of the Council, I submitted a follow-up report to provide further guidance to States in respect of effective human rights-based practices on preventable maternal mortality and morbidity and human rights (A/HRC/18/27, forthcoming).", "4. Discrimination against persons with disabilities", "50. By the end of July, less than five years after its adoption by the General Assembly, 103 States had become parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. My Office has increased its support to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has begun considering the reports and individual communications of States parties. Twenty-five field presences provided assistance to States and civil society in 2010 in this area, compared to four in 2006. Assistance ranged from the provision of support for ratification and for meeting reporting obligations, input to law, policy reform and institution-building, and provision of assistance to civil society. OHCHR, UNICEF, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and UNDP have created a multi-donor trust fund to support Convention-related technical assistance at the country level, and I encourage States to contribute to the fund. OHCHR continues to co-chair the Inter‑Agency Support Group on the Convention, together with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "51. An Inter-Departmental Task Force on Accessibility to improve United Nations-wide standards for accessibility, particularly in relation to the proceedings of meetings and documentation, was established on the recommendation of OHCHR, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and other United Nations entities. Accessibility to meeting proceedings and documentation has improved with respect to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and, to some extent, the Human Rights Council, and United Nations meetings on human rights have become more accessible for persons with disabilities. I welcome the release by the Human Rights and Transitional Justice Section of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste of the first public report of a United Nations peace mission on the rights of persons with disabilities, and its advocacy, including through a series of radio programmes, for their greater access to education, employment and health care.", "5. Older persons", "52. My Office provided support in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/182, by which the Assembly called for consideration of the feasibility of further instruments and measures to address the particular human rights challenges faced by older people. Member States are considering the existing human rights framework and mechanisms with a view to strengthening, and addressing any gaps in, the protection of the human rights of older persons.", "6. Discrimination on the basis of health status", "53. The Office continued its collaboration with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to promote and protect the human rights of people living with, and vulnerable to, HIV. Technical assistance was provided to Governments for the review of the laws, policies and practices that constitute barriers to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. The report of the Secretary-General presented to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/69) provides a human rights analysis of the current challenges confronting the global AIDS response and was used to prepare for the high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS, convened by the General Assembly in June. OHCHR also encouraged a number of national human rights institutions to integrate HIV into their work.", "C. Pursuing economic, social and cultural rights and combating inequalities and poverty, including in the context of the economic, food and climate crises", "1. Advancing the right to development", "54. “Development is a human right for all” is the main theme of the commemoration in 2011 of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development. As a result of the efforts of Member States and other relevant stakeholders, the occasion has inspired activities to advance the right to development, which will go beyond the anniversary year. OHCHR is compiling the research and analytical studies of more than 30 international experts on the right to development. A report to be jointly submitted by the Secretary-General and me to the General Assembly at its present session provides details of the activities carried out by the Economic and Social Council, the Human Rights Council and its Social Forum, treaty bodies, special procedures, United Nations entities and civil society, including non-governmental organizations, in commemoration of the anniversary. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has stated that it considers that the right to development establishes a specific framework within which the duty to provide international cooperation and assistance has to be implemented. In a joint statement dated 1 July, the chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies point out that they are resolved to make a concerted effort to promote a development-informed and interdependence-based reading of all human rights treaties, so as to highlight and emphasize the relevance and importance of the right to development in interpreting and applying human rights treaty provisions and in monitoring compliance with these provisions.", "55. My Office participated in the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul In May. The Istanbul Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the Conference contain references to human rights, demonstrating the growing global recognition of the importance of human rights to successful development outcomes.", "2. Integrating all human rights in development", "56. Building on the commitments made by Member States in the 2005 World Summit Outcome (General Assembly resolution 60/1) and the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, OHCHR has led inter-agency efforts within the United Nations Development Group to further integrate human rights into United Nations operational activities for development and strengthen policy coherence, coordination and capacity development so that the United Nations system may respond to national priorities more effectively. At the request of the Secretary-General, a human rights mainstreaming mechanism was established in October 2010. Its initial mapping of the support required revealed significant demand at the country level. OHCHR field presences, in particular human rights advisers in the United Nations country teams, have contributed to the integration of human rights into development programming.", "57. The High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held in 2010 reached a historic agreement on the importance of human rights in the efforts of Member States to achieve the Goals, with eight specific human rights commitments reflected in the action agenda set out in outcome document. OHCHR contributed to the preparatory processes, including by way of a communications strategy and advocacy campaign, research and policy analysis, support to special procedures on Goal-related issues, and increased engagement with, and contributions to, the preparatory work and thematic reports of the Millennium Development Goal Task Force of the United Nations Development Group. The importance of the international human rights standards in the realization of the Goals was highlighted by the chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies in a joint statement issued on the occasion of the High-level Plenary Meeting.", "3. Combating poverty", "58. My priority in relation to combating poverty is to assist in translating the above-mentioned commitments into human rights outcomes on the ground. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, I offered the support of my Office to all Member States willing to show leadership in integrating human rights into their national development plans. In Ecuador, the Planning Ministry and OHCHR cooperated in the development of a methodology to integrate human rights into national development planning processes. This work continued in 2011, with a focus on the water sector.", "59. In May 2011, OHCHR and WHO, along with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, finalized a policy assessment tool, Human Rights and Gender Equality in Health Sector Strategies: How to Assess Policy Coherence, which is being tested at the country level. Building on rights-based budget monitoring carried out in Haiti and Liberia in October 2010, OHCHR finalized a learning package on budget processes and human rights which is directed at supporting Member States and national partners in the integration of human rights into their national development and poverty reduction strategies The learning package and a training of trainers module are being piloted in Africa, with the support of national, United Nations and civil society partners.", "4. Economic, social and cultural rights", "60. My Office conducted advocacy and training activities on the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights, including the justiciability of these rights in Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mali, Mexico, Nicaragua, the Niger, Senegal, Spain and Togo. These activities formed part of the background to the ratification of the Optional Protocol by Ecuador and Spain, its signature by Costa Rica and Kazakhstan, and its approval by the Parliament of El Salvador.", "61. My Office provided support for the integration of international standards on the right to adequate housing into domestic law and practice. In Kyrgyzstan, OHCHR advocacy contributed to the integration of human rights language into the draft housing code. In Tajikistan, non-governmental organizations reported that, after events organized by OHCHR, the authorities were more open to discussing such issues as access to information on urban planning and access to justice, and courts have shown increasing sensitivity to housing issues. In several jurisdictions, judges have granted protection to evictees, compensation and rehousing. In Serbia, advocacy and training has led to more open discussion of human rights issues in relation to housing and evictions of Roma.", "62. In Haiti, OHCHR issued specific guidance in regard to cases of forced eviction. It also provided support to Haitian non-governmental organizations in monitoring protection concerns and conducting capacity-building with camp committees and women’s groups.", "63. The Human Rights Section of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire in the northern region of Odienné built two schools, thus facilitating children’s access to education.", "64. The OHCHR country office In Cambodia provided assistance in relation to 42 land disputes between villagers and companies, as well as legal advice to provincial and local authorities, communities and non-governmental organizations. In Colombia, OHCHR provided legal advice in the context of debates on the Victims and Land Restitution Law, aimed at compensating victims of the internal armed conflict and returning land to millions of displaced persons.", "5. Protecting human rights in the context of the economic, food and climate crises", "65. I am deeply concerned at the current famine in the Horn of Africa which provides a tragic reminder that respect for human rights is essential in preventing major economic, food and climate crises. While drought is partly to blame — together with conflict and broader structural imbalances — the famine is mainly the result of the failure of governance and international cooperation. International law places a responsibility on States, individually and collectively, to implement drought-preparedness measures, particularly in the light of climate change. It also requires the response to such crises to comply with human rights standards and, where lives are at stake, imposes an immediate obligation on those in a position to do so.", "66. My Office continues to participate in the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, contributing to the updating of its Comprehensive Framework for Action which integrates a human rights-based approach into strategies for world food and nutrition security. OHCHR provided an advisory opinion to the Economic Community of West African States on the nexus among food security, human security, human rights and conflict in the context of climate change in the Sahelian band. My Office in Nepal developed protection checklists which are being incorporated into the logistics and food clusters of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee operational plan in the country. The Special Rapporteur on the right to food followed the impact of the global food crisis and worked closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on the reform of the Committee on World Food Security.", "67. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/11, my Office is conducting an analytical study on the relationship between human rights and the environment, which will be presented to the Council at its nineteenth session.", "D. Human rights in the context of migration", "68. As Chair of the Global Migration Group, I addressed the fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, held in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in November 2010, calling for an end to the criminalization of irregular migrants. OHCHR organized a panel discussion on the vulnerability of migrants to discrimination, racism and xenophobia, and convened, with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, a round table on alternatives to the administrative detention of migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and stateless persons.", "69. During my time as Chair, the Global Forum issued a landmark statement calling on States to protect the human rights of migrants in irregular situations. As a member of the Global Migration Group troika, OHCHR in May participated in a symposium convened by the Group on the theme “Migration and youth: harnessing opportunities for development”.", "70. As Chair of the Inter-agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons, OHCHR organized a side event during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, which highlighted the roles of various United Nations entities in protecting victims of trafficking. The OHCHR publication, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking: Commentary, was launched in Bangkok in December 2010. In 2010 and 2011, OHCHR participated in several regional capacity-building events to promote a human rights-based approach to addressing trafficking in persons.", "71. I continued to call for increased ratification and effective implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families during 2010, which marked the twentieth anniversary of its adoption. The OHCHR Regional Office for Europe launched a study on the Convention in June 2010. The Regional Office for Central Africa organized, in December 2010, the first dialogue on human rights and migration in Central Africa, which provided a platform for advocacy for ratification of the Convention and the review of existing policies. In Mexico, OHCHR has monitored the situation of migrants in transit, a theme which was a focus of my mission there in July. During my visit to Australia in May, I urged the Government to seek alternatives to mandatory immigration detention and to ensure that bilateral and regional arrangements in that regard fully safeguarded human rights. In my opening statement to the Human Rights Council in June, I raised concerns about migrants from North Africa, including allegations that migrants in sinking boats were left to drown despite the alleged capacity of European units in the vicinity to rescue them.", "E. Combating impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democratic society", "72. The guidance note of the Secretary-General on the United Nations approach to transitional justice, adopted in March 2010, has been used by the United Nations system as a common standard to support the establishment and functioning of transitional justice mechanisms.", "73. The human rights and transitional justice section of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste continued to monitor and report on the progress of remaining prosecutions recommended by the United Nations Commission of Inquiry relating to crimes committed during the 2006 crisis, and to advocate follow‑up to the recommendations of the Timor-Leste Truth, Reception and Reconciliation Commission. I have continued to follow developments in Sri Lanka closely and urge follow-up to the work of the Secretary-General’s panel of experts which examined options for accountability for alleged past crimes.", "74. My Office organized two expert workshops to address emerging transitional justice issues: dealing with violations of economic, social and cultural rights in transitional justice processes; and maximizing opportunities for coordination between disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and transitional justice. In February, it organized a seminar at which experience with archives as a means to guarantee the right to the truth was discussed. It also assisted in the establishment of the Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Commission in Togo, where over 17,000 testimonies were gathered in the period from August to December 2010. The Office in Nepal assisted the participation of victims in transitional justice dialogues and advocacy for increasing the access of victims’ groups to authorities, including by providing training on the elements of truth-seeking bills and convening three consultations on the bills in April and May, designed to draw nationwide participation by victims groups.", "75. In October 2010, OHCHR published a report on the mapping exercise, documenting the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the period from March 1993 to June 2003. In March, OHCHR provided technical advice on a draft law introduced by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which concerned the establishment of special chambers for the prosecution of violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law.", "76. In Haiti, technical assistance was provided in relation to the investigation of serious human rights violations committed under the rule of Jean-Claude Duvalier.", "77. My Office provided technical support for the development of frameworks for the protection of victims and witnesses involved in judicial and quasi or non-judicial proceedings in Argentina, Nepal, Togo and Uganda. Also in Uganda, it organized a high-level expert seminar with the Ugandan Law Reform Commission and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, which was held in November 2010. A regional seminar on these issues was held in Nepal in December 2010. In May, OHCHR organized an expert meeting on gender perspectives and victim and witness protection programming, after which the development of a tool on gender aspects of victim and witness was initiated.", "78. My Office promotes ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and has strengthened its relationship with the Court within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, approved by the General Assembly in 2004.", "79. National human rights institutions are an important component of the national protection system and OHCHR provided legal and technical advice to more than 20 States to support the establishment of such institutions, and to some 40 national human rights institutions to strengthen their capacity to comply with the Principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex). A human rights seminar was organized by OHCHR with the United Nations Mission in Liberia in November 2010 for members of Parliament and national human rights institutions from Nigeria, the Gambia, Liberia, Uganda, Sierra Leone and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "80. An expert meeting on human rights and traditional justice was held in South Africa in December 2010 and, in September 2010, a regional training seminar on human rights and elections was organized in cooperation with the Senate and National Assembly of Gabon and the Network of Central African Parliamentarians of the Economic Community of Central African States. OHCHR continued to provide support to Member States to ensure that the establishment and development of security agencies, armed forces, police and law enforcement agencies, whether in a post-conflict, early recovery or development context, are grounded in international human rights law. OHCHR contributed to the development of a series of guidance notes on security sector reform. In June 2011, OHCHR and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations published an implementation guide, with a list of rule of law indicators and a related compendium of project tools.", "81. As leader of the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights While Countering Terrorism of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, OHCHR organized, in February, the first of five regional expert symposiums, with a view to securing the fundamental principles of the right to fair trial for persons accused of terrorist offences. The Working Group developed two human rights reference guides, on security infrastructure and on stopping and searching persons in the context of countering terrorism. At the request of the Human Rights Council, two panel discussions were organized in March and June on, respectively, human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking and the human rights of victims of terrorism.", "82. My Office continued to advocate for the rights of detainees to judicial review of their detention by an independent and impartial court and to seek redress following torture, ill-treatment or other violations of human rights, and for the right of pre-trial detainees to legal counsel and a speedy trial or release. In 2010, the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic obtained authorization to visit all detention centres in the country. OHCHR in Cambodia obtained authorization to visit all civilian prisons in the country, while in Guinea, OHCHR helped 60 young people detained after demonstrations in September 2010 to obtain legal aid from a pool of pro bono lawyers.", "83. Convinced that human rights education contributes to combating impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democracy, OHCHR implemented human rights education programmes, provided assistance to Governments, institutions and civil society, and developed related tools. Human rights education and training methodologies based on best practice were developed and, in March 2011, Evaluating Human Rights Training Activities: A Handbook for Human Rights Educators was published jointly by OHCHR and EQUITAS-The International Centre for Human Rights Education. In April 2011, in cooperation with UNDP, OHCHR launched the seventh phase of the Assisting Communities Together project, which will provide grants in support of human rights education and training projects in 14 countries.", "84. In the context of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, OHCHR disseminated the findings of the evaluation report (A/65/322) of the first phase of the Programme (2005-2009), which focused on human rights education in the school system. Together with UNESCO, OHCHR is implementing dissemination strategies for the plan of action for the second phase of the World Programme (2010-2014), focusing on higher education and human rights training for teachers and educators, civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel (see A/HRC/15/28).", "F. Protecting human rights in situations of armed conflict, violence and insecurity", "85. It is in the context of armed conflict, violence and insecurity that many serious human rights violations are perpetrated with impunity. Recent developments in various countries of the Middle East and North Africa, such as Bahrain, Egypt, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia and Yemen, and other situations, such as those in Côte d’Ivoire and the Sudan (Abyei and Southern Kordofan), highlight the critical need to develop sustainable ways to prevent the escalation of violence and protect civilians promptly and effectively. In 2011, OHCHR has issued strong public statements, deployed high-level missions to Egypt and Tunisia, provided support to independent commissions of inquiry in Côte d’Ivoire and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and pursued interaction with the Security Council with a view to securing accountability for human rights violations.", "86. My Office continued to enhance its capacity to respond to emergency situations, mainly through its Rapid Response Section which, in 2011, was called upon more than in any other year, including in regard to facilitating the implementation of relevant resolutions of the Human Rights Council (see paras. 6-9 above). In several instances, I offered OHCHR assistance. I dispatched the above-mentioned missions to Tunisia and Egypt (in January-February and March-April, respectively) so that human rights challenges could be discussed with national and international counterparts and avenues of cooperation explored during the early stages of transition.", "87. At the end of June, with the agreement of the Government, I dispatched a mission to Yemen to undertake a preliminary assessment of the human rights situation. I will present a report to the Human Rights Council at the eighteenth session, in accordance with the joint statement on the human rights situation in Yemen made at its seventeenth session.", "88. Following the violence in southern Kyrgyzstan in 2010, I deployed a mission to Osh which monitors and documents human rights violations, assists victims in obtaining redress, and advises the law enforcement authorities and the judiciary on ways in which to enhance their capacity to protect human rights. The mission provides protection by its presence, thus demonstrating the critical role that OHCHR can play in preventing and addressing life-threatening human rights violations.", "89. The Human Rights Section of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti continued to lead the protection cluster in relation to the overall humanitarian response following the 2010 earthquake. Adapting to developments, it redesigned its strategy to focus on the protection of internally displaced persons and affected communities, the rule of law and human rights in public policy, including reconstruction.", "90. My Office participates in the international discussions launched in Geneva following the events in Georgia in August 2008, and emphasizes that all duty bearers, including the authorities in control, are responsible for ensuring the enjoyment by all people of all human rights, without discrimination. In Afghanistan, the human rights component of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission undertake joint activities directed at minimizing the impact of the conflict on civilians.", "91. The Human Rights Section of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur advocated the mainstreaming of human rights in the Darfur mediation process, including by providing support for the participation of civil society in the Doha peace talks.", "92. In Colombia, OHCHR strengthened its monitoring of cases of sexual violence committed in the context of armed conflict and focused on the importance of creating conditions of security and trust that would encourage women to report of acts of sexual violence. In El Salvador, OHCHR has provided advice in the formulation of a new law on violence against women, adopted in November 2010.", "93. My Office and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations finalized an operational concept on the protection of civilians and the integration of the protection of civilians into mission planning, and conducted a stocktaking exercise on the resources and capacity needed to implement mandates for the protection of civilians. It also provided advice on strategies for the protection of civilians developed by United Nations peace operations, for example, in Côte d’Ivoire and Darfur, and contributed to the development of an operational concept training package for military peacekeepers. The principles underlying the work of OHCHR in this area are the complementarity and mutually reinforcing nature of international humanitarian and human rights law, and the central role of human rights in the effective protection of civilians in conflict situations.", "94. My Office has completed two reports on lessons learned, good practices and persisting challenges in integrating human rights into the work of the United Nations police and military. In the area of security sector reform, my Office has supported inter-agency efforts to develop a series of guidance notes aimed at enhancing the capacity of the United Nations to support the establishment of a professional, human rights-compliant and accountable security force. OHCHR, together with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, has been tasked by the Secretary-General to lead consultations within the United Nations system to review United Nations support to non-United Nations security forces so as to ensure strict compliance with international human rights, humanitarian and refugee law.", "95. In an increasing number of countries, high levels of violent crime, including killings, torture, disappearances or sexual and gender-based violence, expose people to human rights violations and seriously undermine the democratic functioning of the State. Often, Governments lack the resources and, at times, the will to tackle the situation adequately, and remain passive or resort to policies and measures which contravene their international human rights obligations.", "96. Some countries have solicited advice from OHCHR in this regard. OHCHR, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and UNICEF published a report on citizen security, which promotes the need for a rights-based, comprehensive approach to crime and violence, rather than hard-line policies focused on control and repression. OHCHR provided technical cooperation to the MERCOSUR Institute of Public Policies on Human Rights in the development of a policy of citizen security for member States, and participated in activities with the Central American Integration System to build the capacity of Governments in this area.", "97. In Mexico, OHCHR has advocated against the use of the military in public order functions, and for the prosecution of human rights violations committed by the military in civilian courts. In several countries, OHCHR has provided advice on police and prison reform and supported the development and delivery of human rights training to government officials and security forces in charge of public order functions. In Guatemala, OHCHR has provided technical assistance to the Congress regarding legislation on security and justice issues.", "III. Conclusion", "98. During the period under review, my Office has sought to respond swiftly to human rights crises in many parts of the world. It has also continued to address chronic human rights issues and support standard-setting activities, the review of the Human Rights Council and efforts to strengthen the treaty body system. It has, however, been a challenge for OHCHR to give the increasing number of mandates the priority and attention to detail that they demand and deserve. I welcome the decision of the General Assembly to consider, during its present session, ways in which to make essential resources speedily available in response to urgent and time-sensitive mandates created by the Council.", "99. The relevance of human rights to all United Nations activities cannot be disputed. I urge the international community to strengthen its support to the United Nations human rights programme so that it can truly constitute the third pillar of the Organization and respond to the legitimate demand of all people in all parts of the world for full and equal enjoyment of human rights.", "010911", "*1144841*", "[]" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 36", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 36", "United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "A/66/36", "ISSN 1020-3702", "Annotations", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[9 August 2011]", "Contents", "III. Conclusion", ">", "Introduction", "1. This year, in North Africa and the Middle East, large-scale popular movements took place and the people demanded their civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights and expressed their desire for fair governance. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has sought to seize the momentum created by these campaigns through field engagement and United Nations decision-making forums. As High Commissioner, I welcome the promising steps taken by some States to address calls for reform and to carry out long-overdue reforms, but I would like to stress that the focus must be on those issues that put people on the streets.", "2. The Office continued its work on six thematic priorities and strengthened its partnerships with United Nations family organizations and with other regional and multilateral organizations. The appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General of the Office of the High Commissioner in New York has increased the visibility and impact of human rights in intergovernmental, interdepartmental and inter-agency discussions at United Nations Headquarters.", "3. I visited Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Germany, Guinea, Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Jordan, Mauritania, Mexico, Norway, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. The Deputy High Commissioner visited Cambodia, Haiti, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Nepal, Somalia and the Sudan; the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights visited Afghanistan, Côte d ' Ivoire and Iraq.", "4. OHCHR supported 54 human rights field presences, 12 regional presences, 13 country offices (an additional country office in Tunisia), 14 human rights components of United Nations peace missions and 15 human rights advisers to United Nations country teams (see A/HRC/16/20). Discussions continue with the Government of Egypt on the establishment of a regional office for North Africa.", "5. The Office has experienced a dramatic increase in its mandate, including the expanding human rights treaty body system, which poses serious challenges. I thank the staff of the Office for their hard work and dedication, and I appeal to Member States to provide the Office with sufficient resources to enable it to fulfil its mandate.", "II. Thematic priorities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "A. Strengthening human rights mechanisms and the progressive development of international human rights law", "Strengthening human rights mechanisms", "(a) Human Rights Council", "6. In its resolution 65/281, the General Assembly endorsed the review by the Human Rights Council of its work and functioning, which was completed in March 2011. I urge the Council to continue to demonstrate its ability to respond in a timely manner to emergency and long-term situations, including by further testing innovative ways of working.", "7. During the reporting period, the Council held three special sessions, one on the situation in Côte d ' Ivoire (December 2010), one on the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (February 2011) and one on the situation in the Syrian Arab Republic (April 2011). The Council established an international commission of inquiry to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law. I was requested by the Council to send a mission to the Syrian Arab Republic, which had not been deployed until the time of writing because of lack of cooperation from the Government.", "8. At its sixteenth session, held from 28 February to 25 March 2011, and its seventeenth session, held from 30 May to 17 June 2011, the Council adopted a total of 29 resolutions and decisions (10 more than in 2010), which indicates its decision to address human rights issues in a comprehensive manner, establishing new special procedures (see para. 16) and continuing to develop standards and procedures: It had adopted the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training and had elaborated an optional protocol to the Declaration on the Rights of the Child.", "These actions are commendable, but they involve considerable resources to be addressed by the General Assembly.", "(b) Universal periodic review", "10. By the end of May, 175 Member States had been reviewed in 192 years, with a 100 per cent participation rate, reflecting their strong support for the universal periodic review mechanism.", "11. The Office supports the universal periodic review: it prepares documents for each country review and supports rapporteurs, manages the working group and the Council process, and promotes national participation. Using the resources of the Voluntary Trust Fund for Participation in the Universal Periodic Review, OHCHR has so far convened a total of 25 interregional, regional and national workshops, both in the field and at Headquarters, to provide advice to States on the preparation of national reports and to stakeholders on assistance to the review.", "12. The first cycle of the universal periodic review will conclude in March 2012. It allows the international community to assess the human rights situation in all Member States and to provide a framework within which each country can make an open commitment to recommendations for improving the human rights situation on the ground. The second cycle should be based on the outcome of the first review, follow-up to outcomes and national commitments.", "13. The Office continued to support States in developing practical approaches to follow-up and implementation of recommendations emanating from the universal periodic review. OHCHR has often worked with counterparts to provide assistance to some 40 countries on follow-up to recommendations, using resources available in the Trust Fund for Financial and Technical Assistance in the Implementation of the Universal Periodic Review and the overall review exercise. OHCHR convened three meetings to exchange experiences and develop a comprehensive road map for the implementation of the recommendations arising from the review (two in Africa in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme and one in Europe in cooperation with the European Union).", "14. The modalities for the review of the second cycle, adopted by the Council at its seventeenth session, sought to strike a balance between the consideration of the implementation of the recommendations accepted and the consideration of developments in the human rights situation in the country under review. While responsibility for implementation rests primarily with the State, domestic stakeholders have a role to play in ensuring that the universal periodic review is integrated into the national agenda.", "(c) Special procedures", "Facilitating the work of the special procedures of the Council — the most accessible and responsive human rights mechanisms — is a priority for OHCHR. Special procedures mandate holders regularly engage in dialogue with States and other stakeholders through country visits, communications and advisory services. I welcome the adoption by the General Assembly of the outcome of the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, which strongly rejects intimidation or reprisals against those who cooperate with the United Nations and its representatives in the field of human rights.", "16. The Council established two new thematic mandates (Working Group on the Elimination of De jure and De facto Discrimination against Women and the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association) and two new country mandates (the Working Group on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association). The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the independent expert on Côte d ' Ivoire) now has 43 mandates (33 thematic and 10 country mandates). The Council also established the Working Group on Human Rights and Transnational and Other Corporate Enterprises.", "17. In 2010, special procedures mandate holders conducted 67 country visits to 48 countries, submitted 161 reports to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council and sent over 600 communications to more than 110 countries. They also participated in the special session of the Council on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Syrian Arab Republic through the Coordinating Committee.", "18. More than 80 Member States have extended standing invitations to special procedures, but mandate holders still encounter difficulties in obtaining permission to visit countries, including some that have issued standing invitations. The percentage of replies to communications remains at around 35 per cent. I am pleased that, following the outcome of the review of its work and functioning, the Council reiterated its call to States to cooperate effectively with the special procedures and encouraged them to accept country visits and take immediate action to follow up on the recommendations and communications of mandate holders. Independence, integrity and expertise are the hallmarks of special procedures. These principles were also reinforced in the review, which enabled mandate holders to discharge their mandates fairly and in a balanced manner. I am confident that the General Assembly will encourage intensive dialogue at the national, regional and international levels.", "19. The Office continued to encourage cooperation with special procedures mandate holders, who worked in close cooperation with treaty bodies, the universal periodic review and regional bodies, to achieve greater coordination, harmonization of working methods and the most effective use of resources. OHCHR field presences work with special procedures to promote human rights. The joint communications reports of the special procedures will strengthen working methods and make more efficient use of resources, as this will significantly reduce documentation and associated processing costs — Approximately 66 per cent of communications are currently sent jointly by two or more mandate holders.", "(d) Treaty bodies", "20. The first meeting of States parties to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (entered into force on 23 December 2010) was held in May 2011 to celebrate the establishment of the tenth human rights treaty body. Over the past 10 years, the number of treaty bodies has increased from 5 to 10; the total number of dates of their annual sessions has increased from 44 to 73; and the number of experts has increased from 74 to 172. By the end of July, a total of 1,905 ratifications and accessions had been made to human rights treaties and their substantive and procedural protocols.", "21. Following my call for a process of reflection, OHCHR encouraged and facilitated further dialogue among stakeholders to develop concepts and recommendations for further strengthening the treaty body system. Consultations with civil society organizations were held in Seoul and Pretoria in April and June, respectively. In May, representatives of nearly 90 Member States met in Switzerland and Sion (at my invitation and in the presence of nine chairpersons of treaty bodies) to discuss system strengthening, including reporting, constructive dialogue, independence and expertise of treaty body members and implementation at the national level.", "22. The chairpersons of treaty bodies held their twenty-third meeting in Geneva from 30 June to 2 July, prior to the meeting and 12 inter-committee meetings. The chairpersons adopted recommendations on the following issues: expertise and independence of treaty body members; enhancement of the status of meetings and decision-making powers; two regional meetings per year; and the replacement of the inter-committee meeting by ad hoc thematic working groups.", "2. Progressive development of international human rights law", "23. The Office supported standard-setting activities of the United Nations human rights system (Human Rights Council, its Advisory Committee and Social Forum, treaty bodies and special procedures). With the support of OHCHR, treaty bodies held days of general discussion, including general comments. At its 102nd session, held from 11 to 29 July, the Human Rights Committee adopted general comment No. 34 on the interpretation of article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights discusses sexual and reproductive health rights; the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities discusses accessibility (art. 9 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities). In December 2010, the Committee on Migrant Workers adopted its first general comment on the rights of migrant domestic workers and, in the context of the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, discussed the theme “Protection of rights and the establishment of cooperation”. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted general comments on older women and the protection of their human rights and on the core obligations of States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women under article 2.", "24. In 2010, five committees adopted more than 120 decisions on individual communications (the five committees had a practical individual communications procedure), which contributed to international jurisprudence in different areas. OHCHR supported the Open-ended Working Group on an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. At its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council adopted the text of the optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and recommended it to the General Assembly for adoption at its current session. The Optional Protocol authorizes the Committee on the Rights of the Child to receive and consider individual communications.", "25. In May, OHCHR supported the first session of the open-ended working group established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 15/26, which considered the possibility of developing an international regulatory framework to regulate, monitor and supervise the activities of private military and security companies. The Open-ended Working Group considered a draft of a possible convention prepared by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries.", "26. In 2010, revised operational guidelines for the protection of victims of natural disasters (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, annex) were developed and endorsed by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, with the support of OHCHR, in accordance with the mandate on the human rights of internally displaced persons.", "27. The Office supported the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises in the preparation of global guidelines to prevent and address the risk of adverse effects on the human rights of commercial activities. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations Framework for Protection, Respect and Remedy (A/HRC/17/31, annex), developed by the Special Representative, were adopted by the Council at its seventeenth session. OHCHR also provided technical and policy advice to the human rights component of the United Nations Global Compact and co-sponsored with the Global Compact a revised online learning tool on business and human rights, as well as a corporate human rights policy guide for a business enterprise.", "28. In its resolution 15/19, the Human Rights Council requested OHCHR to seek comments, comments and suggestions on the draft guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights, which were presented by the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty (now the Special Rapporteur). OHCHR convened a consultative meeting in June and the final report will be submitted to the Council at its nineteenth session; the Special Rapporteur will present the final draft of the revised guiding principles to the Council at its twenty-first session.", "29. The first session of the working group on de jure and de facto discrimination against women was held in June. I am confident that the framework of best practices being developed by the Working Group on laws to eliminate de jure and de facto discrimination will provide valuable guidance to States.", "30. The Office manages the Universal Human Rights Index (www.universalhumanrightsindex.org), an electronic tool to widely disseminate the recommendations and observations of human rights bodies and special procedures, thus contributing to implementation efforts at the national level. In order to promote an integrated approach, the recommendations emanating from the universal periodic review would be indexed so that by the end of 2011 users would be able to analyse and compare the recommendations of the three United Nations human rights mechanisms. This will help States to implement recommendations, facilitate follow-up and streamline the work of those who use conclusions and recommendations.", "31. The Office supported the work of the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Right to Development, including its consideration of the outcome of the implementation of the mandate of the High-level Task Force on the Right to Development.", "32. The Office supported the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee in developing principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination against persons affected by leprosy and their family members (adopted by the General Assembly in December 2010 in its resolution 65/215).", "The Office contributed to the initiative of the Council to develop a United Nations declaration on human rights education and training, and provided support to the Council's open-ended working group, which met from 10 to 14 January.", "34. In cooperation with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, OHCHR convened an expert consultation on child-sensitive advice, complaint and reporting mechanisms (held on 30 September and 1 October 2010). In cooperation with the Office of the Special Representative, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the NGO Advisory Council on Violence against Children, OHCHR convened an expert meeting in July 2011 on the legal framework to prohibit, prevent and respond to all forms of violence against children.", "35. The Office continued to draw attention to human rights violations, including discrimination, based on sexual orientation and gender. In its resolution 17/19, the Human Rights Council expressed grave concern about violence and discrimination against individuals based on sexual orientation and gender in all regions of the world and requested me to commission a study on relevant discriminatory laws and practices and violence. The findings will be presented to the Governing Council at its nineteenth session.", "36. The Office convened a series of expert working meetings on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred to discuss legislation, jurisprudence and national policies; to increase understanding; to strengthen the prohibition of incitement to hatred; and to ensure full respect for freedom of expression. Working sessions were held in the Europe region (Vienna, February), the Africa region (Nairobi, April) and the Asia and Pacific region (Bangkok, July). The last working session is scheduled to take place in the Americas region (Santiago, October).", "B. Combating discrimination, in particular racial discrimination, discrimination based on sex or religion, and discrimination against other marginalized persons", "Racial discrimination", "37. The Office took the lead on the occasion of the International Year for People of African Descent in 2011 and developed an Office-wide framework for action to combat discrimination against people of African descent. A panel on the enjoyment of human rights by people of African descent was convened during the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance participated in the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. On the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint statement with other human rights mechanisms entitled “Recognizing justice and development: a road map towards full equality for people of African descent”. A one-day symposium on racial discrimination against people of African descent was held during the seventy-eighth session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination; members of the Working Group of Experts met with people of African descent during their visit to Portugal in May. OHCHR launched the Partnership Programme for People of African Descent, which aims to deepen the understanding of the United Nations human rights system among participants with a view to strengthening the protection and promotion of the rights of people of African descent in the partner countries and communities. The Department of Public Information has launched advocacy initiatives, including the establishment of dedicated websites in the six official languages.", "38. This year marked the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, and OHCHR celebrated events, including the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the International Year for People of African Descent. In cooperation with the Office of the President of the General Assembly and the Department of Public Information, a web site in the six official languages was established.", "39. In October 2010, the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action issued recommendations on migration, child protection, employment and national action plans.", "40. The Office continued to assist Member States in translating their obligations under international and regional human rights instruments to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination into national laws, policies and programmes. The Office provided technical assistance to Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Costa Rica and Uruguay in the development of national action plans to combat racial discrimination. Regional training workshops (e.g. in Ethiopia) were held to assist government representatives in the development and implementation of national action plans on behalf of national human rights institutions and civil society.", "2. Indigenous and minority issues", "41. In July, the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted its final report on the right to participate in decision-making. It also discusses the follow-up to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Expert Mechanism ' s thematic study on indigenous peoples and the right to education.", "42. The Office continued to support the work of the Forum on National Minorities. In cooperation with the Inter-Parliamentary Union, it held an international conference on the political representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in Chiapas, Mexico, in November 2010. The Office held a consultative meeting with law enforcement agencies in Beirut in September 2010 and in Bangkok in May 2011 to discuss ways to enhance minority participation in policing.", "43. The OHCHR Regional Office for Central Africa, in collaboration with United Nations system organizations and other partners, initiated the adoption of a law on the rights of indigenous peoples in the Congo in December 2010, the first of its kind in Africa.", "44. In line with my commitment to encourage efforts to address discrimination on the basis of social hierarchy, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal, together with the National Dalit Commission and human rights defenders, has advocated through capacity-building and other activities to combat discrimination on the basis of social hierarchy. In May 2011, the Nepalese Parliament passed a landmark law on discrimination and untouchability based on caste.", "OHCHR has issued two publications: “Declaration on the Rights of National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities” and “The Rights of National Minorities: International Standards and Guidelines for Implementation”.", "In May, OHCHR, in collaboration with the International Labour Organization, UNDP and the United Nations Children's Fund, launched the United Nations Indigenous Peoples' Partnership. The Partnership will fund four programmes: (a) access to justice, land and ancestral territories; (b) legal review and reform; (c) democratic governance and indigenous peoples' institutions; and (d) natural resources and extractive industries. These programmes contribute to the promotion of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and its implementation.", "3. Gender equality and women ' s human rights", "47. Following the 2010 Security Council President ' s statement on women and peace and security (S/PRST/2010/22), OHCHR participated in the Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality Task Force on Women, Peace and Security, which contributed to the development of a strategic framework to guide the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and set relevant targets. Through the United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict inter-agency initiative, OHCHR contributed to the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on conflict-related sexual violence. The report of the Office ' s High-level Panel on Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (published in Geneva in March) contains testimony from victims of sexual violence, setting out their needs and their views on the remedies and reparations available. The United Nations Joint Human Rights Office of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been strengthened to help implement the recommendations contained in the report.", "48. The Office contributed to the strategic planning process of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and initiated the development of a joint UN-Women/OHCHR workplan to be presented to the Human Rights Council and the Commission on the Status of Women in March 2012.", "49. OHCHR, in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund, UNICEF and the World Health Organization, prepared an inter-agency statement on the prevention of gender-based sexual selection, which was issued on 14 June. The fourth annual discussion on women ' s rights was held during the seventeenth session of the Council on the identification of good practices and gaps in the prevention of violence against women and conflict-related violence against women. As requested by the Council, I have submitted a follow-up report to provide further guidance to States. Identify effective human rights practices that prevent maternal mortality and morbidity and human rights (A/HRC/18/27, to be issued).", "4. Discrimination against persons with disabilities", "50. By the end of July, five years after the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by the General Assembly, 103 States had become parties to the Convention. The Office strengthened its support to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which began to consider States parties ' reports and individual communications. Twenty-five field presences assisted States and civil society in this area in 2010 (4 field presences in 2006). Assistance included assistance with ratification and reporting obligations; advice on law, policy reform and institution-building; and assistance to civil society. OHCHR, UNICEF, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and UNDP have established a multi-donor trust fund to support technical assistance related to the Convention at the country level, and I encourage States to contribute to the fund. OHCHR continues to co-chair the Inter-Agency Support Group on the Convention with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "51. At the suggestion of OHCHR, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and other United Nations entities, an interdepartmental task force on accessibility was established to improve accessibility standards across the United Nations system, in particular with regard to meeting procedures and documentation. In the context of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and, to some extent, the Human Rights Council, participation in the proceedings of meetings and access to documentation has improved; persons with disabilities are also more likely to participate in United Nations human rights meetings. I welcome the publication by the Human Rights and Transitional Justice Section of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste of the first public report of the United Nations peace mission on the rights of persons with disabilities and its advocacy for greater access to education, employment and health care for persons with disabilities through a series of radio programmes.", "5. Older persons", "52. The Office supported the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/182, in which the Assembly called for consideration of the possibility of developing additional instruments and measures to address the particular human rights challenges faced by older persons. Member States are reviewing existing human rights frameworks and mechanisms to strengthen the protection of the human rights of older persons and to address any gaps in this regard.", "6. Discrimination on the basis of health status", "53. The Office continued to work with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to promote and protect the human rights of people living with and at risk of HIV. Technical assistance is also provided to Governments to review laws, policies and practices that impede universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. The report of the Secretary-General to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/69), which provides a human rights analysis of current challenges to the global response to AIDS, was used in preparation for the high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS convened by the General Assembly in June. OHCHR has also encouraged a number of national human rights institutions to include HIV in their work.", "C. The pursuit of economic, social and cultural rights and the fight against inequality and poverty, including the economic, food and climate crises", "1. Promoting the right to development", "The main theme for the celebration in 2011 of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development was “Development as a human right for all”. Thanks to the efforts of Member States and other relevant stakeholders, the celebration inspired the right to development and continued beyond the anniversary. OHCHR is compiling research and analytical studies by more than 30 international development rights experts. The Secretary-General and I will jointly submit to the General Assembly at its current session a report detailing the activities of the Economic and Social Council, the Human Rights Council and its Social Forum, treaty bodies, special procedures, United Nations entities and civil society, including non-governmental organizations, during the anniversary celebrations. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has stated that it considers that the right to development establishes a specific framework within which the obligation to provide international cooperation and assistance can be fulfilled. On 1 July, in a joint statement, the chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies stated their commitment to work together to promote an understanding of the specific development content and interdependence of all human rights treaties. The relevance and importance of the right to development in the interpretation and application of the provisions of human rights treaties and in monitoring compliance with those provisions was thus highlighted and emphasized.", "55. The Office participated in the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul in May. The reference to human rights in the Istanbul Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the Conference demonstrates the growing global awareness of the importance of human rights for successful development outcomes.", "2. Integrating all human rights into development", "56. In line with the commitments made by Member States in the 2005 World Summit Outcome (General Assembly resolution 60/1) and the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, OHCHR has led the United Nations Development Group inter-agency efforts to promote the integration of human rights into United Nations operational activities for development and to enhance policy coherence, coordination and capacity development to enable the United Nations system to respond more effectively to national priorities. As requested by the Secretary-General, a human rights mainstreaming mechanism was established in October 2010. Initial planning of the support required by the Mechanism shows that there is a strong demand at the country level. OHCHR field presences, in particular human rights advisers to United Nations country teams, promote the integration of human rights into development programming.", "57. The high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in 2010, reached historic agreement on the importance of human rights in the efforts of Member States to achieve the Goals: the outcome document set out eight specific human rights commitments on the agenda for action. OHCHR contributed to the preparatory process through the establishment of communication strategies and advocacy campaigns; research and policy analysis; support to special procedures on issues related to the Millennium Development Goals; and participation in and contribution to the preparation of the United Nations Development Group Millennium Development Goals Task Force and thematic reports. The joint statement issued by the chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies during the High-level Plenary Meeting stressed the importance of international human rights standards in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "Combating poverty", "58. In the fight against poverty, my priority is to help translate the above commitments into human rights outcomes on the ground. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, I expressed the readiness of the Office to provide support to all Member States willing to take the lead in integrating human rights into their national development plans. In Ecuador, the Ministry of Planning worked with OHCHR to develop a methodology for integrating human rights into national development planning processes. This work continued in 2011 with a focus on the water sector.", "In May 2011, OHCHR and the World Health Organization, together with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, completed a policy assessment tool, “Human rights and gender equality in health sector strategies: how to assess policy coherence”, which is being piloted at the country level. Based on rights-based budget monitoring conducted in Haiti and Liberia in October 2010, OHCHR completed a learning package on budget processes and human rights to help Member States and national partners integrate human rights into their national development and poverty reduction strategies. A learning package and a train-the-trainer model are being tested in Africa with the support of national, United Nations and civil society partners.", "4. Economic, social and cultural rights", "60. The Office conducted awareness-raising and training activities on the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, including the justiciability of these rights in the courts of Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mali, Mexico, Nicaragua, Niger, Senegal, Spain and Togo. Those activities had led to the ratification of the Optional Protocol by Ecuador and Spain, its signature by Costa Rica and Kazakhstan and its endorsement by the Salvadoran Parliament.", "61. The Office supports the incorporation of international standards on the right to adequate housing into domestic law and practice. In Kyrgyzstan, OHCHR advocacy promoted the inclusion of human rights language in the draft housing law. In Tajikistan, NGOs reported that, following activities organized by OHCHR, the authorities were more open to discussions on access to information and participation in urban planning and access to justice, and that the courts were becoming increasingly sensitive to housing issues. In some courts, judges protect forced evictions, compensation and resettlement. In Serbia, awareness-raising and training led to more open discussions on human rights issues related to Roma housing and forced evictions.", "62. In Haiti, OHCHR issued specific guidelines on cases of forced evictions. It also supported efforts by Haitian non-governmental organizations to monitor protection concerns and to build capacity with camp committees and women ' s groups.", "63. The UNOCI Human Rights Section constructed two schools in the northern part of Odienné to provide children with access to education.", "64. The OHCHR country office in Cambodia assisted in 42 land disputes between villagers and companies and provided legal advice to provincial and local authorities, communities and NGOs. In Colombia, OHCHR provided legal advice in the debate on the victim and land restitution law, which aims to compensate victims of the internal armed conflict and to return land to millions of displaced persons.", "5. Protection of human rights in the context of the economic, food and climate crises", "65. I am deeply concerned about the current famine in the Horn of Africa, which, unfortunately, reminds us of the importance of respect for human rights in preventing major economic, food and climate crises. While drought and conflict and widespread structural imbalances are some of the causes, famine is mainly caused by poor governance and a lack of international cooperation. International law imposes individual and collective responsibilities on States to implement measures to prevent famine, particularly in the light of climate change. International law also requires that responses to such crises should comply with human rights standards and, in the event of life-threatening situations, impose immediate responsibilities on those responsible for doing so.", "66. The Office continued to participate in the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, helping to update its comprehensive framework for action, integrating a human rights-based approach into the World Food and Nutrition Security Strategy. OHCHR provided advice to the Economic Community of West African States on the interlinkages between food security, human security, human rights and conflict in the context of climate change in the Sahel. The Nepal office has developed a protection checklist, which is being incorporated into the logistics and food cluster of the IASC country action plan. The Special Rapporteur on the right to food followed closely the impact of the global food crisis and worked closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to reform the Committee on World Food Security.", "67. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/11, the Office undertook an analytical study on the relationship between human rights and the environment, which will be presented to the Council at its nineteenth session.", "D. Human rights in migration situations", "68. As Chair of the Global Migration Group, I addressed the Fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, held in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in November 2010, calling for an end to the criminalization of irregular migrants. OHCHR organized a panel discussion on the vulnerability of migrants to discrimination, racism and xenophobia and, in cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, convened a round-table discussion on alternatives to administrative detention of migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and stateless persons.", "69. During my chairmanship, the Global Forum issued a landmark statement calling on States to protect the human rights of irregular migrants. As a member of the three-member Global Migration Group, OHCHR participated in a seminar convened by the Group in May on the theme “Migration and youth: harnessing development opportunities”.", "70. As Chair of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons, OHCHR organized a side event during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council to highlight the role of United Nations entities in protecting victims of trafficking. In December 2010, OHCHR published a publication, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking: Commentary, in Bangkok. In 2010 and 2011, OHCHR participated in several regional capacity-building activities to promote a human rights-based approach to trafficking in persons.", "71. In 2010, I continued to call for increased ratification and effective implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which marks the twentieth anniversary of its adoption. In June 2010, the OHCHR Regional Office for Europe launched a study on the Convention. In December 2010, the Regional Office for Central Africa organized the first dialogue on human rights and migration in Central Africa, which provided a platform to advocate for ratification of the Convention and review of existing policies. In Mexico, OHCHR monitored the situation of migrants in transit, a focus of my visit to Mexico in July. In May, during my visit to Australia, I urged the Government to seek alternatives to mandatory immigration detention and to ensure that bilateral and regional arrangements in this regard fully uphold human rights. On 1 June, in my opening address to the Human Rights Council, I raised my concerns about the situation of migrants in North Africa, including the alleged abandonment of migrants on board ships, despite the alleged ability of nearby European units to rescue them", "E. Combating impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democratic societies", "72. The United Nations system uses the note by the Secretary-General on United Nations guidelines for transitional justice, adopted in March 2010, as a common standard for supporting the establishment and functioning of transitional justice mechanisms.", "73. The Human Rights and Transitional Justice Section of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste continued to monitor and report on the progress of the remaining part of the prosecutions recommended by the United Nations Commission of Inquiry for crimes committed during the 2006 crisis and contributed to the follow-up to the recommendations of the Truth, Reception and Reconciliation Commission of Timor-Leste. I continue to follow closely developments in Sri Lanka and urge follow-up to the work of the Secretary-General ' s Panel of Experts, which examines accountability options for past alleged crimes.", "74. The Office organized two expert working sessions on emerging transitional justice issues: addressing violations of economic, social and cultural rights in transitional justice processes; and maximizing opportunities for coordination between disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and transitional justice. In February, the Office organized a seminar to discuss the experience of archives as a guarantee of the right to truth. The Office also assisted Togo in the establishment of the Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Commission, which collected 17,000 testimonies from August to December 2010. The Nepal office facilitated the participation of victims in the transitional justice dialogue and advocated for increased access to the authorities for groups of victims, including training on the elements of the truth-seeking bill and the convening of three consultative meetings on the bill (April and May) with the aim of involving groups of victims throughout the country.", "75. In October 2010, OHCHR published a report on the planning process, which documented the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003. In March, OHCHR provided technical advice on a draft law proposed by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the establishment of a special court to prosecute violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law.", "76. In Haiti, technical assistance was provided in the investigation of serious human rights violations committed under Jean-Claude Duvalier ' s rule.", "77. The Office provided technical support to Argentina, Nepal, Togo and Uganda in the establishment of a framework for the protection of judicial and quasi-judicial or non-judicial victims. In Uganda, the Office also organized, in cooperation with the Uganda Law Reform Commission and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, a high-level expert seminar in November 2010. A regional seminar on these issues was held in Nepal in December 2010. In May, OHCHR organized an expert meeting on gender perspectives and victim and witness protection programming, which was followed by the development of a gender-related tool for victims and witnesses.", "78. The Office promoted the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and strengthened its relationship with the Court within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations (ratified by the General Assembly in 2004).", "National human rights institutions are an important component of national protection systems, and OHCHR has provided legal and technical advice to more than 20 countries to support their strengthening; and legal and technical advice to over 40 national human rights institutions to strengthen their capacity to comply with the Principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex). In November 2010, OHCHR, in cooperation with the United Nations Mission in Liberia, organized a human rights seminar with the participation of parliamentarians and national human rights institutions from Nigeria, the Gambia, Liberia, Uganda, Sierra Leone and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "80. An expert meeting on human rights and traditional justice was held in South Africa in December 2010, and a regional training seminar on human rights and elections was organized in September 2010 in cooperation with the Senate and the National Assembly of Gabon and the Network of Central African Parliamentarians of the Economic Community of Central African States. OHCHR continues to provide support to Member States to ensure that the establishment and development of security institutions, armed forces, police and law enforcement agencies, whether in post-conflict, early demobilization or development environments, are based on international human rights law. OHCHR contributed to the development of a series of guidance notes on security sector reform. In June 2011, OHCHR and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations published an implementation guide containing a list of rule of law indicators and a compendium of related project tools.", "81. As head of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force working group on the protection of human rights and counter-terrorism, OHCHR organized the first of five regional expert seminars in February, with a view to ensuring the fundamental principle of the right to a fair judgement of persons accused of terrorist crimes. The Working Group developed two human rights reference guides on the basic security structure and on stopping and searching people in the context of counter-terrorism. As requested by the Human Rights Council, two panel discussions were organized, in March and June, on human rights in the context of action to address terrorist hostage-taking and on the human rights of victims of terrorism.", "82. The Office continued to advocate for the right of detainees to judicial review of their detention by an independent and impartial court, the right to seek redress after torture, ill-treatment or other human rights violations, and the right of pre-trial detainees to have access to a lawyer and to a speedy trial or release. In 2010, the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic was granted access to all detention centres in the country. In Cambodia, OHCHR was allowed to visit all civilian prisons in the country; in Guinea, OHCHR assisted 60 young people detained following the September 2010 demonstrations to obtain legal assistance from a group of pro bono lawyers.", "83. Convinced that human rights education contributes to combating impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democracy, OHCHR implements human rights education programmes, assists Governments, institutions and civil society and develops relevant tools. At the same time, a best-practice-based approach to human rights education and training was developed; in March 2011, OHCHR and EQUITAS-International Centre for Human Rights Education jointly published the Evaluation of Human Rights Training Activities: A Manual on Human Rights Education. In April 2011, OHCHR, in cooperation with UNDP, promoted phase VII of the Assisting Communities Together project, providing grants to support human rights education and training projects in 14 countries.", "In the context of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, OHCHR disseminated the findings of the evaluation report of the first phase (2005-2009) of the Programme, which focused on human rights education in the school system. In cooperation with UNESCO, OHCHR is implementing the communication strategy for the plan of action for the second phase of the World Programme (2010-2014), which focuses on higher education and human rights training for teachers, educators, civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel (see A/HRC/15/28).", "F. Protection of human rights in situations of armed conflict, violence and insecurity", "85. Many serious human rights violations occur with impunity in situations of armed conflict, violence and insecurity. Recent developments in a number of countries in the Middle East and North Africa, such as Bahrain, Egypt, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia and Yemen, as well as in other contexts, such as Côte d ' Ivoire and the Sudan, have highlighted the urgent need to develop sustainable ways to prevent an escalation of violence and to protect civilians quickly and effectively. OHCHR has issued strong public statements; deployed high-level missions in Egypt and Tunisia; supported independent fact-finding missions in Côte d ' Ivoire and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; and continued interaction with the Security Council with a view to ensuring accountability for human rights violations.", "86. The Office continued to strengthen its emergency response capacity, mainly through its Rapid Response Section, which received more requests in 2011 than in any previous year, including with regard to facilitating the implementation of relevant resolutions of the Human Rights Council (see paras. 6-9 above). In many cases, I provided OHCHR assistance. I dispatched the above-mentioned missions to Tunisia and Egypt (January-February and March-April, respectively) to discuss human rights challenges and explore avenues of cooperation with national and international counterparts in the early transition phase.", "87. At the end of June, with the consent of the Government, I dispatched a mission to Yemen to conduct an initial human rights assessment. I will report to the Council at its eighteenth session in accordance with the joint statement on the situation of human rights in Yemen issued by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session.", "88. Following the violence in South Kyrgyzstan in 2010, I dispatched a mission to Osh to monitor and document human rights violations; assist victims in obtaining relief; and advise law enforcement authorities and the judiciary on strengthening their capacity to protect human rights. The presence of a mission is a form of protection, which demonstrates the critical role of OHCHR in preventing and addressing life-threatening human rights violations.", "89. The MINUSTAH Human Rights Section continued to lead the comprehensive humanitarian response protection cluster following the 2010 earthquake. It adapts to developments by redesigning its strategy to focus on the protection of internally displaced persons and affected communities; the rule of law; and the integration of human rights into public policies, including reconstruction.", "90. The Office participated in the international seminar launched in Geneva following the events in Georgia in August 2008, which emphasized the responsibility of all duty-bearers, including the control authorities, to ensure the enjoyment of all human rights by all without discrimination. In Afghanistan, the human rights component of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission jointly undertook activities to minimize the impact of the conflict on civilians.", "91. The Human Rights Section of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur advocated for the mainstreaming of human rights in the Darfur mediation process, including support for civil society participation in the Doha peace talks.", "92. In Colombia, OHCHR strengthened its monitoring of cases of sexual violence committed in situations of armed conflict, focusing on the creation of conditions of security and confidence that encourage women to report sexual violence. In El Salvador, OHCHR provided advice on the development of a new law on violence against women. The law was adopted in November 2010.", "93. The Office finalized with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations a concept of operations for the protection of civilians and the integration of the protection of civilians into mission planning, and undertook an inventory of resource requirements and capacity to implement protection of civilians mandates. The Office also contributed to the development of protection of civilians strategies in United Nations peace operations, such as those in Côte d ' Ivoire and Darfur, and contributed to the development of a training package on the concept of operations for peacekeepers, an area in which OHCHR works on the principle that international humanitarian law and human rights law are mutually reinforcing and mutually reinforcing and that human rights play a central role in the effective protection of civilians in conflict situations.", "94. The Office completed two reports on lessons learned, good practices and continuing challenges in integrating human rights into United Nations police and military work. In the area of security sector reform, the Office supported inter-agency efforts to develop a set of guidance notes to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations to support the establishment of a professional, human rights-compliant and accountable security force. The Secretary-General entrusted OHCHR and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations with the task of leading consultations within the United Nations system and reviewing United Nations support to non-United Nations security forces to ensure strict compliance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law and refugee law.", "95. In an increasing number of countries, serious violent crimes, including killings, torture, disappearances or sexual and gender-based violence, expose people to human rights violations and seriously undermine the democratic functioning of the State, often with a lack of resources and, at times, a lack of will on the part of Governments to deal adequately with situations and to remain passive or to adopt policies and measures that violate their international human rights obligations.", "96. A number of States requested the views of OHCHR in this regard. OHCHR, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and UNICEF published a report on citizen security, which advocates a rights-based and integrated approach to crime and violence rather than a hard-line policy focused on control and repression. OHCHR provided technical cooperation to the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) Public Human Rights Policy Institute to develop a civil security policy for member States; OHCHR also participated in the activities of the Central American Integration System to build the capacity of Governments in this area.", "97. In Mexico, OHCHR advocated against the use of military personnel in public order positions and advocated the prosecution of human rights violations committed by military personnel in civil courts. In some countries, OHCHR provided advice on police and prison reform and supported the development and implementation of human rights training for government officials and security forces in public order positions. In Guatemala, OHCHR provided technical assistance to Parliament on security legislation and the administration of justice.", "Conclusion", "98. During the reporting period, the Office sought to respond rapidly to human rights crises in many parts of the world. The Office also continued to address long-standing human rights issues; it supported standard-setting activities and the efforts of the Human Rights Council to review and strengthen the treaty body system. However, one of the challenges facing OHCHR is its growing number of mandates, which require the priority and attention they require and deserve. I welcome the decision of the General Assembly at its current session to consider ways of providing the necessary resources quickly to address the urgent and time-sensitive mandates established by the Council.", "99. Human rights were inextricably linked to all United Nations activities. I urge the international community to strengthen its support for the United Nations human rights programme so that it can truly constitute the third pillar of the Organization and respond to the legitimate demands of all peoples in all parts of the world for the full and equal enjoyment of human rights.", "11-44840 (C) 020911 060911", "*1144840*" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间内部监督事务厅的活动^(**)", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "摘要", "本报告依照大会第48/218 B号决议(第5(e)段)、第54/244号决议(第4和第5段)、第59/272号决议(第1至3段)以及第64/263号决议(第1段)的规定提交。本报告不包括与维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和维和团及政治特派团有关的监督活动，这部分监督活动将在报告第二部分中向大会第六十六届会议续会报告。", "在本报告所述2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，内部监督事务厅(监督厅)共发出323份监督报告，包括向大会提交的7份报告和65份结束报告。报告就改善内部控制、问责机制和组织实效提出了1 702项建议。其中，398项被列为本组织重大建议。监督厅在本报告所述期间发布建议涉及的财政资源约计1 970万美元。", "提出建议旨在节约成本、收回多付款项、实现增效和其他改善。本报告所述期间顺利执行的类似建议涉及财政资源约计260万美元。本报告增编(A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1)将对建议执行情况进行详细分析，并载列建议所涉财政资源的细目。根据第59/272号决议第1(c)段的规定，会员国可要求得到监督厅的各项报告。监督厅所有报告的标题全称可在线查阅(www.un.org/Depts/oios/pages/　rep_and_pub.html)。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "^(**) 不包括对维和活动的监督，将在A/66/286(Part II)号文件中另行报告。", "目录", "页次\n序言 3\n1.导言 5\n2.内部举措 5\nA.全面加强内部监督事务厅的职能 5\nB.合作与协调 7\nC.内部监督事务厅工作面临的障碍 8\n3.提高内部审计结果效力和透明度的计划 8\nA.审计报告的变化 8\nB.对建议进行更有效的监测 9\nC.监督结果的财务影响 9\nD.重要的监督术语 10\nE.监督厅综合年度报告 10\n4.监督结果 10\nA.内部审计司 10\nB.检查和评价司 13\nC.调查司 14\n5.法定汇报要求 16\nA.基本建设总计划 16\nB.联合国赔偿委员会 16C.在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经济委员会办公设施和增建联合国 17 \n内罗毕办事处办公设施 附件 19 \n法定汇报要求概览", "序言", "我高兴地向大会提交关于2011年6月30日终了一年期间内部监督事务厅(监督厅)在维持和平行动以外各领域开展活动的年度报告。", "我在担任副秘书长之初，就与管理小组确定了39个问题和挑战，并认为要满足联合国当前和今后的需要，监督厅就必须解决和克服这些问题和挑战。2月，我们就如何解决这些问题进行了深入讨论，这些问题可以大致分为以下八个方面：", "1. 制定规划和优先次序。监督厅应按照利益攸关方的预期制定清晰的共同远景规划，以监测环境并发现需要改变优先次序和方向的迹象。", "2. 交付能力。监督厅应解决长期存在的空缺问题，制定长短期战略，吸引各种人才并建立一支具有满足本组织目前和未来需要必要才能的多元化员工队伍。并应为员工提供适当的指导、结构和管理，推动建立有利于开展业务的工作环境。", "3. 交付高效成果。监督厅必须确保自身业务流程始终保持优质高效，侧重重大组织风险，并利用技术协助取得推动积极变革的急需成果。", "4. 结构考虑。监督厅应考虑利用机会扩大或统筹利用某些分散在各个职能或地理区域的资源，以减少重复活动，建设深度能力和后备能力，在各司之间开展协作，增加监督学习机会。", "5. 充足资源。监督厅应建立充足、可靠并具有充分灵活性的合理资源基础，以确保本厅在履行任务过程中酌情支持应对重大内在、残余和新的风险所需要的独立性。", "6. 主管内部监督事务副秘书长办公室的作用。监督厅应重新建立自身的内部问责框架，以确保加强副秘书长办公室，使其按照利益攸关方的预期对活动进行出色的领导、管理和监督。", "7. 宣传外联。监督厅应改善内部信息共享，在联合国各部门中进行更有效的协作，通过与外部组织、媒体和公众的合作与外联扩大影响并加强实效。", "8. 及时应对外部压力。监督厅应预期并准备及时、有效地应对利益攸关方和监督机构提出的问题和挑战。", "我高兴地报告，在本报告提交之际，在第2、第3和第7个问题，特别是在解决监督厅高空缺率问题上已经取得重大进展。我采取了若干措施，以减少空缺员额的临时征聘，而尽可能进行正常征聘。截至2011年7月底，据正式统计监督厅的总空缺率为19%；但是，另有19项征聘决定已经进入候选人调查和证书确认阶段，或等待审查合格候选人报到上岗，因此实际空缺率可能降至13%。", "并且，监督厅计划从2012年1月起通过网站公布内部审计报告，以此提高透明度，并使会员国和公众能够查阅报告。监督厅还将确保取得高效成果，对内部审计报告中有关治理、风险管理和内部控制工作充足有效的总体意见进行评级。说明被发现问题的重要性或紧迫性，将对监督厅为解决问题而提出的建议采取后续行动的频率提供明确指导。", "为进一步推动上述八个方面的工作，监督厅成立了几个内部工作组，同时成立了由我办公室全面领导的临时变革管理小组。", "在另一方面，2011年8月8日监督厅检查和评价司及调查司的两位新任司长终于到任。我们期待他们的丰富经验和坚强领导给我们的工作带来新的方向。", "我对监督厅工作人员发扬职业精神实现本年度报告概述的成果表示感谢。我对他们对本组织的坚定承诺和对创新的开放态度表示感谢。", "最后，我谨感谢秘书长、联合国高级管理当局、独立审计咨询委员会成员和会员国代表对监督厅去年开展的活动给予的支持和鼓励以及提出的建设性反馈意见，这种支持、鼓励和建设性反馈意见对监督厅的工作很有助益。", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "卡门·拉普安特(签名)", "一. 导言", "1. 为加强本组织的监督工作，大会第48/218 B号决议决定成立内部监督事务厅(监督厅)。按照大会的规定，监督厅独立开展工作，并通过内部审计、监测、检查、评价和调查协助秘书长履行对本组织资源和人员的内部监督职责。", "2. 本报告概述2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅的活动。报告分为三节，述及(a) 旨在改进监督厅业务和工作质量的举措；(b) 监督成果；(c) 监督厅计划提高内部审计成果的效力和透明度；(d) 受权报告有关基本建设总计划、联合国赔偿委员会以及联合国内罗毕办事处和非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)增建设施的监督活动。本报告的增编(A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)将详细分析监督厅建议的执行情况，并载列建议所涉财政资源细目和本报告期间监督厅发表的报告清单。", "3. 本报告不包括与维持和平行动部、外勤支助部以及维和团和政治特派团有关的监督结果，这些结果将在报告第二部分中提交大会第六十六届会议续会。", "二. 内部举措", "A. 全面加强内部监督事务厅的职能", "4. 监督厅努力以最高的专业和效率标准开展工作。本节重点阐述本报告所述期间为实现这一目标而采取的部分重大举措。", "1. 根据组织风险确定工作优先次序", "5. 在独立审计咨询委员会提出建议并在大会第64/243号决议(第128段)提出相关要求后，在本报告所述期间监督厅内部审计司根据内部审计师协会实务意见书，通过纳入残余风险对风险评估框架和规划方法加以改进。改进后的风险评估除内在风险外还考虑到现有的重要控制措施，并能发现可能阻碍实现目标的最大风险。风险评估将为2012-2013两年期的审计工作确定优先次序。监督厅还在开展其审计风险类别和秘书处目前采用的企业风险管理框架的统一工作。在本报告所述期间，监督厅内部审计司协助对普通信托基金、联合国脱离接触观察员部队、联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助处、非洲经委会、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金和秘书长办公厅进行了六项新的风险评估。", "6. 支持监督厅检查和评价工作的风险管理方法也得到了改进。高级主管契约业绩管理等新内容已经纳入根据风险对秘书处各部厅进行评级的各项指标。这些指标分为五个风险类别，即财政、人力资源、治理、业务(成果)和业务(风险)。维和特派团的风险评估则采用以下风险类别：冲突严重程度、特派团上次审计中的监督厅检查和评价、以及特派团任务的复杂性和特派团的规模。", "2. 监督工作及方法的创新", "7. 为加强审计能力和扩大审计范围，监督厅开发了一套方案业绩管理审计工具，以确保联合国实体把业绩管理纳入各自的内部控制机制。新框架首先在联合国的三个实体进行试点，即联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、人道主义事务协调厅和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团。", "3. 加强内部工作进程和系统", "8. 监督厅内部审计司不断改进工作流程和程序，量身开发了电子文件和管理软件(AutoAudit)，以便配合审计方法和管理流程的改进。", "9. 监督厅检查和评价司采取一系列举措，以加强内部工作流程和系统，包括成立一个内部工作组，明确工作人员在评价流程各阶段的作用和职责，包括管理职责和行政职责。另一个工作组制订了“小组契约”，促进初小组成员项目执行初期的作用、工作方法和预期，并纳入了360度反馈部分。2011年5月，该司出台了行政职能集中管理试点项目，并因此成立了新的行政支助科，其任务是促进为该司各个项目和任务提供协调一致和高质量的支持。", "4. 建设一支专业员工队伍", "10. 为应对日益复杂的管理系统并更好地满足新司法制度的要求，监督厅调查司大大加强了取证和分析能力。监督厅利用纽约、维也纳和内罗毕的人员资源成立了数字取证股，提供从计算机、电信设备和其他各种数字记录装置获取信息的尖端能力。为了补充数字取证股的工作，目前正在进一步开发分析能力，利用软件工具对各项调查的大量数据和相关结果进行比对。这些职能将为调查提供有力支持，并提高调查效力。", "11. 2011年5月23日至24日，调查司在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区组织了由世界银行主办的“采购欺诈调查”培训班。培训班的对象为对公共部门采购知识有限的调查人员，培训结合实际案例研究介绍了采购业务流程。参加培训班的有来自国际组织的调查人员，如非洲开发银行、世界银行、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、世界粮食计划署和欧洲中央银行等。培训课程的扩大版将于2011年底向联合国工作人员推出。", "12. 监督厅不断按照业务需求和标准对工作人员的知识、技能和能力进行评估。本报告所述期间采取的举措还有：检查和评价司就各种专题组织的内部研讨会，包括欧洲联盟委员会评价；开发署、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、新闻部、人道主义事务协调厅和维持和平行动部的评价职能；人道主义工作评价；业绩审计；以及定性数据分析、统计软件和图像演示讲习班。工作人员还参加了提高两性平等认识讲习班。", "B. 合作与协调", "13. 监督厅与包括审计委员会和联合检查组在内的联合国其他监督实体定期协调，以确保避免监督工作中可能出现的重复和重叠，并尽量缩小监督覆盖缺口。监督厅除了与审计委员会共享工作计划外，每两个月还与其举行会议讨论共同关心的问题，并在出现特别令人关切的问题时，与联合检查组举行专门会议。此外，这些实体的高级代表参加年度三方会议，讨论监督协调及其他问题。", "14. 监督厅认识到促进监督厅与其他职能同行之间关系的价值和重要性。在本报告所述期间，监督厅专业人员积极参加各自的专业网络如下：", "(a) 内部审计司积极参与联合国各组织和多边金融机构内部审计事务处代表会议和工作；", "(b) 检查和评价司继续在联合国评价小组中发挥积极作用，并于2011年3月在巴黎与儿基会共同主持了评价实践交流讨论会。讨论会广泛涵盖了重要领域，例如对评价职能的评价、联合评价、评价的利用、效果评价和评价能力发展等。该司还参加了联合国评价小组人权与两性平等问题工作队，并参加了编写和推广关于如何将这些视角纳入整个联合国系统评价工作的手册的工作。这些手册将于今年在监督厅两个方案评价中进行试点；", "(c) 调查司于2010年12月8日至9日在纽约主持了一次通过国际调查打击腐败会议。会议汇集了负责在国际上调查欺诈和腐败的多边组织和国家组织，促进了国际调查努力的合作和协调以及调查方法和经验的共享，特别是在人道主义、发展和冲突后行动中的下列领域：商业交易、人口流动以及影响儿童的犯罪行为；", "(d) 此外，调查司积极参加了世界银行于2011年5月25日至27日在华盛顿主办的第十二届国际调查员会议。 该司主持了一次关于调查政策发展和最近创新的会议，涉及的主题有调查案件接受、程序趋势，业绩计量和统一性等。该司还主办了几次讲习班，其内容包括：计算机取证和其他信息技术侦查手段的最新进展；证人和调查主体的管理：他们的权利和义务；以及对骚扰、滥用职权和报复问题的调查。", "15. 调查司继续与本组织内各对口单位合作，并向它们提供专家支持如下：", "(a) 调查司的职能在内部司法中具有关键作用。为高效履行法定调查职能，从而为公平的纪律处分程序建立适当基础，该部与管理事务部和内部司法办公室开展了密切合作与协调；", "(b) 该司还与联合国争议法庭密切合作，在惩戒行动听证会期间提供证据和证词。此外，调查司与有关对口单位定期开会，以便有效评估新判例及其对该司业务的影响，并确保适当的信息共享，以有效制定内部司法系统的标准。", "16. 2010年7月，调查司与国际刑事法院签署了一份援助谅解备忘录，在可偿还贷款的基础上提供一名高级调查员，为期一年，以协助建立一个调查股(独立监督机制)。成立该股的目的是通过对民选官员、工作人员、订约人及咨询人的不当行为举报进行行政调查，以确保对法院进行有效监督。", "C. 内部监督事务厅工作面临的障碍", "17. 在本报告所述期间，不存在妨碍监督厅工作或独立性的对审计范围的不适当限制。", "三. 提高内部审计结果效力和透明度的计划", "18. 监督厅希望提请大会注意有关监测建议和监督结果报告的计划变动。", "A. 审计报告的变化", "19. 监督厅计划从2012年1月起通过其网站定期公布内部审计报告。为此，监督厅正在设立进程，以持续支持并对内部审计报告中关于所考查的治理、风险管理和内部控制流程的充分性和有效性的总体意见进行评级。这将有效传播根据所进行审计工作提供的保证级别，包括已查明缺陷的重要性。此外，所标示的已查明缺陷重要性和关键性将明确地发出有关解决缺陷的建议的后续活动的可见度和频率的信号。评级分类如下：", "(a) “满意”，适用于监督厅得出如下结论的总体审计结果：治理、风险管理和内部控制流程设计充分、运作有效，为管理部门和利益攸关方提供了关于实现所审查的控制或业务目标的合理保证。不过，该评级类别中可能仍存在改进余地，那样的话，将单独传达给管理部门，供其酌情执行。只有在有关的后续监督活动中，才会酌情采取后续行动；", "(b) “部分满意”，适用于得出如下结论的审计结果：在治理、风险管理或内部控制流程中存在重大缺陷，以致可能无法合理保证实现所审查控制和/或业务目标。最后审计报告中将概述导致作出这个评级的缺陷，并提出重要建议与管理部门商定行动计划、目标日期及其解决的问责措施。这些重要建议的后续执行情况将每年检查并报告一次。也可指明改进的机会；", "(c) “不满意”，适用于得出如下结论的审计结果：治理、风险管理或内部控制过程中存在一个或多个重要缺陷和/或普遍缺陷，致使无法合理地保证实现所审查的控制和/或业务目标。最后审计报告中将说明导致作出这个评级的缺陷，并提出重要建议与管理部门商定行动计划、目标日期及其解决的问责措施。报告中也可能指明重要建议和/或改进机会。对于所有截至原目标日期仍未执行、因而被认为已误期的行动计划，每个季度将对这些重要建议的执行情况开展检查和报告。提交秘书长的季度报告将包括查明的缺陷详情、相关行动计划，负责的个人、目前执行进度和经修订的目标日期。", "20. 客户未接受的关键或重要建议将提高级别，以确保包括秘书长在内的高级管理层适当了解并接受仍存在风险的理由。", "B. 对建议进行更有效的监测", "21. 以往为编写监督厅的年度报告和半年度报告，所有待执行建议不论是否关键均每年两次更新状况。因此，监督厅采取后续行动的大量建议被认为分散了管理层对更关键行动的注意力，而没有把注意力集中在最需要迫切关注的领域。后续行动进程本身需要监督厅及其被要求定期对更新状态请求作出答复的客户进行大量的行政工作。", "22. 鉴于上述情况，监督厅正在对所有待执行建议进行彻底审查，以期调整后续工作的次数和频率，有效地集中关注最重要领域。下文所述为预期取得的结果。", "1. 减少待执行建议的数量", "23. 所有待执行建议将被重新分为三类：关键建议、重要建议和改进机会。如下所述，只有前两类(建议)须定期监测、落实和报告，第三类则将酌情开展后续工作：", "(a) 关键建议将更频繁地检查落实情况，从半年一次改为每个季度；", "(b) 重要建议检查落实工作的频率将降低，从半年一次改为每年；", "(c) 在随后的有关监督活动中将适当检查改进机会的情况，以考虑其重要性是否有所提高；", "24. 通过须定期检查的建议数量的合理化，监督厅预计将更有效地促进将管理部门的注意力和稀缺资源集中到执行被认为更重要的建议上。", "2. 为所有建议确定目标日期和问责制", "25. 所有经全面审查后仍有待执行的建议将需要制定行动计划，提出一个现实的目标日期和承担执行责任的管理人员的职位，经与管理部门协商后确定。", "C. 监督结果的财务影响", "26. 监督厅已将监督结果造成的财务影响分类简化如下：", "(a) 因管理不善、诈骗、浪费、盗窃等造成的“不必要的或多余的支出或损失”；", "(b) 由于监督厅查明的程序改进而产生的“避免今后费用的机会”。", "D. 重要的监督术语", "27. 监督厅认识到，大会第64/263号决议责成监督厅与秘书处管理事务部和法律事务厅等有关部厅密切协商，全面界定和编纂重要的监督术语。监督厅认为上文提出的关于变化的监督术语(包括关于财务影响的术语)最为重要，并将继续进行协商，以确定应列入的其他监督术语。", "E. 监督厅综合年度报告", "28. 监督厅计划每个日历年报告一次维持和平行动和非维持和平行动情况(第一部分和第二部分)，以精简对建议的监测，并与报告高级管理人员契约保持同步。", "四. 监督结果", "29. 本节介绍本报告所述期间的部分调查结果。", "A. 内部审计司", "30. 审计结果分为七个风险类别：战略、治理、合规、财务、业务、人力资源和信息。", "1. 审计结果的分类", "31. 审计风险类别包含因以下原因对本组织的任务规定、业务或声誉造成的不利影响：", "(a) 战略风险，包括：战略规划不力；业务决定有害或决定执行不当；未对外部环境变化做出应对；面临经济因素或其他因素；", "(b) 治理风险，包括：未能建立适当的程序和结构以提供信息、指导、管理和监测本组织的活动；高级管理层领导不力；以及未在本组织内推进一种道德文化；", "(c) 合规风险，因违反、未遵守或无法遵守法律、细则、条例、规定做法、政策、程序或道德标准而产生；", "(d) 财务风险，由于下列原因产生：资金不足；资金使用不当；对财务执行情况管理不到位；财务执行情况的报告和披露不可靠；", "(e) 业务风险，由于下列原因产生：内部程序不充分、效率低或失效，或不能经济、高效地开展业务；", "(f) 人力资源风险，由于未能制定和执行妥善的人力资源政策、程序和惯例而产生；", "(g) 信息风险，由于未能建立和维持适当的信通技术系统和基础设施而产生。", "图一 按风险类别分列的非维持和平行动审计建议，2010年7月至2011年6月", "[]", "2. 按风险类别分列的审计结果", "战略风险", "32. 对环境署通过伙伴关系交付项目安排的审计(AA2010/220/03)。减轻不当伙伴关系风险的内部控制存在缺陷。虽然联合国环境规划署(环境署)与执行伙伴广泛合作，但这些伙伴的鉴别和甄选没有依照2009年11月颁布的《联合国与工商界合作准则》、依靠全组织范围的战略做法和记录在案的尽责调查过程进行。这些伙伴的鉴别和甄选由各司和方案干事定夺，可能会导致合作伙伴选择不当并影响项目实施。环境署接受监督厅关于实施适当内部控制进行补救的建议。", "治理风险", "33. 对联合国内罗毕办事处采购活动的审计(AA2009/211/02)。由于权力下放到联合国内罗毕办事处行政服务司司长，高价值的采购由总部合同委员会进行额外审查的要求已被取消。内罗毕的地方合同委员会是审查金额不同的所有采购案的唯一机构。高价值采购本质上具有高风险，因此应由总部加以额外审查。管理事务部同意建立一个对地方合同委员会审查的高价值案例的控制机制，设定阈值为500万美元。办事处还需要澄清其是否有权力代表环境署和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)开展采购活动。", "34. 对国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金和联合国难民事务高级专员办公室所提供服务的审计(AT2009/800/03)。信息和通信技术厅从国际电子计算中心采购服务时，没有明确的甄选标准或对替代方法的考虑。因此，无法保证该中心提供了最佳性价比的选择。信息和通信技术厅不接受监督厅关于制定利用该中心服务的标准和决策过程的建议，但尽管如此，该厅与外勤支助部合作编写了关于外包给该中心的工作和服务的详细说明，作为采购司进行设定基准工作的基础。", "合规风险", "35. 对前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭拘留所租用牢房和服务的管理的审计 (AA2010/270/01)。虽然仍未与荷兰政府敲定为前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭提供拘留设施和服务的协议，但法庭根据2010年签署的一项临时协议，为2008年10月至2009年12月期间支付了9 090 249美元，事实上绕过了地方和总部合同委员会的审查。2011年3月，地方合同委员会建议，总部合同委员会事后审查有关协定草案。", "36. 对人居署索马里方案的审计(AA2010/250/02)。截至审计时，人居署没有完全遵守当时安全阶段的地区特定最低运作安保标准，致使在索马里哈尔格萨的人居署索马里方案办公室面临安全风险。没有采取进出控制措施，也没有安排应急食品、住房和公务用车。人居署同意确保所有办公地点遵守最低运作安保标准，并在其总部征聘了一名全职安保和安全干事。", "财务风险", "37. 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理和供资安排的审计(AE2010/360/01)。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室没有一个减轻对预算外资源过度依赖的风险的总体战略，目前预算外资源约占该办公室总收入的90%。大会第59/250号决议指出补充非核心资源不能替代核心资源。由于捐助者自愿捐款中近90%指定用于具体项目，核心资金与专项资金之间的不平衡没有给办公室留下多少灵活应对复杂的方案和管理挑战的活动余地，还可能造成核心资金无法支持的更多财务负债。虽然该办公室同意在2011年底之前制定一个多年期筹资战略，以确保核心资源和预算外资源达到适当平衡，但迄今为止，在捐助者之间达成关于可持续筹资模式共识的努力仍未获成功。", "信息风险", "38. 对联合国秘书处“Inspira”人才管理项目的审计(AT2010/512/01)。人力资源管理厅在发布新系统进行正式使用前并未采用规划、运行和记录系统测试情况的做法，也并未做出必要安排确保“Inspira”满足所有必要功能。因此，无法保证适用功能的有效性。人力厅同意在适用该系统未来版本时将规划、记录和测试其稳定性，包括通过标准做法克服各种缺陷。人力厅还证实，已经建立更加明确、负责的商业主导的项目管理结构，并由主管人力资源管理事务助理秘书长和首席信息技术官等组成的指导委员会提供战略指导。此外，还将更加关注用户测试，确保各项功能满足必要的规格。而且，还加强了用户测试、缺陷日志和变更要求方面的文件工作。", "39. 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭信息和通信技术治理和安保管理的审计(AT2010/ 260/01)。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的拘留设施在安全、业务信息和通信技术方面存在严重不足。经常性的传输中断影响网络连接、电话和传真通信，中断时间有时长达几周，使被拘留者与律师的沟通能力受限，可能影响到他们的权利。此外，未建立敏感信息存档和备份的适当系统，如果发生自然灾害或恶意行为，无法恢复操作或保证保密信息不受损害。法庭启动了对现行灾后恢复和业务连续性计划的审查，并启动了定期计划测试。法庭证实，已找到安全的庭外地点进行常规数据备份及实际存储备份数据磁带。有关网络、电话和传真通信方面的技术问题也已得到解决。", "40. 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金Charles River交易订单管理系统执行情况的审计(AS2010/801/04)。执行该系统时未进行适当安排及测试恢复程序，无法确保业务连续性以及在发生自然灾害或恶意行为后能够恢复关键数据。投资管理司指出，该司已经启动业务连续性和灾后恢复方案，方案将继续执行，预计到2011年第三季度全面执行。", "B. 检查和评价司", "41. 经济和社会事务部方案评价(E/AC.51/2011/2)。经济和社会事务部在广泛的主题方面拥有诸多优势。经社部为政府间决策及全球统计系统提供了有效支持，并为支持推进千年发展目标方面做出了宝贵贡献。尽管如此，由政府间决定确定的该部任务规定较为宽泛、涉及面广，而且该部未制定明确确定其在发展领域作用的战略重点。例如，该部在支持区域和国家能力发展方面的作用和战略仍在确定。能力发展战略草案并未明确阐述该部相对其他与发展有关的联合国基金、方案及机构的作用，而且工作人员、管理层及利益攸关方并未充分理解应将能力发展纳入其他核心职能。虽然经社部采取了成立战略规划股等各项步骤，在战略上更加关注方案的交付，但在该部的战略中应在有关部门业已存在的情况下更加明确部门优先事项和关键活动，在该部服务政府间进程及召集各种专家小组、会议和组织方面更应如此。2009年，经社部成立了能力发展办公室，并成立了全部门能力发展指导委员会，现在应考虑到有必要与联合国的外地实体进行更强有力的合作，因此应考虑进一步明确在能力发展工作方面的具体作用。", "42. 经社部成功支持并促进了政府间一级的协调和政策一致性，这也得到了会员国的认可。但是，虽然经社部通过经济和社会事务执行委员会促进联合国各实体间的政策一致性、共享信息并加强方案规划协调，但还不能充分有效地促进联合国系统内的协作、一致性及协调。评价时正在进行订正的ST/SGB/1997/9号文件规定，经济和社会事务部应协助秘书长加强联合国系统内部和联合国系统各组织间的政策一致性和协调性，但该部的任务规定不够明确，也没有制定履行这一职能的战略。此外，主管政策协调和机构间事务助理秘书长负责就联合国全系统的协调、政策制定及合作问题向政府间机构提供支持，但却不能全面关注与经社部相关的专项协调活动。为了在现有努力基础上加强伙伴关系，监督厅建议经社部与其伙伴方，特别是与各区域委员会以及联合国外地实体磋商，进一步制定并明确经济和社会领域的协调战略以加强协调；加强工作计划与联合国其他实体的一致性和相互间的互补性；以及明确伙伴关系作用和责任。", "43. 对联合国秘书处两性平等主流化的专题评价(A/65/266)。两性平等主流化是一个组织战略优先事项，而且这一评价工作是1995年这些任务规定(大会第50/203号决议)制定以来首次进行的此类审查。但是，重点是确定程序，而不是实现成果。由于缺乏对两性平等主流化含义、宗旨及实际影响的理解，以及缺乏领导力和问责，整个秘书处并未连贯履行两性平等主流化的任务规定。监督厅建议秘书处各方案采取具体行动，加强对两性平等主流化的承诺并注重结果。监督厅还鼓励联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)在制定任务规定、设想资源和结构时能够考虑到本评价的结论。", "C. 调查司", "44. 调查事项按下列类别进行分类：财务、库存/资产、管理、人事、采购、方案、[1] 性剥削和性骚扰。", "图二 按调查类别分裂的非维持和平活动方面收受的调查和发布的报告，2010年7月至2011年6月", "[]", "注：收受的调查是指有意进行调查的所有新案件。调查报告中还包括监督厅调查尚未证实报告事件时发布的结案报告。本报告增编载有监督厅报告的完整清单。", "45. (0044/09号案件)。[2] 6名工作人员为获得金融机构贷款篡改工资单并拿到了联合国证明。其中一人是安保和安全处的警卫，为获得工作机会，他还向联合国虚报自己的状况。虚报内容涉及之前所服兵役对该名工作人员胜任工作有影响。所有事项正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "46. (0094/10号案件)。1名工作人员为获得东道国的特权虚报正式身份和职位。调查结束后该名工作人员从本组织离职。", "47. (0121/10号案件)。1名工作人员在涉及1名供应商的服务采购过程中涉嫌采购违规和裙带关系。此事正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "48. (0175/10号案件)。2名警卫扣押了2名擅入者，这两人明显喝醉了酒，而且没有携带武器。1名警卫用枪指着他们并在其主管在场的情况下殴打了其中一人。有关工作人员之后企图掩盖这一事件。此事正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "49. (0188/10号案件)。联合国1名供应商向联合国出售商品时作虚假宣传。该名供应商声称其设备能够检测出违禁品和爆炸物，但也在调查这一公司的执法机构及其他机构大多认为这属虚假宣传。此事正在等待供应商制裁程序的处理结果。", "50. (0247/10号案件)。1名工作人员贪污了13笔各方案主管返还给他的未使用预付款资金，而没有将其存入账户。他还非法填写转账单记入账目以掩盖其行为，并伪造了指定核签人的签名。此事正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "51. (0344/10号案件)。联合国1个承包商的雇员在执行任务期间对1名未成年女孩进行性攻击。此事正在等待供应商制裁程序的处理结果。", "52. (390/10和496/09号案件)。纽约联合国总部安全和安保部的2名工作人员，在未完成纽约州规定的强制培训情况下申请并非法获得了纽约持枪证。他们通过提交虚假的结课证书为发放持枪证提供便利。正在与纽约警察局密切合作调查这一事项，并正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "53. (0456/10号案件)。联合国某机构的1名高级官员对严重管理不善，包括财务事项、采购和征聘方面的违规做法负有责任。由于缺乏管理监督和无视联合国的规范框架，致使在采购、财务和人力资源方面存在严重不足，造成行为不端风险上升。已发布报告，提出了监督厅的建议纠正措施，供管理层今后参考，但该名工作人员已在调查期间辞职。", "五. 法定汇报要求", "A. 基本建设总计划", "54. 根据大会第62/87号决议，监督厅负责报告基本建设总计划审计科的活动。监督厅有两名专门负责审计基本建设总计划业务的审计员。2010-2011年采用的是基于风险的审计方法，这符合内部审计司采用的审计方法。", "55. 在本报告所述期间开展了广泛的审计工作，继续以采购和合同管理过程为重点，包括基本建设总计划办公室和项目组采用的变更单，以及项目预算编制、财务报告和付款。", "56. 监督厅对基本建设总计划的审计范围还包括安全和安保问题，因此提交了两份审计报告：“基本建设总计划执行期间工作人员、场地和资产的安保规定》(AC2009/514/05)和《基本建设总计划执行期间联合国工作人员和承包商包括拆除石棉在内的安全规定》(AC2010/514/01)。两项审计审查的结论均认为，拥有充分的控制措施。", "B. 联合国赔偿委员会", "57. 根据大会第59/270和59/271号决议，监督厅介绍有关联合国赔偿委员会的监督活动如下。", "58. 在2010-2011两年期，赔偿委员会提供了100 000美元作为内部审计费用，监督厅以这笔费用对2009年1月至2010年5月期间(AE2010/820/01)和2010年6月至2011年4月期间(AE2011/820/01, 即将印发)的索偿赔款进行了审计。除向大会报告索偿进程的最新情况外，监督厅的审计还重点关注有关将收到收入并入补偿基金方面的内部控制机制是否充分有效。", "59. 赔偿委员会继续支付赔偿金，监测索偿国政府用环境损害赔偿金开展的环境项目。截至2011年4月30日，裁决的520亿美元赔偿款已发放320亿美元。2005年6月完成了对这些索偿的处理。尚余约200亿美元未发放赔偿款，其中9宗是付给科威特的大笔赔偿款。按照安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议的规定，补偿基金可得到伊拉克石油收入的5%，之后多项决议，最近的是第1956(2010)号决议，都对此进行了重申。", "60. 对2009年1月至2010年5月期间联合国赔偿委员会的索偿赔款的审计(AE2010/820/01)。赔偿委员会拥有充足的控制机制，确保赔偿和付款记录及各类报告准确无误、记录妥当且符合委员会理事会的决定和《联合国财务条例和细则》。但根据外聘审计人对2008年12月31日终了年度伊拉克发展基金的审计报告(在2008-2009年赔偿委员会财务报表的说明中也有反映)，现金和易货交易致使补偿基金并未完全收到5%的石油收益，截至2008年12月31日补偿基金累计收入缺口为2.12亿美元。根据赔偿委员会秘书处向理事会的报告，虽然易货交易于2007年12月31日停止，但截至2009年12月31日资金缺口达到2.24亿美元(由现金交易造成)。监督厅建议伊拉克财务专家委员会正式注意因持续使用现金结算进行出口销售造成的收入缺口问题。由于联合国主计长已将这一事项提请国际咨询和监察委员会和财务专家委员会注意，因此已经采取了行动。此外，伊拉克发展基金的外聘审计人证实，2010年没再出现以现金结算的出口销售情况。此外，理事会继续请求赔偿理事会秘书处监测存款情况并随时向理事会通报在缺口问题方面的任何进一步进展情况，最近一次是在2010年4月会议上提出的请求。监督厅因此已终止这一建议。", "C. 在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经济委员会办公设施和增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施", "61. 根据大会第63/263号决议，监督厅负责报告与在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经济委员会办公设施和增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施有关的活动。", "62. 增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施工作已于2010年12月基本完成。监督厅对项目组织和管理结构、采购、合同管理、财务管理及利益攸关者关系进行了审查。目前正在起草相关审计报告，即增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施审计报告(将作为AC2010/211/01印发)。", "63. 亚的斯亚贝巴非洲经委会的建造工作正在进行中。2011年6月20日开始对非洲经委会的新办公设施建造工作进行具体审计，计划在2011年8月底左右公布报告草稿。", "附件", "法定汇报要求概览", "监督厅年度报告中将列入的信息类别见以下文件：", "(a) ST/SGB/273号秘书长公报，第28段：", "㈠ 对重大问题、弊端和缺陷以及监督厅相关建议的陈述；", "㈡ 秘书长未核可的建议；", "㈢ 以往报告中提出但纠正行动尚未完成的建议(酬情见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "㈣ 经管理层修订的上一期间的决定；", "㈤ 无法与管理层达成一致、或资料或协助请求遭到拒绝的建议(酬情见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "㈥ 建议的费用节余价值和追回的款额(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "(b) 大会第56/246号决议；", "㈠ 关于过去三个报告期间各项建议执行率的资料(见A/66/286(Part I)/ Add.1)；", "㈡ 关于监督厅改组对其工作影响的资料；", "㈢ 对已执行建议、执行中建议和未执行建议及未执行理由分别作出说明(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "(c) 大会第57/292和60/282号决议：在监督厅年度报告中报告在基本建设总计划项目各阶段开展的监督活动；", "(d) 大会第59/270和59/271号决议：对联合国赔偿委员会的整个索偿过程进行内部监督，并定期在监督厅年度报告中报告有关情况；", "(e) 大会第59/272号决议：要求年度报告列出监督厅当年印发的所有报告的标题和摘要(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "(f) 大会第62/87号决议：请监督厅确保对基本建设总计划进行有效审计，并向大会提交其关于基本建设总计划执行情况的所有报告；", "(g) 大会第63/263号决议：请监督厅确保对在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经委会办公设施和增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施进行有效审计。", "[1] “方案”类调查是指与联合国某项方案有关的投诉或改进建议。调查报告通常不会关注某个工作人员的错失行为，而是关注与某个方案运作相关的风险。这一类别还用于对预先调查进行分类。", "[2] 这一调查案件共涉及6名工作人员。三个报告涉及联合国人居署(0029/09和0044/09、0194/09号案件),1个报告涉及联合国内罗毕办事处(0458/08号案件)，两个报告涉及环境署(0036/09和0037/09号案件)。除0044/09号案件外,在前一个报告期间发布了所有其他报告。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011[2]", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in conformity with General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B (para. 5 (e)), 54/244 (paras. 4 and 5), 59/272 (paras. 1-3) and 64/263 (para. 1). It does not cover oversight activities pertaining to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support or the peacekeeping and special political missions, as they will be presented to the Assembly in part II of the report during the resumed sixty-sixth session.", "During the reporting period, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) issued 323 oversight reports, including 7 reports to the General Assembly and 65 closure reports. The reports included 1,702 recommendations to improve internal controls, accountability mechanisms and organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Of those recommendations, 398 were classified as critical to the Organization. The financial implications of OIOS recommendations issued during the period amount to approximately $19.7 million.", "The recommendations were aimed at cost savings, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements. The financial implications of similar recommendations that were satisfactorily implemented during the period totalled approximately $2.6 million. The addendum to the present report (A/66/286 (Part I)/ Add.1) provides a detailed analysis of the status of implementation of the recommendations and a breakdown of recommendations with financial implications. Pursuant to paragraph 1 (c) of resolution 59/272, Member States have access to OIOS reports upon request. The full titles of all OIOS reports are available online (www.un.org/Depts/oios/pages/rep_and_pub.html).", "Contents", "Page\nPreface 3\nI.Introduction 5II.Internal 5 \ninitiatives A.Overall 5 efforts to strengthen the functions of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices B.Cooperation 7 and \ncoordination C.Impediments 8 to the work of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices III. Plans 9 to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit \nresults A.Change 9 in audit \nreporting B.More 10 efficient monitoring of \nrecommendations C. Financial 10 implications of oversight \nresults D.Key 11 oversight \nterms E.Consolidated 11 annual report of the \nOffice IV. Oversight 11 \nresults A.Internal 11 Audit \nDivision B.Inspection 15 and Evaluation \nDivision C.Investigations 16 \nDivision V.Mandated 18 reporting \nrequirements A.Capital 18 master \n plan B.United 18 Nations Compensation \nCommission C.Construction 19 of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at \nNairobi \nAnnex Overviewof 20 mandatedreporting \nrequirements", "Preface", "I am pleased to present the annual report on the non-peacekeeping activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) for the year ending 30 June 2011. The report outlines the ongoing activities and results of work completed during the period, and plans that are under way to increase the transparency and effectiveness of internal oversight activities for operations for which OIOS is responsible.", "Early in my tenure as Under-Secretary-General, I had identified together with my management team a number of issues and challenges — 39 in all — that OIOS needs to address in order to meet the current and future needs of the United Nations. In February, we gathered for in-depth discussions on how to address these issues, which can be broadly outlined in the following eight categories:", "1. Planning and priority-setting. OIOS needs a clear, shared vision consistent with the expectations of its stakeholders and to monitor its environment for signals that changes in priorities and direction may be warranted.", "2. Capacity to deliver. OIOS needs to resolve its longstanding vacancy issues by developing short-term and long-term strategies to attract and develop a diverse workforce with the necessary skills to meet the current and future needs of the Organization. It also needs to support its staff with appropriate guidance, structure and management to facilitate a productive work environment.", "3. Delivering high-impact results. OIOS must ensure consistent high quality in its own processes, focusing on high-risk organizational exposures and leveraging technology solutions to support compelling results that influence change for the better.", "4. Structural considerations. OIOS needs to consider opportunities to expand or pool certain resources across functions or in geographic locations to reduce duplicative activities, create depth and back-up capacity, and collaborate between its own divisions to strengthen oversight learning opportunities.", "5. Adequacy of resources. OIOS needs to rationalize a resource base that is adequate, reliable and sufficiently flexible to ensure it supports the independence required to respond to significant inherent, residual and emerging risks as appropriate to deliver its mandate.", "6. Role of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services. OIOS needs to re-establish its own internal accountability framework to ensure its activities are led, managed and monitored by a strengthened Office in an exemplary manner consistent with the expectations of its stakeholders.", "7. Communications. OIOS needs to improve information-sharing internally, collaborate more effectively within the United Nations communities and expand its influence and effectiveness through cooperation with and outreach to external organizations, the media and the public.", "8. Readiness to respond to external pressures. OIOS needs to anticipate and be prepared to respond effectively and promptly to questions and challenges from stakeholders and oversight bodies.", "I am pleased to report that, as the present report is submitted, important progress has been made on issues 2, 3 and 7, in particular in resolving the longstanding issue of high vacancies in OIOS. I have implemented measures to reduce temporary recruitment in favour of prioritizing regular recruitment to vacant positions wherever possible. At the end of July 2011, the vacancy rate in OIOS officially stood at 19 per cent overall; however, 19 additional recruitment decisions were awaiting either confirmation of references and credentials of candidates or reporting of cleared candidates, potentially reducing the actual rate to 13 per cent.", "Moreover, OIOS plans to make its internal audit reports available to the public through its website beginning in January 2012, thus increasing transparency and availability to Member States and the public. In addition, OIOS will ensure high-impact results by assigning ratings to overall opinions in internal audit reports with regard to the adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal control processes. The indicated importance or criticality of identified deficiencies will clearly signal the frequency of subsequent follow-up of related OIOS recommendations addressing deficiencies.", "To further move efforts along on all eight priorities, internal working groups have been established, which may be supplemented by a temporary change management team under the general direction of my office.", "In addition, on 8 August 2011, we welcomed to OIOS our two new, long-awaited divisional Directors, the Director of the Inspection and Evaluation Division and the Director of the Investigations Division. We look forward to the new directions their extensive experience and strong leadership will bring.", "I would like acknowledge the professional dedication of OIOS staff in achieving the results outlined in the present annual report. I am grateful for their commitment to the Organization and openness to innovation.", "Finally, I wish to thank the Secretary-General, United Nations senior management, the members of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and representatives of Member States for their support, encouragement and constructive feedback on OIOS activities over the past year, which have all been most helpful.", "Carman L. Lapointe Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services", "I. Introduction", "1. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly pursuant to its resolution 48/218 B to enhance oversight in the Organization. The Office is operationally independent, as stipulated by the Assembly, and assists the Secretary-General in fulfilling his internal oversight responsibilities in respect of resources and staff of the Organization through internal audit, monitoring, inspection, evaluation and investigation.", "2. The present report, which provides an overview of OIOS activities during the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, comprises three main sections, covering: (a) initiatives aimed at improving OIOS operations and quality of work; (b) oversight results; (c) OIOS plans to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit results; and (d) mandated reporting on oversight activities concerning the capital master plan, the United Nations Compensation Commission and the construction of additional facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). An addendum to the present report (A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1) provides a detailed analysis of the status of implementation of OIOS recommendations, a breakdown of recommendations with financial implications and a list of reports issued by OIOS during the reporting period.", "3. The report does not cover oversight results pertaining to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support or the peacekeeping and special political missions, which will be presented to the General Assembly in part II of the report during the resumed part of the sixty-sixth session.", "II. Internal initiatives", "A. Overall efforts to strengthen the functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "4. OIOS aims to carry out its work with the highest standards of professionalism and efficiency. The present section highlights some of the key initiatives undertaken during the reporting period to realize this goal.", "1. Aligning work priorities with organizational risks", "5. Following the recommendations of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and the related request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243 (para. 128), and in accordance with the relevant Institute of Internal Auditors practice advisory, OIOS Internal Audit Division has refined its risk assessment framework and planning methodology during the reporting period by taking into account residual risks. The updated risk assessments, which now consider existing key controls in addition to inherent risks, resulted in the identification of the top major risks that may hinder the achievement of objectives. The risk assessments will serve to prioritize audit assignments for the biennium 2012-2013. OIOS is also working on the harmonization of its audit risk categories with the United Nations enterprise risk management framework currently being implemented by the Secretariat. During the reporting period, the OIOS Internal Audit Division facilitated six new risk assessments of the management of general trust funds, the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia, ECA, the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and the Executive Office of the Secretary-General.", "6. The risk assessment methodology supporting OIOS inspection and evaluation work was also refined. New sources such as the performance measures in senior managers’ compacts were integrated into the indicators that are used to rank Secretariat departments according to their risk exposure. These indicators are grouped into five risk dimensions: financial, human resources, governance, operational (results) and operational (exposure). For peacekeeping mission risk assessments, the following risk dimensions were introduced: intensity of the conflict, OIOS inspection and evaluation in previous coverage of the mission, complexity of the mission’s mandate and mission size.", "2. Innovation in oversight processes and methodologies", "7. In order to strengthen its audit capacity and coverage, OIOS developed a toolkit for auditing programme performance management, which allows for providing assurance that United Nations entities have integrated performance management into their internal control mechanisms. This new framework was piloted with three United Nations entities: the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Civil Affairs Section of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "3. Strengthening of internal work processes and systems", "8. In a continuous effort to improve processes and procedures, the OIOS Internal Audit Division customized its electronic documentation and management software (AutoAudit) to align it with improvements in audit methodology and management processes.", "9. The OIOS Inspection and Evaluation Division undertook a series of initiatives aimed at strengthening internal work processes and systems. These included the creation of an internal working group on the clarification of staff roles and responsibilities at all stages of the evaluation process, including managerial and administrative responsibilities. Another working group developed a “team compact” to facilitate discussion among team members on roles, working styles and expectations at the start of a project, and include a 360-degree feedback component. In May 2011, the Division also introduced a pilot project to centralize its administrative functions, which resulted in the creation of a new administrative support section to promote consistency and high quality in administrative support for all projects and tasks in the Division.", "4. Cultivating a professional workforce", "10. In response to increasing sophistication of management systems and to better meet the demands of the new justice system, the OIOS Investigations Division has significantly enhanced its forensic and analytical capacity. The establishment of a Digital Forensic Unit with staff resources in New York, Vienna and Nairobi provides OIOS with cutting-edge ability to acquire information from digital sources, including computers, telecommunications equipment and a range of other devices that record information digitally. To complement the work of the Digital Forensic Unit, additional analytical capacity is under development, which will rely on software tools comparing large quantities of data and correlating results across various investigations. These functions will provide critical investigation support and increase the effectiveness of investigators’ work.", "11. The Investigations Division launched its training course on “Investigating procurement fraud” on 23 and 24 May 2011, hosted by the World Bank in Washington, D.C. The course is designed for investigators with limited knowledge of public sector procurement and presents the procurement process in an operational context with real case studies. The course was attended by investigators from international organizations such as the African Development Bank, the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the World Food Programme and the European Central Bank. An expanded version of this course is planned to be delivered to United Nations staff by the end of 2011.", "12. OIOS is continuously assessing the knowledge, skills and abilities of its staff against operational needs and standards. Initiatives during the reporting period included in-house seminars organized by the Inspection and Evaluation Division on a broad range of topics, including evaluation of the European Commission; the evaluation functions in UNDP, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Department of Public Information, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations; humanitarian evaluation; and performance auditing; and workshops on qualitative data analysis, statistical software and graphical presentations. Staff also participated in a workshop on gender sensitivity.", "B. Cooperation and coordination", "13. OIOS coordinates regularly with other United Nations oversight entities, including the Board of Auditors and the Joint Inspection Unit, to ensure that potential gaps, duplication and overlap in the conduct of oversight work are minimized. Aside from sharing workplans, the Office holds meetings every two months with the Board of Auditors to discuss issues of mutual interest. On an ad hoc basis and when issues of particular concern arise, the Office also meets with the Joint Inspection Unit. Furthermore, the senior representatives of these entities take part in an annual tripartite meeting to discuss oversight coordination, among other things.", "14. The Office recognizes the value and importance of fostering relationships with its functional peers. During the reporting period, OIOS professionals actively participated in their respective professional networks as described below:", "(a) The Internal Audit Division contributes actively to the work and meetings of the Representatives of Internal Audit Services of the United Nations Organizations and Multilateral Financial Institutions;", "(b) The Inspection and Evaluation Division continues to play an active role in the United Nations Evaluation Group, and co-chaired its Evaluation Practice Exchange Seminar with UNICEF in March 2011 in Paris. The Seminar covered a broad range of key areas such as the evaluation of the evaluation function, joint evaluations, use of evaluation, impact evaluations and evaluation capacity development. The Division also participated in the Evaluation Group Task Force on Human Rights and Gender Equality and the preparation and promotion of handbooks on how to incorporate these perspectives in evaluation work throughout the United Nations system. The handbooks will be piloted in two OIOS programme evaluations during the year;", "(c) The Investigations Division hosted a Conference on Combating Corruption through International Investigations in New York on 8 and 9 December 2010. The Conference brought together multilateral and national organizations responsible for investigating fraud and corruption internationally, promoting cooperation and coordination of efforts in international investigations and sharing of investigation methodologies and experience, in particular in the following areas in humanitarian, development and post-conflict operations: commercial transactions; movement of people; and crimes affecting children;", "(d) In addition, the Investigations Division actively participated in the twelfth Conference of International Investigators hosted by the World Bank in Washington, D.C., from 25 to 27 May 2011. The Division chaired a session on surveying policy developments and recent innovations, which covered topics such as investigation intake, procedural trends, performance measures and harmonization. The Division also led several workshops, including on the newest developments in computer forensics and other information technology investigative tools; management of witnesses and subjects: their rights and obligations; and investigating harassment, abuse and retaliation.", "15. The Investigations Division continues to collaborate with and provide expert support to various counterparts within the Organization as follows:", "(a) The function of the Investigations Division performs a critical role in the administration of justice. To conduct its mandated investigation function efficiently, and thereby present a proper foundation for fair disciplinary process, the Division cooperates and coordinates closely with the Department of Management and the Office of Administration of Justice;", "(b) The Division also works closely with the United Nations Dispute Tribunal during disciplinary hearings to provide evidence and testimony. In addition, the Investigations Division regularly meets with relevant counterparts to facilitate effective assessment of new jurisprudence and its impact on the Division’s operations, as well as to ensure appropriate information sharing for effective development of standards in the internal justice system.", "16. In July 2010, the Investigations Division signed a memorandum of understanding with the International Criminal Court to provide assistance, on a reimbursable loan basis, by providing a senior investigator for a period of one year to assist in establishing an investigative unit (the Independent Oversight Mechanism). The purpose of this unit is to ensure effective oversight of the Court through the conduct of administrative investigations into reports of misconduct by elected officials, staff members, contractors and consultants.", "C. Impediments to the work of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "17. During the reporting period, there was no inappropriate limitation of scope that impeded the work or independence of OIOS.", "III. Plans to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit results", "18. OIOS would like to bring to the attention of the General Assembly the planned changes with regard to monitoring of recommendations and reporting of oversight results.", "A. Change in audit reporting", "19. OIOS plans to routinely make its internal audit reports available to the public through its website beginning in January 2012. In preparation for this change, OIOS is introducing processes to consistently support and assign ratings to overall opinions in internal audit reports with regard to the adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal control processes examined. This will effectively communicate the level of assurance being provided based on the audit work conducted, including the significance of deficiencies identified. In addition, the indicated importance or criticality of identified deficiencies will clearly signal the visibility and frequency of subsequent follow-up activities related to recommendations to address deficiencies. The ratings will be as follows:", "(a) “Satisfactory” ratings will apply to overall audit results concluding that, in the opinion of OIOS, governance, risk management, and internal control processes are adequately designed and operating effectively to provide reasonable assurance to management and stakeholders regarding the achievement of control or business objectives under review. Opportunities for improvement may nevertheless exist in this rating category, and if so, will be communicated separately to management for implementation at its discretion. Follow-up will occur, as appropriate, only during relevant, subsequent oversight activities;", "(b) “Partially satisfactory” ratings will apply to audit results concluding that important deficiencies exist in governance, risk management or internal control processes, such that reasonable assurance may be at risk regarding the achievement of control and/or business objectives under review. Deficiencies giving rise to this rating will be outlined in the final audit report, along with important recommendations and agreed management action plans, target dates and accountabilities for their resolution. Implementation status follow-up for these important recommendations will be conducted and reported annually. Opportunities for improvement may also be identified;", "(c) “Unsatisfactory” ratings will apply to audit results that conclude that one or more significant and/or pervasive deficiency exists in governance, risk management or internal control processes, such that reasonable assurance cannot be provided with regard to the achievement of control and/or business objectives under review. Deficiencies giving rise to this rating will be included in the final audit report, along with critical recommendations and agreed management action plans, target dates and accountabilities for their resolution. Important recommendations and/or opportunities for improvement may also be identified. Implementation status follow-up of these critical recommendations will be carried out and reported quarterly for all action plans that remain unimplemented by their original target dates, and are therefore considered past due. Quarterly reports to the Secretary-General will include details of identified deficiencies, related action plans, individuals accountable, current progress towards implementation and revised target dates.", "20. Critical or important recommendations that are not accepted by clients will be escalated to ensure that senior management, including the Secretary-General, as appropriate, understands and accepts the rationale for remaining risks.", "B. More efficient monitoring of recommendations", "21. The status of all open recommendations has in the past been updated twice a year, regardless of criticality consideration, in preparation for the OIOS annual and semi-annual reports. As a result, the high volume of recommendations being followed up by OIOS is seen to divert management’s attention away from the more critical actions, rather than focusing attention on areas requiring the most urgent attention. The follow-up process itself requires significant administrative effort for OIOS and its clients who are asked to respond regularly to status update requests.", "22. In light of the above, OIOS is undertaking a thorough review of all open recommendations, the objective of which is to adjust the volume and frequency of follow-up in order to effectively focus attention on areas of greatest importance. The results described below are expected.", "1. Reduction of the number of open recommendations", "23. All open recommendations will be reclassified into three categories: critical recommendations, important recommendations, and opportunities for improvement. Only the first two categories (recommendations) will be subject to regular monitoring, follow-up and reporting, while the third category will be followed up as appropriate, as follows:", "(a) Critical recommendations will be followed up more frequently, on a quarterly basis, rather than semi-annually;", "(b) Important recommendations will be followed up less frequently, on an annual basis, rather than semi-annually;", "(c) Opportunities for improvement will be followed up, as appropriate, during subsequent, relevant oversight activities to consider whether they may have escalated in importance.", "24. By rationalizing the number of recommendations subject to regular follow-up, OIOS expects to more effectively facilitate focusing management’s attention and scarce resources towards implementation of recommendations deemed more significant.", "2. Establishment of target dates and accountability for all recommendations", "25. All recommendations that remain open following the comprehensive review will require action plans, indicating a realistic target date and the title of the manager to be held accountable for implementation, to be determined in consultation with management.", "C. Financial implications of oversight results", "26. OIOS has simplified the categorization of financial implications arising from oversight results, as follows:", "(a) “Unnecessary or excess expenditures, or losses” caused by mismanagement, fraud, waste, theft, etc.;", "(b) “Opportunities for future cost avoidance” due to process improvements identified by OIOS.", "D. Key oversight terms", "27. OIOS is cognizant of General Assembly resolution 64/263, which mandated OIOS to comprehensively define and compile key oversight terms in consultation with relevant department and offices, including the Department of Management and the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat. OIOS is of the opinion that the oversight terms (including those on financial implications) introduced within the context of changes outlined above are the most critical, and will continue with consultations to identify other oversight terms for inclusion.", "E. Consolidated annual report of the Office", "28. OIOS plans to report annually on both peacekeeping and non-peacekeeping operations (part I and part II) on a calendar year basis, to streamline the monitoring of recommendations and to synchronize timing with reporting for senior managers’ compacts.", "IV. Oversight results", "29. The present section presents selected oversight results from the period under review.", "A. Internal Audit Division", "30. Audit results are classified within seven risk categories: strategy, governance, compliance, finance, operations, human resources and information.", "1. Classification of audit results", "31. Audit risk categories encompass adverse impacts on the mandate, operations or reputation of the Organization arising from the presence of:", "(a) Strategy risk, including inadequate strategic planning; adverse or improperly implemented decisions; lack of responsiveness to changes in the external environment; and exposure to economic or other considerations;", "(b) Governance risk, including failure to establish appropriate processes and structures for informing, directing, managing and monitoring the activities of the Organization; insufficiencies in senior management leadership; and the absence of an ethical culture;", "(c) Compliance risk, arising from violations of or the failure or inability to comply with laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices, policies, procedures or ethical standards;", "(d) Financial risk, arising from insufficient funding; inappropriate use of funds; inadequate management of financial performance; or unreliable financial reporting or disclosure;", "(e) Operational risk, arising from inadequate, inefficient or failed internal processes or failure to conduct operations economically, efficiently or effectively;", "(f) Human resources risk, arising from the failure to develop and implement appropriate human resources policies, procedures and practices;", "(g) Information risk, arising from the failure to establish and maintain appropriate information and communications technology systems and infrastructure.", "Figure I Audit recommendations on non-peacekeeping activities by risk category, July 2010-June 2011", "2. Audit results by risk category", "Strategy risk", "32. Audit of UNEP project delivery arrangements via partnerships (AA2010/220/03). Internal controls mitigating the risks of inappropriate partnerships were deficient. While the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) works with a wide range of implementing partners, their identification and selection does not rely on an organization-wide strategic approach and documented due diligence process, as required by the Guidelines on Cooperation between the United Nations and the Business Sector issued in November 2009. The identification and selection of partners was left to the discretion of divisions and programme officers, which may result in the selection of inappropriate partners and affect project implementation. UNEP accepted OIOS recommendations to implement adequate internal controls to remedy the situation.", "Governance risk", "33. Audit of procurement activities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi (AA2009/211/02). The requirement for additional review by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts for high-value procurements was waived through the delegation of authority to the Director of Administrative Services at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The Local Committee on Contracts in Nairobi was the only authority reviewing all procurement cases, regardless of the amount involved. High value procurements are inherently high risk and should therefore be subject to additional review by Headquarters. The Department of Management agreed to establish a control mechanism for high value cases reviewed by the Local Committee on Contracts, with the threshold to be set at $5,000,000. The Office also needs to clarify whether it has authority to conduct procurement activities on behalf of UNEP and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "34. Audit of the services provided by the International Computing Centre to the United Nations Secretariat the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (AT2009/800/03). The Office of Information and Communications Technology acquired services from the International Computing Centre without clear selection criteria or consideration of alternative methods. There is therefore no assurance that the Centre provided the best value-for-money option. The Office of Information and Communications Technology did not accept the recommendation by OIOS to develop criteria and decision-making processes for engaging the services of the Centre, but nonetheless, in collaboration with the Department of Field Support, developed a detailed statement of work and services outsourced to the Centre, as a basis for the Procurement Division to conduct a benchmarking exercise.", "Compliance risk", "35. Audit of the management of leased cells and services for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Detention Unit (AA2010/270/01). While no agreement has been finalized with the Government of the Netherlands for provision to the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia of detention facilities and services, the Tribunal paid $9,090,249 for the period October 2008 to December 2009 period, based on an interim agreement signed in 2010, effectively bypassing review by the Local and Headquarters Committees on Contracts. In March 2011, the Local Committee on Contracts recommended that the relevant draft agreements be reviewed by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts on an ex post facto basis.", "36. Audit of the UN-Habitat Somalia Programme (AA2010/250/02). UN-Habitat was not fully compliant with the area-specific minimum operating security standards for the security phase at the time of the audit, which exposed the UN‑Habitat Somalia Programme Office in Hargeisa, Somalia, to security risks. Access control measures and arrangements for emergency food, shelter and official vehicles were not in place. UN-Habitat agreed to ensure compliance with the minimum operating security standards at all office locations and recruited a full-time Security and Safety Officer at its headquarters.", "Financial risk", "37. Audit of governance and funding arrangements in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (AE2010/360/01). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime did not have an overarching strategy to mitigate the risks of excessive reliance on extrabudgetary resources, which currently account for approximately 90 per cent of the total income of the Office. General Assembly resolution 59/250 states that supplementary non-core contributions are not a substitute for core resources. With almost 90 per cent of donor voluntary contributions earmarked for specific projects, the imbalance between core and earmarked funding leaves little operating flexibility for the Office to respond to complex programmatic and managerial challenges, and may create additional financial liabilities that the level of core funding cannot support. While the Office agreed to develop, by the end of 2011, a multi-year resource mobilization strategy to ensure an appropriate balance between core and extrabudgetary resources, attempts to reach consensus among donors on a sustainable funding model had thus far been unsuccessful.", "Information risk", "38. Audit of the “Inspira” talent management project at the United Nations Secretariat (AT2010/512/01). The Office of Human Resources Management did not follow the practice of planning, performing and documenting tests of the new application prior to releasing it for official use, and did not make the necessary arrangements to ensure that Inspira meets all the required functionalities. As a result, there was no assurance about the effectiveness of the functionalities deployed. The Office agreed to plan, document and test the stability of future versions of the application prior to deployment, including a standard methodology to address shortfalls. The Office also confirmed that a much clearer and more accountable business-led project management structure has been set up; a steering committee including the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management and the Chief Information Technology Officer provides strategic direction. In addition, there will be a greater focus on user testing to ensure that functionalities meet the required specifications. The documentation on user testing, defects log and change requests has also been strengthened.", "39. Audit of information and communications technology governance and security management in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (AT2010/260/01). The detention facility of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda faced serious shortfalls of secure and operational information and communication technologies. Regular transmission interruptions affect Internet access, telephone and fax communication, sometimes for weeks, limiting the ability of detainees to communicate with their lawyers, which could affect their rights. Furthermore, there was no proper system for archiving and back-up of sensitive information, or for recovering operations and maintaining integrity of confidential data following natural disasters or malicious acts. The Tribunal initiated a review of the existing disaster recovery and business continuity plan, and the holding of regularly scheduled tests. The Tribunal confirmed that a secure off-site location had been identified for regular data back-up and storage of physical back-up data tapes. The technical issues related to Internet, telephone and fax communications have also been resolved.", "40. Audit of the implementation of the Charles River trade order management system in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (AS2010/801/04). The implementation of the system was not supported by adequate arrangements and testing of the restoration process for ensuring continuity of operations and recovery of critical data following natural disasters or malicious acts. The Investment Management Division indicated that it had initiated a business continuity and disaster recovery programme, which was an ongoing project; full implementation is expected by the third quarter of 2011.", "B. Inspection and Evaluation Division", "41. Programme evaluation of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (E/AC.51/2011/2). The Department of Economic and Social Affairs has many strengths across a wide range of subject matters. It has effectively supported intergovernmental decision-making and the global statistical system and has made valuable contributions to supporting progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Nevertheless, the Department’s mandates, stemming from intergovernmental decisions, are broad and ambitious and the Department has not developed a strategic focus that clearly defines its role in the development arena. For example, the Department’s role and strategy in supporting regional and national capacity development are still being defined. The draft capacity development strategy does not clearly articulate the Department’s role with regard to other development-related United Nations funds, programmes and agencies, and the integration of capacity development with other core functions is not well understood by staff, management and stakeholders. While the Department has taken steps to bring more strategic focus to its programme delivery, including through the establishment of a Strategic Planning Unit, its strategy should include more explicit identification of departmental priorities and critical activities where an established authority exists, particularly in its servicing of intergovernmental processes and its convening of a diverse range of expert panels, conferences and organizations. The Department established a Capacity Development Office in 2009 and has a Department-wide Capacity Development Steering Committee, and should now consider further clarifying its specific role with regard to capacity development work, taking into consideration the need to foster strong cooperation with field-based United Nations entities.", "42. The Department has been successful in supporting and promoting coordination and policy coherence at the intergovernmental level, as also acknowledged by Member States. However, while the Department has been able to promote the alignment of policies, sharing of information and enhanced coordination of programme planning between United Nations entities through the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs, it is not yet fully effective in promoting collaboration, coherence and coordination within the United Nations system. Document ST/SGB/1997/9, which was being revised at the time of the evaluation, stipulates that the Department of Economic and Social Affairs should assist the Secretary-General in enhancing policy coherence and coordination both within and among organizations of the United Nations system, but the Department’s mandate lacks clarity and a strategic approach to fulfil this function. Furthermore, the Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Coordination and Inter-Agency Affairs is responsible for providing support to intergovernmental bodies on system-wide issues of coordination, policy development and cooperation, but cannot fully focus on coordination activities related specifically to the Department. In order to build upon existing efforts to strengthen partnerships, OIOS recommended that the Department improve coordination by further developing and clarifying its strategy for coordination in the economic and social arenas in consultation with its partners, in particular regional commissions and field-based United Nations entities; improving workplan alignment and mutual complementarities with other United Nations entities; and clarifying partnership roles and responsibilities.", "43. Thematic evaluation of gender mainstreaming in the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/266). Gender mainstreaming is an organizational strategic priority, and this evaluation was the first such review since the inception of those mandates in 1995 (General Assembly resolution 50/203). However, the focus has been placed on establishing processes rather than the achievement of results. The Secretariat, as a whole, has followed gender mainstreaming mandates inconsistently, due to lack of knowledge of the meaning, purpose and practical implications of gender mainstreaming, as well as weaknesses in leadership and accountability. OIOS recommended that Secretariat programmes take concrete actions to reinforce the commitment to gender mainstreaming and focus on results. OIOS also encouraged the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) to take the conclusions of the evaluation into account when developing its mandate and considering its resources and structure.", "C. Investigations Division", "44. Investigation matters are categorized under the following categories: financial, inventory/assets, management, personnel, procurement, programmatic,[3] sexual exploitation and sexual harassment.", "Figure II Investigation intake and reports for non-peacekeeping activities by investigation category, July 2010-June 2011", "Note: Investigation intake refers to all new cases intended for investigation. Investigation reports also include closure reports, issued when OIOS investigations do not substantiate reported matters. The full list of OIOS reports is provided in the addendum of the present report.", "45. (ID Case 0044/09).[4] Six staff members fraudulently altered payment records and obtained United Nations certification to obtain loans from financial institutions. One of those staff members, serving as a Security Officer in the Security and Safety Service, also misrepresented his status to United Nations to secure employment. Misrepresentations related to previous duties military service, affecting the staff member’s fitness to serve. All matters are pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "46. (ID Case 0094/10). A staff member misrepresented his official status and position to obtain privileges from a host country. The staff member separated from the Organization at the conclusion of the investigation.", "47. (ID Case 0121/10). A staff member was involved with procurement irregularities and favouritism related to the procurement of services from a vendor. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "48. (ID case 0175/10). Two staff members serving as Security Officers apprehended two apparently drunk unarmed trespassers. One Security Officer pointed his gun at them, and physically assaulted one of the trespassers in the presence of his supervisor. The implicated staff members later attempted to cover up the incident. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "49. (ID case 0188/10). A United Nations vendor falsely represented products sold to the United Nations. The vendor claimed its devices could detect contraband and explosives but this was widely discredited by law enforcement and other agencies also investigating the same company. The matter is pending the outcome of the vendor sanction process.", "50. (ID Case 0247/10). A staff member embezzled funds on 13 separate instances by failing to deposit unused advances that were returned to him by programme managers. He also raised and posted a Journal Voucher illegally in an effort to conceal his action and forged the signature of a designated approving officer. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "51. (ID Case 0344/10). While on assignment, employees of a United Nations contractor sexually assaulted a minor girl. The matter is pending the outcome of the vendor sanction process.", "52. (ID Cases 390/10, 496/09). Two staff members in the Department of Safety and Security at United Nations Headquarters in New York sought, and illegally obtained, a New York handgun licence without completing the mandatory training prescribed by New York State Law. They facilitated issuance of the licence by submitting a false certificate of course completion. The matter was investigated in close cooperation with the New York Police Department, and is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "53. (ID Cases 0456/10). A high-level senior official of a United Nations institution was responsible for gross mismanagement, including irregularities in financial matters, procurement and recruitment. Due to a lack of managerial oversight and disregard for the normative framework of the United Nations, serious shortcomings existed in procurement, finance and human resources, which increased the risk for misconduct. The staff member resigned during the course of the investigations, although the report was issued together with OIOS recommended corrective measures, for management’s future reference.", "V. Mandated reporting requirements", "A. Capital master plan", "54. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 62/87, OIOS is responsible for reporting on the activities of the Capital Master Plan Audit Section. OIOS has two auditors dedicated to auditing the capital master plan operations. The approach for 2010-2011 was risk-based, which conforms to the audit approach adopted by the Internal Audit Division.", "55. During the reporting period, extensive audit work was carried out with continued focus on procurement and contract management processes, including change orders adopted by the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the project team, as well as project budgeting, financial reporting and payments.", "56. OIOS audit coverage of the capital master plan also included safety and security issues, resulting in two audit reports: Security provisions applied to staff, site and assets during the execution of the capital master plan (AC2009/514/05); and Safety provisions for United Nations staff and contractors, including asbestos removal, applied during the execution of the capital master plan (AC2010/514/01). Both audit reviews concluded controls in place were adequate.", "B. United Nations Compensation Commission", "57. In accordance with General Assembly resolutions 59/270 and 59/271, OIOS presents its oversight activities relating to the United Nations Compensation Commission.", "58. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Compensation Commission made available an amount of $100,000 for internal audit resources, which OIOS utilized to undertake the audits of claims payments for the periods from January 2009 to May 2010 (AE2010/820/01) and from June 2010 to April 2011 (AE2011/820/01, forthcoming). In addition to providing a status update to the General Assembly on the claims process, OIOS audits also focused on the adequacy and effectiveness of internal controls over the receipt of revenues into the Compensation Fund.", "59. UNCC continues to disburse award payments and monitor environmental projects undertaken by claimant Governments with funds awarded for environmental damages. The Commission has paid $32 billion up to 30 April 2011 out of the total $52 billion awarded. Processing of these claims was completed in June 2005. This leaves a balance of unpaid awards of $20 billion, comprising nine large awards payable to Kuwait. The Compensation Fund receives 5 per cent of Iraq oil export revenue, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) and reaffirmed in a number of subsequent resolutions, most recently resolution 1956 (2010).", "60. Audit of United Nations Compensation Commission claims payment for the period from January 2009 to May 2010 (AE2010/820/01). The Compensation Commission had adequate control mechanisms to ensure that award and payment records and reports were accurate, properly documented and compliant with decisions of the Governing Council of the Commission and the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. However, based on the external auditor’s report of the Development Fund for Iraq for the year ended 31 December 2008 (and as reflected in a note in the 2008-2009 Compensation Commission Financial Statements), there was a cumulative revenue shortfall of $212 million to the Compensation Fund as at 31 December 2008 due to cash and barter transactions for which the full 5 per cent of oil proceeds were not being received into the Compensation Fund. While barter transactions stopped as of 31 December 2007, the shortfall (due to cash sales) had increased by 31 December 2009 to $224 million, as reported by the secretariat of the Compensation Commission to the Governing Council. OIOS recommended that the issue of revenue shortfall due to continued cash export sales be formally brought to the attention of the Committee of Financial Experts of Iraq. Action was taken as the issue had been brought to the attention of the International Advisory and Monitoring Board and the Committee of Financial Experts by the United Nations Controller. Furthermore, the external auditors of the Development Fund for Iraq have confirmed that no further cash export sales took place in 2010. Also, the Governing Council has continuously, most recently in its April 2011 session, requested the secretariat of the Compensation Commission to monitor the deposits to the Compensation Fund and to keep the Governing Council advised of any further developments on the issue of the shortfall. OIOS has therefore closed the recommendation.", "C. Construction of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "61. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/263, OIOS is responsible for reporting on the activities relating to the construction of additional office facilities at ECA in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "62. The construction of the additional office facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi was almost complete in December 2010. OIOS undertook the review of project organization and management structure, procurement, contract management, financial management and stakeholder relationships. The related audit report, Audit of construction of additional office facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi (to be issued as AC2010/211/01), is currently at the drafting stage.", "63. Construction is progressing at ECA in Addis Ababa. A detailed audit of construction of new office facilities at ECA started in 20 June 2011 and the draft report is planned to be issued around the end of August 2011.", "Annex", "Overview of mandated reporting requirements", "The categories of information to be included in the annual reports of OIOS are set out in the following documents:", "(a) Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/273, para. 28:", "(i) A description of significant problems, abuses and deficiencies and related OIOS recommendations;", "(ii) Recommendations not approved by the Secretary-General;", "(iii) Recommendations in previous reports on which corrective action has not been completed (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1, where applicable);", "(iv) Decision from a previous period revised by management;", "(v) Recommendations on which agreement could not be reached with management or with regard to which requested information or assistance was refused (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1, where applicable);", "(vi) The value of cost savings recommended and amounts recovered (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(b) General Assembly resolution 56/246:", "(i) Information regarding the implementation rate of the recommendations of the previous three reporting periods (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(ii) Information regarding the impact of the reorganization of OIOS on its work;", "(iii) Reporting separately on those recommendations that have been implemented, those that are in the process of being implemented and those for which no implementation process is under way, and the reasons for their non‑implementation (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(c) General Assembly resolutions 57/292 and 60/282: reporting on oversight activities conducted throughout the phases of the capital master plan project in the context of the annual reports of OIOS;", "(d) General Assembly resolutions 59/270 and 59/271: provision of internal oversight of the entire claims process of the United Nations Compensation Commission and reporting regularly thereon in the context of the annual reports of OIOS;", "(e) General Assembly resolution 59/272: the requirement that annual reports contain titles and brief summaries of all reports of OIOS issued during the year (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(f) General Assembly resolution 62/87: the request that OIOS ensure effective audit coverage of the capital master plan and submit to the General Assembly all its reports related to its implementation;", "(g) General Assembly resolution 63/263: the request that OIOS ensure effective audit coverage of the construction of additional office facilities at ECA in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] ** Excluding oversight of peacekeeping activities, which will be reported on in document A/66/286 (Part II).", "[3] The investigation category “programmatic” refers to complaints or suggestions for improvement related to a United Nations programme. The investigation report will usually not concern wrongdoing by a staff member, but rather a risk related to the functioning of a programme. This category is also used to categorize proactive investigations.", "[4] The investigation case involved six staff members in total. Three reports pertain to UN-Habitat (ID cases 0029/09, 0044/09 and 0194/09), one to the United Nations Office at Nairobi (ID case 0458/08), and two to UNEP (ID cases 0036/09 and 0037/09). Except for ID case 0044/09, all reports were issued during the previous reporting period." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda*", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011**", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B (para. 5 (e)), 54/244 (paras. 4 and 5), 59/272 (paras. 1-3) and 64/263 (para. 1). The present report does not include oversight activities related to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and peacekeeping and special political missions, which will be reported to the General Assembly at its resumed sixty-sixth session in part II of the report.", "During the reporting period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) issued 323 oversight reports, including 7 reports to the General Assembly and 65 closure reports. The report made 1,702 recommendations to improve internal controls, accountability mechanisms and organizational effectiveness. Of these, 398 were classified as critical recommendations of the Organization. The financial implications of OIOS recommendations issued during the reporting period amounted to approximately $19.7 million.", "Recommendations are aimed at cost savings, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements. Similar recommendations that were successfully implemented during the reporting period related to financial resources of approximately $2.6 million. A detailed analysis of the status of implementation of the recommendations will be provided in the addendum to the present report (A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1), with a breakdown of the financial implications of the recommendations. Under paragraph 1 (c) of resolution 59/272, Member States may request the reports of OIOS. The full titles of all OIOS reports are available online (www.un.org/Depts/oios/pages/rep_and_pub.html).", "A/66/150.", "^ (**), excluding oversight of peacekeeping activities, will be reported separately in document A/66/286 (Part II).", "Contents", "Introduction 1 1. Internal initiative 5A. Overall strengthening of the functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services 8B. Cooperation and coordination 8C. Impediments to the work of the Office of Internal Oversight Services 8A. Changes in audit reports 8B. More effective monitoring of recommendations 9C. Financial implications of oversight results 9D. Key oversight terminology 10E. OIOS integrated annual report 10E. Oversight results 10A. Internal Audit Division 10B. Inspection and Evaluation Division 13C. Investigations Division 14 5. Statutory reporting requirements 16A. Capital master plan 16B. United Nations Compensation Commission 16C. Construction of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa and at the United Nations Office at Nairobi in Addis Ababa", "Preamble", "I am pleased to submit to the General Assembly an annual report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in areas other than peacekeeping operations for the year ending 30 June 2011.", "At the beginning of my tenure as Under-Secretary-General, I identified 39 issues and challenges with the Management Group and considered that to meet the current and future needs of the United Nations, OIOS must address and overcome them. In February, we held an in-depth discussion on how to address these issues, which can be broadly divided into the following eight areas:", "1. Planning and prioritization. OIOS should develop a clear common vision, based on stakeholder expectations, to monitor the environment and identify signs of a need for change in priorities and direction.", "2. Delivery capacity. OIOS should address the long-standing issue of vacancies, develop short- and long-term strategies to attract talent and build a diverse workforce with the necessary competencies to meet the Organization ' s current and future needs. Staff should also be provided with appropriate guidance, structure and management to promote a work environment conducive to the conduct of business.", "3. Delivery of efficient results. OIOS must ensure that its business processes remain high-quality and efficient, focused on major organizational risks and used technology to help achieve much-needed results that drive positive change.", "4. Structural considerations. OIOS should consider opportunities to expand or pool some of the resources dispersed across functions or geographical areas to reduce duplication of activities, build in-depth and back-up capacities, collaborate among divisions and increase oversight learning opportunities.", "Adequate resources. OIOS should establish a reasonable resource base that is adequate, reliable and flexible in order to ensure that it supports, as appropriate, the independence required to address significant inherent, residual and new risks in the discharge of its mandate.", "Role of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services. OIOS should re-establish its own internal accountability framework to ensure that the Office of the Under-Secretary-General is strengthened to provide excellent leadership, management and oversight of its activities as expected by stakeholders.", "7. Advocacy outreach. OIOS should improve internal information-sharing and more effective collaboration across the United Nations to increase its impact and effectiveness through cooperation and outreach with external organizations, the media and the public.", "8. Timely response to external pressures. OIOS should anticipate and prepare to respond in a timely and effective manner to issues and challenges raised by stakeholders and oversight bodies.", "I am pleased to report that, at the time of the submission of the present report, significant progress had been made on issues 2, 3 and 7, particularly in addressing the high vacancy rates in OIOS. I have taken a number of measures to reduce temporary recruitment for vacant posts and, to the extent possible, regular recruitment. By the end of July 2011, the overall vacancy rate for the Office of Official Statistics was 19 per cent; however, the actual vacancy rate could be reduced to 13 per cent, with 19 recruitment decisions already in the candidate survey and certification confirmation stages or pending review of qualified candidates for induction.", "Furthermore, OIOS plans to make internal audit reports available through its website, effective January 2012, as a means of increasing transparency and providing Member States and the public with access to them. OIOS will also ensure that efficient results are achieved and will rate the overall opinion in internal audit reports on the adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal controls. An indication of the importance or urgency of the problems identified would provide clear guidance on the frequency of follow-up to OIOS recommendations to address them.", "To further advance the above eight areas, OIOS established several internal working groups and an interim change management team, under the overall leadership of my Office.", "On the other hand, two new Directors of the Inspection and Evaluation Division and Investigations Division of OIOS finally arrived on 8 August 2011. We expect their rich experience and strong leadership to bring new direction to our work.", "I am grateful to the staff of OIOS for their professionalism in achieving the results outlined in this annual report. I thank them for their strong commitment to the Organization and for their openness to innovation.", "In conclusion, I would like to thank the Secretary-General, the senior management of the United Nations, the members of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and the representatives of Member States for their support and encouragement, as well as for their constructive feedback, on the activities undertaken by OIOS during the past year, which have been very helpful to the work of the Office.", "Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services", "(Signed) Carmen Lapointe Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Introduction", "1. To strengthen oversight in the Organization, the General Assembly, by its resolution 48/218 B, established the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). As mandated by the General Assembly, OIOS operates independently and assists the Secretary-General in fulfilling his internal oversight responsibilities over the resources and personnel of the Organization through internal audit, monitoring, inspection, evaluation and investigation.", "2. The present report provides an overview of the activities of OIOS for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. The report is divided into three sections on (a) initiatives aimed at improving the operations and quality of the work of OIOS; (b) oversight results; (c) OIOS plans to improve the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit results; and (d) mandated reporting on oversight activities related to the capital master plan, the United Nations Compensation Commission and the construction of additional facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). The addendum to the present report (A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1) provides a detailed analysis of the status of implementation of the recommendations of OIOS and provides a breakdown of the financial implications of the recommendations and a list of reports issued by OIOS during the reporting period.", "3. The present report does not include oversight findings relating to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and peacekeeping and special political missions, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at its resumed sixty-sixth session in part II of the report.", "II. Internal initiatives", "A. Overall strengthening of the functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "4. OIOS works with the highest standards of professionalism and efficiency. This section highlights some of the major initiatives undertaken to achieve this objective during the reporting period.", "1. Prioritization of work based on organizational risk", "5. Following the recommendations of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and the related request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243 (para. 128), the Internal Audit Division of OIOS improved the risk assessment framework and planning methodology by incorporating residual risk, based on the substantive advice of the Institute of Internal Auditors during the reporting period. The improved risk assessment takes into account, in addition to the inherent risks, the significant control measures available and identifies the greatest risks that may impede the achievement of the objectives. The risk assessment will prioritize the audit work for the biennium 2012-2013. OIOS is also working to harmonize its audit risk categories and the enterprise risk management framework currently in use in the Secretariat. During the reporting period, the Internal Audit Division of OIOS facilitated six new risk assessments of the General Trust Fund, the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia, ECA, the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and the Executive Office of the Secretary-General.", "6. The risk management methodology in support of OIOS inspections and evaluations has also been improved. New elements, such as performance management for senior managers ' compacts, have been incorporated into the risk-based rating indicators for Secretariat departments and offices. These indicators are grouped into five risk categories, namely, finance, human resources, governance, operations (results) and operations (risks). Risk assessment in peacekeeping missions is based on the following risk categories: severity of conflict, OIOS inspection and evaluation in the mission ' s previous audit, complexity of mission mandate and size of mission.", "2. Innovation in oversight and methods", "7. To strengthen audit capacity and scope, OIOS developed a programme performance management audit tool to ensure that United Nations entities integrate performance management into their respective internal control mechanisms. The new framework is being piloted in three United Nations entities, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "3. Strengthening internal processes and systems", "8. The Internal Audit Division of OIOS continued to improve work processes and procedures by developing the electronic document and management software (AutoAudit) to complement improvements in audit methods and management processes.", "9. The Inspection and Evaluation Division of OIOS has undertaken a number of initiatives to strengthen internal work processes and systems, including the establishment of an internal working group to clarify the roles and responsibilities of staff at all stages of the evaluation process, including managerial and administrative responsibilities. Another working group developed a “panel compact” to facilitate the role, working methods and expectations of the start-up team members in the implementation of the project and included a 360-degree feedback component. In May 2011, the Division launched a pilot project for the central management of administrative functions, which led to the establishment of a new Administrative Support Section with a mandate to promote coherent and high-quality support for the Division ' s projects and tasks.", "Building a professional workforce", "10. In response to increasingly complex management systems and to better meet the requirements of the new system of administration of justice, the Investigations Division of OIOS has significantly strengthened its forensic and analytical capacity. Using staff resources in New York, Vienna and Nairobi, OIOS has established digital forensics units to provide cutting-edge capacity to access information from computers, telecommunications equipment and other digital recording devices. To complement the work of the Digital Forensics Unit, an analytical capacity is being further developed, using software tools to compare the large volume of data and related results of surveys. These functions will provide strong support to investigations and enhance their effectiveness.", "From 23 to 24 May 2011, the Investigations Division organized a World Bank-sponsored training course on procurement fraud investigations in Washington, D.C. The course was aimed at investigators with limited knowledge of public sector procurement, and included a presentation on procurement business processes in conjunction with practical case studies. The course was attended by investigators from international organizations such as the African Development Bank, the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the World Food Programme and the European Central Bank. An expanded version of the training course will be rolled out to United Nations staff by the end of 2011.", "12. OIOS continuously assesses the knowledge, skills and competencies of staff against operational needs and standards. Initiatives during the reporting period also included internal seminars organized by the Inspection and Evaluation Division on various topics, including the European Commission evaluation; the evaluation function of UNDP, the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the Department of Public Information, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations; humanitarian evaluations; performance audits; and qualitative data analysis, statistical software and image demonstration workshops. Staff also participated in gender awareness workshops.", "B. Cooperation and coordination", "13. OIOS coordinates regularly with other United Nations oversight entities, including the Board of Auditors and the Joint Inspection Unit, to ensure that possible duplication and overlap in oversight work is avoided and that oversight coverage gaps are minimized. In addition to sharing work plans with the Board of Auditors, OIOS meets with the Board every two months to discuss issues of common interest and with the Joint Inspection Unit whenever issues of particular concern arise. In addition, senior representatives of these entities participate in annual tripartite meetings to discuss oversight coordination and other issues.", "14. OIOS recognizes the value and importance of promoting the relationship between OIOS and its other functional counterparts. During the reporting period, OIOS professionals actively participated in their respective professional networks as follows:", "(a) The Internal Audit Division is actively involved in the meetings and work of representatives of internal audit services of United Nations organizations and multilateral financial institutions;", "(b) The Inspection and Evaluation Division continued to play an active role in the United Nations Evaluation Group and co-chaired an evaluation practice exchange seminar with UNICEF in Paris in March 2011. The seminars covered a wide range of important areas, such as evaluation of the evaluation function, joint evaluations, use of evaluation, impact evaluation and evaluation capacity development. The Division also participated in the United Nations Evaluation Group Task Force on Human Rights and Gender and in the development and dissemination of a handbook on how to integrate these perspectives into evaluation across the United Nations system. These manuals will be piloted this year in two OIOS programme evaluations;", "(c) The Investigations Division hosted a conference on combating corruption through international investigations in New York from 8 to 9 December 2010. The meeting brought together multilateral and national organizations responsible for the international investigation of fraud and corruption and promoted cooperation and coordination of international investigative efforts and the sharing of investigative methods and experiences, particularly in the following areas of humanitarian, development and post-conflict operations: commercial transactions, population movements and crimes affecting children;", "(d) In addition, the Investigations Division participated actively in the twelfth Conference of International Investigators, hosted by the World Bank in Washington from 25 to 27 May 2011. The Division chaired a meeting on the development of investigative policy and recent innovations, covering topics such as investigation case acceptance, procedural trends, performance measurement and harmonization. The Division also organized several workshops on: recent developments in computer forensics and other information technology investigative techniques; the management of witnesses and investigative subjects: their rights and obligations; and investigations into harassment, abuse of authority and retaliation.", "15. The Investigations Division continues to cooperate with and provide expert support to its counterparts within the Organization, as follows:", "(a) The functions of the Investigations Division play a key role in the administration of justice. In order to efficiently carry out the mandated investigative functions, thereby establishing an appropriate basis for a fair disciplinary process, the Department has worked closely and coordinated with the Department of Management and the Office of Administration of Justice;", "(b) The Division also worked closely with the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to provide evidence and testimony during disciplinary action hearings. In addition, the Investigations Division meets regularly with relevant counterparts to effectively assess new jurisprudence and its impact on the operations of the Division and to ensure appropriate information-sharing for the effective development of standards for the internal justice system.", "16. In July 2010, the Investigations Division signed a memorandum of understanding on assistance with the International Criminal Court to provide a senior investigator on a reimbursable loan basis for one year to assist in the establishment of an investigation unit (independent oversight mechanism). The Unit was established to ensure effective oversight of the Court through administrative investigations into reports of misconduct by elected officials, staff, contractors and consultants.", "C. Obstacles to the work of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "17. During the reporting period, there were no undue restrictions on the scope of the audit that impeded the work or independence of OIOS.", "Plans to improve the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit results", "18. OIOS wishes to draw the attention of the General Assembly to the planned changes related to monitoring recommendations and oversight results reporting.", "Changes in audit reports", "19. OIOS plans to publish its internal audit reports on a regular basis through its website from January 2012. To this end, OIOS is in the process of establishing an ongoing process to support and rate the overall opinion in internal audit reports on the adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal control processes examined. This will effectively disseminate the level of assurance provided on the basis of the audits performed, including the importance of identified deficiencies. In addition, the significance and criticality of identified deficiencies indicated would send a clear signal of the visibility and frequency of follow-up to recommendations to address deficiencies. The ratings are as follows:", "(a) “Satisfactory” applies to the overall findings of OIOS that governance, risk management and internal control processes are fully designed and functioning effectively, providing management and stakeholders with reasonable assurance that the control or operational objectives reviewed are being achieved. However, there may still be room for improvement in this rating category, which would then be communicated separately to management for possible implementation. Follow-up, as appropriate, will take place only in the context of relevant follow-up monitoring activities;", "(b) “Partially satisfactory” applies to audit findings that there are significant deficiencies in governance, risk management or internal control processes that may not provide reasonable assurance that the control and/or operational objectives under review have been achieved. The shortcomings that led to this rating will be outlined in the final audit report, with important recommendations for agreement with management on action plans, target dates and accountability measures to be addressed. Follow-up of these important recommendations will be reviewed and reported on annually. Opportunities for improvement may also be identified;", "(c) “unsatisfactory” applies to an audit finding that one or more significant and/or general deficiencies in the governance, risk management or internal control process prevent reasonable assurance that the control and/or operational objectives under review have been achieved. The shortcomings that led to this rating will be addressed in the final audit report, with key recommendations to be agreed with management on action plans, target dates and accountability measures to be addressed. The report may also identify important recommendations and/or opportunities for improvement. The implementation of these critical recommendations will be monitored and reported on a quarterly basis for all action plans that remain outstanding by the original target date and are therefore considered to have been overtaken by date. The quarterly reports to the Secretary-General will include details of identified deficiencies, relevant action plans, responsible individuals, current progress in implementation and revised target dates.", "20. Critical or critical recommendations not accepted by clients will be upgraded to ensure that senior management, including the Secretary-General, properly understands and accepts the reasons for remaining risks.", "B. More effective monitoring of recommendations", "21. In the past, for the preparation of OIOS annual and semi-annual reports, the status of all outstanding recommendations, whether critical or not, has been updated twice a year. As a result, a large number of OIOS recommendations for follow-up were seen as diverting management attention from more critical actions rather than focusing on areas where urgent attention was most needed. The follow-up process itself requires considerable administrative work by OIOS and its clients, who are called upon to respond regularly to requests for updates.", "22. In view of the above, OIOS is undertaking a thorough review of all outstanding recommendations with a view to adjusting the frequency and frequency of follow-up and effectively focusing on the most important areas. The expected results are described below.", "1. Reduction in the number of outstanding recommendations", "23. All outstanding recommendations will be reclassified into three categories: key recommendations, key recommendations and opportunities for improvement. As indicated below, only the first two categories (recommendations) are subject to regular monitoring, follow-up and reporting, while the third category will follow up as appropriate:", "(a) The key recommendation is to review implementation more frequently, from semi-annual to quarterly;", "(b) The frequency of inspection of the implementation of critical recommendations will be reduced from semi-annual to annual;", "(c) Opportunities for improvement will be properly examined in subsequent relevant oversight activities to take into account their increased importance;", "24. Through the rationalization of the number of recommendations subject to periodic inspection, OIOS expects to contribute more effectively to the concentration of management ' s attention and scarce resources on the implementation of recommendations considered more important.", "Target dates and accountability for all recommendations", "25. All recommendations that remain to be implemented after a comprehensive review will require an action plan with a realistic target date and the positions of managers with implementation responsibilities to be determined in consultation with management.", "C. Financial impact of oversight results", "26. OIOS has streamlined the classification of the financial impact of oversight results as follows:", "(a) “unnecessary or superfluous expenditure or loss” due to mismanagement, fraud, waste, theft, etc.;", "(b) “Opportunities to avoid future costs” as a result of procedural improvements identified by OIOS.", "D. Important oversight terminology", "27. OIOS recognizes that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/263, mandated OIOS to comprehensively define and codify key oversight terminology in close consultation with relevant departments and offices, such as the Department of Management of the Secretariat and the Office of Legal Affairs. OIOS considers the changes in oversight terminology presented above, including on financial impact, to be most important and will continue to consult to identify additional oversight terms to be included.", "E. Comprehensive annual report of OIOS", "28. OIOS plans to report on peacekeeping and non-peacekeeping operations (parts I and II) once a calendar year to streamline the monitoring of recommendations and to synchronize reporting on senior management compacts.", "IV. Oversight findings", "29. This section presents some of the findings during the reporting period.", "Internal Audit Division", "30. The audit findings fall into seven risk categories: strategy, governance, compliance, finance, operations, human resources and information.", "Classification of audit results", "31. The audit risk category includes adverse impacts on the mandate, operations or reputation of the Organization arising from:", "(a) Strategic risks, including: inadequate strategic planning; harmful or inappropriate implementation of operational decisions; failure to respond to changes in the external environment; and exposure to economic or other factors;", "(b) Governance risks, including: failure to establish appropriate procedures and structures to provide information, guidance, manage and monitor the activities of the Organization; weak senior management leadership; and failure to promote an ethical culture within the Organization;", "(c) Compliance risk arising from violation, failure or inability to comply with laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices, policies, procedures or ethical standards;", "(d) Financial risk arising from underfunding, inappropriate use of funds, inadequate management of financial performance and unreliable financial performance reporting and disclosure;", "(e) Operational risk arising from inadequate, inefficient or ineffective internal processes or from the inability to conduct business economically and efficiently;", "(f) Human resources risks arising from the failure to develop and implement adequate human resources policies, procedures and practices;", "(g) Information risk arising from the failure to establish and maintain appropriate ICT systems and infrastructure.", "Figure I Audit recommendations for non-peacekeeping operations by risk category, July 2010-June 2011", "[Chuckles]", "2. Findings by risk category", "Strategic risk", "32. Audit of UNEP project delivery arrangements through partnerships (AA2010/220/03). Internal controls to mitigate the risk of inappropriate partnerships were deficient. While the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) works extensively with implementing partners, the identification and selection of these partners is not carried out in accordance with the Guidelines on Cooperation between the United Nations and the Business Community issued in November 2009, relying on a strategic organization-wide approach and a documented due diligence process. The identification and selection of these partners is determined by divisions and programme officers, which may lead to inappropriate selection of partners and affect project implementation. UNEP accepted the recommendation of OIOS to implement appropriate internal controls to remedy the situation.", "Governance risk", "33. Audit of procurement activities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi (AA2009/211/02). As a result of the delegation of authority to the Director of the Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the requirement for additional review of high-value procurement by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts was eliminated. The Local Committee on Contracts in Nairobi is the only body to review all procurement cases of varying value. High-value procurement was inherently high risk and should therefore be subject to additional review by Headquarters. The Department of Management agreed to establish a control mechanism for high-value cases reviewed by the Local Committee on Contracts, with a threshold of $5 million. The Office also needed to clarify its authority to undertake procurement activities on behalf of UNEP and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "34. Audit of services provided by the International Computing Centre to the United Nations Secretariat, the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (AT2009/800/03). The Office of Information and Communications Technology does not have clear selection criteria or consideration of alternative methods when procuring services from the International Computing Centre. There was therefore no guarantee that the Centre offered the best value for money option. Despite the fact that the Office of Information and Communications Technology did not accept the recommendation of OIOS to develop criteria and decision-making processes for the utilization of the Centre ' s services, it had worked with the Department of Field Support to prepare a detailed description of the work and services outsourced to the Centre as a basis for benchmarking by the Procurement Division.", "Compliance risk", "35. Audit of the management of rental cells and services at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Detention Unit (AA2010/270/01). Although the agreement with the Government of the Netherlands for the provision of detention facilities and services for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has not yet been finalized, the Tribunal paid $9,090,249 for the period from October 2008 to December 2009, in fact bypassing the review by the local and Headquarters Committee on Contracts, pursuant to an interim agreement signed in 2010. In March 2011, the Local Committee on Contracts recommended that the Headquarters Committee on Contracts review the draft agreement ex post facto.", "36. Audit of the UN-Habitat programme for Somalia (AA2010/250/02). At the time of the audit, UN-Habitat had not fully complied with the area-specific minimum operating security standards for the security phase at that time, posing security risks to the UN-Habitat Somalia Programme Office in Hargeisa, Somalia. Access control measures were not implemented and emergency food, housing and official vehicles were not arranged. UN-Habitat agreed to ensure compliance with minimum operating security standards at all offices and recruited a full-time security and safety officer at its headquarters.", "Financial risk", "Audit of governance and funding arrangements at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (AE2010/360/01). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime does not have an overall strategy to mitigate the risk of overdependence on extrabudgetary resources, which currently represent approximately 90 per cent of the total income of the Office. In its resolution 59/250, the General Assembly noted that supplementary non-core resources were not a substitute for core resources. Since nearly 90 per cent of voluntary donor contributions are earmarked for specific projects, the imbalance between core and earmarked funds leaves little room for the Office to respond flexibly to complex programme and management challenges and may result in additional financial liabilities that core funds cannot support. While the Office agreed to develop a multi-year funding strategy by the end of 2011 to ensure an appropriate balance between core and extrabudgetary resources, efforts to reach consensus among donors on a sustainable funding model have so far been unsuccessful.", "Information risk", "Audit of the “Inspira” talent management project in the United Nations Secretariat (AT2010/512/01). The Office of Human Resources Management did not follow the practice of planning, operating and recording system tests prior to the issuance of the new system for formal use, nor did it make the necessary arrangements to ensure that Inspira met all necessary functions. It is therefore not possible to guarantee the validity of the applicable function. OHRM agrees that its stability will be planned, documented and tested in the application of future versions of the system, including addressing deficiencies through standard practices. The Office of Human Resources Management also confirmed that a more clear and accountable business-led project management structure had been established, with strategic guidance provided by a steering committee comprising the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management and the Chief Information Technology Officer. In addition, greater attention will be given to user testing to ensure that functions meet the required specifications. In addition, documentation on user testing, gap logs and change requirements was strengthened.", "39. Audit of information and communications technology governance and security management at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (AT2010/260/01). The detention facilities of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda are seriously deficient in terms of security and operational information and communications technology. Frequent transmission disruptions affect network connections, telephone and fax communications, sometimes for weeks, and limit the ability of detainees to communicate with lawyers, which may affect their rights. In addition, there is no adequate system for the archiving and backup of sensitive information and, in the event of a natural disaster or malicious act, it is not possible to resume operations or ensure that confidential information is not compromised. The Tribunal initiated a review of the current disaster recovery and business continuity plan and initiated periodic plan testing. The Tribunal confirmed that secure out-of-court locations had been identified for routine data backup and the physical storage of backup data tapes. Technical issues related to network, telephone and fax communications have also been resolved.", "40. Audit of the implementation of the Charles River trading order management system of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (AS2010/801/04). The system was implemented without proper arrangements and recovery procedures being tested to ensure business continuity and the recovery of critical data in the event of natural disasters or malicious acts. The Investment Management Division stated that it had initiated a business continuity and disaster recovery programme, which would continue and be fully implemented by the third quarter of 2011.", "B. Inspection and Evaluation Division", "41. Programme evaluation of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (E/AC.51/2011/2). The Department of Economic and Social Affairs had many advantages in a broad range of themes. The Department has provided effective support to intergovernmental decision-making and the global statistical system and has made valuable contributions in support of the Millennium Development Goals. Nevertheless, the mandate of the Department, as defined by intergovernmental decisions, is broad and broad, and the Department has not developed a strategic focus that clearly defines its role in the area of development. For example, the Department ' s role and strategy in supporting regional and national capacity development is still being defined. The role of the Department vis-à-vis other development-related United Nations funds, programmes and agencies was not clearly articulated in the draft capacity development strategy, and the integration of capacity development into other core functions was not fully understood by staff, management and stakeholders. While the Department has taken steps, such as the establishment of the Strategic Planning Unit, to focus more strategically on programme delivery, the Department ' s strategy should, where relevant departments already exist, identify more clearly departmental priorities and key activities, especially in terms of servicing intergovernmental processes and convening expert groups, meetings and organizations. In 2009, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs established the Capacity Development Office and the Sector-wide Capacity Development Steering Committee, which should now take into account the need for stronger cooperation with United Nations entities in the field and should therefore consider further clarifying the specific role of capacity development efforts.", "42. The Department has successfully supported and promoted coordination and policy coherence at the intergovernmental level, which has also been recognized by Member States. However, while the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, through the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs, promotes policy coherence, information-sharing and enhanced coordination of programming among United Nations entities, it is not yet fully effective in promoting collaboration, coherence and coordination within the United Nations system. At the time of the evaluation, a revised version of ST/SGB/1997/9 provided that the Department of Economic and Social Affairs should assist the Secretary-General in enhancing policy coherence and coordination within the United Nations system and among the organizations of the United Nations system, but that the mandate of the Department was not sufficiently clear and there was no strategy for carrying out that function. In addition, the Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Coordination and Inter-Agency Affairs is responsible for providing support to intergovernmental bodies on United Nations system-wide coordination, policy development and cooperation issues, but does not give comprehensive attention to the specific coordination activities related to the Department. In order to build on existing efforts to strengthen partnerships, OIOS recommends that the Department, in consultation with its partners, in particular the regional commissions and United Nations entities in the field, further develop and clarify strategies for coordination in the economic and social fields to enhance coordination; enhance the coherence and complementarity of workplans with other United Nations entities; and clarify partnership roles and responsibilities.", "43. Thematic evaluation of gender mainstreaming in the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/266). Gender mainstreaming is an organizational strategic priority and this evaluation was the first such review since the establishment of these mandates in 1995 (General Assembly resolution 50/203). However, the focus was on identifying procedures rather than achieving results. Lack of understanding of the meaning, purpose and practical impact of gender mainstreaming, as well as lack of leadership and accountability, has not resulted in a coherent Secretariat-wide mandate for gender mainstreaming. OIOS recommended that Secretariat programmes take concrete action to strengthen commitment to gender mainstreaming and focus on results. OIOS also encourages the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) to take into account the findings of the present evaluation when developing its mandate, envisaged resources and structure.", "C. Investigations Division", "44. Investigation matters are classified into the following categories: finance, inventory/assets, management, personnel, procurement, programmes, [1] sexual exploitation and harassment.", "Figure II Investigations and reports issued on non-peacekeeping activities divided by type of investigation, July 2010-June 2011", "[Chuckles]", "Note: The investigation received refers to all new cases that are intended to be investigated. The investigation reports also include the closure reports issued by OIOS when it investigated incidents that had not yet been substantiated. An addendum to the present report contains a complete list of OIOS reports.", "45. (Case 0044/09). [2] Six staff members tampered with and obtained certification from the United Nations in order to obtain loans from financial institutions. One of them was a security officer of the Security and Safety Service, who also misrepresented his status to the United Nations in order to obtain a job. The misrepresentation concerned the impact of previous military service on the staff member ' s competence. All matters are awaiting the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "46. (case No. 0094/10). One staff member misrepresented his official status and position in order to obtain the privileges of the host country. The staff member separated from the Organization upon completion of the investigation.", "47. (Case 0121/10). One staff member was suspected of procurement irregularities and nepotism in the procurement of services involving one vendor. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "48. (Case No. 0175/10). Two guards detained two trespassers who were apparently drunk and unarmed. One of the guards shot them and beat one of them in the presence of his supervisor. The staff member subsequently attempted to cover up the incident. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "49. (Case 0188/10). A United Nations vendor gave false publicity to the sale of commodities to the United Nations. The supplier claimed that its equipment was capable of detecting contraband and explosives, but was also investigating the company ' s law enforcement and other agencies, most of which considered it to be false propaganda. The matter is pending the outcome of the vendor sanctions process.", "50. (case No. 0247/10). One staff member embezzled 13 unused advance funds returned to him by programme managers instead of being deposited in the account. He also illegally filled out the transfer forms in order to conceal his actions and forged the signature of the designated approving officer. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "51. (Case 0344/10). An employee of a United Nations contractor sexually assaulted a minor girl during her mission. The matter is pending the outcome of the vendor sanctions process.", "52. (Cases 390/10 and 496/09). Two staff members of the Department of Safety and Security at United Nations Headquarters in New York applied for and illegally obtained a New York firearms licence without completing mandatory training required by the State of New York. They facilitate the issuance of firearms certificates by submitting false completion certificates. The matter is being investigated in close cooperation with the New York Police Department and is awaiting the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "53. (Case No. 0456/10). A senior official of a United Nations agency was responsible for serious mismanagement, including financial transactions, procurement and recruitment irregularities. The lack of management oversight and disregard for the normative framework of the United Nations has led to serious deficiencies in procurement, finance and human resources, resulting in an increased risk of misconduct. The report had been issued and recommended corrective measures by OIOS for future reference by management, but the staff member had resigned during the investigation.", "V. Statutory reporting requirements", "A. Capital master plan", "54. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/87, OIOS is responsible for reporting on the activities of the Capital Master Plan Audit Section. OIOS has two auditors dedicated to the audit of capital master plan operations. The risk-based audit approach used in 2010-2011 is in line with the audit approach adopted by the Internal Audit Division.", "55. During the reporting period, extensive audits continued to focus on the procurement and contract management processes, including change orders used by the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the project team, as well as project budgeting, financial reporting and disbursements.", "OIOS audit coverage of the capital master plan also included safety and security issues, resulting in two audit reports: “Security provisions for staff, premises and assets during the implementation of the capital master plan” (AC2009/514/05) and “Security provisions for United Nations staff and contractors, including asbestos removal, during the implementation of the capital master plan” (AC2010/514/01). Both audit reviews concluded that adequate controls were in place.", "B. United Nations Compensation Commission", "57. Pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 59/270 and 59/271, OIOS describes the oversight activities relating to the United Nations Compensation Commission as set out below.", "58. During the biennium 2010-2011, UNCC provided $100,000 for internal audit costs for which OIOS audited claims for the periods from January 2009 to May 2010 (AE2010/820/01) and from June 2010 to April 2011 (AE2011/820/01). In addition to updating the General Assembly on the status of the claims process, OIOS audits focused on the adequacy and effectiveness of internal control mechanisms for the consolidation of revenue received into the Compensation Fund.", "59. The Compensation Commission continued to pay awards and monitor environmental projects undertaken by claimant Governments with environmental damage awards. As at 30 April 2011, $32 billion had been disbursed in compensation awards of $52 billion. The processing of these claims was completed in June 2005. Approximately $20 billion remained unpaid, of which nine were significant payments to Kuwait. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), the Compensation Fund receives 5 per cent of Iraq ' s oil revenues, as reaffirmed in subsequent resolutions, most recently resolution 1956 (2010).", "60. Audit of claims by the United Nations Compensation Commission for the period from January 2009 to May 2010 (AE2010/820/01). UNCC has adequate control mechanisms in place to ensure that compensation and payment records and various reports are accurate, properly documented and in accordance with the decisions of the Governing Council of the Commission and the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. However, according to the External Auditor ' s report on the audit of the Development Fund for Iraq for the year ended 31 December 2008, which was also reflected in the notes to the 2008-2009 financial statements of the Compensation Commission, cash and barter transactions resulted in the Compensation Fund not receiving 5 per cent of the total oil proceeds, leaving a cumulative shortfall of income to the Compensation Fund of $212 million as at 31 December 2008. According to the UNCC secretariat ' s report to the Governing Council, although barter transactions ceased on 31 December 2007, the shortfall as at 31 December 2009 amounted to $224 million (caused by cash transactions). OIOS recommended that the Iraqi Committee of Financial Experts pay formal attention to the revenue gap resulting from the continued use of cash settlements for export sales. As the United Nations Controller had brought the matter to the attention of the International Advisory and Monitoring Board and the Committee of Financial Experts, action had been taken. In addition, the external auditor of the Development Fund for Iraq confirmed that there were no more cash-based export sales in 2010. In addition, the Governing Council continued to request the secretariat of the Governing Council to monitor deposits and to keep the Council informed of any further progress on the issue of gaps, most recently at its meeting in April 2010. OIOS has therefore closed this recommendation.", "C. Construction of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "61. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/263, OIOS is responsible for reporting on activities related to the construction of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi in Addis Ababa.", "62. Construction of additional office facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi was substantially completed in December 2010. OIOS reviewed project organization and management structures, procurement, contract management, financial management and stakeholder relations. The related audit report on the construction of additional office facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi (to be issued as AC2010/211/01) is currently being drafted.", "63. The construction of ECA in Addis Ababa is under way. A specific audit of the construction of the new office facilities at ECA commenced on 20 June 2011, and a draft report is planned for publication around the end of August 2011.", "Annex", "Overview of mandated reporting requirements", "The categories of information to be included in the OIOS annual report are listed in the following documents:", "(a) Secretary-General ' s bulletin ST/SGB/273, para. 28:", "(i) Statement of significant issues, shortcomings and deficiencies and related OIOS recommendations;", "(ii) Recommendations not approved by the Secretary-General;", "(iii) Recommendations from previous reports on which corrective action has not been completed (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1, as applicable);", "(iv) Decisions of the previous period as amended by management;", "(v) Recommendations where agreement cannot be reached with management or where requests for information or assistance have been denied (para. See A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(vi) Value of cost savings recommended and amounts recovered (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(b) General Assembly resolution 56/246;", "(i) Information on the implementation rate of recommendations for the past three reporting periods (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(ii) Information on the impact of the restructuring of OIOS on its work;", "(iii) A description of the recommendations that have been implemented, the recommendations that are under implementation and the recommendations that are not implemented and the reasons for their non-implementation, respectively (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(c) General Assembly resolutions 57/292 and 60/282: report on oversight activities undertaken at all stages of the capital master plan project in the annual report of OIOS;", "(d) General Assembly resolutions 59/270 and 59/271: Internal oversight of the entire United Nations Compensation Commission claims process and regular reporting thereon in the context of the annual reports of OIOS;", "(e) General Assembly resolution 59/272: the annual report is requested to include the titles and summaries of all reports issued by OIOS during the year (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(f) General Assembly resolution 62/87: requested OIOS to ensure effective audit coverage of the capital master plan and to submit to the Assembly all its reports on the implementation of the capital master plan;", "(g) General Assembly resolution 63/263: requested OIOS to ensure an effective audit of the construction of additional office facilities at ECA in Addis Ababa and at the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "[1] The “programme” type of investigation refers to complaints or recommendations for improvement relating to a United Nations programme. Investigations reports do not normally focus on wrongdoing by a staff member, but rather on risks associated with the operation of a programme. This category is also used to classify pre-surveys.", "The investigation involved a total of six staff members. Three reports related to UN-Habitat (cases 0029/09 and 0044/09, 0194/09), one to the United Nations Office at Nairobi (case 0458/08) and two to UNEP (cases 0036/09 and 0037/09). All reports except Case 0044/09 were issued during the previous reporting period." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(a)", "可持续发展", "《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行<21世纪议程>方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/152号决议编写的。报告阐述了《21世纪议程》和《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》执行工作的最新情况，以及各国政府、联合国系统各组织和各主要群体为促进实现可持续发展目标和指标，包括通过可持续发展伙伴关系的方式采取的行动。报告还述及联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展情况。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.概述 3\n3.优先部门和跨领域问题 4\n4.机构和治理 18\n5.国际合作的行动和执行手段 22\n6.联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展 27\n7.接续的步骤 31", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告阐述了关于大会第65/152号决议执行进展的资料。该决议呼吁有效落实可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的承诺、方案和有时限的具体目标并实施《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所载、与执行手段有关的规定。该决议还重申可持续发展委员会是联合国系统内负责处理可持续发展问题的高级别机构，是审议可持续发展三个方面整合问题的论坛。", "2. 本报告是在联合国可持续发展大会处于筹备进程之中，并正值可持续发展委员会未能获致结论之际编写的，后者的主要原因是：对于如何重复过去有关执行手段的协议，缺乏共识。", "3. 本报告应连同关于可持续发展的议程项目下提交的其他报告一并阅读。", "二. 概述", "4. 去年的报告[1] 强调说明可持续发展广泛和多层面的性质、如何整合和平衡三这个层面——经济、社会和环境——以及充当发达国家和发展中国家之间、各国政府之间、商业和民间社会之间以及当代人和后代人之间的桥梁。", "5. 本报告进一步陈述如何促进可持续发展三大支柱之间更紧密的衔接。", "6. 《里约原则》[2] 为可持续发展国际合作提供了一个系统框架，包括对人类福利、国家主权、发展权利、环境保护、消除贫穷、保护弱势群体和共同但有区别的责任，以及可持续消费和生产作出了承诺。这些原则为其后的协定，包括尚待联合国可持续发展委员会达成的协定奠定了基础。", "7. 可持续发展面对的挑战来自三来源。第一，尽管在实现千年发展目标方面取得了一些进展，消除贫穷的目标仍然没有着落。第二，对自然和自然资源的不利影响已经达到了惊人的程度。第三，将需要对确认和落实过去的决定作出国际承诺。消除贫穷同经济快速增长和工业化相关。然而，如果无法获得新技术和财政资源，经济增长和工业化就需要消耗自然资源。对已因高收入国家以往发展和当前消费模式承受沉重负担的环境而言，这样做会加上额外负担。因此，高收入国家率先向可持续消费和生产模式转变，必须同低收入国家的可持续发展齐头并进。", "8. 然而，分析显示，走向不可持续未来的势头是可以扭转的。这种方向的改变将需要许多因素共同促成，其中包括：贫穷国家取得技术和资金、研发和部署先进技术、更方便获得能源服务，生活方式和价值观念的转变和连贯一致的承诺。需要好几十年才能调整人类的活动，使其有益于健康的环境、使得贫穷不再出现和弥合分隔人民的深刻裂痕。这种重新调整从而需要长期的政策承诺。", "9. 气候变化已经成为现实。它已经开始给生态系统、水资源和粮食安全带来了压力，并导致自然灾害更加频繁发生。这种压力可能会持续不停，导致生命和财产的损失。整个地球朝向人道、公正和有益生态的未来过渡[3] 将需要通过下列途径促进可持续的经济增长：经济绿化、增加对绿色基础设施的投资、加强社会支柱和创造绿色就业机会，以及前所未见、亲密无间的国际合作。", "10. 便利贫穷国家更方便获得可持续、现代化、负担得起的能源服务，是这一议程的关键要素。能源不仅是经济增长和工业发展的关键，它也是实现每一项千年发展目标和减少自然资源压力至关重要的要素。", "11. 核心的理念是：不仅要以协同加强的方式整合与合并环境与发展，而且还要有效地将可持续性的各种考虑纳入经济和发展决策主流和在世界上确保，所有发展行动都通过是否具有可持续性的观点来研究。反过来，环境方面的投资，诸如保护、恢复和补充自然界所提供的资产，又可作为未来经济繁荣的重要驱动力量。", "12. 会员国、联合国系统各实体和其他利益攸关方已经查明了联合国可持续发展委员会应当审议，和理想情况下大会应当作出决定和提出倡议的若干优先部门。本报告第三节将讨论其中的几个部门。", "三. 优先部门和跨领域问题", "能源[4]", "13. 2012年业经大会宣布为人人享有可持续能源国际年，[5] 这项行动强调指出，人人获得可持续能源对可持续发展和减少贫穷，以及对通过利用传统能源资源、更洁净技术和新能源保护环境的重要性。[6]", "14. 当前的能源系统不足以满足全世界穷人的需要，并且会损害千年发展目标的实现。全球各地，“能源贫乏者”都因在通风不足的建筑物内低效燃烧固体燃料而承受不良的健康后果和忍受生产性创收活动和诸如保健和教育等其他基本服务动力不足所引起的经济后果。在这方面，发展中国家的妇女和女孩不成比例地遭受过于沉重的影响。[7]", "15. 尽管二十年来推行过种种气候变化政策、数以千计的方案、举措、法规、基于市场的文书和国际协定，以及拨付了数以千亿美元计的补贴、资金、研究和研究与发展努力和发展援助，就在全球范围建立一个可再生的低碳能源系统这项已宣布的目标而言，实现仍然遥遥无期。", "16. 据估计，全世界各国政府向可再生能源发电和生物燃料提供的补助，到2035年将高达2 050亿美元之巨，即占全球国民生产总值的0.17%。2010年至2035年，有35%将投入以可再生能源为基础的发电，而全球生物燃料的使用量将从目前的每天100万桶增加到2035年的440万桶，而预料美国、欧洲联盟和巴西仍将是生物燃料的最大生产者和消费者。[8]", "17. 2000年以来，可再生能源技术扩散的增长速度相当惊人。2005年，在全球初级能源组合当中，化石燃料占85%，低碳核电6%，水力发电3%，生物质4%。现代化可再生能源合计还不到1%。[9] 同样地，核发电复兴仅能补足较老旧设备日益被淘汰而损失的能力。⁹ 按目前趋势预测，在2050年以前实现全球能源体系彻底脱碳，还完全谈不到已走上一条现实的路径。", "18. 目前就如何满足能源技术创新的必经之途而进行的国家和全球辩论中，充斥着种种简单化的方法。技术乐观主义者建议“大力一推”政策，把现有技术扩大规模使用。其他一些人着重强调市场激励，希望通过把环境方面的外差因素内化，“确定正确的价格”来促成必要的技术转变。", "19. 联合国可持续发展大会有机会通过下列途径，把所有这些考虑汇集在一起，在今后几十年期间，共同致力促成全球能源体系的转变：(a) 扩大获得清洁能源；(b) 提高工业能源效率；和(c) 宣扬绿色产业，以之作为在可持续发展和消除贫穷的背景下向绿色经济过渡的组成部分。大会可提供一个机会，要求全球社会制定出有助于这种能源转变、非常具体的目标。", "20. 对于这种朝向可持续能源前进的过渡，需要制定现实可行的时间表。2030年以前，世界早就有机会走上能源体系基本转变的道路，使得发展中国家能超越当前的体系，转向更清洁、可持续、负担得起和可靠的能源服务。⁷ 还可以要求国际社会，在2030年以前，普及供应现代化能源服务，从而使得还不能利用现代化能源服务的20到30亿人能够得到最低门槛的基本现代能源服务，以供其消费性和生产性利用。大会也不妨宣扬，在2030年以前，将全球能源使用量的30%改用可再生能源。这将发挥核心作用，确保走上更加可靠和可持续的能源道路。大会还可以率先提倡，在2030年以前将全球能源强度[10] 降低40%。2050年以前把全球能源体系转变成一个几乎无碳的体系，是可行的(见图1)。⁹", "21. 实现这些目标将需要全球采取前所未见的协调措施，包括几乎每一个经济体内监管体制的重大转变，数量庞大的增量基础设施投资(很可能每年数额超过1万亿美元)，⁹ 加速研发和部署多种新能源技术和能源消费方面彻底的行为转变。还将需要人力和体制能力和治理方面的重大转变。", "22. 全球而言，更换现有的化石燃料和核能基础设施，费用至少高达15至20万亿美元。要世人决定一夜之间注销15至20万亿美元的基础设施，显然是不可能的，而易之以可再生能源体系，代价更为高昂。同时，应当指出，特别是鉴于石油进口国2007年耗费大约2万亿美元进口原油，改变现有能源体系的长期诱因应当也十分强大。⁹", "图1 世界可再生能源计划", "MacKay(2008) Raihi等人(即将发表)\n可再生来源\t技术潜力(EJ)\t人均技术潜力(GJ)\t评论和假定\t到2050年全球能源评估假设的技术经济潜力 \n风力\t189\t27.4\t绿色和平与欧洲风能协会对向岸和离岸风力的估计\t170\t\n水力\t28.8\t4.11\t国际水力发电协会和国际能源机构的估计\t28\t\n潮汐\t12.26\t0.18-0.37 —\t\n波浪\t3.9\t0.57\t10%的波浪原动力以50%的效率转换\t—\t\n地热\t6.31\t9.14\t按美国的地热潜力以外推法推算世界潜力\t17\t\n生物燃料\t284\t41\t全世界用于生物燃料的可耕地或作物耕地(2700万平方公里)，按能量密度0.5W/m²,处理和收获过程损失33%计算\t117＋28\t\n非太阳能合计\t571\t83\t包括所有上述因素\t360\t\n太阳能光电转换(PV)\t—\t— 1650\t\n富集太阳能(CSP)\t—\t— 990\t\n太阳能合计：太阳能加热器，PV和CSP\t370EJ\t＞54\t欧洲和北非的10亿人可持续利用地中海附近沙漠内国家规模的太阳能设施维持，而北美洲5亿人则可持续利用美国和墨西哥沙漠内亚利桑那州大小的设施维持\t2640", "注：数据已按2010年世界人口69亿人换算和调整。", "资料来源：《2011年世界经济和社会概览》(2011年)。", "23. 国际社会和各国政府都需要使可再生能源的成本同其他能源和技术相比具有竞争力，并激励技术进步。", "24. 所有国家都可发挥作用：高收入国家不妨通过将此一目标定为发展援助优先事项并提供催化融资来作出贡献；中等收入国家不妨分享相关专门知识、经验和可复制的良好做法；而低收入国家则可为即将作出的投资创造适当的当地体制、监管和政策环境，加以协助。今后几十年间，决策人员和商业领袖必须更加重视如何转变国家和区域能源体制业绩这项问题。联合国可持续发展委员会也将有很好的机会寻求战略和解决办法，包括公营部门和国际合作的作用。", "25. 如果发展中国家打算减少贫穷和改善其公民的健康，它们就特别需要更方便获得可靠和现代化的能源服务，同时提高生产力、增强竞争力能力和促进经济增长。", "26. 就能源的利用而言，发达国家和发展中国家都需要建立和加强本身的能力，执行有效的政策、基于市场的机制、商业模式，投资工具和法规。实现这项目标将需要国际社会对重要的消耗能源产品和设备协调统一其技术标准、加速转让专门知识和良好做法，并推动私人资本流入提高能源效率的投资。有效采用这些措施仍然可将全球能源强度降低2.5%左右，大约是历来速度的一倍。⁷", "27. 在此背景下，能源成为可持续发展的强大增效器，也是向绿色经济过渡的必要元素。这需要对能源安全采用长期办法。将需要作出更多更具针对性的努力，朝向更加清洁的可再生能源推进，以确保气候稳定下来，同时允许发展中国家满足其不断迅速增长的商业性能源需求，后者同它们的发展愿望是不可分的。全球和国家能源政策也属于发展政策，从而应当特别考虑到穷人。最适当的整套政策在很大程度上取决于国家的机构、发展阶段、资源禀赋和社会政治偏好，并且将随时间改变。", "28. 制定一项国际倡议来为如何推动创新技术和促进现有和新伙伴关系的合作绘制路线图，包括碳捕获和储存以及其他先进的能源技术合作，可以成为一个方法，用来开发、部署和促进清洁能源技术、鼓励范围广泛的政策文书，诸如透明的规章框架、经济和财政奖励和公私伙伴关系，以促进私营部门对新技术投资。", "29. 能源体系的转变可能会是不平衡的，如果处理不当，也许会导致先进和最不发达国家之间的“能源鸿沟”日益扩大，甚至导致经常出现能源安全危机。但通过合作与竞争的均衡框架，处理得当，能源体系的转变就大有潜力成为为世界不断增加的人口持续创造财富的来源，同时减少给资源和气候带来的压力。", "水", "30. 水是实现可持续发展和千年发展目标必不可少的要素。妥善管理水资源是增长、社会和经济发展、减少贫穷和公平、可持续环境服务的重要组成部分。", "31. 由于有许多相互竞争的用水需求，特别在农村地区和为了提高农业生产率，对水利基础设施投资和更妥善地管理用水，是满足所有需求的关键。随着发展的推进，城市地区商业和工业活动的转变，就必须为能源和粮食生产、运输、防洪、饮水和卫生，以及为工业和商业活动等目标，管理用水。", "32. 这些需求并非总能得到人们确认。谈到水，通常总是在讨论安全的饮用水和卫生。有26亿人无法利用改善的卫生设施，同时又有8.84亿人无法利用改善的饮水来源，这些都是重大问题。[11] 还需要认识到：迫切需要顾及用水和与发展相关的其他重要部门，例如能源、粮食和环境之间固有的相互关系。", "33. 关于用水的决策需要寻求协同效应，和选择适当的取舍。还需要认清短期“救火”——应付当天的紧急问题——和长期战略发展之间的区别。开发多用途用水计划和可行情况下重复用水，就可以通过让同一份稀缺水资源充供多方利用，减轻权衡取舍的压力。", "34. 发达国家和发展中国家之间，迫切需要就用水管理及其在可持续发展中的作用进行新的对话。各国应协力合作，确定社会经济优先事项，投资于水资源和用它来作为增长的动力，从而使它们相辅相成，不致成为竞相争水的需求来源。", "35. 面临的挑战十分艰巨，但对水资源不可持续的管理方式和不公平的取用不能再继续不管，因为无所作为的风险更大，可能会损及可持续发展其他部门的成就。用水领域内外的领导人可发挥重大的辅助作用。用水领域内的领导人可向此一领域外的进程通报情况，并以实现商定的社会经济和环境目标的方式管理水资源。但是政府、私营部门和民间社会的领导人决定采取行动的方向。国际社会不妨提供一个平台，促使人们认识到对用水采用综合办法的重要性，并作出承诺来加以支持。联合国可持续发展大会就是这样一个平台。", "粮食安全和可持续农业[12]", "36. 2007年至2009年，金融危机爆发和全球经济衰退之后，粮食价格暴涨，把全世界陷入饥饿和营养不良的人数推到前所未见的水平，于2009年达到高峰，人数超过10亿。2010年上半年，世界农业商品市场似乎进入比较平静的时期，据联合国粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)估计，随着粮食价格下跌，营养不良人数下降到大约9.25亿人。", "37. 然而，从2010年下半年开始，粮食价格再次上涨。粮农组织粮食价格指数于2011年2月份高达238点，创下历史记录。六月份的平均数为234点，比2010年6月份高39%。6月份粮农组织谷类物品价格指数平均高达259点，比2010年6月高71%。[13] 据世界银行称，如果不采取行动来增加粮食供应量，除了2010年粮食价格暴涨被推入贫穷深渊的4 400万人之外，另外还会有1 000万人的收入将跌破每天1.25美元赤贫线。[14] 而有22个国家被认为陷入“长期性粮食安全危机”，有超过1.65亿营养不良的人(大约占世界总人口的20%)住在这些国家。¹⁴", "38. 这种情况显示，对农业，特别是对可持续农业投资的重要性。原因是，当前的农业技术、做法和土地利用模式无法实现下一目标：到2050年粮食产量增加70到100%，以便养活日益增加的人口，同时不致导致温室气体排放、水污染和土地退化进一步恶化。⁹", "39. 然而，官方发展援助总额中分配给农业的份额已从1978年的峰值18%下降到2009年的4%，而1990年代官方发展援助中拨给农业的专用款不断大幅下降⁹ (见图2)。", "图2", "[]", "资料来源：《2011年世界经济和社会概览》，(2011年)。", "40. 世界各地土地退化的严重性和程度日益恶化，是不可持续农业做法的主要后果之一。世界土地大约40%的地表退化(单单过去25年，就有25%土地退化)，而估计有65亿人直接依赖农业维生(见图3)。⁹ 土地退化对气候、生物多样化、水生态系统、景观和其他生态系统服务都具有不良影响。", "41. 尽管农业对气候变化问题大有影响，反过来它也容易受到气候变动的影响。气候变动以多种方式影响农业，温度、降雨和气候变量的变动，影响到生长季节的时间和长度以及产量，从而加剧了土地退化，造成缺水(见图4)。", "图3 土地退化对全球环境的影响", "环境组成要素或程序 土地退化产生影响的因果关系", "气候变化 • 土地用途改变，特别是荒漠化，是全球碳循环的关键因素", "• 土地管理变动可大气中碳的多价螯合作用", "• 农业是甲烷(CH4)和氧化氮(N2O)排放的主要来源", "• 地表变动(例如反照率和崎岖不平)对区域和全球气候变化都有重大作用", "• 人类活动加速沙尘暴的发生", "• 燃烧生物质推动气候变化", "生物多样化 • 砍伐森林导致栖息地和物种减少", "• 土地用途改变和管理，包括分割和焚烧，导致栖息地和生物多样化减少", "• 作物生产的非点源污染破坏了水生物栖息地和生物多样化", "水资源 • 农业活动是水污染的主要来源", "• 土地用途和地表变动改变全球水文循环", "• 大气中土壤尘埃破坏珊瑚礁", "持久性有机污染物(POPs) • 土壤中含有大量POPs • 焚烧生物质产生POPs", "资料来源：《2011年世界经济和社会概览》，(2011年)。", "图4 气候变化预测和对农业的相应影响", "预测的变动 根据对二十一世纪的预测今后出现这些趋势的可能性 预测将对农业产生的影响", "气候较暖，寒冷的白天和夜晚减少；气候较暖，大多数陆地地区炎热的白天和夜晚更为常见 几乎确定 较冷环境产量增加；较暖环境产量减少", "暖潮/热潮：大多数陆地地区更加频繁发生 很可能 由于在关键发育阶段受热过度，气候较暖区域产量减少；野火风险增高", "暴雨大雪：大多数地区更加频繁 很可能 作物受损；土壤退化，由于土壤渍水土地无法耕种", "受干旱影响地区增多 可能 土地退化；产量减少/作物受损或枯死；牲畜死亡增多；野火风险增高", "热带飓风活动增多 可能 作物受损，树木被风吹倒", "海平面暴升次数增多 可能 灌溉用水和井水盐碱化", "资料来源：政府间气候变化专门委员会，2007年a，表3.2，《2007年气候变化：自然科学基础：第一工作组向政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告提供的资料。", "42. 由于水土流失和荒漠化，有些土地的生产率下降50%。全球而言，每年损失750亿吨土壤大约耗费4 000亿美元，折算为每人每年70美元左右。养料(氮，磷，钾)的枯竭也造成严重的全球经济影响。", "43. 砍伐森林也可以加剧粮食不安全，因为森林提供粮食、支持作物和畜牧生产的投入和服务。⁹ 这就是为什么《21世纪议程》制定以来，制止砍伐森林议程中一项最重要的发展是：降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放(REDD)这个观念的出现。降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放旨在解决砍伐森林的驱动力，和促使人们更加了解森林在适应和缓解气候变化方面所发挥的重大作用。然而，事实证明，要把这个概念纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》的框架是一项复杂的工作，缔约方会议审议过程耗时两年才能对这项问题作出决定。[15]", "44. 在这方面，尽管在联合国为REDD制定了一项具体倡议，并在2008年推出，以协助发展中国家制定和实施经加强的REDD战略，一个全面运作的相关国际机制如何筹资、组织和实施的问题仍在继续根据联合国气候变化框架公约进行谈判。尽管如此，经加强的REDD方案已开始在几个国家产生重要影响。除了承诺向共同基金捐款10亿美元之外，还对2010至2012年时间认捐总额达35亿美元的捐款。[16]", "45. 依赖农业维生的穷人和脆弱的环境，两者之间的分布状况大有关联。穷人很可能要在较偏远地区陡峭的土地耕作，土壤较干和贫瘠。自然资源退化也可能加剧男女之间的不平等，因为她们需要较长的时间才能完成诸如制作食物、采集薪木和保养土壤和水资源等女人的职责。", "46. 农业生产体系可以进一步对人类健康造成不良影响。无机肥料和牲畜废物污染水源，破坏了饮用水和水产食品的安全。农药对农场工人的健康具有不良影响。农产品的运输也促进了虫害和疾病的跨境传播。此外，荒漠化引起沙尘暴，可导致呼吸系统疾病。", "47. 这一切显示，以可持续方式消除饥饿和营养不良以及防范粮食价格高企和波动不定，将需要采取完全不同的办法，在可持续自然资源管理更广泛的框架内，解决对粮食生产的结构性约制。需要确定各不同部门之间如何发挥协同作用，以便通过更妥善的资源管理和有利的体制环境，实践重要的“双赢”备选办法。只有利用此类综合办法，才能减少土地退化和森林砍伐，以及可持续地利用水资源，同时还能提高生产力。", "48. 现在世界需要对农业进行一次真正的绿色革命。这场革命有助于技术创新，旨在通过在范围更广的发展农业支助措施中纳入环境上可持续的自然资源管理，彻底改善小农场的生产力。", "49. 20国集团已拟议了关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划，将在2011年首脑会议上提交各国领导人。该计划的主要目标将是：(a) 短期和长期改善农业生产和生产力，以便回应对农业商品日益增长的需求；(b) 增加市场信息和透明度，以便更妥善地引导政府和经济运营者的期望；(c) 加强国际上的政策协调，以便加强国际市场的信心，更有效地预防和应对粮食市场危机；(d) 改善和开发供各国政府、公司和农民利用的风险管理工具，以便特别是在最贫穷的国家建设能力，管理和减轻与粮食价格波动相关的风险；(e) 改善农业商品衍生工具市场的运作(目前正通过各国财政部长和中央银行行长着手这项工作)。[17]", "50. 但是国际社会可为粮食安全和可持续发展全球议程作出更多得多的贡献。联合国可持续发展大会可成为再度作出承诺的适当框架，2007-2008年粮食危机发生后，各国为消除饥饿作出财政认捐就是一个例子。", "51. 值得认真考虑的其他建议包括：(a) 在经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)各国内改革农业补贴，包括对生物燃料的补贴和对新一代生物燃料的支助，以便减少将农业土地从粮食生产转为他用的情况；(b) 在私营部门的参与下，增加对农业研究与发展的国际投资，以促进粮食安全；(c) 建立新的融资机制，扩增对发展中国家小农的付款，以便提供有助于保护自然资源、维护生物多样性，并在农业和林业增加碳汇的环境服务；(d) 取消妨碍扩大市场的粮食贸易非关税壁垒，以便把发展中国家的小规模生产者纳入市场；(e) 采用绿色足迹标准；(f) 有效监管商品期货市场，以避免对粮食价格进行投机；(g) 避免粮食作物出口禁令和为应对天气相关的灾难而抢购粮食，以免价格大幅暴涨；(h) 利用安全网和粮食援助，建立保护弱势群体的机制，诸如建立全球性粮食储备，以便降低粮食价格上涨的影响。¹⁷", "城市化", "52. 到2030年，所有发展中区域，包括亚洲和非洲，将有更多人民生活在城市而非农村地区，到2050年，预期69%人口将住在城市[18] (见图5)。", "图5 选定的全球城市区域、城市走廊和特大都市区", "[]", "资料来源：《2010/2011年度世界城市状况》，人居署，2010年。", "53. 这种趋势既有优点也有缺点。城市拥有潜力，可让人类共享都市空间，特别是参与公共和私人活动，行使其职责和权利。这些机会就使得人们可以培养社会价值观和确定治理模式和其他规则，使得人类可以生产商品，同其他人贸易和有机会享受福祉。另一方面，城市内的生活差距如此之巨，富人生活在服务周到、门禁森严的社区和结构精致的豪华住所内，而穷人则被局限在内城区或都市边缘的非正式住区和贫民窟内。", "54. 这种物质上的鸿沟以社会、文化和经济排斥的形式出现。都市中的差距表现出不公正，也是系统性机能失调的症状。城市需要社会变革的工具：新的价值观、信念和理念可塑造不同的增长模式，促进社会全体成员的权利和机会。“包容性城市”，或“人人共享的城市”的概念包含了：更加平等的社会和经济效益、环境保护、促进每一个人在社会中创造积极成果。", "55. 要实现这项目标，本地的城市当局以及国家一级范围更广的主管当局就需要通过促进综合性土地利用规划、扩大利用基本服务、鼓励可持续建筑和实施可持续运输，解决城市化当今面临的重大挑战。它们需要利用健全的规划政策和相关的行动来预期城市的扩充，管制与城市延伸相关的投机行动。城市也必须给予城市贫民权利，提供负担得起，有各种城市服务的土地和地权保障，这样进一步的边缘化才能避免。", "56. 这还意味着贫民窟的居民人数减少。过去十年来，发展中国家居住在贫民窟中的城市人口，份额已大幅下降，从2000年的39%减至2010年的33%。全球来看，这是引人乐观的趋势。然而，就绝对数字而言，发展中国家贫民窟居民的人数事实上仍在增加，不远的将来预期还会增多。发展中国家内非正规住区的数目也在增加，居住在贫民窟条件下的城市居民，目前估计约达8.28亿人之多，与此相比，1990年和2000年的数字分别为6.57亿人和7.67亿人。[19]", "57. 需要通过公平的规划和适当的经济政策进行政策改革，来防止贫民窟未来更加扩大。在发展中国家，贫民窟的空间划分，往往造成实质上的孤立，同城市的主要肌理脱离关系，这不仅反映家庭之间收入不平等，而且也是土地和住房市场效率低落、金融机制效用不彰和城市规划不良的副产品。", "58. 因此，法律和法规必须向城市贫民，特别是向妇女倾斜。要利用城市住宅的优点，就切需赋予贫民权利和使他们脱贫。", "59. 联合国可持续发展大会可作为一个有用的论坛，特别是通过考虑以下战略步骤，为城市扩大包容性铺平道路：评估过去和衡量进展(了解造成当前形势的积极因素和评估未来的政策和做法，以监测进展和评价业绩)；加强机构和增进其成效；在各级政府之间建立新的联系和联盟(在公私营部门和民间社会之间汇合政策和资源)；表现出促进包容性的持续远见(例如，一个具有明确资金来源和核算机制的可行计划)；和确保重新分配机会(宣扬城市作为集创新、工业和技术进步、创业精神和创造力为一体的主要地点)。¹⁹", "60. 这种促进包容性和可持续城市的战略框架可以通过考虑下列政策触发剂¹¹ 来予以加强：通过创造条件，从而更方便地利用安全和有益健康的住房、安居、基本服务和诸如保健和教育之类的社会设施，特别是为城市贫民，改善生活质量；投资于人力资本的形成，这是促进社会经济发展和更加公平分配城市优势的条件；促进可持续的经济机会，通过推动劳动密集型项目，可为贫民和弱势群体激发经济增长；通过公平参与决策加强政治包容；在本地社区利用本地文化资源之外，促进文化上的包容性，诸如利用地方的社会资本、象征、意义、归属感和骄傲感。¹⁹", "生物多样性[20]", "61. 生物多样性，如果以可持续的方式加以管理，就可以为消除贫穷、人类福祉和生计，以及人民的社会文化完整性提供机会。然而，里约首脑会议召开后的20年来，生物多样性在以下三个主要领域持续下降：生态系统、基因和物种(见图6)。世界已错过了2010年的目标：在全球、区域和国家各级大幅度降低当前生物多样性丧失的速度。目前已知有将近17 000种植物和动物濒临灭绝。按照当前的趋势，在本世纪整段时期，物种将继续丧失，生态系统面临急剧变化的风险越来越大，为社会带来的效益也不断受到侵蚀。数以10亿计的人民，包括许多最贫穷的人，都直接依赖多种多样的植物和动物品种维持生计，许多人还经常借此维持生存。", "图6", "1970年以来撒南非洲的 1970年以来拉丁美洲的 1970年以来印度-太平洋区 生物多样化趋势 生物多样化趋势 生物多样化趋势", "[] [] []", "资料来源：关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进展评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国经济和社会事务部。", "62. 有几个障碍妨碍《生物多样性公约》各项目标的全面落实，其中包括：发达国家和发展中国家对解决财务、人力和技术问题的能力有限；缺乏或难以取用科学信息；一般民众和决策人员对生物多样化问题认识不足、生物多样性问题主流化不足；决策零碎不全和不同部委或部门之间联系不足；和没有确定生物多样性的经济价值(见图7)。", "图7", "问题 ALL IN ET OD LD SI", "缺乏财力、人力和技术资源 ● ● ● ● ● ●", "所有各级都缺乏公共教育和认识 ● ● ● ● ●", "缺乏经济激励措施 ● ● ● ● ●", "生物多样性丧失，商品和服务未得到正确理解和记录 ● ● ● ● ●", "缺乏基于生态系统的知识和做法 ● ● ● ●", "由于体制上的弱点造成行动能力不足 ● ● ● ●", "缺乏有效的伙伴关系 ● ● ● ●", "各利益攸关方之间缺乏横向合作 ● ● ●", "不可持续的消费和生产模式 ● ● ●", "生物多样性问题缺乏主流化和整合 ● ●", "缺乏效益共享 ● ● ●", "当地社区缺乏能力 ● ● ●", "缺乏预防和积极措施、反应政策 ● ●", "在国家和国际各级缺乏协同效应 ● ●", "对生物多样性公约的实施缺乏政治意愿和支持 ●", "公众和利益攸关方的参与不足 ●", "技术和专门知识转让不足 ●", "缺乏足够的科学研究能力 ●", "传统知识的丧失 ●", "未充分利用现有的科学和传统知识 ●", "缺乏适当的政策和法律 ●", "执法能力薄弱 ●", "注：各栏标题：All=所有提交报告的国家；IN=工业化国家；ET=经济转型期国家；OD=其他发展中国家(即不包括最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家)；LD=最不发达国家；SI=小岛屿发展中国家。", "资料来源：关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进展评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国，经济和社会事务部(2011年)。", "63. 如果这些挑战未获解决，特别是一旦生态系统受到压力，超越一定的门槛或临界点，就会面对下一高度风险：生物多样性急剧丧失，伴随着范围广泛的各种生态系统服务退化。要避免对人民和社会造成最危险的影响，侧重某些重要领域、物种和生态系统服务、审慎选定目标的政策就是必不可少的。在眼前的将来，避免人类引起生物多样性进一步丧失将极具挑战性，不过较长期来看，如果现在就协调一致发动紧急有效的行动来支持商定的长期远景，生物多样性的丧失就可以制止，在某些方面，情况还可以扭转。", "64. 资金短缺是生物多样性面临的最严重挑战。创新的金融机制可以利用私营部门提供的额外资金，扩大发挥作用。有人建议下列机制：以受益人付费系统为基础的生态系统服务付款办法；基于污染者付费原则为基础的生物多样性抵消机制；利用税收政策的环境财政改革办法；创建绿色产品市场；和诸如全球彩票、全球债券和信托基金、公共担保和保险机制、股权投资、绿色发展机制和货币交易税之类的国际金融机制。¹⁶ 然而，这些措施并不容易被若干发展中国家接受，它们担心额外的费用和发展援助会减少。", "65. 《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公平和公正分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》[21] 是2010年10月29日在日本名古屋举行的生物多样性公约缔约国大会第十届会议所通过的一项国际协定，旨在以公平和公正的方式分享利用遗传资源所产生的惠益。这项协定规定，通过适当的融资，适当地取用遗传资源和适当地转让相关技术，同时考虑到对这些资源和技术的所有权利，从而有助于维护生物多样性及其组成部分的可持续利用。这可能成为保障生物多样性的另一种机制。自从2011年2月开放签署以来，已有38个缔约方签署。[22] 然而，这项协定提出了另一项挑战，因为它涉及国际制度，例如与贸易有关的知识产权制度。", "66. 采取有效行动解决生物多样性的丧失，取决于造成这种物种减少的根本原因或其间接的驱动因素。这就需要进行战略规划和更有效的利用土地、能源、淡水和材料，以满足不断增长的需求，并调和发展同下列因素的矛盾：保护生物多样性；利用市场激励；避免不正当的补贴，以便尽量减少不可持续的资源利用和浪费性消费；确保从利用和获取遗传资源和相关传统知识，例如通过开发药品和化妆品所带来的好处由所在国家和文化公平分享；传播、教育和提高认识，以确保所有人都了解生物多样性的价值和可采取哪些步骤来加以保护，包括通过个人消费和行为的改变。[23]", "67. 联合国可持续发展大会可以确保所有各级和所有部门，特别是主要的经济部门，对生物多样性问题作出更妥善的决定。在这方面，政府可发挥重要的赋予能力作用。在创造有利的环境，支持由社区、地方当局或企业领导、有效的“自下而上的”倡议方面，国家方案或立法是至关重要的。这也包括：赋予土著人民和当地社区权力，承担起生物多样性管理和决策的职责；和制定系统以确保公平地分享从取用遗传资源所带来的好处。", "海洋", "68. 海洋覆盖72%的地球表面，构成其重要组成部分，它支持生命、驱动气候和水文循环，并提供重要的资源。海洋、海洋岛屿和沿岸地区构成地球生态系统完整和必要的组成部分，对全球粮食安全以及对许多国家，特别是发展中国家的可持续经济繁荣和福祉至为重要。[24] 全球而言，渔业部门为数以百万计的人民提供了收入和生计来源。2008年，鱼类和水生植物的销售总额高达1 060亿美元，而捕渔业为大约5.4亿人，也就是全球人口的8%提供了生计。[25] 要实现各项可持续发展目标，包括与促进绿色经济有关的目标，着重确保海洋健康和生产力丰富，是一项关键要素。然而，进展一直缓慢。", "69. 根据《联合国海洋法公约》，落实与海洋有关的各项决定，包括制订《联合国有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的协定》和关于海洋和海洋法问题的联合国不限成员名额非正式协商进程，以便向大会提供咨询意见。大会还设立了全球汇报和评估海洋环境状况的经常性进程。沿岸国采取措施，以预防、制止和取缔非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动，是在国际海事组织的主持下，由粮农组织和《控制和管理船只压载水和沉积物国际公约》监督的。此外，已设立了区域渔业管理机制来处理与区域相关的特定挑战。", "70. 尽管作出了这些努力，可持续发展问题世界首脑会议所定的目标，即：在2015年以前，将鱼类种群恢复到最大可持续产量水平，看来不大可能达成，而其他目标，包括扭转海洋生物多样性的丧失和取缔破坏性的捕鱼做法，亦然如此。可持续发展问题世界首脑会议作出的另一项决定：建立海洋保护区，正在缓慢地推行。联合国可持续发展委员会提供了机会，采取行动来加快实施和对正在出现的新威胁，诸如海洋酸化、海洋噪音和塑料、微粒塑料和海洋废弃物采取行动。", "四. 机构和治理", "71. 当今来看，治理问题一方面益形复杂，另一方面更具包容性。更加复杂是因为国家行动者不再是唯一的行动者，更具包容性是因为治理必须是民主和被认为是政治上合法的。[26] 它需要纳入国家行为者，特别是商业、企业和一般民间社会。", "72. 重视合法性的原因是，人们认为有必要增加促进可持续发展的必要权利。要提高机构的合法性，就需要制定机制和程序，使得所有相关的利益攸关方和社区都有共同一致的期望，而它们对合法治理或可持续发展或许有极端不同的概念。举例来说，处于不同发展水平或具有不同政治文化的国家或许对作出决策时在普遍参与和提高效率两者之间如何取舍有不同的看法，或者对国家和市场在发展方面的适当作用有不同的理解。同样地，市场行动者(公司、专业协会、投资者)可能会强调务实和业绩方面的合法标准，而社会和环境群体可能根据环境和社会完整性的理由来判断合法性，并优先考虑对更广泛社区的程序合法性和问责制。要满足合法性要求，就需要找出办法，在这些可能大不相同的理解之间，鼓励弥合异见。[27]", "73. 机构和治理需要发挥规范性功能，技术和分析功能，操作功能以及发挥监测执行情况的作用。机构还需要反映可持续发展三大支柱之间的整合。", "74. 到目前为止，在整合领域作为不多。在所有各级，也就是国际、区域和国家各级，甚至在国家以下和当地各级，有利于可持续发展三大支柱整合的框架一直十分薄弱。在各国政府同其他利益攸关方进行的若干讨论中，有人指责机构支离破碎。然而，机构的强弱取决于要它们履行哪些职能。可持续发展不能放在整个发展之后考虑，而必须纳入发展主流。机构框架需要从一开始就体现在整合努力之中。", "75. 谈到机构，范围涵盖参与决策或实施活动的各种各样正式和较不正式的机构、组织、网络和安排。全球而言，人们看到，机构框架内的机构和协议，数量急剧增多，目前已制定了500多项多边环境协定。因此，可持续发展治理所及的范围已大为扩充，然而，其框架仍然是支离破碎的，缺乏协调一致性。", "76. 对许多安排的建立，政府仅有有限的参与，[28] 其中包括：国际自然及自然资源保护联盟，这是各国政府和许多非政府行为者参与的一个全球网络；联合国全球契约，这是根据对八项核心原则作出的承诺制订的，它是联合国系统同私营部门 来往的正式联系环节。非正式行动者在研订标准和守则时，也有相当多的创新，各国政府和国际机构有不同程度的参与。还有各种各样的自愿性举措，力图扩大各项关键原则的采用，例如：关于融资的赤道原则，全球汇报计划 (旨在解除对公司汇报可持续发展的禁令)，和最近讨论公司社会责任问题的国际标准化组织程序。", "77. 此外，在所有行动者和利益攸关方之间建立强有力的网络和交流信息，以及让它们参与决策程序，可能是正确的道路，不仅可把焦点针对可持续发展三大支柱的整合问题，而且可确保所有各级的实施、审查和监测。", "78. 联合国可持续发展大会不妨研究不同的选项，或可决定如何最有效地使结构和体制以更加协同的方式工作，以便履行国际承诺，而且也有助于国家一级的努力。", "79. 在国际一级，有人强调，体制框架需要支助可持续发展三大支柱的整合，还应避免重复并包括在规范性、技术性和分析性以及业务性工作之间，加强一致性和协同作用。[29] 联合国需要为促进可持续发展建立一个强有力的政府间机构，它可以推动三大支柱的整合，还可以处理新出现的问题，监测和审查实施进度。", "80. 已提出了若干选项来加强可持续发展的体制框架，包括赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果。[30] 有人建议建立新结构，但大多数人看来赞成加强现有结构，或把它们提升到更高级别。因此，大家正在讨论下列选项的优劣：创设一个新的世界环境组织、将经济和社会理事会改设为可持续发展理事会，或者在经社理事会内设立一个处理可持续发展问题的论坛。还有一些建议主张，提升可持续发展委员会成为可持续发展理事会，作为大会的一个附属机构。", "81. 为了平衡这三大支柱，并调整环境支柱使其与其他支柱符合一致，也有人建议：加强环境署。讨论过的选项包括：将联合国环境规划署提升到专门机构的地位；创设一个世界环境组织；或干脆在其当前的结构中修订环境署的任务规定。", "82. 有人建议，在联合国系统内促进更高度的协调一致性，再通过建立一个可持续发展机构间机制来予以加强。按照目前的安排，[31] 作出规范性决定的机构和履行全球一级承诺的机构之间，显然出现脱节现象。除非将这些规范性决定纳入它们本身理事机构的任务规定内，目前负责执行的机构对这些决定就不会有多少主事之感。", "83. 在国家一级，建立新机构，例如全国理事会，是对整合挑战作出的一种回应，但在许多情况下，结果令人失望。一个可以说是更有效的替代办法是：将经济、环境和社会目标整合在现有机构的任务规定范围内。较长期的预算编制和健全的监管工具，可能会是整合的重要工具。", "84. 在一个层面上，整合可被视为，把可持续发展的各个层面纳入法律框架的制定、财产权利的定义和政府的组织。在每个层面，整合可以被视为每一天的日常实施过程，也就是说，融入政策、管理决定、手段和干预如何部署。诸如政府和民间社会拥有所需要的能力；符合一致的目标；有支持性的法律和体制框架存在；和方便取得供决策用的数据和信息之类的因素，可为综合性实施提供便利。在国家一级，跨部门机构和不同级别政府之间的横向整合极其重要。²⁸", "85. 在区域和国家层面的一个重要因素是：改善分析、评估和科学研究，以及监测和问责制。在这方面，国际机构以及区域和国家机构都可发挥作用。前者可在监测和问责制方面提供协助。[32] 后者由于就在当地，可支助国家和当地机构分析、收集和评估数据，以及建设国家和地方能力，分析、制定和强制执行监管和鼓励框架。", "86. 应当确认的是，就加强处理政策拟订、协调、执行和审查等工作的体制机制而言，在国家一级已取得了相当可观的进展。许多国家制订了国家可持续发展战略和相关的文书，但对经济部委和捐助方来说，这些经常都不是最重要的参考文件。主要的挑战是，确保这种战略对决策和实施具有影响。可用各种机制来监测国家可持续发展战略的进度和实施情况，其中包括内部审查、外部审计、议会和预算审查和基于指标的监测。³²", "87. 联合国可持续发展大会可以铺平道路，从而使更妥善地把国际、区域和国家各级联系在一起，以便加强执行工作以及监测进展。", "88. 在政策的拟订和执行方面，有效的公众参与有助于三大支柱的整合。政策的制定和实施并非仅是明智地分配资源和良好的管理，程序也有关系。不顾社会边缘化、脆弱性和资源分配不均，就会损害采取集体行动所需的信任。因此，在决策时，给予穷人和被边缘化群体更大的发言权是一个高度优先事项。让穷人更容易获得信息是赋予权力的有用手段。", "89. 通过获取信息和利益攸关方参与决策，已在促进透明度和问责制方面获得了进展，以此为基础，还可以作出更多努力。在这方面，各主要群体参与可持续发展委员会的工作就是一项重要特征，在今后任何安排中，需要进一步加强。近年来，已有九个主要群体将近1 000名代表预先登记参与可持续发展委员会各届会议，并有几百名代表积极参与程序。然而，除了当前的努力之外，在国家一级加速实施还需要同许多国际政府间和非政府组织交往，这些组织正在管理可持续发展项目的大规模实施，但目前并没有派代表出席委员会各届会议。因此，由各主要群体扩大参与委员会进程，极为重要。[33] 各主要群体也极其活跃地参与联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作。[34]", "90. 伙伴关系是治理安排的另一个重要组成元素，自从可持续发展问题世界首脑会议召开以来，可持续发展委员会发挥了重大作用，促进各国政府、主要群体和其他国家和国际机构的伙伴关系，目的是实施委员会在当地的各项决定。这方面的经验需要推进到下一阶段，会议不妨研究目前正在浮现的几个选项，包括对每一组政策决定的专项伙伴关系(或伙伴关系的合作伙伴关系)。", "五. 国际合作的行动和执行手段", "91. 可持续发展是发达国家和发展中国家之间、国家和非国家行动者之间，富国和穷国之间，以及几个世代之间的契约。不能团结，不建立公正，繁荣就不会到来。全球化已经表明，世界各国之间的相互关联已变得如此紧密，没有任何一个国家或区域可以自以为，世界上其他地方发生的事同它们无关痛痒。因此，建立国际合作，符合所有各方的利益。", "92. 许多人曾一再指出，政府对其公民负有首要的责任，但发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家的政府需要帮助，即使它们保留其主导地位。实现可持续发展，需要进行经济和社会转型，再加上环境保护。发展中国家要实现这些目标，将需要能力建设、技术转让和实施手段。", "93. 然而，不能忘记的是，带来翻天覆地变化的是国际景观。几个活力充沛的新兴市场国家崛起，是这一变革最明显的成果之一。到2025年，新兴经济体很可能同先进经济体一道，成为全球增长的主要发动机。国际货币体制很可能不再受单一货币左右。目前掌握四分之三官方外汇储备的新兴市场国家，其主权财富基金及其他资金池已成为日益重要的国际投资资金来源。它们将成为金融市场上的主要参与者。总而言之，一个经济力量更加分散的世界新秩序正在形成，从而向多极化转变。[35]", "94. 在一个经济逐步多极化和金融中心日益增多的世界上，决策人员将需要掌握工具和能力，有效地把握机会，同时需要捍卫其经济避免风险，而随着全球经济正在挣扎求进，寻求稳定基础之际，风险仍然居高不下。", "95. 这就是为什么发展中国家一方面需要拥有合用的实施手段、安全和有利的环境和足够的政策空间，另一方面需要在地球这个照顾系统内建立行之有效的经济、社会正义和公平，同时建立起足以抵抗经济、社会和自然冲击等各种各样冲击的韧性。", "96. 这也就是为什么这么多人主张使经济更加绿色。但经济并不是只需要选对颜色，它还需要选对形态。需要削减全球碳排放，并应更进一步，保护其自然资产，例如鱼业和森林。它应当为人数日益增加的新工人创造“绿色就业机会”，并鼓励赋予贫穷生产者权利的创新商业模式，这就意味着增进社会公平和协助穷人摆脱贫困。", "97. 要做到这一点，如上文所述，获得能源以及技术转让就是最重要的先决条件。当然，这同官方发展援助相关。官方发展援助的支付及其有效利用，就可以让发展中国家按照《巴厘技术支助和能力建设战略计划》[36] 的规定解除债务负担和增加技术转让，以及更容易进入市场和降低关税。", "98. 《21世纪议程》第33章论及财政资源和机制。在发展中国家实施《21世纪议程》，每年的估计费用达6 000亿美元，其中1 250亿美元来自发达国家。下表按照某些基本的进度指标，评价截至2010年，第33章各项主要承诺的执行情况。", "财政机制 第33章的承诺 进度指标 执行情况 \n1.官方发展援助\t重申官方发展援助/国内生产总值的比率为0.7%\t经合组织官方发展援助水平\t1992年至2000年官方发展援助减少，现在转为增加\n2. 国际发展\t拟议1992年补充资金\t官方发展援助补充数额\t资金增加：捐助国增多，捐助款额增高\n3.全球环境基金\t改组成更加透明的结构和《21世纪议程》重点\t全球环境基金补充款额\t资金增加，为更多国际协定经管资金\n4. 双边援助\t增加支助\t双边捐助者承诺(经合组织国家援助)\t走势与官方发展援助雷同(数额减少至2000年，现已转为增加) \n5. 债务减免\t赞同1991年巴黎俱乐部协议\t减轻债务负担，债务减免\t1991年，大幅减免伊拉克债务最近为尼日利亚，目前正减少\n6.多边开发银行\t增加支助\t世界银行、货币基金组织和其他区域银行的贷款数额\t(根据需要)，贷款额普遍增加，为了应对金融危机，最近数额大幅增加\n7.外国直接投资\t增加支助\t外国直接投资数额\t对各别国家提供的资源增多，但数额波动不定\n8.创新融资(如激励，可转让许可，军事开支)\t探讨创新的融资选项\t通过创新来源，解决资金问题\t特别是为了应对全球金融危机，最近几次会议上进一步制订了创新计划", "资料来源：关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进度评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国经济和社会事务部(即将发表)。", "99. 第33章又重申发达国家每年提供国内生产总值0.7%的官方发展援助目标，但由于2010年年中全球经济增长放缓，削弱了的政策反应，预期在短期内支助还会大幅减少，特别是由于财政赤字扩大和公共债务增高削弱了对进一步财政刺激的支持。许多国家政府，特别是发达国家政府，已经转向执行财政紧缩政策。这样做将对2011和2012年全球经济增长造成不利影响。[37] 2010年，援助付款净额达1 287亿美元，相当于发达国家合计国家收入的0.32%。这是有史以来录得的最高水平，但实值计算比2009年增加6.5%。如果排除债务减免和人道主义援助不计，对发展方案和项目的双边援助按实值计算增加了5.9%，这是因为捐助方继续扩大其核心发展项目和方案。增加数额以新的贷款占大宗(增加13.2%)，但赠款也有所增加(6.8%)[38] (见图8)。", "图8 2000-2010年发达国家提供的官方发展援助(按2009年定值美元和现值美元百万美元计)", "[]", "资料来源：2011年千年发展目标报告", "100. 2010年，丹麦，卢森堡，荷兰，挪威和瑞典的捐款继续超过联合国的目标，即：官方发展援助占其国民总收入的0.7%。按数额计，最大的捐助者是美国，以下依次为联合王国、法国、德国和日本。按实值计算，2009年至2010年，官方发展援助增加最多的国家是：澳大利亚、比利时、加拿大、日本、葡萄牙、大韩民国和联合王国。展望未来，经合组织最近的一次调查显示，大多数捐助者计划在今后三年内增加援助，但幅度锐减。同过去三年每年平均增加8%相比，2011至2013年，援助每年将仅增加2%。³⁸", "101.　一个国家的外债负担影响其信誉和面对经济冲击的脆弱性。更妥善的财务管理、扩大贸易和特别是对最贫穷国家而言，大幅度减免债务减轻了还本付息的负担。2000年至2008年，发展中区域公共财务还本付息对出口的平均比例已从12.5%降低到3.4%。2009年，由于全球经济危机爆发，发展中国家的出口收益下降21%，而其公共债务付款总额仍保持2008年同一水平。因此，对除了南亚、西亚和大洋洲之外的所有发展中区域而言，公共财政还本付息付款对出口的比例，整体平均值上升到3.6%，对小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家影响最为显著。³⁸", "102. 2010年，世界贸易继续恢复，但上半年看到的强劲增长，势头已开始逐渐消失。尽管许多新兴经济体的出口数量已恢复到，甚至超越危机前的高峰，发展经济体的出口尚未见到全面复苏。展望未来，2011和2012两年，世界贸易可望增长6.5%左右，比2010年反弹10.5%幅度减小。尽管经济在过去两年逐步复苏，到2010年8月，三个最大发展经济体的进口值仍显著不及危机前的高峰。同时，这些经济体的出口复苏是反映了东亚和拉丁美洲国家进口的快速增长。³⁷", "103. 尽管2008年经济危机开始爆发时，大家担心保护主义会重新抬头，但由于20国集团首脑会议和其他多边倡议促成了强有力的国际治理，避免走上限制性贸易做法的回头路。现在，发达国家市场免关税进口来自发展中国家的绝大多数出口货物。近年来还看到，来自最不发达国家以外发展中国家的免税进口货物，比例并未增加，这两组国家免税货物所占的比例逐渐趋近，达到其出口的大约80%。³⁸", "104. 由于发达市场普遍降低关税，越来越多的产品现在经常按世界贸易组织最惠国待遇地位免税进口。但是，如果将涉及最惠国待遇的产品除外，发展中国家向发达国家的出口，仅有19%“真正”受惠于优惠待遇。另一方面，真正的优惠免税待遇仍然是最不发达国家货物进入发达国家市场最主要的模式。多年来，受惠于此种优惠待遇的最不发达国家出口货一直在不断增加，2009年达到53%。除一个国家外，所有发达国家都向至少97%来自最不发达国家的产品给予免税市场准入³⁸ (见图9)。", "图9", "[]", "资料来源：2011年千年发展目标报告。", "105. 主要的挑战仍然是：在各主要经济体之间，设法找出可行和有效的政策协调途径。在这方面，有些人认为，如果能使20国集团促进全球可持续重新平衡的框架，使之更加具体和更易操作，它将是有用的工具。为所希望达到的政治结果制定明确和可核查的目标，将有助于各方尽责去做。这也将有助于对基础设施(电力、运输等等)作出战略投资，以支助向绿色经济的过渡。有一些国家已优先考虑绿色投资，并制定战略和政策来加以支持，研究人员也正在研订对这种政策的概念性和经验性支助。", "106. 随着气候威胁的发生，越来越需要以负担得起的代价获取新的和现有的环保型技术。自从1972年关于人类环境的斯德哥尔摩会议召开之后，转让技术和知识共享一直是人们在讨论如何实现可持续增长和解决全球可持续发展挑战时，不可或缺的重要论题。同时，发展中国家在建设其本国技术能力，从而确保它们能向低污染经济顺利过渡并保持其在全球开放经济中的竞争能力时，也需要得到支助。在拟订技术能力建设计划时，不妨更加重视：用户的需求、更有效的援助协调和捐助者合作，区域和全球各级的能力建设投资以及信息技术在能力建设方面发挥更大作用。", "六. 联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展", "107. 自从提交关于《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行<21世纪议程>方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的上一份报告¹ 以来，以及截至本报告提交之日为止，筹备委员会已举行过一次闭会期间会议[39] 和两次会议。[40] 第一次闭会期间会议 是一次非正式会议，会议讨论了提前分发、未经编辑的综合报告，内容论及关于这项课题的最佳做法和经验教训以及联合国可持续发展大会的各项专题。会后印发了共同主席摘要，作为会议的成果。[41]", "108. 第二次筹备委员会会议[42] 是大会筹备进程的一次正式会议，会上审议了正式的综合报告。[43] 对报告进行了增补，以便反映更多投入和闭会期间会议与会者提出的意见。会议记录进一步参考了我关于这项议题和会议各专题的报告。²⁸ 共同主席摘要是会议的成果。[44]", "109. 第二次筹备委员会会议还通过了一项决定，其中请主席团启动一个由会员国领导的公开、透明和具有包容性的进程，以便根据所有筹备进程的投入，及时草拟一份案文草案，以之作为会议成果文件的基础。它又请所有会员国、联合国系统各有关组织和相关的利益攸关方在2011年11月1日之前以书面提供投入和贡献，以便纳入文件汇编，作为编制成果文件预稿的基础。同时，它又请主席团汇编这些投入和贡献，在预定于2011年12月中举行的第二次闭会期间会议上将汇编文本送交会员国和其他利益攸关方，征求它们的意见和进一步指示，从而使共同主席不迟于2012年1月初以主席团的名义提交成果文件预稿，以供审议。它还建议主席团在2012年1月召开一次为期三天的会议，目的是对成果文件预稿进行初步讨论，并在2012年2月、3月和4月份每个月预留整整一星期进行谈判，并确保所有这些会议都是非正式会议。", "110. 筹备委员会已决定， 2012年6月4日至6日是大会的举行日期，在此之前，筹备委员会第三次会议将于2012年5月28日至30日举行。", "111. 主席团于2011年3月致函所有会员国、联合国系统各组织和其他相关的利益攸关方，邀请它们在2011年11月1日以前提供投入，并在2011年7月印发了关于提交投入的指导说明。[45]", "112. 主席团又请会议秘书长和大会秘书处编制一份关于赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果五个选项的调查报告。秘书处在联合国经济和社会事务执行委员会加强的协商下启动了这项行动。执行委员会认为，有必要扩大研究范围，把加强三大支柱每一支柱及其更有效整合的选项也包括在内。关于赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果的这项研究将成为执行委员会授权进行的更广泛研究的一部分，其结果将于2011年9月提交。", "113. 会员国、[46] 联合国系统各实体[47] 和各主要群体[48] 还将举行几次筹备会议。各区域委员会将其筹备会议日期订在2011年9月至12月之间。[49] 已编写了一些文件，以便为会议筹备和作为这些不同会议讨论的结果，也作为范围更广泛的筹备进程的一部分。[50]", "114. 会议秘书长[51] 同秘书处[52] 一道，通过下列方式支援会员国推进其筹备工作：共同组织会议，编制背景文件和问题简报，支助主席团各次会议和编制会员国要求提供的正式文件。", "115. 秘书处还通过经济和社会事务部与联合国开发计划署编制的一个合办项目提案支援国家一级的筹备工作。鉴于国家一级迫切需要支助，经济和社会事务部正通过能力建设方案在21个国家支助国内的筹备工作，这些国家大多是最不发达国家。已向联合国国家工作队传送指导说明，以便协助各国为参加会议进行筹备。", "116. 秘书处小组正在同各主要群体密切合作，组织咨询讲习班和其他培训活动。它还继续努力，为会议信托基金筹款，以便能支助更完善的国家筹备工作，和支助发展中国家和主要群体参与筹备会议。", "117. 会议的网站[53] 已予以加强。除了更方便用户之外，它还对大会召开之前筹备进程的各个方面提供了大量信息，并每日更新。已制定了计算机之间的通信协议，使会员国和其他利益攸关方能登录其各自的网页，直接更新信息，它们还可以联网送交它们对汇编文件的投入。也可通过每两周发行的通讯《里约20周年》定期增补最新资料。", "118. 会议秘书处还继续同东道国巴西政府和为此目的设立的一个部门间工作队协力推进筹备工作。截至本报告编写之日，秘书处已有四次组团前往巴西，工作重点分别是：评估会议的安全需要；审查举行会议所需的场地和建筑以及所有其他后勤筹备，包括会议室的数量和东道国协定。后勤方面的筹备工作还包括：里约20周年秘书处和东道国政府协力合作，探讨采用可持续方式举行会议，包括调查会议无纸化的可能性。", "119. 按照现有可用资源举行会议及其第三次筹备委员会会议，其模式可包括以下内容：", "(a) 联合国可持续发展会议", "高级别全体会议", "• 2012年6月4日上午9时至下午1时在开会地点举行大会高级别全体会议开幕式；", "• 6月4日下午3时至7时，6月5日上午9时至下午1时和下午3时至7时和6月6日上午9时至下午1时，在开会地点举行四次高级别全体会议；", "• 6月6日下午3时至7时在开会地点举行高级别全体会议闭幕式，预期在会议结束时将通过重点明确的政治文件和会议的报告。", "主要委员会", "将依照会议议事规则设立主要委员会。除了开幕和闭幕会议之外，如有必要，这个委员会也可同全体会议同时开会。主要委员会的首要任务是：最后敲定会议的成果文件和所有其他未决事项。", "高级别圆桌会议[54]", "高级别圆桌会议可有几种备选办法。一种选择是：在会议期间总共举行四次高级别圆桌会议：第一天(下午)一次，第二天(上午和下午)两次，第三天(上午)一次。这些高级别圆桌会议可以同全体会议同时开会。这些圆桌会议的报告可提交闭幕全体会议。", "其他会议活动", "总共可举行四次伙伴关系活动，以便为可持续发展委员会伙伴关系和其他多边利益攸关方的执行努力提供机会，汇报所取得的进展和指出新的活动和承诺。这些活动将在第一天(下午)，第二天(上午和下午)和第三天(上午)进行。关于这些活动的报告将提交闭幕全体会议。", "还可及早在筹备委员会第三次会议上开办一个学习中心，并在会议整段期间运行，根据是否有适当的培训教员和与会者的要求，就与可持续发展相关的课题，包括与会议专题具体相关的课题开设课程。将在会议开幕之前备妥课程表，同时列出课程说明，包括关于教员和教学语言的信息。关于学习中心的报告将提交闭幕全体会议。", "(b) 筹备委员会第三次会议⁵⁴", "筹备委员会第三次会议可包括下列内容：开幕和闭幕全体会议、关于成果文件的特设工作组的会议、多方利益攸关方圆桌会议和汇报国家资源评估成果的各次会议。在筹备委员会会议期间，关于成果文件的特设工作组视需要可以每天开会。该小组可紧接着开幕式之后开始工作，并在闭幕全体会议之前休会，其报告将提交闭幕全体会议。多方利益攸关方圆桌会议不妨在第一天下午和第二天上午开会。关于国家自愿评估成果的两次会议不妨在筹备委员会第三次会议的第二天下午和第三天上午举行。关于多方利益攸关方对话和国家自愿评估的报告将并入筹备委员会第三届会议的报告，转送联合国可持续发展大会。", "七. 接续的步骤", "120. 大会第六十六届会议将在议程项目19(a)下[55] 审议可持续发展问题。这将提供一个机会，最后确定会议的组织细节和方式。为此目的，建议大会：", "(a) 注意到秘书长报告所载、联合国可持续发展大会筹备活动的进展，并认可会议筹备委员会第二届会议报告所载的各项建议；", "(b) 核可会议的临时议程；", "(c) 决定筹备委员会第三届会议的工作安排和会议的工作安排；[56]", "(d) 核准经筹备委员会审议，载在A/CONF.216/PC/4内的会议暂行议事规则草案；", "(e) 核可为有关非政府组织和其他利益攸关方核证和参与会议作出的安排；", "(f) 决定会议应按照大会及其会议的既定惯例和依照大会议事规则，对联合国所有会员国和各专门机构的成员国开放，并有观察员参与；", "(g) 请秘书长就大会成果向大会第六十七届会议提交报告，并决定在其第六十七届会议临时议程中列入题为“《21世纪议程》和《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》的执行情况”的分项目，并考虑到大会的成果。", "[1] A/65/298。", "[2] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，里约热内卢，1992年6月3日至14日》，第一卷，《环发会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一。", "[3] Paul Raskin,Tariq Banuri,Gilbert Togallopin,Pablo Gutman,Al Hammond,Robert Kates,Rob Swart，《大转型：将来的指望与希望》；全球愿景小组的报告，斯德哥尔摩环境研究所(2002年)。", "[4] 见A/66/306。", "[5] 见第65/151号决议。", "[6] 见www.sustainableenergyforall.org/。", "[7] “促进可持续未来的能源”秘书长关于能源和气候变化问题咨询小组的摘要报告和建议。2010年4月28日，纽约。", "[8] 《2010年世界能源展望》，经济合作与发展组织/国际能源机构(2010年)。", "[9] 《2011年世界经济和社会概览》，联合国出版物，出售品编号C.11.II.C.1。", "[10] 能源强度是按每单位经济活动或产出(国民生产总值)所需的能源数量计量。", "[11] 《卫生和饮用水的进展，2010年最新资料》，世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会(2010年）。", "[12] 见A/66/277。", "[13] 见“世界粮食情势：粮农组织粮食价格指数”，粮农组织，可查阅www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/ wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/。", "[14] 见世界银行，“粮食价格高企和波动不定继续威胁世界穷人“第2011/430/PREM号新闻稿（2011年4月14日）。可查阅web.worldbank.org。", "[15] 见http://unfccc.int/methods_science/redd/items/4547.php。", "[16] 关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进度评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国经济和社会事务部。", "[17] 见部长级宣言，《关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划》，20国集团农业部长会议，2011年6月22日至23日，巴黎。可查阅www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/content/documents/110623_G20_ AgMinisters_Action_Plan_Agriculture_Food_Price_Volatility.pdf。", "[18] 联合国人类住区规划署，《2010/2011年度世界城市状况的报告——人人享有的城市：弥补都市差距》，(2010年)。", "[19] 见《2010年千年发展目标报告》，联合国出版物，出售品编号B.10.I.7(2010年)。", "[20] 见A/66/291。", "[21] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27，附件，第X/1号决定。", "[22] 在本报告提交之时。", "[23] 生物多样性公约秘书处，《全球生物多样性展望3》，蒙特利尔，(2010年)。可参阅www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf。", "[24] 《可持续发展问题全球首脑会议的报告，约翰内斯堡，南非，2002年8月26日至9月4日》(联合国出版物，出售品编号C.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议2，附件，第30段。", "[25] 联合国粮食和农业组织，《2010年世界渔业和水产养殖状况》，第一部分，第7页。", "[26] 政治合法性可定义为社区对共通规则的认同和认为合理，Steven Bernstein，“全球环境治理的合法性”，《国际法和国际关系月刊》，第1卷(1-2)(2005年)。", "[27] Steven Bernstein，“政府间和非国家全球治理的合法性”，《国际政治经济学评论》18(2011年2月)。", "[28] 见A/CONF.216/PC/7。", "[29] 联合国可持续发展委员会筹备进程第一次和第二次筹备委员会会议和第一次闭会期间会议共同主席摘要。可参阅www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=44。", "[30] 赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果提出了尚待审查的五个选项：加强环境署；设立一个新的可持续发展伞式组织；设立一个专门机构，如世界环境组织；改革联合国经济和社会理事会和联合国可持续发展委员会；以及加强机构改革和精简现有的结构。", "[31] 还有与环境有关的行政首长理事会和环境管理集团。已设立了若干专题性机构间机制，包括联合国能源机制，联合国海洋机制和联合国水机制，目的是促进联合国各实体之间的合作和信息共享。联合国发展集团在制定当地活动，将规范性决定化为业务方面发挥了作用。", "[32] 提出的一项建议是，引进一个普遍或自愿审查机制，作为改革后的可持续发展委员会的核心功能之一。", "[33] 见,A/CONF.216/PC/2。", "[34] 见联合国可持续发展委员会秘书处的大会网站中各主要群体的网址www.uncsd2012.org/ rio20/index.php?menu=35。", "[35] 世界银行，《2011年全球发展视野——多极性：新全球经济》，(2011年)。", "[36] 见UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1。", "[37] 《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.77.II.C.L)。", "[38] 《2011年千年发展目标报告》，联合国(2011年)。", "[39] 第一次闭会期间会议，2011年1月10日至11日。", "[40] 第二次筹备委员会会议，2011年3月7日至8日在纽约。", "[41] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=24&menu=25。", "[42] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=28&menu=24。", "[43] 见A/CONF.216/PC/8。", "[44] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=217&type=12&menu=24&template=435。", "[45] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=12&nr=238&menu=32。", "[46] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=50。", "[47] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=29。", "[48] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=27。", "[49] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=26。", "[50] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=20。", "[51] 主管经济和社会事务副秘书长由秘书长在2010年5月提名。", "[52] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=37。", "[53] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=14。", "[54] 将需要同大会筹备进程主席团协商，作出关于圆桌会议和伙伴关系活动的决定，内容包括数量、时间、主题、参与和如何提交圆桌会议的成果。", "[55] 根据大会第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150)。", "[56] 根据大会筹备进程主席团的提案。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/152, provides an update on the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, together with actions taken by Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and major groups, in advancing the implementation of sustainable development goals and targets, including through partnerships for sustainable development. The report also includes the progress of the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Overview 3III.Priority 4 sectors and cross-cutting \nissues IV.Institutions 21 and \ngovernance V.Actions 25 in international cooperation and means of \nimplementation VI.Progress 30 in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable \nDevelopment VII.Next 33 \nsteps", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report provides information on the progress made in implementing General Assembly resolution 65/152. The resolution called for the effective implementation of the commitments, programmes and time-bound targets adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the fulfilment of provisions relating to means of implementation, as contained in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. The resolution reiterated that the Commission on Sustainable Development is the high-level body responsible for sustainable development within the United Nations system and a forum for the consideration of issues related to the integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development.", "2. The report comes in the middle of the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and at a time when the Commission on Sustainable Development failed to reach a conclusion largely because of the lack of consensus on repeating past agreements pertaining to the means of implementation.", "3. This report should be read in conjunction with other reports submitted under the agenda item on sustainable development.", "II. Overview", "4. Last year’s report[1] emphasized the broad and multidimensional nature of sustainable development, integrating and balancing the three dimensions — economic, social and environmental — as well as serving as a bridge between developed and developing countries, among Governments, business and civil society, and between present and future generations.", "5. The present report elaborates further on how to promote closer convergence among the three pillars of sustainable development.", "6. The Rio Principles[2] provide a systematic framework for international cooperation on sustainable development, including commitments to human welfare, national sovereignty, right to development, environmental protection, poverty eradication, protection of the vulnerable, and common but differentiated responsibilities, and sustainable consumption and production. These principles provide the foundation for subsequent agreements, including those to be reached at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "7. The challenges to sustainable development come from three sources. First, despite the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, the goal of poverty eradication is still elusive. Second, the adverse impacts on nature and natural resources have reached alarming levels. Third, international commitment to affirming and implementing past decisions will be needed. Poverty eradication is associated with rapid economic growth and industrialization, which, in the absence of access to new technologies and financial resources, will require natural resources; and this can place stresses on an environment already heavily stressed by the prior development and current consumption patterns of high-income countries. Thus, a shift towards sustainable consumption and production patterns, led by the high-income countries, must go hand-in-hand with sustainable development of low-income countries.", "8. Nonetheless, analyses suggest that the momentum towards an unsustainable future can be reversed. This change of direction will require a combination of factors, including access to technology and finance by poor countries, development and deployment of advanced technologies, enhanced access to energy services, shifts in lifestyles and values, and consistent political commitment. It takes many decades to realign human activity with a healthy environment, to make poverty obsolete, and to ameliorate the deep fissures that divide people. This realignment requires thus a long-term political commitment.", "9. Climate change is already a reality. It has begun to place stress on ecological systems, water resources, and food security, and has contributed to an increased frequency of natural disasters. Such stresses may persist, and may lead to the loss of lives and property. A planetary transition towards a humane, just and ecological future[3] will require sustainable economic growth through greening of the economy, increased investment in green infrastructure, strengthening of the social pillar and creation of greener jobs, and unprecedented levels of international cooperation.", "10. A key element of this agenda is the enhanced access to sustainable, modern, affordable energy services by poor countries. Energy is critical not only for economic growth and industrial development, but also for each of the Millennium Development Goals, and for reducing the pressure on natural resources.", "11. The core idea is not only to integrate and combine environment and development in a synergistic manner, but also to effectively mainstream sustainability considerations into economic and developmental decision-making, and indeed to ensure that all development actions are approached through the prism of sustainability. In return, investing in the environment, such as in protecting, restoring and replenishing the assets provided by nature, could act as an important driver for future economic prosperity.", "12. Member States, United Nations system entities and other stakeholders have identified a number of priority sectors that the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development should address and on which the Conference should ideally yield decisions and initiatives. Several of these are discussed in section III of the report.", "III. Priority sectors and cross-cutting issues", "Energy[4]", "13. The year 2012 has been proclaimed the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All,[5] emphasizing the importance of energy access for all to sustainable development and poverty eradication, as well as of protection of the environment through the sustainable use of traditional energy resources, cleaner technologies and newer energy sources.[6]", "14. Current energy systems are inadequate to meet the needs of the world’s poor and are jeopardizing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Worldwide, the “energy-poor” suffer the health consequences of inefficient combustion of solid fuels in inadequately ventilated buildings, as well as the economic consequences of insufficient power for productive income-generating activities and for other basic services such as health and education. Women and girls in the developing world are disproportionately affected in this regard.[7]", "15. Despite two decades of climate change policies, thousands of programmes, initiatives, regulations, market-based instruments and international agreements, and the disbursement of hundreds of billions of dollars in subsidies, funds, research and research and development efforts, and development aid, the declared goal of establishing a renewable low-carbon energy system on a global scale remains elusive.", "16. It is estimated that government support worldwide for both electricity from renewables and for biofuels will be $205 billion, or 0.17 per cent of global gross domestic product (GDP), by 2035. Between 2010 and 2035, 35 per cent will go to renewables-based electricity, while global biofuel use will increase from 1 million barrels per day today to 4.4 million barrels per day in 2035, with the United States, the European Union and Brazil expected to remain the largest producers and consumers of biofuels.[8]", "17. The growth rates for the diffusion of renewable energy technologies since 2000 have been impressive but are still insufficient. In 2005, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 6 per cent, hydroelectricity for 3 per cent and biomass for 4 per cent. Modern renewables jointly accounted for less than 1 per cent.[9] Similarly, the renascence of nuclear power has barely made up for losses of older capacities that are increasingly being phased out.⁹ The current trajectory is nowhere near attaining a realistic path towards complete decarbonization of the global energy system by 2050.", "18. Simplistic solutions dominate present national and global debates on how to meet the energy technology innovation imperative. Technology optimists suggest “big push” policies to scale up available technologies. Others focus on market incentives and hope that the necessary technological transformation will come about by “getting prices right” through internalizing environmental externalities.", "19. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development has the opportunity to bring all this together in a common effort to transform the global energy system over the coming decades, by (a) expanding access to clean energy; (b) enhancing industrial energy efficiency; and (c) promoting green industry as an integral component of the transition to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. The Conference can be an opportunity to ask the global community to set very concrete targets conducive to this energy transformation.", "20. Timescales for this transition to sustainable energy need to be realistic and feasible. By 2030, there is an opportunity for the world to be well on its way to a fundamental transformation of its energy system, allowing developing countries to leapfrog current systems and shift to cleaner, sustainable, affordable and reliable energy services.⁷ The international community can also be asked to provide by 2030 universal access to modern energy services, thus widening access for the 2 to 3 billion people excluded from modern energy services to a basic minimum threshold of modern energy services for both consumption and productive uses. The Conference can also promote the use of renewable energy to be 30 per cent of all global energy use by 2030. This will play a central role in securing a more reliable and sustainable energy path. The Conference can also spearhead the reduction of global energy intensity[10] by 40 per cent by 2030. By 2050, it is feasible to transform the global energy system into an almost carbon-free one (see figure 1).⁹", "21. Attaining these goals will require unprecedented and worldwide coordinated measures, including major shifts in regulatory regimes in almost every economy, vast incremental infrastructure investments (likely to be more than $1 trillion annually),⁹ accelerated development and deployment of multiple new energy technologies, and a fundamental behavioural shift in energy consumption. Major shifts in human and institutional capacity and governance will also be required.", "22. Globally, the replacement cost of the existing fossil fuel and nuclear power infrastructure is at least $15 trillion to $20 trillion. Clearly, it is unlikely that the world will decide overnight to write off $15 trillion to $20 trillion in infrastructure and replace it with a renewable energy system having an even higher price tag. At the same time, it should be noted that the long-term incentive to change the existing energy system should be powerful, too, particularly in view of the fact that oil importers spent about $2 trillion to buy crude oil in 2007.⁹", "Figure 1", "Renewable energy plans for the world", "[]", "Note: Data converted and adjusted for the world population of 6.9 billion in 2010.", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011 (2011).", "23. Both the international community and governments need to make renewables cost-competitive with other energy sources and technologies, and to stimulate technological advances.", "24. All countries have a role to play: the high-income countries can contribute by making this goal a development assistance priority and catalysing financing; the middle-income countries can contribute by sharing relevant expertise, experience and replicable good practices; and the low-income countries can help create the right local institutional, regulatory and policy environment for investments to be made, including by the private sector. Policymakers and business leaders must place much greater emphasis on transforming the performance of national and regional energy systems over the coming decades. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development would also be a good opportunity to find strategies and solutions, including the role of the public sector and international cooperation.", "25. Developing countries in particular need to expand access to reliable and modern energy services if they are to reduce poverty and improve the health of their citizens, while at the same time increasing productivity, enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth.", "26. Developed and developing countries alike need to build and strengthen their capacity to implement effective policies, market-based mechanisms, business models, investment tools and regulations with regard to energy use. Achieving this goal will require the international community to harmonize technical standards for key energy-consuming products and equipment, to accelerate the transfer of know-how and good practices, and to catalyse increased private capital flows into investments in energy efficiency. The successful adoption of these measures would reduce global energy intensity by about 2.5 per cent per year — approximately double the historic rate.⁷", "27. In this context, energy is a strong amplifier of sustainable development and a necessary element of a transition to a green economy. This requires a long-term approach towards energy security. Better-focused and greater efforts to move to cleaner and renewable energy will be needed to ensure climate stabilization while allowing developing countries to satisfy their rapidly increasing demand for commercial energy, which is linked to their development aspirations. Global and national energy policy is also development policy and thus must demonstrate special consideration of the poor. Optimal policy packages depend strongly on a country’s institutions, development stage, resource endowments and socio-political preferences, and will change over time.", "28. Establishing an international initiative to develop road maps for innovative technologies and for cooperating on existing and new partnerships, including carbon capture and storage, and other advanced energy technologies, can be one way to develop, deploy and foster clean energy technologies, encouraging a wide range of policy instruments such as transparent regulatory frameworks, economic and fiscal incentives, and public/private partnerships to foster private sector investments in new technologies.", "29. The transformation of energy systems could be uneven and, if poorly handled, could lead to a widening “energy gap” between advanced and least developed nations, and even to periodic energy security crises. But handled well, through a balanced framework of cooperation and competition, energy system transformation has the potential to be a source of sustainable wealth creation for the world’s growing population while reducing the strain on its resources and climate.", "Water", "30. Water is essential for achieving sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals. Properly managing water resources is an essential component of growth, social and economic development, poverty reduction and equity, and sustainable environmental services.", "31. As there are many competing demands on water, investment in water infrastructure and better management of water are key to meet all needs, particularly in rural areas and to enhance agricultural productivity. As development proceeds, with the shift to commercial and industrial activities in urban areas, water has to be managed for energy and food production, transportation, flood control, and drinking water and sanitation, as well as for industrial and commercial activities.", "32. These needs are not always recognized. Usually water is mostly talked about in the context of safe drinking water and sanitation. These are important issues as 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation, while 884 million people do not use improved sources for drinking water.[11] It also needs to be recognized that there is an urgent need to address the inherent interrelationship between water and other important development-related sectors, like energy, food, and the environment.", "33. Decision-making on water requires seeking synergies and selecting appropriate trade-offs. It also requires distinguishing between short-term “fire-fighting” — responding to the urgent issues of the day — and long-term strategic development. Developing multipurpose water schemes and reusing water wherever feasible can lessen the need for trade-offs by enabling the same volumes of scarce water to deliver multiple outcomes.", "34. A new dialogue between developed countries and developing countries on water management and its role in sustainable development is urgently needed. Countries should work together to identify socio-economic priorities and to invest in and use water to power the engines of growth, so that instead of competing demands on water, they will become complementary.", "35. The challenges are great, but the unsustainable management and inequitable access to water resources cannot continue because the risks of inaction are even greater and can jeopardize achievements in other sectors of sustainable development. Leaders inside and outside the water domain have critical, complementary roles. Leaders in the water domain can inform the processes outside this domain and manage water resources to achieve agreed socio-economic and environmental objectives. But leaders in government, the private sector and civil society determine the direction that actions will take. The international community can provide a platform where this integrated approach to water is recognized and commitments are undertaken in its support. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can be such a platform.", "Food security and sustainable agriculture[12]", "36. From 2007 to 2009, a food price hike followed by the financial crisis and global economic recession pushed the number of hungry and undernourished people in the world to unprecedented levels, reaching a peak in 2009 of more than 1 billion. In the first half of 2010, world agricultural commodity markets appeared to enter calmer times, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimated that the number of undernourished would decline to about 925 million with falling food prices.", "37. But food prices began to rise again from the later half of 2010. The FAO Food Price Index hit its all time high of 238 points in February 2011. It averaged 234 points in June, 39 per cent higher than in June 2010. The FAO Cereal Price Index averaged 259 points in June, 71 per cent higher than in June 2010.[13] According to the World Bank, without action to increase the supply of food, 10 million more people could fall below the $1.25 a day extreme poverty line in addition to the 44 million pushed into poverty by soaring food prices during 2010.[14] The 22 countries regarded as facing a “protracted food security crisis” are home to over 165 million undernourished people (about 20 per cent of the world’s total population).¹⁴", "38. This shows the importance of investment in agriculture, especially sustainable agriculture, as current agricultural technology, practices and land-use patterns cannot achieve an increase in food production between 70 and 100 per cent by 2050 to feed a growing population without further contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and land degradation.⁹", "39. However, the share of total official development assistance (ODA) allocated to agriculture fell from a peak of 18 per cent in 1978 to 4 per cent in 2009, with ODA earmarked for agriculture having decreased significantly in the 1990s (see figure 2).", "Figure 2 Total volume and share of ODA allocated to agriculture, 1995-2009", "[]", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011 (2011).", "40. One major consequence of unsustainable agriculture is increased land degradation in severity and extent, in many parts of the world, with about 40 per cent of the world’s land surface degraded (25 per cent has been degraded over the past quarter-century alone) and with an estimated 1.5 billion people directly dependent on agriculture⁹ (see figure 3). Land degradation has negative effects on climate, biodiversity, water ecosystems, landscape and other ecosystem services.", "41. While agriculture contributes significantly to the problem of climate change, it is also vulnerable to its effects. Climate change impacts agriculture in many ways, with changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic variability affecting the timing and length of growing seasons and yields and thereby exacerbating land degradation and contributing to water scarcity (see figure 4).", "Figure 3", "[] Global environmental impacts of land degradation", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011 (2011).", "Figure 4 Projections of climatic changes and corresponding impacts on agriculture", "Projected change\tLikelihood offuture trends basedon projections forthe twenty-firstcentury\tProjected impactson agriculture \nWarmer and fewercold days andnights; warmer andmore frequent hotdays and nights overmost land areas\tVirtually certain\tIncreased yields incolderenvironments;decreased yields inwarmer environments\nWarmspells/heatwaves:frequency increasesover most land areas\tVery likely\tReduced yields inwarmer regions dueto heat stress atkey developmentstages; increaseddanger of wildfire\nHeavy precipitationevents: frequencyincreases over mostareas\tVery likely\tDamage to crops;soil erosion,inability tocultivate land dueto water-logging ofsoils\nArea affected bydrought increases\tLikely\tLand degradation;lower yields/cropdamage and failure;increased livestockdeaths; increasedrisk of wildfire\nIntense tropicalcyclone activityincreases\tLikely\tDamage to crops;windthrow of trees\nIncreased incidenceof extreme high sealevel\tLikely\tSalinization ofirrigation and wellwater", "Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007a, table 3.2., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC.", "42. The productivity of some lands has declined by 50 per cent owing to soil erosion and desertification. Globally, the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs about $400 billion per year, or approximately $70 per person per year. Nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) depletion also has a severe global economic impact.", "43. Deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity, as forests provide food, inputs and services that support crop and livestock production.⁹ This is why one of the most significant developments in the combating deforestation agenda since Agenda 21 has been the emergence of the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) concept. REDD seeks to address the drivers of deforestation and develop a greater appreciation of the crucial role forests play in climate change adaption and mitigation. However, its integration into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has proved complex, taking a two-year process of deliberations for the Conference of the Parties to adopt a decision on the issue.[15]", "44. In this regard, despite the creation of a specific United Nations REDD initiative, launched in 2008 to assist developing countries prepare and implement REDD-plus strategies, the funding, organization and implementation of a fully operational international REDD mechanism continues to be negotiated under the UNFCCC. Nonetheless, REDD-plus programmes have begun to have significant impacts in several countries. In addition to the committed $1 billion contribution to a joint fund, a total of $3.5 billion for REDD for the period 2010-2012 has been pledged.[16]", "45. There is often a strong association between the distribution of poor people reliant on agriculture and fragile environments. Poor people are likely to be farming steeper land and drier, less fertile soils and in more remote areas. Natural resource degradation may also exacerbate gender inequalities by increasing the time required for fulfilment of female responsibilities such as food production, fuelwood collection, and soil and water conservation.", "46. Agricultural production systems can further adversely affect human health. Water pollution from inorganic fertilizers and livestock waste undermines the safety of drinking water and aquatic food. Pesticides negatively affect the health of farm workers. Transportation of agricultural products has also promoted the cross-border spread of pests and diseases. In addition, desertification-induced dust storms can cause respiratory disorders.", "47. All this shows that combating hunger and malnutrition in a sustainable manner and guarding against high and volatile food prices will require a radically different approach that addresses the structural constraints on food production within a wider framework of sustainable natural resource management. Synergies need to be identified among the different sectors to implement important “win-win” options through better resource management and an enabling institutional environment. Only with such as integrated approach can land degradation and deforestation be reduced and water used sustainably while, at the same time, productivity be increased.", "48. The world now needs a truly green revolution in agriculture; one that is conducive to the kind of technological innovation that aims to radically improve the productivity of small farm holdings through environmentally sustainable natural resource management embedded in broader developmental agricultural support measures.", "49. The Group of Twenty (G-20) has already proposed an action plan on food price volatility and agriculture, which will be submitted to its leaders at its summit in November 2011. Its main objectives will be to (a) improve agricultural production and productivity both in the short- and long-term, in order to respond to a growing demand for agricultural commodities; (b) increase market information and transparency in order to better anchor expectations from governments and economic operators; (c) strengthen international policy coordination in order to enhance confidence in international markets and to prevent and respond to food market crises more efficiently; (d) improve and develop risk management tools for governments, firms and farmers in order to build capacity to manage and mitigate the risks associated with food price volatility, in particular in the poorest countries; (e) improve the functioning of agricultural commodities’ derivatives markets (this objective is being pursued through the work of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors).[17]", "50. But the international community has much more to contribute to a global agenda for food security and sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can be the right framework to renew commitments, such as the one regarding the financial pledges made in the aftermath of the food crisis of 2007-2008 to eradicate hunger.", "51. Other proposals deserving serious consideration include (a) a reform of agricultural subsidies in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, including subsidies to biofuels, and support for new-generation biofuels to reduce the diversion of agricultural land use from food production; (b) increased international investment in agricultural research and development for food security, with private sector participation; (c) new financing mechanisms to expand payments to small farm holders in developing countries for environmental services that help protect natural resources, preserve biodiversity and increase carbon sequestration in agriculture and forestry; (d) the elimination of non-tariff barriers to food trade, which prevent the expansion of markets, to include small-scale producers in developing countries; (e) the adoption of green footprint standards; (f) effective regulation of commodity futures markets to avert speculation with food prices; (g) the prevention of export bans on food crops and panic buying in response to weather-related catastrophes, in order to reduce large price spikes; and (h) the establishment of mechanisms to protect vulnerable populations utilizing safety nets and food assistance, such as building a global grain reserve, in order to reduce the impact of increasing food prices.¹⁷", "Urbanization", "52. By 2030 all developing regions, including Asia and Africa, will have more people living in urban than rural areas with the expectations of 69 per cent of population living in cities by 2050[18] (see figure 5).", "Figure 5 []Selected global city-regions, urban corridors and mega-regions", "Source: State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011, UN-Habitat, 2010.", "53. This trend has both its advantages and disadvantages. Cities offer human beings the potential to share urban spaces, participate in public and private events and exercise both duties and rights. These opportunities in turn make it possible to cultivate societal values and define modes of governance and other rules that enable human beings to produce goods, trade with others and get access to well-being. On the other hand, the urban divide can be so wide that the rich live in well-serviced neighbourhoods, gated communities and well-built formal settlements, whereas the poor are confined to inner-city or peri-urban informal settlements and slums.", "54. This physical divide takes the form of social, cultural and economic exclusion. The urban divide is the face of injustice and a symptom of systemic dysfunction. Cities need to be vehicles for social change: places where new values, beliefs and ideas can forge a different growth paradigm that promotes rights and opportunities for all members of society. The concept of an “inclusive city”, or “a city for all”, encompasses the social and economic benefits of greater equality and environment protection, promoting positive outcomes for each and every individual in society.", "55. For this to be achieved, local city authorities, but also broadly authorities at the national level, need to address key challenges of today’s urbanization, by promoting integrated land-use planning, expanding access to basic services, encouraging sustainable buildings and implementing sustainable transport. They need to anticipate expansion with sound planning policies and related actions that control the speculation associated with urban sprawl. Cities must also grant rights to the urban poor, along with affordable serviced land and security of tenure, if further peripherization is to be avoided.", "56. This also means reduction of people living in slums. Over the past 10 years, the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has declined significantly: from 39 per cent in 2000 to 33 per cent in 2010. On a global scale, this is cause for optimism. However, in absolute terms, the number of slum-dwellers in the developing world is actually growing and is expected to rise in the near future. Informal settlements in the developing world are growing, and the number of urban residents living in slum conditions is now estimated at some 828 million, compared to 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.[19]", "57. Policy reforms to prevent future slum growth through equitable planning and adequate economic policies are necessary. The spatial divide of slums, which are often physically isolated and disconnected from the main urban fabric in developing country cities, does not just reflect income inequalities among households; it is also a by-product of inefficient land and housing markets, ineffective financial mechanisms and poor urban planning.", "58. It is therefore necessary that laws and regulations benefit the urban poor, especially women. Empowering the poor and lifting them out of poverty is essential for taking advantage of the urban dwelling.", "59. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can be a good forum to pave the way to this urban inclusiveness, especially by considering the following strategic steps: assessing the past and measuring progress (understanding the specific factors that contributed to the current situation and assessing future policies and practices to monitor progress and evaluate performance); making institutions stronger and more effective; building new linkages and alliances among the various tiers of government (combining policies and resources among public and private sectors and civil society); demonstrating a sustained vision to promote inclusiveness (i.e., a workable plan with clearly defined funding sources and accounting mechanisms); and ensuring the redistribution of opportunities (by promoting cities as the primary locus for innovation, industrial and technological progress, entrepreneurship and creativity).¹⁹", "60. This strategic framework for inclusive and sustainable cities can be enhanced by considering the following policy catalysts: improve quality of life, especially for the urban poor by creating conditions for improved access to safe and healthy shelter, secure tenure, basic services and social amenities such as health and education; invest in human capital formation which is a condition for socio‑economic development and a more equitable distribution of the urban advantage; foster sustained economic opportunities that can stimulate sustained economic growth for poor and underprivileged populations through promotion of labour-intensive projects; enhance political inclusion by engaging citizens in decision-making; promote cultural inclusion such as social capital, tradition, symbols, meaning, sense of belonging and pride of place, on top of use of local cultural resources by local communities.¹⁹", "Biodiversity[20]", "61. Biodiversity, if managed sustainably, offers opportunities for poverty eradication, human well-being and livelihood, and sociocultural integrity of people. However, in the 20 years since the Rio summit, biological diversity has continued to decline in three main areas: ecosystems, genes and species (see figure 6). The world has missed the 2010 target to achieve a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels. Nearly 17,000 species of plants and animals are known to be threatened with extinction. Based on current trends, the loss of species will continue throughout this century, with increasing risk of dramatic shifts in ecosystems and erosion of benefits for society. Billions of people, including many of the poorest, rely directly on diverse species of plants and animals for their livelihoods and often for their survival.", "Figure 6", "Trends in biodiversity Trends in biodiversity Trends in biodiversity since 1970 in since 1970 in Latin since 1970 in sub-Saharan Africa America Indo-Pacific", "[] [] []", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "62. Several obstacles prevent the full implementation of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, including limited capacity in both developed and developing countries of financial, human and technical issues; the absence of, or difficulties in accessing, scientific information; limited awareness of biodiversity issues among the general public and decision makers; limited biodiversity mainstreaming; fragmented decision-making and limited communication between different ministries or sectors; and the absence of economic valuation of biodiversity (see figure 7).", "Figure 7", "Issues\tALL\tIN\tET\tOD\tLD\tSI \nLack of financial, human andtechnical resources \nLack of public education andawareness at all levels \nLack of economic incentivemeasures \nLoss of biodiversity, goods andservices not properlyunderstood, documented \nLack of knowledge and practiceon ecosystem-based management \nInadequate capacity to act,caused by institutionalweaknesses \n Lack of effective partnerships \nLack of horizontal cooperationamong stakeholders \nUnsustainable consumption andproduction patterns \nLack of mainstreaming andintegration of biodiversityissues \n Lack of benefit-sharing \nLack of capacities for localcommunities \nLack of precautionary andproactive measures, reactivepolicies \nLack of synergies at thenational and internationallevels \nLack of political will andsupport to implement the CBD \nLimited public participationand stakeholder involvement \nLack of transfer of technologyand expertise \nLack of adequate scientificresearch capacities \n Loss of traditional knowledge \nExisting scientific andtraditional knowledge not fullyutilized \nLack of appropriate policiesand laws \n Weak law enforcement capacity", "Note: column headings: ALL = all reporting countries; IN = industrialized countries; ET = countries with economies in transition; OD = other developing countries (i.e., developing countries excluding least developed countries and small island developing States); LD = least developed countries; SI = small island developing States.", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2011).", "63. If these challenges are not addressed, there is a high risk of dramatic biodiversity loss and accompanying degradation of a broad range of ecosystem services, especially if ecosystems are pushed beyond certain thresholds or tipping points. Well-targeted policies focusing on critical areas, species and ecosystem services are essential to avoid the most dangerous impacts on people and societies. Preventing further human-induced biodiversity loss for the near-term future will be extremely challenging, but biodiversity loss may be halted and, in some aspects, reversed in the longer term, if urgent, concerted and effective action is initiated now in support of an agreed long-term vision.", "64. The most important challenge facing biodiversity is shortage of funds. Innovative financial mechanisms, which would leverage additional funds from the private sector, have been proposed such as payments for ecosystem services based on a beneficiary pays system; a biodiversity offset mechanism based on the polluter pays principle; environmental fiscal reform using taxation policies; the creation of markets for green products; and international financial mechanisms such as global lottery, global bonds and trust funds, public guarantees and insurance mechanisms, equity investments, green development mechanisms and a currency transaction tax.¹⁶ However, these measures are not readily accepted by a number of developing countries, which fear additional costs and a decrease in development assistance.", "65. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity,[21] which was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its tenth meeting on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, is an international agreement that aims at sharing in a fair and equitable way the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. The agreement provides for the appropriate access to genetic resources and appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding, thereby contributing to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components. This might present yet another mechanism to safeguard biodiversity. Since it opened for signature in February 2011, it has been signed by 38 parties.[22] The agreement presents, however, another challenge as it touches on international regimes, such as the trade-related intellectual property rights regime.", "66. Effective action to address biodiversity loss depends on addressing the underlying causes or indirect drivers of that decline. This requires strategic planning and greater efficiency in the use of land, energy, fresh water and materials to meet growing demand and to reconcile development with conservation of biodiversity; use of market incentives; avoidance of perverse subsidies to minimize unsustainable resource use and wasteful consumption; ensuring the benefits arising from use of and access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge — for example, through the development of drugs and cosmetics — are equitably shared with the countries and cultures from which they are obtained; communication, education and awareness-raising to ensure that everyone understands the value of biodiversity and what steps can be taken to protect it, including through changes in personal consumption and behaviour.[23]", "67. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can ensure that better decisions for biodiversity are made at all levels and in all sectors, in particular the major economic sectors. Governments have a key enabling role to play in this regard. National programmes or legislation can be crucial in creating a favourable environment to support effective “bottom-up” initiatives led by communities, local authorities, or businesses. This also includes empowering indigenous peoples and local communities to take responsibility for biodiversity management and decision-making; and developing systems to ensure that the benefits arising from access to genetic resources are equitably shared.", "Oceans", "68. Oceans, comprising 72 per cent of the Earth’s surface, constitute a major part of the planet that supports life, drive the climate and hydrological cycles and provide vital resources. Oceans, seas islands and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the Earth’s ecosystem and are critical to global food security and sustainable economic prosperity and the well-being of many national economies, particularly in developing countries.[24] Globally, the fish sector provides income and livelihood for millions of people. In 2008 fish and aquatic plant sales amounted to $106 billion, and the fisheries industry provided livelihoods for about 540 million people, or 8 per cent of the world population.[25] A focus on ensuring healthy and productive oceans is a vital component for achieving sustainable development goals, including those related to promoting a green economy. However, the progress has been slow.", "69. Under the aegis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the implementation of oceans-related decisions include the establishment of the Agreement relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea to advise the General Assembly. The General Assembly has also established a regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment. Port States’ measures to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing are overseen by FAO and the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization. Furthermore, regional fisheries management organizations have been set up to deal with region-specific challenges.", "70. Despite these efforts, the World Summit on Sustainable Development target of restoring fish stocks to their maximum sustainable yields by 2015 are likely to be unmet, as are other targets, including the reversal of biodiversity loss in the oceans and the elimination of destructive fishing practices. The establishment of marine protected areas, another decision taken at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, is taking place at a slow pace. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development represents an opportunity to take action to speed up implementation and take action on newly emerging threats such as ocean acidification, ocean noise and plastics, microplastics and marine debris.", "IV. Institutions and governance", "71. Governance today is, on the one hand, more complex and, on the other, more inclusive. It is more complex because State actors are not the only ones, and it is more inclusive because for governance to be democratic and to be considered politically legitimate[26] it needs to incorporate non-State actors, notably business, industry and civil society at large.", "72. Attention to legitimacy arises because of a perceived need to increase the authority necessary to promote sustainable development. To improve institutional legitimacy, mechanisms and processes are needed to create common and coherent expectations across relevant stakeholders and communities that may have very different conceptions of legitimate governance or sustainable development. For example, countries at different levels of development or with different political cultures may view trade-offs differently between universal participation and efficiency in decision-making, or have different understandings of the appropriate role of States and markets in development. Similarly, market actors (firms, business associations, investors) may stress pragmatic and performance legitimacy criteria, whereas social and environmental groups may judge legitimacy on the grounds of environmental and social integrity and prioritize procedural legitimacy and accountability to wider communities. Meeting legitimacy demands will require ways to encourage bridging across these potentially different understandings.[27]", "73. Institutions and governance need to perform a normative function, a technical and analytical function, an operational function and a role in monitoring implementation. Institutions also need to reflect the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development.", "74. So far little has been done in the integration area. The enabling framework for the integration of all three pillars of sustainable development has been weak at all levels: international, regional and national and even subnational and local. In a number of deliberations, both Governments and other stakeholders blame the fragmentation of institutions. However, institutions are a result of functions they have been asked to perform. Sustainable development cannot be an afterthought of overall development, but must be mainstreamed into development. The institutional framework needs to reflect this integration from the start.", "75. Coming to institutions, they cover a spectrum of formal and less formal bodies, organizations, networks and arrangements that are involved in policymaking or implementation activities. Globally, the institutional framework has witnessed a dramatic growth in the number of institutions and agreements, with more than 500 multilateral environmental agreements currently in existence. Thus the reach of sustainable development governance has greatly expanded, but, at the same time, it is fragmented and lacks coherence and coordination.", "76. Many arrangements have been created with only limited governmental involvement.[28] These include the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a global network that includes Governments and many non-governmental actors; the United Nations Global Compact, which has emerged as a formal link for the United Nations system to engage with the private sector, is based on the commitment to eight core principles. There has also been considerable innovation in the development of standards and codes by non-governmental actors, with varying degrees of involvement by Governments and international institutions. A range of voluntary initiatives seeks to broaden the adoption of key principles, such as the Equator Principles on financing, the Global Reporting Initiative, which aims to lift the bar for corporate reporting on sustainability, and the International Organization for Standardization process, most recently addressing corporate social responsibility.", "77. In addition, establishing strong networks and exchange of information among all actors and stakeholders, as well as involving them in decision-making processes, could be the right track not only to keep focus on the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development, but also to ensure implementation, review and monitoring at all levels.", "78. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can look at different options and might want to decide how best to enable structures and institutions to work in a more synergistic way in order to deliver on international commitments, but also to help efforts at the national level.", "79. At the international level, it has been underlined that the institutional framework needs to be supportive of the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development, and should avoid duplication and strengthen coherence and synergies,[29] including among normative, technical and analytical, and operational work. The United Nations needs to have a strong intergovernmental body for sustainable development that can promote integration of the three pillars, but also deal with new emerging issues, and monitor and review progress in implementation.", "80. A number of options have been presented for strengthening the institutional framework for sustainable development, including those of the Helsinki-Nairobi Outcome.[30] Some propose new structures, but the majority seem to be in favour of strengthening the existing structures or elevating them to a higher level. Thus there is discussion of the merits of creating a new world environment organization, changing the Economic and Social Council into a Sustainable Development Council or creating a forum within the Economic and Social Council that would deal with sustainable development. There are also proposals to elevate the Commission on Sustainable Development to the Sustainable Development Council as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly.", "81. To balance the three pillars and align the environmental pillar with the others, there have been proposals to strengthen UNEP. Options discussed have explored elevating the United Nations Environment Programme to specialized agency status, creating a World Environment Organization or simply revising the mandate of United Nations Environment Programme within its current structure.", "82. Better coherence and coordination within the United Nations system is proposed to be enhanced by creating an inter-agency mechanism for sustainable development. With the present arrangements[31] there is an apparent disconnect between the bodies making normative decisions and the bodies delivering on normative commitments made at the global level. Those currently responsible for implementation feel only weak ownership of the normative decisions unless they are incorporated into mandates from their own governing bodies.", "83. At the national level, one response to the integration challenge has been to create new institutions, such as national councils, in many cases with disappointing results. An arguably more effective alternative has been to integrate economic, environmental and social goals within the mandate of existing institutions. Longer-term budgeting and sound regulatory instruments can be important tools for integration.", "84. At one level, integration can refer to the inclusion of the dimensions of sustainable development in the formulation of legal frameworks, the definition of property rights and the organization of government. At another level, integration refers to the process of day-to-day implementation; that is, how policies, management decisions, instruments and interventions are deployed. Integrated implementation is facilitated by factors such as the presence of the requisite capacity in government and civil society; compatible objectives; the existence of supportive legal and institutional frameworks; and easy access to data and information for decision-making. At the national level, horizontal integration across sectoral institutions and between different levels of government assumes great importance.²⁸", "85. Another important element at the regional and national levels is improving analysis, assessment and scientific research, as well as monitoring and accountability. In this regard, there is a role not only for international institutions, which, can help in monitoring and accountability,[32] but also for regional and national institutions, which, with their presence on the ground, can support national and local analysis, data gathering and assessment and build national and local capacity for analysis, establishment and enforcement of regulatory and incentive frameworks.", "86. It must be recognized that, at the national level, considerable progress has been achieved in strengthening institutional mechanisms dealing with policy formulation, coordination, implementation and review. Many countries have put in place national sustainable development strategies and related instruments, but these are seldom the most important reference documents for economics ministries and donors. A central challenge is to ensure that such strategies have an impact on policymaking and implementation. Various mechanisms can be used to monitor the progress and implementation of national sustainable development strategies, including internal reviews, external auditing, parliamentary and budgetary reviews and indicator-based monitoring.³²", "87. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can pave the way to better connect international, regional and national levels in order to strengthen implementation, as well as the monitoring of progress.", "88. Effective public participation aids the integration of the three pillars in policy formulation and implementation. Policy formulation and implementation are more than a wise allocation of resources and good stewardship; the process matters. Ignoring social marginalization, vulnerability and the uneven distribution of resources frays the trust needed for collective action. Giving greater voice to the poor and marginalized groups in decision-making is thus a high priority. Providing better access by the poor to information can be a valuable means of empowerment.", "89. More can be done to build on progress made to promote transparency and accountability through access to information and stakeholder involvement in decision-making. In this regard, the participation of major groups in the work of the Commission on Sustainable Development is an important feature and needs to be further enhanced in any future arrangements. In recent years, close to 1,000 representatives of 9 major groups have pre-registered for sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development, and several hundred participate actively in the process. Accelerating implementation at the country level, however, requires, in addition to current efforts, engaging with many international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that are managing large-scale implementation of sustainable development projects but are not currently represented at Commission sessions. Thus, broadening the base of participation by major groups in the Commission process is important.[33] Major groups have also been very active in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.[34]", "90. Partnerships are another important element of governance arrangements and, since the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the Commission on Sustainable Development has played an important role in facilitating partnerships among Governments, major groups and other national and international institutions with the objective to implement decisions of the Commission on the ground. This experience needs to be taken to the next stage, and the Conference might want to look into several options that are being floated, including dedicated partnerships (or partnerships of partnerships) for each set of policy decisions.", "V. Actions in international cooperation and means of implementation", "91. Sustainable development is a compact between developed and developing countries, between State and non-State actors, between rich and poor, and between generations, and it presupposes international cooperation. Without solidarity and without building equity, there cannot be prosperity. Globalization has shown that the world has become so interconnected that no single country or region can feel they can be immune from what is happening in the rest of the world. It is therefore in the interest of all to build international cooperation.", "92. It has been stated repeatedly that Governments have a primary responsibility for their citizens, but Governments in developing, and especially in least developed countries, need help even though they remain in the driver’s seat. They need capacity-building, technology transfer and means of implementation, if they are to achieve sustainable development, for which both economic and social transformation are necessary, together with environment protection.", "93. However, it cannot be forgotten that the international landscape brings transformative change. One of the most visible outcomes of this transformation is the rise in the number of dynamic emerging-market countries at the helm of the global economy. It is likely that by 2025 emerging economies will be major contributors to global growth, alongside the advanced economies. The international monetary system is likely to cease being dominated by a single currency. Emerging-market countries, where three fourths of official foreign exchange reserves are currently held and whose sovereign wealth funds and other pools of capital are increasingly important sources of international investment, will become key players in financial markets. In short, a new world order with a more diffuse distribution of economic power is emerging, thus the shift towards multipolarity.[35]", "94. In a world of progressively greater multipolar economic growth and more financial centres, policymakers will need to equip themselves with the tools and the capabilities to effectively capitalize on opportunities, while simultaneously safeguarding their economies against the risks that remain stubbornly high as the global economy struggles to find a stable footing.", "95. This is the reason why it is so important for developing countries to have sufficient means of implementation, on one hand, and a secure and enabling environment with enough policy space, on the other, to be able to build viable economies, social justice and equity, and all within care systems of the Earth, while building resilience to all kind of shocks, including economic, social and natural shocks.", "96. That is why so many advocate making the economy greener. But the economy does not just need to be the right colour. It needs to take the right shape. It should slash global carbon emissions, and it should also go further to guard natural assets such as fisheries and forests. It should create “green jobs” for a rising population of new workers and encourage innovative business models that empower poor producers, which means improving social equity and lifting poor out of poverty.", "97. For this to happen, access to energy, as discussed above, and technology transfer are the most important preconditions. This is, of course, connected with ODA, its disbursement as well as its efficient use, lifting the debt burden and increasing technology transfer along the lines of the Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity-building,[36] as well as better access to markets and tariff reductions by developing countries.", "98. Chapter 33 of Agenda 21 is about financial resources and mechanisms. The implementation cost of Agenda 21 in developing countries was estimated at $600 billion each year, of which $125 billion was to come from developed nations. The table below evaluates the state of implementation of the primary commitments of chapter 33 as of 2010, according to some basic progress indicators.", "Table", "Financialmechanism Commitmentper chapter33\tProgressindicators\tImplementation \n1.\tOfficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)\tReaffirmationof 0.7%ODA/GNP\tOECD ODAlevels\tODA decrease1992 to 2000,now increasing\n2.\tInternationaldevelopmentassociation(IDA)\tProposereplenishmentfor 1992\tInternationaldevelopmentassociationreplenishmentamounts\tFundsincreasing:more donorcountries andhigher donoramounts\n3.\tGlobalEnvironmentalFacility(GEF)\tRestructureto moretransparentstructureand Agenda21 focus\tGEFreplenishmentamounts\tFundsincreasing andmanaging fundsfor moreinternationalagreements\n4.\tBilateralaid\tIncreasesupport\tBilateraldonorcommitments(seen inOECD DonorCountry AidStatistics)\tFollows sametrend as ODA,decreasesuntil 2000,now increasing\n5.\tDebtrelief\tSupport 1991Paris Clubagreement,createmeasures\tReductionsin debtburden; debtreliefinitiatives\t1991 passed,high relieffor Iraq andNigeriarecently,currentlydipping\n6.\tMultilateraldevelopmentbanks\tIncreasesupport\tLendingamounts fromthe WorldBank, IMFand otherregionalbanks\tGenerallendingincreases(based onneed), largerecentincrease inresponse tofinancialcrisis\n7.\tForeigndirectinvestment\tIncreasesupport\tFDI levels\tIncreasing butvolatileresource forindividualcountries\n8.\tInnovativefinancing(i.e.,incentives,tradablepermits,militaryspending)\tExploreinnovatefinancingoptions\tFinanceaddressedthroughinnovatesources\tInnovativeschemesfurtherdeveloped inrecentconferences,especially inresponse toglobalfinancialcrisis", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (forthcoming).", "Abbreviations: IDA, International Development Association; FDI, foreign direct investment.", "99. Chapter 33 also reaffirmed the ODA target of 0.7 per cent GNP given annually per developed nation, but deceleration of global economic growth in mid-2010 weakened the policy response and it is expected to be much less supportive in the near term, especially as widening fiscal deficits and rising public debt have undermined support for further fiscal stimuli. Many Governments, particularly those in developed countries, are already shifting towards fiscal austerity. This will also adversely affect global economic growth during 2011 and 2012.[37] In 2010, net aid disbursements amounted to $128.7 billion, equivalent to 0.32 per cent of developed countries’ combined national income. This was the highest level of real aid ever recorded and an increase of 6.5 per cent in real terms over 2009. Excluding debt relief and humanitarian aid, bilateral aid for development programmes and projects rose by 5.9 per cent in real terms, as donors continued to scale up their core development projects and programmes. Most of the rise was in new lending (which grew by 13.2 per cent), but grants also increased (by 6.8 per cent)[38] (see figure 8).", "Figure 8", "[] Official development assistance (ODA) from developed countries, 2000-2010 (Billions of constant 2009 US$ and current US$)", "Source: Millennium Development Goal Report 2011.", "100. In 2010, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden continued to exceed the United Nations target for ODA of 0.7 per cent of their gross national income (GNI). The largest donors by volume were the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. The largest increases in ODA in real terms between 2009 and 2010 were made by Australia, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Portugal, the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom. Looking ahead, a recent OECD survey shows that most donors plan to increase aid over the coming three years, though at a sharply reduced pace. Aid will grow at 2 per cent a year between 2011 and 2013, compared to an average of 8 per cent a year over the past three years.³⁸", "101. A country’s external debt burden affects its creditworthiness and vulnerability to economic shocks. Better debt management, the expansion of trade and, particularly for the poorest countries, substantial debt relief have reduced the burden of debt service. Between 2000 and 2008, the average ratio of public debt service to exports for developing regions declined from 12.5 per cent to 3.4 per cent. In 2009, owing to the global economic crisis, export earnings of developing countries declined by 21 per cent, while total public debt service remained at about the same level as in 2008. As a consequence, the ratio of public debt service to exports increased for all developing regions except Southern Asia, Western Asia and Oceania, with the overall average rising to 3.6 per cent. The impact was most pronounced for the small island developing States and the least developed countries.³⁸", "102. World trade continued to recover in 2010, but the momentum of the strong growth observed in the first half of the year has started to peter out. While the volume of exports of many emerging economies has already recovered to, or beyond, pre-crisis peaks, exports of developed economies have not yet seen a full recovery. In the outlook, world trade is expected to grow by about 6.5 per cent in both 2011 and 2012, moderating from the 10.5 per cent rebound in 2010. Despite the gradual recovery of the past two years, the value of imports of the three largest developed economies was still significantly below pre-crisis peaks by August 2010. Meanwhile, export recovery in these economies is mirrored in the fast growth of imports by countries in East Asia and Latin America.³⁷", "103. Despite fears of renewed protectionism at the beginning of the economic crisis in 2008, the strong international governance that emerged from the G-20 summit and other multilateral initiatives averted a return to restrictive trade practices. The vast majority of exports from developing countries are now imported free from custom duties in developed country markets. Recent years have seen a slight increase in the proportion of duty-free imports from developing countries other than least developed countries, with the proportions for the two groups converging at about 80 per cent of their exports.³⁸", "104. Thanks to the general reduction of tariffs in developed markets, more and more products are now routinely imported duty free under the World Trade Organization’s most favoured nation treatment. However, when most favoured nation treatment is excluded, only 19 per cent of exports by developing to developed countries benefited from “true” preferential treatment. On the other hand, true preferential duty-free treatment remains the dominant mode through which least developed countries gain access to the markets of developed countries. The proportion of least developed country exports benefiting from such preferences has been increasing over the years, reaching 53 per cent in 2009. All but one of the developed countries have granted duty-free market access to at least 97 per cent of products originating from least developed countries³⁸ (see figure 9).", "Figure 9", "[]", "Source: Millennium Development Goal Report 2011.", "105. The main challenge remains to find ways to arrive at credible and effective policy coordination among major economies. In this regard, some consider that the G-20 framework for sustainable global rebalancing would be a good tool if it were made more specific and operational. Having clear and verifiable targets for desired policy outcomes would help make parties accountable. This would also be conducive for strategic investment in the infrastructure (power, transport, etc.) to support the transition to a green economy. A number of countries are already prioritizing green investment and developing strategies and policies to support it, while researchers are developing the conceptual and empirical support for such policies.", "106. Need for affordable access to new and existing environmentally sound technologies is growing apace with the climate threat. Ever since the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, transfer of technology and knowledge-sharing have been an essential part of discussions on how to achieve sustainable development and address global sustainable development challenges. At the same time, developing countries will need support in building their own technological capacity so as to ensure that they undergo a smooth transition to a low-emissions economy and maintain competitiveness in an open global economy. In devising technology capacity-building plans, more focus could be given to the demands of users, improved aid coordination and donor collaboration, capacity-building investments on regional and global levels, and a greater role for information technology in capacity-building.", "VI. Progress in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "107. Since the last report on Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development¹ and as at the time of submission of the present report, one intersessional meeting[39] and two meetings of the Preparatory Committee[40] have taken place. The first intersessional meeting was an informal meeting that considered the advanced unedited copy of the synthesis report on best practices and lessons learned on the objective and themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. A Co-Chairs’ summary was issued as the outcome of that meeting.[41]", "108. The second Preparatory Committee meeting,[42] as an official meeting of the Conference preparatory process, considered the official synthesis report,[43] which was updated to reflect additional inputs and views from participants at the intersessional meeting. The proceedings of the meeting were further supported by my report on the objective and themes of the Conference.²⁸ The outcome of the meeting was a Co-Chairs’ summary.[44]", "109. The second Preparatory Committee meeting also adopted a decision in which the Bureau was requested to initiate an open, transparent and inclusive process led by Member States, to prepare in a timely manner a draft text, based on all preparatory inputs, to serve as the basis for an outcome document for the Conference. It also invited all Member States, the relevant United Nations system organizations, and relevant stakeholders to provide their inputs and contributions in writing by 1 November 2011, for inclusion in a compilation document to serve as the basis for the preparation of the zero draft of the outcome document. At the same time, it requested the Bureau to compile these inputs and contributions and present their compilation text to Member States and other stakeholders at the second intersessional meeting to be held in mid-December 2011 and to seek their comments and further guidance in order for the Co-Chairs to present, on behalf of the Bureau, the zero draft of the outcome document for consideration no later than early January 2012. It also recommended to the Bureau to convene a three-day meeting in January 2012, for the purpose of having initial discussions on the zero draft of the outcome document, and set aside one full week for negotiations in each of the months of February, March and April 2012, ensuring that all these meetings are informal informals.", "110. The Preparatory Committee has decided the dates of the Conference, which will be 4 to 6 June 2012, to be preceded by the third meeting of the Preparatory Committee, from 28 to 30 May 2012.", "111. The Bureau sent a letter in March 2011 to all Member States, the United Nations system organizations and other relevant stakeholders, inviting them to provide their inputs by 1 November 2011, and also issued a guidance note for the submission of inputs in July 2011.[45]", "112. The Bureau also asked the Conference Secretary-General and the Conference secretariat to prepare a study on the five options of the Helsinki-Nairobi Outcome. The secretariat has initiated this action in consultation with the Executive Committee of Economic and Social Affairs Plus of the United Nations. The Executive Committee felt the need to broaden the scope of the study to include options for strengthening each of the three pillars and for their more effective integration. The study on the Nairobi-Helsinki Outcome will be a part of this broader study mandated by the Executive Committee, which will be presented in September 2011.", "113. Member States,[46] United Nations system entities[47] and major groups[48] are also holding a number of preparatory meetings. Regional commissions have set the dates for their preparatory meetings between September and December 2011.[49] A number of documents have been produced in preparation for and as a result of discussions at these different meetings, but also as part of the preparation process more broadly.[50]", "114. The Conference Secretary-General[51] with the dedicated secretariat[52] is supporting Member States in their preparatory work by co-organizing meetings, producing background papers and issue briefs, supporting meetings of the Bureau and preparing official documentation requested by Member States.", "115. The secretariat is also supporting national-level preparations through a joint project proposal prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme. Given the urgent need for country-level support, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs is supporting, through its capacity-building programme, national preparations in 21 countries, most of which are least developed countries. Guidance notes have been sent to the United Nations country teams to assist countries in their preparations towards the Conference.", "116. The secretariat team is working closely with the major groups to organize consultative workshops and other training activities. It is also continuing its efforts to raise funds for the Trust Fund of the Conference in order to be able to support better national preparations and participation of developing countries and major groups in the preparatory meetings.", "117. The Conference website[53] has been upgraded. In addition to being more user‑friendly, it provides a wealth of information on different aspects of the preparatory process leading up to the Conference and is updated daily. Protocols have been established to enable Member States and other stakeholders to log into their respective pages and directly update the information, and they can also submit their inputs for the compilation document online. Regular updates are also provided through the Rio+20 biweekly newsletters.", "118. The Conference secretariat is also continuing its preparations with the host Government, Brazil, and an interdepartmental task force has been established in this regard. The secretariat had undertaken four missions to Brazil by the time of writing the present report. The missions focused on assessment of security needs for the Conference, reviewing building and architectural requirements for holding the Conference and all other logistic preparations, including the number of conference rooms and the Host Country Agreement. Logistical preparations also include efforts by the Rio+20 secretariat and the host Government to adopt sustainable practices for holding the Conference, including investigating the possibility of a paperless conference.", "119. Modalities for holding the Conference and its third Preparatory Committee meeting in line with available resources could comprise the following:", "(a) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "High-level plenary meetings", "• The opening high-level plenary meeting of the Conference from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on 4 June 2012 at the Conference venue;", "• Four high-level plenary meetings to be held on 4 June from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m., on 5 June from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m., and on 6 June from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the Conference venue;", "• The closing high-level plenary meeting on 6 June, from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. at the Conference venue, which is expected to conclude with the adoption of the focused political document and the report of the Conference.", "Main Committee", "The Main Committee would be established according to the rules of procedure for the Conference. If the need arises, this Committee would meet in parallel with the plenary meetings, except during the opening and closing sessions. The principal task of the Main Committee would be to finalize the outcome document of the Conference and all the other outstanding matters.", "High-level round tables[54]", "There are several options for holding high-level round tables. One option would be to hold a total of four high-level round tables over the period of the Conference: one on the first day (in the afternoon), two on the second day (morning and afternoon) and one on the third day (morning). These high-level round tables could take place in parallel with the plenary meetings. Reports from these round tables could be presented at the closing plenary.", "Other Conference events", "A total of four partnership events could be undertaken to provide an opportunity for Commission on Sustainable Development Partnerships and other multi-stakeholder implementation efforts to report on progress made and identify new activities and commitments. These events would take place on the first day (in the afternoon), the second day (in the morning and afternoon) and on the third day (in the morning). A report on these events would be presented at the closing plenary.", "A Learning Centre could also be organized as early as the third session of the Preparatory Committee, which would run throughout the Conference, to offer courses on topics relevant to sustainable development, including those specific to the themes of the Conference, based on availability of suitable trainers and demand by participants. A course schedule with course descriptions, including information on the instructor and language of instruction, will be made available prior to the start of the Conference. A report on the Learning Centre would be presented at the closing plenary.", "(b) Third session of the Preparatory Committee⁵⁴", "The third session of the Preparatory Committee could include opening and closing plenary meetings and meetings of an ad hoc working group on the outcome document, a multi-stakeholder round table and sessions reporting on the results of national voluntary assessments. The ad hoc working group on the outcome document would meet each day as needed during the Preparatory Committee session. It would begin work immediately following the opening meeting and adjourn prior to the closing plenary meeting, where it would present its report. The multi-stakeholder round table could meet in the afternoon of the first day and the morning of the second day. Two sessions on the results of the national voluntary assessments could be held on the afternoon of the second day of the third Preparatory Committee meeting and on the morning of the third day of the meeting. Reports on the multi-stakeholder dialogues and the national voluntary assessments would be included in the report of the third session of the Preparatory Committee, to be transmitted to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "VII. Next steps", "120. The General Assembly will consider at its sixty-sixth session sustainable development issues under agenda item 19 (a).[55] This will provide an opportunity to finalize organizational details and modalities of the Conference. To that end, it is recommended that the General Assembly:", "(a) Take note of the progress in preparatory activities for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development contained in the report of the Secretary-General and endorse the recommendations contained in the report of the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the Conference;", "(b) Endorse the provisional agenda of the Conference;", "(c) Decide on the organization of work of the third session of the Preparatory Committee and the organization of work of the Conference;[56]", "(d) Approve the draft provisional rules of procedure of the Conference considered by the Preparatory Committee and contained in A/CONF.216/PC/4;", "(e) Endorse the arrangements for accreditation and participation in the Conference of relevant non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders;", "(f) Decide that the Conference shall be open to all States Members of the United Nations and States members of the specialized agencies, with the participation of observers, in accordance with the established practice of the General Assembly and its conferences and in accordance with the rules of procedure of the Conference;", "(g) Request the Secretary-General to submit a report on the outcome of the Conference to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, and decide to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the sub-item entitled “Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21”, taking into account the outcome of the Conference.", "[1] A/65/298.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex 1.", "[3] Paul Raskin, Tariq Banuri, Gilberto Gallopín, Pablo Gutman, Al Hammond, Robert Kates, Rob Swart, Great Transition; The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead, a report of the Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute (2002).", "[4] See A/66/306.", "[5] See resolution 65/151.", "[6] See www.sustainableenergyforall.org/.", "[7] “Energy for a Sustainable Future”, the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change, summary report and recommendations, 28 April 2010, New York.", "[8] World Energy Outlook 2010, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/ International Energy Agency (2010).", "[9] World Economic and Social Survey 2011, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1 (2011).", "[10] Energy intensity is measured by the quantity of energy per unit of economic activity or output (GDP).", "[11] Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2010 Update, World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund (2010).", "[12] See A/66/277.", "[13] See “World Food Situation: FAO Food Price Index”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/.", "[14] See World Bank, “High and Volatile Food Prices Continue to Threaten the World’s Poor”, press release No. 2011/430/PREM (14 April 2011). Available at web.worldbank.org.", "[15] See http://unfccc.int/methods_science/redd/items/4547.php.", "[16] Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "[17] See Ministerial Declaration, Action Plan on food price volatility and agriculture, Meeting of G‑20 Agriculture Ministers, Paris, 22-23 June 2011. Available at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/ content/documents/110623_G20_AgMinisters_Action_Plan_Agriculture_Food_Price_ Volatility.pdf.", "[18] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 — Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide (2010).", "[19] See The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7 (2010).", "[20] See A/66/291.", "[21] See UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27, annex, decision X/1.", "[22] At the time of the submission of this report.", "[23] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, Montreal (2010). Available at www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf.", "[24] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex, para. 30.", "[25] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010, part 1, p. 7.", "[26] Political legitimacy can be defined as the acceptance and justification of shared rule by a community, Steven Bernstein, “Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance”, Journal of International Law and International Relations, vol. 1 (1-2) (2005).", "[27] Steven Bernstein, “Legitimacy in intergovernmental and non-state global governance”, Review of International Political Economy 18 (February 2011).", "[28] See A/CONF.216/PC/7.", "[29] See Co-Chairs’ summaries of the First and Second Preparatory Committee meetings and the first intersessional meeting of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development preparatory process. Available at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=44.", "[30] The Helsinki-Nairobi Outcome proposes five options to be examined: enhancing UNEP; establishing a new umbrella organization for sustainable development; establishing a specialized agency such as a world environment organization; reforming the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development; and enhancing institutional reforms and streamlining existing structures.", "[31] There is the Chief Executives Board and the Environment Management Group, in relation to the environment. Several thematic inter-agency mechanisms have been established, including UN‑Energy, UN-Oceans and UN-Water, with the objective of fostering cooperation and information-sharing among United Nations entities. The United Nations Development Group assumes a role in relation to development activities on the ground, operationalizing normative decisions.", "[32] One suggestion made is to introduce a universal or voluntary review mechanism as one of the core functions of a reformed Commission on Sustainable Development.", "[33] See A/CONF.216/PC/2.", "[34] See site of major groups at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development secretariat website for the Conference at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=35.", "[35] World Bank, Global Development Horizons 2011 — Multipolarity: The New Global Economy (2011).", "[36] See UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1.", "[37] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.77.11.C.2.", "[38] The Millennium Development Goal Report 2011, United Nations (2011).", "[39] First intersessional meeting, 10-11 January 2011 in New York.", "[40] Second Preparatory Committee meeting, 7-8 March 2011 in New York.", "[41] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=24&menu=25.", "[42] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=28&menu=24.", "[43] See A/CONF.216/PC/8.", "[44] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=217&type=12&menu=24& template=435.", "[45] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=12&nr=238&menu=32.", "[46] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=50.", "[47] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=29.", "[48] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=27", "[49] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=26.", "[50] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=20.", "[51] Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs as nominated by the Secretary-General in May 2010.", "[52] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=37.", "[53] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=14.", "[54] A decision on the round table and partnership events, including on the number, timing, theme(s), participation and presentation of the outcome of the round tables, would need to be made in consultation with the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference.", "[55] Based on the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (A/66/150).", "[56] On the basis of the proposal of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development", "Report of the Secretary-General*", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/152. The report provides an update on the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, as well as actions taken by Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and major groups to promote the achievement of sustainable development goals and targets, including through partnerships for sustainable development. The report also covers progress in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Contents", "3. Priority sectors and cross-cutting issues", "Introduction", "1. The present report provides information on progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/152. The resolution called for the effective implementation of the commitments, programmes and time-bound targets adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the implementation of the provisions relating to the means of implementation contained in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. The resolution also reaffirmed the role of the Commission on Sustainable Development as the high-level body within the United Nations system with a mandate to address sustainable development and as a forum for the consideration of the integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development.", "2. The present report was prepared in the context of the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and at a time when the Commission on Sustainable Development was unable to reach conclusions, the main reason for which was the lack of consensus on how to repeat past agreements on means of implementation.", "3. The present report should be read in conjunction with other reports submitted under the agenda item on sustainable development.", "Overview", "Last year's report [1] highlighted the broad and multidimensional nature of sustainable development, how to integrate and balance the three dimensions — economic, social and environmental — and serve as a bridge between developed and developing countries, between Governments, between business and civil society and between present and future generations.", "5. The present report further describes how to promote closer linkages among the three pillars of sustainable development.", "6. The Rio Principles[2] provide a systematic framework for international cooperation for sustainable development, including commitments to human well-being, national sovereignty, the right to development, environmental protection, poverty eradication, protection of vulnerable groups and common but differentiated responsibilities, and sustainable consumption and production. Those principles laid the foundation for subsequent agreements, including those yet to be reached by the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.", "7. The challenges to sustainable development come from three sources. First, despite some progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, the goal of eradicating poverty remains elusive. Secondly, the adverse effects on nature and natural resources have reached alarming levels. Thirdly, there will be a need for international commitment to recognize and implement past decisions. Poverty eradication was linked to rapid economic growth and industrialization. However, without access to new technologies and financial resources, economic growth and industrialization require the consumption of natural resources. This could add an additional burden to an environment already heavily burdened by past developments and current consumption patterns in high-income countries. High-income countries have therefore taken the lead in moving towards sustainable consumption and production patterns, which must go hand in hand with sustainable development in low-income countries.", "8. The analysis shows, however, that the momentum towards an unsustainable future can be reversed. Such a change of direction will require a combination of many factors, including access to technology and finance by poor countries, the development and deployment of advanced technologies, improved access to energy services, changes in lifestyles and values and consistent commitments. It will take decades to adapt human activities to a healthy environment, to end poverty and to bridge the deep divisions that divide people. This realignment requires long-term policy commitment.", "Climate change has become a reality. It has begun to put pressure on ecosystems, water resources and food security and has led to increased frequency of natural disasters. This pressure may persist, leading to loss of life and property. The transition of the entire planet to a humane, just and ecologically beneficial future [3] will require the promotion of sustainable economic growth through greening of the economy, increased investment in green infrastructure, strengthening of the social pillar and the creation of green jobs, and unprecedented, close international cooperation.", "10. Facilitating improved access to sustainable, modern and affordable energy services in poor countries is a key element of this agenda. Energy was not only the key to economic growth and industrial development, it was also an essential element for achieving each of the Millennium Development Goals and reducing pressure on natural resources.", "11. The core concept is not only to integrate and integrate environment and development in a synergistic manner, but also to effectively mainstream sustainability considerations into economic and development policymaking and to ensure that all development actions are examined through a sustainability perspective. Conversely, investment in the environment, such as protecting, rehabilitating and supplementing the assets provided by nature, can be an important driver of future economic prosperity.", "12. Member States, entities of the United Nations system and other stakeholders have identified a number of priority sectors for consideration by the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development and, ideally, for decisions and initiatives by the General Assembly. Several of them are discussed in section III of the present report.", "III. Priority sectors and cross-cutting issues", "Energy [4]", "13. The International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, proclaimed by the General Assembly in 2012, [5] emphasizes the importance of sustainable energy for all for sustainable development and poverty reduction, as well as for protecting the environment through the use of traditional energy resources, cleaner technologies and new energy sources. [6]", "14. The current energy system was inadequate to meet the needs of the world ' s poor and could undermine the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Globally, the “energy poor” suffer the adverse health consequences of inefficient combustion of solid fuels in poorly ventilated buildings and endure the economic consequences of inadequate power for productive income-generating activities and other basic services such as health and education. In this regard, women and girls in developing countries are disproportionately affected. [7]", "15. Despite two decades of climate change policies, thousands of programmes, initiatives, regulations, market-based instruments and international agreements, as well as the allocation of hundreds of billions of dollars of subsidies, finance, research and research and development efforts and development assistance, the declared goal of creating a renewable low-carbon energy system on a global scale remains elusive.", "16. It is estimated that Governments around the world will provide subsidies to renewable energy generation and biofuels, amounting to as much as $205 billion, or 0.17 per cent of global gross national product, by 2035. Between 2010 and 2035, 35 per cent will be invested in renewable energy-based electricity generation, while global biofuel use will increase from the current 1 million barrels per day to 4.4 million barrels per day by 2035, while the United States, the European Union and Brazil are expected to remain the largest producers and consumers of biofuels. [8]", "17. The proliferation of renewable energy technologies has been growing at an alarming rate since 2000. In 2005, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the global primary energy mix, low-carbon nuclear power 6 per cent, hydropower 3 per cent and biomass 4 per cent. Modern renewable energy combined is less than 1 per cent. [9] Similarly, a nuclear power renaissance can only compensate for the lost capacity of older equipment, which is increasingly obsolete. According to current trends, total decarbonization of the global energy system by 2050 is not yet a realistic path.", "18. The current national and global debate on how to meet the imperatives of energy technology innovation is replete with simplistic approaches. Technological optimists have proposed a “hard push” policy to scale up existing technologies. Others highlighted market incentives and hoped to bring about the necessary technological transformation by internalizing environmental externalities and “fixing the right price”.", "19. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development has the opportunity to bring all these considerations together in a concerted effort to bring about a transformation of the global energy system over the coming decades by: (a) Increasing access to clean energy; (b) improving industrial energy efficiency; and (c) promoting green industries as part of the transition to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. The General Assembly could provide an opportunity for the global community to set very specific goals that would contribute to this energy transformation.", "20. This transition to sustainable energy requires a realistic timetable. By 2030, the world would have had the chance to embark on a fundamental transformation of the energy system, enabling developing countries to move beyond the current system to cleaner, sustainable, affordable and reliable energy services. The international community could also be called upon to provide universal access to modern energy services by 2030, thus enabling 2-3 billion people who do not yet have access to modern energy services to have access to the minimum threshold of basic modern energy services for their consumer and productive use. The General Assembly may also wish to advocate the conversion of 30 per cent of global energy use to renewable energy by 2030. This will play a central role in ensuring a more reliable and sustainable energy path. The General Assembly could also take the lead in advocating a 40 per cent reduction in global energy intensity by 2030 [10]. It is feasible to transform the global energy system into a near-carbon-free system by 2050 (see figure 1). 9", "21. Achieving these goals will require unprecedented global coordination measures, including a major shift in the regulatory system in almost every economy, a significant volume of incremental infrastructure investment (probably exceeding $1 trillion a year),9 and a radical shift in behaviour in the development and deployment of new and diverse energy technologies and energy consumption. Significant changes in human and institutional capacity and governance will also be required.", "22. Globally, the cost of replacing existing fossil fuel and nuclear energy infrastructure is at least $15-20 trillion. It is clearly not possible to decide that 15 to 20 trillion dollars in infrastructure will be written off overnight, and the cost of this would be even higher with renewable energy systems. At the same time, it should be noted that the long-term incentive to change the current energy system should also be strong, especially given the fact that oil-importing countries spent some $2 trillion on imported crude oil in 2007. 9", "Figure 1 World Renewable Energy Programme", "MacKay (2008) Raihi et al. (forthcoming) Renewable Source Technology Potential (EJ) Per capita Technology Potential (GJ) Review and assumes that by 2050 the world's economic potential based on extrapolation outside the United States' geothermal potential 17 biofuels 284 41 World-wide arable land for biofuels (27.7 million square kilometres) is estimated by the International Hydropower Association and the International Energy Agency (IEA) to be 170 onshore and offshore wind power 28.8.4.11 Estimated by the International Hydropower Association and the International Energy Agency 28 tides 12.26 0.18-0.37 - 50 per cent efficient conversion of wave power 3.9 0.57 10 per cent of wave power - Geothermal 6.31 9.14 extrapolation of solar power outside the United States' geothermal potential 17 biofuels 284 41 World-wide arable land or cropland (28.7 million square kilometres) for bio-fuels, calculated at a energy density of 0.5 W/m2, processing and harvesting process loss of 33 per cent 117 + 28 non-sand solar energy total 571 83 including all the above factors 360 solar power conversion (PV) – 1650 solar (CSP) – total solar energy for solar energy use of 26 solar heat (PV", "Note: Data have been converted and adjusted to the 2010 world population of 6.6 billion people.", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011.", "23. The international community and Governments need to make the cost of renewable energy competitive with other energy sources and technologies and to stimulate technological progress.", "24. All countries have a role to play: high-income countries may wish to contribute by prioritizing this goal for development assistance and providing catalytic financing; middle-income countries may wish to share relevant expertise, experiences and replicable good practices; and low-income countries can assist in creating an appropriate local institutional, regulatory and policy environment for upcoming investments. In the coming decades, policymakers and business leaders will need to pay more attention to the question of how to transform the performance of national and regional energy systems. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development will also have a good opportunity to seek strategies and solutions, including the role of the public sector and international cooperation.", "25. If developing countries are to reduce poverty and improve the health of their citizens, they need, in particular, improved access to reliable and modern energy services, while increasing productivity, competitiveness and economic growth.", "26. In terms of energy use, both developed and developing countries need to build and strengthen their capacity to implement effective policies, market-based mechanisms, business models, investment instruments and regulations. Achieving this goal will require the international community to harmonize its technical standards for important energy-consuming products and equipment, to accelerate the transfer of know-how and good practices, and to facilitate private capital inflows to energy efficiency investments. The effective application of these measures can still reduce global energy intensity by about 2.5 per cent, about double the historical rate. 7", "27. Against this background, energy is a powerful enabler of sustainable development and an essential element in the transition to a green economy. This requires a long-term approach to energy security. More and more targeted efforts will be needed to move towards cleaner renewable energy to ensure climate stability while allowing developing countries to meet their rapidly growing commercial energy needs, which are inseparable from their development aspirations. Global and national energy policies are also development policies and should therefore take special account of the poor. The most appropriate set of policies depends to a large extent on State institutions, the stage of development, resource endowments and socio-political preferences, and will change over time.", "28. The development of an international initiative to chart how to promote innovative technologies and promote existing and NEPAD cooperation, including carbon capture and storage and other advanced energy technology cooperation, could be a way to develop, deploy and promote clean energy technologies, encourage a wide range of policy instruments, such as transparent regulatory frameworks, economic and financial incentives and public-private partnerships, to promote private sector investment in new technologies.", "The transformation of energy systems may be uneven and, if not properly addressed, may lead to a widening “energy divide” between advanced and least developed countries, and even to recurrent energy security crises. But through a balanced framework of cooperation and competition, the transformation of the energy system has the potential to become a source of sustained wealth creation for the world ' s growing population, while reducing the pressure on resources and climate.", "Water", "30. Water is an essential element for achieving sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals. Sound management of water resources is an important component of growth, social and economic development, poverty reduction and equity, and sustainable environmental services.", "31. Because of the many competing water needs, investment in water infrastructure and better water management, particularly in rural areas and in order to increase agricultural productivity, are key to meeting all needs. As development advances, the transformation of commercial and industrial activities in urban areas requires the management of water for energy and food production, transport, flood prevention, water and sanitation, as well as for industrial and commercial activities.", "32. These needs are not always recognized. When it comes to water, it is usually about safe drinking water and sanitation. The 2.6 billion people who do not have access to improved sanitation and 884 million who do not have access to improved sources of drinking water are major problems. [11] There is also a need to recognize that there is an urgent need to take into account the inherent interrelationships between water and other important development-related sectors, such as energy, food and the environment.", "33. Decision-making on water needs to seek synergies and appropriate trade-offs. There is also a need to identify the distinction between short-term “fire-fighting” — addressing the emergency problems of the day — and long-term strategic development. The development of multi-purpose water programmes and, where feasible, reuse of water can reduce trade-offs by making the same scarce water available for multiple uses.", "34. There is an urgent need for a new dialogue between developed and developing countries on water management and its role in sustainable development. Countries should work together to identify socio-economic priorities, invest in water resources and use them as engines of growth so that they complement each other and do not become competing sources of demand for water.", "35. The challenges are daunting, but unsustainable management and inequitable access to water resources cannot continue, as inaction is more risky and can undermine the achievements of other sectors of sustainable development. Leaders, both in the water sector and beyond, can play an important supporting role. Leaders in the water sector can inform processes outside this area and manage water resources in ways that achieve agreed socio-economic and environmental goals. But the leaders of the Government, the private sector and civil society decided to take action. The international community may wish to provide a platform to raise awareness of the importance of an integrated approach to water and to commit to supporting it. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was one such platform.", "Food security and sustainable agriculture [12]", "36. Following the outbreak of the financial crisis and the global economic recession between 2007 and 2009, food prices surged, pushing the number of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition worldwide to unprecedented levels, reaching a peak of over 1 billion in 2009. In the first half of 2010, the world market for agricultural commodities appeared to be entering a relatively calm period, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimating that the number of undernourished people fell to about 925 million as food prices fell.", "37. However, food prices have risen again since the second half of 2010. The FAO food price index reached a record 238 points in February 2011. The June average was 234 points, 39 per cent higher than in June 2010. The FAO cereals price index averaged 259 points in June, 71 per cent higher than in June 2010. [13] According to the World Bank, if no action is taken to increase the food supply, in addition to the 44 million people pushed into poverty by the 2010 food price boom, another 10 million people will have their income to fall below the $1.25 per day extreme poverty line. [14] Twenty-two countries are considered to be in a “long-term food security crisis”, with more than 165 million undernourished people (about 20 per cent of the world’s population) living in those countries. 14", "38. This situation shows the importance of investment in agriculture, particularly for sustainable agriculture. This is because current agricultural technologies, practices and land-use patterns cannot achieve the goal of increasing food production by 70 to 100 per cent by 2050 in order to feed an increasing population, without further deterioration of greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and land degradation. 9", "39. However, the share of total official development assistance allocated to agriculture fell from a peak of 18 per cent in 1978 to 4 per cent in 2009, while the allocation of official development assistance to agriculture declined substantially during the 1990s (see figure 2).", "Figure 2", "[Chuckles]", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011, 2011.", "40. The worsening severity and extent of land degradation worldwide is one of the main consequences of unsustainable agricultural practices. About 40 per cent of the world ' s land is degraded on the surface (25 per cent in the past 25 years alone), while an estimated 6.5 billion people depend directly on agriculture for their livelihood (see figure 3). Land degradation has adverse impacts on climate, biodiversity, aquatic ecosystems, landscapes and other ecosystem services.", "41. Although agriculture has a significant impact on climate change, it is in turn vulnerable to climate change. Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways, and changes in temperature, rainfall and climate variables affect the time and duration of the growing season, as well as production, thereby exacerbating land degradation and resulting in water scarcity (see figure 4).", "Figure 3 Impact of land degradation on the global environment", "Environmental components or procedures Causation of effects of land degradation", "Climate change • Changes in land use, particularly desertification, are key elements of the global carbon cycle", "• Changes in land management that can be used for carbon sequestration in the atmosphere", "• Agriculture is a major source of methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxides (N2O) emissions", "• Changes in the surface (e.g., albedo and rugged) have important implications for regional and global climate change", "• Human activities accelerate the occurrence of sand and dust storms", "• Combustion of biomass contributes to climate change", "Biodiversity • Deforestation leads to habitat and species loss", "• Land-use change and management, including fragmentation and incineration, leading to reduced habitat and biodiversity", "• Non-point source pollution of crop production undermines aquatic habitats and biodiversity", "Water resources • Agricultural activities are a major source of water pollution", "• Land use and surface change to change the global hydrological cycle", "• Destruction of coral reefs by atmospheric soil dust", "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) • Soils contain large quantities of POPs • Biomass incineration to produce POPs", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011, 2011.", "Figure 4 Climate change projections and corresponding impacts on agriculture", "Changes in projections.", "It's warmer, colder day and night less; warmer, with hotter days and nights more common in most land areas; it's almost certain that the production of colder environments has increased; the production of warmer environments has decreased.", "Warm/hot tides: most land areas are more frequent and are likely to reduce production in warmer areas due to overheating during critical stages of development; wildfire risk increases", "Heavy snowstorms: most areas are more frequent, and most likely crops are damaged; soil degradation is due to soil-filled land that cannot be cultivated", "Increased number of drought-affected areas Potential land degradation; reduced yields/loss or death of crops; increased livestock mortality; increased risk of wildfires", "There's been an increase in tropical cyclone activity.", "Increased number of sea level surges.", "Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007a, table 3.2, Climate Change 2007: Natural Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.", "42. The productivity of some lands has declined by 50 per cent as a result of soil erosion and desertification. Globally, the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs approximately $400 billion, or about $70 per person per year. Depletion of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) also has serious global economic implications.", "43. Deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity by providing food, inputs and services that support crop and livestock production. This is one of the most important developments in the agenda to combat deforestation since Agenda 21 was established: the emergence of the concept of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation aims to address the drivers of deforestation and to increase understanding of the important role of forests in climate change adaptation and mitigation. However, the integration of this concept into the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has proved to be a complex exercise, and it took two years for the Conference of the Parties to take a decision on this issue. [15]", "44. In this regard, despite the establishment of a specific initiative for REDD at the United Nations and its launch in 2008 to assist developing countries in developing and implementing an enhanced REDD strategy, negotiations continue under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the financing, organization and implementation of a fully operational international mechanism. Nevertheless, the enhanced REDD programme has begun to have a significant impact in several countries. In addition to the $1 billion pledged to contribute to the Common Fund, a total of $3.5 billion was pledged for the period 2010-2012. [16]", "45. There is a strong correlation between the distribution of the poor who depend on agriculture for their livelihood and the fragile environment. The poor are likely to farm steep land in more remote areas, with dry and infertile soils. The degradation of natural resources may also exacerbate inequalities between men and women, as they take longer to fulfil women ' s responsibilities such as making food, collecting firewood and maintaining soil and water resources.", "46. Agricultural production systems can further adversely affect human health. Inorganic fertilizers and livestock waste contaminate water sources and undermine the safety of drinking water and aquatic food. Pesticides adversely affect the health of farm workers. Transport of agricultural products also contributes to the cross-border spread of pests and diseases. In addition, desertification causes sand and dust storms, which can lead to respiratory diseases.", "47. All this suggests that the sustainable eradication of hunger and malnutrition and the prevention of high and volatile food prices will require a completely different approach to address structural constraints on food production within the broader framework of sustainable natural resource management. There is a need to identify synergies between different sectors in order to put into practice important “win-win” options through better resource management and an enabling institutional environment. Only such an integrated approach can reduce land degradation and deforestation and the sustainable use of water resources while also increasing productivity.", "48. The world now needed a truly green revolution in agriculture. The revolution has contributed to technological innovation aimed at improving the productivity of small farms by integrating environmentally sustainable natural resource management into broader agricultural development support measures.", "49. The Group of 20 had proposed an action plan on food price volatility and agriculture, which would be presented to leaders at the 2011 summit. The main objectives of the plan will be: (a) to improve agricultural production and productivity in the short and long term in order to respond to the growing demand for agricultural commodities; (b) to increase market information and transparency in order to better guide the expectations of Governments and economic operators; (c) to enhance international policy coordination in order to enhance confidence in international markets and to prevent and respond more effectively to food market crises; (d) to improve and develop risk management tools for use by Governments, companies and farmers to build capacity to manage and mitigate risks associated with food price volatility, particularly in the poorest countries; and (e) to improve the functioning of agricultural commodity derivatives markets, which is being undertaken through finance ministers and central bank governors. [17]", "50. The international community could, however, contribute much more to the global agenda for food security and sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development could serve as an appropriate framework for renewed commitment, as exemplified by the financial pledges made by countries to eradicate hunger following the food crisis of 2007-2008.", "51. Other recommendations that merit serious consideration include: (a) the reform of agricultural subsidies in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), including subsidies for biofuels and support for a new generation of biofuels, in order to reduce the diversion of agricultural land from food production; (b) increased international investment in agricultural research and development to promote food security, with the participation of the private sector; (c) the establishment of new financing mechanisms to increase payments to small farmers in developing countries to provide environmental services that help to protect natural resources, preserve biodiversity and increase carbon sinks in agriculture and forestry; (d) the removal of non-tariff barriers to food trade that hinder the expansion of markets to include small-scale producers in developing countries; (e) the adoption of green footprint standards; (f) the effective regulation of commodity futures markets to avoid speculation on food prices; (g) the avoidance of food crop export bans and food purchases in response to weather-related disasters, in order to avoid sharp increases in prices; and (h) the use of safety nets and food aid to establish mechanisms to protect vulnerable groups, such as global food reserves, in order to reduce the impact of rising food prices. 17", "Urbanization", "52. By 2030, all developing regions, including Asia and Africa, will have more people living in urban rather than rural areas, and by 2050 69 per cent of the population is expected to live in cities [18] (see figure 5).", "Figure 5 Selected global urban areas, urban corridors and mega-urban areas", "[Chuckles]", "Source: State of the World ' s Cities 2010/2011, UN-Habitat 2010.", "53. This trend has both advantages and disadvantages. Cities have the potential to allow humans to share urban space, especially to participate in public and private activities and to exercise their duties and rights. These opportunities allow people to foster social values and to define governance models and other rules that allow human beings to produce goods, trade with others and have access to well-being. On the other hand, the gap in life within cities is so great that the rich live in well-serving, hard-to-reach communities and well-structured luxuries, while the poor are confined to informal settlements and slums on the inner or peri-urban margins.", "54. This material divide takes the form of social, cultural and economic exclusion. Urban disparities reveal injustice and are symptoms of systemic dysfunction. Cities need tools for social change: new values, beliefs and ideas can shape different models of growth and promote rights and opportunities for all members of society. The concept of “inclusive cities” or “citys for all” encompasses more equal social and economic benefits, environmental protection and the promotion of positive outcomes for everyone in society.", "55. To achieve this goal, local urban authorities, as well as broader national authorities, need to address the major challenges of urbanization today by promoting integrated land-use planning, expanding access to basic services, encouraging sustainable construction and implementing sustainable transport. They need to use sound planning policies and related actions to anticipate urban expansion and to regulate speculative actions associated with urban extension. Cities must also empower the urban poor, provide affordable and secure land and tenure for a variety of urban services, so that further marginalization can be avoided.", "56. This also means a decrease in the number of slum dwellers. The share of the urban population living in slums in developing countries has declined significantly over the past decade, from 39 per cent in 2000 to 33 per cent in 2010. Globally, this is an optimistic trend. However, in absolute terms, the number of slum-dwellers in developing countries is in fact increasing and is expected to increase in the near future. The number of informal settlements in developing countries is also increasing, with urban dwellers living in slum conditions currently estimated at some 828 million, compared to 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000. [19]", "57. Policy reforms through equitable planning and appropriate economic policies are needed to prevent the future expansion of slums. In developing countries, spatial segregation of slums, often resulting in substantial isolation from the dominant urban structure, not only reflects income inequality among households, but is also a by-product of inefficient land and housing markets, ineffective financial mechanisms and poor urban planning.", "58. Laws and regulations must therefore favour the urban poor, especially women. Harnessing the advantages of urban housing requires empowering the poor and lifting them out of poverty.", "59. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development could serve as a useful forum to pave the way for cities to become more inclusive, in particular by considering the following strategic steps: Assessing past and measuring progress (understanding the positive factors that contribute to the current situation and assessing future policies and practices to monitor progress and evaluate performance); strengthening institutions and enhancing their effectiveness; establishing new linkages and alliances between different levels of government (collating policies and resources between the public and private sectors and civil society); demonstrating a continued vision for inclusiveness (e.g., a viable plan with clear funding sources and accounting mechanisms); and ensuring redistribution opportunities (promoting cities as a major location for integrating innovation, industrial and technological advances, entrepreneurship and creativity). 19", "60. This strategic framework for inclusive and sustainable cities can be strengthened by considering the following policy triggers11: improved quality of life through the creation of conditions for easier access to safe and healthy housing, secure tenure, basic services and social facilities such as health and education, especially for the urban poor; investment in human capital formation as a condition for socio-economic development and a more equitable distribution of urban advantages; promotion of sustainable economic opportunities that can stimulate economic growth for the poor and vulnerable through the promotion of labour-intensive projects; enhanced political inclusion through equitable participation in decision-making; and promotion of cultural inclusion, such as the use of local social capital, symbols, meaning, sense of belonging and pride in local communities, in addition to the use of local cultural resources. 19", "Biodiversity [20]", "61. Biodiversity, if managed in a sustainable manner, can provide opportunities for poverty eradication, human well-being and livelihoods, and the sociocultural integrity of people. However, in the 20 years since the Rio Summit, biodiversity has continued to decline in three main areas: ecosystems, genes and species (see figure 6). The world has missed the 2010 target of significantly reducing the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels. Nearly 17,000 plants and animals are known to be on the verge of extinction. In line with current trends, species will continue to be lost throughout the century, ecosystems are increasingly at risk of rapid changes and the benefits to society are being eroded. Hundreds of millions of people, including many of the poorest, depend directly on a wide variety of plant and animal varieties for their livelihoods, and many often do so.", "Figure 6", "Trends in biodiversity in the India-Pacific region since 1970 in sub-Saharan Africa and 1970 in Latin America", "[ ] [ ] [ ]", "Source: Study on assessing progress on Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "62. There are several obstacles to the full implementation of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, including: limited capacity in developed and developing countries to address financial, human and technical issues; lack or difficulty of access to scientific information; insufficient awareness and mainstreaming of biodiversity issues among the general public and decision makers; fragmented decision-making and inadequate linkages between different ministries or departments; and failure to determine the economic value of biodiversity (see figure 7).", "Figure 7", "Problem All IN ET OD LD SI", "Lack of financial, human and technical resources", "Lack of public education and awareness at all levels", "Lack of economic incentives", "Biodiversity loss, goods and services not properly understood and documented", "Lack of ecosystem-based knowledge and practices", "Inadequate operational capacity due to institutional weaknesses", "Lack of effective partnerships", "Lack of horizontal cooperation among stakeholders", "Unsustainable consumption and production patterns", "Lack of mainstreaming and integration of biodiversity issues", "Lack of benefit-sharing", "Lack of capacity of local communities", "Lack of preventive and positive measures, response policies", "Lack of synergy at the national and international levels", "Lack of political will and support for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity", "Inadequate public and stakeholder participation", "Inadequate transfer of technology and know-how", "Lack of adequate scientific research capacity", "Loss of traditional knowledge", "Inadequate use of existing scientific and traditional knowledge", "Lack of appropriate policies and laws", "Weak law enforcement capacity", "Note: Column headings: All = all reporting countries; IN = industrialized countries; ET = countries with economies in transition; OD = other developing countries (i.e. excluding least developed countries and small island developing States); LD = least developed countries; SI = small island developing States.", "Source: Study on the assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2011).", "63. If these challenges are not addressed, especially if ecosystems are under pressure to move beyond a certain threshold or threshold, there is a high risk of a dramatic loss of biodiversity accompanied by a wide range of ecosystem services degradation. Policies that focus on certain important areas, species and ecosystem services, and that carefully target, are essential to avoid the most dangerous impacts on people and society. Avoiding further human-induced loss of biodiversity will be extremely challenging in the immediate future, but in the longer term, if urgent and effective actions are launched now in support of the agreed long-term vision, the loss of biodiversity can be halted and, in some respects, reversed.", "64. Funding shortfalls are among the most serious challenges to biodiversity. Innovative financial mechanisms could expand their role by leveraging additional funding from the private sector. The following mechanisms were suggested: payment for ecosystem services based on beneficiary-paying systems; a biodiversity offsetting mechanism based on the polluter-pays principle; an approach to environmental fiscal reform using tax policies; the creation of green product markets; and international financial mechanisms such as global lottery, global bonds and trust funds, public guarantee and insurance mechanisms, equity investments, green development mechanisms and a currency transaction tax. However, these measures are not easily acceptable to a number of developing countries, which fear that additional costs and development assistance will decrease.", "65. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity [21] is an international agreement adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its tenth meeting, held in Nagoya, Japan, on 29 October 2010, aimed at the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The agreement provides for appropriate access to genetic resources and the appropriate transfer of related technologies through appropriate financing, taking into account all rights over those resources and technologies, thus contributing to the sustainable use of biodiversity and its components. This could be another mechanism for safeguarding biodiversity. Since its opening for signature in February 2011, 38 parties have signed it. However, this agreement poses another challenge as it relates to international regimes such as the TRIPS regime.", "66. Effective action to address the loss of biodiversity depends on the underlying causes or indirect drivers of its decline. This requires strategic planning and more effective use of land, energy, freshwater and materials to meet growing demand and to reconcile and develop contradictions with: Conservation of biodiversity; use of market incentives; avoidance of perverse subsidies in order to minimize unsustainable resource use and wasteful consumption; ensuring that benefits from the use of and access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, such as through the development of medicines and cosmetics, are equitably shared among the countries and cultures in which they are located; and dissemination, education and awareness-raising to ensure that everyone understands the value of biodiversity and what steps can be taken to protect it, including through individual consumption and behavioural change. [23]", "67. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development could ensure that better decisions on biodiversity were taken at all levels and in all sectors, especially major economic sectors. In this regard, Governments have an important enabling role to play. National programmes or legislation are crucial in creating an enabling environment to support effective “bottom-up” initiatives led by communities, local authorities or businesses. This also includes empowering indigenous peoples and local communities to assume responsibility for biodiversity management and decision-making; and developing systems to ensure that benefits from access to genetic resources are equitably shared.", "Oceans", "68. The oceans cover 72 per cent of the Earth ' s surface and constitute an important component that supports life, drives climate and hydrological cycles and provides important resources. Oceans, marine islands and coastal areas constitute an integral and necessary part of the Earth ' s ecosystem and are essential for global food security and for the sustainable economic prosperity and well-being of many countries, in particular developing countries. Globally, millions of people in the fisheries sector provide a source of income and livelihood. In 2008, the total sales of fish and aquatic plants amounted to $106 billion, while fishing provided livelihoods for about 540 million people, or 8 per cent of the global population. [25] Achieving sustainable development goals, including those related to the promotion of a green economy, with a focus on ensuring the health and productivity of the oceans is a key element. However, progress has been slow.", "69. Implementation of ocean-related decisions, including the establishment of the United Nations Agreement for the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, to provide advice to the General Assembly. The Assembly also established a regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment. The measures taken by coastal States to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing are monitored by FAO and the International Convention on the Control and Management of Ships ' Ballast Water and Sediments under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization. In addition, regional fisheries management mechanisms have been established to address specific regional challenges.", "70. Despite these efforts, the goal set at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, namely, to restore fish stocks to maximum sustainable yield levels by 2015, appears unlikely to be achieved, as do other goals, including reversing the loss of marine biodiversity and eliminating destructive fishing practices. Another decision of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the establishment of marine protected areas, is slowly being implemented. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development provides an opportunity to take action to accelerate implementation and action on emerging new threats, such as ocean acidification, ocean noise and plastics, particulate plastics and marine debris.", "IV. Institutions and governance", "71. Today, governance issues are both more complex and more inclusive. This is compounded by the fact that State actors are no longer the only actors, but more inclusive because governance must be democratic and perceived as politically legitimate. [26] It needs to include national actors, in particular business, business and civil society in general.", "72. The focus on legitimacy is due to the need to increase the rights necessary for sustainable development. Improving the legitimacy of institutions requires the development of mechanisms and procedures that bring together the expectations of all relevant stakeholders and communities, who may have very different concepts of legitimate governance or sustainable development. For example, countries at different levels of development or with different political cultures may have different views on the trade-off between universal participation and efficiency in decision-making, or different understandings of the appropriate role of States and markets in development. Similarly, market actors (companies, professional associations, investors) may emphasize legal standards of pragmatism and performance, while social and environmental groups may judge legitimacy on the grounds of environmental and social integrity, giving priority to procedural legitimacy and accountability to the wider community. To meet the requirements of legitimacy, ways need to be found to encourage the bridging of differences between these potentially very different understandings. [27]", "73. Institutions and governance require normative, technical and analytical functions, operational functions and a role in monitoring implementation. Institutions also need to reflect the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development.", "74. So far, little has been done in the area of integration. The framework for integrating the three pillars of sustainable development has been weak at all levels, that is, at the international, regional and national levels, and even at the subnational and local levels. In a number of discussions between Governments and other stakeholders, institutional fragmentation was criticized. However, the strengths and weaknesses of institutions depend on what they are required to perform. Sustainable development cannot be considered after development as a whole, but must be mainstreamed into development. The institutional framework needs to be reflected in integration efforts from the outset.", "75. Turning to institutions, the scope covers a wide range of formal and less formal institutions, organizations, networks and arrangements that are involved in decision-making or implementation. Globally, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of institutions and agreements within the institutional framework, with over 500 multilateral environmental agreements in place. As a result, the scope of sustainable development governance has greatly expanded, yet its framework remains fragmented and lacks coherence.", "76. The establishment of many arrangements, with limited government participation, includes the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), a global network involving Governments and many non-governmental actors, and the United Nations Global Compact, which is based on commitments to the eight core principles and is a formal link between the United Nations system and the private sector. There are also considerable innovations in the development of standards and codes by informal actors, with varying degrees of participation by Governments and international institutions. There are also a wide range of voluntary initiatives that seek to expand the use of key principles, such as the Equator Principles on Finance, the Global Reporting Initiative (to lift the ban on corporate reporting on sustainable development) and the recent International Organization for Standardization (ISO) process on corporate social responsibility.", "77. In addition, strong networking and information-sharing among all actors and stakeholders, as well as their participation in decision-making processes, may be the right path to focus not only on the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development, but also to ensure implementation, review and monitoring at all levels.", "78. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development may wish to examine different options or decide how best to make structures and institutions work in a more synergistic manner in order to meet international commitments and to contribute to efforts at the national level.", "79. At the international level, it was stressed that the institutional framework needed to support the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development and should also avoid duplication and include greater coherence and synergy between normative, technical and analytical as well as operational work. [29] The United Nations needs to establish a strong intergovernmental body for sustainable development, which can facilitate the integration of the three pillars and also address emerging issues and monitor and review progress in implementation.", "80. A number of options have been proposed to strengthen the institutional framework for sustainable development, including the Helsinki-Nairobi outcome. [30] The establishment of new structures has been suggested, but most appear to be in favour of strengthening existing structures or upgrading them to higher levels. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of creating a new world environmental organization, transforming the Economic and Social Council into a sustainable development council or establishing a forum within the Council to address sustainable development issues are being discussed. There were also proposals to upgrade the Commission on Sustainable Development to a sustainable development council as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly.", "In order to balance the three pillars and align the environment pillar with the other pillars, it was also suggested that UNEP be strengthened. The options discussed included upgrading the United Nations Environment Programme to the status of a specialized agency, creating a world environmental organization, or simply revising the mandate of UNEP in its current structure.", "82. It was suggested that greater coherence and coordination within the United Nations system be promoted and strengthened through the establishment of an inter-agency mechanism for sustainable development. Under the current arrangements, there is a clear disconnect between the agencies that make normative decisions and those that implement commitments at the global level. Unless these normative decisions are included in the mandates of their own governing bodies, there is little sense of ownership on the part of the bodies currently responsible for their implementation.", "83. At the national level, the establishment of new institutions, such as national councils, is a response to the challenge of integration, but in many cases results have been disappointing. A more effective alternative is to integrate economic, environmental and social objectives within the mandates of existing institutions. Longer-term budgeting and sound regulatory tools may be important tools for integration.", "84. At one level, integration can be seen as integrating the dimensions of sustainable development into the development of legal frameworks, the definition of property rights and government organizations. At each level, integration can be seen as a day-to-day implementation process, that is, how policies, management decisions, instruments and interventions are deployed. Factors such as the capacity needed by Governments and civil society; alignment of objectives; supportive legal and institutional frameworks; and easy access to data and information for decision-making can facilitate integrated implementation. At the national level, horizontal integration between cross-sectoral institutions and different levels of government is crucial. 28", "85. An important factor at the regional and national levels is improved analysis, assessment and scientific research, as well as monitoring and accountability. International and regional and national institutions have a role to play in this regard. The former can assist in monitoring and accountability. The latter, because of their local presence, can support national and local institutions in the analysis, collection and assessment of data, as well as in building national and local capacity to analyse, develop and enforce regulatory and incentive frameworks.", "86. It should be acknowledged that considerable progress has been made at the country level in strengthening institutional mechanisms for policy formulation, coordination, implementation and review. Many countries have developed national sustainable development strategies and related instruments, but these are often not the most important reference documents for economic ministries and donors. The main challenge is to ensure that such strategies have an impact on decision-making and implementation. Mechanisms could be used to monitor progress and implementation of national sustainable development strategies, including internal reviews, external audits, parliamentary and budget reviews and indicator-based monitoring. 32", "87. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development could pave the way for better linking the international, regional and national levels in order to strengthen implementation and monitor progress.", "Effective public participation in policy formulation and implementation contributes to the integration of the three pillars. Policy development and implementation are not only about the judicious allocation of resources and good management, but also about procedures. Ignoring social marginalization, vulnerability and unequal allocation of resources undermines the trust needed for collective action. Giving greater voice to the poor and marginalized in decision-making is therefore a high priority. Making information more accessible to the poor is a useful tool for empowerment.", "89. Building on the progress made in promoting transparency and accountability through access to information and stakeholder participation in decision-making, more can be done. In this regard, the participation of major groups in the work of the Commission on Sustainable Development is an important feature that needs to be further strengthened in any future arrangement. In recent years, nearly 1,000 representatives of nine major groups have pre-registered for the sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development and several hundred have actively participated in the process. In addition to current efforts, however, accelerated implementation at the national level would require interaction with many international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that were managing large-scale implementation of sustainable development projects but were not currently represented at the sessions of the Commission. The increased participation of major groups in the Commission process is therefore crucial. [33] Major groups have also been extremely active in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. [34]", "90. Partnerships are another important component of governance arrangements and, since the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the Commission on Sustainable Development has played an important role in promoting partnerships among Governments, major groups and other national and international institutions in order to implement the Commission ' s decisions on the ground. This experience needs to be advanced to the next stage, and the meeting may wish to examine several options that are currently emerging, including dedicated partnerships (or partnerships) for each set of policy decisions.", "Actions and means of implementation for international cooperation", "91. Sustainable development was a compact between developed and developing countries, between States and non-State actors, between rich and poor countries and between generations. Without unity and justice, prosperity will not come. Globalization has shown that the world has become so interconnected that no country or region can assume that what happens elsewhere in the world has nothing to do with them. It is therefore in the interest of all that international cooperation be established.", "92. Many have repeatedly stated that Governments have the primary responsibility for their citizens, but that Governments in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, need help even if they retain their dominant position. Achieving sustainable development required economic and social transformation combined with environmental protection. Developing countries will need capacity-building, technology transfer and means of implementation to achieve these goals.", "93. It should not be forgotten, however, that it is the international landscape that has brought about a dramatic change. The rise of several dynamic emerging market countries is one of the most visible outcomes of this change. By 2025, emerging economies are likely to be the main engines of global growth, along with advanced economies. It is likely that the international monetary system will no longer be dominated by a single currency. The emerging market countries that currently hold three quarters of their official foreign exchange reserves, with their sovereign wealth funds and other pools, have become increasingly important sources of financing for international investment. They will be key players in financial markets. In sum, a new world order in which economic power is more dispersed is emerging, leading to a shift towards multipolarity. [35]", "94. In a world of gradual multipolarization of the economy and growing financial centres, policymakers will need to have the tools and capacity to take advantage of opportunities effectively, while safeguarding their economies against risks, which remain high as the global economy struggles to move forward and find a stable base.", "95. This is why developing countries need, on the one hand, a shared means of implementation, a safe and enabling environment and adequate policy space, and, on the other hand, an effective economic, social justice and equity system within the planetary care system, while building resilience to a wide range of shocks, including economic, social and natural shocks.", "96. That is why so many people advocate making the economy greener. But the economy does not just have to choose the right color; it also needs to choose the right form. There is a need to reduce global carbon emissions and to go further to protect their natural assets, such as fish and forests. It should create “green jobs” for a growing number of new workers and encourage innovative business models that empower poor producers, which means promoting social equity and helping the poor out of poverty.", "97. Access to energy and technology transfer are the most important prerequisites for this to happen, as mentioned above. Of course, this is related to ODA. Disbursement of ODA and its effective use would enable developing countries to lift the debt burden and increase technology transfer, as stipulated in the Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity-building [36], as well as to improve market access and reduce tariffs.", "98. Chapter 33 of Agenda 21 addresses financial resources and mechanisms. The estimated annual cost of implementing Agenda 21 in developing countries amounts to $600 billion, of which $125 billion comes from developed countries. The table below evaluates the implementation of the main commitments in chapter 33 as of 2010 against some basic indicators of progress.", "Official development assistance (ODA)", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (forthcoming).", "99. Chapter 33 also reaffirms the official development assistance target of 0.7 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) per year for developed countries, but as a result of the slowdown in global economic growth in mid-2010 and the weakened policy response, support is expected to be significantly reduced in the short term, particularly as the fiscal deficit widens and public debt increases weaken support for further fiscal stimulus. Many Governments, particularly in developed countries, have shifted to fiscal austerity. This will have a negative impact on global economic growth in 2011 and 2012. [37] In 2010, net aid disbursements amounted to $128.7 billion, equivalent to 0.32 per cent of the aggregate national income of developed countries. This is the highest recorded level in history, but the real figure is 6.5 per cent higher than in 2009. If debt relief and humanitarian assistance are excluded, bilateral assistance for development programmes and projects has increased by 5.9 per cent in real terms as donors continue to expand their core development projects and programmes. The increase represents the bulk of new loans (a 13.2 per cent increase), but also increases in grants (6.8 per cent) [38] (see figure 8).", "Figure 8 Official development assistance provided by developed countries, 2000-2010 (in 2009 constant United States dollars and current United States dollars, millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Source: Millennium Development Goals Report 2011.", "100. In 2010, contributions from Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden continued to exceed the United Nations target of 0.7 per cent of their gross national income for official development assistance. In volume terms, the largest donors are the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. In real terms, the largest increases in ODA between 2009 and 2010 were in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Portugal, the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom. Looking to the future, a recent OECD survey shows that most donors plan to increase aid over the next three years, but with a sharp decline. Compared to the average annual increase of 8 per cent over the past three years, aid will increase by only 2 per cent per year between 2011 and 2013. 38", "101. The external debt burden of a country affects its credibility and vulnerability to economic shocks. Better financial management, increased trade and, especially for the poorest countries, substantial debt relief has reduced the burden of debt servicing. Between 2000 and 2008, the average ratio of public debt service to exports in developing regions declined from 12.5 per cent to 3.4 per cent. In 2009, export earnings of developing countries declined by 21 per cent as a result of the global economic crisis, while their total public debt payments remained at the same level as in 2008. Thus, for all developing regions except South Asia, West Asia and Oceania, the overall average of public debt service payments to exports rose to 3.6 per cent, with the most significant impact on small island developing States and least developed countries. 38", "102. World trade continued to recover in 2010, but the strong growth observed in the first half of the year has begun to fade. Although many emerging economies have resumed, and even surpassed, pre-crisis peaks, exports from developing economies have yet to see a full recovery. Looking ahead, world trade is expected to grow by about 6.5 per cent in 2011 and 2012, down from 10.5 per cent in 2010. Despite the gradual recovery of the economy over the past two years, the value of imports in the three largest developing economies remained significantly below the pre-crisis peak by August 2010. At the same time, the export recovery in these economies reflected a rapid increase in imports from East Asian and Latin American countries. 37", "103. Despite fears that protectionism would re-emerge when the economic crisis began in 2008, strong international governance had been fostered by the G-20 summit and other multilateral initiatives to avoid a return to restrictive trade practices. Today, developed country markets import the vast majority of exports from developing countries free of duty. The proportion of duty-free imports from developing countries other than least developed countries has not increased in recent years, and the share of duty-free goods from these two groups of countries has gradually increased to about 80 per cent of their exports. 38", "104. As a result of the general reduction of tariffs in developed markets, more and more products are now often imported duty-free under the World Trade Organization most-favoured-nation status. However, if most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment was to be excluded, only 19 per cent of developing-country exports to developed countries were “real” benefiting from preferential treatment. On the other hand, genuine preferential duty-free treatment remains the dominant mode of entry of LDC goods into developed country markets. The exports of LDCs benefiting from such preferential treatment have been increasing over the years, reaching 53 per cent in 2009. All developed countries except one granted duty-free market access to at least 97 per cent of their products from least developed countries (see figure 9).", "Figure 9", "[Chuckles]", "Source: Millennium Development Goals Report 2011.", "105. The main challenge remains to find viable and effective ways of policy coordination among major economies. In this regard, some believe that the G-20 could be a useful tool if it were enabled to promote a framework for a sustainable rebalancing of the global economy, making it more concrete and operational. Clear and verifiable targets for the desired political results will help the parties to do their part. It will also facilitate strategic investment in infrastructure (electricity, transport, etc.) to support the transition to a green economy. Some countries have prioritized green investment and developed strategies and policies to support it, and researchers are developing conceptual and empirical support for such policies.", "106. As climate threats occur, there is an increasing need for access to new and existing environmentally friendly technologies at an affordable cost. Since the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the transfer of technology and knowledge-sharing has been an indispensable and important topic in the discussion of how to achieve sustainable growth and address global sustainable development challenges. At the same time, developing countries also need support in building their own technological capacity to ensure a smooth transition to low-polluting economies and to maintain their competitiveness in an open global economy. In developing a technology capacity-building plan, more emphasis could be placed on user needs, more effective aid coordination and donor cooperation, investment in capacity-building at the regional and global levels, and a greater role for information technology in capacity-building.", "VI. Progress in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "107. Since the last report on Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the World Summit on Sustainable Development1 Since then, and as of the date of submission of this report, the Preparatory Committee has held one intersessional meeting [39] and two meetings. [40] The first intersessional meeting was an informal meeting, which discussed an advance, unedited synthesis report on best practices and lessons learned on the subject and on the themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The Co-Chairs ' summary was issued as the outcome of the meeting. [41]", "108. The second session of the Preparatory Committee [42] was a formal meeting of the preparatory process for the Conference, at which the formal synthesis report was considered. [43] The report has been updated to reflect additional inputs and inputs from participants at intersessional meetings. The proceedings of the meeting were further informed by my report on the subject and the topics of the meeting. The Co-Chairs ' summary was the outcome of the meeting. [44]", "109. The second session of the Preparatory Committee also adopted a decision in which it requested the Bureau to initiate an open, transparent and inclusive process, led by Member States, in order to prepare a draft text in a timely manner, based on inputs from all preparatory processes, as a basis for the outcome document of the Conference. It also invited all Member States, relevant organizations of the United Nations system and relevant stakeholders to provide, by 1 November 2011, written inputs and contributions for inclusion in the compilation of documents as a basis for the preparation of the zero draft of the outcome document. At the same time, it requested the Bureau to compile those inputs and contributions and to send the compilation to Member States and other stakeholders at their second intersessional meeting, scheduled for mid-December 2011, for their comments and further guidance, so that the Co-Chairs could submit a zero draft of the outcome document on behalf of the Bureau for consideration no later than early January 2012. It also recommended that the Bureau convene a three-day meeting in January 2012 with the aim of conducting an initial discussion on the zero draft of the outcome document, with a full week of negotiations scheduled for each month in February, March and April 2012, and to ensure that all those meetings were informal.", "110. The Preparatory Committee has decided that 4-6 June 2012 will be the date of the Conference, to be preceded by the third meeting of the Preparatory Committee, to be held from 28 to 30 May 2012.", "111. In March 2011, the Bureau wrote to all Member States, organizations of the United Nations system and other relevant stakeholders inviting them to provide inputs by 1 November 2011 and issued a guidance note on the submission of inputs in July 2011. [45]", "112. The Bureau further requested the Secretary-General of the Conference and the General Assembly secretariat to prepare a survey of the five options for the Helsinki-Nairobi outcome. The Secretariat launched this initiative in enhanced consultation with the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs. In the view of the Executive Committee, there is a need to expand the scope of the study to include options for strengthening each of the three pillars and their more effective integration. The study on the Helsinki-Nairobi outcome will be part of a broader study mandated by the Executive Committee, the results of which will be submitted in September 2011.", "Member States, [46] entities of the United Nations system [47] and major groups [48] will also hold several preparatory meetings. The regional commissions scheduled their preparatory meetings between September and December 2011. [49] A number of documents have been prepared in preparation for and as a result of the discussions at these different meetings, as part of the broader preparatory process. [50]", "114. The Secretary-General of the Conference [51], together with the Secretariat [52], supports Member States in their preparations by jointly organizing meetings, preparing background papers and question briefs, supporting Bureau meetings and preparing official documents requested by Member States.", "115. The secretariat also supported country-level preparations through a joint project proposal prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme. Given the urgent need for support at the country level, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs is supporting in-country preparations through capacity-building programmes in 21 countries, most of which are least developed countries. Guidance notes have been sent to United Nations country teams in order to assist countries in their preparations for participation.", "116. The secretariat team is working closely with major groups to organize advisory workshops and other training activities. It also continued its efforts to raise funds for the Trust Fund for the Conference to support better national preparations and the participation of developing countries and major groups in the preparatory meetings.", "117. The Conference website [53] has been strengthened. In addition to being more user-friendly, it provided a wealth of information on various aspects of the preparatory process leading up to the Conference and was updated daily. Communications protocols between computers have been developed to enable Member States and other stakeholders to access their respective web pages and to update information directly, and they can also network their inputs to the compilation documents. Regular updates could also be provided through the biweekly newsletter Rio+20.", "118. The secretariat of the Conference also continued to work with the host Government of Brazil and an interdepartmental task force established for that purpose to advance preparations. As at the date of preparation of the present report, the Secretariat had conducted four missions to Brazil, focusing on: assessing the security needs of the Conference; reviewing the space and construction required for the Conference; and all other logistical preparations, including the number of conference rooms and host country agreements. Logistical preparations also included collaboration between the Rio+20 secretariat and the host Government to explore the possibility of meeting in a sustainable manner, including paperless survey meetings.", "119. The modalities of holding the Conference and its third Preparatory Committee, subject to the availability of resources, could include the following:", "(a) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "High-level Plenary Meeting", "• The opening of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly will take place on 4 June 2012 from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the venue of the meeting;", "• Four high-level plenary meetings will be held from 3 to 7 p.m. on 4 June, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 to 7 p.m. on 5 June and from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on 6 June;", "• The closure of the High-level Plenary Meeting will be held on 6 June from 3 to 7 p.m. at the venue of the meeting, with a focused political document and the report of the meeting expected to be adopted at the end of the meeting.", "Main Committees", "The Main Committee will be established in accordance with the rules of procedure of the Conference. In addition to the opening and closing sessions, the committee may meet in parallel with the plenary, if necessary. The primary task of the Main Committee is to finalize the outcome document of the Conference and all other outstanding matters.", "High-level round table [54]", "There are several options for a high-level round table. One option would be to hold a total of four high-level round tables during the session: one on the first day (afternoon), two on the second day (morning and afternoon) and one on the third day (morning). These high-level round tables could be held in parallel with the plenary meetings. The reports of these round tables may be submitted to the closing plenary.", "Other meeting activities", "A total of four partnership events could be held to provide an opportunity for the implementation efforts of the Commission on Sustainable Development partnerships and other multi-stakeholders to report on progress made and identify new activities and commitments. These activities will take place on the first day (afternoon), on the second day (morning and afternoon) and on the third day (morning). A report on these activities will be submitted to the closing plenary.", "A learning centre could also be opened early at the third session of the Preparatory Committee and run throughout the session, with courses on topics related to sustainable development, including those specific to the theme of the Conference, as required by the availability of appropriate trainers and participants. The curriculum will be available before the opening of the session, along with a description of the course, including information on instructors and the language of instruction. The report on the Learning Centre will be presented to the closing plenary.", "(b) Third meeting of the Preparatory Committee54", "The third meeting of the Preparatory Committee could include the following: opening and closing plenary meetings; meetings of the ad hoc working group on the outcome document; multi-stakeholder round tables; and meetings to report on the results of national resource assessments. The ad hoc working group on the outcome document could meet on a daily basis, as required, during the sessions of the Preparatory Committee. The group could begin its work immediately after the opening session and adjourn before the closing plenary, the report of which would be submitted to the closing plenary. The multi-stakeholder round tables may wish to meet in the afternoon of the first day and in the morning of the second day. Two meetings on the results of national voluntary assessments may be held on the afternoon of the second day and on the morning of the third session of the Preparatory Committee. The report on the multi-stakeholder dialogue and national voluntary assessments will be incorporated into the report of the third session of the Preparatory Committee and transmitted to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "VII. Next steps", "120. At its sixty-sixth session, the General Assembly will consider sustainable development issues under agenda item 19 (a). This will provide an opportunity to finalize the organizational details and modalities of the meeting. To this end, it is recommended that the General Assembly:", "(a) Take note of the progress made in the preparatory activities for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, as contained in the report of the Secretary-General, and endorse the recommendations contained in the report of the Preparatory Committee for the Conference on its second session;", "(b) Approval of the provisional agenda of the Conference;", "(c) Decide on the organization of work of the third session of the Preparatory Committee and the organization of work of the Conference; [56]", "(d) Approved the draft provisional rules of procedure of the Conference as contained in document A/CONF.216/PC/4, as considered by the Preparatory Committee;", "(e) Endorse the arrangements for accreditation and participation of relevant non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders in the Conference;", "(f) Decides that the Conference shall be open to all States Members of the United Nations and States members of the specialized agencies, with the participation of observers, in accordance with the established practice of the General Assembly and its meetings and in accordance with the rules of procedure of the Assembly;", "(g) Requested the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the outcome of the Assembly, and decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the sub-item entitled “Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, taking into account the outcome of the Assembly”.", "[1] A/65/298.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.", "[3] Paul Raskin, Tariq Banuri, Gilbert Togalopin, Pablo Gutman, Al Hammond, Robert Kates, Rob Swart, The Great Transition: Expectations and Hopes for the Future; Report of the Global Vision Group, Stockholm Environment Institute (2002).", "[4] See A/66/306.", "[5] See resolution 65/151.", "[6] See www.sustainableenergyforall.org/.", "[7] Summary report and recommendations of the Secretary-General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change on “Energy for a Sustainable Future”. New York, 28 April 2010.", "[8] World Energy Outlook 2010, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/International Energy Agency (2010).", "[9] World Economic and Social Survey 2011, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1.", "[10] Energy intensity is measured by the amount of energy required per unit of economic activity or output (GNP).", "[11] Progress in Sanitation and Drinking Water, Update 2010, World Health Organization/United Nations Children ' s Fund (2010).", "[12] See A/66/277.", "[13] See World Food Situation: FAO Food Price Index, FAO, available at www.fao.org/worldfoodration/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/.", "[14] See World Bank, “High and volatile food prices continue to threaten the world's poor”, press release 2011/430/PREM (14 April 2011). Available from web.worldbank.org.", "[15] See http://unfccc.int/methods_science/redd/items/4547.php.", "[16] Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "[17] See Ministerial Declaration, Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture, G-20 Conference of Ministers of Agriculture, Paris, 22-23 June 2011. Available at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/content/documents/110623_G20_AgMinisters_Action_Plan_Agriculture_Food_Price_Volatility.pdf.", "[18] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, State of the World's Cities Report 2010/2011 - Cities for All: Bridging Urban Gaps (2010).", "[19] See Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, United Nations publication, Sales No. B.10.I.7 (2010).", "[20] See A/66/291.", "[21] See UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27, annex, decision X/1.", "[22] At the time of submission of the present report.", "[23] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, Montreal (2010). See www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf.", "[24] Report of the Global Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex, para. 30.", "[25] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010, part I, p. 7.", "[26] Political legitimacy may be defined as the community's belief in and justification of common rules, Steven Bernstein, “Legality of global environmental governance”, Monthly Journal of International Law and International Relations, vol. 1 (1-2) (2005).", "[27] Steven Bernstein, “Legality of intergovernmental and non-State global governance”, International Review of Political Economy (February 2011).", "[28] See A/CONF.216/PC/7.", "[29] Co-chairs ' summary of the first and second Preparatory Committee meetings and the first intersessional meeting of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development preparatory process. See www.uncsd2020/index.php?menu=44.", "[30] The Helsinki-Nairobi outcome proposes five options for review: strengthening UNEP; establishing a new umbrella organization for sustainable development; establishing a specialized agency, such as the World Environment Organization; reforming the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development; and strengthening institutional reform and streamlining existing structures.", "[31] There are also the Environment-related Chief Executives Board and the Environment Management Group. Several thematic inter-agency mechanisms have been established, including UN-Energy, UN-Oceans and UN-Water, with the aim of promoting cooperation and information-sharing among United Nations entities. The United Nations Development Group has played a role in developing local activities and translating normative decisions into operations.", "[32] A proposal was made to introduce a universal or voluntary review mechanism as one of the core functions of a reformed Commission on Sustainable Development.", "[33] See A/CONF.216/PC/2.", "[34] See the web site of major groups on the General Assembly website of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, www.uncsd202020.org/rio20/index.php?menu=35.", "[35] World Bank, Global Development Perspective 2011 - Multipolarity: The New Global Economy (2011).", "[36] See UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1.", "[37] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[38] Millennium Development Goals Report 2011, United Nations (2011).", "[39] First intersessional meeting, 10-11 January 2011.", "[40] Second Preparatory Committee meeting, New York, 7-8 March 2011.", "[41] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=24&menu=25.", "[42] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=28&menu=24.", "[43] See A/CONF.216/PC/8.", "[44] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=217&type=12&menu=24&template=435.", "[45] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view & type=12&nr=238&menu=32.", "[46] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=50.", "[47] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=29.", "[48] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=27.", "[49] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=26.", "[50] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=20.", "[51] The Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs was nominated by the Secretary-General in May 2010.", "[52] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=37.", "[53] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=14.", "[54] Decisions on round tables and partnership activities, including numbers, timing, themes, participation and how to present the outcome of the round tables, will need to be taken in consultation with the Bureau of the preparatory process of the Conference.", "[55] On the basis of the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (A/66/150).", "[56] On the proposal of the Bureau of the General Assembly preparatory process." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领东耶路撒冷和其余 巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行动", "2011年8月8日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我不得不提请你注意包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上不断升级的紧张局势，这种局势是以色列军事侵略和殖民化非法政策和行径及其对巴勒斯坦人民不断挑衅和煽动的结果。这方面的实地情况仍然高度动荡和不可持续，迫切需要国际社会予以矫正，以制止以色列继续对巴勒斯坦人民实施大规模侵犯。", "占领国以色列非但没有促进和平，反而选择倒行逆施，加强了其在巴勒斯坦被占领土上违反国际法、包括违反人道主义法和人权法的行为。在这方面，正值巴勒斯坦人民庆祝神圣的斋月之际，占领国以色列继续不分青红皂白滥施武力，造成了包括妇女和儿童在内的平民伤亡。斋月第一天2011年8月1日黎明祈祷前发生的这样一起事件，就显示了这种对巴勒斯坦人生命的全然漠视。当天，以色列占领军突袭西岸的盖兰迪耶难民营，杀害了两名年轻男子。22岁的 Mu’tasim Odwan和23岁的Mohammed Ali Khalifa这两名男青年，分别头部和腹部中弹当场身亡。还有数十名巴勒斯坦平民受伤，许多人在这次凶残的军事袭击中遭到围捕和非法拘禁。", "此外，在被围困的加沙地带，巴勒斯坦人也未能幸免，杀气冲冲的占领国继续对在那里生活的150多万居民展开军事侵略行动。过去一周来，以色列占领军对加沙地带发动了多次空中打击，有一次空袭的目标是拉法海岸的一批渔民。这些空袭造成数十名巴勒斯坦人受伤，并对民宅和财产造成了广泛的物质破坏。必须提请注意，对平民地区的军事袭击，正如占领国最近犯下的这些罪行一样，是国际人道主义法所不允许的非法行为，并构成了针对巴勒斯坦人民的严重恐怖、挑衅和煽动行为。加沙地带的巴勒斯坦平民除遭受不断的军事侵略之外，还仍然受到占领国非法封锁的集体惩罚，这种封锁继续在加深着加沙的贫困和绝望。巴勒斯坦领导人呼吁国际社会要求以色列停止对加沙地带的军事攻击，遵守它在国际人道主义法下承担的义务，立即停止对巴勒斯坦平民的一切攻击和集体惩罚，包括全面解除封锁。", "与此同时，以色列一直在无情地非法致力于将巴勒斯坦被占领土其余部分殖民化，尤其是通过持续扩建定居点、拆毁民宅、驱逐数以百计巴勒斯坦人并使他们流离失所的做法，企图非法改变被占东耶路撒冷当地的现实。最近一次非法、鲁莽和挑衅性的声明发表于2011年8月4日星期四，当天以色列政府宣布批准在位于被占东耶路撒冷阿布古奈姆所谓的“霍马山”定居点增建900个定居单元。除了最近挑衅性地声明打算在被占东耶路撒冷建造更多非法定居单元之外，以色列占领军最近几还对更多的巴勒斯坦人财产和土地进行了破坏。这些非法行动再次证实以色列蓄意藐视国际法和国际社会要求它立即和全面停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上所有以色列定居活动的明确呼吁。我们遗憾地重申，国际社会在这方面继续无所作为的情况显然使以色列更加肆无忌惮地采取蔑视和强硬态度。", "占领国在增加定居活动的同时，还更多地拆毁房屋并使更多巴勒斯坦平民流离失所。联合国人道主义事务协调厅上周发布的一份报告记录了巴勒斯坦人被迫流离失所方面令人忧虑的趋势，并指出2011年迄今为止被拆毁的房屋已超过了2009和2010两年的总和。更具体而言，该报告指出，2011年上半年，有342座巴勒斯坦人拥有的建筑物被占领国拆毁，有656人(包括351名儿童)在2011年上半年失去了他们的家园，是去年同期的将近5倍。令人震惊的是，目前还有超过3 000项拆除令待执行，其中18项针对的是学校。因此，我们呼吁国际社会谴责摧毁巴勒斯坦人的家园继而使一个又一个家庭流离失所的做法，并采取必要行动迫使占领国停止这种残酷无情的做法。", "此外，我遗憾地通知你，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上，与以色列定居者有关的针对巴勒斯坦平民的恐怖、暴力、骚扰和恫吓行为已经加剧。针对巴勒斯坦平民及其财产的可耻的破坏行为仍然有增无减，包括上周分别发生的四起事件。在这些事件中，定居者纵火焚烧了西岸Turmusayya村、Burin村和Awarta村的巴勒斯坦农业财产，毁坏了约400棵橄榄树和杏仁果树。定居者甚至还攻击了正在奋力灭火的巴勒斯坦消防队员。还有报告令人震惊地指出，自今年初以来，已有4 000棵或更多属于巴勒斯坦人的树木被定居者连根拔掉、焚烧或以其他方式毁坏。此外，在希布伦分别发生的两起事件中，来自所谓“Havat Ma'on”前沿定居点的定居者攻击和打伤了五名国际活动人士，这些人士当时正在护送来自附近一个村庄里夏令营的儿童和协助巴勒斯坦牧羊人进入他们的土地。", "我们显然处于一个关键时刻，包括安全理事会在内的国际社会必须迎接挑战，负起责任，迫使以色列遵守其作为占领国的义务。因此，国际社会绝不能容许占领国以色列在完全有罪不罚和不接受问责的情况下犯罪，对无辜贫民实施军事攻击、杀戮和伤害，破坏家园和财产，对巴勒斯坦土地实行殖民化，对巴勒斯坦平民进行集体惩罚、任意监禁和拘留。我们坚信，只有认真、协调一致的行动才能迫使占领国以色列立即停止其所有非法活动，从而防止动荡局势进一步升级。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出了397封信，本信是上述信件的后续。日期从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年7月20日(A/ES-10/525-S/2011/445)的这些信件基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和有系统地侵犯人权的行为负责，犯罪者必须被绳之以法。", "请将此信作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 5", "Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am compelled to bring to your attention the escalating tensions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as a result of Israel’s illegal policies and practices of military aggression and colonization and its continuous provocations and incitement against the Palestinian people. In this regard, the situation on the ground continues to remain highly volatile and unsustainable and requires urgent redress by the international community so as to bring a halt to the massive violations that continue to be perpetrated by Israel against the Palestinian people.", "Instead of advancing peace, Israel, the occupying Power, has chosen to do the exact opposite by intensifying its violations of international law, including humanitarian and human rights law, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. In this connection, as the Palestinian people observe the holy month of Ramadan, Israel, the occupying Power, has continued to employ indiscriminate and disproportionate force, causing death and injury to civilians, including women and children. One such incident that illustrates the utter disregard for Palestinian life took place just before dawn prayers on 1 August 2011, the first day of Ramadan, in which Israeli occupying forces raided the Qalandiya refugee camp, in the West Bank, killing two young men. The two young men, Mu’tasim Odwan, 22 years old, and Mohammed Ali Khalifa, 23 years old, were shot in the head and stomach, respectively, and died instantly. Scores of Palestinian civilians were also injured and many were rounded up and illegally detained during the same ferocious military raid.", "Moreover, the Palestinian people in the besieged Gaza Strip have not been spared the wrath of the occupying Power as it continues to commit acts of military aggression against the more than 1.5 million inhabitants living there. Over the past week, Israeli occupying forces launched multiple air strikes against the Gaza Strip, including an air strike targeting a group of fishermen on the shores of Rafah. The air strikes resulted in the injury of scores of Palestinians and caused extensive material damage to homes and properties. It must be recalled that military attacks against civilian areas, such as these latest crimes by the occupying Power, are unlawful under international humanitarian law and constitute grave acts of terror, provocation and incitement against the Palestinian people. In addition to being punished by the incessant military aggression against them, the Palestinian civilian population in the Gaza Strip continues to be collectively punished by the occupying Power’s illegitimate blockade which continues to deepen poverty and despair in Gaza. The Palestinian leadership appeals to the international community to call on Israel to cease its military attacks against the Gaza Strip and to abide by its obligations under international humanitarian law and to cease forthwith all attacks against the Palestinian civilian population and its collective punishment, including by fully lifting the blockade.", "At the same time, Israel has been unrelenting in its illegal drive to colonize the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in its ongoing illegal attempts to change the reality on the ground in Occupied East Jerusalem through settlement expansion, home demolitions, evictions and the displacement of hundreds of Palestinians. In the latest illegal, reckless and provocative declaration, which came on Thursday, 4 August 2011, the Israeli government announced the approval given to building 900 more settlement units in the so-called settlement of “Har Homa” located in Jabal Abu Ghneim in Occupied East Jerusalem. In addition to making the recent provocative declaration of the intention to construct more illegal settlement units in Occupied East Jerusalem, the Israeli occupying forces have in recent days carried out the destruction of more Palestinian property and land. These illegal actions once again confirm Israel’s deliberate intent to defy international law and the unequivocal calls of the international community for the immediate and full cessation of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. In this regard, we regret to reiterate that continued international inaction has clearly emboldened Israel in its defiance and intransigence.", "Hand in hand with its increased settlement activity is the rise in home demolitions and displacement of Palestinian civilians by the occupying Power. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs released a report last week documenting alarming trends in the forced displacement of Palestinians and stated that more home demolitions have taken place so far in 2011 than in all of 2009 and 2010 combined. More specifically, the report stated that 342 Palestinian-owned structures had been demolished by the occupying Power in the first half of 2011; and 656 people, including 351 children, lost their homes in the first half of 2011, almost five times more than within the same period last year. Shockingly, there are currently over 3,000 demolition orders outstanding, including 18 targeting schools. We thus call on the international community to condemn the destruction of Palestinian homes and the subsequent displacement of entire families and to take the necessary actions to compel the occupying Power to halt this ruthless and cruel practice.", "Moreover, I regret to inform you that Israeli settler-related terror, violence, harassment and intimidation against the Palestinian civilian population throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, have intensified. Despicable and destructive acts against Palestinian civilians and their properties have continued unabated, including four separate incidents last week, in which settlers set fire to Palestinian agricultural property in the villages of Turmusayya, Burin and Awarta in the West Bank, damaging about 400 olive and almond trees. Settlers even attacked the Palestinian fire brigade as it was attempting to extinguish the fires. Reports have also indicated that a shocking 4,000 or more trees belonging to Palestinians have been uprooted, burned or otherwise vandalized by settlers since the beginning of the year. Additionally, in two separate incidents in Hebron, settlers from the so-called settlement outpost called “Havat Ma’on” attacked and injured five international activists, who were escorting children from a summer camp in a nearby village and assisting Palestinian shepherds in accessing their land.", "We are clearly at a critical juncture and the international community, including the Security Council, must rise to the challenge of upholding its responsibilities in respect of bringing Israel into compliance with its obligations as an occupying Power. Therefore, the international community must not allow Israel, the occupying Power, to perpetrate, with total impunity and without accountability, military attacks, the killing and injury of innocent civilians, the destruction of homes and property, the colonization of the Palestinian land, collective punishment, and the arbitrary imprisonment and detention of Palestinian civilians. We firmly believe that only serious coordinated action can compel Israel, the occupying Power, to cease forthwith all its illegal activities and thereby prevent this volatile situation from further escalation.", "The present letter is in follow-up to our previous 397 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 20 July 2011 (A/ES-10/525-S/2011/445), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of this letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 5", "Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory Security Council Sixty-ninth year", "Identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am compelled to draw your attention to the escalating tension in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as a result of the illegal policies and practices of Israeli military aggression and colonization and its constant provocations and incitement against the Palestinian people. The situation on the ground in this regard remains highly volatile and unsustainable, and there is an urgent need for the international community to rectify it in order to put an end to the continuing massive Israeli aggression against the Palestinian people.", "Far from promoting peace, Israel, the occupying Power, has chosen to reverse and reinforce its violations of international law, including humanitarian and human rights law, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. In this regard, as the Palestinian people celebrate the holy month of Ramadan, Israel, the occupying Power, continues to use indiscriminate force, resulting in civilian casualties, including among women and children. Such an event, which took place on the first day of Ramadan before dawn prayers on 1 August 2011, demonstrates the total disregard for Palestinian lives. On the same day, Israeli occupying forces raided the Qalandiya refugee camp in the West Bank, killing two young men. Two young men, Mu'tasim Odwan, aged 22, and Mohammed Ali Khalifa, aged 23, were killed instantly in the head and abdomen, respectively. Dozens of Palestinian civilians were also injured and many were rounded up and illegally detained during this brutal military attack.", "Moreover, in the besieged Gaza Strip, where Palestinians have not been spared, the occupying Power, which is killing and killing, continues its military aggression against the more than 1.5 million inhabitants living there. Over the past week, Israeli occupying forces have launched a number of air strikes against the Gaza Strip, one of which targeted a group of fishermen off the Rafah coast. These air strikes injured dozens of Palestinians and caused extensive material damage to homes and property. It is important to draw attention to the fact that military attacks on civilian areas, like the recent crimes committed by the occupying Power, are illegal acts not permitted under international humanitarian law and constitute serious acts of terror, provocation and incitement against the Palestinian people. In addition to continuing military aggression, the Palestinian civilian population in the Gaza Strip continues to be collectively punished by the occupying Power's illegal blockade, which continues to deepen poverty and despair in Gaza. The Palestinian leadership calls upon the international community to demand that Israel cease its military attacks on the Gaza Strip, abide by its obligations under international humanitarian law and immediately cease all attacks and collective punishments against Palestinian civilians, including the complete lifting of the blockade.", "At the same time, Israel has been relentlessly and illegally working to colonize the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, in particular through the continued expansion of settlements, the demolition of homes, the expulsion and displacement of hundreds of Palestinians, in an attempt to illegally alter the reality on the ground in Occupied East Jerusalem. The most recent illegal, reckless and provocative statement was issued on Thursday, 4 August 2011, when the Israeli Government announced its approval for the construction of 900 additional settlement units in the so-called settlement of Jabal Homa in Abu Ghneim in Occupied East Jerusalem. In addition to the recent provocative statements of intent to build more illegal settlement units in Occupied East Jerusalem, the Israeli occupying forces have recently destroyed more Palestinian property and land. These illegal actions reaffirm Israel ' s deliberate defiance of international law and the clear calls by the international community for an immediate and complete cessation of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. We regret to reiterate that the continued inaction of the international community in this regard has clearly led Israel to increase its defiance and intransigence.", "The increase in settlement activity has been accompanied by more house demolitions and further displacement of Palestinian civilians by the occupying Power. A report released last week by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs documented worrying trends in the forced displacement of Palestinians and noted that the number of houses demolished to date in 2011 exceeded the sum of 2009 and 2010. More specifically, the report notes that in the first half of 2011, 342 Palestinian-owned buildings were demolished by the occupying Power, and 656 people, including 351 children, lost their homes in the first half of 2011, nearly five times as much as in the same period last year. It is alarming that there are currently over 3,000 demolition orders pending, 18 of which are for schools. We therefore call on the international community to condemn the destruction of Palestinian homes and the subsequent displacement of families and to take the necessary action to compel the occupying Power to put an end to this brutal and ruthless practice.", "Furthermore, I regret to inform you that, throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, acts of terror, violence, harassment and intimidation related to Israeli settlers against Palestinian civilians have intensified. The shameful destruction of Palestinian civilians and their properties continues unabated, including four separate incidents last week. In these incidents, settlers set fire to Palestinian agricultural property in the West Bank villages of Turmusayya, Burin and Awarta, destroying some 400 olive and almond trees. Settlers have even attacked Palestinian firefighters who are struggling to put out fire. There are also alarming reports that 4,000 or more trees belonging to Palestinians have been uprooted, burned or otherwise destroyed by settlers since the beginning of this year. In addition, in two separate incidents in Hebron, settlers from the so-called “Havat Ma'on” settlement attacked and injured five international activists who were escorting children from a nearby village in the summer camp in Tripoli and assisting Palestinian shepherds to enter their land.", "It is clear that we are at a critical juncture and that the international community, including the Security Council, must rise to the challenge and shoulder its responsibility to compel Israel to comply with its obligations as an occupying Power. Therefore, the international community must not allow Israel, the occupying Power, to commit crimes with total impunity and without accountability, carry out military attacks, kill and injure innocent civilians, destroy homes and property, colonize Palestinian land and collectively punish, arbitrarily imprison and detain Palestinian civilians. We firmly believe that only serious and concerted action can compel Israel, the occupying Power, to cease immediately all of its illegal activities and thereby prevent a further escalation of the volatile situation.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 397 letters to you regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 20 July 2011 (A/ES-10/525-S/2011/445), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "2011年8月9日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "我谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年8月5日的信(S/2011/510)。你在信中表示，打算请联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)尽快在苏丹和南苏丹交界处执行一次侦察任务。", "安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "哈迪普·辛格·普里(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 9 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 5 August 2011 (S/2011/510) concerning your intention to request the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) to undertake a reconnaissance mission along the border between Sudan and South Sudan as soon as possible has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 9 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I should like to inform you that your letter dated 5 August 2011 (Speak510) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. In your letter, you expressed the intention to request the United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei (theft) to carry out a reconnaissance mission as soon as possible at the border between the Sudan and South Sudan.", "Members of the Council took note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "President of the Security Council", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年8月5日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨转递2011年7月30日苏丹政府和南苏丹政府在亚的斯亚贝巴签署的《苏丹政府与南苏丹政府关于边界监测支助团的协定》(见附件)。", "为评估联合国如何支持实施该协定，并为向安全理事会提出有关建议起见，谨告知你，我打算请联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队尽早对苏丹与南苏丹边界地区进行一次侦察。", "潘基文(签名)", "附件", "苏丹政府和南苏丹政府关于边界监测支助团的协定", "2011年7月30日，亚的斯亚贝巴", "1. 苏丹政府和南苏丹政府(下称“双方”)重申将奉行2011年6月29日于亚的斯亚贝巴签订的协定、以及2010年12月7日签订的关于联合政治和安全机制的协定附件2及2011年5月30日全国大会党/苏丹武装部队与苏丹人民解放运动/解放军之间签署的共同立场文件，并提出以下补充和修正：", "㈠ 对2010年12月7日签订的关于联合政治和安全机制的文件的修订：联合政治和安全机制的成员将扩大到包括两国外交部长和内政部长；联合外地委员会将改称联合边界核查监测机制，联合部门小组将改称联合边界核查监测部门，联合队部将改称联合边界核查监测小组，共同边界区将改称安全非军事化边界区。", "㈡ 在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议之前，双方联合法律委员会在非洲联盟高级别执行小组法律顾问的协助下，将编写一份综合文件，供联合政治和安全机制参考。", "2. 双方与部队指挥官商定布署兵力为300人的保护部队以提供一个充分的基础，直至部队指挥官根据2011年6月29日协定第5段提出有关建议。", "3. 双方一致认为, 联合边界核查监测机制的责任区应与安全非军事化边界区相符。安全非军事化边界区的中心线应为1956年1月1日边界线，争议地区除外。在争议地区获得最终解决之前，技术标界委员会在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议前提出并签署的地图上标明的共同行政边界应作为唯一依据。该地图应附于第1㈡段所述综合文件之中，以便遵行。", "4. 双方商定，双方将与联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队一道，按照2011年6月29日协定的规定，进行一次联合评估以确定：支助团总部的位置、区总部位置和数量；小组的位置和数量；以及为执行这些任务而分配的人员。评估的结果应提交联合政治和安全机制审议和批准。", "5. 部队指挥官也须在与双方协商的基础上进行一次侦察任务，以评估支助团的行动要求。", "6. 双方同意本协定附件A规定的任务。", "7. 双方应向联合政治和安全机制提交各自关于交通走廊的建议。", "8. 双方特此请求联合国核准关于边界监测支助团的协定，其中为联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队规定了其职责之外的下列额外任务：", "㈠ 提供部队保护", "㈡ 提供观察员", "㈢ 提供后勤和空中支助", "㈣ 提供国家观察员的住宿", "㈤ 高级观察员向联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队的部队指挥官报告", "9. 双方同意按照附件C所列的先前商定的议事规则为联合政治和安全机制作准备。", "10. 双方商定，联合政治和安全机制第一次会议将于2011年8月17日举行。联合政治和安全机制会议应在苏丹和南苏丹部之间轮流举行。第一次会议将在喀土穆举行。", "11. 在两个主权国家之间关系实现正常化之前，安全非军事化边界区和相关的边界管理机制是必要措施。因此，联合政治和安全机制需要每6个月对这些措施的必要性进行一次审查，并向总统提出关于有无必要继续这些措施的建议。", "12. 联合政治和安全机制第一次会议的拟议议程草案如下：", "㈠ 审议联合政治和安全机制的结构、规则和预算。", "㈡ 审议和通过联合委员会和联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队的建议。", "㈢ 联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队指挥官关于其评估获得结果的报告。", "㈣ 审议安全非军事化边界区的交通走廊。", "㈤ 任命联合边界核查监测机制，供双方核可。", "㈥ 商定安全非军事化边界区和相关安全机制的启动日期。", "㈦ 讨论安全非军事化边界区内的走廊。", "㈧ 联合政治和安全机制下一次会议的日期、时间、地点和议程。", "㈨ 任何其他事项", "附件：", "A. 边界监测支助团的任务", "B. 联合边界核查部门和联合边界核查监测小组", "C. 联合政治和安全机制议事规则", "2011年7月30日签署于亚的斯亚贝巴", "苏丹政府 南苏丹政府 \n伊斯马特·阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·扎因·伊拉贝丁将军(签名) 保罗·马永·阿凯克中将阁下(签名) 证人 非洲联盟高级别执行小组 \n\t皮埃尔·布约亚(签名)", "附件A", "边界监测支助团的任务", "1. 协助确保遵守双方商定的安全承诺；", "2. 支助活动(核查、调查、监测、仲裁、培训、联络协调报告、信息交流、以及双方之间要求的安全非军事化边界区一线的巡逻)；", "3. 与联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测机制以及联合边界核查监测小组一起，支持控制小武器和轻武器在安全非军事化边界区内或越界的流通；", "4. 应双方要求，为边防警察和边界安全机制进行机构培训；", "5. 主持联合边界核查监测机制会议，并与双方签署联合边界核查监测机制的决定；", "6. 监督双方关于2011年5月30日《边界安全共同立场文件》所定义务的投诉；", "7. 协调规划、监测和核查2011年5月30日《边界安全共同立场文件》的实施；", "8. 接收、验证和解决违规、争端和投诉；", "9. 为双方之间的联络提供便利；", "10. 联合边界核查监测机制应保持必要的地理图表和绘图参考资料，待这些资料与两国间边界吻合后，应将之用于监测按照2011年6月29日《关于边界安全以及联合政治和安全机制的协定》第2段的规定进行实施的情况；", "11. 应联合政治和安全机制要求，协助、促进和帮助在安全非军事化边界区内对标界小组进行保护；", "12. 建立有效的双边管理机制能力；", "13. 协助建立相互信赖、信任和一个有利于长期稳定和经济发展的环境。", "附件B", "联合边界核查监测部门和联合边界核查监测小组的任务", "1. 联合边界核查监测部门的任务", "1.1.　在其管辖范围内统筹规划、监测和核查协定的实施。", "1.2.　一旦有任何一方代表向联合边界核查监测部门领导人提交了属于安全性质量的投诉，则责成联合边界核查监测小组监测、核查和报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况；", "1.3. 向联合边界核查监测机制提交一份由联合边界核查监测部门领导人和每一方的一名高级代表签署的报告，报告副本每一方各一份；", "1.4. 向联合边界核查监测机制和适当的警察当局报告非法持有的武器，以便予以没收。观察并记录这些武器的销毁工作并报告当地的争端。超出其权限的任何争端则转给联合边界核查监测机制。", "1.5. 联络并每两个星期或在必要时举行一次会议。", "1.6. 保持其管辖范围内的必要图表、以及地理资料和绘图参考资料，待这些资料与两国间边界吻合后，应将之用于监测本协定执行情况。", "1.7. 在其管辖范围内促进各自在两国所属单位之间的联络，并讨论有关问题，以便为联合边界核查监测机制议程提供更好的参考。", "2. 联合边界核查监测部门总部的组成：", "2.1. 每方(苏丹武装部队和苏丹人民解放军)两名军衔不低于中校的军官。", "2.2. 每方两名军衔不低于中校的警官。", "2.3. 每方两名军衔不低于中校的国家情报和安全局人员。", "2.4. 每方一名法律顾问。", "2.5. 由每方两名军官以及一名外部观察者/监测员组成的一个指挥所。", "2.6. 联合边界核查监测部门应在双方协商一致的基础上形成决定，并应制定其内部规章。", "3. 将至少设六个联合边界核查监测小组；但由于各区面积大小不一，双方同意各小组及其位置将由区指挥官在咨商联合边界核查监测机制和部队指挥官后决定，并须得到联合政治和安全机制批准。此外，若需要，也可以此方式设立小组，若不需要，则可以此方式予以解散。", "3.1. 小组的组成：每个小组的组成如下：每一方同等数目的代表； 组长(外部观察者)、苏丹武装部队和苏丹人民解放军各一名代表，以及各方一名警察代表、一名国家安全部门代表和一名法律顾问。就特定任务而言，若有必要，则可为联合边界核查监测小组配一名地方当局或社区的代表。可用车辆或飞机部署小组人员，小组可在整个安全非军事化边界区边界两侧自由移动，携带适当设备，包括相机，以履行其职能。", "3.1.1. 小组的任务：小组将联合开展下列行动：", "3.1.1.1. 根据要求在各自分区内进行巡逻和查访，以监视和报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况，以防止任何违反规定的行为并增进互信。", "3.1.1.2. 向联合边界核查监测部门报告非法持有的武器，以便进行进一步核查，从而确定非法武器是否有正当理由，并等待联合政治和安全机制的销毁指令。", "3.1.1.3. 仲裁地方争端。超出其权限的任何争端要提交给部门一级，若有必要则提交给联合边界核查监测机制，若有必要也可能提交给联合政治和安全机制。", "3.1.1.4. 一旦有任何一方代表向联合边界核查监测部门领导人提交了属于安全性质量的投诉，则责成联合边界核查监测小组监测、核实和向联合边界核查监测部门报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况。", "3.1.1.5. 向联合边界核查监测机制提交一份由联合边界核查监测部门领导人和每一方的一名高级代表签署的报告，报告副本每一方各一份；", "3.1.1.6. 联络并每两个星期或在必要时举行一次会议。", "4. 警察：", "4.1. 正式的边界口岸和交通走廊将由联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议根据双方的建议确定，双方将在联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议前向联合政治和安全机制秘书处提交建议；", "4.2. 应通过确定的过境点和走廊穿越安全非军事化边界区。", "4.3. 过境手续将按照两个主权国家正常的海关和移民规则和程序进行。", "附件C", "联合政治和安全机制议事规则", "1. 时间安排。联合政治和安全机制应每季度开会一次，但若发生任何问题，则可召集特别会议。联合边界核查监测机制应定期每月在支助团总部或在联合边界核查监测机制决定的任何其他地点举行一次会议。若情况需要，联合边界核查监测机制也可举行特别会议。", "2. 地点。联合政治和安全机制的地点将随其主席轮转，通常会在喀土穆和朱巴之间交替举行，但两位主席也可能商定在如下地点举行一次联合政治和安全机制会议：", "2.1 在接近安全非军事化边界区或其内的一地，条件是两位主席一致认为这可使联合政治和安全机制成员更好地把握议程项目；或", "2.2 在一中立地点，条件是得到东道国同意。", "3. 联合政治和安全机制秘书处。联合政治和安全机制秘书处将：", "3.1 包括8人，派出国各占一半。", "3.2 及时获得全面建立和适当装备，设两个办公室(喀土穆和朱巴)，以支持联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议。每一办公室日常应配备4名工作人员，各由所在主权国家供资。但在每次联合政治和安全机制会议前或后，所有八名工作人员应集中在举行会议的办公室最多15天(确切期限由东道方的主席决定)，以便为该次会议提供支持。而在将按商定期限举行的联合政治和安全机制会议实际举行期间，所有八名工作人员须汇合一处。若会议在一个中立地点举行，联合政治和安全机制则将与东道国进行协调和联络。", "3.3 安全非军事化边界区国家边界安全机制以及联合政治和安全机制秘书处的经费由每一主权国家承担，国际元素由第三方提供支持。", "3.4 经费由两国各提供一半。", "3.5 任务。联合政治和安全机制秘书处将：", "3.5.1 协调联合政治和安全机制工作的各个方面，包括日常行政活动和联合政治和安全机制会议定期报告。", "3.5.2 在联合政治和安全机制会议前至少7天散发议程。", "3.5.3 在联合政治和安全机制会议后7天内起草会议纪要，供两位主席签字批准。", "3.5.4 在联合政治和安全机制会议的举行日期后14天内发布商定会议纪要。", "3.5.5 准备预算供联合政治和安全机制批准和问责", "3.6 新闻/媒体。所有与媒体的接触均将联合进行，且必须仅通过联合政治和安全机制主席或其指定的代言人进行。联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门和联合边界核查监测小组将把所有涉及媒体/公共信息的问题转给联合政治和安全机制。", "3.7 信息交流和联络。按照居里夫图总目标7，本着合作的精神，并为建立互信和减轻潜在的跨边界紧张局势起见，双方将建立：", "3.7.1 来自每一主权国的联合政治和安全机制成员之间的直接沟通渠道以及与联合政治和安全机制秘书处的沟通渠道；", "3.7.2 信息交流应通过安全非军事化边界区的协调安全机制、即联合政治和安全机制、联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门以及联合边界核查监测小组秘书处以及两国使馆进行。", "3.8 后勤和资金。联合政治和安全机制会议的费用，除应由派出国继续负责的出席会议的差旅费外，均将由东道国政府支付。若联合政治和安全机制会议是在一个中立地点举行，则联合主席将在确认会议地点前与东道国商定筹资机制。", "3.9 联合政治和安全机制、联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门和联合边界核查监测小组的所有其他费用，除应由有关当局负责的外部监测费用外，均将由两国按相等比例承担。联合政治和安全机制下一会计(公历)年的预算将不迟于会计年度开始前6个月作为联合政治和安全机制的议程项目商定，并由两派遣国政府不迟于会计年度开始前3个月予以批准。", "3.10 将在联合政治和安全机制初次会议上对第一会计年度剩余部分的预算作出估计；这笔款项的50％将至迟于8月14日分别存入两个代管账户(由两国分别管理)。任何外部捐赠和支助将存入一个非盟代管账户。", "3.11 联合政治和安全机制秘书处将至迟于上一会计年度结束后1个月内，公布上一会计年度联合政治和安全机制预算的实际支出情况。联合政治和安全机制秘书处将至迟于下一会计年度开始前6个月内公布下一会计年度的财政预算预测。", "4. 协调指示", "4.1 数目、组成和位置。双方应在2011年8月14日之前，在联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议前提前向联合政治和安全机制秘书处通知其将要部署于安全非军事化边界区的安全部队的数目、组成和位置以及相互之间的边界。这些细节应由联合政治和安全机制第一次会议批准。此后，其将要部署于安全非军事化边界区的安全部队的数目、组成和位置以及相互之间的边界若有任何更改，则须得到联合政治和安全机制批准。", "4.2 小武器/轻武器：安全非军事化边界区允许的最大武器口径是12.7毫米(0.5英寸)。其他任何武器，包括地雷和手榴弹均不得部署于安全非军事化边界区之内。对由联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门及联合边界核查监测小组核实为非法的武器应予以记录、保管并移交给适当的警察机关，以待联合政治和安全机制的销毁指令。", "4.3 边界划定：联合政治和安全机制将促进两个主权国间边界标界委员会的工作。" ]

[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the enclosed Agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission between the Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan, signed on 30 July 2011 (see annex).", "In order to evaluate how the United Nations could support implementation of this Agreement, and with a view to providing the Security Council with recommendations in this regard, I would like to inform you of my intention to request the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) to undertake a reconnaissance mission along the border between the Sudan and South Sudan as soon as possible.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Annex", "Agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission between the Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan", "Addis Ababa, 30 July 2011", "1. The Government of the Sudan and Government of South Sudan, hereinafter referred to as the Parties, reaffirm their commitment to the agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 29 June 2011, as supplemented by the agreements of 7 December 2010, Annex 2, which relates to the Joint Political and Security Mechanism (JPSM), and the Joint Position Paper signed between the National Congress Party/Sudan Armed Forces and Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army on 30 May 2011, with the following additions and amendments:", "(i) Amendments to the 7 December 2010 JPSM document: JPSM membership would be expanded to include the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Ministers of Interior of both countries; reference to the Joint Field Committee would become the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism (JBVMM), the Joint Sector Teams (JSTs) would become Joint Border Verification Monitoring Sectors, the Joint Team Sites (JTS) would become Joint Border Verification Monitoring Teams (JBVMTs), and reference to the Common Border Zone would become the Safe Demilitarized Border Zone (SDBZ).", "(ii) Prior to first meeting of the JPSM, a joint legal committee of the Parties assisted by the AUHIP legal advisors will prepare a consolidated document for the reference of the JPSM.", "2. The Parties agree with the Force Commander to 300 force protection as an adequate basis, pending the recommendations of the Force Commander as per Paragraph 5 of the 29 June 2011 agreement.", "3. The Parties agree that the area of responsibility (AOR) for the JBVMM shall correspond to the SDBZ. The centre line for the SDBZ shall be the 1/1/56 borderline except for the agreed disputed areas. Pending the final resolution of the disputed areas, the administrative common borderline, as reflected in the map produced and signed by the Technical Boundary Demarcation Committee before the first meeting of the JPSM and shall be used as the sole reference. This map shall be attached to the consolidated document referred to in Paragraph 1 (ii) for their operation.", "4. The Parties agree that they and the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) shall, in accordance with the provisions of the 29 June 2011 Agreement, undertake a joint assessment mission to establish: the location of the mission headquarters; location and number of sector headquarters; the location and number of teams; and the personnel to be assigned to these tasks. The outcome of the assessment mission shall be submitted to the JPSM for consideration and approval.", "5. The Force Commander shall also undertake a reconnaissance mission, in consultation with the Parties, to assess the operational requirements of the mission.", "6. The Parties agree to the tasks stipulated in Annex A of this Agreement.", "7. Both Parties shall submit their proposals on the corridors of movement to the JPSM.", "8. The Parties hereby request the UN to endorse the agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission with the following additional tasks to the UNISFA mandate:", "(i) Provide force protection", "(ii) Provide observers", "(iii) Provide logistic and air support", "(iv) Provide accommodation for national observers", "(v) The Senior Observer reports to the UNISFA Force Commander", "9. The Parties agree to prepare for the JPSM in accordance with previously agreed rules of procedure as in Annex C.", "10. The Parties agree that the first meeting of the JPSM will be held on 17 August 2011. The meetings of the JPSM shall rotate between Sudan and South Sudan. The first meeting will be held in Khartoum.", "11. The SDBZ and associated border management mechanisms are measures necessary until normal relationships prevail between the two sovereign States. Thus the JPSM shall review the necessity of these measures every six months with a view to making recommendations to the Presidents on the need for continuation.", "12. The suggested draft agenda for the first meeting of the JPSM is as follows:", "(i) Consideration of the structure, rules and budget of the JPSM.", "(ii) Consideration and adoption of the recommendations of the Joint Committee and UNISFA.", "(iii) Report by UNISFA FC on the outcome of his assessment mission.", "(iv) Consideration of corridors of movement in the SDBZ.", "(v) Appointment of the JBVMM for endorsement by the Parties.", "(vi) Agreement of the date of launching of the SDBZ and related security mechanisms.", "(vii) Discussion on corridors within the SDBZ.", "(viii) Date, time, location and agenda of the next JPSM.", "(ix) Any Other Business.", "Annexes:", "A. Tasks of the Support Border Monitoring Mission", "B. Tasks of Joint Border Verification Sectors (JBVMS) and Joint Border Verification Teams (JBVMTs)", "C. Rules of procedures for the JPSM", "Signed on 30 July 2011 at Addis Ababa", "(Signed) (Signed)", "Gen. Ismat Abdelrahman Zain Elabdeen H.E. Lt. Gen. Paul Mayom Akec", "Government of the Sudan Government of South Sudan", "(Signed) Witnessed by Pierre Buyoya African Union High Level Implementation Panel", "Annex A Tasks of Border Monitoring Support Mission", "1. Assist in ensuring the observance of the Security Commitments agreed by the Parties;", "2. Support activities (verifications, investigations, monitoring, arbitrations, training, liaison coordinating reporting, information exchange and patrols as required between the Parties along SDBZ;", "3. Support control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) circulation within and across the SDBZ, with the JBVMM, JBVMMS, JBVMTs.", "4. Conduct institutional training for border police and border security mechanisms as requested by the Parties;", "5. Chair JBVMM meetings and sign JBVMM decisions with the Parties;", "6. Oversee complaints of the Parties to the obligations under the Joint Position Paper on Border Security of 30 May 2011;", "7. Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the Joint Position Paper on Border Security of 30.05.2011;", "8. Receive, verify and resolve violations, disputes and complaints;", "9. Facilitate liaison between the Parties;", "10. The JBVMM shall maintain necessary chart geographical and mapping references, which once agreed to the border between the two states, shall be used for the purpose of monitoring of the implementation in accordance with Paragraph 2 of the Agreement on Border Security and the Joint Political and Security Mechanism of 29 June 2011;", "11. Assist, facilitate and help to protect the demarcation teams within the SDBZ as requested by the JPSM;", "12. Create capacity for effective bilateral management mechanisms;", "13. Assist building mutual trust, confidence and an environment which encourages long-term stability and economic development.", "Annex B", "Tasks of Joint Border Verification and Monitoring Sectors (JBVMS) and Joint Border Verification Teams (JBVMTs)", "1. JBVMS Tasks:", "1.1 Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the agreement within its jurisdiction.", "1.2 Upon complaint of a security nature submitted to the JBVMS leader by representative of either party, task JBVMT to monitor, verify and report on security within SDBZ.", "1.3 Submit a report to JBVMM signed by the JBVMS leader and senior representative of each party, with a copy of the report to each party.", "1.4 Report unlawfully held weapons to the JBVMM and appropriate police authorities for confiscation. Observe and record their destruction and report on local disputes. Any disputes beyond their competence are to be raised to the JBVMM.", "1.5 Liaise and conduct meetings every two weeks and when necessary.", "1.6 Maintain necessary charts, graphical and mapping references in its area of jurisdiction, which once agreed to be the border between the two states, shall be used for the purpose of the monitoring of the implementation of this agreement.", "1.7 Facilitate liaison between their mother units in the two states within its jurisdiction and to discuss the relevant issues which shall better inform the JBVMM agenda.", "2. JBVMS HQ Composition:", "2.1 Two officers from each, SAF and SPLA with the ranks of not less than Lt. Colonel.", "2.2 Two police officers from each side with the ranks of not less than Lt. Colonel or equivalent.", "2.3 Two NISS officers from each side with ranks of not less than Lt. Colonel.", "2.4 One Legal Advisor from each side.", "2.5 One command post composed of two military officers from each side plus one external observer/monitor.", "2.6 Two JBVMS shall reach its decisions by consensus of the Parties and shall establish its internal regulations.", "3. JBVMTs (Teams): There will be a minimum of six teams; however, given the size of all sectors is not the same, the Parties agree that the number of teams and their locations will be determined by the sector commander in consultation with the JBVMM and the Force Commander and with the approval of the JPSM. Additionally teams if required, may be created this way or disbanded where they are no longer required.", "3.1 Team Composition: Each team will be composed of an equal number of representatives from each party; the team leader (external observer), one representative from each of SAF and SPLA, plus one representative from the police, one from national security and one Legal Advisor from each Party. If necessary for a specific mission, a representative from the local authorities or community will be attached to the JBVMT. Teams will be deployable by vehicle or air, with freedom to move throughout the SDBZ on both sides of the border and appropriate equipment for their function, including cameras.", "3.1.1 Team tasks: Teams will act jointly to:", "3.1.1.1 Monitor and report on security within the SDBZ by conducting patrols and visits as required throughout their respective sectors in order to prevent any violations and enhance confidence-building.", "3.1.1.2 Report unlawfully held weapons to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Sectors (JBVMS) for more verification in justifying the unlawful weapons and awaiting destruction directives from JPSM.", "3.1.1.3 Arbitrate on local disputes. Any disputes beyond their competence are to be raised to sector level and to the JBVMM if necessary who may then raise it to JSPM if necessary.", "3.1.1.4 Upon complaint of a security nature submitted to the JBVMT leader from the representative of either party, the JBVMT leader will task the JBVMT to monitor, verify and report on security situation within the SDBZ to JBVMS.", "3.1.1.5 Submit a report to the JBVMM signed by the JBVMS leader and a senior representative of each party, with a copy of the report to each party.", "3.1.1.6 Liaise and conduct meetings every week and when necessary.", "4. Police:", "4.1 Official border crossings and movement corridors will be decided by the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting, based on the proposals of the 2 Parties which will be provided to the JPSM secretariat before the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting;", "4.2 The crossing of the SDBZ shall be through identified crossing points and corridors.", "4.3 Border crossing procedures will be conducted consistent with the normal customs and immigration rules and procedures of the two sovereign states.", "Annex C", "Rules of Procedure for the JPSM", "1. Timings. The JPSM shall meet quarterly but can call extraordinary meetings when any problem occurs. The JBVMM shall meet on a monthly regular basis in the mission headquarters, or in any other location as decided by the JBVMM. The JBVMM may also meet on an emergency basis when the situation requires.", "2. Locations. The location of the JPSM will rotate with its chair and will normally alternate between Khartoum and Juba; however, both chairs may agree to hold a JPSM:", "2.1 In an area closer to or inside the SDBZ, if they agree that this would provide JPSM members with greater awareness of an agenda item; or", "2.2 In a neutral location with the agreement of a host country.", "3. JPSM Secretariat. The JPSM Secretariat will:", "3.1 Comprise 8 persons drawn 50/50 from the sending States.", "3.2 Be fully established and appropriately equipped and housed in two offices (Khartoum and Juba) in time to support the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting. Each office shall be routinely manned by the 4 staff members and funded by each sovereign state. However all eight staff shall concentrate on the office where a JSPM meeting is to be held for a period of up to 15 days (the exact duration to be decided by the hosting chair) either side of the date of the JPSM meeting in order to provide support for that meeting times of JPSM meetings all the 8 staff shall converge for a JPSM meeting that is to be held for agreed period. And in case of a meeting in a neutral location the JPSM will coordinate and liaise with the host country.", "3.3 The funding of the SBDZ National Border Security Mechanisms and the JPSM secretariats is the sole responsibility of each sovereign state with the support of the third 3rd Party for the international elements.", "3.4 Be funded on a 50/50 basis by both states.", "3.5 Tasks. The JPSM Secretariat will:", "3.5.1 Coordinate all aspects of JPSM work, including the day to day administrative activities and regular reports of JPSM meetings.", "3.5.2 Circulate the agenda at least 7 days in advance of JPSM meetings.", "3.5.3 Draft minutes of JPSM meetings for ratification by signature of both chairs within 7 days following a JPSM meeting.", "3.5.4 Publish the agreed minutes of the JPSM within 14 days of the date of respective meetings.", "3.5.5 Prepare budget submissions for JPSM ratification and accountability.", "3.6 Public Information/Media. All contact with the media will be conducted on a joint basis and only by the JPSM chairs or their designated spokespersons. JBVMM and JBVMS and JBVMTs will refer all media/public information issues to the JPSM.", "3.7 Exchange of Information and Liaison. In the spirit of Kuriftu General Objective 7 and of cooperation and in order to build confidence and de‑escalate potential cross-border tension, the Parties will establish:", "3.7.1 Direct communications between the respective members of the JPSM from each sovereign state and with the JPSM secretariat;", "3.7.2 The exchange of information shall be through the SDBZ coordinating security mechanisms JPSM, JBVMM, JBVMS and JBVMTs secretariats and the two Embassies.", "3.8 Logistics and Funding. The cost of JPSM meetings, less for travel to the meeting which shall remain the responsibility of the sending States, will be met by the hosting government. In the event that a JPSM Meeting is held in a neutral location, it will be for the joint chairs to agree a funding mechanism with the host country before confirmation of the meeting location.", "3.9 All other costs of the JPSM, JBVMM, JBVMS and JBVMTs, less for the costs of external monitoring which will be met by the appropriate authority, will be the sole responsibility of the two states in equal proportion. The JPSM budget for the coming accounting (calendar) year will be agreed as a JPSM agenda item no later than 6 months before the beginning of the accounting year and ratified by the two sending governments no later than 3 months before the start of the accounting year.", "3.10 The budget for the remainder of the first accounting year will be estimated at by the preliminary JPSM; 50% of this sum will be deposited into each of two escrow accounts (to be administered by the 2 States) no later than 14 August. Any external donations and support will be held in an AU escrow account.", "3.11 The JPSM Secretariat will publish the actual expenditure against budget for the JPSM during the previous accounting year no later than one month after the end of the accounting year. The JPSM Secretariat will publish its annual budget forecast for the coming accounting year no later than 6 months before the beginning of the accounting year.", "4. Coordinating Instructions:", "4.1 Numbers, Composition and Locations. The Parties shall inform the JPSM secretariat before 14 August 2011 in advance of the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting of the number, composition and location of, and boundaries between the security elements to be deployed in the SDBZ. These details shall be ratified by the first meeting of the JPSM. Any subsequent changes to the numbers, composition, deployments and boundaries of the security elements to be deployed in the SDBZ are to be ratified by the JPSM.", "4.2 Small Arms/Light Weapons: The maximum calibre of weapons permissible within the SDBZ is 12.7 mm (0.5 inch). No other weapons, including mines and grenades, shall be deployed within the SDBZ. Weapons verified as unlawful by the JBVMM, JBVMS, JBVMTs shall be recorded, secured and handed over to the appropriate police authority pending JPSM directives on destruction.", "4.3 Border Demarcation: The JPSM will facilitate the work of the commission for demarcation of the border between the two sovereign states." ]

[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan concerning the Border Monitoring Support Mission signed in Addis Ababa on 30 July 2011 (see annex).", "In order to assess how the United Nations can support the implementation of the agreement and to present the relevant recommendations to the Security Council, I wish to inform you that I intend to request the United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei to conduct a reconnaissance of the border areas of the Sudan and South Sudan as soon as possible.", "(Signed) Ban Ki-moon", "Annex", "Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan on border monitoring support missions", "Addis Ababa, 30 July 2011", "The Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan (hereinafter referred to as “the parties”) reaffirmed its commitment to the agreement signed at Addis Ababa on 29 June 2011 and the annexes to the Agreement of 7 December 2010 on the Joint Political and Security Mechanism and the Common Position of 30 May 2011 signed between the National Congress Party/SAF and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/SPLA, with the following additions and amendments:", "(i) Revision of the documents on joint political and security mechanisms signed on 7 December 2010: members of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will be extended to include the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and the Interior of the two countries; the Joint Field Commission will rename the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism; the Joint Sector Team will be renamed the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit, which will be renamed the Joint Border Monitoring Team, and the Common Border Zone will be renamed a safe and non-military border area.", "(ii) Prior to the first meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, the Joint Legal Committee of the Parties, with the assistance of the Legal Adviser of the African Union High-level Implementation Team, will prepare a comprehensive document for information on joint political and security mechanisms.", "The parties agreed with the Force Commander to establish a protection force of 300 troops to provide a sufficient basis for the recommendation of the Force Commander pursuant to paragraph 5 of the 29 June 2011 agreement.", "The parties agreed that the area of responsibility for the joint border verification monitoring mechanism should be in line with the non-militarized border area. The central line of the safe demilitarization border area should be the border line of 1 January 1956, with the exception of the disputed area. Prior to the final settlement of the disputed area, the common administrative boundaries identified by the Technical Commission in the map presented and signed before the first meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism should be the only basis. The map should be annexed to the consolidated document referred to in paragraph 1 (ii) in order to be followed.", "The parties agreed that the parties, together with the United Nations Interim Force in Abyei, would conduct a joint assessment to determine the location, location and quantity of the Mission headquarters, the location and quantity of the team, and the distribution of personnel for the implementation of those tasks, in accordance with the terms of the agreement of 29 June 2011. The results of the assessment should be presented to the Joint Political and Security Mechanism for its consideration and approval.", "The Force Commander will also have to conduct a reconnaissance mission based on consultations with the parties to assess the operational requirements of the Mission.", "The parties agree with the mandate set out in annex A to this Agreement.", "Both parties should submit their respective recommendations on transport corridors to the joint political and security mechanisms.", "In particular, the parties requested the United Nations to approve the agreement on the border monitoring support mission, which set out the following additional tasks outside the mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Abyei:", "(i) Provide force protection", "(ii) Provision of observers", "(iii) Provision of logistics and air support", "(iv) Provision of accommodation for national observers", "(v) Report of the Senior Observer to the Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Abyei", "The parties agreed to prepare joint political and security mechanisms in accordance with the rules of procedure previously agreed upon in Annex C.", "The parties agreed that the first meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism would be held on 17 August 2011. The meetings of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism shall be held alternately between the Sudan and the Ministry of South Sudan. The first meeting will be held in Khartoum.", "Prior to normalization of relations between two sovereign States, the safe and demilitarized border areas and the associated border management mechanisms are necessary measures. Therefore, joint political and security mechanisms need to conduct a review of the needs of these measures every six months, and to submit proposals to the President for the necessary continuation of those measures.", "The draft proposed agenda for the first meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism is as follows:", "(i) Consideration of the structure, rules and budgets of joint political and security mechanisms.", "(ii) Consideration and adoption of the recommendations of the Joint Committee and the United Nations Interim Force in Abyei.", "(iii) Report of the United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei on its assessment of results.", "(iv) Consideration of transport corridors in areas of secure demilitarization.", "(v) Appointment of a joint border verification monitoring mechanism for approval by both parties.", "(vi) An agreement on the start-up date of the safe demilitarization border area and related security mechanisms.", "(vii) Discussion of corridors in the area of secure demilitarization.", "(viii) Date, time, place and agenda of the next meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism.", "(ix) Any other matters", "Annex:", "Border monitoring mission mandate", "Joint Border Verification Unit and Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team", "C. Rules of procedure of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism", "Signature at Addis Ababa on 30 July 2011", "(Signed) Paul Mani Akay Ambassador Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations", "Annex A", "Mission task", "To assist in ensuring compliance with the agreed security commitments of both parties;", "Support activities (construction, investigation, monitoring, arbitration, training, liaison coordination reports, information exchange, and patrolling of the line of the safe and non-militarized border area required between the parties);", "In conjunction with the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism and the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team, support the control of the circulation of small arms and light weapons in the safe and non-military border areas or across borders;", "Institutional training for border police and border security mechanisms, as requested by the parties;", "Hosting the meetings of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism and signing decisions with the parties to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism;", "To monitor complaints by both parties on obligations set out in the Common Position on Border Security of 30 May 2011;", "Coordinating the implementation of the Common Position on Border Security of 30 May 2011;", "Accept, validate and resolve violations, disputes and complaints;", "Facilitating liaison between the parties;", "The Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism shall maintain the required geograph and mapping reference material, which shall be used to monitor implementation in accordance with paragraph 2 of the Agreement of 29 June 2011 on border security and joint political and security mechanisms;", "To assist, promote and assist, at the request of the joint political and security mechanisms, in the protection of the demarcation group in the area of secure demilitarization;", "Establishment of effective bilateral management mechanisms;", "Assistance in the establishment of mutual trust, trust and an environment conducive to long-term stability and economic development.", "Annex B", "Mandate of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit and the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team", "Mandate of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit", "1.1. Implementation of an integrated planning, monitoring and verification agreement within its jurisdiction.", "1.2 When any representative of a party submits a complaint to the leaders of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit that is a security quality, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team is tasked with monitoring, verification and reporting on the security situation in the area of a secure and non-military border area;", "To submit a report to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism signed by the leaders of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit and a high-level representative of each party, a copy of which is each Party;", "Reports of illegal possessions of weapons to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism and appropriate police authorities for their confiscation. To observe and document the destruction of these weapons and to report on local disputes. Any dispute beyond its competence is transferred to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism.", "Contacts and meetings are held every two weeks or when necessary.", "The necessary maps within its jurisdiction, as well as geographic information and mapping reference materials, shall be used to monitor the implementation of the present Agreement after they are in line with the border between the two countries.", "To promote liaison among their respective units within their jurisdiction and to discuss issues to provide better references to the agenda of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism.", "Composition of the headquarters of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Service:", "Each party (the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army) has two military officers with no fewer military titles than the school.", "2.2 Each party's two military stations are not less than the prison officer.", "2.3 Each party's two military titles are not lower than that of the National Intelligence and Security Service.", "2.4 Each party is a legal adviser.", "2.5 A command station consisting of two officers each other and an external observer/monitoring officer.", "2.6 The Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit shall form a decision on the basis of consensus between the parties and shall establish its internal regulations.", "At least six joint border verification teams will be established; however, owing to the size of each area, the parties agree that the teams and their place will be determined by district commanders after consulting the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism and the Force Commander, and subject to approval by the Joint Political and Security Mechanism. In addition, if needed, a team could be established in that way, which could be disbanded if not required.", "3.1. The composition of the panel: the composition of each group is as follows: the number of representatives of each other; a representative of the Head of Group (Expressor), the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and a police representative, a national security sector representative and a legal adviser. For specific tasks, if necessary, a local authority or community representative may be assigned to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team. Vehicles or aircraft deployment team personnel may be free of movement across the two sides of the safe and demilitarized border area, with appropriate equipment, including aircraft, to carry out its functions.", "3.1.1. The Panel's mandate is to undertake the following joint actions:", "3.1.1.1. In accordance with a request for patrols and visits in their respective sub-regional areas to monitor and report on the security situation in the area of the safe and non-militarized border with a view to preventing any violation of the provisions and promoting mutual trust.", "3.1.1.2 Reporting illegal possessions of weapons to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit in order to conduct further verification, thus determining whether illegal weapons are justified and awaiting the destruction of joint political and security mechanisms.", "Arbitration of local disputes. Any dispute that goes beyond its competence is to be submitted to the sectoral level and, if necessary, to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism, if necessary, to the Joint Political and Security Mechanism.", "3.1.1.4. When any representative of a party submits a complaint to the leaders of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit that is a security quality, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team is mandated to monitor, verify and report to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit on security in the area of the demilitarization border.", "3.1.1.5. Submission of a report to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism signed by the leaders of the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit and a High Representative of each other, copies of each Party;", "3.1.1.6. Liaison and holding of meetings every two weeks or when necessary.", "Police:", "4.1. The formal border crossings and transport corridors will be determined by the first (initial) meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, on the basis of the recommendations of both parties, to submit proposals to the secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism before the first (initial) meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism;", "4.2 The safe and demilitarized border area shall be adopted through established crossings and corridors.", "4.3 Transit proceedings will be conducted in accordance with the normal customs and immigration rules and procedures of both sovereign States.", "Annex C", "Rules of procedure of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism", "Schedule. The joint political and security mechanisms should meet every quarter, but a special meeting may be convened if any problems arise. The Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism shall meet on a regular basis at the Mission headquarters or at any other location determined by the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism. Where circumstances warrant, the joint border verification monitoring mechanism may also hold special meetings.", "Venue. The venue of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will be relocated with its President, usually between Khartoum and Juba, but the two Presidents may agree to hold a joint political and security mechanism meeting at the following locations:", "2.1 In close proximity to the safe, demilitarized border area or its territory, provided that the two Presidents agree that it would allow members of the joint political and security mechanism to take the agenda item better; or", "2.2 In a neutral location, provided the host country agrees.", "Secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism. The secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will:", "3.1 Includes eight persons, half of the sending country.", "3.2 Timely access to comprehensive and appropriate equipment, two offices (Kordan and Juba) to support the first (initial) meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism. Each office should be staffed on a daily basis, with four staff members funded by sovereign States. However, before or after each joint political and security mechanism meeting, all eight staff members should be concentrated in the office of the meeting for up to 15 days (the exact period was decided by the Chairman of the host party) to support the meeting. During the meetings of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, to be held at the agreed deadline, all eight staff members will be required to bring together. The joint political and security mechanism will be coordinated and liaison with the host country if the meeting is held in a neutral location.", "3.3 The State border security mechanisms in the safe and demilitarized border area and the secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism are covered by each sovereign State and international elements are supported by third parties.", "3.4 Half of the funds provided by both countries.", "3.5 Mandate. The secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will:", "3.5.1 Coordination of all aspects of the work of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, including regular administrative activities and periodic reports of meetings of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism.", "3.5.2 The agenda was distributed at least seven days before the joint political and security mechanism meeting.", "3.5.3 A summary of the proceedings of the meeting was prepared within seven days of the meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism for approval by the two Presidents.", "3.5.4 A summary of the agreed meeting will be issued within 14 days of the date of the meetings of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism.", "3.5.5 Preparations for approval and accountability by the Joint Political and Security Mechanism", "3.6 Public information/media. All contacts with the media will be carried out jointly and must be carried out only through the Chair of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism or his designated name. The Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit and the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team will transfer all issues related to media/public information to joint political and security mechanisms.", "3.7 Information exchange and liaison. In accordance with Goal 7 of GLiftu, the parties will be established in a spirit of cooperation and in order to build mutual trust and mitigate potential cross-border tensions.", "3.7.1 Direct communication channels between members of the joint political and security mechanisms from each sovereign State and communication channels with the secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism;", "3.7.2 The exchange of information shall be carried out through the coordination of security mechanisms in the area of secure demilitarization, namely, joint political and security mechanisms, joint border verification monitoring mechanisms, joint border verification monitoring authorities, and the secretariats of the Joint Border Verification Team and the embassies of both countries.", "3.8 Logistics and funding. The costs of the meetings of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will be paid by the host Government, in addition to the travel of the sending State to continue to be responsible for attending meetings. If the meetings of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism are held at a neutral location, the Co-Chairs will agree with the host country on financing mechanisms prior to confirmation of the venue.", "3.9 All other costs of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit and the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team will be borne by both States in proportion to the external monitoring costs to be borne by the relevant authorities. The budget for the next year of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will be agreed no later than six months prior to the start of the accounting year as the agenda item for the joint political and security mechanism, and will be approved by the two contributing Governments no later than three months prior to the start of the accounting year.", "3.10 The budget for the remaining portion of the first accounting year will be estimated at the start-up meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism; 50 per cent of this amount will be deposited into two escrow accounts by 14 August, respectively. Any external donations and support will be deposited into a AU escrow account.", "3.11 The secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will publish the actual expenditure on the budget of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism for the previous accounting year within one month of the end of the previous accounting year. The secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism will publish financial budget projections for the next accounting year by six months prior to the start of the next accounting year.", "Coordination directives", "4.1 Number, composition and place. The parties shall notify the Secretariat of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism before 14 August 2011 of the number, composition and place of the security forces to be deployed in the safe and non-militarized border areas, and the borders between them, before the first (initial) meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism. These details should be approved by the first meeting of the Joint Political and Security Mechanism. Since then, the number, composition and place of the security forces to be deployed in the safe and demilitarized border areas and any changes in the mutual border are subject to approval by the joint political and security mechanisms.", "4.2 Small arms/ light weapons: the largest weapon calibre allowed in the safe demilitarization border area is 12.7 mm (0.5 in). Any other weapon, including mines and grenades, may not be deployed within secure non-military border areas. The verification of illegal weapons by the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism, the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Unit and the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Team shall be recorded, kept and transferred to appropriate police bodies to meet the destruction of joint political and security mechanisms.", "4.3 Border demarcation: joint political and security mechanisms will facilitate the work of the Commission of the border demarcation between the two sovereign States." ]

[ "主席： 曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生 (印度) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 杨涛先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 布里安先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 德国 贝格尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 齐亚德女士 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 帕勒姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 赖斯女士", "议程项目", "索马里局势", "上午10时05分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "索马里局势", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请索马里代表参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请负责索马里问题的秘书长特别代表奥古斯丁·马希格先生参加本次会议。", "我欢迎马希格特别代表在摩加迪沙以电视会议方式参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管人道主义事务助理秘书长兼紧急救济副协调员凯瑟琳·布拉格女士参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请奥古斯丁·马希格先生发言。", "马希格先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，我祝贺你代表贵国印度担任安理会主席。主席先生，我还愿感谢你给我这一机会向安理会成员通报索马里和平进程中的最新事态发展。我也要感谢安理会持续不断地支持索马里和平进程。对索马里和国际社会来说，这一时刻既是巨大的挑战，又是极佳的机会。", "在这一历史关头，我特别高兴能再次从摩加迪沙向安理会做通报。我今天刚刚与过渡联邦机构领导层和摩加迪沙商界领袖会面。我们讨论了我们如何能够共同努力和坚定我们的共同承诺，以建立一个和平、稳定的索马里。", "我们头脑里最重要的是索马里和整个区域的人道主义局势。人道主义苦难深重。国际社会正动员起来，努力应对这一严峻挑战。最近在摩加迪沙以惊人速度出现的安全事态发展，既给我们带来了独特的机遇，也产生了一系列非常严重的风险。如果我们能调集利用这一时机所需的支助，就有可能取得真正的进展。", "在政治方面，我们也处于紧要关头。6月9日，过渡联邦政府总统谢赫谢里夫·谢赫·艾哈迈德和过渡联邦议会议长谢里夫·哈桑·谢赫·亚丁签署了《坎帕拉协定》，从而打破了行政和立法之间在前进方向上陷入的长达5个月的政治僵局。《坎帕拉协定》将选举推迟一年举行，并规定制定一份具有明确基准、时间表及遵守机制的执行优先过渡任务路线图，从而使我们步入和平进程中新的前进轨道。", "我也为《协定》迄今得到及时执行感到鼓舞。6月19日，前总理穆罕默德·阿卜杜拉希·穆罕默德比《协定》规定的最后期限早20天辞职，表现出政治家风度。6月28日，他的继任Abdiweli Mohamed Ali总理在得到谢赫谢里夫·谢赫·艾哈迈德总统任命5天后即获得议会的压倒性认可。", "7月11日，议会压倒性地认可了《坎帕拉协定》，并实际上按照延长政府任期一年的规定，获得延长任期三年。7月20日，新任总理任命了由18名部长组成的新的精简内阁。我还颇受鼓舞地注意到，所有这些事态发展都是在《协定》设想的时限之前发生的。", "这对于索马里和平进程乃至索马里本身来说都是一个关键时刻。我们正着手落实路线图的实质性工作，该路线图概述了在今后12个月要完成的重要任务。这一阶段将始于在关于结束索马里过渡阶段问题的协商会议上通过路线图。该会议在不幸几次被推迟后，现在将于9月4日至6日召开。", "由联合国索马里政治事务处(联索政治处)主持的筹备委员会即将完成工作。今天上午，委员会讨论了在摩加迪沙召开的由总理主持、新任命内阁与会的一次会议的细节。路线图的通过将给予索马里人民亟需的对进程的自主权，并发出取得真正政治进展终于在望的明确信号。", "在此危机时刻，国际社会的明确支持和关注，对于巩固并保障已取得的进展将尤为至关重要。国际社会必须准备好在政治、人道主义和安全层面上提供切实支助。与此同时，我们还将采取一项高级别定期举措，以监督遵守情况，并向各过渡联邦机构表明，阻挠和无行动将要承担后果。", "最近青年党反叛团体出人意料地从摩加迪沙撤出，这同样是一个既带来巨大机遇也提出新挑战的重要事件。过渡联邦政府多年来第一次有望在整个摩加迪沙行使权力，这是一个受人欢迎的事态发展。如果得到有效管理，它将加快取得政治成果，并为在绝望中试图逃离灾难性饥荒而来到摩加迪沙的成千上万境内流离失所者提供急需的人道主义援助。", "尽管青年党把撤退仅说成是一种战术调动，但是这掩盖不了青年党是被迫撤出摩加迪沙的真相。在此，我要向过渡联邦政府和非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)部队为击退反叛分子所做的辛勤工作和牺牲致敬。青年党撤出是诸多因素导致的结果，其中包括这些部队不断对反叛分子施加压力。", "但是至关重要的是在此强调，重大危险也仍然存在。过渡联邦政府和非索特派团利用青年党撤出这一机会的资源都十分有限。摩加迪沙仍有青年党残余，安全局势仍不稳定，反叛分子也仍有可能对过渡联邦政府和非索特派团、甚至不幸的是对境内流离失所者和平民发动恐怖袭击和采取游击战术。", "反叛分子突然撤出摩加迪沙，饥荒迅速蔓延，这些都彻底改变了我们的计划。我们原本预计将在1年或18个月后才发生的事件现在就发生了。在这方面，至关重要的是各过渡联邦机构要保持团结和凝聚力，并在他们控制的地区建立起基本的行政架构，并加强法律与秩序。如果不立即采取行动填补这一空缺，就会有军阀及其民兵团体趁机推进并填补青年党撤离留下的真空这一真实的危险。过渡联邦政府应立即发挥协调作用，以便使当地民兵归其所管。", "我们还必须鼓励并协助振兴摩加迪沙、特别是Bakara市场的经济活动。这个市场是该城繁华的商业中心，上周还在反叛分子的控制之下。正如我所说的那样，今天我会晤了一些索马里商业领袖，并为我听到的话深受鼓舞。他们愿意尽自己的一份力量，而我们应该提供协助。", "我高兴地通知安理会，过渡联邦政府国家安全委员会开了会，并制定了摩加迪沙安全计划。政府在该计划中确定了包括所需资源在内的各优先事项。该计划呼吁由索马里警察部队而非军事人员占据反叛分子撤出的地区。我呼吁国际社会加快建设索马里警察部队的能力，以使该机构能够特别是保护摩加迪沙人数日益增多的境内流离失所者。在最近收复的地区部署索马里警察时，我们必须加快部署非索特派团的警员和装备，以使他们能协助索马里警察努力保护平民和促进法治。", "在联索政治处，我们正在进行调整，以便顺应新的形势，并且应对这些新的挑战。我们原本预期摩加迪沙在大约一年时间内会保持稳定，但是，我们目前正在修改我们的规划，以便把重点放在当前问题上。我们目前正在积极规划扩大联合国在索马里境内的驻留，而不是我们原本设想的小规模存在。因此，对特派团来说至关重要的是，我们应确保后勤支助，包括快速修建永久性设施，以便为在索马里，特别是在摩加迪沙增加部署人员铺平道路。在非索特派团下增设的保安部队必须专门用于为驻摩加迪沙的联合国人员提供保护，并且为他们的行动提供便利。这一点至关重要，而且是一个迫在眉睫的要求。", "我恳请安理会认真考虑利用现有的和所需的资源，建立这支拟议的保安部队，以确保非索特派团能够成功应对这些新的挑战，并且适应摩加迪沙实地新的实际情况。", "我们的战略的核心将是加强非索特派团的能力，包括人员、后勤、流动性、航空和处置未爆弹药的能力。目前正在要求非索特派团开展一系列额外的复杂工作，例如保护境内流离失所者，巩固已撤出人员的阵地以及为人道主义援助提供便利。非索特派团的部队指挥官就坐在我的右边，他面临进退两难的局面：他必须把部队部署到地域要广得多的合作区，但却缺少关键的增强军力的手段，而且也没有补足安全理事会核准的兵力。值得一提的是，人道主义界在人道主义援助物资运送的保护和协助方面有着更多的需求，这也使特派团的有限资源捉衿见肘。", "联合国对非索特派团的一揽子支助方案仍然存在重大缺口。这支部队需要充足、可预测和可持续的供资，以便满足自我维持的需要，包括最基本，但也是不可或缺的维持生命物资和服务，它们是支助所有维和行动不可或缺的部分。 我吁请安理会考虑扩大对非索特派团的一揽子支助方案，以便涵盖自我维持的一些关键领域，并且研究为特遣队所属装备提供资金的问题。", "和大家一样，我也对正在我们面前发生的人道主义悲剧深感关切。将近一半的索马里人口——370万人——目前遭受饥荒，需要照料，而且面临直接风险。已有数万人死亡。大多数脆弱人群居住在该国内部。正如我们的人道主义伙伴预测的那样，在索马里南部和中部以及现在被指定为饥荒地区的其它地区，饥荒正在进一步扩大。在下谢贝利部分地区以及摩加迪沙及其周边的境内流离失所者安置点中，每天，每1万名五岁以下儿童中就有超过13人因营养不良和与饥荒有关的疾病死亡。这意味着每11周就有10%的五岁以下儿童死亡。这些数字确实令人心痛。我希望，我们能共同把它们视作完完全全的立即采取行动的号召。", "的确，现在采取行动不算太迟。每一天都很重要。我敦促安理会成员呼吁本国政府和国际社会慷慨支持目前正在索马里进行的人道主义救济行动。我们需要通过我们的联合呼吁程序，为索马里提供大约10亿美元，以避免这一紧急状况进一步恶化。迄今为止，我们得到的资金不足这一数目的50%。我们的人道主义伙伴正在不懈地努力，并且随时准备进一步扩大行动规模。不过，我们努力的重点必须是为急需援助的所有人提供援助，无论他们身处索马里何方。", "我呼吁索马里所有反对团体在和平进程期间放下武器，并且使援助机构能够为所有急需援助的索马里人提供援助。", "我曾多次说过，现在对索马里来说是一个非同寻常的时刻。既存在取得进展的巨大机遇，又有要克服的巨大风险和挑战。现在是时候了：国际社会应当展现承诺，挺身而出，并且立即在各个方面有力地支持和平进程。索马里人民不能再等下去了。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢马希格先生的通报。", "我现在请凯瑟琳·布拉格女士发言。", "布拉格女士(以英语发言)：我感谢安理会给我这个机会，在今天上午向安理会成员通报索马里的人道主义局势。", "自我们上一次于7月26日通报情况以来，危机已经变得更为严重。就在不到两周前，联合国宣布索马里另两个地区进入饥荒状态，并警告说必须采取紧急行动来阻止饥荒进一步蔓延。8月3日，联合国粮食及农业组织的粮食安全和营养分析股宣布，在索马里南部另外三个地区，即中谢贝利地区、阿夫戈耶走廊境内流离失所者安置点以及摩加迪沙境内流离失所者群体中，饥荒的临界值已经超过。", "在全国范围，有370万人陷入危机，有320万人需要马上得到救助生命的援助，其中280万人位于索马里中南部。这相当于曼哈顿人口总数的两倍。儿童在这场危机中受影响最严重，估计整个索马里南部有125万名儿童急需救命的援助。已有数万名儿童死亡，而且，除非为他们提供援助，否则今后一段时间内还将有更多儿童死亡。", "在南部所有地区，五岁以下儿童死亡率超过每天万分之四，在下谢贝利的河岸和农牧地区以及阿夫戈耶和摩加迪沙的境内流离失所者群体中，死亡率最高达每天万分之十三。请允许我解释一下每天万分之十三究竟意味着什么。这意味着到我今晚睡觉的时候，将有13人死去，其中有6人不到五岁，而且明天又将有13人死去。除非我们能够扭转这一趋势，否则这种情况以后每天都将持续下去。而这只是每1万人中的数字。众所周知，境内流离失所者总人数远多于饥荒地区的此类人数。", "据粮食安全和营养分析股称，目前局势是当今世界上最为严重的人道主义危机，也是自索马里1991年和1992年饥荒以来非洲最严重的安全危机。危机最严重的时刻尚未到来，因为严重营养不良和5岁以下儿童死亡率非常高，再加上当地谷物价格预计会继续上涨，而且雨季收成低于平均水平，因而我们认为危机有可能进一步恶化。", "旱灾危机导致索马里境内大批人员流离失所，难民外流进入肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚。估计仅在过去2个月中，就有10万人为逃离旱灾和饥荒来到摩加迪沙寻找食物、饮水和住房。除业已流离失所来到首都的37万人之外，迄今索马里境内流离失所者总人数约为150万人。估计有41万境内流离失所者滞留在摩加迪沙城外阿夫戈耶走廊上15公里长的道路一带。", "自8月1日以来，估计每天有1 500名索马里难民跨过边界进入肯尼亚。在埃塞俄比亚，难民人数从日均1 000多人减少到270人。", "采取广泛的多部门对策对于避免更多人死去，防止生计和社会全面崩溃至关重要。医疗保健措施和提供粮食援助或食疗同等重要，特别是鉴于10月份雨季即将开始，由于缺乏饮用水而发生流行病的风险有可能随之增大。", "最近数周，在加大应对力度方面取得了一些进展。例如，8月4日，红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)宣布增加其在索马里中部和南部的应急行动，以援助受旱灾和冲突影响的100多万人。红十字委员会是自2010年1月世界粮食规划署(粮食署)暂停行动以来获准进入青年党控制区分发食品的唯一组织。", "在青年党控制下的区域，联合国及其合作伙伴继续就通行问题与地方当局和社区进行谈判，以进入新地区并更接近受影响的人们。7月份，继向位于盖多地区的两个新近可进入地区——那里由于流动人口增多而出现了许多自发形成的居住点——派出评估团后，我们看到在为急需救生援助的民众提供更多此类援助，例如其中包括一项湿供餐方案，自8月2日起，连续5天每天为25 000人供餐。", "儿基会正在加强其供应渠道，以支持现有的补充供餐中心、稳定中心和食疗中心。同时，全面补充供餐定于本周开始，优先考虑在下谢贝利等受饥荒影响地区开展行动。这些供应将帮助约15.4万人。", "自7月27日以来，已向摩加迪沙、盖多和下朱巴空运了97吨物资，为约3.4万5岁以下营养不良的儿童提供了为期一个月的治疗。此外还向盖多和下朱巴等地空运了高能饼干，供6万人充饥。", "在盖多地区可进入的地方，目前正在开展以7.2万多名年龄为6个月至15岁儿童为对象的紧急接种麻疹疫苗活动，同时还在与地方当局进行谈判以确保能进入更多的地区。在摩加迪沙已完成了为4万名5岁以下儿童接种麻疹疫苗的活动。此外，还在索马里和肯尼亚边境一带开展了为21.5万名5岁以下儿童接种麻疹和小儿麻痹症疫苗的保健活动。", "在索马里南部和中部各地，卫生活动已惠及将近34万人。诸如修复井眼和卡车运水等水源干预活动已经惠及81.7万多人。", "本周在摩加迪沙，联合国难民事务高级专员办事处一架搭载了为数千名流离失所者提供的31吨住房材料和约2 500个紧急救济包的飞机降落在首都，这是5年来的首次。", "但是，摩加迪沙的人道主义行动依然是一项复杂的工作，扩大活动范围并非一件一蹴而就的事情。各人道主义行为体仍在评估青年党撤出摩加迪沙的影响。此举是青年党全面撤出还是战术变化，或者说这种新局面将如何影响总体安全和我们运送人道主义援助的能力仍不明确。", "此外，在支持运送援助物资、确保境内流离失所者营地安全方面，当地民政管理当局的能力仍然很弱。例如，上周五，在过渡联邦政府和非洲联盟驻索马里特派团控制区内的一个境内流离失所者营地，有10人被枪弹打死，当时当地的部族民兵企图抢掠为境内流离失所者提供的资源。", "本周早些时候，也就是在8月8日，人道主义协调员与安全和安保部、粮食署、联合国开发计划署(开发署)以及人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)一道，同总理在摩加迪沙召开会议，讨论加大人道主义方案的力度和加强境内流离失所者营地安全的问题。", "上周，过渡联邦政府成立了灾害管理局来协调提供人道主义援助的工作。总理向联合国代表团保证，政府能够谈妥安全通道，以协助为营地提供援助。但是，仍需要技术支持，人道厅现正在与灾害管理局一道跟踪落实情况，以改进援助提供方面的信息共享。", "在当前这个关头，至关重要的是，要加强当地行政当局的能力，以实现人道主义界与政府之间的妥善协调，并确保政府充分行使其保护平民的职责。", "最后，我要就人道主义方案的筹资情况说几句。迄今为止，联合国索马里问题联合呼吁收到了46%的资金。人道主义伙伴仍需要5.6亿多美元来提供救生援助。在该区域，我们仍急需13亿美元来挽救生命。迄今，捐助方已承诺为应对行动供资10亿多美元，并将继续认捐更多资金。我们对此非常感激，特别是在目前的经济困难时期。但是，目前索马里境内人们所遭受的苦难极其深重，需要更多资金。", "要在索马里这个世界上最饱受冲突蹂躏的国家之一开展工作固然困难重重，但我们不能让人们失望。我们必须加大应对力度，同时也必须提供资源以支持这些努力。", "每一天都很重要。我们认为，成千上万人已经死去。数十万人正面临迫在眉睫的饥饿与死亡。我们能够行动起来，防止更多的生命损失，并确保那些处于死亡边缘的人生存下来。", "至关重要的是，要立即采取大规模的多部门应对行动来挽救生命，并在中短期重建生计。我们将继续呼吁捐助方提供应对危机所需的资源。我们预计，援助需求将会持续到今年年底，甚至更久。", "正如我们在最近数周强调过的那样，这是当今世界发生的最为严重的粮食危机紧急状况。我们必须带着必要的紧迫感来处理它。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢布拉格女士的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这个议题。", "上午10时40分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Yang Tao \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Briens \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n Germany Mr. Berger \n Lebanon Ms. Ziade \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Parham\n United States of America Ms. Rice", "Agenda", "The situation in Somalia", "The meeting was called to order at 10.05 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Somalia", "The President: Under rule 37 of the Security Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Somalia to participate in this meeting.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Augustine Mahiga, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Somalia, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Special Representative Mahiga, who is joining this meeting via video-teleconference from Mogadishu.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Ms. Catherine Bragg, Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Augustine Mahiga.", "Mr. Mahiga: I congratulate you, Mr. President, on your assumption of the presidency on behalf of your country, India. I wish also to thank you, Sir, for giving me this opportunity to brief members of the Security Council on the latest developments in the Somalia peace process. I would also like to thank the Council for its continued support for the peace process in Somalia. This is moment of both great challenge and great opportunity for Somalia and for the international community.", "At this historic juncture, I am particularly gratified to be addressing the Council once again from Mogadishu. I have just met today with the leadership of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) and the Mogadishu business leaders. We discussed how we can work together and reinforce our shared commitment to a peaceful and stable Somalia.", "The humanitarian situation in Somalia and the region in general is uppermost in our minds. The scale of humanitarian suffering is immense. The international community is mobilizing and trying to meet this remarkable challenge. Recent security developments in Mogadishu, which have unfolded at breathtaking speed, have likewise provided us with a unique opportunity and a set of very grave risks. There is a chance for real progress if we can mobilize the support necessary to capitalize on this moment.", "On the political side, we have reached a critical juncture as well. The signing, on 9 June, of the Kampala Accord by President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, Speaker of the Transition Federal Parliament, ended the five-month political stalemate between the executive and the legislature on the way forward. By deferring the elections for one year and providing for the establishment of a road map with clear benchmarks, timelines and compliance mechanisms for the implementation of priority transitional tasks, the Kampala Accord sets us on a new forward trajectory in the peace process.", "I am also encouraged by the timely manner in which the Accord has been implemented so far. In a show of statesmanship, former Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed resigned his post on 19 June, 20 days ahead of the deadline provided for in the Accord. His successor, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, was overwhelmingly endorsed by Parliament on 28 June, five days after his appointment by President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.", "On 11 July, the Parliament overwhelmingly endorsed the Kampala Accord, in effect receiving a three-year extension in conformity with the one-year extension of the Government. On 20 July, the new Prime Minister appointed a new, lean Cabinet of 18 ministers. I am heartened to note that all of these developments have taken place ahead of the timelines envisaged in the Accord.", "This is a critical moment in the Somali peace process, and for Somalia itself. We are beginning to undertake the substantive work of implementing the road map, which outlines the key tasks to be accomplished in the next 12 months. This phase will begin with the adoption of the road map at a consultative meeting on ending the transition in Somalia, which, after some unfortunate delays, will now be held from 4 to 6 September.", "The preparatory committee, chaired by the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), is completing its work. This morning, the committee discussed the details of a meeting here in Mogadishu chaired by the Prime Minister and held in the presence of the newly appointed Cabinet. The adoption of the road map will give the people of Somalia much-needed ownership of the process and will send a clear signal that real political progress is finally within our grasp.", "The unequivocal support and attention of the international community in this time of crisis will be especially crucial in order to solidify and guarantee the progress already achieved. The international community must be ready to provide tangible support to the political, humanitarian and security tracks. At the same time, we will put in place a high-level regular initiative to monitor compliance and make it clear to the TFIs that there will be consequences for obstruction and inaction.", "The recent and unexpected withdrawal of the Al‑Shabaab insurgent group from Mogadishu is likewise a significant event that presents both great opportunities and, again, new challenges. For the first time in years, the TFG has the prospect of exercising authority over the whole of Mogadishu, which is a welcome development that, if managed effectively, will expedite political gains and the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance to the thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have travelled to Mogadishu in a desperate attempt to escape the devastating famine.", "Although Al-Shabaab has described the retreat as only a tactical manoeuvre, the truth remains that Al‑Shabaab has been compelled to retreat from Mogadishu. Here I pay tribute to the forces of the TFG and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) for their hard work and sacrifice in pushing back the insurgents. Al-Shabaab’s withdrawal is the culmination of a number of factors, including the pressure that those forces have steadily brought to bear on the insurgents.", "But it is vital to highlight here that significant dangers remain as well. The TFG and AMISOM both have limited resources to exploit the opportunity presented by the withdrawal of Al-Shabaab. Pockets of Al-Shabaab remain in Mogadishu, the security situation remains precarious, and the insurgents are likely to resort to terrorist attacks and guerrilla tactics targeting the TFG and AMISOM forces and, unfortunately, even the internally displaced and other civilians.", "The insurgents’ sudden withdrawal from Mogadishu and the rapid spread of famine have radically changed our planning horizon. Events we had anticipated coming to pass in a year or 18 months are happening right now. It is essential, in that regard, for the TFIs to remain united and coherent, and that they put in place basic administrative structures and promote law and order in areas under their control. Without immediate action to fill this gap, a real danger exists that the warlords and their militia groups will move forward to fill the vacuum created by Al‑Shabaab’s departure. The TFG should immediately assume a coordinating role in order to bring local militia under its authority.", "We also must encourage and assist the revival of economic activities in Mogadishu, especially in the Bakara market, the beating commercial heart of the city that, as recently as last week, was under the control of the insurgents. As I said, I met today with a group of Somali business leaders and I was very encouraged by what I heard. They are ready to do their part, and we should help.", "I am pleased to inform the Council that the TFG’s National Security Council met and created a Mogadishu security plan through which the Government is defining its priorities, including its resource requirements. The plan calls for the Somali Police Force, rather than its military personnel, to occupy the areas vacated by the insurgents. I call on the international community to expedite the building of the capacities of the Somali Police Force to allow this institution to protect, inter alia, the increasing number of IDPs in Mogadishu. As Somali police deploy in the recently recovered areas, we must expedite the deployment of AMISOM police personnel and equipment so that they complement the efforts of the Somali police in protecting civilians and promoting the rule of law.", "In UNPOS, we are adjusting to respond to the new situation and to meet such new challenges. We originally anticipated that Mogadishu would be stabilized within roughly a year, but we are now revising our planning to focus on the immediate. We are now actively planning for an expanded United Nations presence inside Somalia, rather than the light footprint that we had envisaged. It is thus critical to the Mission that we secure the logistical support, including the fast-track construction of permanent facilities, to pave the way for the deployment of additional staff in Somalia, especially in Mogadishu. An additional guard force, under AMISOM, must be dedicated to providing protection and facilitating movement for United Nations staff in Mogadishu. It is vital and is an immediate requirement.", "I ask the Council to seriously consider bringing forward the proposed guard force with the resources that are available and all that it entails in order to ensure that AMISOM can successfully meet those new challenges and adapt to the new reality on the ground in Mogadishu.", "Central to our strategy will be the augmentation of AMISOM’s capabilities, including personnel, logistics, mobility, aviation and unexploded ordnance disposal. The force is now being asked to perform a series of additional complex tasks, such as the protection of IDPs, the consolidation of vacated positions and the facilitation of humanitarian assistance. The AMISOM Force Commander, who is sitting here on my right, faces a dilemma over the deployment of his forces to a much larger area of cooperation without the key enablers or the full complement of Security Council-authorized troops. Significantly, the additional demands of the humanitarian community to protect and assist with the delivery of humanitarian aid also stretch the Mission’s limited resources.", "Significant gaps in the United Nations support package to AMISOM still exist. The force requires adequate, predictable and sustainable funding to cover self-sustainment, which includes the most basic, yet essential, life-support items and services integral to supporting all peace operations. I appeal to the Council to consider expanding the support package for AMISOM to cover some of the critical categories of self-sustainment and to look at the issue of the funding of contingent-owned equipment.", "I am gravely concerned, as we all are, by the humanitarian tragedy that is unfolding before our eyes. Nearly half of the Somali population — 3.7 million people — is now in care and directly at risk due to the famine. Tens of thousands have already perished. Most of the vulnerable reside in the south of the country. As our humanitarian partners predicted, famine is spreading further in south and central Somalia, and the other regions are now designated famine zones. In parts of Lower Shabelle and in the settlements of internally displaced persons in and around Mogadishu, more than 13 out of 10,000 children under 5 years of age die every day as a result of malnutrition and famine-related diseases. That means that 10 per cent of children under 5 die every 11 weeks. Those figures are truly heart-wrenching. I hope that we can collectively view them as nothing less than a call to immediate action.", "Indeed, it is not too late to act. Every day counts. I strongly urge members of the Council to appeal to their own Governments and to the international community to generously support the humanitarian relief operation currently under way in Somalia. We need approximately $1 billion for Somalia, channelled through our Consolidated Appeals Process, to avert a further worsening of the emergency. So far, we have received less than 50 per cent of that sum. Our humanitarian partners are working tirelessly and stand ready to further scale up their operations. However, our efforts must focus on reaching all of those in urgent need wherever they are in Somalia.", "I appeal to all opposition groups in Somalia to lay down their arms during the peace process and to allow aid agencies to access all Somalis in dire need of assistance.", "As I have said a number of times, this is an extraordinary moment for Somalia. There are both great opportunities for progress and huge risks and challenges to be overcome. Now is the time for the international community to demonstrate its commitment and to step forward and robustly support the peace process immediately on all fronts. The Somali people simply cannot wait any longer.", "The President: I thank Mr. Mahiga for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Ms. Catherine Bragg.", "Ms. Bragg: I thank the Council for the opportunity to brief its members this morning on the humanitarian situation in Somalia.", "Since our last briefing of 26 July, the magnitude of the crisis has become even greater. A little less than two weeks ago, the United Nations declared a famine in two regions in Somalia and warned that urgent action needed to be taken to prevent famine from spreading further. On 3 August, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit announced that famine thresholds had been surpassed in the three additional areas of southern Somalia, in Middle Shabelle, the Afgoye corridor internally displaced persons (IDPs) settlement and the Mogadishu IDP community.", "Nationwide, 3.7 million people are in crisis, with 3.2 million people in need of immediate life-saving assistance, of whom 2.8 million are in south-central Somalia. That is twice the entire population of Manhattan. Children are the most affected by the crisis, and an estimated 1.25 million children across southern Somalia are in urgent need of life-saving assistance. Tens of thousands of children have already died, and many more will die in the coming days unless aid is provided to them.", "The under-five mortality rate is higher than 4 per 10,000 per day in all areas of the south, peaking at 13 per 10,000 per day in the riverine and agro-pastoral areas of Lower Shabelle and among Afgoye and Mogadishu IDPs. Let me illustrate what 13 per 10,000 per day actually means. It means that by the time I go to bed tonight, 13 people, six of whom would be under 5 years of age, would have died, and tomorrow 13 will also die. That will continue the day after that unless we can reverse the trend. And this is only in one community of 10,000. As we all know, the IDP community is a great deal larger than that in the famine area.", "According to the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit, the current situation represents the most severe humanitarian crisis in the world today, and Africa’s worst food security crisis since Somalia’s famine of 1991 and 1992. We have not yet seen the peak of the crisis, as further deterioration is considered likely given the very high levels of both severe acute malnutrition and under-five mortality in combination with an expectation of a continued increase in local cereal prices and a below-average rainy season harvest.", "The drought crisis has generated displacement on a large scale within Somalia, as well as refugee outflows into Kenya and Ethiopia. An estimated 100,000 people, fleeing drought and famine, have reached Mogadishu over the past two months alone in search of food, water and shelter. In addition to the 370,000 people who were already displaced to the capital, to date the overall number of IDPs in Somalia is estimated at 1.5 million. An estimated 410,000 IDPs are located in the 15 kilometre stretch of road in the Afgoye corridor outside Mogadishu.", "Since 1 August, an estimated 1,500 Somali refugees have crossed the border into Kenya on a daily basis. In Ethiopia, the number of refugees has decreased from over 1,000 to an average of 270 people a day.", "A massive multisectoral response is critical to prevent additional deaths and total livelihood and social collapse. Health interventions are as important as the provision of food aid or therapeutic feeding, in particular since, with the start of the rains in October, the risk of epidemic disease due to a lack of access to potable water is likely to increase.", "In recent weeks, some progress has been made in scaling up the response. For example, on 4 August, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) announced the increase of its emergency operations in central and southern Somalia to assist more than 1 million people affected by drought and conflict. The ICRC has been the only organization allowed to conduct food distribution in Al-Shabaab areas since the suspension of World Food Programme (WFP) operations in January 2010.", "In areas under the control of Al-Shabaab, the United Nations and its partners continue to negotiate access with local authorities and communities to reach new areas and move closer to the people affected. In July, following assessment missions to two newly accessible areas in the Gedo area, where spontaneous settlements are springing up due to the increased movement of people, we have seen an increase in the delivery of life-saving assistance to the most needy, including, for example, a wet-feeding programme providing 25,000 meals per day for five days, starting 2 August.", "UNICEF is boosting its supply pipeline to support the existing supplementary feeding centres, stabilization centres and therapeutic feeding centres. Blanket supplementary feeding is meanwhile scheduled to start this week, with priority given to operations in famine-affected regions, including in Lower Shabelle. Supplies will assist an estimated 154,000 people.", "Since 27 July, 97 tons of supplies have been airlifted to Mogadishu, Gedo and Lower Juba to treat some 34,000 malnourished children under five years of age for one month. High-energy biscuits have also been airlifted to the areas of Gedo and Lower Juba to feed 60,000 people.", "Emergency measles campaigns targeting more than 72,000 children aged six months to 15 years are under way in accessible districts in the Gedo region, while negotiations are under way with local authorities to secure access to additional areas. A measles vaccination campaign targeting 40,000 children under five years of age was completed in Mogadishu. Furthermore, a health campaign targeting 215,000 children under five years of age with measles and polio vaccines was carried out along the Somali-Kenyan border.", "Across southern and central Somalia, sanitation activities have reached almost 340,000 people. Water interventions, such as borehole rehabilitation and water trucking, have reached over 817,000 people.", "In Mogadishu this week, an Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees airlift carrying 31 tons of shelter material and some 2,500 emergency assistance packages for thousands of displaced people landed in the capital, for the first time in five years.", "However, humanitarian operations in Mogadishu remain complex, and the scaling up of activities is not a quick endeavour. Humanitarian actors are still assessing the implications of the withdrawal of Al‑Shabaab from Mogadishu. It remains unclear if this move is a complete pull-out or a change of tactics on the part of Al-Shabaab, or how this new scenario will affect overall security and our ability to deliver humanitarian aid.", "Furthermore, the capacity of the local civilian administration in supporting the delivery of aid and ensuring the security of IDP sites remains weak. Last Friday, for example, 10 people were shot dead at an IDP site in the area under the control of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the African Union Mission in Somalia, when local clan militias attempted to loot resources destined for IDPs.", "Earlier this week, on 8 August, the Humanitarian Coordinator met with the Prime Minister in Mogadishu, together with the Department of Safety and Security, WFP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), to discuss the scaling up of the humanitarian programme and improving security at IDP sites.", "Last week, the TFG created the Disaster Management Agency (DMA) to coordinate the provision of humanitarian assistance. The Prime Minister reassured the United Nations delegation that the Government would be able to negotiate secure access to assist delivery in the camps. However, technical support will still be required, and OCHA is now following up with DMA to improve information-sharing on the delivery of assistance.", "At the current juncture, it is of paramount importance that the capacity of the local administration be strengthened to allow proper coordination between the humanitarian community and the Government and ensure that the Government fully discharges its responsibilities with regard to the protection of the civilian population.", "I would like to conclude my statement with some remarks on the funding situation of humanitarian programmes. To date, the United Nations Consolidated Appeal for Somalia is funded at 46 per cent. Humanitarian partners still require more than $560 million for life-saving assistance. In the region, we still urgently need $1.3 billion to save lives. Donors have committed more than $1 billion to the response so far, and continue to pledge more. We are very grateful, especially in these difficult economic times. But the magnitude of human suffering in Somalia today demands more.", "Despite the difficulty of operating in one of the most conflict-riven countries in the world, we cannot let people down. Our response must be scaled up, and the resources to support that effort must be provided.", "Every day counts. We believe that tens of thousands have already died. Hundreds of thousands face imminent starvation and death. We can act to prevent further loss of life and ensure the survival of those who are on the brink of death.", "A massive multisectoral response to save lives in the immediate term and rebuild livelihoods in the medium-short term are critical. We will continue to appeal to donors to provide the resources needed to respond to the crisis. We expect assistance needs to continue for the rest of this year, if not longer.", "As we have stressed over recent weeks, this is the most severe food crisis emergency in the world right now. We must treat it with the urgency it demands.", "The President: I thank Ms. Bragg for her briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.40 a.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Manjif Singh Puri (India) member: Mr. Barbarakić, Brazil, Mrs. Dloop China; Mr. Colombia Alberto France; Mr. Bristian; Mr. Equatorial Guinea; Mr. B. Missini, Germany; Mr. Amiriad, Lebanon; Mr. Amiroré, Portugal; Mr. Žkozy, Russian Federation", "Agenda", "The situation in Somalia", "The meeting was called to order at 10.05 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Somalia", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, I invite the representative of Somalia to participate in this meeting.", "In accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Somalia, Mr. Ogustin Maghig, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome the presence of Special Representative Mahmoud in a videoconference in Mogadishu.", "In accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and the Deputy Special Coordinator for Emergency Relief, Ms. Catherine Prague to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Ogusdin Masshig.", "Mr. Mahiga: I congratulate you, Mr. President, on your assumption of the presidency of the Council on behalf of India. I would also like to thank you, Mr. President, for this opportunity to brief Council members on the latest developments in the Somali peace process. I also wish to thank the Council for its continued support for the peace process in Somalia. For Somalia and the international community, this time is both a great challenge and an excellent opportunity.", "At this historic juncture, I am particularly pleased to be able to brief the Council again from Mogadishu. I have just met with the leadership of the Transitional Federal Institutions and the leaders of the Mogadishu business community. We discussed how we can work together and firmly commit ourselves to building a peaceful and stable Somalia.", "We are at the forefront of the humanitarian situation in Somalia and throughout the region. Humanitarian suffering is profound. The international community is mobilizing to meet this daunting challenge. The recent security developments in Mogadishu at a alarming rate have created unique opportunities for us and a number of very serious risks. Real progress is possible if we can mobilize the support needed to take advantage of this time.", "On the political front, we are also at a critical juncture. On 9 June, the President of the Transitional Federal Government, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and the Speaker of the Transitional Federal Parliament, Sheikh Hassan Sheikh Aden, signed the Kampala Agreement, thereby breaking the political stalemate of five months in the way forward between the administration and legislation. The Kampala Agreement will be postponed for one year and sets out a road map with clear benchmarks, timetables and compliance mechanisms for the implementation of priority transition tasks, thereby bringing us into the new way in the peace process.", "I am also encouraged by the timely implementation of the Agreement to date. On 19 June, the former Prime Minister, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohammedbi, resigned for a period of 20 days earlier than the deadline set out in the Agreement, showed a political ventilation. On 28 June, his successor, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, was overwhelmingly endorsed by Parliament after five days of his appointment by President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.", "On 11 July, the Parliament overwhelmingly endorsed the Kampala Agreement and, in practice, extended for a three-year term, in accordance with the provisions of the one-year extension of the Government. On 20 July, the new Prime Minister appointed a new streamlined Cabinet consisting of 18 ministers. I am also encouraged to note that all these developments occurred before the time frame envisaged in the Agreement.", "This is a crucial moment for the peace process in Somalia and for Somalia itself. We are embarking on the substantive work of the road map, which outlines important tasks to be accomplished in the next 12 months. This phase will begin with the adoption of the road map at the consultation on the conclusion of the transition phase in Somalia. The conference will be held from 4 to 6 September, following the unfortunate postponement of several times.", "The Preparatory Committee, chaired by the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), will complete its work. This morning, the Committee discussed the details of a meeting chaired by the Prime Minister and appointed by the new Cabinet in Mogadishu. The adoption of the road map will give the people of Somalia the much-needed ownership of the process and send a clear signal of genuine political progress.", "At this time of crisis, the clear support and attention of the international community will be particularly critical to consolidating and guaranteeing progress made. The international community must be ready to provide practical support at the political, humanitarian and security levels. At the same time, we will also take a high-level regular initiative to monitor compliance and to demonstrate to the transitional federal institutions that the obstruction and unaction will have consequences.", "The recent withdrawal of Al-Shabaab rebel groups from Mogadishu, which is also an important event that presents both great opportunities and new challenges. The Transitional Federal Government has, for the first time, expected to exercise its power throughout Mogadishu, a welcome development. If managed effectively, it will accelerate the achievement of political results and provide much-needed humanitarian assistance to thousands of internally displaced persons who have come to Mogadishu in desperate attempts to flee disastrous famine.", "Despite the fact that the withdrawal of the Youth Party was merely a tactic movement, it masked the fact that the Youth Party was forced to withdraw from Mogadishu. Here, I would like to pay tribute to the Transitional Federal Government and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) forces for their hard work and sacrifices to defeat the rebels. Al-Shabaab's withdrawal is a result of a number of factors, including continuing pressure on rebels.", "However, it is important to stress here that significant risks remain. The resources of the Transitional Federal Government and AMISOM to use the Youth Party to withdraw from this opportunity are very limited. The situation remains precarious in Mogadishu, and the rebels may still have terrorist attacks and lobbying tactics against the Transitional Federal Government and AMISOM, even unfortunately, internally displaced persons and civilians.", "The rebels have suddenly withdrawn from Mogadishu and the rapid spread of famine has completely changed our plans. We have been expected to take place only one year or 18 months later. In this regard, it is essential that the transitional federal institutions maintain unity and cohesion and establish basic administrative structures in areas under their control and strengthen legal and order. Without immediate action to fill this vacancy, there is a real danger that warlords and their militias take the opportunity to move forward and fill the vacuum left by the Youth Party. The Transitional Federal Government shall immediately play a coordinating role in order to make local militias accountable.", "We must also encourage and assist in the revitalization of economic activities in Mogadishu, in particular in the Bakara market. This market is a commercial centre in the city, and is under the control of the rebels last week. As I said, I met with a number of Somali business leaders today and encouraged me to hear. They are ready to do their part, and we should provide assistance.", "I am pleased to inform the Council that the National Security Council of the Transitional Federal Government has opened its meeting and has established a security plan in Mogadishu. The Government identified priorities, including resource requirements, in that plan. The plan calls on the Somali police force, not military personnel, to occupy areas of rebel withdrawal. I appeal to the international community to expedite the building of the Somali police force so that it can, in particular, protect the growing number of internally displaced persons in Mogadishu. In deploying Somali police in recent recoveries, we must expedite the deployment of AMISOM police officers and equipment to enable them to assist the Somali police in their efforts to protect civilians and promote the rule of law.", "In UNPOS, we are adapting to the new situation and to meet these new challenges. We have already expected that Mogadishu will remain stable within about one year, but we are currently revising our planning to focus on the current issues. We are actively planning to expand the United Nations presence in Somalia, not the small-scale presence that we have already envisaged. It is therefore essential for the Mission to ensure that logistics support, including the rapid construction of permanent facilities, paves the way for the increased deployment of personnel in Somalia, particularly in Mogadishu. The additional security forces under AMISOM must be dedicated to providing protection to United Nations personnel in Mogadishu and to facilitating their operations. This is crucial and is an urgent requirement.", "I would like to ask the Council to give serious consideration to the use of existing and necessary resources to establish the proposed security forces to ensure that AMISOM can successfully respond to these new challenges and adapt to the new realities on the ground in Mogadishu.", "Our strategy will be central to strengthening AMISOM's capacity, including personnel, logistics, mobility, aviation and disposal of unexploded ordnance. A series of additional complex work is being called for by AMISOM, such as the protection of internally displaced persons, the consolidation of positions that have been withdrawn and the facilitation of humanitarian assistance. On my right-wing, the AMISOM Force Commander faces a difficult situation: He must deploy troops to a much larger number of areas of cooperation, but there is a critical means of strengthening military power, and there is no additional force authorized by the Security Council. It is worth noting that the humanitarian community has more needs for the protection and assistance of humanitarian aid delivery, which also limits the Mission's limited resources.", "The United Nations support package for AMISOM remains a major gap. The force needs adequate, predictable and sustainable funding to meet the self-sustainment needs, including the most basic, but also indispensable maintenance of life goods and services, which are essential components of supporting all peacekeeping operations. I call on the Council to consider expanding the support package for AMISOM to cover a number of key areas of self-sustainment and to study funding for contingent-owned equipment.", "Like all, I am also deeply concerned about the humanitarian tragedy that is taking place before us. Nearly half of the Somali population — 3.7 million — now suffer famine, requires care and face direct risks. Thousands of people have died. Most vulnerable people live within the country. As our humanitarian partners predict, famine is being further expanded in southern and central Somalia and in other areas now designated as famine areas. More than 13 deaths per 100,000 children under the age of five are undernourished and famine-related diseases. This means that 10 per cent of children under five are killed every 11 weeks. These figures are indeed alarming. I hope that we can join the call for their full and immediate action.", "Indeed, action is not too late. Each day is important. I urge Council members to call on their Governments and the international community to support generously the humanitarian relief operations that are being carried out in Somalia. We need to provide about $1 billion for Somalia through our joint appeals process to avoid further deterioration in this emergency. So far, we have received less than 50 per cent of our funding. Our humanitarian partners are working tirelessly and are ready to scale up further. However, our efforts must focus on providing assistance to all those in need of assistance, regardless of what they are in Somalia.", "I appeal to all opposition groups in Somalia to lay down their weapons during the peace process and to enable aid agencies to provide assistance to all Somalis who are in dire need of assistance.", "I have said on several occasions that Somalia is now an unusual moment. There is a great opportunity for progress and a great risk and challenge to overcome. It is time to show that the international community should demonstrate its commitment, build on and immediately support the peace process in all its aspects. The Somali people cannot wait again.", "The President: I thank Mr. Mahiga for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Ms. Cherin Prague.", "Ms. Prague: I thank the Council for this opportunity to brief Council members this morning on the humanitarian situation in Somalia.", "Since our last briefing on 26 July, the crisis has become even worse. Just less than two weeks ago, the United Nations announced that two other parts of Somalia had entered famine and warned of the need for urgent action to prevent the further spread of famine. On 3 August, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations announced that the threshold of famine had been exceeded in three other areas in southern Somalia, namely, the Middle East Thanbali region, the Movement of Internally Displaced Persons in the Afgoye corridor and the group of internally displaced persons in Mogadishu.", "At the national level, 3.7 million people were caught in the crisis, and 3.2 million people needed to receive life-saving assistance, of which 2.8 million were in southern Somalia. This corresponds to two times the total population of Manhattan. Children are most affected by the crisis and an estimated 125 million children throughout southern Somalia are in urgent need of life-saving assistance. tens of thousands of children have died and, unless they are provided with assistance, more children will be killed in the future.", "In all regions of the South, the under-five mortality rate is more than four million per day, with the highest mortality rate of 13 per day among internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Shebé River and in the Afgoye and Mogadishu. Allow me to explain what is meant by the thirteens per day. This means that when I sleep this evening, 13 people will be killed, 6 of whom are less than five years and 13 will die every day. Unless we can reverse this trend, this will continue every day. This is, however, a figure of 1 million people. It is well known that the total number of internally displaced persons is far greater than that of famine areas.", "According to the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit, the current situation is the most serious humanitarian crisis in the world today and the most serious security crisis in Africa since the famine of Somalia in 1991 and 1992. The most severe time of the crisis has not been reached, as severe malnutrition and under-five mortality rates are very high, along with local grain prices projected to continue to rise, and the rainy season is lower than the average level, and we believe that the crisis may further worsen.", "The drought crisis has resulted in the displacement of a large number of people in Somalia and the influx of refugees into Kenya and Ethiopia. It is estimated that over the past two months, 100,000 people have arrived in Mogadishu to find food, water and housing. In addition to the 370,000 people already displaced to the capital, the total number of internally displaced persons in Somalia to date is about 1.5 million. It is estimated that 41 million internally displaced persons remain on the road of 15 kilometres on the Al-Afgoye corridor in Mogadishu.", "Since 1 August, it is estimated that 1,500 Somali refugees have crossed the border into Kenya every day. In Ethiopia, the number of refugees decreased from more than 1,000 days to 270.", "A wide range of multisectoral responses are essential to avoid more deaths and to prevent livelihoods and social breakdown. Health-care measures and the provision of food aid or therapeutic treatment are equally important, particularly given the impending rainy season in October, the risk of epidemics due to lack of drinking water is likely to rise.", "In recent weeks, some progress has been made in increasing response. For example, on 4 August, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) announced an increase in its emergency response in central and southern Somalia to assist more than 1 million people affected by drought and conflict. ICRC is the only organization that has been allowed to feed into the Al-Shabaab controlled area since the moratorium of the World Food Programme (WFP) in January 2010.", "In the region under the control of the Youth Party, the United Nations and its partners continued to negotiate with local authorities and communities on the issue of movement to enter new areas and closer to those affected. In July, two new near-accessed areas in the area of Gédo have been followed: - Since the number of spontaneous occupiers that have emerged as a result of the increase in the mobility of the population, we see that more such assistance is provided to the population most in need of life-saving assistance, such as a wet feeding programme, for a period of up to 2 August for a period of 25,000 people per day.", "UNICEF is strengthening its supply channels to support existing supplementary feeding centres, stabilization centres and food-therapy centres. At the same time, the full replenishment of the meals is scheduled to begin this week, giving priority to actions in areas affected by famine, such as Shelé. These supplies will help some 15.4 million people.", "Since 27 July, 97 tons of goods have been aired to Mogadishu, Gédo and Lower Juba, providing a one-month treatment for approximately 3.4 million undernourished children. In addition, high-energy diagrams were aired to various locations, such as Gédo and Next Juba, for 60,000 people.", "In places where multiple areas are accessible, emergency vaccination measles activities targeting more than 7.2 million children aged between 6 and 15 years are being carried out, while negotiations with local authorities to ensure access to more areas. In Mogadishu, activities have been completed for the vaccination of measles vaccines for 40,000 children under 5 years of age. In addition, health-care activities have been carried out at the Somali and Kenyan border locations to vaccination measles and poliomyelitis vaccines for children aged 215,000.", "In southern and central Somalia, health activities have reached nearly 340,000 people. Water interventions, such as the rehabilitation of wells and the transport of truck water, have reached more than 8.7 million people.", "In Mogadishu this week, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has landed 31 tons of housing materials for thousands of displaced persons and about 2,500 emergency relief kits in the capital for the first five years.", "However, humanitarian action in Mogadishu remains a complex undertaking, and expansion of the scope of activities is not a one-stop. Humanitarian actors continue to assess the impact of the Youth Party's withdrawal from Mogadishu. This is the full withdrawal of the Al-Shabaab or a tactical change, or how this new situation will affect overall security and our ability to deliver humanitarian assistance remains unclear.", "In addition, the capacity of local civil administration is still weak in supporting the delivery of aid supplies and ensuring the safety of internally displaced persons camps. For example, last week, 10 people were killed by gunfire in a camp for internally displaced persons in the TFG and the African Union Mission in Somalia, when local tribal militias attempted to looted resources for internally displaced persons.", "earlier this week, on 8 August, the Humanitarian Coordinator, together with the Department of Safety and Security, WFP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), met with the Prime Minister in Mogadishu to discuss the strengthening of humanitarian programmes and the strengthening of the security of internally displaced persons camps.", "Last week, the Transitional Federal Government established the Disaster Management Bureau to coordinate the delivery of humanitarian assistance. The Prime Minister assured the United Nations delegation that the Government was able to talk about a safe corridor to assist the camps. However, technical support is still needed, and the Office is now tracking implementation with the Disaster Management Service to improve the sharing of information on aid delivery.", "At this juncture, it is essential to strengthen the capacity of the local administration to achieve proper coordination between the humanitarian community and the Government and to ensure that the Government fully exercises its responsibility to protect civilians.", "Finally, I would like to say a few words about the financing of the humanitarian programme. To date, the United Nations Joint Appeal on Somalia received 46 per cent of funds. Humanitarian partners still require more than $56 billion to provide life-saving assistance. In the region, we still need $1.3 billion to save lives. To date, donors have pledged to fund more than $1 billion in response to action and will continue to pledge additional funding. We are very grateful for this, particularly in the current period of economic hardship. However, the current suffering of people in Somalia is extremely profound and requires additional funding.", "We cannot be disappointed by the fact that Somalia is one of the most ravaged by the conflict in Somalia. We must intensify our response and must also provide resources to support these efforts.", "Each day is important. We believe that thousands of people have died. Stens of thousands of people are facing imminent hunger and death. We can act to prevent further loss of life and to ensure that those who are at the risk of death survive.", "It is essential that urgent and large-scale multisectoral responses be taken to save lives and to re-establish livelihoods in the short term. We will continue to call on donors to provide the resources needed to respond to the crisis. We expect that aid needs will continue until the end of this year and even longer.", "As we have stressed in recent weeks, this is the most serious food crisis in the world. We must take the necessary sense of urgency to deal with it.", "The President: I thank Ms. Prague for her briefing.", "There are no further speakers on my list. I now give the floor to Council members to informal consultations to continue the discussion on this subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.40 a.m." ]

[ "安全理事会第6599次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月10日星期三上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 索马里局势。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6599th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 10 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Somalia." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6599th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 10 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "The situation in Somalia." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "新加坡", "1. 2011年7月22日，委员会第993次和994次会议(CEDAW/C/SR.993和994)分别审议了新加坡第四次定期报告(CEDAW/C/SGP/4)。委员会编制的问题和议题清单载于CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4，新加坡政府的答复载于CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 委员会对缔约国第四次定期报告表示赞赏，该报告大体上遵循了委员会规定的报告编写准则，并参照了以前发表的部分结论意见。委员会感谢缔约国作了口头发言、对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单作了书面答复，并对委员会口头提出的问题作了进一步澄清。", "3. 委员会称赞缔约国派遣了由社会发展、青年和体育部部长率领的高级别代表团，其成员中有来自相关部委的一些代表，他们具有《公约》所涉领域的专业知识。", "B. 积极方面", "4. 委员会欢迎缔约国自2007年审议其第三次定期报告(CEDAW/C/SGP/3)以来所取得的进展，包括所进行的立法改革和所通过的各种立法措施。以下介绍的是一些具体进展情况：", "(a) 通过了《就业法》(2009年)，制定了新的职业介绍所监管框架(2011年)；", "(b) 修改了《刑法典》(2008年)，并出台了保护未成年人免受商业性剥削的规定；", "(c) 修改了《穆斯林管理法》(2008年)，将穆斯林妇女的最低结婚年龄从16岁提高到18岁；", "(d) 修改了《证据法》和《刑事诉讼法》(2010年)；", "(e) 修改了《妇女宪章法案》(2011年)；", "(f) 通过了保护少女和青年妇女免受虐待、无视和剥削的《儿童和青少年法》 (2011年)。", "5. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国为促进两性平等和保护妇女权利采取了各种举措，例如，创立了防止家庭暴力国家网络系统，成立了人口贩运问题机构间工作组，推行了一整套更加有力的支持父母尽职尽责措施，包括延长产假并为父母双方提供更多的婴幼儿保育假。", "6. 委员会满意地注意到，缔约国批准了《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》，以及《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第20条第1款修正案。委员会还欢迎缔约国撤回了对《公约》第2条和第16条的部分保留意见。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "7. 委员会提请缔约国注意履行其义务，继续有计划、有步骤地执行《公约》各项规定，并且认为从现在起直至提交下次定期报告止，缔约国须始终优先重视本结论意见中所确认的关切问题和建议。因此，委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些方面，并在下次定期报告中介绍其所采取的行动和所取得的成果。委员会呼吁缔约国将本结论意见提交给所有相关部委、议会和司法部门，以确保予以充分执行。", "议会", "8. 委员会重申，缔约国政府的首要职责主要是确保缔约国充分履行根据《公约》所应承担的义务。委员会强调《公约》对政府各部门均具有约束力，并请缔约国鼓励议会在适当的情况下，根据其程序采取必要举措，促进执行本结论意见，并协助政府按《公约》要求，从事下一次的报告编写工作。", "《公约》的法律地位", "9. 委员会承认缔约国为执行《消除对妇女歧视公约》中规定的两性平等和不歧视原则所作的承诺。不过，委员会始终关注的是，尽管缔约国已于1995年批准了《公约》，但在国内尚未将《公约》纳入本国立法。", "10. 委员会呼吁缔约国高度重视将《公约》充分纳入本国法律体系的工作，以表明《公约》作为消除对妇女一切形式歧视的基础至关重要。", "平等和不歧视的定义", "11. 委员会注意到《新加坡宪法》第12条为落实平等和不歧视的一般原则提供了保障，不过，它依然表示关注的是，在缔约国的立法，包括《妇女宪章》中，并没有依照《公约》第1条，对歧视妇女的行为做出具体定义。", "12. 委员会重申了其以前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3，第14段)，并敦促缔约国根据《公约》第1条，在其宪法和其他相关立法中纳入关于对妇女的歧视，包括直接和间接歧视的定义，并做出规定，禁止以各种理由对妇女实行一切形式的歧视。", "保留意见", "13. 委员会注意到，缔约国撤回了对《公约》第2条和第16条的部分保留意见，而且在使其立法与《公约》保持一致方面取得了进展。不过，委员会关注的是，缔约国对《公约》第2条(a)至(f)款、第16条第1款(a)、(c)、(h)项、第16条第2款及第11条第1款持保留意见，委员会认为这些保留意见是不能成立的，因为上述条款是确保《公约》其他所有条款得到执行的基本要件。在这方面，委员会注意到了缔约国在答复问题清单及其与委员会举行对话期间提供的信息，这些信息表明，缔约国政府正在考虑审查它在对《公约》表示保留时所持的立场。", "14. 委员会呼吁缔约国充分采纳目前可在其国内适用的第2条和第16条部分内容，并敦促缔约国在具体时限内，撤回对第2条、第16条和第11条第1款的其余保留意见，因为这些保留意见是与《公约》的目标和宗旨背道而驰的。", "歧视性法律", "15. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国已做出各种努力，通过新加坡伊斯兰宗教理事会，对歧视性立法进行审查和修订，并使伊斯兰法与民法保持一致，特别是2010年更新了2008年《穆斯林管理法条例》修正案(将穆斯林男女最低婚龄从16岁提高到18岁)，同时还更新了对共同占有财产生前赠与的裁定以及对中央公积金的裁定。但委员会依然深表关注的是，在缔约国，不仅双重婚姻制得到维护，而且各种歧视性规定在与结婚、离婚和国籍有关的法律中始终存在，从而剥夺了妇女所应享有的男女平等权利。还令委员会关注的是，在由伊斯兰法庭还是家庭法庭做出判决的问题上，妇女无选择的自由。", "16. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 在明确规定的时限内，从速启动法律审查程序，使国内立法与其在《公约》规定下所应承担的义务保持一致；", "(b) 与男女宗教领袖、律师、民间社会组织和妇女非政府组织建立伙伴关系并开展合作，共同加强法律改革；", "(c) 在由伊斯兰法庭还是家庭法庭做出判决的问题上，为妇女提供平等的选择机会。", "国家提高妇女地位机构", "17. 委员会注意到，妇女咨询服务机构于2011年7月1日被重新命名为促进妇女发展办公室，但其权力、人力、财力和能力均有限，因此，委员会担心该办公室是否能够确保适当制定两性平等政策，并通过所有部委和政府机关的工作予以充分执行。", "18. 委员会重申了其以前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3，第18段)，并鼓励缔约国提升国家提高妇女地位机构的级别，赋予该机构更大的权限，并向其提供必要的人力、财力和技术资源。", "暂行特别措施", "19. 委员会关切地注意到，缔约国并没有做出计划，根据暂行特别措施，在《公约》所涉各个领域实现真正的男女平等，特别是在妇女所占比例低下或妇女处境不利的领域。", "20. 委员会重申了其以前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3，第20段)，并呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 让所有相关官员了解暂行特别措施的概念(载于《公约》第4条第1款，并在委员会第25号一般性建议中作了阐释)；", "(b) 考虑在妇女所占比例低下或妇女处境不利的领域，以各种形式适用暂行特别措施，并视需要划拨额外资源，用于促进妇女地位的提高。", "陈规定型观念与有害习俗", "21. 委员会再次表示关注的是，对于男女在家庭和整个社会中的角色和责任，缔约国始终存在重男轻女的态度和根深蒂固的陈规定型观念。在这方面，委员会尤为关注的是，尽管配偶双方享有法律上的平等，但是在缔约国，歧视性的传统文化观念顽固不化，继续借助“户主”概念，将男子置于一家之主的地位。另外，委员会还关注的是，在缔约国，随处都是吹捧某些产品和服务可以改善形体和满足社会预期的宣传广告，而且没有针对各种非执业医师诊所，如美疗会馆、美容院和养生馆规定明确的指导原则。委员会注意到，这种从文化上对妇女美容的过分渲染，以及对其商业性开发缺乏管制的情况，更加深了人们将妇女视为性玩物的印象。委员会还注意到，尽管缔约国承认法律面前人人平等，不分性别、性取向和性别认同这一原则，并将该原则载入了《宪法》(CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/ 4/Add.1，第113段)，但是，人们对妇女依然持消除的陈规定型看法。", "22. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 根据《公约》规定，从速实施一项综合战略，纠正或消除重男轻女的观念和歧视妇女的陈规定型观念，包括基于性取向和性别认同的歧视做法。这类措施应包括与民间社会合作，针对社会各阶层妇女和男子，大力开展宣传活动，提高他们对这个主题的认识；", "(b) 普遍做出积极而持久的努力，遏制并消除歧视性的文化观念，包括对实现男女平等具有消极影响的“一家之主”观念；", "(c) 推行更加严格的安全管理制度，扩大执业医师现行指导原则的适用范围，将非执业医师诊所，如整形美容诊所、美容院和养生馆也包括在内，并对它们的活动进行定期监测；", "(d) 以媒体为主实施各种创新措施，增强人们对男女平等的理解，并通过教育系统消除对妇女的陈规定型看法，进一步树立妇女的正面形象；", "(e) 对所采取的措施进行监测和审查，以评估它们的影响，并采取适当行动。", "对妇女的暴力", "23. 委员会对缔约国持续存在的暴力侵害妇女行为表示关注，尤其是家庭暴力和性暴力，在许多情况下始终未予以充分报告。2008年缔约国对《刑法典》作了修改，规定强奸配偶系犯罪行为，委员会对此表示欢迎，但它同时表示关注的是，该项规定只适用于如下情况，即犯罪人与受害人已分居，正在办理离婚手续，且受害人向法院申请了个人保护令。", "24. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 对其《刑法典》和《刑事诉讼法》进行审查，将家庭暴力和婚内强奸明确定为犯罪行为，并切实将非经同意的任何性行为纳入强奸定义；", "(b) 对法官、检察官和警察进行强制性培训，指导他们严格适用法律规定，处理对妇女的暴力行为，并对警官进行培训，使他们能够运用法律程序帮助女性暴力受害者；", "(c) 鼓励妇女举报家庭暴力和性暴力案件，为受害者正名，并使人们进一步认识到这类暴力行为的犯罪性质；", "(d) 加强庇护所和危机中心，并与那些向受害者提供庇护所和康复服务的非政府组织开展更密切的合作，以便向女性暴力受害者提供充分的援助和保护；", "(e) 收集有关家庭暴力和性暴力的统计数据，并按性别、年龄、国籍和受害人与犯罪人之间的关系进行分类。", "人口贩运", "25. 委员会欢迎缔约国于2011年3月成立了人口贩运问题机构间工作组，并通过了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》中确定的“人口贩运”定义，但它依然表示关注的是，在缔约国贩运妇女和女孩的活动继续普遍存在，那些被贩运的妇女和女孩不仅受到犯罪指控，而且还被当成非法入境者受到驱逐，不过，缔约国很少报告这方面的情况。另外，委员会还表示关注的是，缔约国尚未制定一个打击人口贩运和保护受害者的综合法律框架", "26. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》；", "(b) 颁布一项具体的打击人口贩运立法，包括国际公认的人口贩运定义，以更好地识别贩运受害者并起诉人口贩运者；", "(c) 大力实施打击一切形式贩运妇女和儿童行为的措施，包括依照《公约》第六条，与原籍国和过境国进一步开展国际、区域和双边合作，并对本国的法官、执法官员、边防警卫和社会工作者进行培训；", "(d) 切实对参与人口贩运活动的个人进行起诉和惩罚，并向人口贩运受害者提供保护和康复服务。", "对政治和公共生活的参与", "27. 委员会对缔约国公务人员中女性人数的增加表示欢迎，同时关切地注意到，缔约国内阁中没有女性正部长，而且在其政府、司法机关、外交部门和私营部门，参与决策工作的妇女人数依然很少。", "28. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 依照《公约》第7条，通过相关的法律和政策，促进妇女充分而平等地参与公共、政治和职业生活等所有领域的决策工作，并依照《公约》第4条第1款以及委员会关于妇女参与公共和政治生活的第23(1997)号和第25(2004)号一般性建议，通过暂行特别措施；", "(b) 采取各种步骤，确保向当选担任公职的妇女代表提供必要的机构性支持和资源；", "(c) 通过开展宣传活动，使整个社会进一步认识两性平等和妇女参与决策工作的重要性；为女性候选人和当选担任公职的妇女制定培训和辅导计划，并为现任的和未来的女领导制定提高领导能力和谈判技巧的计划。", "教育", "29. 委员会称赞缔约国在让女孩和妇女接受教育方面取得了实际成果，而识字率上升正是这一成果的具体体现。不过，委员会表示关注的是，在数理学校就读的女孩比例偏低，因此，在所有高等院校选修工程科学、信息通信技术和工艺技术等关键学科的女孩入学率和毕业率自然很低。", "30. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 采取措施消除阻碍女孩在中等和高等教育机构报考数理学科的传统定型观念和体制障碍；", "(b) 做出更大努力，为女孩提供职业辅导，使她们能够在科学相关专业中选择一些非传统的职业途径。", "就业", "31. 委员会就缔约国对《公约》第11条第1款的保留再次表示关注，并继续关注如下问题，即在缔约国依然实行纵向和横向职业隔离，男女之间的工资差距始终存在，而且没有从法律上对性骚扰加以界定和禁止。委员会还表示关注的是，16周带薪产假只限于公民出生，而且单身未婚母亲不能享受与已婚妇女相同的福利。另外，委员会对强迫有身孕的女雇员辞职这一做法深表关注。", "32. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 撤回对《公约》第11条第1款的保留，并采取有效措施，取消横向和纵向职业隔离；", "(b) 切实保障公共部门和私营部门所有女性雇员都能享受带薪产假，而不论其国籍和婚姻状况如何；", "(c) 通过立法保障同值工作同等报酬，并依照国际劳工组织(劳工组织)《关于同酬问题的第100号公约》，缩小男女之间的工资差距；", "(d) 有步骤地颁布关于工作场所和教育机构性骚扰问题的法律规定，包括惩处、民事补救和对受害者的赔偿。", "外籍家庭佣工/外籍妻子", "33. 委员会承认缔约国为保护外籍家庭佣工所采取的一整套立法、行政和教育措施，以及为提高招聘程序标准和尽量减少营私舞弊行为而于2011年4月通过的新的职业介绍所法案，不过，委员会依然对外籍家庭佣工的状况表示关注，尤其是，缔约国强行对外籍家庭佣工定期进行怀孕和性传播疾病检测，禁止外籍家庭佣工与新加坡人结婚，而且不让外籍家庭佣工享受法定休假。委员会还重申了它以前对新加坡公民外籍妻子的状况所表示的关注，特别是她们的工作权利和她们在该国的永久居留身份。", "34. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 审查并修改现行的劳工立法，以适用于外籍家庭佣工，或是通过新的立法，确保外籍家庭佣工享受充足的工资、像样的工作条件，包括休假和福利，并能得到投诉和申诉机构的帮助；", "(b) 审查并废除以怀孕或性传播疾病如艾滋病毒/艾滋病的诊断为由、要求将工作许可证持有人和外籍家庭佣工驱逐出境的法律；", "(c) 在明确规定的合理时限内，向婚后的外籍妻子提供工作许可证和社交通行证，并审查给予外籍妻子公民身份的制度；", "(d) 批准劳工组织《关于消除就业和职业歧视的第111号公约》，并签署和批准劳工组织《关于为家庭佣工争取体面工作的第189号公约》。", "婚姻与家庭关系", "35. 委员会所关注的是，尽管缔约国为统一伊斯兰法与民法采取了一些举措，但是，在结婚和离婚方面，穆斯林妇女依然不能享有与男子平等的权利，包括结婚的权利，这一切都取决于女“吾力”的允许和离婚的可能性。委员会承认，缔约国所进行的法律改革，实际上已基本取消了一夫多妻制，从而使一夫多妻的婚姻日益减少，不过，委员会对缔约国在法律上依然准许一夫多妻制的存在表示关注。委员会还关注的是，缔约国并没有通过明确的立法规定，来保障妇女对所有婚姻财产的平等分享。另外，令委员会担心是，缔约国对男女事实上的结合未做出法律规定，有可能使妇女在分居或受到暴力伤害的情况下得不到保护或救助。", "36. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 确保婚姻和家庭关系上的男女平等，从速修改其余所有歧视性的规定和管理条例，包括有关家庭、结婚和离婚问题的规定和法规，并采取一切必要的立法措施，确保妇女平等分享所有婚姻财产，不论妇女是否对婚姻财产做出过钱财和非钱财方面的贡献；", "(b) 从速做出法律规定，在所有社会群体中完全禁止一夫多妻制；", "(c) 审查制约婚姻和家庭关系的现行法律制度，以期扩大现行法律规定的范围，将事实上结合的配偶也包括在内。", "国家人权机构", "37. 委员会表示遗憾的是，缔约国尚未采取措施，根据促进国家和保护人权机构的地位的原则(《巴黎原则》)，建立一个在保护和促进妇女人权方面具有广泛权限的独立的国家人权机构。", "38. 委员会建议缔约国在明确规定的时限内，根据《巴黎原则》建立一个独立的国家人权机构，其职能应包括解决与男女平等有关的各种问题。", "任择议定书", "39. 委员会鼓励缔约国加快批准《任择议定书》的工作。", "北京宣言和行动纲要", "40. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》所规定的义务时，充分采用旨在加强《公约》各项条款的《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》，并要求缔约国在其下次的定期报告中纳入这方面信息。", "千年发展目标", "41. 委员会强调指出，充分而有效地执行《公约》，是实现千年发展目标的一个必要条件。它要求在实现千年发展目标的一切努力中纳入两性平等观点，并明确体现《公约》的各项规定，它请缔约国在其下次的定期报告中列入这方面信息。", "宣传工作", "42. 委员会请新加坡在国内广泛宣传本结论意见，使人民、政府官员、政界人士、议员、妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保实现法律和事实上的平等而采取的各种步骤，以及这方面需要进一步采取的措施。委员会建议将地方社区一级也列入宣传范围，并鼓励缔约国组织一系列会议，讨论执行结论意见所取得的进展。委员会请缔约国以妇女组织和人权组织为主，继续广泛宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》，以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件。", "其他条约的批准", "43. 委员会指出，缔约国加入主要国际人权文书，将有助于妇女在所有生活领域进一步享受到人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励缔约国考虑批准如下公约：《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》；《公民及政治权利国际公约》；《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》；《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》(《禁止酷刑公约》)；《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》(《保护移徙工人公约》)；《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》；以及《残疾人权利公约》。", "根据结论意见提出的后续建议", "44. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料，说明为执行上文第14和34段所载建议采取了哪些举措。", "下一次报告的编写", "45. 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构广泛参与下一次报告的编写工作，并在这一阶段征求各种妇女组织和人权组织的意见。", "46. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条编写的下一次定期报告中，对本结论意见所表示的关切给予答复，并请缔约国于2015年7月提交下一次定期报告。", "47. 委员会请缔约国遵循国际人权条约中规定的“提交报告统一准则”，包括2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的共同核心文件和具体条约文件编写准则(HRI/MC/2006/3 和Corr.1)。2008年1月委员会第四十届会议通过的具体条约报告提交准则(A/63/38，第一章)须结合共同核心文件统一报告准则加以适用。这些准则共同构成了《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》规定的提交报告统一准则。具体条约文件的篇幅应以40页为限，而更新的共同核心文件则不应超过80页。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Singapore", "1. The Committee considered the fourth periodic report of Singapore (CEDAW/C/SGP/4) at its 993rd and 994th meetings, on 22 July 2011 (CEDAW/C/SR.993 and 994). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4 and the responses of the Government of Singapore are contained in CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1.", "A. Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its fourth periodic report, which in general followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports with reference to the previous concluding observations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group and the further clarifications to the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party’s high-level delegation, headed by the Minister of State for Community Development, Youth and Sport of Singapore, which included several representatives from relevant ministries with expertise in the areas covered by the Convention. The Committee appreciates the open and constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "B. Positive aspects", "4. The Committee welcomes the progress achieved since the consideration of the State party’s third periodic report in 2007 (CEDAW/C/SGP/3), including the legislative reforms that were made and the adoption of a range of legislative measures. Specific reference is made to:", "(a) Adoption of the Employment Act (2009) and a new employment agency regulatory framework (2011);", "(b) Amendments to the Penal Code (2008), introducing provisions to protect young persons against sexual exploitation for commercial sex;", "(c) Amendments to the Administration of Muslim Law Act (2008) to raise the minimum marriage age from 16 to 18 years old for Muslim women;", "(d) Amendments to the Evidence Act and Criminal Procedure Code (2010);", "(e) Amendments to the Women’s Charter Act (2011);", "(f) Adoption of the Children and Young Persons Act, which protects girls and young women against abuse, neglect and exploitation (2011).", "5. The Committee notes with appreciation the initiatives taken by the State party to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights, such as the creation of the National Family Violence Networking System and the Inter-agency Task Force on Trafficking in Persons, and the introduction of enhanced package measures to support parenthood, including longer maternity leave and extended childcare and infant leaves for both parents.", "6. The Committee notes with satisfaction the ratification by the State party of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Committee also welcomes the State party’s partial withdrawal of its reservation to articles 2 and 16 of the Convention.", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the Parliament and the judiciary so as to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government, and it invites the State party to encourage the Parliament, in line with its procedures, where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the Government’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Legal status of the Convention", "9. The Committee acknowledges the State party’s commitment to the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination embodied in the Convention. However, the Committee remains concerned that despite the ratification of the Convention in 1995, the State party has not yet domesticated it as part of national legislation.", "10. The Committee calls upon the State party to place high priority on the process of full incorporation of the Convention into its domestic legal system in order to give central importance to the Convention as the basis for the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.", "Definition of equality and non-discrimination", "11. While noting that the general principles of equality and non-discrimination are guaranteed in article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore, the Committee remains concerned at the absence of a specific definition of discrimination against women in accordance with article 1 of the Convention in the State party’s legislation, including the Women’s Charter.", "12. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, para. 14) and urges the State party to incorporate in its Constitution or other appropriate legislation a definition of discrimination against women, encompassing both direct and indirect discrimination, in line with article 1 of the Convention, and also to include provisions to prohibit all forms of discrimination against women on other grounds.", "Reservations", "13. The Committee notes the State party’s partial withdrawal of its reservations to articles 2 and 16, as well as the progress made in order to align its legislation with the Convention. The Committee is, however, concerned by the State party’s reservations to article 2, paragraphs (a) to (f); article 16, paragraphs 1 (a), 1 (c) and 1 (h); article 16, paragraph 2; and article 11, paragraph 1. The Committee is of the opinion that these reservations are impermissible since these articles are fundamental to the implementation of all the other provisions of the Convention. In this respect, the Committee takes note of the information provided in the State party’s reply to the list of issues, and during the dialogue with the Committee, that the Government is considering reviewing its position with regard to its reservations to the Convention.", "14. The Committee calls upon the State party to fully incorporate parts of articles 2 and 16 that are now applicable in the State party and urges the State party to consider withdrawing remaining reservations to articles 2 and 16, and article 11, paragraph 1, which are contrary to the object and purpose of the Convention, within a concrete time frame.", "Discriminatory laws", "15. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts of the State party through the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore to review and revise discriminatory legislation and align Syariah law with civil law; in particular, the amendments to the Administration of Muslim Law Act in 2008 raising the minimum age of Muslim marriage for both parties from 16 to 18 years old, the fatwa on joint tenancy inter vivos gift and the fatwa on Central Provident Fund updated in 2010. It remains deeply concerned, however, by the preservation of the dual marriage regime that applies in the State party and the discriminatory provisions that persist in the laws relating to marriage, divorce and nationality that deny women equal rights with men. It is also concerned by the lack of free choice of adjudication between Syariah Court and family court.", "16. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Pursue without delay its law review process with the view to harmonizing its domestic legislation with its obligations under the Convention within a clear time frame;", "(b) Enhance its law reform through partnership and collaboration with male and female religious leaders, lawyers and civil society organizations, including women’s non-governmental organizations;", "(c) Provide for equal choice of adjudication between Syariah and family courts.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "17. While noting the redesignation of the Women’s Desk as the Office for Women’s Development on 1 July 2011, the Committee is concerned about its limited authority, human and financial resources and capacity to ensure that gender equality policies are properly developed and fully implemented throughout the work of all ministries and Government offices.", "18. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, para. 18), and encourages the State party to elevate the status of the national machinery for the advancement of women and to strengthen its mandate and provide the necessary human, financial and technical resources.", "Temporary special measures", "19. The Committee notes with concern that the State party has no plans to adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the achievement of substantive equality between women and men in all areas of the Convention, especially in areas where women are underrepresented or disadvantaged.", "20. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, para. 20) and calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Sensitize all relevant officials on the concept of temporary special measures contained in article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, as interpreted in the Committee’s general recommendation 25;", "(b) Consider applying temporary special measures in various forms in areas in which women are underrepresented or disadvantaged and allocate additional resources where needed to accelerate the advancement of women.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "21. The Committee reiterates its concern about the persistence of patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men within the family and society at large. In this regard, the Committee is particularly concerned that, despite the legal equality accorded to spouses, discriminatory traditional cultural attitudes that continue to utilize “the head of the household” concept, assigning this role to men, persist in the State party. Additionally, the Committee is concerned by the pervasiveness of advertising for products and services to improve body image and conform to societal expectations, as well as at the lack of clear guidelines to non-medical practitioners, such as aesthetic clinics, beauty clinics and spas. It notes that such cultural overemphasis of women’s beauty and the lack of effective regulations on its commercial exploitation, including by the media, reinforces the image of women as sex objects and constitutes serious obstacles to women’s enjoyment of their human rights and the fulfilment of the rights enshrined in the Convention. The Committee further notes that despite the fact that the State party recognizes the principle of equality of all persons before the law, as enshrined in the Constitution, regardless of gender, sexual orientation and gender identity (CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1, para. 113), there is still negative stereotyping of women belonging to this group.", "22. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To put in place, without delay, a comprehensive strategy to modify or eliminate patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes that discriminate against women, including those based on sexual orientation and gender identity, in conformity with the provisions of the Convention. Such measures should include efforts, in collaboration with civil society, to educate and raise awareness of this subject, targeting women and men at all levels of society;", "(b) To engage in pervasive, sustained and proactive efforts to combat and eliminate discriminatory cultural concepts, including “the head of the household”, that have a negative impact on the achievement of equality between women and men;", "(c) To impose stricter regulations with regard to safety and extend the existing guidelines for medical practitioners to non-medical practitioners such as aesthetic clinics, beauty salons and spas, and regularly monitor their activities;", "(d) To use innovative measures that target media to strengthen understanding of the equality of women and men and, through the educational system, enhance a positive and non-stereotypical portrayal of women;", "(e) To monitor and review the measures taken in order to assess their impact and to take appropriate action.", "Violence against women", "23. The Committee expresses its concern at the persistence of violence against women in the State party, in particular domestic and sexual violence, which remains, in many cases, underreported. While welcoming the amendments to the Penal Code in 2008 on the criminalization of rape of a spouse, the Committee is concerned that the law applies only if the perpetrator and the victim are living apart and are in the process of terminating their marriage, and if the victim applied for a personal protection order.", "24. The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To review its Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code in order to specifically criminalize domestic violence and marital rape and ensure that the definition of rape covers any non-consensual sexual act;", "(b) To provide mandatory training for judges, prosecutors and the police on the strict application of legal provisions dealing with violence against women and train police officers on procedures to deal with women victims of violence;", "(c) To encourage women to report incidents of domestic and sexual violence by de-stigmatizing victims and raising awareness about the criminal nature of such acts;", "(d) To provide adequate assistance and protection to women victims of violence by strengthening the capacity of shelters and crisis centres and enhancing cooperation with non-governmental organizations that provide shelter and rehabilitation to victims;", "(e) To collect statistical data on domestic and sexual violence disaggregated by sex, age, nationality and relationship between the victim and the perpetrator.", "Trafficking", "25. While welcoming the establishment in March 2011 of the Inter-agency Task Force on Trafficking in Persons and the adoption of the definition of “trafficking in persons” as defined in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Committee remains concerned by the continuing prevalence of trafficking in women and girls in the country and by the alleged criminalization and deportation of trafficked women and girls as immigration offenders, as well as the low reporting rate. The Committee is also concerned by the lack of a comprehensive legal framework to combat trafficking and provide protection for victims.", "26. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To ratify the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(b) To enact a specialized legislation against trafficking in persons that includes the internationally recognized definition of human trafficking in order to better identify victims of trafficking and prosecute traffickers;", "(c) To strengthen its measures to combat all forms of trafficking in women and children, including through increased international, regional and bilateral cooperation with countries of origin and transit, in line with article 6 of the Convention, as well as through training of the judiciary, law enforcement officials, border guards and social workers in the country;", "(d) To ensure the prosecution and punishment of individuals involved in trafficking and the protection and rehabilitation of victims of trafficking.", "Participation in political and public life", "27. While welcoming the increase in the number of women in public service, the Committee notes with concern that no women are full ministers in the Cabinet, and women in the State party continue to be underrepresented in decision-making in the Government, the judiciary and the diplomatic service, as well as in the private sector.", "28. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt laws and policies aimed at the promotion of women’s full and equal participation in decision-making in all areas of public, political and professional life, in accordance with article 7 of the Convention, and adopt temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations 23 (1997) and 25 (2004) concerning women in political and public life and temporary special measures;", "(b) Take steps to ensure that women representatives elected to public office are provided with the necessary institutional support and resources;", "(c) Conduct awareness-raising activities for society at large regarding the importance of gender equality and women’s participation in decision-making, and develop training and mentoring programmes for women candidates and women elected to public office as well as programmes on leadership and negotiation skills for current and future women leaders.", "Education", "29. The Committee commends the State party for the gains achieved in the education of girls and women as reflected in the high literacy rate, but is concerned that girls are underrepresented in the National University of Singapore High School of Mathematics and Science and consequently have low rates of enrolment and graduation in the critical areas of the engineering sciences, information communication technologies and technical skills in all institutions of higher learning.", "30. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To implement measures to eliminate traditional stereotypes and structural barriers that might deter girls’ enrolment in science and mathematics education at the secondary and tertiary levels of the education system;", "(b) To increase efforts to provide career counselling for girls that exposes them to options related to non-traditional career paths in science-related professions.", "Employment", "31. The Committee reiterates its concern regarding the State party’s reservation to article 11, paragraph 1, of the Convention and remains concerned by the continuing vertical and horizontal occupational segregation, the persistent wage gap between women and men and the lack of a legal definition of sexual harassment and its prohibition. The Committee expresses its concern that the paid maternity leave of 16 weeks applies only to citizen births and that single unwed mothers do not get the same benefits as married women. The Committee is deeply concerned by the cases in which pregnant employees were forced to resign.", "32. The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To withdraw its reservation to article 11, paragraph 1, and to adopt effective measures to eliminate occupational segregation, both horizontal and vertical;", "(b) To ensure that all women employees, in both the public and private sector, are guaranteed paid maternity leave, regardless of their nationality and marital status;", "(c) To adopt legislation guaranteeing equal pay for work of equal value to narrow and close the wage gap between women and men in accordance with Convention No. 100 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) concerning Equal Remuneration;", "(d) To take steps to enact legislative provisions on sexual harassment in the workplace as well as in educational institutions, including sanctions, civil remedies and compensation for victims.", "Foreign domestic workers/foreign wives", "33. While recognizing the comprehensive set of legislative, administrative and educational measures adopted by the State party to protect foreign domestic workers, and the adoption of the new Employment Agencies Act in April 2011 to raise the standard of recruitment processes and minimize abuses and malpractices, the Committee remains concerned by the situation of foreign domestic workers, in particular with regard to the mandatory regular testing for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, the prohibition against marrying Singaporeans and the lack of mandatory days off. The Committee also reiterates its previous concern regarding the situation of foreign wives of Singaporean citizens, especially with regard to their right to work and to their permanent residence status in the country.", "34. The Committee encourages the State party:", "(a) To review and amend the existing labour legislation so that it applies to foreign domestic workers, or adopt new legislation ensuring that foreign domestic workers are entitled to adequate wages, decent working conditions — including a day off — benefits and access to complaint and redress mechanisms;", "(b) To review and repeal the law requiring a work-permit holder, including foreign domestic workers, to be deported on grounds of pregnancy or diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS;", "(c) To provide work permits to foreign wives with a social visit pass and review its system of granting citizenship to foreign wives within a clear and reasonable time frame after marriage;", "(d) To ratify ILO Convention No. 111, concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, and sign and ratify ILO Convention No. 189, concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers.", "Marriage and family relations", "35. The Committee is concerned that, despite some of the steps taken by the State party to harmonize Syariah law and civil law, Muslim women still cannot enjoy equal rights with men with regard to family, marriage and divorce, including with respect to their rights to marry — which depends on permission by a woman’s Wali — and the possibility of divorce by repudiation (talaq). While acknowledging the legal reforms made by the State party that make polygamy practically impossible, which resulted in a decline of the number of polygamous marriages, the Committee is concerned by the continued legal authorization of polygamy. The Committee is also concerned that women’s equal share in all marital property is not guaranteed in clear legislation. The Committee is further concerned by the lack of legal provisions governing de facto unions, which may deny women protection and redress in case of separation or violence against women.", "36. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To ensure equality between women and men in marriage and family relations; amend without delay all remaining discriminatory provisions and administrative regulations, including provisions and regulations relating to family, marriage and divorce; and take all necessary legislative measures to ensure women’s equal share in all marital property regardless of monetary and non-monetary contributions to the marital property;", "(b) To legislate, without delay, a complete ban of polygamy in all societal groups;", "(c) To review its current legal system governing marriage and family relations with a view to extending existing legal provisions to couples living in de facto unions.", "National human rights institutions", "37. The Committee regrets that the State party has not yet taken steps to establish an independent national human rights institution with a wide mandate to protect and promote women’s human rights, in accordance with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles).", "38. The Committee recommends that the State party establish, within a clear time frame, an independent national human rights institution in accordance with the Paris Principles, whose competencies should include issues related to the equality of women and men.", "Optional Protocol", "39. The Committee encourages the State party to accelerate its efforts to ratify the Optional Protocol.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "40. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "41. The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and an explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "42. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Singapore of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure the de jure and de facto equality of women, as well as the further steps that are required in this regard. The Committee recommends that the dissemination should include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "43. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the major international human rights instruments would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "44. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 14 and 34 above.", "Preparation of next report", "45. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report, as well as to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "46. The Committee requests the State party to respond to concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "47. The Committee invites the State party to follow the “Harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents”, approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines, adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, annex I), must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of CEDAW", "Singapore", "At its 993rd and 994th meetings, held on 22 July 2011 (see annex). CEDAW/C/SR.993 and 994 considered the fourth periodic report of Singapore (CEDAW/C/SGP/4), respectively. The list of issues and questions prepared by the Committee is contained in CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4 and the Government's response is contained in CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1.", "Introduction", "The Committee expresses its appreciation for the fourth periodic report of the State party, which generally followed the guidelines for the preparation of the reports mandated by the Committee and takes into account some of the previous concluding observations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral statement, for its written replies to the list of issues and questions posed by the pre-session working group and for the further clarification of the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "The Committee commends the State party for the high-level delegation led by the Minister of Social Development, Youth and Sports, whose members are represented by a number of relevant ministries, who have expertise in the areas covered by the Convention.", "Positive aspects", "The Committee welcomes the progress made by the State party since its consideration of its third periodic report (CEDAW/C/SGP/3) in 2007, including legislative reforms undertaken and legislative measures adopted. Specific progress is described below:", "(a) The adoption of the Employment Act (2009) and the development of a new regulatory framework for vocational presentations (2011);", "(b) amend the Criminal Code (2008) and introduce provisions to protect minors from commercial sexual exploitation;", "(c) Amendments to the Muslim Management Act (2008) to raise the minimum age of marriage for Muslim women from 16 to 18 years;", "(d) Amending the Evidence Act and the Code of Criminal Procedure (2010);", "(e) Amending the Women's Charter Bill (2011);", "(f) The adoption of the Children and Adolescents Act to protect young girls and young women from abuse, neglect and exploitation (2011).", "The Committee notes with appreciation the initiatives undertaken by the State party to promote gender equality and protect women's rights, such as the creation of a national network for the prevention of domestic violence, the establishment of an inter-agency working group on trafficking in persons, and the introduction of a set of more robust support for parents' due diligence measures, including the extension of maternity leave and the provision of childcare leave for parents.", "The Committee notes with satisfaction that the State party has ratified the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Committee also welcomes the State party's withdrawal of some of its reservations to articles 2 and 16 of the Convention.", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "The Committee draws the State party's attention to its obligations to continue to plan and take steps towards the implementation of the provisions of the Convention and considers that, from now to the submission of its next periodic report, the State party must always give priority to the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations. The Committee therefore urges the State party to focus its implementation activities on those aspects and to include in its next periodic report its actions and the results achieved. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, parliaments and the judiciary in order to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "The Committee reiterates that the primary responsibility of the Government of the State party is primarily to ensure that the State party fully complies with its obligations under the Convention. The Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and requests the State party to encourage Parliament, where appropriate, to take the necessary initiatives in accordance with its procedures to promote the implementation of the present concluding observations and to assist the Government in the preparation of its next report, as required by the Convention.", "Legal status of the Convention", "The Committee recognizes the State party's commitment to the implementation of the gender equality and non-discrimination principles enshrined in CEDAW. However, the Committee remains concerned that, despite the State party's ratification of the Convention in 1995, the Convention has not been incorporated into national legislation.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to attach high priority to the full incorporation of the Convention into its domestic legal system in order to demonstrate the importance of the Convention as a basis for eliminating all forms of discrimination against women.", "Definition of equality and non-discrimination", "While noting that article 12 of the Singapore Constitution provides guarantees for the implementation of the general principles of equality and non-discrimination, it remains concerned that in the State party's legislation, including the Women's Charter, there is no specific definition of discrimination against women, in accordance with article 1 of the Convention.", "The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3, para. 14) and urges the State party to include in its Constitution and other relevant legislation a definition of discrimination against women, including direct and indirect discrimination, and to provide for the prohibition of all forms of discrimination against women on all grounds.", "Reservations", "The Committee notes that the State party has withdrawn some of its reservations regarding articles 2 and 16 of the Convention and has made progress in aligning its legislation with the Convention. However, the Committee is concerned at the State party's reservations with respect to article 2, subparagraphs (a) to (f), 16, paragraph 1 (a), (c), (h), 16, paragraph 2, and article 11, paragraph 1, of the Convention, which the Committee considers are not established, since the above provisions are essential elements to ensure that all other provisions of the Convention are implemented. In this regard, the Committee notes the information provided by the State party in its list of replies and during its dialogue with the Committee, which indicates that the Government of the State party is considering reviewing its position with regard to reservations to the Convention.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to fully incorporate the provisions of articles 2 and 16, which are currently applicable in its own country, and urges the State party to withdraw its remaining reservations to articles 2, 16 and 11, paragraph 1, within a specific time frame, which are contrary to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "Discrimination", "The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts made by the State party to review and revise discriminatory legislation, through the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, and to harmonize Islamic law with civil law, in particular the amendment to the Muslim Regulation of 2008 (to raise the minimum age of marriage for Muslim women and men from 16 to 18 years), and to update the decisions on the award and the central public deposit. However, the Committee remains deeply concerned at the persistence of discriminatory provisions in the State party, not only dual marriage, but also various discriminatory provisions relating to marriage, divorce and nationality, thereby denying women the equal rights of women. The Committee is also concerned at the lack of women's freedom to choose with regard to judgements rendered by the Islamic Court or the Family Court.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To expedite the commencement of legal review processes within a specified time frame to harmonize domestic legislation with its obligations under the Convention;", "(b) Develop and cooperate with male and female religious leaders, lawyers, civil society organizations and women's non-governmental organizations to strengthen legal reform;", "(c) Provide equal opportunities for women in relation to judgements rendered by the Islamic Court or the Family Court.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "The Committee notes that, on 1 July 2011, women's advisory services were renamed the Office for the Promotion of Women's Development, with limited powers, human, financial and capacity, and is concerned about the ability of the Office to ensure the appropriate formulation of gender equality policies and to fully implement the work of all ministries and government agencies.", "The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3, para. 18) and encourages the State party to increase the level of national machinery for the advancement of women, to give it greater authority and to provide it with the necessary human, financial and technical resources.", "Provisional measures", "The Committee notes with concern that the State party does not plan to achieve genuine gender equality in all areas covered by the Convention, in particular in areas where women are low or disadvantaged.", "The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3, para.", "(a) To familiarize all relevant officials with the concept of temporary special measures (contained in article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and, in its general recommendation No. 25);", "(b) Consider the application of temporary special measures in all its forms in areas where women are low or disadvantaged, and allocate additional resources, as necessary, for the advancement of women.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "The Committee reiterates its concern at the persistence of patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and society at large. In this regard, the Committee is particularly concerned that, despite the legal equality of spouses, discriminatory traditional cultural attitudes persist in the State party and continue to use the concept of “headquarters” to place men in a dominant position. In addition, the Committee is concerned that, in the State party, certain products and services can be upgraded to improve physical and social expectations and that there is no clear guiding principles for various non-governing medical clinics, such as the American Medical Association, the American Correspondent and the Maternity Service. The Committee notes that this culturally disproportionate portrayal of women and the lack of control over their commercial development have deepened the impression that women are perceived as sexys. The Committee also notes that, despite the State party's recognition of the principle of equality before the law, regardless of gender, sexual orientation and gender identity, and the inclusion of this principle in the Constitution (CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1, para.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, a comprehensive strategy to correct or eliminate patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes that discriminate against women, including discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, is being implemented expeditiously. Such measures should include working with civil society to carry out awareness-raising campaigns targeting women and men at all levels;", "(b) Universal and sustained efforts to curb and eliminate discriminatory cultural attitudes, including the notion of “a owners” that have a negative impact on achieving gender equality;", "(c) The introduction of a more rigorous security management system, the extension of the scope of application of the existing guiding principles of the practitioners, the inclusion of non-governing medical clinics, such as the Clinical Clinics, the American Correspondent and the Maternity Service, and regular monitoring of their activities;", "(d) The use of innovative measures by the media to enhance understanding of gender equality and to further the positive image of women through the educational system's stereotypical attitudes towards women;", "(e) Monitoring and reviewing measures taken to assess their impact and take appropriate action.", "Violence against women", "The Committee is concerned at the persistence of violence against women, in particular domestic violence and sexual violence, and in many cases has not been fully reported. While welcoming the State party's amendment to the Criminal Code in 2008 to criminalize marital rape, the Committee is concerned that this provision applies only to cases where the offender is separated from the victim, is in the process of divorce and that the victim has applied a personal protection order to the courts.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To review its Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure to criminalize domestic violence and marital rape and to effectively incorporate any consented sexual activity into the definition of rape;", "(b) Conduct mandatory training for judges, prosecutors and police to guide them in strict application of legal provisions to address violence against women and training police officers so that they can use legal procedures to assist women victims of violence;", "(c) Encourage women to report cases of domestic violence and sexual violence, to be present for victims and to raise awareness of the criminal nature of such violence;", "(d) Strengthen shelters and crisis centres and cooperate more closely with non-governmental organizations that provide shelters and rehabilitation services to victims in order to provide adequate assistance and protection to women victims of violence;", "(e) Statistical data on domestic violence and sexual violence and disaggregated by sex, age, nationality and victim and offender.", "Trafficking in persons", "While welcoming the establishment by the State party of the Inter-Agency Working Group on Trafficking in Persons in March 2011 and the adoption of the definition of “trafficking in persons”, as set out in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Committee remains concerned at the continued prevalence of trafficking in women and girls in the State party, and that women and girls who have been trafficked are not only subject to criminal charges but also deported by those who have become illegal entry into their territory, the State party has rarely reported on this. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned that the State party has not yet developed a comprehensive legal framework to combat trafficking in persons and protect victims.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Ratify the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(b) To enact a specific anti-trafficking legislation, including internationally recognized definition of trafficking in persons, to better identify victims of trafficking and to prosecute traffickers;", "(c) To vigorously implement measures to combat all forms of trafficking in women and children, including through further international, regional and bilateral cooperation with countries of origin and transit, in accordance with article 6 of the Convention, and training national judges, law enforcement officials, border guards and social workers;", "(d) Individuals involved in trafficking in persons are effectively prosecuted and punished and provide protection and rehabilitation services to victims of trafficking.", "Participation in political and public life", "While welcoming the increase in the number of women in the State party's public service, the Committee notes with concern that there are no female ministers in the State party's Cabinet and that the number of women involved in decision-making is still very low in their Governments, the judiciary, the diplomatic service and the private sector.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Promote women's full and equal participation in decision-making in all areas, including public, political and occupational life, in accordance with article 7 of the Convention, and adopt temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendations No. 23 (1997) and 25 (2004) on women in public and political life;", "(b) Take steps to ensure that the necessary institutional support and resources are provided to women representatives elected to the office;", "(c) Raise awareness of gender equality and the importance of women's participation in decision-making throughout society through awareness-raising activities; develop training and mentoring programmes for women candidates and elected women in public office and develop plans for leadership and negotiation skills for current and future women leaders.", "Education", "The Committee commends the State party for its practical results in the education of girls and women, which is a concrete expression of this outcome. However, the Committee is concerned at the low proportion of girls enrolled in schools, and therefore the low rate of girls' enrolment and completion rates in key disciplines such as science, information and communications technology and process technology in all higher institutions are natural.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Take measures to eliminate traditional stereotypes and institutional barriers that prevent girls from reporting in secondary and higher education institutions;", "(b) Greater efforts to provide vocational counselling for girls so that they can choose some non-traditional career paths in science-related professionals.", "Employment", "The Committee reiterates its concern about the State party's reservation to article 11, paragraph 1, of the Convention and continues to pay attention to the continuing vertical and horizontal occupational segregation in the State party, the persistence of wage gaps between women and men and the absence of legal definition and prohibition of sexual harassment. The Committee is also concerned that 16 weeks of paid maternity leave are limited to the birth of a citizen and that single unmarried mothers cannot enjoy the same benefits as married women. In addition, the Committee expresses its deep concern about the practice of resigned female employees who have been pregnant.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To withdraw its reservation to article 11, paragraph 1, of the Convention and to take effective measures to eliminate occupational segregation, both horizontal and vertical;", "(b) Ensure that all female employees in the public and private sectors are granted paid maternity leave irrespective of their nationality and marital status;", "(c) Reduce the wage gap between women and men through legislation guaranteeing equal remuneration for work of equal value and in accordance with International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 100 on Equal Pay;", "(d) Steps were taken to enact legal provisions on sexual harassment in workplaces and educational institutions, including penalties, civil remedies and compensation for victims.", "Foreign domestic workers/external wives", "While acknowledging the comprehensive legislative, administrative and educational measures taken by the State party to protect migrant domestic workers, as well as the new occupational presentations adopted in April 2011 to improve the recruitment process and minimize private fraud, the Committee remains concerned about the situation of migrant domestic workers, in particular the State party's forced pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases testing of domestic workers, the prohibition of marriage of foreign domestic workers and Singaporeans and the lack of legal leave for foreign domestic workers. The Committee also reiterates its previous concern about the situation of foreign wives of Singaporeans, in particular their work rights and their permanent residence status in the country.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Review and amend existing labour legislation to apply to domestic workers in foreign countries or to adopt new legislation to ensure that foreign domestic workers receive adequate wages, decent working conditions, including leave and benefits, and receive assistance from complaints and complaints institutions;", "(b) Review and repeal laws requiring the expulsion of work-licensors and foreign domestic workers on the basis of diagnosis of pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS;", "(c) To provide work permits and social passes to married foreign wives within a reasonable time frame specified and to review the system of granting foreign wife citizenship;", "(d) To ratify ILO Convention No. 111 on the Elimination of Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation and to sign and ratify ILO Convention No. 189 on the Promotion of decent work for domestic workers.", "Marriage and family relations", "The Committee is concerned that, despite the initiatives taken by the State party to harmonize Islamic law and civil law, Muslim women still do not have the right to equality with men in marriage and divorce, including the right to marriage, depending on the possibility of allowing and divorce for women “green”. While acknowledging the legal reforms carried out by the State party that polygamy has actually been eliminated, thus increasing the marriage of polygamy, the Committee is concerned that the State party has legally granted polygamy. The Committee is also concerned that the State party does not adopt clear legislative provisions to guarantee women's equal sharing of all marital property. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned that the State party's de facto integration of women and men does not provide for legal provisions that may deprive women of protection or assistance in cases of separation or violence.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To ensure equality between men and women in marriage and family relations, to amend all remaining discriminatory provisions and regulations, including those relating to the family, marriage and divorce, and to take all necessary legislative measures to ensure women's equal sharing of all marital property irrespective of the contribution of women to the financial and non-payment of property;", "(b) The prompt provision of legal provisions prohibiting polygamy in all social groups;", "(c) To review the existing legal regime governing marriage and family relations with a view to expanding the scope of the provisions of the existing law and to include de facto spouses.", "National human rights institutions", "The Committee regrets that the State party has not taken steps to promote the status of national and human rights institutions in accordance with the principles of promoting the status of national and international human rights institutions (art. The Paris Principles establish an independent national human rights institution with broad competence in the protection and promotion of women's human rights.", "The Committee recommends that the State party establish an independent national human rights institution, in accordance with the Paris Principles, within a specified time frame, that its functions include addressing issues related to gender equality.", "Optional Protocol", "The Committee encourages the State party to expedite the ratification of the Optional Protocol.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "The Committee urges the State party to fully implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, in fulfilling its obligations under the Convention, and requests the State party to include this information in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "The Committee stresses that full and effective implementation of the Convention is a necessary condition for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It requested that all efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals include a gender perspective and clearly reflect the provisions of the Convention, and requested the State party to include information in that regard in its next periodic report.", "Advocacy", "The Committee requests Singapore to disseminate the present concluding observations widely at the national level so that the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians, women's organizations and human rights organizations are aware of the steps taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality and that further measures are needed in this regard. The Committee recommends that the local community level also be included in the scope of advocacy and encourages the State party to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress made in the implementation of the concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "The Committee notes that the State party's accession to the main international human rights instruments will contribute to the further enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by women in all spheres of life. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the following Convention: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). Convention against Torture; International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (the Convention on the Protection of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families); the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "Follow-up recommendations made in the concluding observations", "The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on initiatives taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 14 and 34 above.", "Preparation of the next report", "The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public institutions in the preparation of the next report and to seek the views of women's organizations and human rights organizations at this stage.", "The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report, prepared pursuant to article 18 of the Convention, and requests the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "The Committee requests the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting, as set out in international human rights treaties, including the common core document approved by the fifth inter-committee meeting of human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 and guidelines for the preparation of treaty-specific documents (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The submission guidelines for specific treaty reports adopted by the Commission at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, chap. I) must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on common core documents. These guidelines form the harmonized reporting guidelines under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The length of specific treaty documents should be limited by 40 pages, while the common core document updated should not exceed 80 pages." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目66", "土著人民权利", "土著人民权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会各成员转递土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚按照人权理事会第15/7号决议的要求提交的报告。", "土著人民权利问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚的第一个三年任期自2008年5月开始，本报告概述他在这三年里开展的活动。特别是，本报告叙述了特别报告员为协调与土著问题有关的全球和区域机制而进行的努力，概述在四个相互关联活动领域内开展的工作：推广良好做法，国家报告，指称的侵犯人权案件和专题研究。", "本报告摘要叙述特别报告员在迄今提交人权理事会的各年度报告中提供的专题研究报告摘要。其中包括关于下述问题的研究：《联合国土著人民权利宣言》；各国在制定影响土著人民的措施之前与土著人民协商并征得其同意的义务；公司行号尊重土著人民权利的责任；建立在这些专题之上、与在土著人民传统领地内或附近作业的采掘业相关的问题。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.与其他机制的协调 3\n3.工作领域 4\nA.推广良好做法 5\nB.国家报告 8\nC.指称的侵犯人权具体案件 9\nD.专题研究 10\n4.经研究的主要专题概况 11\nA.《联合国土著人民权利宣言》 11\nB.协商的义务 13\nC.与土著人民人权有关的公司责任 15\nD.在土著领地上或其附近运营的采掘业 17\n5.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 人权委员会在第2001/57号决议中决定任命一位土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员，任期三年，其责任包括收集、索取、收取并交换从一切有关来源收到的关于土著人民、其社区和组织人权受到侵犯的资料和文函；拟订建议和提议，以防止和补救他们人权和基本自由受到侵犯的情况。", "2. 人权理事会在第6/12号决议中决定延长土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员的任务期限，以便与各国政府、相关的联合国机构、专门机构和计(规)划署以及土著人民、非政府组织和其他区域或分区域国际机构进行定期的合作对话；根据其任务授权，研究如何克服实现全面、切实保护土著人民人权和基本自由的现存障碍，并查明、交流和推广最佳做法；酌情宣传《联合国土著人民权利宣言》和有关促进土著人民权利的各项国际文书。", "3. 人权理事会在第15/14号决议中延长了特别报告员的任务期限，将土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员的称呼改为土著人民权利问题特别报告员，职权基本不变。", "4. 人权理事会任命美利坚合众国的詹姆斯·安纳亚为土著人民权利问题特别报告员，第一个任期自2008年5月1日起，为期三年。安纳亚先生的任期获得延长，第二个三年任期自2011年5月1日起。", "5. 本报告概述特别报告员在第一个三年任期里开展的工作。本报告叙述他与联合国和其他国际机制和机构进行协调的努力，概述他在与自己任务相关的四个相互关联活动领域内实施的下述举措：推广良好做法，报告各国家情况，审查指称的侵犯人权案件，确定或促进专题研究。本报告摘要叙述在审查主要议题时提出的要点，特别报告员在提交人权理事会的各项年度报告中列入了这些要点。", "二. 与其他机制的协调", "6. 一如人权理事会第15/14号决议所示，特别报告员任务的一个基本方面是他必须持续与土著问题常设论坛和土著人民权利专家机制等致力于促进和保护土著人民权利的其他联合国机制合作，建立伙伴关系。", "7. 特别报告员注意到，土著团体、非政府组织和其他利益攸关方非常不了解三个机制的角色和职能，不了解这些机制在联合国体制结构中的地位。因此，他努力以一致和透明的方式与其他两个机制协作，使人们能够充分了解每个机制的角色和宗旨。", "8. 这三个机制是在不同时期和保护土著人民权利国际运动不同时刻设立的，三个机制的任务相互补充，但在某些方面有重叠。特别报告员一直努力加强和整合三个机制的协调进程，以避免不必要的重复，最大限度地发掘机会，发挥每个机构的效力。他认为，必须继续进行宣传教育，介绍每个机制的任务和职能。", "9. 自上任以来，特别报告员一直参加与常设论坛和专家机制定期举行的协调会议，以促进协调。2009年2月，他参加了在马德里举行的研讨会，专家机制各成员和常设论坛四名成员以及前特别报告员鲁道夫·斯塔文哈根等来自各地区的一组专家也参加了研讨会。会议的主要目的是在三个机制成员之间促进非正式对话，使他们能够较好地协调工作，并且较好地与联合国其他机构和机关协调其活动。", "10. 此后，特别报告员每年都与常设论坛和专家机制代表会晤，分享工作议程，讨论各自任务的长处和局限性，探讨以最有效方式开展工作的方法。", "11. 特别报告员还与专家机制密切合作，为专家机制关于土著人民及其参与决策权的最后研究报告作出了贡献。特别报告员参加了两次会议：亚洲土著人民条约2010年1月在泰国组织的区域协商，专家机制成员也出席了这次会议；联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)2011年3月在日内瓦举办的专家研讨会。在2011年7月11日至15日在日内瓦举行的专家机制第四次会议上提出了上述研究报告(A/HCR/EMRIP/2011/2)。特别报告员还就专家机制关于土著人民受教育权利的前次研究报告提出了评论意见。", "12. 自上任以来，特别报告员出席了常设论坛和专家机制的每次年度会议，参加了关于所审议实质性问题的讨论。在这些会议期间，他采取了与土著人民和组织举行平行会议的做法。这些会议为来自世界各地的土著人民和组织的代表提供了宝贵机会，使他们能够提出自己的具体情况和关切，这种方式可以补充常设论坛和专家机制关于土著问题的较笼统的讨论。在这些会议期间，特别报告员还会见了各国家和各联合国机构的代表，讨论进行协作的机会以及关于土著人民的具体案件。", "13. 除与专家机制和常设论坛合作外，特别报告员还很高兴有机会与各种联合国机构、区域机构和专门机构就有关土著人民的事项进行合作。他就联合国开发计划署(开发署)、人权高专办、世界银行、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和泛美卫生组织的各项举措发表了意见。特别报告员促使有关方面认识土著问题并了解利于将这些问题纳入主流和有效实施有关国际文书所确认土著人权利标准的方案行动，在这个过程中，这种协调很重要。", "14. 特别报告员继续就美洲土著人民权利遭到侵犯的指控案件，与美洲人权委员会交流信息，努力确保协调行动，避免不必要的重复。他还确认，今后，他愿意与非洲人权和人民权利委员会土著居民问题工作组合作。", "三. 工作领域", "15. 特别报告员开展各种活动，监察世界各地土著人民的人权状况，促进根据《联合国土著人民权利宣言》等相关国际标准采取步骤，改善他们的人权状况。他努力尝试各种工作方法，与各国政府、土著人民、非政府组织、联合国有关机构和其他方面进行建设性对话，以解决具有挑战性的问题和情况，巩固已经取得的进展。前文已经指出，本着这一精神开展的各项活动属于四个相互关联的活动领域：推广良好做法，国家报告，指称的侵犯人权案件和专题研究。", "A. 推广良好做法", "16. 特别报告员根据《宣言》和其他有关国际文书，努力推动在国家和国际两级进行法律、行政和方案改革。这种改革往往是重大和复杂的行动，各国政府和各国际实体需要在财政和政治方面作出强有力的承诺，并需要与土著人民密切合作。", "1. 在国家一级推广良好做法", "17. 特别报告员在工作中接到要求，请他协助实施宪法和立法改革举措，以使各国国家框架与相关国际标准接轨。", "18. 在特别报告员于2008年5月上任后不久，厄瓜多尔土著人组织和制宪大会主席请求他在修宪过程中提供协助，这是开发署在该国开展的技术援助方案的一部分。特别报告员访问了厄瓜多尔，并根据相关国际准则向该国政府提出了若干意见(A/HRC/9/9/Add.1，第502段)。2008年9月，厄瓜多尔举行全民投票，通过了新宪法，其中许多条款确认了土著人民的集体权利。", "19. 特别报告员继续监测厄瓜多尔实施这些改革和随后制订的立法的情况，并于2010年向人权理事会第十五届会议提出了他的意见，说明他对厄瓜多尔实施宪法土著人民保障条款进展情况和仍然存在的挑战的看法(A/HRC/15/37/Add.7)。此外，他还就厄瓜多尔国民议会审议的各种立法草案发表评论意见，以便根据《宪法》相关条款，协调土著习惯司法系统和国家司法系统。", "20. 同样，2009年4月，特别报告员针对智利宪法改革进程，向智利政府提出一项报告，概述和分析关于与土著人民协商的义务的国际准则(A/HRC/12/34/Add. 6，附录A)。", "21. 2010年7月，特别报告员针对哥伦比亚制订一项法律或规章的问题提出了一项分析报告，说明就涉及土著人民和非洲裔哥伦比亚人的事项与他们协商的义务。人权高专办应哥伦比亚内政和司法部关于该事项的咨询小组的要求，发起了一项倡议，特别报告员的投入是这项倡议的组成部分。", "22. 同样，在2011年2月的几个星期里，特别报告员就危地马拉政府规范与土著人民协商程序的倡议发表了意见。", "23. 此外，特别报告员应苏里南政府及土著和部落人民的要求，参照美洲人权法院在这方面作出的具有约束力的判决，就制订立法确保土著和部落人民的土地和资源权利的进程发表了意见，提出了建议(A/HRC/18/35/Add.7)。特别报告员在2011年3月访问苏里南期间收集了一些信息，这些信息是上述意见和建议的部分依据。", "24. 2008年12月，特别报告员出席了尼加拉瓜阿瓦斯廷尼的一个仪式，在仪式上，尼加拉瓜政府根据美洲人权法院2001年一项判决的要求，将土著社区期待已久的祖先土地所有权交还给他们。他赞扬尼加拉瓜政府采取执行判决的步骤，并继续与尼加拉瓜政府进行讨论，以鼓励在确保该国其他土著社区土地和资源权利方面取得进展。", "2. 国际机构和当局推广良好做法的情况", "25. 特别报告员努力推动全球和区域两级国际行动者作出决定，进行方案改革，实施各种举措，以加强和推动执行土著人民权利国际标准，将其主流化。", "26. 2011年7月，在美洲人权法院审理萨拉亚库(Sarayaku)诉厄瓜多尔一案时，特别报告员以专家证人身份就协商和自由事先和知情同意原则作证。", "27. 2011年5月，特别报告员在知识产权组织知识产权与遗传资源、传统知识和民间文学艺术政府间委员会在日内瓦举行的一次会议上发表主题演讲，该委员会正在制定一项关于传统知识、遗传资源和传统文化表现形式的国际法律文书。", "28. 2011年2月，特别报告员针对开发署关于在开展减少森林砍伐和森林退化造成的排放的活动时与土著人民协商的准则草案提出了广泛的意见。此外，2011年2月，在泛美卫生组织在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行的特别会议上，他为该组织制定区域跨文化卫生政策作出了贡献。", "29. 2011年1月，他在巴黎参加了经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)国家代表一个工作组的会议，他发表意见，要求在更新《经合组织多国企业准则》过程中重视土著问题。", "30. 在过去一年里，在世界银行集团国际金融公司审查关于土著人民的第7号绩效标准过程中，特别报告员多次向国际金融公司发表意见，并且还与其官员会晤，就绩效标准草案提出书面意见。", "31. 2010年11月，特别报告员在日内瓦参加了人权高专办举办的土地与人权问题研讨会，他在研讨会上介绍并分析了土著人民在土地方面面临的特殊人权问题。", "32. 特别报告员参加了人权高专办分别于2008年10月在秘鲁、2009年6月在尼加拉瓜以及2009年12月在特立尼达和多巴哥举办的关于《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的研讨会。", "33. 特别报告员持续与开发署协作，制定土著人民权利资源指南，供从事土著问题工作的开发署工作人员和其他人参考。", "34. 此外，特别报告员还与世界银行合作。2008年6月3日，在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举办的“促进拉丁美洲和加勒比土著人权利和发展”研讨会上，他以特邀来宾身份发表演讲，重点阐述了世界银行在处理涉及土著人民的各种挑战和实施关于土著人民的各项举措方面应发挥的作用。特别报告员继续与世界银行代表保持接触，探讨如何进一步进行协调，通过世界银行各方案促进土著人民的权利。", "3. 推动支持《联合国土著人民权利宣言》", "35. 在国内和国际行动者中推广良好做法的另一个重要办法是，推动制定一项政策，承诺落实《联合国土著人民权利宣言》所载权利。为此，特别报告员积极鼓励在2007年大会通过《宣言》时没有投赞成票的国家支持《宣言》。在最近几年里，他高兴地看到，对《宣言》投了反对票的澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大和美国等四国已改变立场。他高兴地看到，投了弃权票的哥伦比亚和萨摩亚已宣布支持《宣言》。特别报告员在他的各项专题报告中专门开辟章节，进一步分析《宣言》及其执行情况。", "36. 特别报告员通过开展若干活动，努力促进对《宣言》的认识，促进遵守《宣言》。2011年6月，他在美国参议院印第安事务委员会关于“设定标准：联合国土著人民权利宣言对国内政策的影响”的听证会上作证。2011年4月，他在澳大利亚新南威尔士土著土地理事会双年度会议上发表主题演讲，会上，土地理事会讨论了《宣言》，认为这是其工作各主要方面的基准。此外，在开发署2009年5月20日在纽约举办的研讨会上，他向联合国各机构的代表介绍了《宣言》，他在研讨会上强调联合国各机构和方案在执行《宣言》方面的作用。", "4. 促进良好做法的其他措施", "37. 特别报告员寻求促进良好做法的重要手段是参与由土著人民、专家、政府代表和其他行为体参加的研讨会或会议。", "38. 2011年3月，特别报告员出席由德国联邦经济合作与发展部在柏林召开的专家讲习班，并发表了关于德国在非洲和亚洲发展合作的主旨演讲。", "39. 2010年5月，特别报告员参加由拉丁美洲和加勒比地区石油、天然气和生物燃料部门公司区域协会在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举办的一个研讨会，讨论多元文化与拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的石油和天然气工业的问题。研讨会提供了与石油和天然气公司的代表，以及与学术界和民间社会团体成员进行对话的机会，讨论私营公司尊重有关土著人权利的国际标准的义务。", "40. 特别报告员参加了2009年3月16日和17日在雅加达举行的关于土著人民权利的研讨会，该研讨会是由印尼全国人权委员会和群岛土著人民联盟赞助举办的。在研讨会上，这两个组织宣布达成一项关于解决土著问题联合方案的协议，这是一个国家的独立人权委员会与一个重要土著人民组织协作的好榜样。", "41. 特别报告员还参加了2009年10月在西班牙锡切斯举行的专家会议，会议由非政府组织Kreddha和联合国教育、科学及文化组织加泰罗尼亚中心共同主办。与会者在会上分析了公司在土著人民领地进行采掘活动所产生冲突的根源，以及预防和解决这些冲突的可能办法。会上进行的讨论对特别报告员编写提交给人权理事会第十五届会议关于土著人民人权和基本自由状况的报告(A/HRC/15/37)做出了十分宝贵的贡献。", "42. 特别报告员访问澳大利亚，出席了2008年12月在堪培拉举行的“世界人权宣言60周年：澳大利亚原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民人权与基本自由状况”会议。会议由土著与岛民研究行动基金会举办。访问期间，特别报告员有机会非正式会见政府各部门的代表，标志着已开始进行建设性对话，为他2009年8月正式访问澳大利亚作准备。", "43. 美国纳瓦霍部落建立了纳瓦霍部落人权委员会，这是土著政府的创新措施。2008年12月，特别报告员参加了该委员会为纳瓦霍部落理事会成员主办的一次“关于人权问题的培训”，并与委员会和理事会成员讨论如何利用国际人权机制促进纳瓦霍人的人权问题。", "44. 2008年10月，特别报告员出席了美国印第安人全国代表大会第六十五届会议。他做了一个关于采用国际标准加强保护美国土著人权利的演讲。全国代表大会是由美国250多个土著部落组成的联盟，致力于影响美国政府和国会做出的涉及土著人民利益的决定。", "45. 2008年10月，特别报告员与暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员一起参加了关于“亚洲及太平洋地区暴力侵害土著妇女问题”的亚太地区非政府组织协商会议。协商会议由“亚洲及太平洋妇女、法律和发展论坛”组织并在新德里举行。", "B. 国家报告", "46. 在过去三年里，特别报告员发表了关于一些国家土著人民人权状况的几份报告。这些报告包括以下方面的结论和建议：加强良好做法，查明受关注的领域，改善具体国家和地区土著人民的人权状况。提出报告的过程通常需要访问所审查的国家，包括访问首都和该国受关注的某些地点。访问期间，特别报告员同政府代表、各地区土著社区代表、参与土著人民问题工作的各界民间团体的代表互动。这些访问在政府的同意与合作下进行。", "47. 特别报告员对下列国家进行了访问并提出报告：巴西(A/HRC/12/34/Add.2)、尼泊尔(A/HRC/12/34/Add.3)、博茨瓦纳(A/HRC/15/37/Add.2号)、澳大利亚(A/HRC/15/37/Add.4)、俄罗斯联邦(A/HRC/15/37/Add.5)、在挪威、瑞典和芬兰的萨米地区(萨米人的传统领地)(A/HRC/18/35/Add.2)、刚果(A/HRC/18/35/Add.5)和新喀里多尼亚(法国)(A/HRC/18/35/Add.6)。他还对下列国家进行后续访问：智利(A/HRC/12/34/Add.6)、哥伦比亚(A/HRC/15/37.Add.3)和新西兰(A/HRC/18/35/Add.4号)，以评估这些国家在实施他的前任所提出建议方面的进展情况。", "48. 2011年特别报告员将访问阿根廷，并将在2012年年初访问美国。他还收到了巴拿马和萨尔瓦多政府发出的访问这两个国家、以评估其土著人民的情况的邀请。他欢迎这些邀请。特别报告员已对孟加拉国、柬埔寨、马来西亚、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚提出尚未得到同意的访问请求，他希望这些请求将得到积极考虑。", "C. 指称的侵犯人权具体案件", "49. 特别报告员另一个重要工作领域是不断回应处理指称侵犯人权的具体案件。特别报告员发出的对具体情况表示关切的信件以及从各国政府收到的回信的摘要，连同特别报告员的意见和建议，载于他与各国政府的往来信函中(A/HRC/18/35/Add.1，A/HRC/15/37/Add.1和A/HRC/12/24/Add.1)。", "50. 特别报告员收到来自各大洲一些国家关于指称的侵犯人权案件的资料，并向有关政府发出许多有关这些情况的信函。他收到的投诉涉及影响世界各地土著人民的常见问题，包括：剥夺土著人民对他们的土地、领地和自然资源的拥有权利；侵犯协商权和自由、事先及知情同意权，尤其是在涉及自然资源开采或驱逐土著群体方面；对包括人权维护者在内的土著个人和群体的威胁或暴力；关于土著事项的宪政或立法改革；与承认土著司法系统有关的问题；以及与世隔绝的土著人民的状况等。", "51. 鉴于现有资源有限，特别报告员无法逐个处理引起他注意的每一案件。然而，总的来说，凡得到详尽和可靠的资料，表明情况严重并属于他的职权范围，而他的干预能有合理的机会产生积极的影响，或者能提请对这种情况的给予必要关注，或者能敦促政府当局或其他行为者采取纠正行动，他都尽力采取行动。如果案件代表或涉及侵犯土著人民人权的较普遍现象，特别报告员也可能采取行动。特别报告员已处理来自许多区域和国家的关于侵犯人权的指控。", "52. 特别报告员力求与各国、土著人民和其他方面积极合作，密切监督和评价各种情况，查明眼前问题的根源，推动在已取得进展的基础上采取具体行动，提出根据现有知识并符合有关人权标准的切实可行建议。", "53. 在所分析的一些案例中，特别报告员向各国政府提出了详细的意见和建议，说明他认为各国和相关部门应当在有关国际标准框架内采纳、以应对这些情况的行动。他将继续与各国就这些具体情况进行接触，并希望迄今开展的对话对于有关国家政府和土著人民有用。", "54. 特别报告员收到的某些来文含有关于侵犯土著人民人权的具体指控，这些来文需要进行更深入的分析。对于这些问题，他对相关国家进行实地考察，作为他对这些案件的审查的组成部分。在这些考察结束之后，他均发表详尽的意见，提出分析和建议，期望有助于有关政府和土著人民解决所提出的问题。", "55. 为此，特别报告员在2011年4月前往哥斯达黎加审查受EL Diquís水电工程影响的土著人民的状况。特别报告员向政府和土著利益攸关方提供了他关于该状况的意见和建议(A/HRC/18/35/Add.8)。", "56. 同样，在2010年6月，特别报告员访问了危地马拉，讨论与该国土著人民协商的原则的实施情况，尤其是在采掘业方面，并特别注意San Miguel Ixtuhuacán和Sipacapa这两个城市受Marlin矿影响的土著人民的情况(A/HRC/18/35/Add.3)。", "57. 2009年2月，特别报告员前往巴拿马检查受巴拿马Changuinola河水电工程建设影响的土著社区的情况(A/HRC/12/34/Add.5)。2009年6月，在土著人民与秘鲁Bagua警察之间的冲突之后，他立即前往秘鲁对人权问题进行第一手考察(A/HRC/12/34/Add.8)。", "58. 在2009年8月访问澳大利亚期间，特别报告员就早先收到的关于澳大利亚政府北方领地应急政策对土著人权利的影响的来文采取后续行动。他编写了一份特别报告，载有他关于这个问题的意见，作为他关于澳大利亚土著人民状况的报告附件(A/HRC/15/37/Add.4，附录B)。", "59. 特别报告员认为，他能迅速干预涉及土著人民危机的状况，如在秘鲁Bagua的状况，已证明他能有效利用其任务规定，在解决、缓解或改善涉及土著人民的危机状况中发挥关键作用。", "60. 有时，特别报告员针对一些国家出现的需要立即关注的问题对媒体发表声明或发表其他公开声明。他已就下列问题发表公开声明：政府对复活节岛拉帕努伊人的抗议做出的反应(智利)；对于马普切土著囚犯为反对根据一项反恐怖主义法对他们的指控而进行绝食抗议活动的关切(智利)；土著人民对采矿法的抗议(巴拿马)；关于与土著人民协商的法律和政策(秘鲁)；对亚利桑那州(美国)通过立法给予警察拘留涉嫌非法入境者的权力，以及这项法律对在美国/墨西哥边境地区土著人民的影响引起的关切。", "D. 专题研究", "61. 特别报告员在其任期最初的三年里，努力找出世界各地土著人民共同关心的问题或事项，并通过知情的分析和建议处理这些问题。他对专题问题的分析均以他对国家状况和案件的审查为依据，并受益于他在推广良好做法方面取得的经验。他在向人权理事会提交的每份年度报告中，均审查了一些关键问题，其中包括：《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的意义；各国在采取涉及土著人民的措施之前有义务与他们协商，并获得他们的同意；公司有责任尊重土著人民的权利；以及最近在原先专题的基础上，有关在土著人民的传统领地内或附近运营的采掘业的问题。", "四. 经研究的主要专题概况", "A. 《联合国土著人民权利宣言》[1]", "1. 概况", "62. 在过去30年，全世界土著人民发出的呼声促成对土著人民基于长期存在的国际人权法和人权政策的原则而应享有的各项权利逐渐产生了共识。这一共识的出现，已日益体现在各国的宪政、立法和机构改革中，并得到这些改革的支持。大会在2007年通过的《联合国土著人民权利宣言》是这种共识最重要的结果，把几十年来根据现有国际人权法建立起来的对土著人民权利的共同理解都收入在内。", "63. 《宣言》序言强调了该文书基本的补救目的。《宣言》本身绝不是确认特殊权利，而是在补救各项普遍适用的国际文书所肯定、但历史上被剥夺的自决权和其他基本人权的后果。因此，《宣言》没有在通常认为普遍适用的基本人权之外创立新的或特殊的权利，而是根据土著人民特定的文化、历史、社会和经济环境阐述这些基本权利。", "64. 《宣言》第3条以被认为符合各国领土完整和政治统一的原则的方式，确认土著人民的自决权。在这一基础上，《宣言》详尽列举构成“为全世界土著人民求生存、维护尊严和谋求幸福的最低标准”的各项权利(第43条)。《宣言》重申了享有平等和不歧视、生命和人格不受侵犯及自由、以及国籍和得到司法正义等基本的个人权利；它要求特别关注土著老人、妇女、青年、儿童和残疾人的特别权利和需要。", "65. 同时，《宣言》确认：自治政府和政治、法律、社会和文化机构自治的集体权利；文化完整性，包括文化和精神信仰对象、语言和其他文化表现形式；土地、领地和自然资源；社会服务和发展；条约、协定和其他建设性安排；以及跨界合作。《宣言》还反映了对土著人民自决的共识，即土著人民的自决不仅通常包括实施自治，还包括在居住国内参加该国的广泛社会结构并与它们互动。在这方面，《宣言》确认土著人民有权参与国家政治、经济、社会和文化生活，并有权就影响到他们的决定同他们协商，以事先取得他们自由和知情的同意。", "2. 规范和法律意义", "66. 特别报告员在工作期间多次遇到会员国和其他行为体试图削弱《宣言》的规范意义，认为它“不具有法律约束力”。当然，可以承认这一点，但有关《宣言》规范意义和法律义务的充分认识不能就此而止。", "67. 无论《宣言》的确切法律意义为何，它所具有的重大规范意义是基于其高度的合法性。这种合法性不仅来自于它已获得绝大多数联合国会员国(包括曾经投票反对通过该《宣言》的四个国家——见上文第35段)的正式认可，而且也来自于该《宣言》是土著人民自身多年倡导和斗争的产物。该《宣言》是几十年来跨文化对话的结果，在该对话中，土著人民发挥了主导作用。《宣言》的规范实质上反映了土著人民自己的愿望，这种愿望经过多年的审议已被国际社会所接受。《宣言》的措辞已得到会员国的赞同，这种措辞明确表明对《宣言》所体现的权利和原则的承诺。各国坚持对土著人民本身所推动规范表示的承诺，这完全是一个诚信问题。", "68. 此外，尽管《宣言》本身不具有与条约相同的法律约束力，但是它反映了与《联合国宪章》、各项多边人权条约和国际习惯法的人权条款相关的法律义务。《宣言》建立在各国普遍的人权义务基础之上，而且是基于诸如不歧视、自决和文化完整性等基本人权的原则。这些原则已纳入获得广泛批准的人权条约中，并体现在联合国各条约机构的工作中。此外，《宣言》的核心原则可以被认为与国际和各国实践的惯例相关，因此，在这方面可以认为这些原则反映了习惯国际法。", "69. 另外，《宣言》反映了关于土著人民的个人和集体权利的现有国际共识，符合并扩展了国际劳工组织《关于土著和部族人民的公约》(《第169号公约》)的条款，并且符合国际机构和机制对其他人权文书的解释。《宣言》是这个共识的最权威的表现，提供了一个充分保护和落实这些权利的行动框架。", "70. 因此，《宣言》的意义是不能通过断言它作为一项决议从技术上来说本身不具有法律约束力而被削弱。特别报告员认为，《宣言》的实施应被视为具有政治、道德和法律方面的必要性。", "3. 实施《宣言》所需采取的措施", "71. 特别报告员在不同场合提出，他认为需采取一些最基本的步骤，在各国正式认可《宣言》之后，进一步实施《宣言》。", "72. 国家官员和土著领袖应接受关于《宣言》和相关国际文书的培训，以及关于实施《宣言》的切实措施的培训。除此之外，应在国家和地方各级组织各种研讨会和会议，让国家官员与土著领袖一道本着《宣言》所代表的合作与和解的精神，共同制订实施的战略和措施，包括解决历史积怨的措施。", "73. 此外，各国应全面审查其现有的立法和行政方案，以确定它们可能会与《宣言》相抵触的地方。这就需要审查涉及土著人民权利和利益的所有法律和方案，包括与自然资源开发、土地、教育和司法有关的法律和方案。在此种审查的基础上，应与土著人民协商制定和实施必要的法律和方案改革。", "74. 各国应致力于为实施《宣言》所需的措施投入大量人力和财力资源。这些资源通常包括土著人土地的划界或归还，制订适合当地文化的教育方案，支持土著自治机构，以及《宣言》所设想的许多其他措施。", "75. 联合国系统和国际社会应最优先制定向各国和土著人民提供技术及财政援助的方案，以便推动旨在实施《宣言》的这些步骤和相关步骤。在某些情况下，现有的联合国和国际合作方案也可能需要进行改革，以便符合《宣言》的各项目标。", "76. 一些国家在一定程度上已经采取实施《宣言》的最基本步骤，在一些情况下，它们得到联合国机构或国际合作项目的支持。目标是使得这些步骤能比迄今为止得到更为广泛的实施，并在各利益攸关方之间分享经验，以加强这些措施。", "B. 协商的义务[2]", "1. 规范基础和一般性质", "77. 《联合国土著人民权利宣言》突出阐述了各国就涉及土著人民的决定与他们协商的义务，并且这项义务牢牢扎根于国际人权法。《宣言》在涉及关于特定关注问题时总提到这项义务，并在第19条中作为一项总体原则加以肯定，该条规定：“各国在通过和实行可能影响到土著人民的立法或行政措施前，应本着诚意，通过土著人民自己的代表机构，与有关的土著人民协商和合作，事先征得他们的自由知情同意。”", "78. 如同《宣言》一样，《土著和部落人民公约》要求各国真诚地与土著人民协商，以便在涉及他们的管理计划或项目的各个方面取得他们的赞同或同意，并呼吁各国在各种情况下与土著社区展开协商。各国与土著人民切实协商的义务还以联合国核心人权条约为基础，其中包括《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。在区域一级，美洲人权法院在一系列案例中确认，各国根据《美洲人权公约》承担协商的义务。", "79. 更重要的是，这项义务来自于土著人民自决的总体权利和相关的民主和主权在民原则。这项义务符合世界各地土著人民在平等的条件下掌握自己的命运和切实参与涉及自身利益的决策的愿望。按照这些原则，各国有义务在涉及土著人民的决定方面与他们进行协商，其目的是扭转将他们排除在决策之外的历史格局，以便避免今后将重要的决定强加于土著人民，并使他们能够在其文化所依附的土地上作为独特的社区繁荣起来。", "80. 作为一般原则，各国应通过充分代表公众利益的民主进程作出决定。然而，这些正常的民主和有代表性的过程通常不能充分地解决土著人民特别关注的问题，因为他们往往处于政治边缘地位。各国与土著人民进行协商的义务及其各种规范性构成部分的先决条件是，正如《宣言》所表明，必须广泛承认土著人民的独特性质和具体权利，而且必须制定特殊措施来解决他们的不利处境。", "2. 协商的义务和取得同意的目标", "81. 协商义务是一种在土著人民的实质性权利将要受到某一特定行动影响时产生的程序性义务。应指出的是，协商的义务并不限于一项拟议的措施即将或可能影响到一项在国家一级已经确认的权利或法定权利的情况,例如，对传统土地和领地的权利。", "82. 协商义务所要求的协商程序的具体性质必然会取决于所拟议措施的性质及其对土著人民影响的范围而有所不同。例如，宪法或立法改革措施凡涉及到或影响到一国的所有土著人民，就需要建立一种适当的协商和代表性机制，以某种方式向所有土著人民开放并与他们联系。与此相反，对于影响到特定土著人民或社区的措施，例如在其领地上开采自然资源的活动等举措，就需要展开着眼于特别受影响群体的利益并与他们交流的协商程序。", "83. 协商程序的性质及其目标还取决于有关土著人民的所涉权利或利益的性质以及这些拟议的措施的预期影响。取得同意的目标的重要性按照实际情况、土著人民权利和所涉利益而有所不同。如果对土著人民生活有重大直接影响，则应确立这样一种强有力的假定，即未经土著人民的同意，拟议采取的措施就不应该付诸实施。在某些情况下，这种假定可能会强化，即在未经土著人民同意的情况下，禁止执行有关措施和项目。", "84. 《土著人民权利宣言》确认了在实施拟议举措前有必要取得有关土著人民同意的两种情况：涉及将某一土著群体迁离其传统土地(第10条)，以及在土著人民土地上储存危险材料(第29条)。特别报告员还将加入涉及在土著人民土地内设立自然资源开采项目的情况和一定会对有关土著人民的生活产生重大社会或文化影响的项目的情况。", "85. 在某项拟议措施影响到土著人民特殊利益的所有情况中，在某种程度上取得他们的同意仍应成为协商的一个目标。善意原则是指在国家和土著人民之间开展对话，以努力达成共识，并真诚努力达成相互满意的协定。各方均应愿意听取他方的意见、在自己的立场方面作出让步，并捍卫自己的合法权益，达成对各方均具有约束力的协议。", "86. 不过，如果国家尚未显示受影响的土著人民的权利将在拟议项目下得到充分保护，或国家尚未采取适当措施缓解拟议项目的任何不利影响，受影响的土著人民拒绝同意拟议的举措可能是合理的,并且在没有得到此种同意的情况下确实不应推行拟议的举措。", "3. 有利于达成共识的建立信任要素", "87. 为争取达成双方同意的决策而作出真诚的努力，这要求各国尽力与土著人民一起建立一种信任的气氛，推动富有成果的对话。对于土著人民来说，这格外重要，因为他们历史上被排除在决策之外，并因此对国家机构缺乏信任。此外，相对于作为协商中的对应方的国家机构或公司等私营方，土著人民通常在政治影响、财政资源、信息渠道和相关教育方面处于不利的地位。", "88. 为形成促进信任和相互尊重的气氛，协商程序本身应该是协商一致的产物。特别报告员注意到，在许多情况下，协商程序并不行之有效，没有得到土著人民的信任，因为受影响的土著人民没有被充分纳入关于制定和执行协商程序的讨论。应在制定拟议举措的最初阶段开始进行这些讨论，如果是自然资源开采项目，肯定应在国家与第三方(如供资机构或公司)达成任何与拟议项目有关协定之前开始这些讨论。此外，各国必须适当解决权力不平衡的现象，确保作出一些安排，使土著人民能够取得他们所需要的财政、技术和其他援助，与此同时，他们不得利用这种援助在协商中对土著人民施加压力或施加影响。", "89. 建立信任和真正协商一致的可能性还取决于充分尊重土著人民本身的代表和决策机制的协商程序。土著人民可能还需要通过其本身的决策程序来制定或修正其本身的机制，以便建立具有代表性的结构，推动协商进程。特别报告员指出，土著群体如未能说明其代表性组织结构，可能会混淆和拖延协商进程。", "90. 在自然资源开采或开发项目涉及到土著土地的情况下，为了使有关土著人民能够对所涉项目作出自由和知情的决定，必须就将影响到他们的项目的所有方面向他们提供充分和客观的信息，包括项目对其生活和环境的影响。在这一方面，国家必须在有关土著群体的参与下，开展环境和社会影响研究，以便使人们了解项目的全部预期后果。", "91. 此外，在这种背景下，追求协调一致的协商进程不仅应讨论减轻项目不利影响或进行赔偿的措施，而且还应本着真正的伙伴关系精神，探讨和达成公平利益分享的方式。", "C. 与土著人民人权有关的公司责任[3]", "92. 国际社会达成了一定程度的共识，即工商企业有尊重人权的责任。这种共识表现为最近几十年在国际和国家范围内都存在大量关于企业责任的监管和自我监管框架。人权理事会在第十七届会议(理事会第17/4号决议)上核准了秘书长特别代表的工商企业与人权指导原则(A/HRC/17/31)。除了法律地位问题外，关于企业责任的各种现存文书和机制明确反映了社会对企业承担责任的期待，并反映了在人权方面行使这种责任的必要性。", "93. 这一规范框架的核心是公司有在指导其活动的尽职调查中遵守国际人权标准的一般性责任。尽职调查的义务不仅限于尊重公司运营所在国政府的国家监管，这在很多情况下是远远不够的，还应当遵循对这些国家政府和整个国际社会有约束力的国际标准。尽职调查还意味着，企业不应当在政府忽略履行与这些权利有关的国际义务方面推波助澜，也不应当试图在履行这些义务方面取代国家的作用。特别报告员认为以下是其活动影响土著人民的公司的尽职调查必须包括的要素。", "1. 对土著人民的承认", "94. 在土著领地上运营或者其运营活动对这些领地造成影响的企业面临的主要困难之一，是缺乏政府方面对这些人民的正式承认，或者是仅限于对某些群体的承认。但国际人权法的一个公认原则是，包括土著人民在内的不同族裔、语言或宗教群体的存在，可以按客观标准确立，而不能取决于政府的单方面决定。", "95. 在企业开展活动的国家中，对土著人民缺乏明确的承认或者只有有限的承认不能成为企业在与土著人民有关的权利方面不执行最低国际标准的借口，甚至在所在国政府拒绝执行这些标准的情况下也是如此。因此，在尽职调查框架内，企业有责任提前确认是否存在可能受到企业未来活动影响的土著人民，并确定他们可能受到何种影响。", "2. 对土地、领地和自然资源的权利", "96. 其活动有可能对土著人民造成影响的企业的尽职调查包含的第二个因素，是确认土著人民拥有或占有和使用其土地、领地和自然资源，该问题对于土著人民有效享有人权至关重要。国家没有对土地或资源权利作出官方承认，这并不是公司不根据国际标准尊重土著人民土地权的充分理由。因此，企业的尽职调查包括根据国际文书规定的标准，对土著人民可能要求的权利展开独立评估的责任。", "97. 企业应有超出纯法律范畴的跨文化理解。国际标准强调土著人民与其传统领地的特殊关系，这是他们与众不同的身份和文化的基础。企业应当理解，不管国内法赋予土著人民哪些土地或资源权利，这些土著人民一贯保持并将继续保持同传统领地的关系。这是集体性的关系，因此远远高于群体成员的个人权利。", "98. 企业还应为土著人民和社区迁离其土地，包括为涉及购买个人持有的土著土地的项目，规定特殊赔偿保障。在这些情况下，国际标准要求，应寻求避免或限制这种迁移的其他方案，并应优先考虑用其他土地作为赔偿方式。", "3. 政府的协商义务和企业的相关责任", "99. 尽职调查原则还要求企业承认政府在采取可能直接影响到土著人民的任何措施之前同他们协商(并在某些情况下获得其同意)的义务，特别是在可能影响到他们的传统领地的项目方面。公司不得试图在国际标准要求国家承担举行协商的直接责任的情况下代替国家；实际上，公司必须促使国家充分履行此种责任。此外，公司如果在国家没有与土著人民进行适当协商的情况下同意开展特定项目，则没有履行其与人权有关的尽职调查义务。", "100. 在不损害政府承担主要协商责任的原则前提下，企业必须确保建立适当的协商和对话机制，尊重土著人民参与关系到自身利益的决策的权利。在这种情况下，同土著人民协商的目标，应当是在确认项目可能产生的负面影响，消除这些影响及对其作出赔偿的措施，以及项目产生的利益分享机制等关键方面寻求达成共识。", "4. 项目影响研究和赔偿措施", "101. 项目影响研究和为查明的负面影响确定适当赔偿的措施与协商进程密切联系。在承认土著人民拥有养护和保护环境的权利的同时，国际标准和实践要求进行社会和环境影响研究，作为保护土著人民权利的一项特别保障措施，特别是在涉及可能影响到这些权利的自然资源投资、开发、勘探或开采项目时。", "5. 利益分享", "102. 土著人民除了有权获得损害赔偿或缓解负面影响的措施外，还有权参与分享在其传统领地内开展的活动，特别是与自然资源开采有关的活动所产生的利益。企业有义务尊重土著人民建立适当机制的权利，以便利用这种机制确保土著人民分享项目创造的利益。利益分享应被视为履行权利的一种方式，而不是为了寻求对项目的社会支持或尽量减少可能发生的冲突而作出的施舍性或怜悯性让步。应当考虑发展适当的利益分享机制，真正加强土著人民建立和追求其首要发展目标的能力，帮助他们提高自己的决策机制和机构的效率。", "D. 在土著领地上或其附近运营的采掘业[4]", "103. 采掘业对土著人民的影响是特别报告员特别关注的一个问题。特别报告员在多份国别报告和特别报告中以及对特殊情况的审查中，研究了采掘业活动侵犯土著人民权利的各种情况。特别报告员努力促进澄清和解决采掘业活动所产生的有关土著人民的问题。2011年，特别报告员分发了“有关在土著领地上或其附近开采和开发自然资源项目的调查问卷”，以收集和了解与这一问题有关的意见、关切事项和建议。", "1. 对问卷答复的初步评估", "104. 土著人民、政府、企业和其他利益攸关方表达的对在土著领地上进行自然资源开采和能源相关项目发展的观点显示，尽管人们日益认识到必须尊重土著人民的权利，但仍然存在很多问题。土著人民组织和代表、国家政府和公司的答复反映，他们清醒地认识到，已经或正在土著领地上实施的没有适当保障或有关人民参与的不负责任或疏忽责任的项目，对土著人民的经济、社会和文化权利造成了负面甚至是灾难性的影响。", "105. 此外，尽管许多政府承诺并表示认识到需要保护土著人民的权利，特别报告员从各国收到的调查问卷的答复，以及从其他来源收到的答复，也反映了各国对资源开采和开发项目的有关职责范围和确保进行此种保护的手段方面缺乏共识。几份答复，特别是从企业收到的答复指出，各国政府往往保持距离，不插手执行协商程序的结果和在采掘作业中保障土著人民权利的其他措施，仅仅充当监管者。答复多次指出，将国家的保护作用交给工商企业是一个值得关切的问题，特别是在与土著人民权利，包括土地和资源的保护、协商和利益共享有关的国家监管框架不足或不存在的情况下。", "106. 另一个得到不同答复的重要领域涉及采掘开发项目的成本和效益的平衡。尽管答复者认识到采掘活动以往对土著人民生活造成的负面影响，他们对采掘业的实际或潜在效益、尤其是未来的效益的归属和价值的看法大相径庭。很多国家政府在对特别报告员调查问卷的答复中强调，此种活动对其经济至关重要。很多企业持也认为土著人民可以从采掘业活动中受益。", "107. 土著人民对此表示十分怀疑，并在很多情况下坚决否认从其领地上的采掘或开发项目中受益的可能性。很多土著人民亲身经历过影响其领地和社区的特定项目，绝大多数土著人民在答复中强调，他们认为自己的权利被剥夺，他们觉得国家和公司无视其权利和关切，无视在侵犯性采掘活动面前其生计没有着落的持续忧虑。这些看法使土著人民无法相信此种项目运营能够带来积极影响，他们更认为这种项目运营是国家和公司相互勾结、为保护其自身利益从上而下强加给土著人民的决定，而不是与土著社区进行谈判后作出的决定。", "2. 特别报告员拟议的未来工作计划", "108. 特别报告员认为，所有有关行为体缺乏对关键问题的了解是在采掘开发项目中有效保护和实现土著人民权利的主要障碍。这种情况，加上存在众多的概念和法律灰色领域，一再证明是造成社会冲突的根源。比较各方的经验，可发现冲突爆发和升级以及随之而来的立场极端化的充分实例。如果爆发与土著领地的采掘或开发计划有关的社会冲突，人人都是输家。", "109. 对特别报告员的调查问卷的答复显示，如果要使土著权利标准对与土著人民有关的国家和公司政策和行动产生有意义的效果，就需要改变现状。实现此种改变的第一步是在土著人民、政府行为体、工商企业和其他有关行为体之间建立共识。特别报告员认识到协调各方利益的工作固有的复杂性，以及缩小相互冲突的现存观点之间差距的困难。", "110. 但是，特别报告员相信，需要在以下方面达成共识：土著人民权利的内容和范围，这些权利对在土著领地上或附近的采掘业活动的未来可取性和可行性的影响，各国在此方面保护土著人民权利的责任的性质，采掘业的实际或潜在的积极和负面影响以及相关问题。没有此种共识，土著权利标准的适用将继续充满争议，土著人民的个人和集体人权将继续受到严重侵犯，影响土著人民的采掘活动将继续面临严重的社会和经济问题。", "111. 特别报告员在其第二个任期中致力于与其他机制、尤其是人权理事会土著人民权利专家机制协调开展工作，编制具体和实际的建议，阐述现有人权标准的所涉问题，帮助各国、工商企业和土著人民解决采掘业在土著领地上或附近运营产生的复杂问题。", "五. 结论", "112. 特别报告员重申，他将坚定致力于履行所承担的任务，谦恭地承认这一任务所代表的责任，并感谢所有曾经支持和继续支持他履行这一职能的人员。特别是，他要感谢人权理事会对他的信任并感谢人权高专办及其工作人员给予的诚心诚意的协助。他还想感谢作为美国亚利桑那大学土著人民法律和政策方案一部分的土著人民权利特别报告员支助项目的工作人员和所属研究人员。最后，他感谢在过去三年为协助他履行任务与他合作的很多土著人民、政府、联合国机构和部门、非政府组织和其他人员。", "113. 特别报告员高兴地向大会提交本报告，并期待与各国就其工作进行对话。尽管很多地方的积极进展使他深受鼓舞，他仍关切世界各地为争取土著人民的权利而正在进行的斗争以及侵犯土著人民权利的情况。他在第二个任期期间，将通过确认良好做法和可行的模式，在已经取得的进展的基础上，把制定解决这些紧迫问题的切实措施作为最优先事项。通过这一工作，他希望协助正在开展的多方面工作，实现大会在2007年通过《联合国土著人民权利宣言》时所设想的未来，一个充分重视土著人民的独特身份和文化，并且使土著人民有机会在其生活的更广泛社会中以平等条件控制其自身命运的未来。", "[1] 章节总结特别报告员在A/HRC/9/9号文件(第18至43段)中对该《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的研究。", "[2] 该章节概述了特别报告员在A/HRC/12/34号文件(第36至57段)中关于协商义务的研究。", "[3] 本节概述特别报告员在A/HRC/15/37(第26至91段)中对公司责任的讨论。", "[4] 本节概述特别报告员在A/HRC/18/35中对采掘业的讨论。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 66 of the provisional agenda*", "Rights of indigenous peoples", "* A/66/150.", "Rights of indigenous peoples", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/7.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, during the first three-year term of his mandate, which began in May 2008. In particular, the report describes the Special Rapporteur’s efforts to coordinate with global and regional mechanisms concerned with indigenous issues and outlines the work undertaken within four interrelated spheres of activity: promoting good practices, country reports, cases of alleged human rights violations and thematic studies.", "The report includes summaries of the thematic studies that the Special Rapporteur has included in the annual reports he has submitted to date to the Human Rights Council. These includes studies on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; the duty of States to consult with and obtain the consent of indigenous peoples before adopting measures that affect them; the responsibility of corporations to respect the rights of indigenous peoples; and, building on these themes, issues related to extractive industries operating in or near indigenous peoples’ traditional territories.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Coordination 3 with other \nmechanisms III. Areas 5 of \n work A. Promoting 5 good \npractices B.Country 9 \nreports C.Specific 10 cases of alleged human rights \nviolations D.Thematic 12 \nstudies IV.Overview 12 of key thematic issues \nexamined A.United 12 Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous \nPeoples B.The 15 duty to \nconsult C. Corporate 18 responsibility with respect to the human rights of indigenous \npeoples D.Extractive 20 industries operating in or near industrial \nterritories \nV.Conclusion 22", "I. Introduction", "1. n In its resolution 2001/57, the Commission on Human Rights decided to appoint, for a three-year period, a special rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people to gather, request, receive and exchange information and communications from all relevant sources concerning human rights violations against indigenous people themselves and their communities and organizations and to formulate recommendations and proposals to prevent and remedy such violations, among other functions.", "2. In its resolution 6/12, the Human Rights Council decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, to develop a regular cooperative dialogue with Governments, relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions; to examine ways and means of overcoming existing obstacles to the full and effective protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, in conformity with his mandate, and to identify, exchange and promote best practices; and to promote the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and international instruments relevant to the advancement of the rights of indigenous peoples, where appropriate.", "3. By its resolution 15/14, the Council renewed the mandate, referring to the Special Rapporteur as the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, not as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, under essentially the same terms.", "4. The Human Rights Council appointed James Anaya of the United States of America Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples for an initial term of three years beginning 1 May 2008. Mr. Anaya’s appointment to the mandate was renewed for a second three-year term effective 1 May 2011.", "5. The present report provides an overview of the Special Rapporteur’s work during the first three years of his appointment. It describes his efforts to coordinate with United Nations and other international mechanisms and agencies, and outlines the following initiatives, carried out within four interrelated spheres of activity relevant to the mandate: promoting good practices, reporting on country situations, examining cases of alleged human rights violations and developing or contributing to thematic studies. The report includes summaries of the major points that have been made in the examination of key topics and that have been included in the annual reports of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council.", "II. Coordination with other mechanisms", "6. As indicated in Council resolution 15/14, a fundamental aspect of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur is his ongoing cooperation and partnership with other United Nations mechanisms dedicated to the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples, namely the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.", "7. The Special Rapporteur has noted a significant level of confusion among indigenous groups, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders about the respective roles and functions of the three mechanisms, as well as their place within the institutional structure of the United Nations. He has therefore strived to collaborate with the other mechanisms in a coherent and transparent way in order to maximize understanding about the role and purpose of each mechanism.", "8. The respective mandates of these three mechanisms, created at different times and in response to different moments in the international movement to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, are complementary but overlapping in certain respects. The Special Rapporteur has consistently worked to strengthen and consolidate the coordination processes between them to avoid unnecessary duplication and to maximize opportunities and the effectiveness of each body. He believes that continued education about the individual mandates and functions of these mechanisms is essential.", "9. The Special Rapporteur has, from the beginning of his mandate, participated in regular coordination meetings with both the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism to promote coordination. In February 2009, he participated in a seminar in Madrid with the members of the Expert Mechanism and four members of the Permanent Forum, along with a group of experts from various regions, including the former Special Rapporteur, Rodolfo Stavenhagen. The main objective of the meeting was to promote an informal dialogue among the members of the three mechanisms so that they could better coordinate their work, as well as their activities with other United Nations agencies and bodies.", "10. Since then, the Special Rapporteur has met annually with representatives of the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism to share work agendas, discuss the strengths and limitations of their respective mandates and explore methods for carrying out their work in the most effective way possible.", "11. The Special Rapporteur has also worked closely with the Expert Mechanism and contributed to its final study on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making. He participated in two meetings: a regional consultation organized by the Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact, which members of the Expert Mechanism also attended, held in Thailand in January 2010; and an expert seminar convened by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), held in Geneva in March 2011. The study (A/HCR/EMRIP/2011/2) was presented at the fourth session of the Expert Mechanism, held in Geneva from 11 to 15 July 2011. The Special Rapporteur had also provided comments for the previous study of the Expert Mechanism, on the right of indigenous peoples to education.", "12. Since assuming his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has attended each annual session of the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism and has participated in the discussion of the substantive issues under consideration. During those sessions, he developed the practice of holding parallel meetings with indigenous peoples and organizations, which have provided an invaluable opportunity for representatives of indigenous peoples and organizations from around the world to raise their specific situations and concerns in a manner that complements the more general discussions of indigenous issues by the Permanent Forum and Expert Mechanism. During the sessions, the Special Rapporteur also met with representatives of various States and United Nations agencies to discuss opportunities for collaboration and specific cases concerning indigenous peoples.", "13. In addition to cooperating with the Expert Mechanism and the Permanent Forum, the Special Rapporteur has welcomed opportunities to join efforts with a range of United Nations, regional and specialized bodies on matters concerning indigenous peoples. He has provided observations on initiatives of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), OHCHR, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Pan American Health Organization. This coordination is important, as the Special Rapporteur promotes awareness of indigenous issues and programmatic action that is conducive to mainstreaming those issues and to effectively implementing standards of indigenous rights as affirmed in relevant international instruments.", "14. The Special Rapporteur has continued to exchange information with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on cases of alleged violations of the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas, in an attempt to ensure coordinated efforts and avoid unnecessary duplication. He has also confirmed his willingness to cooperate with the Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the future.", "III. Areas of work", "15. The Special Rapporteur has engaged in a range of activities to monitor the human rights conditions of indigenous peoples worldwide and promote steps to improve those conditions in line with relevant international standards, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. He has tried to develop work methods oriented towards building a constructive dialogue with Governments, indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations, relevant United Nations agencies and others in order to address challenging issues and situations and build on advances already made. The various activities carried out in this spirit can be described, as already indicated, as falling within four, interrelated spheres of activity: promoting good practices, country reports, cases of alleged human rights violations and thematic studies.", "A. Promoting good practices", "16. The Special Rapporteur has worked to advance legal, administrative and programmatic reforms at the national and international levels in accordance with the Declaration and other relevant international instruments. Often, such reforms are major, complex undertakings requiring strong commitment, both financial and political, on the part of Governments and international entities, as well as close cooperation with indigenous peoples.", "1. Promoting good practices at the national level", "17. During the course of his work, the Special Rapporteur has been asked to provide assistance with constitutional and legislative reform initiatives aimed at harmonizing national frameworks with relevant international standards.", "18. Shortly after assuming his mandate in May 2008, the Special Rapporteur was asked by indigenous organizations and the President of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador, as part of the programme of technical assistance provided by UNDP in the country, to provide technical assistance with the constitutional revision process. The Special Rapporteur visited Ecuador and submitted a number of observations to the Government in the light of relevant international norms (A/HRC/9/9/Add.1, para. 502). Ecuador’s new constitution was approved by referendum in September 2008 with significant provisions affirming indigenous peoples’ collective rights.", "19. The Special Rapporteur has continued to monitor the implementation by Ecuador of those reforms and subsequent legislation and, in 2010, presented to the Council at its fifteenth session his observations on progress made and challenges remaining with regard to implementing the constitutional guarantees for indigenous people in Ecuador (A/HRC/15/37/Add.7). Furthermore, he has provided comments on various drafts of legislation currently under consideration by the National Assembly of Ecuador to coordinate indigenous customary justice systems with the national justice system, in accordance with related provisions of the Constitution.", "20. Similarly, in April 2009, the Special Rapporteur submitted a report to the Government of Chile outlining and analysing the international norms on the duty to consult indigenous peoples in relation to the constitutional reform process in Chile (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6, appendix A).", "21. In July 2010, the Special Rapporteur provided an analysis of international standards relevant to the development in Colombia of a law or regulation on the duty to consult with indigenous peoples and Afro-Colombian communities on matters affecting them. His input was part of an initiative launched by OHCHR at the request of an advisory group on the matter of the Ministry of Interior and Justice of Colombia.", "22. Likewise, over the course of several weeks in February 2011 the Special Rapporteur provided observations on the initiative of the Government of Guatemala to regulate a procedure for consultation with indigenous peoples.", "23. Additionally, at the request of the Government of Suriname and indigenous and tribal peoples, the Special Rapporteur provided observations and recommendations on a process to develop legislation to secure indigenous and tribal peoples’ rights to lands and resources, in the light of binding judgments issued in this connection by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (A/HRC/18/35/Add.7). The observations and recommendations were based in part on information gathered during a visit to Suriname in March 2011.", "24. In December 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended a ceremony in Awas Tingni, Nicaragua, during which the Government handed over to the indigenous community the long-awaited title to its ancestral lands, as required by a 2001 judgement of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. He commended the Government of Nicaragua for taking steps to implement the judgement, and has continued discussions with the Government to encourage progress towards securing the rights to land and resources of other indigenous communities in that country.", "2. Promoting good practices by international institutions and authorities", "25. The Special Rapporteur has sought to promote decisions, programmatic reforms and initiatives by international actors, at both the global and regional levels, and to strengthen, mainstream and advance implementation of international standards concerning the rights of indigenous peoples.", "26. In July 2011, the Special Rapporteur testified as an expert witness before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case Sarayaku v. Ecuador, regarding the principles of consultation and free prior and informed consent.", "27. In May 2011, the Special Rapporteur gave the keynote speech at a session in Geneva of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore of WIPO, which is in the process of developing an international legal instrument on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions.", "28. In February 2011, the Special Rapporteur provided extensive observations on the draft guidelines of UNDP on consultation with indigenous peoples in the context of activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Also in February 2011, he contributed to the development of a regional intercultural health policy by the Pan American Health Organization during a special meeting convened in Washington, D.C.", "29. In January 2011, in Paris, he participated in the meeting of a working group of State delegates to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), providing comments to focus attention on indigenous issues in the process of updating the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.", "30. At various times during the past year, the Special Rapporteur has provided comments to the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group during the Corporation’s review of its performance standard No. 7, on indigenous peoples, including by meeting with officials of the Corporation and providing written observations on drafts of the performance standard.", "31. In November 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar in Geneva on land and human rights hosted by OHCHR, at which he provided information on and analysis of the particular human rights concerns of indigenous peoples in relation to lands.", "32. The Special Rapporteur participated in seminars on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples organized by OHCHR in Peru, in October 2008, in Nicaragua, in June 2009, and in Trinidad and Tobago, in December 2009.", "33. The Special Rapporteur has been collaborating with UNDP to produce a resource guide on indigenous peoples’ rights for UNDP staff and others working on indigenous issues.", "34. Additionally, the Special Rapporteur has cooperated with the World Bank. On 3 June 2008, he was the featured speaker at a seminar on “Advancing indigenous rights and development in Latin America and the Caribbean”, held in Washington, D.C., at which he focused on the role of the World Bank in relation to various challenges and initiatives concerning indigenous peoples. The Special Rapporteur continues to maintain contact with representatives of the World Bank to explore ways of coordinating further with a view to advancing indigenous peoples’ rights through the Bank’s programmes.", "3. Promoting support for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "35. Another important way in which good practices can be promoted among both national and international entities is by advancing a policy of commitment to the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. To that end, the Special Rapporteur has actively encouraged support for the Declaration by those States that did not vote in favour of its adoption by the General Assembly in 2007. In recent years, he has welcomed the reversal of positions by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States, the four States that had cast votes against the Declaration. He has been pleased to observe that Colombia and Samoa, States that had abstained from the vote, have since declared their support for the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur has devoted sections of his thematic reports to further analysis of the Declaration and its implementation.", "36. The Special Rapporteur has sought to promote awareness of and action in accordance with the Declaration through a number of activities. In June 2011, he testified at a hearing of the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs entitled “Setting the standard: the domestic policy implication of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”. In April 2011, he gave the keynote address at the biennial conference of the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council in Australia, at which the Land Council discussed the Declaration as a benchmark for major aspects of its work. Additionally, he gave a presentation on the Declaration to representatives of various United Nations agencies in a seminar organized by UNDP in New York, on 20 May 2009, at which he emphasized the role of United Nations agencies and programmes in implementing the Declaration.", "4. Other measures to promote good practices", "37. Participation in seminars or conferences involving indigenous peoples, experts, Government representatives and other actors has been an important means by which the Special Rapporteur has sought to promote good practices.", "38. In March 2011, the Special Rapporteur gave the keynote address at an expert workshop in Berlin convened by the Federal Ministry on Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany, concerning German development cooperation in Africa and Asia.", "39. In May 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar on multiculturalism and the oil and gas industry in Latin America and the Caribbean in Cartagena, Colombia, organized by the Regional Association of Oil, Gas and Biofuels Sector Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean. The seminar provided an opportunity for dialogue with representatives of oil and gas companies, as well as with academics and members of civil society, on the obligations of private companies to respect international standards regarding indigenous peoples’ rights.", "40. The Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar on indigenous rights, held in Jakarta on 16 and 17 March 2009, sponsored by the National Human Rights Commission of Indonesia and the Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of the Archipelago. At the seminar, the Human Rights Commission and the Peoples’ Alliance announced an agreement on a joint programme to address indigenous issues — a good example of coordination between a State’s independent human rights commission and a major indigenous organization.", "41. The Special Rapporteur also participated in a meeting of experts held in October 2009 in Sitges, Spain, and sponsored by the non-governmental organizations Kreddha and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Centre of Catalonia, at which the participants analysed sources of conflicts arising from extractive activities carried out by companies in indigenous territories and possible ways of preventing and resolving such conflicts. The discussions served as a valuable contribution to the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people submitted to the Human Rights Council at its fifteenth session (A/HRC/15/37).", "42. The Special Rapporteur visited Australia to attend a meeting entitled “The Sixtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights: The Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People of Australia”, organized by the Foundation for Aboriginal and Islander Research Action and held in Canberra in December 2008. The Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to meet informally with various governmental representatives, marking the beginning of a constructive dialogue in preparation for his official mission to Australia in August 2009.", "43. In an innovative initiative by an indigenous government, the Navajo Nation in the United States has established the Navajo Nation Human Rights Commission. In December 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended a human rights orientation organized by the Commission for members of the Navajo Nation Council and engaged in a discussion with the Commission and Council members on ways to advance the human rights of Navajo people through the use of international human rights mechanisms.", "44. In October 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended the sixty-fifth convention of the National Congress of American Indians. He gave a presentation on the use of international standards to strengthen the protections for the rights of indigenous peoples in the United States. The National Congress is a coalition of over 250 indigenous nations in the United States that works to inform decisions of the Government of the United States and Congress that affect indigenous peoples’ interests.", "45. In October 2008, the Special Rapporteur, together with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, participated in a regional consultation of non-governmental organizations on violence against indigenous women in Asia and the Pacific. The consultation was organized by the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development and was held in New Delhi.", "B. Country reports", "46. Over the past three years, the Special Rapporteur has issued various reports on the human rights situations of indigenous peoples in various countries. Those reports include conclusions and recommendations aimed at strengthening good practices, identifying areas of concern and improving the human rights conditions of indigenous peoples in specific countries or regions. The reporting process typically involves a visit to the country under review, including to the capital and selected places of concern, during which the Special Rapporteur interacts with Government representatives, indigenous communities from different regions and a cross-section of civil society working on issues of relevance to indigenous peoples. The visits take place with the consent and cooperation of the respective Government.", "47. The Special Rapporteur has conducted visits to and reported on Brazil (A/HRC/12/34/Add.2); Nepal (A/HRC/12/34/Add.3); Botswana (A/HRC/15/37/Add.2); Australia (A/HRC/15/37/Add.4); the Russian Federation (A/HRC/15/37/Add.5); the Sápmi region (the traditional territory of the Sami people) in Norway, Sweden and Finland (A/HRC/18/35/Add.2); the Congo (A/HRC/18/35/Add.5); and New Caledonia (France) (A/HRC/18/35/Add.6). He has also conducted follow-up visits to Chile (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6), Colombia (A/HRC/15/37.Add.3) and New Zealand (A/HRC/18/35/Add.4) to evaluate the progress made in those countries in implementing the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur’s predecessor.", "48. In 2011, the Special Rapporteur will visit Argentina and, early in 2012, the United States. He has also received invitations from the Governments of Panama and El Salvador to evaluate the situations of indigenous peoples in those countries, and welcomes those invitations. The Special Rapporteur has outstanding requests to visit Bangladesh, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, which he hopes will be considered favourably.", "C. Specific cases of alleged human rights violations", "49. Another principal area of the Special Rapporteur’s work involves responding, on an ongoing basis, to allegations of human rights violations in specific cases. Summaries of letters sent by the Special Rapporteur communicating his concerns over particular situations and responses received from Governments, together with the Special Rapporteur’s observations and recommendations, are included in his communications to and from Governments (A/HRC/18/35/Add.1, A/HRC/15/37/Add.1 and A/HRC/12/26/Add.1).", "50. The Special Rapporteur has received information about cases of alleged human rights violations in countries on every continent and, in response to them, has sent numerous communications to Governments about these situations. Complaints received have related to common issues that affect indigenous peoples throughout the world, including the denial of the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands, territories and natural resources; violations of the right to consultation and to free, prior and informed consent, especially with regard to natural resource extraction or the eviction of indigenous communities; threats or violence against indigenous individuals and communities, including human rights defenders; concerns about constitutional or legislative reforms in indigenous subject matter; issues related to the recognition of indigenous justice systems; and the situation of indigenous peoples in isolation.", "51. Given the limited resources available, it is impossible for the Special Rapporteur to respond to every case that comes to his attention. However, he frequently acts on detailed and credible information that presents a serious situation falling within his mandate in which intervention has a reasonable chance of having a positive impact, either by drawing needed attention to the situation or by prompting Government authorities or other actors to take corrective action. Alternatively, he may take action where the situation is representative of, or connected to, a broader pattern of human rights violations against indigenous peoples. He has responded to allegations of human rights violations from a wide range of regions and countries.", "52. The Special Rapporteur aims to engage actively with States, indigenous peoples and others to closely monitor and evaluate situations, identify underlying causes of immediate problems, promote specific action that builds on advances already made and make recommendations that are practical, founded on available knowledge and in accordance with relevant human rights standards.", "53. Therefore, for some cases examined, the Special Rapporteur has developed detailed observations and recommendations that he has communicated to Governments, regarding the action which, in his view, States and, as appropriate, other interested parties should take to address those situations, within the framework of the relevant international standards. He will continue to engage with States about these specific situations and hopes that the dialogue to date has been useful for the Governments and indigenous peoples concerned.", "54. Certain communications received by the Special Rapporteur contain allegations of specific violations of human rights of indigenous peoples that warrant deeper analysis. For these matters, he has carried out site visits to countries as part of his examination of those cases. As a result of the visits, he has issued detailed observations with analyses and recommendations, in the hope that they will be of use to the Governments and indigenous peoples concerned in their efforts to address the problems raised.", "55. In that connection, in April 2011 the Special Rapporteur travelled to Costa Rica to examine the situation of indigenous peoples affected by the El Diquís hydroelectric project. The Special Rapporteur provided the Government and indigenous stakeholders with his observations and recommendations on the situation (A/HRC/18/35/Add.8).", "56. Similarly, in June 2010, the Special Rapporteur visited Guatemala to discuss the implementation of the principles of consultation with indigenous peoples in the country, particularly in relation to extractive industries, with a special focus on the situation of indigenous peoples affected by the Marlin mine in the municipalities of San Miguel Ixtuhuacán and Sipacapa (A/HRC/18/35/Add.3).", "57. In February 2009, the Special Rapporteur travelled to Panama to examine the situation of the indigenous communities affected by the construction of a hydroelectric project on the Changuinola River in Panama (A/HRC/12/34/Add.5). In June 2009, he went to Peru immediately following the confrontations between indigenous peoples and the police in Bagua, Peru, in order to examine first hand the human rights issues (A/HRC/12/34/Add.8).", "58. During his visit to Australia in August 2009, the Special Rapporteur followed up on earlier communications concerning the effects on indigenous rights of the Northern Territory Emergency Response of the Government of Australia. He prepared a special report containing his observations on that matter, which was annexed to his report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Australia (A/HRC/15/37/Add.4, appendix B.)", "59. The Special Rapporteur believes that his ability to intervene rapidly in situations of crisis involving indigenous peoples, such as the situation of Bagua in Peru, has proved to be an effective use of his mandate, allowing him to play a key role in the resolution, mitigation or improvement of situations of crisis involving indigenous peoples.", "60. On occasion, the Special Rapporteur has issued media or other public statements in response to issues of immediate concern arising in specific countries. He has issued public statements on the following issues: Government reactions to protests by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island (Chile); concerns surrounding a hunger strike by Mapuche indigenous prisoners protesting charges brought against them under an anti-terrorism law (Chile); protests by indigenous peoples against legislation on mining (Panama); laws and policies regarding consultation with indigenous peoples (Peru); and concerns over legislation adopted by the State of Arizona (United States) giving the police the power to detain suspected illegal immigrants and the effects of this legislation on indigenous peoples in the United States/Mexico border region.", "D. Thematic studies", "61. During the first three years of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur sought to identify common issues or matters of concern to indigenous peoples throughout the world and to address those concerns with informed analysis and recommendations. His analyses of thematic issues have built upon his examination of national situations and cases, and have been further informed by his experiences in the promotion of good practices. In each of his annual reports to the Human Rights Council, he has examined key issues, including the following: the significance of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; the duty of States to consult with and obtain the consent of indigenous peoples before adopting measures that affect them; the responsibility of corporations to respect the rights of indigenous peoples; and, most recently, and building on the previous themes, issues related to extractive industries operating in or near indigenous peoples’ traditional territories.", "IV. Overview of key thematic issues examined[1]", "A. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "1. Overview", "62. During the last three decades, the demands of indigenous peoples across the world have led to the gradual emergence of a common body of opinion on the rights of these peoples based on long-standing principles of international human rights law and policy. The emergence of this common understanding has further been reflected in and supported by constitutional, legislative and institutional reforms at the national level. The adoption by the General Assembly in 2007 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is the most prominent manifestation of this common body of opinion, encapsulating as it does a widely shared understanding of the rights of indigenous peoples that has been building over decades from a foundation of existing sources of international human rights law.", "63. The Declaration’s preamble stresses the essentially remedial purpose of the instrument. Far from affirming special rights per se, the Declaration aims at repairing the ongoing consequences of the historical denial of the right to self‑determination and other basic human rights that are affirmed in international instruments of general applicability. In this sense, the Declaration does not create new or special rights separate from the fundamental human rights that are deemed of universal application, but rather elaborates upon these fundamental rights in the specific cultural, historical, social and economic circumstances of indigenous peoples.", "64. The Declaration affirms in its article 3 the right of indigenous peoples to self determination in a way that is deemed compatible with the principle of territorial integrity and political unity of States. On these grounds, the Declaration provides a detailed list of rights that constitute “the minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of indigenous peoples of the world” (art. 43). The Declaration reaffirms basic individual rights to equality and non-discrimination, life and personal integrity and freedom, nationality and access to justice; and it calls for special attention to specific rights and needs of indigenous elders, women, youth, children and persons with disabilities.", "65. At the same time, the Declaration affirms rights of a collective character in relation to self-government and autonomous political, legal, social and cultural institutions; cultural integrity, including cultural and spiritual objects, languages and other cultural expressions; lands, territories and natural resources; social services and development; treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements; and cross-border cooperation. The Declaration also reflects the common understanding that indigenous peoples’ self-determination ordinarily involves not only the exercise of autonomy but also a participatory engagement and interaction with the larger societal structures in the countries in which indigenous peoples live. Hence the Declaration recognizes indigenous peoples’ right to participate in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State and to be consulted in relation to decisions affecting them, with the objective of obtaining their prior, free and informed consent.", "2. Normative and legal significance", "66. On too many occasions in his work, the Special Rapporteur has come across efforts by States and other actors to diminish the normative weight of the Declaration by describing it as an instrument that is not legally binding. While this point can be conceded, a solid understanding of the normative significance and legal obligations related to the Declaration does not end there.", "67. Whatever its precise legal significance, the Declaration has a significant normative weight grounded in its high degree of legitimacy. This legitimacy is a function of not only the fact that it has been formally endorsed by an overwhelming majority of Member States (including by the four States that had voted against its adoption, see para. 35 above) but also the fact that it is the product of years of advocacy and struggle by indigenous peoples themselves. The Declaration is the result of a cross-cultural dialogue that has taken place over decades and in which indigenous peoples have played a leading role. The norms of the Declaration substantially reflect indigenous peoples’ own aspirations, which after years of deliberation have come to be accepted by the international community. The Declaration’s wording, which has been endorsed by Members States, explicitly manifests a commitment to the rights and principles embodied in the Declaration. It is simply a matter of good faith that States adhere to that expression of commitment to the norms that indigenous peoples themselves have advanced.", "68. Furthermore, even though the Declaration itself is not legally binding in the same way that a treaty is, the Declaration reflects legal obligations that are related to the human rights provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, various multilateral human rights treaties and customary international law. The Declaration builds upon the general human rights obligations of States and is grounded in fundamental human rights principles such as non-discrimination, self-determination and cultural integrity, which are incorporated into widely ratified human rights treaties, as evident in the work of United Nations treaty bodies. In addition, core principles of the Declaration can be seen to connect to a consistent pattern of international and State practice, and hence, to that extent, they reflect customary international law.", "69. Additionally, the Declaration reflects the existing international consensus regarding the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples in a way that is coherent with and expands upon the provisions of the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (Convention No. 169) of the International Labour Organization, as well as with the interpretations of other human rights instruments by international bodies and mechanisms. As the most authoritative expression of this consensus, the Declaration provides a framework of action for the full protection and implementation of these rights.", "70. Thus, the significance of the Declaration is not to be diminished by assertions of its technical status as a resolution that is not legally binding. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, implementation of the Declaration should be regarded as a political, moral and, yes, legal imperative.", "3. Measures needed to implement the Declaration", "71. On various occasions the Special Rapporteur has offered comments on minimum steps that he considers must be taken in order to move forward with the implementation of the Declaration, beyond its formal endorsement by States.", "72. State officials and indigenous leaders should receive training on the Declaration and the related international instruments and on practical measures to implement the Declaration. In addition, seminars and conferences should be organized at the national and local levels to bring together State officials and indigenous leaders to develop strategies and initiatives for implementation, including measures to address historical grievances, in the spirit of cooperation and reconciliation that the Declaration represents.", "73. States should engage in comprehensive reviews of their existing legislation and administrative programmes to identify where they may be incompatible with the Declaration. This would include a review of all laws and programmes touching upon indigenous peoples’ rights and interests, including those related to natural resource development, land, education and administration of justice. On the basis of such a review, necessary legal and programmatic reforms should be developed and implemented in consultation with indigenous peoples.", "74. States should be committed to devoting significant human and financial resources to take the measures required to implement the Declaration. Such measures typically include the demarcation or return of indigenous lands, the development of culturally appropriate educational programmes, support for indigenous self-governance institutions and the many other measures contemplated by the Declaration.", "75. The United Nations system and the international community should, as a matter of the utmost priority, develop programmes to provide technical and financial assistance to States and indigenous peoples to move forward with these and related steps to implement the Declaration.. In some instances, existing United Nations and international cooperation programmes may also have to be reformed so that they are in line with the goals and objectives of the Declaration.", "76. To some extent, these minimum steps to implement the Declaration are already being taken by some States, in some cases with the backing of United Nations agencies or international cooperation programmes. The goal is for these initiatives to take root much more broadly than they have to date and for experiences to be shared among all relevant stakeholders in order to strengthen these initiatives.", "B. The duty to consult[2]", "1. Normative grounds and general character", "77. The duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples on decisions affecting them finds prominent expression in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and is firmly rooted in international human rights law. That duty is referenced throughout the Declaration in relation to particular concerns and is affirmed as an overarching principle in article 19, which provides the following: “States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.”", "78. Like the Declaration, the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples requires States to consult with indigenous peoples in good faith with the objective of achieving their agreement or consent on those aspects of management schemes or projects that affect them, and calls upon States to carry out consultations with indigenous communities in connection with a variety of contexts. The duty of States to effectively consult with indigenous peoples is also grounded in the core human rights treaties of the United Nations, including the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. At the regional level, the duty to consult arises from the obligations assumed by States under the American Convention on Human Rights, as affirmed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in a series of cases.", "79. Most fundamentally, the duty to consult derives from the overarching right of indigenous peoples to self-determination and from related principles of democracy and popular sovereignty. It responds to the aspirations of indigenous peoples worldwide to be in control of their own destinies under conditions of equality and to participate effectively in decision-making processes that affect them. Consistent with such principles, the duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples in decisions affecting them is aimed at reversing the historical pattern of excluding indigenous people from decision-making processes in order to avoid imposing important decisions on them in the future and to allow them to flourish as distinct communities on lands to which their cultures remain attached.", "80. As a general matter, decisions of the State should be made through democratic processes in which the public’s interests are adequately represented. However, these normal democratic and representative processes usually do not work adequately to address the concerns that are particular to indigenous peoples, who are typically marginalized from the political sphere. The duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples and its various normative components are premised on widespread acknowledgment, as manifested in the Declaration, of indigenous peoples’ distinctive characteristics and specific rights and on the need for special measures to address their disadvantaged conditions.", "2. The duty to consult and the objective of obtaining consent", "81. The duty to consult is a procedural obligation that arises whenever indigenous peoples’ substantive rights stand to be affected by a particular action. It should be noted that the duty to consult is not limited to circumstances in which a proposed measure will or may affect an already recognized right or legal entitlement at the national level, for example, rights over traditional lands and territories.", "82. The specific characteristics of the consultation procedure that is required by the duty to consult will necessarily vary depending on the nature of the proposed measure and the scope of its impact on indigenous peoples. For example, constitutional or legislative reform measures that concern or affect all the indigenous peoples of a country will require appropriate consultation and representative mechanisms that will in some way be open to and reach all indigenous peoples. By contrast, measures that affect particular indigenous peoples or communities, such as initiatives for extracting natural resources in their territories, will require consultation procedures focused on the interests of and engagement with the affected groups.", "83. The character of the consultation procedure and its object are also shaped by the nature of the right or interest at stake for the indigenous peoples concerned and the anticipated impact of the proposed measure. Necessarily, the strength of the objective of achieving consent varies according to the circumstances, the indigenous peoples’ rights and the interests involved. A significant, direct impact on indigenous peoples’ lives establishes a strong presumption that the proposed measure should not go forward without indigenous peoples’ consent. In certain contexts, that presumption may harden into a prohibition of the measure or project in the absence of indigenous consent.", "84. The Declaration identifies two situations in which it is necessary to obtain the consent of the indigenous peoples concerned prior to moving forward with the proposed initiative: situations involving the removal of an indigenous group from its traditional lands (art. 10) and situations involving the storage of hazardous materials in indigenous peoples’ lands (art. 29). The Special Rapporteur would add situations involving the establishment of natural resource extraction projects within indigenous peoples’ lands and other situations in which projects stand to have a significant social or cultural impact on the lives of the indigenous peoples concerned.", "85. Still, in all cases in which indigenous peoples’ particular interests are affected by a proposed measure, obtaining their consent should, to some degree, be an objective of the consultation. The principles of good faith imply an effort to build dialogue in which both States and indigenous peoples are to work towards consensus and try in earnest to arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement. All parties should be willing to listen and compromise on their positions and defend their legitimate interests and arrive at agreements that are binding on all.", "86. Nonetheless, affected indigenous peoples could be justified in withholding their consent in relation to a proposed initiative, and the proposed initiative should indeed not move forward without such consent, if the State has not demonstrated that the rights of affected indigenous peoples will be adequately protected under the proposed project or if the State has not adopted adequate measures to mitigate any adverse impacts of the proposed project.", "3. Elements of confidence-building conducive to consensus", "87. A good faith effort towards consensual decision-making requires that States endeavour to create a climate of confidence with indigenous peoples that allows for a productive dialogue. This is particularly important in relation to indigenous peoples given their historic exclusion from decision-making processes and consequent lack of trust in State institutions. Furthermore, indigenous peoples are typically disadvantaged in terms of political influence, financial resources, access to information and relevant education in comparison to State institutions or private parties, such as companies, that are their counterparts in the consultations.", "88. In order to achieve a climate of confidence and mutual respect for the consultations, the consultation procedure itself should be the product of consensus. The Special Rapporteur has observed that, in many instances, consultation procedures are not effective and do not enjoy the confidence of indigenous peoples because the affected indigenous peoples were not adequately included in the discussions leading to the design and implementation of the consultation procedures. These discussions should be initiated at the earliest stages of the design of the proposed initiative and certainly, in the case of natural resource extraction projects, before the State has entered into any agreements with third parties, such as funding institutions or companies, in relation to the proposed project. Additionally, States must duly address the imbalance of power by ensuring arrangements by which indigenous peoples have the financial, technical and other assistance they need, and they must do so without using such assistance to leverage or influence indigenous positions in the consultations.", "89. The building of confidence and the possibility of genuine consensus also depends on a consultation procedure in which indigenous peoples’ own institutions of representation and decision-making are fully respected. Indigenous peoples may also need to develop or revise their own institutions, through their own decision-making procedures, in order to set up representative structures to facilitate the consultation processes. The Special Rapporteur has noted that the failure of indigenous groups to clarify their representative organization structures can confuse and slow down the consultation process.", "90. In cases involving natural resource exploitation or development projects affecting indigenous lands, in order for the indigenous peoples concerned to make free and informed decisions about the project under consideration, it is necessary that they are provided with full and objective information about all aspects of the project that will affect them, including the impact of the project on their lives and environment. In this connection, it is essential for the State to carry out, with the participation of the indigenous groups concerned, environmental and social impact studies so that the full expected consequences of the project can be known.", "91. Furthermore, a consensus-driven consultation process in such contexts should not only address measures to mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts of the project, but also explore and arrive at means of equitable benefit-sharing in a spirit of true partnership.", "C. Corporate responsibility with respect to the human rights of indigenous peoples[3]", "92. The international community has reached a certain level of consensus that business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights. This consensus is reflected in the many regulatory and self-regulatory frameworks governing corporate responsibility that have appeared in recent decades, at both the international and national levels. The guiding principles on business and human rights (A/HRC/17/31) of the Special Representative were endorsed by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (Council resolution 17/4). Beyond the question of their legal status, the various existing instruments and mechanisms on corporate responsibility clearly reflect the existence of social expectations with regard to corporate responsibility and the need to exercise it in relation to human rights.", "93. A central pillar of this normative framework is that companies have a general duty to respect international human rights standards within the context of the due diligence that must govern their activities. Due diligence is not limited to respect for the national regulations of States in which companies operate, which are inadequate in many cases, but should be governed by the international standards that are binding on those States and on the international community as a whole. Due diligence also means that companies must not contribute to States’ failure to meet their international obligations in relation to indigenous rights, nor should they endeavour to replace the role of States in the fulfilment of those obligations. The Special Rapporteur considers the following to be necessary elements of the due diligence of companies whose activities affect indigenous peoples.", "1. Recognition of indigenous peoples", "94. One of the fundamental difficulties facing companies that operate in indigenous territories, or whose operations affect those territories, is the absence of formal recognition of indigenous peoples by the State in which they live, or recognition limited solely to certain groups. Nevertheless, a generally accepted principle of international human rights law holds that the existence of distinct ethnic, linguistic or religious groups, including indigenous peoples, can be established by objective criteria and cannot depend on a unilateral decision by a State.", "95. Businesses cannot use limited recognition, or absence of explicit recognition, of indigenous peoples in the countries in which they operate as an excuse not to apply the minimum international standards applicable to indigenous peoples, including in cases where States are opposed to the application of such standards. Due diligence therefore requires that companies identify in advance the existence of indigenous peoples potentially affected by their activities and how they might be affected by such activities.", "2. Rights to land, territories and natural resources", "96. A second feature of the due diligence incumbent on companies whose activities have a potential impact on indigenous peoples is the identification of indigenous ownership or possession and use of land, territories and natural resources, a question of vital importance to the effective enjoyment of human rights by indigenous peoples. The lack of official recognition of land or resource rights by the State does not constitute adequate grounds for a company’s failure to respect indigenous peoples’ rights to land in accordance with international standards. Due diligence therefore requires that companies conduct an independent assessment of the rights to which indigenous people may lay claim in accordance with the criteria laid down in international instruments.", "97. Companies should bring to bear an intercultural understanding that goes far beyond mere legal considerations. International standards have highlighted the special relationship existing between indigenous peoples and their traditional territories, which form the basis of their distinct identities and cultures. Companies must understand that, independent of the rights over their lands or resources to which they may lay claim under national law, indigenous peoples have maintained and continue to maintain ties to their traditional territories. Moreover, these ties are collective, and therefore go far beyond the individual rights of the members of these groups.", "98. Companies should also put in place special guarantees of compensation for the removal of indigenous communities and peoples from their lands, including with regard to projects that involve the acquisition of indigenous lands held under individual titles. In such cases, international standards require that alternatives that limit or avoid such relocation be sought and that compensation in the form of other land be provided as a matter of priority.", "3. The State’s duty to consult and related corporate responsibilities", "99. The principle of due diligence also requires that companies recognize the duty of States to consult indigenous peoples (and, in some cases, to obtain their consent) prior to the adoption of measures that may affect them directly and, in particular, in relation to projects that affect their traditional territories. Companies must not attempt to replace States in situations where international standards require States to bear direct responsibility for holding consultations; indeed, they must promote the full assumption by States of such responsibility. Furthermore, companies would fall short of their due diligence with respect to human rights if they agreed to proceed with specific projects for which the State has failed to carry out an adequate consultation with indigenous peoples.", "100. Without prejudice to the principle that States bear the main responsibility to consult, companies must respect the right of indigenous peoples to participate in decisions affecting them by ensuring adequate mechanisms for consultation and dialogue. Here, the purpose of consultations with indigenous peoples should be to seek consensus on key aspects such as identification of the potentially negative impact of the activities, measures to mitigate and compensate for such impact, and mechanisms for sharing the benefits derived from the activities.", "4. Impact studies and compensation measures", "101. Impact studies and the definition of appropriate measures to compensate for any negative impact identified are, by definition, related to the consultation process. In recognition of indigenous peoples’ right to the conservation and protection of their lands and environments, international standards and practice now require that social and environmental impact studies be conducted as a specific guarantee for the protection of indigenous rights, in particular with regard to projects involving investment in or the development, exploration or extraction of natural resources likely to affect those rights.", "5. Benefit-sharing", "102. Aside from being entitled to compensation for damages or mitigation measures for negative impacts, indigenous peoples have the right to share in the benefits arising from activities taking place on their traditional territories, especially in relation to natural resource development. Companies are bound by their duty to respect indigenous rights to establish mechanisms that ensure that indigenous peoples share in the benefits generated by the activities in question. Benefit-sharing should be regarded as a means of complying with a right, not as a charitable award or favour granted by the company in order to secure social support for the project or minimize potential conflicts. Consideration should be given to the development of benefit-sharing mechanisms that genuinely strengthen the capacity of indigenous peoples to establish and pursue their own development priorities and that help indigenous peoples to make their own decision-making mechanisms and institutions more effective.", "D. Extractive industries operating in or near indigenous territories[4]", "103. The impact that extractive industries have on indigenous peoples is a subject of particular concern to the Special Rapporteur. In several country-specific and special reports, and in his review of particular cases, he has examined various situations in which extractive industry activities generate effects that infringe upon indigenous peoples’ rights. The Special Rapporteur aims to contribute to efforts to clarify and resolve the problems arising from the activities of extractive industries in relation to indigenous peoples. In 2011 the Special Rapporteur disseminated a questionnaire on natural resource extraction and development projects in or near indigenous territories to collect and understand views, concerns and recommendations on the issue.", "1. Preliminary assessment of the responses to the questionnaire", "104. The views communicated by indigenous peoples, Governments, businesses and other relevant stakeholders concerning the development of projects for extracting natural resources and energy-related projects in indigenous territories reveal that, despite a growing awareness of the need to respect the rights of indigenous peoples, many problems still remain. The responses of indigenous peoples’ organizations and representatives, Governments and corporations reflect a clear understanding of the negative, even catastrophic, impact on the economic, social and cultural rights of indigenous peoples caused by irresponsible or negligent projects that have been or are being implemented in indigenous territories without proper guarantees or the involvement of the peoples concerned.", "105. In addition, while many Governments are committed to and have demonstrated an awareness of the need to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, the responses to the questionnaire received by the Special Rapporteur from States, coupled with those received from other sources, also reflect a lack of consensus with regard to the extent of a State’s duties concerning resource extraction and development projects and the means of ensuring such protection. In several responses, particularly those received from businesses, it was pointed out that Governments tend to distance themselves from the implementation of the outcomes of consultation procedures and other measures to safeguard the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of extractive operations and to act as mere regulators. The fact that States tended to delegate their protective role to business enterprises was repeatedly pointed out as a matter of concern, particularly in cases in which the State’s regulatory frameworks regarding indigenous rights, including in relation to the protection of lands and resources, consultation and benefit-sharing, are insufficient or do not exist.", "106. Another significant area that elicited divergent responses concerned the balance of costs and benefits of extractive development projects. Although responders were aware of the negative impact that extractive activities had had on the lives of indigenous peoples in the past, they expressed widely divergent perspectives about the incidence and value of actual or potential benefits from extractive industries, especially with regard to the future. In their responses to the Special Rapporteur’s questionnaire, many Governments underscored the key importance of such activities for their economies. Many businesses shared the view that indigenous peoples could benefit from the activities of extractive industries.", "107. For their part, indigenous peoples expressed considerable scepticism and, in many cases, outright rejection of the possibility of benefiting from extractive or development projects in their traditional territories. The vast majority of indigenous peoples, many of whom had direct experience of specific projects affecting their territories and communities, emphasized in their responses a perception of disenfranchisement, the impression that States and businesses were ignorant of the rights and concerns of indigenous peoples and constant insecurity in terms of their livelihoods in the face of encroaching extractive activities. These perceptions have led indigenous peoples to see no positive impact from these operations, which are seen more as a top-down imposition of decisions taken in collusion by the State and corporations to protect their own interests than the result of negotiated decisions with their communities.", "2. Proposed future plan of work of the Special Rapporteur", "108. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, the lack of understanding of key issues among all actors concerned is a major barrier to the effective protection and realization of indigenous peoples’ rights in the context of extractive development projects. That, coupled with the existence of numerous grey conceptual and legal areas, has invariably proved to be a source of social conflict. Comparative experiences provide ample examples of the eruption and escalation of such conflicts and the ensuing radicalization of positions. Where social conflicts erupt in connection with extractive or development plans in indigenous territories, everybody loses.", "109. The responses to the Special Rapporteur’s questionnaire demonstrate the need for change in the currents state of affairs if indigenous rights standards are to have a meaningful effect on State and corporate policies and action as they relate to indigenous peoples. An initial step towards such change would be the establishment of a common understanding among indigenous peoples, governmental actors, businesses enterprises and others. The Special Rapporteur is conscious of the complexities inherent in any effort to harmonize the various interests involved, as well as of the difficulties of bridging the contrasting viewpoints that currently exist.", "110. However, the Special Rapporteur is persuaded of the need to reach a common understanding of the content and scope of the rights of indigenous peoples and of the implications of those rights for the future desirability or viability of extractive industry activities in or near indigenous territories, the nature of the responsibility of States to protect indigenous peoples’ rights in this context, the actual or potential impact of extractive industries (both positive and negative) and related matters. Without such understanding, the application of indigenous rights standards will continue to be contested, indigenous peoples will continue to be vulnerable to serious abuses of their individual and collective human rights and extractive activities that affect indigenous peoples will continue to face serious social and economic problems.", "111. The Special Rapporteur is committed, during the second term of his mandate, to working in coordination with other mechanisms, in particular the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of the Human Rights Council, to develop concrete and practical recommendations, elaborating on the implications of existing human rights standards, to help States, businesses and indigenous peoples navigate the difficult issues that arise when extractive industries operate in or near indigenous territories.", "V. Conclusion", "112. The Special Rapporteur reaffirms his strong commitment to the mandate he holds, acknowledges with humility the responsibility it represents and thanks all those who have supported and continue to support him in this role. In particular, he gratefully acknowledges the trust that has been conferred upon him by the Human Rights Council and thanks OHCHR and its staff for their committed assistance. He also thanks the staff and affiliated researchers of the Support Project for the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which is part of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at the University of Arizona, United States. Finally, he thanks the many indigenous peoples, Governments, United Nations bodies and agencies, non-governmental organizations and others that have cooperated with him over the past three years to implement his mandate.", "113. The Special Rapporteur is pleased to provide the General Assembly with the present report and looks forward to holding a dialogue with States about his work. Although he is encouraged by the positive developments that have taken place in many places, he remains concerned about the ongoing struggles for and violations of indigenous peoples’ rights throughout the world. During the second term of his mandate, he will make the development of concrete measures to tackle these pressing problems a top priority by identifying good practices and workable models and building on advances already made. Through this work, he hopes to assist in the multifaceted efforts under way to achieve the future envisioned by the Assembly when it adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, a future in which indigenous peoples’ distinct identities and cultures are fully valued and in which they have the opportunity to control their own destinies, under conditions of equality, within the broader societies in which they live.", "[1] This section summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s examination of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in A/HRC/9/9 (paras. 18-43).", "[2] This section summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s examination of the duty to consult in A/HRC/12/34 (paras. 36-57 and 61-74).", "[3] This section summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s discussion of corporate responsibility in A/HRC/15/37 (paras. 26-91).", "[4] This section summarizes the report of the Special Rapporteur’s discussion of extractive industries in A/HRC/18/35." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 66 of the provisional agenda*", "Rights of indigenous peoples", "Rights of indigenous peoples", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Annaya, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 15/7.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples", "Summary", "The first three-year term of office of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Annaya, began in May 2008, which provides an overview of his activities over the three years. In particular, the present report describes the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to coordinate global and regional mechanisms related to indigenous issues, outlining the work carried out in the four interrelated areas of activity: promoting good practices, national reports, alleged human rights violations cases and thematic studies.", "The present report provides a summary of the thematic studies provided by the Special Rapporteur in the annual reports to the Human Rights Council to date. These included studies on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; the obligation of States to consult and obtain their consent before designing measures affecting indigenous peoples; the duty of companies to respect the rights of indigenous peoples; and issues related to extractive industries operating in or near indigenous peoples' traditional territories.", "Contents", "Introduction 3", "Introduction", "In its resolution 2001/57, the Commission on Human Rights decided to appoint a Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people for a period of three years, with the responsibility to collect, request, collect and exchange information and correspondence received from all relevant sources on violations of the human rights of indigenous peoples, their communities and organizations; to formulate recommendations and proposals to prevent and redress violations of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "In its resolution 6/12, the Human Rights Council decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people in order to conduct regular dialogues with Governments, relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as with indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international bodies; to study, in accordance with its mandate, how to overcome existing obstacles to the full and effective protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous peoples and to identify, share and promote best practices; and to promote, where appropriate, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and relevant international instruments for the promotion of indigenous peoples' rights.", "The Human Rights Council, in its resolution 15/14, extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur and changed the designation of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people to the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, with the fundamental mandate to do so.", "The Human Rights Council appointed James Annaya of the United States of America as the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples for a period of three years beginning on 1 May 2008. Mr. Annaya's term of office was extended for the second three-year term beginning on 1 May 2011.", "The present report outlines the work of the Special Rapporteur during the first three-year term. The present report describes his efforts to coordinate with the United Nations and other international mechanisms and agencies, outlining the initiatives he has undertaken in four areas of inter-agency activities related to his mandate: promoting good practices, reporting on national circumstances, reviewing alleged human rights violations cases, identifying or promoting thematic studies. The summary of the present report describes the points raised during the review of the main issues, which were included in the annual reports to the Human Rights Council.", "Coordination with other mechanisms", "As indicated in Human Rights Council resolution 15/14, an essential aspect of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur is the need for him to continue to work with other United Nations mechanisms, such as the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.", "The Special Rapporteur notes that indigenous groups, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders are very unaware of the roles and functions of the three mechanisms and are not aware of their status in the United Nations institutional structure. He therefore strives to work in a coherent and transparent manner in collaboration with two other mechanisms to enable a full understanding of the roles and purposes of each mechanism.", "The three mechanisms were established at different times of the International Movement for the Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the mandates of the three mechanisms complement each other, but overlap in some respects. The Special Rapporteur has been working to strengthen and integrate the coordination process of the three mechanisms in order to avoid unnecessary duplication, maximize opportunities for extractiveness and achieve the effectiveness of each agency. In his view, it was important to continue promoting education and to present the mandates and functions of each mechanism.", "Since his tenure, the Special Rapporteur has been participating in regular coordination meetings with the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism to promote coordination. In February 2009, he participated in a seminar held in Madrid, with four members of the expert mechanism and four members of the Permanent Forum, as well as a group of experts from various regions, such as former Special Rapporteur Rudolph Sevenhagen. The main purpose of the meeting was to promote informal dialogue among members of the three mechanisms so that they could better coordinate their work and coordinate their activities with other United Nations agencies and agencies.", "Since then, the Special Rapporteur met annually with representatives of the Permanent Forum and the expert mechanism to share the agenda for work, discuss the strengths and limitations of their respective mandates and explore ways to work in the most effective manner.", "The Special Rapporteur also contributed to the expert mechanism's final study on indigenous peoples and their participation in decision-making, in close cooperation with the expert mechanism. The Special Rapporteur participated in two meetings: regional consultations organized by the Asian Indigenous Peoples Treaty in Thailand in January 2010, and members of the expert mechanism attended the meeting; expert seminars organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in Geneva in March 2011. The study was presented at the fourth meeting of the Expert Mechanism held in Geneva from 11 to 15 July 2011 (A/HCR/EMRIPRU2). The Special Rapporteur also commented on the expert mechanism's previous study on the right of indigenous peoples to education.", "Since his tenure, the Special Rapporteur has attended every annual meeting of the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism and participated in discussions on the substantive issues considered. During these meetings, he adopted a practice of holding parallel meetings with indigenous peoples and organizations. These meetings provided valuable opportunities for representatives of indigenous peoples and organizations from around the world to present their specific circumstances and concerns, which could complement the broader discussion of indigenous issues by the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism. During these meetings, the Special Rapporteur also met with representatives of States and United Nations agencies to discuss opportunities for collaboration and specific cases of indigenous peoples.", "In addition to cooperation with the Expert Mechanism and the Permanent Forum, the Special Rapporteur is pleased to have the opportunity to cooperate with various United Nations agencies, regional bodies and specialized agencies on matters pertaining to indigenous peoples. He commented on the initiatives of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), OHCHR, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Pan American Health Organization. The Special Rapporteur promotes awareness of indigenous issues and understands programmatic actions to mainstream these issues and effectively implement the standards of indigenous rights recognized in relevant international instruments, which are important in this process.", "The Special Rapporteur continues to exchange information with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on allegations of violations of the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas, in order to ensure coordination of action and avoid unnecessary duplication. He also confirmed that in the future he was willing to cooperate with the Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.", "Work area", "The Special Rapporteur undertakes various activities to monitor the human rights situation of indigenous peoples worldwide and to promote steps to improve their human rights situation, in accordance with relevant international standards, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. He was trying to try to explore working methods and engage in constructive dialogue with Governments, indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations, relevant United Nations agencies and others to address challenging issues and situations and consolidate progress achieved. It has been noted that activities undertaken in this spirit fall within four interrelated areas of activity: promoting good practices, national reports, alleged human rights violations and thematic studies.", "Promoting good practices", "In accordance with the Declaration and other relevant international instruments, the Special Rapporteur strives to promote legal, administrative and programmatic reforms at the national and international levels. This reform is often a major and complex act, and Governments and international entities need to make a strong commitment on the financial and political front and require close cooperation with indigenous peoples.", "Promoting good practices at the national level", "In his work, the Special Rapporteur was requested to assist in the implementation of constitutional and legislative reform initiatives to bring national frameworks into line with relevant international standards.", "Shortly after the Special Rapporteur's mandate in May 2008, the indigenous organization of Ecuador and the President of the Constitutional Assembly requested him to assist in the process of constitutional reform, as part of the technical assistance programme undertaken by UNDP in the country. The Special Rapporteur visited Ecuador and made a number of observations to the Government in accordance with relevant international norms (A/HRC/9/9/Add.1, para. In September 2008, a referendum was held in Ecuador and a new constitution was adopted, many of which affirmed the collective rights of indigenous peoples.", "The Special Rapporteur continued to monitor the implementation of these reforms and subsequent legislation in Ecuador and to present his views to the Human Rights Council at its fifteenth session in 2010 on the progress made and the remaining challenges in the implementation of constitutional indigenous peoples' guarantees in Ecuador (A/HRC/15/37/Add.7). In addition, he commented on the draft legislation considered by the National Assembly of Ecuador to coordinate indigenous customary justice systems and national justice systems in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Constitution.", "Similarly, in April 2009, the Special Rapporteur submitted a report to the Government of Chile on the reform of the Chilean Constitution outlining and analysing the international guidelines on the obligation to consult indigenous peoples (A/HRC/12/34/Add. 6, appendix A).", "In July 2010, the Special Rapporteur presented an analytical report on the question of the development of a law or regulations in Colombia on the obligation to consult them on matters involving indigenous peoples and Afro-Colombians. OHCHR, at the request of the Colombian Advisory Group on the matter, launched an initiative, which was part of the Special Rapporteur's input.", "Similarly, in several weeks of February 2011, the Special Rapporteur commented on the initiative of the Government of Guatemala to regulate the process of consultation with indigenous peoples.", "In addition, the Special Rapporteur, at the request of the Government of Suriname and indigenous and tribal peoples, made observations on the process of developing legislation to ensure the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples to land and resources (A/HRC/18/35/Add.7). During his visit to Suriname in March 2011, the Special Rapporteur collected some information, which was part of the above-mentioned observations and recommendations.", "In December 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended a ceremony in Awastingi, Nicaragua, in which the Government of Nicaragua, in accordance with the request of a 2001 judgement of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, extended the long-awaited land ownership of indigenous communities. He commended the Government for the steps taken to implement the judgement and continued its discussions with the Government of Nicaragua in order to encourage progress in ensuring the land and resource rights of other indigenous communities in the country.", "Promotion of good practices by international institutions and authorities", "The Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to promote decision-making by international actors at the global and regional levels, programme reform and initiatives to strengthen and promote the implementation of international standards on the rights of indigenous peoples and mainstream them.", "In July 2011, the Special Rapporteur, in his capacity as an expert witness, gave testimony to the principle of consultation and free prior and informed consent in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of Saraiya (Sarayaku) v. Ecuador.", "In May 2011, the Special Rapporteur delivered a thematic speech at a meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Civil Literary Arts in Geneva, which is developing an international legal instrument on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions.", "In February 2011, the Special Rapporteur provided extensive views on the draft guidelines for UNDP consultations with indigenous peoples on activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. In addition, at a special meeting of the Pan American Health Organization in Washington, D.C., in February 2011, he contributed to the organization's development of regional cross-cultural health policies.", "In January 2011, he participated in a meeting of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries on behalf of a working group, in Paris, in which he expressed his view, calling for attention to indigenous issues in updating the OECD Multinational Enterprise Guidelines.", "During the past year, in the review of performance standards No. 7 on indigenous peoples by the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group, the Special Rapporteur has expressed his views on a number of occasions to international financial companies and, in consultation with its officials, made written observations on the draft performance standards.", "In November 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar on land and human rights organized by OHCHR in Geneva, where he presented and analysed the special human rights issues faced by indigenous peoples in relation to land.", "The Special Rapporteur participated in the OHCHR seminar on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, held in Peru in October 2008, Nicaragua in June 2009 and Trinidad and Tobago in December 2009.", "The Special Rapporteur has been working with UNDP to develop a resource guide on the rights of indigenous peoples for reference by UNDP staff and others working on indigenous issues.", "In addition, the Special Rapporteur cooperates with the World Bank. On 3 June 2008, at the seminar “Promoting the Rights and Development of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean”, held in Washington, D.C., in Washington, D.C., he made a special invitation to address the role that the World Bank should play in addressing challenges related to indigenous peoples and implementing initiatives on indigenous peoples. The Special Rapporteur continues to engage with representatives of the World Bank on ways to further coordinate and promote the rights of indigenous peoples through the World Bank programmes.", "Promoting support for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "Another important way to promote good practices among national and international actors is to promote a policy that is committed to the implementation of the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. To that end, the Special Rapporteur actively encouraged States that had not voted in favour of the Declaration at the time of its adoption in 2007. In recent years, he was pleased that four countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, which had voted against the Declaration had changed their positions. He welcomed the announcement of support for the Declaration by Colombia and Samoa that had abstained. In his thematic reports, the Special Rapporteur has dedicated chapters to further analysing the Declaration and its implementation.", "Through a number of activities, the Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to promote awareness of the Declaration and to promote compliance with the Declaration. In June 2011, he gave testimony at the hearing of the Indian Affairs Committee of the United States Senate on “Education criteria: impact of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on domestic policies”. In April 2011, he delivered a thematic speech at the two annual meeting of the Indigenous Land Council of New South Wales, in which the Land Council discussed the Declaration as a benchmark for its main aspects. In addition, at a workshop organized by UNDP in New York on 20 May 2009, he presented the Declaration to representatives of United Nations agencies, who emphasized the role of United Nations agencies and programmes in implementing the Declaration.", "Other measures to promote good practices", "The Special Rapporteur seeks to promote good practices as an important means of participating in seminars or meetings attended by indigenous peoples, experts, government representatives and other actors.", "In March 2011, the Special Rapporteur attended an expert workshop in Berlin organized by the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany and delivered a keynote speech on German development cooperation in Africa and Asia.", "In May 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar organized by the Regional Association of Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels in the Latin American and Caribbean region in Cartagena, Colombia, to discuss multiculturalism and oil and gas industries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The workshop provided opportunities for dialogue with representatives of oil and gas companies, as well as members of academia and civil society groups, to discuss the obligation of private companies to respect international standards relating to the rights of indigenous peoples.", "The Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar on the rights of indigenous peoples, held in Jakarta on 16 and 17 March 2009, sponsored by the National Human Rights Commission and the Islands Indigenous Peoples' Union. At the seminar, the two organizations announced an agreement on a joint programme on indigenous issues, a good example of collaboration between the independent national human rights commission and an important indigenous organization.", "The Special Rapporteur also participated in the expert meeting held in Simples, Spain, in October 2009, co-sponsored by the non-governmental organization Kreddha and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Centre of Catalonia. At that meeting, participants analysed the root causes of conflicts arising from the extractive activities carried out by companies in indigenous territories, as well as possible ways to prevent and resolve those conflicts. Discussions at the meeting made a valuable contribution to the preparation of the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people to the fifteenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/15/37).", "The Special Rapporteur visited Australia and attended the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, held in Canberra in December 2008: the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. The meeting was organized by the Indigenous and Islander Research Action Foundation. During his visit, the Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to meet informally with representatives of all branches of Government, marking the beginning of a constructive dialogue to prepare for his official visit to Australia in August 2009.", "The United States of America's Nawaho Nation Commission on Human Rights, an innovative measure by indigenous Governments. In December 2008, the Special Rapporteur participated in a “training on human rights issues” hosted by the Commission for the members of the Council of Nawaho tribes and discussed with the Committee and the members of the Council how international human rights mechanisms could be used to promote the human rights of the Na Waho.", "In October 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly of the United States Indian National Representative. He made a presentation on the adoption of international standards to strengthen the protection of the rights of the indigenous peoples of the United States. The National Assembly is a coalition of more than 250 indigenous peoples in the United States and is committed to influencing decisions taken by the United States Government and Congress concerning the interests of indigenous peoples.", "In October 2008, the Special Rapporteur participated, together with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, in the Asia-Pacific regional non-governmental organization consultative meeting on violence against indigenous women in Asia and the Pacific. The consultations were organized by the Forum on Women, Law and Development in Asia and the Pacific and held in New Delhi.", "National reports", "Over the past three years, the Special Rapporteur has issued several reports on the human rights situation of indigenous peoples in some countries. These reports include conclusions and recommendations on strengthening good practices, identifying areas of concern and improving the human rights situation of indigenous peoples in specific countries and regions. The reporting process usually needs to visit the country under review, including visiting capitals and certain locations of concern to the country. During his visit, the Special Rapporteur interacted with representatives of Governments, representatives of indigenous communities in all regions and representatives of various communities involved in the work of indigenous peoples. These visits were conducted with the consent and cooperation of the Government.", "The Special Rapporteur visited and reported on Brazil (A/HRC/12/34/Add.2), Nepal (A/HRC/12/34/Add.3), Botswana (A/HRC/15/37/Add.2), Australia (A/HRC/15/37/Add.4), Russian Federation (A/HRC/15/37/Add.5), Sami regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland (the traditional territories of the Sami people) (A/HRC/18/Add.2), Congo (A/HRC/18/35/Add.5) (France/Add.6). He also undertook follow-up visits to Chile (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6), Colombia (A/HRC/15/37.Add.3) and New Zealand (A/HRC/18/35/Add.4) to assess the progress made by those States in implementing the recommendations made by their predecessors.", "The Special Rapporteur will visit Argentina in 2011 and will visit the United States in early 2012. He also received an invitation from the Governments of Panama and El Salvador to visit the two countries to assess the situation of their indigenous peoples. He welcomed those invitations. The Special Rapporteur has submitted outstanding requests for visits to Bangladesh, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and he hopes that those requests will be considered positively.", "C. Specific cases of alleged human rights violations", "Another important area of work of the Special Rapporteur is the continuous response to specific cases of alleged human rights violations. The Special Rapporteur's letters of concern to the specific situation and summaries of correspondence received from Governments, together with the observations and recommendations of the Special Rapporteur, are contained in his correspondence with Governments (A/HRC/18/35/Add.1, A/HRC/15/37/Add.1 and A/HRC/12/24/Add.1).", "The Special Rapporteur has received information from a number of States from various continents on alleged cases of human rights violations and sent a number of letters to the Governments concerned on these cases. The complaints he received relate to common problems affecting indigenous peoples around the world, including: denying indigenous peoples the rights to ownership of their land, territories and natural resources; violations of the right to consultation and liberty, prior and informed consent, in particular with regard to the exploitation or expulsion of indigenous groups; threats or violence against indigenous individuals and groups, including human rights defenders; constitutional or legislative reforms on indigenous matters; issues related to the recognition of indigenous justice systems; and the situation of indigenous peoples living in isolation.", "Given the limited availability of resources, the Special Rapporteur was unable to deal with each case brought to his attention on a case-by-case basis. However, in general, any detailed and reliable information that demonstrates that the situation is serious and falls within his mandate, and that his intervention has a reasonable opportunity to have a positive impact, or to draw the necessary attention to this situation or to urge the Government authorities or other actors to take corrective action and that he can do everything possible to act. The Special Rapporteur may also act if a case representative or a broader phenomenon involving violations of the human rights of indigenous peoples. The Special Rapporteur has addressed allegations of human rights violations from many countries and regions.", "The Special Rapporteur seeks to work actively with States, indigenous peoples and others to closely monitor and evaluate situations, identify the root causes of the immediate problem, promote concrete action on the basis of progress made, propose practical and viable recommendations based on existing knowledge and in line with relevant human rights standards.", "In some of the analyses, the Special Rapporteur has provided detailed views and proposals to Governments on the actions that they believe should be adopted by States and relevant sectors within the framework of relevant international standards to address them. He will continue to engage with States on these specific situations and hopes that dialogues to date will be useful for Governments and indigenous peoples.", "Certain communications received by the Special Rapporteur contain specific allegations of violations of the human rights of indigenous peoples, which require more in-depth analysis. On these issues, he undertook field visits to the countries concerned as part of his review of these cases. After the completion of these visits, he has made detailed observations and made analyses and recommendations that would help the Governments and indigenous peoples to address the issues raised.", "To that end, the Special Rapporteur visited Costa Rica in April 2011 to review the situation of indigenous peoples affected by EL Diquís hydropower works. The Special Rapporteur provided his observations and recommendations on the situation to Governments and indigenous stakeholders (A/HRC/18/35/Add.8).", "Similarly, in June 2010, the Special Rapporteur visited Guatemala to discuss the implementation of the principle of consultation with indigenous peoples in the country, in particular with regard to extractive industries, and to pay particular attention to the situation of indigenous peoples affected by the Marlin mines in the cities of San Miguel Ixtuhuacán and Sipacapa (A/HRC/18/35/Add.3).", "In February 2009, the Special Rapporteur travelled to Panama to examine the situation of indigenous communities affected by the construction of hydropower in the Chaanguinola River, Panama (A/HRC/12/34/Add.5). In June 2009, after clashes between indigenous peoples and the Bagua police of Peru, he travelled to Peru for a first-hand study on human rights issues (A/HRC/12/34/Add.8).", "During his visit to Australia in August 2009, the Special Rapporteur followed up on communications received earlier on the impact of the Government's response policy on indigenous rights. He prepared a special report containing his views on this issue as an annex to his report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Australia (A/HRC/15/37/Add.4, appendix B).", "In the Special Rapporteur's view, he can quickly intervene in situations involving indigenous peoples' crises, such as in the situation in Bagua, Peru, which has proved to be able to effectively use his mandate and play a key role in addressing, mitigating or improving the crisis affecting indigenous peoples.", "In some cases, the Special Rapporteur has made statements or made other public statements of immediate concern to a number of States. He has made public statements on the Government's response to the reactivation of the Rapaoui people (Chile); concerns about the Maputo indigenous prisoners in the campaign against their allegations under a counter-terrorism law (Chile); indigenous peoples' protests in mining law (Panama); laws and policies on consultation with indigenous peoples (Peru); the power to detain persons suspected of being illegally entering the country (United States) through legislation; and concerns about the impact of this law on indigenous peoples in the United States/Mexico border areas.", "Thematic studies", "In his initial three-year term, the Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to identify issues or matters of common interest to indigenous peoples around the world and to address them through an informed analysis and recommendations. His analysis of thematic issues was based on his review of the state of the country and the case and benefited from his experience in promoting good practices. In each annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council, he reviewed a number of key issues, including the significance of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; the obligation of States to consult and obtain their consent before taking measures involving indigenous peoples; the responsibility of companies to respect the rights of indigenous peoples; and the issue of extractive industries operating within or near the traditional territories of indigenous peoples, on the basis of the previous topic.", "Main thematic profiles of studies", "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "General", "Over the past 30 years, the voices of indigenous peoples around the world have resulted in consensus on the rights that indigenous peoples should enjoy based on the principles of long-standing international human rights law and human rights policies. The emergence of this consensus has been increasingly reflected in the constitutional, legislative and institutional reforms of States and supported by these reforms. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted by the General Assembly in 2007, is the most important result of this consensus, which has included a shared understanding of the rights of indigenous peoples, based on existing international human rights law, for decades.", "The preamble to the Declaration emphasizes the basic purpose of remedy for the instrument. The Declaration itself does not in any way recognize special rights, but rather the consequences of the right to self-determination and other basic human rights affirmed in international instruments that are generally applicable. Thus, the Declaration does not create new or special rights outside the basic human rights generally considered universally applicable, but is based on the specific cultural, historical, social and economic environment of indigenous peoples.", "Article 3 of the Declaration recognizes the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination in a manner that is considered consistent with the principles of territorial integrity and political unity of States. On this basis, the Declaration exhaustively lists the rights that constitute “the minimum standards for the survival, maintenance and well-being of indigenous peoples worldwide” (art. The Declaration reaffirms the fundamental individual rights, such as equality and non-discrimination, life and personality, and freedom, nationality and justice, and calls for special attention to the special rights and needs of indigenous elders, women, youth, children and persons with disabilities.", "At the same time, the Declaration recognizes the collective right of self-government and political, legal, social and cultural institutions to self-government; cultural integrity, including those of cultural and spiritual beliefs, languages and other cultural expressions; land, territories and natural resources; social services and development; treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements; and cross-border cooperation. The Declaration also reflects the consensus on the self-determination of indigenous peoples, that the self-determination of indigenous peoples is not usually included in the implementation of self-government, but also in the country's broad social structure and interaction. In this regard, the Declaration recognizes the right of indigenous peoples to participate in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State and the right to consult them on decisions affecting them in order to obtain their free and informed consent in advance.", "Normative and legal significance", "During his work, the Special Rapporteur has experienced numerous attempts by Member States and other actors to weaken the normative significance of the Declaration and considers it “non-legally binding”. Of course, this can be recognized, but the full understanding of the normative significance and legal obligations of the Declaration cannot be reached.", "Whatever the exact legal significance of the Declaration is based on its great legitimacy. This legitimacy is not only derived from the formal endorsement of the vast majority of States Members of the United Nations, including the four States that had voted against the adoption of the Declaration, as mentioned in paragraph 35 above, but also from the Declaration as a result of the multi-year advocacy and struggle of indigenous peoples themselves. The Declaration was the result of decades of intercultural dialogue, in which indigenous peoples played a leading role. The norms of the Declaration reflect the aspirations of indigenous peoples themselves, which have been accepted by the international community for many years. The wording of the Declaration has been endorsed by Member States, which clearly demonstrate commitment to the rights and principles embodied in the Declaration. The commitment of States to the norms promoted by indigenous peoples themselves is entirely a matter of good faith.", "Moreover, despite the fact that the Declaration itself is not legally binding as the treaty, it reflects legal obligations relating to the Charter of the United Nations, multilateral human rights treaties and international customary human rights provisions. The Declaration is based on the universal human rights obligations of States and is based on fundamental human rights, such as non-discrimination, self-determination and cultural integrity. These principles have been incorporated in human rights treaties that have been widely ratified and reflected in the work of United Nations treaty bodies. In addition, the core principles of the Declaration could be considered relevant to the practice of international and States, and in this regard it could be considered to reflect customary international law.", "Furthermore, the Declaration reflects existing international consensus on the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, in line with and expanding the provisions of the International Labour Organization Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (No. 169) and in line with the interpretation of other human rights instruments by international institutions and mechanisms. The Declaration is the most authoritative expression of this consensus and provides an operational framework for the full protection and implementation of these rights.", "Thus, the significance of the Declaration is that it cannot be diminished by the assertion that it is not technically binding. The Special Rapporteur believes that the implementation of the Declaration should be seen as a political, moral and legal imperative.", "Measures required to implement the Declaration", "On various occasions, the Special Rapporteur suggests that he considers it necessary to take some of the most basic steps to further implement the Declaration after the formal endorsement by States of the Declaration.", "National officials and indigenous leaders should be trained on the Declaration and relevant international instruments, as well as on practical measures to implement the Declaration. In addition, various seminars and meetings should be organized at the national and local levels to bring national officials together with indigenous leaders to develop strategies and measures to implement, including measures to address historical grievances, in the spirit of cooperation and reconciliation represented in the Declaration.", "In addition, States should undertake a comprehensive review of their existing legislative and administrative programmes to determine where they may be incompatible with the Declaration. This requires reviewing all laws and programmes dealing with the rights and interests of indigenous peoples, including laws and programmes related to natural resource development, land, education and justice. Based on such reviews, the necessary legal and programmatic reforms should be developed and implemented in consultation with indigenous peoples.", "States should commit themselves to making significant human and financial resources available for the implementation of the measures required to implement the Declaration. These resources typically include the delimitation or restitution of indigenous lands, the development of education programmes tailored to local cultures, support to indigenous self-government institutions and many other measures envisaged in the Declaration.", "The United Nations system and the international community should prioritize programmes that provide technical and financial assistance to States and indigenous peoples in order to promote those steps and related steps aimed at implementing the Declaration. In some cases, existing United Nations and international cooperation programmes may also require reform in order to meet the goals of the Declaration.", "Some States have, to some extent, taken the most basic steps to implement the Declaration, in some cases, supported by United Nations agencies or international cooperation projects. The objective is to enable these steps to be implemented more broadly than so far and to share experiences among stakeholders in order to strengthen them.", "Obligation to consult [2]", "Normative basis and general nature", "The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples highlights the obligation of States to consult with indigenous peoples on their decisions, and it is firmly committed to international human rights law. The Declaration refers in general to this obligation in relation to specific concerns and, as a general principle, article 19, which states that “States shall, in good faith, obtain their free and informed consent in consultation and cooperation with the indigenous peoples concerned by adopting and implementing legislation or administrative measures that may affect indigenous peoples”.", "Like the Declaration, the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention requires States to consult with indigenous peoples in good faith in order to obtain their consent or consent in all aspects of their management plans or projects, and calls upon States to consult with indigenous communities in all circumstances. The obligations of States to effectively consult indigenous peoples are also based on the core United Nations human rights treaties, including the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. At the regional level, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights confirmed in a number of cases the obligation of States to undertake consultations under the American Convention on Human Rights.", "More importantly, this obligation stems from the overall right of indigenous peoples to self-determination and the relevant principles of democracy and sovereignty. This obligation is in line with the desire of indigenous peoples around the world to take ownership of their fate and to participate effectively in decision-making involving their interests under equal conditions. In accordance with these principles, States are obliged to consult with indigenous peoples in their decisions, with the aim of reversing the historical patterns that exclude them from decision-making, in order to avoid imposing important decisions on indigenous peoples in the future and to enable them to become a unique community of prosperity in their culturally attached lands.", "As a general principle, States should take decisions through a democratic process that fully represents the public interest. However, these normal democracy and representative processes often do not adequately address the special concerns of indigenous peoples, who are often politically marginalized. The obligation of States to consult with indigenous peoples and the preconditions for their various normative components is that, as the Declaration indicates, there must be broad recognition of the unique nature and specific rights of indigenous peoples and the need for special measures to address their disadvantage.", "The obligation to consult and the goal of obtaining consent", "The obligation to consult is a procedural obligation arising from the substantive rights of indigenous peoples to be affected by a particular action. It should be noted that the obligation to consult is not limited to the upcoming or likely impact of a proposed measure on a rights or statutory right that has been recognized at the national level, for example, the rights to traditional lands and territories.", "The specific nature of the consultation process required by the Consultative Obligation would necessarily depend on the nature of the measures proposed and the scope of their impact on indigenous peoples. For example, constitutional or legislative reform measures that affect or affect all indigenous peoples in a country require the establishment of an appropriate consultation and representative mechanism to open and contact all indigenous peoples in a way that is open to them. In contrast, a consultation process that focuses on the interests of specific affected groups and exchanges with them is required for initiatives that affect specific indigenous peoples or communities, such as the exploitation of natural resources in their territories.", "The nature of the consultation process and its objectives also depend on the nature of the rights or interests of the indigenous peoples concerned and the expected impact of those proposed measures. The importance of achieving agreed goals varies according to reality, the rights of indigenous peoples and the interests involved. If there is a significant direct impact on the lives of indigenous peoples, it should be established that the proposed measures should not be implemented without the consent of indigenous peoples. In some cases, such assumptions may be strengthened by prohibiting the implementation of measures and projects without the consent of indigenous peoples.", "The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the need to obtain the consent of indigenous peoples prior to the implementation of the proposed initiative concerning the relocation of an indigenous group to their traditional lands (art. 10) and the storage of hazardous materials on indigenous peoples' land (art. The Special Rapporteur will also join in the case of projects relating to the establishment of natural resource mining within indigenous peoples' lands and will have a significant social or cultural impact on the lives of indigenous peoples.", "In all cases where a proposed measure affects the special interests of indigenous peoples, their consent should, to some extent, be a goal of consultation. The principle of good faith means dialogue between States and indigenous peoples in order to achieve consensus and to work in good faith towards mutually satisfactory agreements. The parties should be willing to listen to the views of others, to make concessions in their positions and to defend their legitimate rights and to reach agreements binding on all parties.", "However, if the State has not shown that the rights of the affected indigenous peoples will be fully protected under the proposed item, or if the State has not taken appropriate measures to mitigate any negative impact of the proposed project, the indigenous peoples affected have refused to agree with the proposed initiative may be reasonable and should not, without such consent, pursue the proposed initiative.", "Confidence-building elements conducive to consensus-building", "In order to achieve a consensual decision-making process, States are required to make every effort to establish a climate of trust with indigenous peoples and to promote fruitful dialogue. For indigenous peoples, this is particularly important because they have historically been excluded from decision-making and thus lack confidence in State institutions. In addition, indigenous peoples are often disadvantaged in terms of political influence, financial resources, information channels and related education, as private parties, such as national institutions or companies that serve as counterparts in consultation.", "In order to foster a climate of trust and mutual respect, the consultation process itself should be the product of consensus. The Special Rapporteur notes that, in many cases, the consultation process is not effective and does not enjoy the confidence of indigenous peoples, as affected indigenous peoples are not fully integrated into the discussion on the development and implementation of the consultation process. These discussions should be initiated at the initial stages of the proposed initiative, and if they are natural resource extraction projects, they should certainly be initiated before States reach any agreement with third parties, such as funding agencies or companies. Moreover, States must properly address the imbalance of power and ensure that arrangements are put in place to enable indigenous peoples to obtain the financial, technical and other assistance they need, while they must not use such assistance to pressure or influence indigenous peoples in consultations.", "The possibility of confidence-building and genuine consensus also depends on full respect for the consultative process of indigenous peoples themselves' representatives and decision-making mechanisms. Indigenous peoples may also need to develop or amend their own mechanisms through their own decision-making processes in order to build representative structures and promote the consultative process. The Special Rapporteur notes that indigenous groups may confuse and delay the consultation process if they fail to clarify their representative organizational structure.", "In the context of natural resource extraction or development projects involving indigenous lands, in order to enable indigenous peoples to make free and informed decisions about the projects involved, it is important to provide them with adequate and objective information on all aspects of their projects, including the impact of the project on their lives and the environment. In this regard, States must conduct environmental and social impact studies with the participation of indigenous groups in order to inform the full expected consequences of the project.", "In addition, in this context, the pursuit of a coordinated consultation process should not only discuss measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of projects or reparations, but also explore and reach a fair-benefit-sharing approach in a spirit of genuine partnership.", "C. Corporate responsibility relating to the human rights of indigenous peoples [3]", "The international community has reached a degree of consensus that business enterprises have the responsibility to respect human rights. This consensus is reflected in the large number of regulatory and self-regulation frameworks for corporate responsibility over recent decades, both internationally and nationally. At its seventeenth session (Council resolution 17/4), the Human Rights Council approved the guiding principles on business and human rights of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (A/HRC/17/31). In addition to legal status, the various existing instruments and mechanisms on corporate responsibility clearly reflect the expectations of society for corporate responsibility and reflect the need to exercise such responsibilities in the area of human rights.", "The core of this normative framework is the general responsibility of companies to comply with international human rights standards in providing guidance to their activities. The obligation to do so is not limited to respecting the State regulation of the State in which the company operates, which is far from sufficient in many cases, but also to comply with international standards binding on these Governments and the international community as a whole. Due diligence also means that businesses should not be helped by the Government to ignore the fulfilment of their international obligations relating to these rights, nor should they attempt to replace the State's role in fulfilling these obligations. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that the following are the elements that must be included in the due diligence survey of companies affected by their activities.", "Recognition of indigenous peoples", "One of the main difficulties faced by enterprises operating in indigenous territories or operating activities that affect them is the lack of formal government recognition of these peoples or limited recognition of certain groups. However, a well-established principle of international human rights law is that the existence of different ethnic, linguistic or religious groups, including indigenous peoples, can be established in accordance with objective criteria and cannot depend on the Government's unilateral decisions.", "In countries where business activities are carried out, there is a lack of clarity or limited recognition of indigenous peoples cannot be a pretext for businesses to implement the minimum international standards in relation to the rights of indigenous peoples, even in cases where Governments in the country refuse to implement them. Therefore, in the framework of the due diligence survey, it is the responsibility of the enterprise to recognize in advance the existence of indigenous peoples who may be affected by the future activities of the enterprise and to determine what they may suffer.", "Rights to land, territories and natural resources", "The second element of the exercise of activities that may affect indigenous peoples is the recognition of indigenous peoples' ownership or possession and use of their land, territories and natural resources, which is essential for the effective enjoyment of human rights by indigenous peoples. The absence of an official recognition of land or resource rights by the State is not a sufficient reason for companies to respect indigenous peoples' land rights in accordance with international standards. Therefore, the performance of the enterprise includes the responsibility to carry out an independent assessment of the rights that indigenous peoples may require, in accordance with the standards set forth in international instruments.", "Business should have a cross-cultural understanding beyond pure legal scope. International standards emphasize the special relationship of indigenous peoples with their traditional territories, which is the basis for their different identities and cultures. Business should understand that, irrespective of the land or resource rights granted to indigenous peoples by domestic law, these indigenous peoples have always maintained and will continue to maintain their relations with traditional territories. This is a collective relationship and is thus far higher than the individual rights of members of the group.", "Enterprises should also relocate their land to indigenous peoples and communities, including projects relating to the purchase of indigenous lands held by individuals, providing for special compensation guarantees. In these cases, international standards require that other programmes to avoid or limit such evictions should be sought and that priority should be given to other land as a means of reparation.", "Government consultation obligations and corporate responsibility", "The principle of due diligence also requires businesses to recognize the Government's obligation to consult them (and, in some cases, to obtain their consent) before taking any measures that may directly affect indigenous peoples, particularly in projects that may affect their traditional territories. Companies may not attempt to replace the country with the direct responsibility of the State to hold consultations in accordance with international standards; in practice, companies must prompt the State to fully discharge such responsibilities. In addition, companies do not meet their human rights-related due diligence obligations if they agree to undertake specific projects without appropriate consultation with indigenous peoples.", "Without prejudice to the principle of the Government's primary responsibility for consultation, businesses must ensure that appropriate mechanisms for consultation and dialogue are put in place to respect the rights of indigenous peoples to participate in decision-making that are relevant to their interests. In such cases, the goal of consultation with indigenous peoples should be to seek consensus on key aspects, such as recognition of the potential negative impact of the project, measures to eliminate those impacts and compensate them, and mechanisms for the benefit-sharing of the project.", "Project impact studies and reparation measures", "Project impact studies and measures to identify appropriate reparations are closely linked to the Consultative Process. While recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples to conserve and protect the environment, international standards and practices require research on social and environmental impacts as a special safeguard for the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples, particularly in relation to natural resource investment, development, exploration or exploitation projects that may affect them.", "Benefit-sharing", "Indigenous peoples are also entitled to participate in the sharing of activities within their traditional territories, in particular those related to natural resource exploitation, in addition to the right to reparation or mitigation measures. Enterprises have an obligation to respect the rights of indigenous peoples to establish appropriate mechanisms in order to use such mechanisms to ensure the benefit of indigenous peoples' projects. Interest-sharing should be seen as a way of fulfilling the rights, not as a result of the sensitization or compassion of the project in order to seek social support or minimize potential conflicts. Consideration should be given to the development of appropriate benefit-sharing mechanisms that truly strengthen the capacity of indigenous peoples to build and pursue their primary development goals, helping them to increase their efficiency in their decision-making mechanisms and institutions.", "extractive industries operating in or near indigenous territories [4]", "The impact of extractive industries on indigenous peoples is a matter of particular concern to the Special Rapporteur. In a number of national reports and special reports and a review of special circumstances, the Special Rapporteur has examined various situations in which extractive activities violate the rights of indigenous peoples. The Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to promote clarification and resolution of issues relating to indigenous peoples arising from extractive industries. In 2011, the Special Rapporteur distributed a questionnaire on the exploitation and development of natural resources projects in indigenous territories or near them to collect and understand views, concerns and recommendations related to this issue.", "Preliminary assessment of questionnaire responses", "The views expressed by indigenous peoples, Governments, businesses and other stakeholders on the development of projects related to natural resource extraction and energy in indigenous territories indicate that many problems remain despite the growing recognition of the need to respect the rights of indigenous peoples. The responses of indigenous peoples' organizations and representatives, Governments and companies reflect their awakening recognition of the negative or even disastrous impact on the economic, social and cultural rights of indigenous peoples on projects that have been or are being implemented in indigenous territories without adequate guarantees or responsibility for irresponsible or neglect involving the people.", "In addition, despite the commitment of many Governments and the recognition of the need to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, the responses received by the Special Rapporteur from States to the questionnaires received and responses received from other sources reflect the lack of consensus among States regarding the scope of responsibility for resource exploitation and development projects and the means to ensure such protection. Several responses, in particular from businesses, point out that Governments often maintain distances, refrain from engaging in the implementation of the outcome of the consultation process and other measures to guarantee the rights of indigenous peoples in extractive operations alone. It was noted, on several occasions, that the protection role of the State was entrusted to business enterprises as a matter of concern, particularly in cases where national regulatory frameworks relating to the rights of indigenous peoples, including land and resource protection, consultation and sharing of interests were inadequate or non-existent.", "Another important area of different responses relates to the balance between the costs and benefits of extractive development projects. Despite the recognition by respondents of the previous negative impact of extractive activities on the lives of indigenous peoples, their views on the actual or potential benefits of extractive industries, in particular the location and value of future benefits. Many Governments stressed in their responses to the Special Rapporteur's questionnaire that such activities are essential for their economies. Many enterprises also believe that indigenous peoples can benefit from extractive industries.", "Indigenous peoples expressed great concern and, in many cases, firmly denied the possibility to benefit from extractive or development projects in their territories. Many indigenous peoples have experienced specific projects affecting their territories and communities, in which the vast majority of indigenous peoples have stressed that their rights are denied and that they feel that States and companies disregard their rights and concerns and ignore their livelihoods without continuing concern in the face of sexual exploitation. These perceptions have made it impossible for indigenous peoples to believe that the operation of such projects can have a positive impact, and they are more of the view that the operation of such projects is the decision of States and companies to identify themselves and impose on indigenous peoples for the protection of their interests, rather than the decision taken after negotiations with indigenous communities.", "Future workplan proposed by the Special Rapporteur", "The Special Rapporteur believes that the lack of knowledge among all relevant actors on key issues is a major obstacle to the effective protection and realization of the rights of indigenous peoples in extractive development projects. This situation, coupled with the existence of numerous conceptual and legal elite areas, has repeatedly proved to be the root causes of social conflicts. Comparing the experience of the parties, there can be sufficient examples of the outbreak and escalation of conflicts and the subsequent position of extremeization. All are pushed by social conflicts related to extractive or development plans of indigenous territories.", "Responses to the Special Rapporteur's questionnaire suggest that the situation needs to be changed if indigenous rights standards are to have a meaningful effect on national and corporate policies and actions related to indigenous peoples. The first step towards achieving such changes is consensus-building among indigenous peoples, governmental actors, business enterprises and other relevant actors. The Special Rapporteur recognizes the complexities inherent in the coordination of the work of the parties and the difficulty of narrowing the existing perceptions of conflicts.", "However, the Special Rapporteur believes that there is a need for consensus on the content and scope of the rights of indigenous peoples, which affect the future desirability and feasibility of extractive industries in indigenous territories or near, and in this regard, the nature of the responsibility of States to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, the actual or potential positive and negative impacts of extractive industries and related issues. Without such consensus, the application of indigenous rights standards will continue to be controversial, and the individual and collective human rights of indigenous peoples will continue to be gravely violated and the extractive activities affecting indigenous peoples will continue to face serious social and economic problems.", "During his second mandate, the Special Rapporteur was committed to working in coordination with other mechanisms, in particular the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of the Human Rights Council, to prepare concrete and practical recommendations on the implications of existing human rights standards and to assist States, business enterprises and indigenous peoples in addressing complex issues arising from the operation of extractive industries in indigenous territories or near.", "Conclusion", "The Special Rapporteur reiterates his firm commitment to the fulfilment of his mandate, humiliatingly recognizing the responsibilities of the mandate and thanking all those who have supported and continued to support him in carrying out that function. In particular, he would like to thank the Human Rights Council for its confidence in him and for the good and good faith that OHCHR and its staff have provided. He would also like to thank the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples for the support of the project and the researchers associated with it as part of the indigenous peoples' legal and policy programme of the University of Arizona. Lastly, he would like to thank many indigenous peoples, Governments, United Nations agencies and departments, non-governmental organizations and others who have assisted him in the fulfilment of his mandate over the past three years.", "The Special Rapporteur is pleased to submit the present report to the General Assembly and looks forward to dialogue with States on its work. Despite the positive progress made in many places, he remains concerned about the ongoing struggle and violations of the rights of indigenous peoples worldwide. During his second term, he will be the most priority to develop practical measures to address these pressing issues, building on the progress made. Through that work, he would like to assist in the multifaceted work being carried out to achieve the future envisaged by the General Assembly in adopting the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, with a full focus on the unique identity and culture of indigenous peoples and the opportunity for indigenous peoples to control their own future in a broader society in which they live.", "The chapter summarizes the Special Rapporteur's study on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in document A/HRC/9 (paras.", "[2] The chapter provides an overview of the Special Rapporteur's study on the obligation to consult in document A/HRC/12/34 (paras.", "[3] This section outlines the discussion of corporate responsibility by the Special Rapporteur in A/HRC/15/37 (paras.", "[4] This section outlines the discussion of extractive industries by the Special Rapporteur in A/HRC/18/35." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "大韩民国", "1. 2011年7月19日，委员会第987次和第988次会议审议了大韩民国的第七次定期报告(CEDAW/C/KOR/7)(见CEDAW/C/SR.987和988)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7，答复载于CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 委员会感谢缔约国基本遵循委员会定期报告编写导则提交第七次定期报告。报告内容纳入了关于委员会先前结论性意见中所载建议的执行情况的一节(CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)。缔约国对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单所作口头介绍和书面答复，并对委员会口头提出的问题作了进一步澄清，尽管对一些问题的答复不够充分。委员会对此表示赞赏。", "3. 委员会赞扬缔约国派遣高级别代表团出席会议。代表团由两性平等和家庭事务部长率领，成员包括各部委和部门的代表，以及国民大会的妇女代表。委员会赞赏代表团与委员会成员之间进行的建设性对话。", "积极方面", "4. 委员会赞赏地注意到，自委员会2007年审议缔约国第六次定期报告(CEDAW/C/KOR/6)以来，该国已经颁布和修订了多项旨在消除对妇女歧视和推动两性平等的法律和法律条文，以期按照《公约》规定履行其义务。委员会尤其欢迎通过了修正案：", "(a) 《民法》(2007年12月)将男女的最低结婚年龄确定为18岁；", "(b) 《保护儿童和青少年免受性暴力法》(2010年4月)规定可对儿童的性暴力罪行提出起诉；", "(c) 生命伦理与安全法(2008年)，规定为生殖目的捐赠或接受卵子时须得到知情书面同意的要求，并限制了每名妇女作出捐赠的频率和数量。", "5. 委员会欢迎为防止家庭暴力而启动的全面计划(2011年)，计划的侧重点是与加强对家庭暴力案件的初步行动以及对受害人更好的保护。", "6. 委员会赞赏缔约国为将性别层面纳入其发展合作方案和在这个框架内促进妇女人权所作努力。", "7. 委员会赞扬缔约国于2008年12月11日批准“残疾人权利公约”。", "主要关切领域和建议", "8. 委员会提请注意，缔约国有义务系统地、持续地执行《公约》各项规定，同时认为，从现在到提交下一次定期报告期间，缔约国必须优先注意本结论意见提出的各项关切的建议。因此，委员会促请缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上，并在下一次定期报告中汇报所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会还吁请缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关部委和国民大会以及司法机关，以确保这些意见得到充分执行。", "国民大会", "9. 委员会重申，政府对充分执行缔约国的《公约》义务负有首要责任，尤其是要接受问责，同时强调《公约》对各政府部门具有约束力，并请缔约国鼓励国民大会根据其程序酌情采取必要步骤执行本结论意见，并按照《公约》的规定实施政府的下一次报告进程。", "保留", "10. 委员会承认收到了缔约国就其正在撤回对《公约》第16条第1款(g)项的保留进行的协商情况提供的资料，该项是关于夫妻有相同的个人权利，包括选择姓氏、专业和职业的权利，但委员会对没有结束这些协商以及撤回保留的明确时间框架表示担忧。", "11. 委员会重申其以前的建议(见CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)，并促请缔约国在其审议过程中将涉及第16条第1款(g)项的问题与那些涉及第1款(d)项的问题区分开来，以便加速努力，争取在具体的时间框架内撤回其对《公约》第16条第1款(g)项的保留。", "《公约》及其《任择议定书》的知名度", "12. 委员会注意到对话期间提供的有关召开大型会议，在政府机关、司法当局、非政府组织和韩国妇女发展研究所中共享委员会先前的结论意见的资料。委员会还注意到缔约国努力在国民议会、传媒机构和法律界人士中宣传《公约》及其《任择议定书》。但是，委员会感到关切的是，这些举措没有将司法和执法官员作为宣传对象。委员会特别关切的是，妇女本身不知道《公约》规定的自己享有的权利或《任择议定书》规定的投诉程序，因此缺乏在与男子平等的基础上全面促进、保护和实现其权利的能力。", "13. 委员会鼓励缔约国继续提高所有利益攸关者，包括政府各部委、议员、司法和执法人员对《公约》、《任择议定书》及其程序以及委员会一般性建议的认识，以便使人们了解妇女的人权。委员会还促请缔约国对妇女和司法机构开展教育和宣传运动，提高妇女对保护其人权的现有条款的认识，从而确保妇女能够在《公约》规定的权利受到侵犯时利用《任择议定书》规定的程序和补救措施。", "歧视性法律", "14. 虽然委员会注意到，反歧视法小组委员会就通过《反歧视法》和差不多90项关于歧视问题的现有法律开展的协商已于2010年底结束，但委员会感到遗憾的是，缺少有关这些协商的结果的资料，缔约国通过《反歧视法》的进展缓慢，自2008年5月以来一直被搁置。", "15. 委员会呼吁缔约国采取紧急步骤，按照《公约》第1和第2条以及委员会第28(2010)号一般性建议并且还考虑到禁止基于性取向歧视的《全国人权委员会法》(韩国2005)第2条第4款，通过一部全面的《反歧视法》，其中明确禁止一切形式的歧视，直接和间接的歧视。", "提高妇女地位的国家机构", "16. 委员会注意到，自从2010年3月恢复两性平等和家庭部作为负责所有有关妇女、青年和家庭的政策的政府机构的任务规定以来，划拨给该部的人力和财力资源有所增加。但是，委员会感到关切的是，将家庭事务和两性平等合并为一个单一任务，可能直接或间接地加强传统的重男轻女的规范，影响到实现两性平等。此外，委员会注意到，通过两性平等和家庭部对横跨各级政府的现有公共政策和方案进行的评估来保障性别平等主流化，但委员会感到关切的是，性别影响评估被用作事后而不是事前工具，所以，该部对此类公共政策和方案的实际拟定、设计和实施影响很小。此外，委员会注意到缺乏一种明确界定的协调机制来确保横向和纵向一致地实施两性平等方案。委员会还感到关切的是，尽管如《国家财政法》所示，政府机构的促进性别平等的预算编制是强制性的，但是，从整个公共预算中划拨给用于增强妇女权能的财政资源非常有限。", "17. 委员会回顾其第6号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》内规定的准则，特别是有关为国家机制的有效运作建立必要条件方面的准则，建议缔约国：", "(a) 明确界定两性平等和家庭部的任务、责任和给三个组成部分(两性平等、青年和家庭)划拨人力和财力资源，以及建立一个明确的协调机制，确保该部工作在横向和纵向方面均协调一致；", "(b) 加强两性平等和家庭部的有关能力，利用性别影响评估向拟定和实施两性平等领域的立法和政策措施提供资料，并向各级政府促进性别平等的预算编制提供资料，就此类措施提供咨询意见，进行协调和监测。", "18. 委员会注意到《第三个妇女政策基本计划》(2008至2012年)获得通过，其中，除其他外，包含两项政策目标，妇女积极参与国家管理和改善妇女的经济能力。然而，委员会感到关切的是，一些部和政府机构中取消妇女政策股和两性平等事务官员可能会给该计划的整体实施带来负面影响。", "19. 委员会建议缔约国采取必要措施，确保充分实施《第三个妇女政策基本计划》(2008至2012年)，其中包括采用恢复妇女股和两性平等事务官员等办法。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "20. 委员会注意到已有诸多保护性暴力和家庭暴力的受害者的措施到位，如推出紧急热线、设有国家运营的暴力受害者咨询中心和庇护所，包括为沦为家庭暴力受害者的外国妻子设立的特别中心，但同时委员会感到关切的是，尽管根据《关于惩处家庭暴力的特别程序法》第4条，教育和卫生保健专业人员以及社会工作者有义务报告此类案件，但报案率偏低，与缔约国境内发生的家庭暴力案件的实际数量不符。委员会还感到关切的是，《刑法》条款规定，性暴力的成年受害者需进行投诉，才能起诉其案件，因此提出指控的受害者人数较少，起诉及定罪率偏低。委员会还对可用来处理性暴力和家庭暴力案件的女警官数量有限表示关切。委员会重申，对缔约国未在立法中而仅在案例法中将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪表示遗憾。", "21. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 采取必要措施，鼓励报告家庭暴力和性暴力案件，包括确保教育专业人士、医疗卫生工作者和社会工作者充分熟悉有关法律规定，对所有形式的暴力侵害妇女行为有敏感认识，并能够遵守其报案的义务；", "(b) 审查和修订《刑法》和其他有关立法，取消需要性暴力成年受害者投诉才能起诉其案件的条款；", "(c) 采取措施增加女警官的数量，并采取步骤提高她们以对性别问题有敏感认识的方式处理暴力侵害妇女案件的能力；", "(d) 对妇女，包括外国妇女开展提高认识运动，使她们了解自己的权利和矫正的途径，其中包括可用于保护和防止家庭暴力的措施；", "(e) 采取一切必要的立法措施，将基于没有妻子同意而界定的婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪；", "(f) 按照委员会第19(1992)号一般性建议，就包括家庭范围内的暴力在内的一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为的普遍程度、根源及后果收集数据和进行研究，并使用此类数据作为今后制定进一步综合措施和定向干预措施的依据。委员会请缔约国在下一次定期报告中列入统计数据和所采取措施的结果。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "22. 委员会感到关切的是，缔约国缺乏处理贩运人口问题的一部综合法令，并重申其对贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利的持续存在和缺乏有关这些现象的数据的关切。委员会特别关注持E-6娱乐工作签证进入该国的移徙女工和通过国际婚姻中介机构进入该国的外国妻子，因为收到的资料表明，其中许多妇女是贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利的受害者。委员会还担心，尽管缔约国内从事卖淫的妇女可能有接受咨询中心服务的机会，但她们必须证明自己的受害者身份，以便不会因卖淫罪被起诉。此外，委员会感到关切的是，缔约国仅仅签署但尚未批准《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约的补充议定书》。", "23. 委员会重申其要求全面落实《公约》第6条的建议(见CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)，并促请缔约国：", "(a) 通过一项关于贩运人口的全面法律，并修改有关立法，如《刑法》，将贩运列入一种犯罪；", "(b) 采取措施，加强对聘请外国妇女的娱乐公司的当前初步筛选程序，并建立对有持E-6签证工作的妇女的场所进行有效现场监测的机制，以确保她们不会被利用来卖淫营利；", "(c) 采取立法和其他措施，确保有效实施《婚姻中介控制法》，以保护外国妇女免遭婚姻中介、贩运者和其配偶的剥削和虐待；", "(d) 审查其有关卖淫方面的政策和相关法例，包括《刑法》，以确保妇女不因参与卖淫和性交易而被定为刑事犯罪；", "(e) 采取进一步措施，保护和支持身为贩运受害者的妇女和女孩，并解决贩运的根源问题；", "(f) 采取适当措施，制止利用妇女卖淫营利，包括阻止对卖淫的需求，并为被利用来卖淫营利的妇女和女孩提供复原和增强经济能力的方案，从而促进其重新融入社会；", "(g) 批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》。", "政治参与和参与公共生活", "24. 在增加妇女政治参与和参与公共生活方面，尤其是增加妇女在政府、议会、司法、外交界和私营部门的决策职位方面，以及在学术界担任高中校长和大学教授方面进展缓慢，虽然已有许多增加妇女在这些领域的人数的措施到位，如《雇用女性主管级公职人员倡议》，委员会对此表示关切。", "25. 委员会促请缔约国加强努力，特别依照《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25(2004)号一般性建议，通过实施临时特别措施，增加妇女参与政治和公共生活的代表人数，以加快实现男女实质上的平等。委员会吁请缔约国特别是在加快执行《公约》第7、8、10、11、12和14条方面，考虑利用一系列可能的措施，例如配额、基准、指标和奖励办法。委员会要求缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供数据和资料，说明妇女在政治和公共生活、私营部门、学术界和外交部门中的任职情况。", "国籍", "26. 委员会确认收到了获得韩国国籍资格要求的书面和口头资料。但委员会感到关切的是，与韩国男性结婚的外国妇女如果不符合其丈夫支持申请入籍这一前提条件且如果没有孩子则可能会在获得韩国国籍上面临重重困难。", "27. 委员会建议缔约国按照《公约》第9条规定修改其国籍法，以期取消涉及获得韩国国籍资格规定方面的所有歧视性条款。", "教育", "28. 委员会注意到早就制订了一些措施，如《支持妇女与科技法》鼓励妇女参与科技等非传统女性领域，它感到关切的是，在高等教育和职业培训方面仍持续存在研究领域隔离现象，最终会造成劳动力市场的性别隔离。委员会特别关切的是，这种隔离是由于家庭和社会中持续存在重男轻女的态度以及对妇女和男子角色和责任的定型观念。委员会还关切的是，在对话期间，就学术机构对在校学生进行10小时性教育必修课这一要求的遵守情况提供的资料有限。", "29. 委员会建议缔约国加强遵守第10条的规定，促进提高教育对增强妇女权能的重要性的认识。委员会鼓励缔约国采取措施，修订各级使用的教科书，以消除性别定型观念和引进强制性的教师两性平等培训，以努力克服给女孩和妇女的教育造成歧视性障碍的重男轻女态度和性别角色定型观念。委员会建议，继续积极鼓励女孩和妇女选择非传统研究领域和职业。委员会还建议缔约国制订有效的监督机制，以确保向学生提供10小时的性教育必修课，并考虑采用针对男孩和女孩的更全面的、与年龄相称的性教育方案，作为教育系统中基础和中等教育课程的一个正式部分。", "就业", "30. 委员会感到关切的是缺乏据以确定妇女在正规和非正规劳动市场精确定位的足够的分类数据。委员会还感到关切的是妇女在就业部门面临种种不利，包括妇女集中在一些低工资部门，特别是非正式工(零工和短期)缺乏相关的工作保障和福利，且男女之间的工资差距显著。委员会仍关切的是，缺乏有效的监督机制和妇女提出权利主张的投诉程序，及妇女因而可能不愿就工作场所的性骚扰情况寻求补救办法。", "31. 委员会促请缔约国在其下一次定期报告中提供关于劳动力市场指标的分类数据。还促请缔约国认真监测妇女在劳动力市场的情况，增加妇女在正规工作中的就业人数，确保企业为妇女提供更多获得全职和正规就业的机会从而增加有正规就业的妇女人数，且保护那些在非正规工作中的就业者，向大部分是妇女的零工和短期工人提供福利，包括带薪产假。委员会呼吁缔约国实行《平等就业法》关于同值工作同等报酬的规定。委员会还呼吁缔约国确保有效的监督机制到位，以便与现行立法保持一致，且制订程序让妇女在劳动权受到侵犯、特别是在受到性骚扰时提出投诉。", "32. 委员会注意到缔约国开展的立法和政策工作，如《就业中的两性平等和支持兼顾工作与家庭法》和《就业中的两性平等和兼顾工作家庭基本计划》(2008年)，以及改善兼顾家庭和工作生活的其他措施，但感到关切的是，家务和家庭责任仍主要由妇女承担，这体现在《基本计划》的预期成果之一，即，加速低生育率以及由此造成的妇女为履行家庭责任中断职业或做零工。委员会还关切的是，休育儿假的男性人数有限。委员会还关切的是社会保障福利方面的负面影响，因为妇女的合同从正式工转为非正式、零工和(或)短期工的情况有所增且在持续。委员会还关切国营托儿中心数量有限，此类设施有私有化趋势且私人托儿中心收费高，因而，许多就业妇女、特别是那些低收入的女户主家庭无法享受这些设施。", "33. 委员会鼓励缔约国促进家庭中的共同责任，并加紧努力，协助妇女和男子在家庭和工作责任之间取得平衡，特别是通过进一步提高男女对平等分担照顾孩子和家务的认识并开展教育活动，以及确保零工并不几乎完全由妇女承担。委员会敦促缔约国加紧努力，改进为不同年龄组的儿童、特别是女户主家庭的儿童提供保育设施的情况及其可负担性，并鼓励更多男子休育儿假。", "卫生", "34. 委员会感到关切的是，缺乏说明是否制订了措施来解决妇女的精神健康状况不断恶化的情况，包括抑郁症的详细资料。委员会特别关切的是，妇女的自杀率在升高，这是缔约国的第二大死因。委员会还关切，尽管有全民医疗保险，但与收入较高妇女相比，收入较低的妇女的发病率较高且健康状况较差。《母亲和无父儿童保健法》第14条和第15条规定，强奸和乱伦等某些情况下允许堕胎，但依照缔约国《刑法》第269条和第270条规定，堕胎仍是要受惩处的罪行，委员会也对此表示关切。", "35. 委员会敦促缔约国采取必要措施，解决恶化的心理健康状况，特别是抑郁症。委员会还鼓励缔约国全面落实其预防自杀的政策(2009-2013年)，并在其下一次定期报告中提供关于政策和取得的成果的资料。委员会建议，缔约国特别关注低收入老年妇女的情况，以确保她们可充分享有保健和社会服务。委员会还敦促缔约国考虑审查有关堕胎的法律，特别是《刑法》，以取消对堕胎妇女的惩罚性规定，并按照委员会的第24(1999)号一般性建议向其提供享有优质服务的机会，以控制因不安全人工流产造成的并发症。", "农村妇女", "36. 委员会注意到，缔约国妇女在农业工人中占53.3%，缔约国还制订了措施，旨在实现农村妇女与男子的实质性平等，如培养女农民的第二个五年计划。委员会还注意到政策规定，青年农民倡议方案据此包括了20%的妇女配额。然而，委员会感到关切的是，70.3%的家庭农场为男子所拥有，仅有26.3%的家庭农场为年老寡妇所拥有，这表明妇女在拥有土地和财产方面困难重重。委员会还关切的是，政府的农业财政支持和援助是提供给户主的，而户主大部分是男性，因此妇女只有通过丈夫或其他家庭成员才有机会获得这种援助。", "37. 委员会建议缔约国通过立法和切实措施继续努力改善农村妇女的状况，并确保旨在促进两性平等的所有政策和方案深入农村地区并得到充分执行，包括促进妇女有机会拥有土地和财产以及获得财政支持和援助。委员会还建议缔约国实施对性别问题有敏感认识的农村发展战略和方案，加速实施措施，促进年轻妇女务农，确保农村妇女充分参与制定和实施措施。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "38. 委员会确认《民法》修正案(2007年12月)，其旨在保护配偶在另一方配偶处置财产时有权在法庭决定财产分配前恢复夫妻财产，但感到关切的是，在缔约国，离婚时平等分配夫妻财产只涉及有形财产(动产和不动产)，不包括养老金和储蓄基金等无形财产，而有形财产的平等分配基于法院先例且没有法律约束力。委员会还关切的是，婚姻任何一方的“过错”可能作为决定离婚案中财产分割的考虑因素。", "39. 委员会建议缔约国采取必要的立法措施，把养老金和储蓄基金等有形和无形财产作为夫妻财产的一部分，并在立法中纳入离婚时平等分配夫妻财产的规定，与关于婚姻和家庭关系平等的《公约》第16条和委员会第21(1994)号一般性建议保持一致。委员会还建议采取立法措施，在确定离婚案中财产分割时不要考虑“过错”因素。", "国家人权机构", "40. 委员会赞赏韩国国家人权委员会每年对报告程序的贡献以及向委员会提供关于侵犯人权和歧视请愿数目的资料，但委员会同经济、社会和文化委员会一样(见E/C.12/KOR/CO/3)感到关切的是，国家人权委员会缩减了21%，而所有其他部委最多缩减了2%，且会员国最近的事态发展已经威胁到委员会的独立性。", "41. 委员会提醒缔约国有责任确保韩国国家人权委员会仍然遵守《巴黎原则》，尤其是它的独立性。委员会敦促缔约国按照《韩国全国人权委员会法》向全国人权委员会划拨足够的人力和财政资源，包括人权问题专家，并加强其在两性平等和妇女权利等方面的监督职能，以便恢复可信性、公众的信心和合法性。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "42. 委员会促请缔约国在履行《公约》义务时，充分利用加强《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》，并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关信息。", "千年发展目标", "43. 委员会强调，充分和有效地执行《公约》对实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在实现目标的一切工作中纳入性别观点，明确体现《公约》各项规定，并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关信息。", "传播", "44. 委员会请大韩民国广泛传播结论意见，使所有人，政府官员、政治家、议员以及妇女和人权组织，都认识到为了确保妇女在形式和实质上的平等而采取的步骤，以及这方面需要采取的进一步步骤。委员会建议将结论意见传播到社区一级。鼓励缔约国举办一系列会议，讨论在实施本结论意见方面取得的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播，特别是向妇女和人权组织传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果文件。", "批准其他条约", "45. 委员会指出缔约国加入所有九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将有助于妇女进一步享受生活所有领域人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励大韩民国考虑批准其尚未加入的下述公约：《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见后续行动", "46. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为了落实上文第15段和第21段所载各项建议而采取的措施。", "下一次报告的编写", "47. 委员会要求缔约国确保所有的部委和公共机构都能广泛参与下一次定期报告的编写，并在此阶段与各个妇女和人权组织开展协商。", "48. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中对在上述结论意见表示的关切作出答复。委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交其第八次定期报告。", "49. 委员会请缔约国遵循人权条约机构委员会间技术工作组于2006年6月通过的“根据国际人权条约提交报告的协调准则，包括编写共同核心文件、提交具体条约报告的准则”(见HRI/MC/2006/3和corr.1)。在遵循编写核心文件的协调准则的同时，还必须遵循委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的关于具体条约的报告准则。这两份准则构成了“根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则”。关于每项条约的报告不得超过40页，增补的共同核心文件不得超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Republic of Korea", "1. The Committee considered the seventh periodic report of the Republic of Korea (CEDAW/C/KOR/7) at its 987th and 988th meetings on 19 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.987 and 988). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7 and the responses are contained in CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7/Add.1.", "Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its seventh periodic report, which generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports and included a section with information on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Committee’s previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6). The Committee also expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by the pre-session working group and the clarifications to the questions posed orally by the Committee, although responses to some of the questions were not adequate.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its high-level delegation, headed by the Minister of Gender Equality and Family, which included representatives from various ministries and departments and women representatives from the National Assembly. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "Positive aspects", "4. The Committee notes with appreciation that, since the consideration of its sixth periodic report (CEDAW/C/KOR/6) in 2007, the State party has enacted and revised numerous laws and legal provisions aimed at eliminating discrimination against women and promoting gender equality in order to achieve compliance with its obligations under the Convention. In particular, it welcomes the adoption of the amendment of:", "(a) The Civil Act (December 2007), setting the minimum age of marriage at 18 years for both men and women;", "(b) The Act on Protection of Children and Youths from Sexual Violence (April 2010), establishing ex officio prosecution for sexual violence offences against children;", "(c) The Life Ethics and Safety Act (2008), establishing the requirement of informed and written consent in cases of donations or harvesting of eggs for reproductive purposes and limiting the frequency and number of donations per woman.", "5. The Committee welcomes the launch of a comprehensive plan to prevent domestic violence (2011), which focuses on strengthening the initial action against cases of domestic violence and on better protection for victims.", "6. The Committee appreciates the State party’s efforts to integrate a gender dimension into its development cooperation programmes and to promote women’s human rights within that framework.", "7. The Committee commends the State party’s ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 11 December 2008.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "8. The Committee recalls the State party’s obligation to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the State party’s priority attention between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on the action taken and the results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the National Assembly and the judiciary, to ensure their full implementation.", "National Assembly", "9. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the State party’s obligations under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and invites the State party to encourage its National Assembly, in line with its procedures and where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the Government’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Reservations", "10. While the Committee acknowledges the information provided regarding the State party’s ongoing consultations on the withdrawal of its reservation to article 16, paragraph 1 (g) of the Convention on the same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation, it expresses its concern about the lack of a clear time frame to end those consultations and withdraw the reservation.", "11. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (see CEDAW/C/ KOR/CO/6) and urges the State party, in its consideration, to separate issues related to article 16, paragraph 1 (g) from those related to paragraph 1 (d) and thereby expedite its efforts towards the withdrawal, within a concrete time frame, of its reservation to article 16, paragraph 1 (g) of the Convention.", "Visibility of the Convention and its Optional Protocol", "12. The Committee takes note of the information provided during the dialogue regarding the large-scale meetings to share the Committee’s previous concluding observations among government offices, judicial authorities, non-governmental organizations and the Korean Women’s Development Institute. It also notes the State party’s efforts to disseminate the Convention and its Optional Protocol among the National Assembly, media organizations and legal professionals. However, the Committee is concerned that these initiatives have not targeted judiciary and law enforcement officials. It is particularly concerned that women themselves are not aware of their rights under the Convention or of the complaints procedure under the Optional Protocol and thus lack the capacity to claim the full promotion, protection and fulfilment of their rights on an equal basis with men.", "13. The Committee encourages the State party to continue to create awareness of and adequately disseminate the Convention, its Optional Protocol, the procedures under the Protocol and the Committee’s general recommendations among all stakeholders, including Government ministries, parliamentarians, the judiciary and law enforcement officers, to create awareness of women’s human rights. The Committee urges the State party to undertake educational and awareness-raising campaigns targeted at women and the judiciary to enhance women’s awareness of existing provisions to protect their human rights, thereby ensuring that women can avail themselves of the procedures and remedies under the Optional Protocol for violations of their rights under the Convention.", "Discriminatory laws", "14. While the Committee notes that the consultations on the adoption of the Anti‑Discrimination Bill and on the effectiveness of some 90 pre-existing laws on discrimination conducted by the Subcommittee on Anti-Discrimination Laws were concluded at the end of 2010, it regrets the lack of information on the results of those consultations and the slow progress in the adoption of the Anti-Discrimination Bill in the State party, which has been on hold since May 2008.", "15. The Committee calls on the State party to take urgent steps towards the adoption of a comprehensive Anti-Discrimination Act, in line with articles 1 and 2 of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 28 (2010), that includes a clear prohibition of all forms of discrimination, both direct and indirect, and takes into account article 2 (4) of the National Human Rights Commission Act (Korea, 2005), which prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "16. The Committee takes note of the increase in the human and financial resources allocated to the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family since the reinstatement of the Ministry’s mandate in March 2010 as the Government body responsible for overseeing all policies relating to women, youth and family. However, the Committee is concerned that merging family affairs and gender equality in a single mandate may directly or indirectly reinforce traditional patriarchal norms and undermine the achievement of gender equality. Furthermore, while the Committee notes that gender mainstreaming is guaranteed through gender-impact assessments, carried out by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, of public policies and programmes in place across all levels of government, it is concerned that the assessments are used as an ex post facto rather than an a priori tool and that the Ministry’s influence in respect of the actual formulation, design and implementation of such public policies and programmes is therefore small. In addition, the Committee notes the absence of a clearly defined coordinating mechanism to ensure horizontal and vertical coherence in the implementation of gender equality programmes. It is also concerned that despite the mandatory character of gender-responsive budgeting for Government bodies, as indicated in the National Fiscal Act, the amount of financial resources allocated to women’s empowerment from the overall public budget is very limited.", "17. Recalling its general recommendations No. 6 and the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular regarding the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Clearly define the mandate, responsibilities and allocation of human and financial resources of the three portfolios (gender, youth and family) of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family and institute a clear coordination mechanism for ensuring horizontal and vertical coherence in the work of the Ministry;", "(b) Strengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to use gender-impact assessments to inform the formulation and implementation of legislation and policy measures in the field of gender equality and to inform gender-responsive budgeting at all levels of government and provide advice on, coordinate and monitor such measures.", "18. The Committee takes note of the adoption of the Third Basic Plan for Women’s Policies (2008-2012) which, inter alia, contains two policy objectives, women’s active participation in the management of the nation and the improvement of women’s economic capacity. However, it is concerned about the negative impact that the removal of women’s policy units and gender equality officers from some ministries and Government bodies may have on the overall implementation of the Plan.", "19. The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary measures to ensure the full implementation of the Third Basic Plan for Women’s Policies (2008-2012), including by reinstating the women’s units and gender equality officers.", "Violence against women", "20. While taking note of the various measures in place to protect victims of sexual violence and domestic violence, such as the launch of an emergency hotline and the existence of State-run counselling centres and shelters for victims of violence, including specific centres for foreign wives who are victims of domestic violence, the Committee is concerned that the low rate of reported cases does not correspond with the actual number of cases of domestic violence occurring in the State party, despite the obligation for education and health-care professionals and social workers to report such cases, in conformity with article 4 of the Special Procedure Act on the Punishment of Domestic Violence. It is also concerned about the Criminal Code provision requiring adult victims of sexual violence to file a complaint in order to have their cases prosecuted and about the consequent low number of victims who present charges and low number of prosecutions and convictions. The Committee also expresses its concern about the limited number of women police officers available to deal with cases of sexual and domestic violence. It reiterates its regret that marital rape is not criminalized in the State party’s legislation but only in case law.", "21. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Take the necessary measures to encourage the reporting of domestic and sexual violence cases, including by ensuring that education professionals, health-care providers and social workers are fully familiar with relevant legal provisions and are sensitized to all forms of violence against women and are capable of complying with their obligation to report cases;", "(b) Review and amend the Criminal Code and other relevant legislation to remove provisions that require adult victims of sexual violence to file a complaint in order to have their cases prosecuted;", "(c) Take measures to increase the number of women police officers and steps to enhance their capacity to deal with cases of violence against women in a gender-sensitive manner;", "(d) Conduct awareness-raising campaigns for women, including foreign women, to make them aware of their rights and avenues of redress, including available measures for protection against and prevention of domestic violence;", "(e) Take all legislative measures necessary to criminalize marital rape, defined on the basis of lack of consent of the wife;", "(f) Collect data and conduct research on the prevalence, causes and consequences of all forms of violence against women, including violence in the domestic sphere, in line with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19 (1992), and use such data as the basis for further comprehensive measures and targeted interventions. The Committee invites the State party to include statistical data and the results of measures taken in its next periodic report.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "22. The Committee is concerned that the State party lacks a comprehensive statute dealing with trafficking of human beings and reiterates its concern about the persistence of trafficking and exploitation of prostitution and the lack of data on these phenomena. It is particularly concerned about women migrant workers, who enter the country under an E-6 entertainment work visa, and foreign wives, who enter the country through international marriage brokerage agencies, since information received indicates that many of these women fall victim to trafficking and exploitation of prostitution. The Committee is also concerned that even though women engaged in prostitution in the State party may have access to counselling centres, they must prove their status as victims in order not to be prosecuted for the offence of prostitution. Further, the Committee is concerned that the State party has signed but not ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "23. Reiterating its recommendation to fully implement article 6 of the Convention (see CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6), the Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Adopt a comprehensive law on trafficking in human beings and amend relevant legislation, such as the Criminal Code, to include trafficking as an offence;", "(b) Take measures to enhance its current initial screening procedure of entertainment companies who recruit foreign women and to establish an effective in situ monitoring mechanism of the establishments where women under an E-6 visa work to ensure that they are not being subjected to exploitation of prostitution;", "(c) Take legislative and other measures to ensure effective implementation of the Marriage Brokerage Control Act, in order to protect foreign women against exploitation and abuse by marriage brokers and traffickers and by their spouses;", "(d) Review its prostitution policy and relevant legislation, including the Criminal Code, with a view to decriminalizing women’s involvement in prostitution and ensuring that women involved in the sex trade are not punished;", "(e) Take further measures to protect and support women and girls who are victims of trafficking and to address the root cause of trafficking;", "(f) Take appropriate measures to suppress the exploitation of prostitution of women, including by discouraging the demand for prostitution, and to provide rehabilitation and economic empowerment programmes for women and girls exploited in prostitution, thereby facilitating their reintegration into society;", "(g) Ratify the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "Participation in political and public life", "24. The Committee expresses its concern about the slow progress in increasing women’s participation in political and public life, in particular in decision-making positions in the Government, in parliament, the judiciary, the diplomatic service and the private sector, and in academia as high school principals and university professors, despite measures in place to increase the number of women in these spheres, such as the Employment of Female Manager-Level Public Officers Initiative.", "25. The Committee urges the State party to strengthen its efforts to increase the representation of women in political and public life through, inter alia, the implementation of temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 (2004), in order to accelerate the realization of women’s substantive equality with men. It calls upon the State party to consider using a range of possible measures, such as quotas, benchmarks, targets and incentives, in particular with regard to the accelerated implementation of articles 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to provide data and information on the representation of women, in political and public life, in the private sector, academia and the diplomatic service in its next periodic report.", "Nationality", "26. The Committee acknowledges the written and oral information provided on the eligibility requirements for acquiring Korean nationality. However, it is concerned about the difficulties foreign women married to Korean men may face in acquiring Korean nationality if they do not comply with the prerequisite of being supported by their husbands in order to file a naturalization application and if they do not have children.", "27. The Committee recommends that the State party revise its legislation governing nationality with a view to removing all discriminatory provisions relating to the requirements for acquiring Korean nationality, in accordance with article 9 of the Convention.", "Education", "28. While taking note of measures such as the Act on Supporting Women in Science and Technology that have long been in place to encourage women’s participation in non-female traditional fields such as science and technology, the Committee is concerned about the persistence of segregation in respect of fields of study in higher education and vocational training, which ultimately results in sex segregation in the labour market. It is particularly concerned that this segregation is the result of persistent patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and in society. The Committee is also concerned about the limited information provided during the dialogue on the degree of compliance by academic institutions with the compulsory 10-hour course on sexual education for students.", "29. The Committee recommends that the State party enhance its compliance with article 10 and raise awareness of the importance of education for the empowerment of women. It encourages the State party to institute measures to revise textbooks used at all levels to eliminate gender stereotypes and to introduce mandatory gender training for teachers in an effort to overcome patriarchal attitudes and gender role stereotypes that create discriminatory barriers to the education of girls and women. The Committee further recommends that girls and women continue to be actively encouraged to choose non-traditional fields of study and professions. It recommends that the State party establish an effective monitoring mechanism to ensure that students are provided with the 10-hour compulsory course on sexual education and that it consider introducing a more comprehensive, age-appropriate programme on sexual and reproductive health and rights for both girls and boys as a regular part of the curriculum at the elementary and secondary levels.", "Employment", "30. The Committee is concerned about the lack of adequate disaggregated data on which to determine the precise positioning of women in the formal and informal labour markets. It is further concerned about the disadvantages women face in the employment sector, including the concentration of women in certain low-wage sectors, the related lack of job security and benefits, in particular for non-regular workers (part-time and short-term), and the significant wage gap between men and women. The Committee remains concerned about the lack of effective monitoring mechanisms and complaints procedures for women to claim their rights and the consequent possible reluctance of women to seek remedies in cases of sexual harassment in the workplace.", "31. The Committee urges the State party, in its next periodic report, to present disaggregated data on labour market indicators. The State party is also urged to diligently monitor the situation of women in the labour market and to increase the number of women in regular work by ensuring that enterprises provide more opportunities for women to gain access to full-time and regular employment and to protect those in non-regular work by extending benefits, including paid maternity leave, to part-time and short-time workers, the majority of whom are women. The Committee calls upon the State party to enforce the provisions of the Equal Employment Act in regard to equal pay for work of equal value. It also calls upon the State party to ensure that effective monitoring mechanisms are in place to achieve compliance with existing legislation and that there are procedures in place for women to file complaints in respect of violations of their labour rights, in particular in cases of sexual harassment.", "32. While noting the State party’s legislative and policy efforts such as the Act on Gender Equality in Employment and Support for Work-Family Reconciliation, the Basic Plan on Gender Equality in Employment and Work-Family Reconciliation (2008) and other measures to improve the balance between family and work life, the Committee is concerned that domestic and family responsibilities are still primarily borne by women, as reflected in one of the expected outcomes of the Basic Plan, namely the acceleration of the low fertility rate and the consequent interruption of women’s careers or their engagement in part-time jobs to meet family responsibilities. It is also concerned about the limited number of men taking parental leave. The Committee is concerned about the negative impact, in terms of social security benefits, of the increased and ongoing conversion of women’s contracts from regular workers to non-regular, part-time or short-term workers. It is further concerned about the limited number of State-run childcare centres, the trend to privatize such facilities and the high fees charged by private childcare centres, which make them inaccessible to many working women, in particular those in low-income, female-headed households.", "33. The Committee encourages the State party to promote co-responsibility in the domestic sphere and to step up its efforts to assist women and men in striking a balance between family and employment responsibilities through, inter alia, additional awareness-raising and education initiatives for both women and men on the equal sharing of childcare and domestic tasks and by ensuring that part-time employment is not taken up almost exclusively by women. The Committee urges the State party to strengthen its efforts to improve the provision and affordability of childcare facilities for children in different age groups, in particular those in female-headed households, and to encourage more men to avail themselves of parental leave.", "Health", "34. The Committee is concerned about the lack of detailed information on measures in place to address the deteriorating mental health situation of women, including depression. It is particularly concerned about the increasing suicide rates among women, which is the second cause of death among women in the State party. It is also concerned about the higher morbidity rates and poorer health status among women with lower income levels compared to women with higher income levels, even though there is universal health insurance coverage. The Committee also expresses its concern that, even though abortion is allowed under certain circumstances, including rape and incest, in accordance with articles 14 and 15 of the Mother and Fatherless Childcare Act, abortion is still a punishable offence under articles 269 and 270 of the Criminal Code of the State party.", "35. The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to address the deteriorating mental health situation, in particular depression. It also encourages the State party to fully implement its suicide prevention policies (2009-2013) and to provide information in its next periodic report on the policies and results achieved. The Committee recommends that the State party pay special attention to the situation of older women with low income levels, to ensure that they have full access to health-care and social services. It also urges the State party to consider reviewing legislation relating to abortion, in particular the Criminal Code, with a view to removing the punitive provisions imposed on women who undergo an abortion, and to provide them with access to quality services for the management of complications arising from unsafe abortion, in accordance with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24 (1999).", "Rural women", "36. The Committee notes that women represent 53.3 per cent of the agricultural workers in the State party and that there are measures in place to achieve rural women’s substantive equality with men, such as the Second 5-Year Plan Fostering Women Farmers. It also takes note that the Young Farmers Initiative Programme includes a 20 per cent quota for women. However, the Committee is concerned that 70.3 per cent of family farms are owned by men while only 26.3 per cent are owned by elderly widows, which shows that it is difficult for women to own land and property. It is also concerned that Government agricultural financial support and assistance are provided to heads of households, which are mostly men, and that women can therefore gain access to such assistance only through their husbands or other family members.", "37. The Committee recommends that the State party continue its efforts to improve the situation of rural women through both legislative and practical measures and to ensure that all policies and programmes aimed at promoting gender equality reach the rural areas and are fully implemented, including to facilitate women’s ability to own land and property, as well as to provide financial support and assistance. The Committee also recommends that the State party implement gender-sensitive rural development strategies and programmes and that it accelerate its measures to promote farming among young women, ensuring the full participation of rural women in their formulation and implementation.", "Marriage and family relations", "38. While the Committee acknowledges the amendment to the Civil Code (December 2007), which seeks to protect the rights of the spouse to have marital property restored in cases where the other spouse has disposed of the property before a court has taken a decision on its distribution, it is concerned that in the State party the equal sharing of marital property upon divorce relates only to tangible property (movable and immovable) and does not include intangible property such as pension and savings funds and that the equal sharing of tangible property is based on court precedent and is not legally binding. The Committee is further concerned that “fault” of either party to the marriage may be taken into account in determining the division of assets in divorce cases.", "39. The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary legislative measures to recognize both tangible and intangible property, such as pension and savings funds, as part of marital property and to incorporate a rule of equal distribution of marital property upon divorce in its legislation, in line with article 16 of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations. The Committee further recommends that legislative measures be taken to eliminate consideration of “fault” in the determination of the division of assets in divorce cases.", "National Human Rights Institution", "40. While appreciating the contribution of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea to the reporting process and the data on the number of human rights violations and discrimination petitions filed before the Commission per year, the Committee shares the concern of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (see E/C.12/KOR/CO/3) that the Commission was downsized by 21 per cent, whereas all the other ministries were downsized by 2 per cent at the most and that recent developments in the State party have put the independence of the Commission at risk.", "41. The Committee reminds the State party of its responsibility to ensure that the National Human Rights Commission of Korea remains compliant with the Paris Principles, in particular with respect to its independence. It urges the State party to allocate to the Commission adequate human and financial resources, including human rights experts, in accordance with the National Human Rights Commission of Korea Act, and to strengthen its monitoring functions, including in the area of gender and women’s rights, with a view to regaining credibility, public confidence and legitimacy.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "42. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "43. The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Goals and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "44. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in the Republic of Korea of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure formal and substantive equality of women and of the additional steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that this dissemination include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of the observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "45. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. It therefore encourages the Government of the Republic of Korea to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "46. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 15 and 21 above.", "Preparation of next report", "47. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report, and to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "48. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. It invites the State party to submit its eighth periodic report in July 2015.", "49. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (see HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages and the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of CEDAW", "Republic of Korea", "At its 987th and 988th meetings, on 19 July 2011, the Committee considered the seventh periodic report of the Republic of Korea (CEDAW/C/KOR/7) (see CEDAW/C/SR.987 and 988). The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7 and is contained in CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7/Add.1.", "Introduction", "The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for submitting its seventh periodic report in accordance with the guidelines for the preparation of its periodic reports. The report includes a section on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Committee's previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6). The State party provided an oral presentation and written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by the pre-session working group and further clarified the questions posed orally by the Committee, despite insufficient responses to some questions. The Committee expresses its appreciation for this.", "The Committee commends the State party for its high-level delegation. The delegation was headed by the Minister for Gender Equality and Family Affairs, which included representatives of ministries and departments, as well as women representatives of the National Assembly. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "Positive aspects", "The Committee notes with appreciation that since the Committee's consideration of the sixth periodic report of States parties in 2007 (CEDAW/C/KOR/6), the State has enacted and revised several legal and legal provisions aimed at eliminating discrimination against women and promoting gender equality with a view to fulfilling its obligations under the Convention. The Committee particularly welcomes the adoption of amendments:", "(a) The Civil Code (December 2007) set the minimum age of marriage for women and men at 18 years;", "(b) The Protection of Children and Adolescents from Sexual Violence Act (April 2010) provides for the prosecution of sexual violence crimes against children;", "(c) The Life Ethics and Safety Act (2008) stipulates that requests for informed written consent are required to do so for reproductive purposes and limits the frequency and quantity of contributions to each woman.", "The Committee welcomes the comprehensive plan launched to prevent domestic violence (2011), which focuses on initial actions to strengthen domestic violence cases and better protection of victims.", "The Committee commends the State party for its efforts to integrate the gender dimension into its development cooperation programmes and to promote women's human rights within this framework.", "The Committee commends the State party for ratifying the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 11 December 2008.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "The Committee recalls the State party's obligation to systematically and continuously implement the provisions of the Convention, and believes that, from now to the submission of its next periodic report, the State party must give priority to the recommendations of the present concluding observations. The Committee therefore urges the State party to focus its implementation activities on those areas and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee also calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to the relevant ministries and the National Assembly and the judiciary in order to ensure their full implementation.", "National Assembly", "The Committee reiterates that the Government has the primary responsibility for the full implementation of the State party's obligations under the Convention, in particular accountability, while emphasizing that the Convention is binding on all government departments, and requests the State party to encourage the National Assembly, in accordance with its procedures, to take the necessary steps to implement the present concluding observations and to implement the Government's next reporting process in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.", "Reservations", "The Committee acknowledges the information provided by the State party on its consultations with regard to the withdrawal of reservations to article 16, paragraph 1 (g), of the Convention, concerning the same personal rights of couples, including the right to choose surname, profession and occupation, but expresses concern at the lack of such consultations and the clear time frame for the withdrawal of reservations.", "The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (see CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6), and urges the State party, in its deliberations, to separate the issues relating to article 16, paragraph 1 (g), from those relating to paragraph 1 (d), in order to expedite efforts to withdraw its reservation to article 16, paragraph 1 (g), of the Convention within a specific time frame.", "The visibility of the Convention and its Optional Protocol", "The Committee took note of the information provided during the dialogue on the convening of large-scale meetings to share information on the Committee's previous concluding observations among governmental bodies, judicial authorities, non-governmental organizations and the Korean Institute for Women Development. The Committee also notes the State party's efforts to promote the Convention and its Optional Protocol among the National Assembly, the media institutions and legal communities. However, the Committee is concerned that these initiatives do not target justice and law enforcement officials. The Committee is particularly concerned that women themselves do not know their rights under the Convention or the complaints procedures set out in the Optional Protocol, and therefore lack the capacity to promote, protect and fulfil their rights in a comprehensive manner on the basis of equality with men.", "The Committee encourages the State party to continue to raise awareness among all stakeholders, including Government ministries, parliamentarians, the judiciary and law enforcement officials of the Convention, the Optional Protocol and its procedures and the Committee's general recommendations, in order to raise awareness of women's human rights. The Committee also urges the State party to carry out educational and awareness-raising campaigns for women and the judiciary to raise awareness of existing provisions for the protection of their human rights, thereby ensuring that women are able to take advantage of the procedures and remedies set out in the Optional Protocol when the rights enshrined in the Convention are violated.", "Discrimination", "Although the Committee notes that the consultations undertaken by the Subcommittee on Anti-Discrimination Law on the adoption of the Anti-Discrimination Act and the almost 90 existing laws on discrimination have been concluded by the end of 2010, the Committee regrets the lack of information on the results of those consultations, the slow progress in the adoption of the Anti-Discrimination Act and the fact that the State party has been held since May 2008.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to take urgent steps to adopt a comprehensive anti-discrimination law that explicitly prohibits all forms of discrimination and direct and indirect discrimination, in accordance with articles 1 and 2 of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 28 (2010).", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "The Committee notes the increase in the human and financial resources allocated to the Ministry since the mandate of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family as a government agency responsible for all policies concerning women, youth and the family in March 2010. However, the Committee is concerned at the consolidation of family affairs and gender equality as a single task that may directly or indirectly strengthen the norms of traditional patriarchals that affect gender equality. Furthermore, the Committee notes that gender mainstreaming is guaranteed through the assessment by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family of existing public policies and programmes across all levels of government, but is concerned that gender impact assessments are used as ex post facto rather than ex-post instruments, and that the Department has little impact on the practical formulation, design and implementation of such public policies and programmes. Furthermore, the Committee notes the lack of a well-defined coordination mechanism to ensure that gender equality programmes are implemented both horizontal and vertically. The Committee is also concerned that, despite the fact that, as shown in the National Finance Act, gender budgeting by government agencies is mandatory, the allocation of financial resources for the empowerment of women from the entire public budget is very limited.", "The Committee recalls its general recommendation 6 and the guidelines set out in the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular those relating to the establishment of the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, and recommends that the State party:", "(a) A clear definition of the mandate, responsibilities and human and financial resources allocated to three components (gender equality, youth and the family) and a clear coordination mechanism to ensure coherence in the work of the Ministry in both horizontal and vertical terms;", "(b) Strengthen the relevant capacity of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to use the gender impact assessment to provide information on legislative and policy measures in the area of gender equality, and to provide information on gender-responsive budgeting at all levels of government, providing advice, coordination and monitoring on such measures.", "The Committee notes the adoption of the Third Basic Plan for Women's Policy (2008-2012), which includes, inter alia, two policy goals, women's active participation in national management and improvement of women's economic capacities. However, the Committee is concerned that the elimination of the Women's Policy Unit and Gender Affairs officers in some ministries and government agencies may have a negative impact on the overall implementation of the Plan.", "The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary measures to ensure the full implementation of the Third Basic Plan for Women's Policy (2008-2012), which includes the use of rehabilitation units and gender affairs officers.", "Violence against women", "While noting the existence of a number of measures to protect victims of sexual violence and domestic violence, such as the introduction of emergency hotlines, the establishment of national counselling centres and shelters for victims of violence, including the establishment of special centres for foreign wives who have been victims of domestic violence, the Committee is concerned that, despite the obligation of education and health professionals and social workers to report such cases under article 4 of the Special Procedures Act on the Punishment of Domestic Violence, the low reporting rate is incompatible with the actual number of cases of domestic violence in the State party. The Committee is also concerned that the provisions of the Criminal Code stipulate that adult victims of sexual violence are subject to a complaint to prosecute their cases and that the number of victims of the allegations is low and that the rate of prosecution and conviction is low. The Committee is also concerned at the limited number of female police officers available to handle cases of sexual violence and domestic violence. The Committee reiterates its regret that the State party has not criminalized marital rape in legislation but only in case law.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Take the necessary measures to encourage the reporting of cases of domestic violence and sexual violence, including ensuring that education professionals, health workers and social workers are fully familiar with the relevant legal provisions that are sensitive to all forms of violence against women and are able to comply with their reporting obligations;", "(b) Review and revise the Criminal Code and other relevant legislation to remove provisions requiring complaints from adult victims of sexual violence to prosecute their cases;", "(c) Take measures to increase the number of female police officers and take steps to increase their capacity to address cases of violence against women in a gender-sensitive manner;", "(d) Awareness-raising campaigns for women, including foreign women, to familiarize them with their rights and means of redress, including measures that could be used to protect and prevent domestic violence;", "(e) To take all necessary legislative measures to criminalize marital rape based on consent of the wife;", "(f) Data collection and research on the prevalence, root causes and consequences of all forms of violence against women, including within the family, in line with the Committee's general recommendation 19 (1992), and use such data as the basis for future comprehensive measures and targeted interventions. The Committee requests the State party to include in its next periodic report statistical data and the results of the measures taken.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "The Committee is concerned at the lack of a comprehensive decree dealing with trafficking in persons and reiterates its concern about the persistence of trafficking and exploitation of prostitution and the lack of data on these phenomena. The Committee is particularly concerned about the entry of E-6 recreational visa visas to women migrant workers in the country and the entry into the country's foreign wives through international matrimonial intermediaries, as information received indicates that many women are victims of trafficking and exploitation of prostitution. The Committee is also concerned that although women working in prostitution in the State party may have access to counselling centres, they must prove their victim status so that they will not be prosecuted for prostitution. In addition, the Committee is concerned at the fact that the State party has signed only the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "The Committee reiterates its request for the full implementation of article 6 of the Convention (see CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6), and urges the State party:", "(a) To include trafficking in a crime through a comprehensive law on trafficking in persons and to amend the relevant legislation, such as the Criminal Code;", "(b) Take measures to strengthen the current initial screening process for the hiring of foreign women's recreation companies and to establish mechanisms for effective on-site monitoring of places of women with E-6 visas to ensure that they are not exploited for prostitution;", "(c) Adopt legislative and other measures to ensure the effective implementation of the Marriage brokering Control Act to protect foreign women from exploitation and abuse by marriage, traffickers and their spouses;", "(d) To review their policies and relevant examples of prostitution, including the Criminal Code, in order to ensure that women are not criminalized for their participation in prostitution and sexual transactions;", "(e) Take further measures to protect and support women and girls who are victims of trafficking and address the root causes of trafficking;", "(f) Take appropriate measures to put an end to the exploitation of prostitution of women, including by preventing the demand for prostitution and by providing rehabilitation and economic empowerment programmes for women and girls who have been exploited for prostitution, thereby promoting their reintegration into society;", "(g) Ratification of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "Political participation and participation in public life", "The Committee is concerned at the slow progress made in increasing women's political participation and participation in public life, in particular in decision-making positions in the Government, Parliament, the judiciary, the diplomatic community and the private sector, as well as in the representation of high school heads and university professors in academia, although many measures have been put in place to increase the number of women in these areas, such as the Women Managers Initiative.", "The Committee urges the State party to intensify its efforts to increase the representation of women in political and public life, in particular in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25 (2004), in order to accelerate the realization of gender equality. The Committee calls upon the State party to consider using a range of possible measures, such as quotas, benchmarks, indicators and incentives, in particular with regard to the accelerated implementation of articles 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to include in its next periodic report data and information on the representation of women in political and public life, the private sector, academia and the diplomatic service.", "Nationality", "The Committee confirmed that written and oral information had been received on the eligibility of Korean nationality. However, the Committee is concerned that foreign women married to Korean men may face serious difficulties in acquiring Korean citizenship if they do not meet the conditions of their husband's support for naturalization.", "The Committee recommends that the State party amend its nationality legislation, in accordance with article 9 of the Convention, with a view to eliminating all discriminatory provisions concerning the acquisition of citizenship provisions in Korea.", "Education", "The Committee notes the early development of a number of measures, such as the Support for Women and Science and Technology Act to encourage women to participate in non-traditional areas of women, such as science and technology, and is concerned at the persistence of research segregation in higher education and vocational training, leading to gender segregation in the labour market. The Committee is particularly concerned about the persistence of patriarchal attitudes in the family and society, as well as stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men. The Committee is also concerned at the limited information provided during the dialogue on the compliance of academic institutions with the requirement of 10 hours of sexual education for school students.", "The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its compliance with article 10 and promote awareness of the importance of education for the empowerment of women. The Committee encourages the State party to take measures to revise textbooks used at all levels to eliminate gender stereotypes and introduce mandatory gender training for teachers in order to work to overcome patriarchal attitudes and gender stereotypes that pose discriminatory barriers to girls and women's education. The Committee recommends that girls and women continue to be actively encouraged to choose non-traditional research areas and occupations. The Committee also recommends that the State party develop effective monitoring mechanisms to ensure that 10 hours of sexual education are provided to students and that a more comprehensive, age-sensitive education programme for boys and girls is used as a formal part of the basic and secondary education curriculum in the education system.", "Employment", "The Committee is concerned at the lack of sufficient disaggregated data to determine the precise position of women in the formal and informal labour market. The Committee is also concerned at the disadvantage faced by women in the employment sector, including the concentration of women in some low-paid sectors, in particular the lack of relevant job security and benefits, and the significant wage gap between women and men. The Committee remains concerned at the lack of effective monitoring mechanisms and complaints procedures for women's claims and the fact that women may not be willing to seek redress for sexual harassment in the workplace.", "The Committee urges the State party to provide disaggregated data on labour market indicators in its next periodic report. It also urges the State party to carefully monitor the situation of women in the labour market, increase the number of women in formal work, ensure that businesses increase women's access to full-time and formal employment, thereby increasing the number of women in formal employment, and protect those employed in informal work and provide benefits to the majority of women's zero-workers and short-term workers, including paid maternity leave. The Committee calls upon the State party to implement the provisions of the Equal Employment Act on equal pay for work of equal value. The Committee also calls upon the State party to ensure that effective monitoring mechanisms are put in place so that they are consistent with existing legislation and that procedures are put in place to bring complaints against women in violation of the right to work, in particular when sexual harassment occurs.", "The Committee notes the legislative and policy work undertaken by the State party, such as the Gender Equality in Employment and the Family Code and the Basic Plan for the Equalization of Work and Family in Employment (2008), as well as other measures to improve the balance between family and work life, but is concerned that domestic and family responsibilities remain primarily borne by women, as reflected in one of the expected outcomes of the Basic Plan, namely, accelerating low fertility and the resulting interruption of employment or zero work for women in fulfilling their family responsibilities. The Committee is also concerned at the limited number of men taking parental leave. The Committee is also concerned about the negative impact of social security benefits, as women's contracts have increased and sustained from formal work to informal, zero and/or short-term workers. The Committee is also concerned at the limited number of State childcare centres, which have privatization trends and high private childcare centres, which are not accessible to many employed women, especially female heads of households with low income.", "The Committee encourages the State party to promote common responsibilities in the family and to intensify its efforts to assist women and men in achieving a balance between their family and work responsibilities, in particular by further raising awareness among women and men about the equal sharing of child care and household work, as well as ensuring that no work is carried out by women. The Committee urges the State party to intensify its efforts to improve the availability and affordability of childcare facilities for children in different age groups, in particular female-headed households, and to encourage more men to take parental leave.", "Health", "The Committee is concerned at the lack of detailed information on whether measures have been taken to address the deteriorating mental health situation of women, including depression. In particular, the Committee is concerned at the high rate of suicide among women, the second largest cause of death in the State party. The Committee is also concerned that, despite the existence of universal health insurance, the incidence of low-income women is high and poor. The Committee is also concerned at the fact that abortion is still punishable in accordance with articles 14 and 15 of the Mother and the Children's Health Act.", "The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to address the deteriorating mental health situation, in particular depression. The Committee also encourages the State party to fully implement its policy on suicide prevention (2009-2013) and to provide information on policies and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee recommends that the State party pay particular attention to the situation of low-income older women in order to ensure their full access to health and social services. The Committee also urges the State party to consider reviewing the law relating to abortion, in particular the Criminal Code, with a view to eliminating punitive provisions on abortion women and providing them with access to quality services in line with the Committee's general recommendation No. 2 (1999) to control complications arising from unsafe abortion.", "Rural women", "The Committee notes that the State party has 53.3 per cent of women in agricultural workers and that the State party has also developed measures aimed at achieving substantive equality between rural women and men, such as the development of the second five-year plan for women farmers. The Committee also notes the policy provision that the Youth Farmer Initiative programme includes 20 per cent of women's quotas. However, the Committee is concerned that 70.3 per cent of the household farms are owned by men and that only 26.3 per cent of the household farms are owned by older widows, indicating that women have difficulties in ownership of land and property. The Committee is also concerned that the Government's agricultural financial support and assistance are provided to heads of households, most of whom are male, and that women have access to such assistance only through husbands or other family members.", "The Committee recommends that the State party continue its efforts to improve the situation of rural women through legislation and practical measures and ensure that all policies and programmes aimed at promoting gender equality are fully implemented in rural areas, including by promoting women's access to land and property and financial support and assistance. The Committee also recommends that the State party implement gender-sensitive rural development strategies and programmes, accelerate the implementation of measures to promote young women farmers and ensure the full participation of rural women in the formulation and implementation of measures.", "Marriage and family relations", "While acknowledging the amendments to the Civil Code (December 2007), aimed at protecting the right of spouses to restore matrimonial property prior to the disposition of property by the other spouse, the Committee is concerned that, in the State party, the equal distribution of matrimonial property in the event of divorce relates only to tangible property (moval and immovable property), excluding intangible property such as pension and savings funds, the equal distribution of tangible property is based on court precedents and is not legally binding. The Committee is also concerned that “a mistake” of any party to the marriage may be a factor for determining the division of property in a divorce case.", "The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary legislative measures to harmonize tangible and intangible property, such as pension and savings funds, as part of matrimonial property, and to include in its legislation provisions on the equal distribution of matrimonial property, in line with article 16 of the Convention on the Equality of Marriage and Family Relations and the Committee's general recommendation 21 (1994). The Committee also recommends that legislative measures be taken to avoid the consideration of “arrage” factors when determining the division of property in divorce cases.", "National human rights institutions", "While appreciating the contribution of the Korean National Human Rights Commission to the reporting process and the information provided to the Committee on the number of petitions on human rights violations and discrimination, the Committee, like the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (see E/C.12/KOR/CO/3), is concerned that the National Human Rights Commission has reduced by 21 per cent, while all other ministries have reduced by up to 2 per cent, and that recent developments in Member States have threatened the independence of the Commission.", "The Committee reminds the State party of its responsibility to ensure that the National Human Rights Commission of Korea remains in compliance with the Paris Principles, in particular its independence. The Committee urges the State party to allocate sufficient human and financial resources, including human rights experts, in accordance with the Korean National Human Rights Commission Act, to the National Human Rights Commission and to strengthen its oversight functions in the areas of gender equality and women's rights, in order to restore credibility, public confidence and legitimacy.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "The Committee urges the State party to take full advantage of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, when fulfilling its obligations under the Convention, and requests the State party to provide information in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "The Committee emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at achieving its objectives, and requests the State party to provide information in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "The Committee requests the Republic of Korea to disseminate widely the concluding observations so that all, government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women and human rights organizations are aware of the steps taken to ensure women's equality in the form and substance, as well as the further steps required in this regard. The Committee recommends that concluding observations be disseminated to the community level. States parties are encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress made in the implementation of the present concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome documents of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "The Committee notes that the State party's accession to all nine major international human rights instruments would contribute to the further enjoyment by women of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all areas of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Republic of Korea to consider ratifying the following conventions to which it is not yet a party: the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on measures taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 15 and 21 above.", "Preparation of the next report", "The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public institutions in the preparation of the next periodic report and to consult with women and human rights organizations at this stage.", "The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to submit its eighth periodic report in July 2015.", "The Committee requests the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under international human rights treaties, including guidelines for the preparation of common core documents, the submission of specific treaty reports, adopted by the Inter-Committee on Technology of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (see HRI/MC/2006/3 andcorr). In keeping with the harmonized guidelines for the preparation of core documents, the reporting guidelines on specific treaties adopted by the Commission at its fortieth session in January 2008. These two guidelines form “coordinated guidelines for reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”. Reports on each treaty should not exceed 40 pages, and the consolidated core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "赞比亚", "1. 2011年7月13日，委员会第980和981次会议(见CEDAW/C/SR.980和981)审议了赞比亚的第五次和第六次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/ZMB/5-6)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6，赞比亚的答复载于CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 委员会感谢缔约国提交第五次和第六次合并定期报告。报告十分详细并大体遵循了委员会的报告编写导则，但在《公约》涵盖的某些领域，特别是弱势群体妇女方面，未能充分提供按性别分列的有关妇女处境的统计数据和质量数据。委员会感谢缔约国以口头介绍阐述了《公约》执行方面的最近进展，并对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单作出书面答复。", "3. 委员会称赞缔约国派出由赞比亚司法部(法律事务)常务秘书率领的代表团，其中包括代表负责执行《公约》涵盖领域内措施的各部委和政府机构的19位男女人士。委员会赞赏代表团和委员会成员之间开展了建设性对话，但感到遗憾的是，一些提出的问题没有得到答复，一些答复不够清晰、准确或详尽。", "B. 积极方面", "4. 委员会赞扬缔约国最近通过了旨在消除对妇女歧视和促进性别平等的法律改革，即：《赞比亚发展机构法》(2006年)、《增强公民经济权能法》(2006年)、《打击贩运人口法》(2008年)、《反性别暴力法》(2011年)、《教育法》(2011年)，以及旨在规范非正规经济部门的关于最低工资和雇用条件的法律文书(第1、2和3号)(2011年)。", "5. 委员会还赞扬缔约国努力通过下述各种政策、方案和倡议执行《公约》：《国家性别政策》(2000年)规定的以补贴价格将30%的有所有权的土地专门留给妇女的政策；实施一个针对学习科学和技术学科的女学生的助学金计划，以确保提高这些领域的性别平等；将人权教学纳入公立学校的小学和中学课程；实行精神保健政策；发起加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动；制定第五个国家发展计划(2006-2010年)，以便到2015年实现千年发展目标；制定国家性别问题宣传战略；建立警察公众投诉机构(2003年)、贩运问题部际委员会(2004年)、战略行动计划(2004年)和关于法律事务、治理、人权和社会性别问题的议会委员会。委员会还赞扬缔约国高级法院和最高法院两级达到了妇女担任决策职位的人数占50%的门槛。", "6. 委员会欣见缔约国批准了《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(2002年)、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》(2005年)和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》(2005年)，以及《残疾人权利公约》(2010年)。委员会还欣见缔约国批准了两项区域人权文书，即《非洲人权和人民权利宪章非洲妇女权利议定书》(2005年)和《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》(2008年)。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "7. 委员会回顾，缔约国有义务系统、持续地执行《公约》的各项规定，同时认为，从现在起至提交下次定期报告期间，缔约国须优先关注本结论意见提出的各项关切和建议。因此，委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上，并在下次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会吁请缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关政府部门、议会和司法部门，以确保这些意见得到充分执行。", "议会", "8. 委员会重申，政府对充分履行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有首要责任，并应在这方面尤其接受问责，同时强调，《公约》对各政府部门都具有约束力。它请缔约国鼓励议会根据其程序，酌情采取必要步骤执行本结论意见，并按照《公约》规定开展缔约国的下一个报告进程。", "《公约》的法律地位", "9. 委员会注意到缔约国努力执行《公约》各项规定，并决定开展政策和立法摸底活动，以期确定《公约》中有哪些规定仍有待纳入政策和国家立法。但是，委员会仍感到关切的是，《公约》尚未完全纳入国内法，无法在法院援引其规定。", "10. 委员会重申其关于缔约国将《公约》全面纳入国内法的建议。", "《公约》的可见度", "11. 虽然委员会注意到非洲妇女参与法律和发展协会已经将《公约》译为赞比亚七种主要地方语言，但委员会感到关切的是，在促进《公约》在全国的可见度方面，缔约国投入的努力不足。委员会关切的是，对于《公约》规定的妇女权利、委员会的一般性建议以及实质性性别平等的概念，社会上普遍不够了解，包括在司法机构当中特别是习惯法法院一级。虽然法律规定向妇女提供司法救助，但她们行使这一权利以及向法院提起歧视诉讼的能力受到下列因素的制约：双重司法系统长期存在、不利的习惯做法、文盲、缺乏对《公约》规定的妇女自身权利的认识，以及缺乏主张其权利的能力。", "12. 委员会敦促缔约国采取一切适当措施，以：", "(a) 确保《公约》为所有政府分支所充分了解和适用，并成为对法官、律师及检察官，特别是习惯法法院官员的培训的一个组成部分；", "(b) 通过最近制定的针对农村妇女的《国家性别问题宣传战略》、《国家性别政策》和《战略行动计划》，以及即将在公务制度改革方案下启动的《性别平等主流化战略》等途径，提高妇女对《公约》规定的自身权利的认识；", "(c) 消除妇女在主张《公约》规定的权利及获得司法救助方面可能面临的障碍，包括在从地方法院和习惯法法院获得司法救助方面的障碍，并为此在赞比亚所有地区加强妇女法律扫盲方案并以妇女能懂的语言传播关于《公约》的信息，着重指出对于侵犯其权利的行为利用可用的法律补救方法的各种途径。", "宪法和法律中的歧视", "13. 委员会感到关切的是，尽管委员会在先前的结论意见中提出建议，但缔约国没有修正《宪法》自相矛盾的地方，因为，尽管第11条保障妇女的平等地位，但第23条第4款允许在属人法和习惯法领域存在歧视性法律和作法，即：早婚、支付嫁妆(礼金(lobola))、丈夫死亡后分割财产的作法(霸占财产)、性净化和一夫多妻制。委员会又感到关切的是，拟议《宪法》草案案文(第48条)保留了允许歧视妇女的现行条款。委员会还感到关切的是，缔约国仍未制订全面禁止歧视的条款。", "14. 委员会重申，其深为关切的是，缔约国没有废除《宪法》第23条第4款，该条款允许在对妇女影响最大的法律领域存在歧视妇女的规定，拟议新《宪法》草案案文保留了这一条款。委员会注意到，要使《宪法》草案生效，需要进行全民投票，但委员会希望提醒缔约国，其有义务确保赞比亚《宪法》符合《公约》以及其他各项国际人权义务的规定。委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 作为紧要优先事项确保《公约》规定在即将付诸全民投票的拟议新《宪法》草案中得到体现，并制订法律，确保按照禁止在所有生活领域直接和间接歧视妇女的《公约》第1条的规定，禁止歧视；", "(b) 使宗教法和习惯法与《公约》各项规定、特别是第16条的规定相协调。", "提高妇女地位国家机构", "15. 委员会欣见通过在内阁办公室设立性别平等和妇女参与发展问题部长办公室以及分配更多资源的方式加强男女平等参与发展司，但对这些资源的充裕程度和可持续性表示关切。此外，虽然委员会注意到，赞比亚人权委员会已成立一个性别平等事务委员会，但两个委员会似乎没有足够的人力、财政和技术资源，来有效履行在赞比亚所有地区促进人权和推动执行提高妇女地位具体方案的职能。", "16. 委员会建议，缔约国采取措施，确保预算的可持续性，以及男女平等参与发展司与性别平等和妇女参与发展问题部长办公室的实效，以便有效落实性别平等观点，协调将这样的观点纳入政府各项政策和方案，并执行消除歧视和促进平等的各项战略和措施。委员会还建议，缔约国加强赞比亚人权委员会及其性别平等事务委员会，为此在各级提供足够的可见度、权力以及人力和财政资源，以便增强实效和提高能力，在该国所有区域更好地协调和监测国家和地方两级为提高妇女地位、推动性别平等和促进妇女人权而采取的行动。", "暂行特别措施", "17. 委员会再次对缔约国没有纳入《公约》第4条第1款表示关切。该条款允许采用暂行特别措施，推动妇女参与政治和经济生活，并消除对弱势妇女群体的事实歧视。", "18. 委员会建议，缔约国按照《公约》第4条第1款的规定以及委员会第25号一般性建议，采取立法措施，规定在《公约》涵盖的所有妇女代表性不足或处境不利的领域，使用暂行特别措施。为此目的，委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 制定有时限的目标，并为执行各项战略分配充足资源，例如外联和支助方案，制订奖励措施，配额以及其他旨在实现男女在这些领域实质性平等的积极措施；", "(b) 提高议员、具有决策权的政府官员、雇主和公众对暂行特别措施必要性的认识。委员会请缔约国在下一次定期报告中，提供全面资料，说明暂行特别措施的使用情况，特别是参照《公约》相关条款，缔约国选择和实施的政策和措施没有产生预期效果和成果的情况，以及暂行特别措施的影响。", "陈规定型观念和有害做法", "19. 委员会注意到，缔约国为纠正有害的传统做法进行了一些努力，但委员会仍感到关切的是，关于男女在所有生活领域的角色、职责和身份的不利文化规范、做法和传统以及男尊女卑的态度和根深蒂固的陈规定型观念持续存在。委员会感到关切的是，这种习俗和做法致使歧视妇女的现象长久存在，表现为妇女在包括公共生活、决策、婚姻和家庭关系在内的许多领域处于不利和不平等的地位。委员会感到关切的是，陈规定型观念以及性净化、一夫多妻、买卖新娘(礼金)和霸占财产等有害做法助长暴力侵害妇女行为持续存在；委员会对缔约国仍未采取持久和系统性行动，消灭陈规定型观念和有害做法表示关切。", "20. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 按照《公约》第2条f款和第5条a款的规定，立即拟定一项综合战略，以消灭暴力侵害妇女行为以及歧视妇女的有害做法和陈规定型观念。这样的措施应包括与民间社会合作，针对包括传统领袖在内的社会各级男女，就这一问题进行教育并提高他们的认识；", "(b) 把性净化定为刑事罪；", "(c) 采用创新措施，加强对男女平等原则的理解，包括为此充分执行《国家性别问题宣传战略》，其主要目的是推动转变对性别问题的态度，并与媒体合作，在全国各地，特别是在农村地区，推动正面而非陈规定型地刻画妇女形象。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "21. 委员会欣见缔约国颁布《反性别暴力法(2011年)》，新近修正了《刑法典》，其中包括更严厉地惩罚某些性犯罪，并建立了警察公众投诉机构，但委员会再次表示关切的是，暴力侵害妇女和女孩的行为十分普遍，其中包括家庭暴力以及在私人和公共领域，包括在羁押期间，普遍发生的强奸、污辱等性暴力事件。委员会又表示关切的是，社会似乎认为这样的暴力行为合法，而且存在着沉默、有罪不罚和缺乏认识的文化，因此导致报告率很低。委员会又关切地注意到，报告的强奸和污辱事件的定罪率很低。委员会还表示关切的是，《刑法典》或新的《反性别暴力法》都没有明确将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪。", "22. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 优先关注并确保为全面执行《反性别暴力法》提供充足资源，并依照委员会第19号一般性建议，采取综合措施，打击包括家庭暴力在内的此类暴力行为；", "(b) 立即将婚内强奸定为刑事罪；", "(c) 加强对司法人员、执法人员以及保健服务提供者的培训，确保他们知晓《反性别暴力法》，向受害者提供足够的性别敏感支助，并加强起诉和惩罚强奸和污辱犯罪人的努力；", "(d) 在其后续报告中提供资料，说明执行《反性别暴力法》的情况，以及为下述目的而采取的其他措施的执行情况：防止性别暴力，调查和起诉报告的案件，惩罚犯罪人，以及提供保护、救济和补救措施，包括向受害者及其家属提供适当补偿。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "23. 委员会欣见，缔约国制订《打击贩运人口法(2008年)》，建立贩运人口问题部际委员会，制订《贩运人口问题国家行动计划》，以及为处理贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利问题进行其他努力。然而，委员会感到关切的是，赞比亚仍是贩运人口的来源国、目的地国和过境国，越来越多的儿童成为卖淫等营利剥削的受害者，特别是女孩、孤儿和弱势儿童。委员会感到遗憾的是，对出于经济剥削或卖淫目的而贩运妇女和女孩的受害者人数缺乏统计数据。委员会注意到，赞比亚《刑法典》将卖淫定为刑事罪，其中包括以卖淫收入为生的人。", "24. 委员会促请缔约国充分执行《公约》第６条的规定，包括为此：", "(a) 有效执行有关贩运的新法律，确保犯罪人受到惩罚，受害者得到充分的保护和协助；", "(b) 通过交换资料，加强与其他来源国、过境国和目的地国进行国际、区域和双边合作方面的努力，以防止贩运人口，并统一起诉贩运者的法律程序；", "(c) 对贩运和卖淫问题进行比较研究，包括收集分列数据，以确认并解决根本原因，消除女孩和妇女容易受到性剥削和贩运者伤害的脆弱性，并为受害者康复和参与社会生活提供便利；", "(d) 在处理卖淫问题方面，采用综合方法，包括提供庇护所和其他服务，如为希望摆脱卖淫生活的妇女提供退出或重返社会方案。", "政治参与和参与公共生活", "25. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国高级法院和最高法院两级，实现了妇女担任决策职位的人数达到50%的门槛值，核准了性别主流化战略，增加了赞比亚外交使团中妇女的任职人数，通过了国家性别平等政策和《国家行动计划》，并就如何按照《公约》第４条第1款的规定，采取暂行特别措施，促进增加担任决策职位的妇女人数的问题进行了磋商。然而，委员会感到关切的是，在赞比亚，妇女参与政治和决策过程的比率很低。委员会感到关切的是，缺乏配额制度，并且性别偏见、消极做法以及恶劣的社会经济状况阻碍妇女充分获取参与公共生活的权利，特别在决策一级。", "26. 委员会促请缔约国：", "(a) 依照《公约》第４条第１款的规定以及委员会第25号一般性建议，采取暂行特别措施，如法定配额，政府机构候选人的性别均等制度，将妇女在政党内部机构和候选人名单上享有平等代表性作为政党的资助条件等，以增加城乡地区担任决策职位的妇女人数以及在民选和任命的政治机构中任职的妇女人数；", "(b) 向公务员和政界人士，特别是男性提供有关性别平等的培训，目的是使他们更好地理解男女充分平等地参与政治和公共生活是全面执行《公约》的要求，从而为妇女参与政治和公共生活营造一个更加有利的环境。", "国籍", "27. 委员会赞赏缔约国自上一次报告以来，已经为配偶双方在申请和取得赞比亚公民身份方面提供平等机会，并赞赏缔约国确保配偶双方或监护人有平等的权利代表子女申请并领取护照或出生证，无需征得对方的书面同意。在这方面，委员会欢迎高级法院在Edith Zewelani Nawakwi案中的裁决。尽管有这些积极的动态，但委员会关切地注意到，很多妇女仍然不完全知晓将子女列入母亲的护照不再需要征得父亲同意这一事实。", "28. 委员会建议缔约国促进对以下问题的认识：", "(a) 近期的法律和政策发展，其中在获得、变更或保留国籍方面，赋予妇女与男子平等的权利；", "(b) 配偶双方或监护人有平等的权利，代表子女申请并领取护照或出生证，无需征得对方的书面同意。", "教育", "29. 委员会欣见通过新《教育法》，认识到在基础教育一级，已在女孩的入学、留存和升级方面取得进展。委员会认识到，缔约国通过各种政策和方案进行努力，例如重新入学政策，加大给与女孩的奖学金支持，以改进高中教育和大学教育中女孩的入学情况，并在大学教育一级，将25%的名额分配给女孩。然而，委员会感到关切的是，女孩继续因早婚、少女怀孕、歧视性传统和文化习俗以及贫穷而辍学，农村地区尤为如此。委员会对赞比亚存在若干其他教育方面的挑战感到关切，如学校缺乏充足的容积和基础设施，包括卫生设施不适合女孩使用；注重性别差异的教学不够充分；没有充裕的资源全面实施免费基础教育，性骚扰和艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病，致使许多女孩不能上学。", "30. 委员会敦促缔约国进一步遵守《公约》第10条的规定，提高对教育作为一项人权和增强妇女权能的基础所具有的重要意义的认识。为此目的，委员会敦促会员国：", "(a) 按照2011年《教育法》的规定，加强在各级实现平等地获得、参与和成功完成教育的努力；", "(b) 采取步骤，克服在一些领域阻碍女孩和妇女接受教育的歧视性传统态度；", "(c) 处理女孩辍学和留在学校的比率问题，缩小教育系统各级存在的性别差距；", "(d) 加强学校重新接受怀孕女孩和年轻母亲入学的政策，特别是在农村地区，若学校不遵守，则进行处罚；", "(e) 改进面向教师的注重性别差异的教学方法的培训质量，鼓励改变有关男孩和女孩性别角色的社会规范和传统态度；", "(f) 实施零容忍政策，结束校内暴力侵害女孩、性虐待以及性骚扰行为，确保犯罪人受到惩罚；", "(g) 确保代表团在对话期间提到将很快修建的新学校考虑并接受妇女和女孩关切的具体问题，包括提供适当的卫生设施。", "就业", "31. 委员会关切地注意到，尽管《劳资关系法》禁止雇用中进行性别歧视，但该法没有明确规定禁止雇用中的性骚扰。委员会关切地注意到，在正规部门中存在性别工资差异而且正规部门中妇女人数很少。由于赞比亚总体上缺少工作机会，这一人数一直在减少。委员会注意到，在失业人口中，尤其是农村地区的青年失业人口中，妇女占多数。委员会感到关切的是，非正规部门的妇女人数很多。委员会欣见赞比亚颁布了《关于最低工资和就业条件的法律文书》，但仍感到关切的是，尽管该国努力规范非正规部门，该部门的工资一般较低，并且没有社会保障或其他福利。委员会对关于平等和童工的劳工组织公约的报告和执行不足表示关切。", "32. 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 通过政策，采取所有必要措施，包括采取《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议所规定的暂行特别措施，并制定有时限的目标和指标，实现劳动力市场上的实质性男女平等，消除职业上的隔离，并缩小男女工资差异；", "(b) 确保全面和平等执行关于最低工资和就业条件的法律文书和其他措施，规范妇女占大多数的非正规部门，并确保提供更多保护，包括社会保障和其他福利；", "(c) 与私营部门密切合作，为劳动力市场中的妇女，包括非正规部门中的妇女，创设有利的政策和项目；", "(d) 采取措施，保证遵守关于同酬的劳工组织第100号公约、关于歧视(就业和职业)的第111号公约、关于有家庭责任工人的第156号公约和关于最有害的童工形式的第182号公约。", "卫生", "33. 委员会认可缔约国改善妇女健康的努力，包括为健康服务增加资源分配，但仍对赞比亚妇女的健康状况表示关切。委员会特别关切的是，孕产妇死亡和发病率较高，尤其是由于不安全的堕胎引起的孕产妇死亡和残疾，尽管堕胎法并不禁止妇女在保健中心寻求安全堕胎；妇女和女孩缺少获得生殖保健和资料的途径，包括避孕和艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗的资料，尤其是在农村地区；少女怀孕的高发率；营养不良；性别暴力和影响妇女和女孩的歧视盛行，包括早婚。委员会认可缔约国通过减少疟疾倡议所做的工作，但对疟疾仍是赞比亚妇女的严重健康问题表示关切，有20%的孕产妇死亡和发病情况是由疟疾引起的。", "34. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 采取所有必要措施，在委员会关于第12条——妇女和保健的第24号一般性建议框架内，增加妇女获得生殖保健和相关服务的途径；", "(b) 加强努力，包括通过加速降低孕产妇死亡率运动，减少孕产妇死亡人数，并提高认识，增加妇女使用保健设施和获得训练有素人员提供的医疗援助的途径，特别是在农村地区；", "(c) 通过使妇女可以在保健中心寻求安全堕胎的有关堕胎法律的宣传活动等，提高妇女和临床医生的认识；", "(d) 根据委员会第24号一般性建议和《北京宣言和行动纲要》，向妇女提供优质服务，以处理不安全堕胎造成的并发症；", "(e) 加强和扩大努力，以使全国各地人民更好地了解和得到负担得起的避孕方法，并确保妇女和女孩，尤其是农村地区的妇女和女孩，能够没有障碍地获得计划生育信息和服务；", "(f) 确保抗疟疾药物的提供和使用，特别是对怀孕妇女而言，以减少疟疾的总患病人数和该疾病导致的死亡人数；", "(g) 通过青年同伴方案和其他方案等手段，加强针对少女和少男的有关性和生殖健康权利的教育，特别注重防止早孕和对艾滋病毒/艾滋病等性传播感染的控制。", "艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "35. 委员会关切地注意到，艾滋病毒/艾滋病仍是该国一个严重问题，并且需要开展更多工作，提高人们，尤其是青年，对艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播感染的风险和影响的认识。委员会感到关切的是，艾滋病毒/艾滋病对妇女，尤其是年轻女孩的影响，因有人认为与处女性交可以治愈感染而强奸年轻女孩。在此方面，委员会感到关切的是，因性别而异的规范可能使妇女和女孩特别易受这种病毒感染，并关切男女之间顽固存在的不平等权力关系以及妇女和女孩的劣势地位可能妨碍她们洽商安全性行为的能力，从而增加受感染的风险。委员会还对人员短缺，基础设施、保健设施、获得服务的途径以及感染艾滋病毒妇女的安全空间(尤其是在农村地区)不足的情况表示关切。委员会还关切通常负责照顾感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的家庭成员的孤儿和老年妇女的数量和社会状况。", "36. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 采取持续和长期措施，应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病对妇女和女孩的影响，特别是对孤儿和老年妇女的影响，并评估艾滋病毒/艾滋病给家庭和社会带来的后果；", "(b) 进一步注重赋予妇女权力，在其关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的政策和方案中明确和突出地采用性别平等的观点，并加强男子在所有相关措施中的作用；", "(c) 在拟定性别和习惯因素显著增加妇女和女孩感染率的方案时，增加妇女获得免费预防、治疗以及护理和支助服务的途径；", "(d) 将性别暴力问题纳入保健协议，采取措施有效回应性别暴力和虐待，从而增加感染艾滋病毒的妇女获得服务的途径；", "(e) 在缔约国举国上下和多个政府部门的工作人员中开展提高对预防、保护和保密认识的运动，从而使打击艾滋病毒/艾滋病的做法系统化和相互协调，并消除有关治疗艾滋病毒/艾滋病的负面和有害想法。", "农村妇女", "37. 委员会重申其对农村和偏远地区妇女(这些妇女在赞比亚占大多数)处境不利的关切，其特点是贫穷、不识字、难以获得保健和社会服务并无法参与社区一级的决策程序。委员会欣见该国通过《增强公民经济权能法》和其他规定，如将30%的有使用权的土地分给妇女的政策，但重申其关切在农村地区盛行的习俗和传统做法使妇女无法继承或获得土地和其他财产的所有权并无法获得金融信贷和资本的情况。尽管据称《无遗嘱继承法》会保护妇女的财产不受霸占，但农村遗孀依然常常在维护其财产权方面面临挑战。", "38. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 采取必要措施，通过确保妇女参与决策程序和增加妇女获得保健、教育、清洁水和卫生服务、土地和创收项目的机会，增加和加强妇女对地方发展计划拟定和执行的参与，格外重视农村妇女的需要，特别是女户主的需要；", "(b) 建立一个明确的立法框架，保护妇女的继承权和土地所有权；", "(c) 采取措施，消除尤其是在农村地区，霸占财产等消极习俗和有害做法。这些习俗和做法影响妇女充分享有财产权。", "弱势妇女群体", "39. 委员会认可缔约国的努力，包括启动赞比亚残疾人署和公共福利援助计划，但仍对某些弱势妇女群体，尤其是老年妇女、残疾妇女、难民妇女和被拘留妇女所受的事实上歧视表示关切。她们中的很多人在赞比亚社会的各个方面遭受社会边缘化、排斥、暴力、贫穷和孤立，尤其是在农村地区。委员会还感到关切的是，没有关于这些妇女群体情况的统计和其他资料，向她们提供的教育、就业、保健和社会服务方面的方案和援助也有限。", "40. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 收集关于老年妇女、残疾妇女和难民妇女等面临多种形式歧视的妇女的境况的分类数据；", "(b) 采取积极主动的措施，包括暂行特别措施，鼓励妇女参与，消除对妇女的歧视，包括消除在教育、职业培训、就业、卫生和生殖健康等领域的歧视，促使妇女获得精神保健服务等服务，并保护妇女不受暴力侵害和虐待；", "(c) 采取步骤，调查、起诉和惩治暴力侵害难民妇女的所有行为人，对庇护申请采用对性别平等有敏感认识的办法，并在这些工作中继续与国际社会特别是联合国难民事务高级专员办事处合作。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "41. 委员会对赞比亚双重法系的不利影响表示关切。尽管缔约国指出，如果习惯法和成文法之间发生抵触，将以成文法为准，但委员会感到关切的是，该国实际上更偏向于使用习惯法，并且在家庭和私人关系，即领养子女、婚姻、离婚、丧葬、死亡后财产移交方面，更可能适用习惯法。委员会关切地注意到，妇女承担较重的照顾子女的负担，并且有害习俗否认妇女行使自由和负责地决定生育子女人数和生育间隔的权利。", "42. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 采取措施，确保在习惯做法和成文法之间发生抵触时，以成文法为准，尤其是在家庭关系方面，因赞比亚习惯法重男轻女，对妇女和女孩不利；", "(b) 开展提高认识运动，以便使人们更好地了解《公约》规定的权利，包括认识使其无法在生殖健康方面作出自由选择的不利习惯法，促使父母双方分担责任，确保儿童的福祉和对其的照顾，并确保妇女有权在生殖健康和性健康方面作出自主选择；", "(c) 对习惯法法院和传统法院的行政长官进行有关促进和保证妇女和女孩权利(包括在婚姻和家庭关系中权利)的公约和成文法的培训，并提高他们的敏感认识；", "(d) 确保在事实上将早婚和性清洗等某些有害习惯做法定为犯罪。", "任择议定书", "43. 委员会注意到，代表团在口头陈述中表示，目前仍在审议批准《公约任择议定书》的事宜，并敦促缔约国加快努力，批准《任择议定书》。", "《公约》第20条第1款", "44. 委员会鼓励缔约国尽早接受《公约》关于委员会开会时间的第20条第1款的修正案。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "45. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》规定的义务时充分利用强化《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入有关情况。", "千年发展目标", "46. 委员会强调，充分、有效执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在实现千年发展目标的所有工作中纳入性别观点，并明确体现《公约》各项规定，同时请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入更详细的有关情况。", "传播", "47. 委员会请赞比亚在国内广泛传播本结论意见，使各界民众，包括政府官员、政治家、议员、妇女组织和人权组织，了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等而采取的措施以及在这方面还需采取的措施。委员会建议这项工作应包括地方社区一级。委员会鼓励缔约国举行一系列会议，讨论落实这些意见的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：21世纪性别平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件，尤其是向妇女组织和人权组织传播这些文件。", "其他条约的批准", "48. 委员会指出，缔约国加入九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将促进妇女在生活所有方面享有人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励赞比亚政府考虑批准赞比亚尚未成为缔约国的条约，即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》、《公民及政治权利国际公约第二项任择议定书》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》及《儿童权利公约任择议定书》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "49. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料，说明已采取哪些步骤执行第14至22段所载建议。", "技术援助", "50. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助拟订和实施执行上述建议和《公约》各项规定的综合方案。委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强与联合国系统各专门机构和方案的合作，包括与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处以及联合国统计司的合作。", "下次报告的编写", "51. 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构均参与下次报告的编写工作，并在报告编写期间与各种妇女和人权组织协商。", "52. 委员会请缔约国在依照《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中对本结论意见表示关切的问题作出回应。委员会请缔约国在2015年7月提交第七次定期报告。", "53. 委员会请缔约国遵循2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议核准的“国际人权条约统一报告准则，包括共同核心文件和条约专要文件准则”(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的《公约》专要报告准则(A/63/38，第一部分，附件一)必须与共同核心文件统一报告准则一并适用。这些准则共同构成《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的统一报告准则。《公约》专要文件应限制在40页以内，更新的共同核心文件不得超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of", "Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Zambia", "1. The Committee considered the combined fifth and sixth periodic report of Zambia (CEDAW/C/ZMB/5-6) at its 980th and 981st meetings, on 13 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.980 and 981). The Committee’s list of issues and questions are contained in CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6, and the responses of Zambia are contained in CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6/Add.1.", "A. Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fifth and sixth periodic report. While the report was detailed and generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports, it did not provide adequate sex-disaggregated statistics and qualitative data on the situation of women in some of the areas covered by the Convention, in particular with respect to women from disadvantaged groups. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, which elaborated on recent developments with respect to the implementation of the Convention as well as the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its delegation, which was headed by the Permanent Secretary (Legal) of the Ministry of Justice of Zambia and included 19 women and men representing various ministries and Government agencies with responsibility for the implementation of measures in the areas covered by the Convention. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee but regrets that no answers were provided to some of the questions raised, and that some of the answers provided were not sufficiently clear, precise or detailed.", "B. Positive aspects", "4. The Committee commends the State party on the adoption of recent legal reforms aimed at eliminating discrimination against women and promoting gender equality, namely the Zambian Development Agency Act (2006); the Citizens Economic Empowerment Act (2006); the Anti-Human Trafficking Act (2008); the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act (2011); the Education Act (2011); and the Statutory Instruments (Nos. 1, 2 and 3) on Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment (2011), aimed at regularizing the informal sector.", "5. The Committee also commends the State party for its efforts to implement the Convention through various policies, programmes and initiatives such as: the policy that reserves 30 per cent of titled land specifically for women, at a subsidized rate, as prescribed in the National Gender Policy (2000); the introduction of a bursary scheme for female students enrolled in science and technical subjects to ensure greater gender equality in these areas; the incorporation of human rights teaching in the curriculum at the primary and secondary levels in public schools; the adoption of the Mental Health Policy; the launch of the Campaign for Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa; the development of the Fifth National Development Plan (2006-2010) to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015; the elaboration of the National Gender Communication Strategy; and the establishment of the Police Public Complaints Authority (2003), the Interministerial Committee on Trafficking (2004), the Strategic Plan of Action (2004), and the Parliamentary Committee on Legal Affairs, Governance, Human Rights and Gender Matters. The Committee further commends the attainment at the High Court and Supreme Court levels of the 50 per cent threshold in decision-making positions.", "6. The Committee welcomes the State party’s ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (in 2002), the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (in 2005) and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (in 2005); as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (in 2010). The Committee also welcomes the State party’s ratification of two regional human rights instruments, namely the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (in 2005) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (in 2008).", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. It calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to the relevant Government offices, to the Parliament and to the judiciary, so as to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding upon all branches of Government and it invites the State party to encourage its Parliament, in line with its procedures and where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the State party’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Legal status of the Convention", "9. The Committee acknowledges the State party’s efforts to implement various provisions of the Convention and its decision to conduct a policy and legislative mapping exercise with the view to determining the provisions of the Convention that still remain to be incorporated into policies and national legislation. However, the Committee remains concerned that the Convention has not been fully incorporated into domestic law and its provisions cannot be invoked before the courts.", "10. The Committee reiterates its recommendation that the State party fully incorporate the Convention into domestic law.", "Visibility of the Convention", "11. While the Committee notes that Women in Law and Development in Africa has translated the Convention into the seven major local languages in Zambia, it is concerned about the insufficient efforts of the State party to promote the visibility of the Convention throughout the country. The Committee is concerned that there is inadequate knowledge in society in general of the rights of women under the Convention and of the Committee’s general recommendations as well as the concept of substantive gender equality, including among the judiciary and in particular at the level of customary courts. While women’s access to justice is provided for by legislation, their ability to exercise that right and to bring cases of discrimination before the courts is limited by such factors as the persistence of a dual justice system, negative customary practices, illiteracy, the lack of awareness about their rights under the Convention and the lack of capacity to claim their rights.", "12. The Committee urges the State party to take all appropriate measures to:", "(a) Ensure that the Convention is sufficiently known and applied by all branches of the Government and is made an integral part of the training for judges, lawyers and prosecutors and especially for officials of customary courts;", "(b) Raise awareness among women of their rights under the Convention, including through the recently elaborated National Gender Communication Strategy, which targets rural women, the National Gender Policy and the Strategic Plan of Action and the gender mainstreaming strategy, which is soon to be launched in the context of the Public Service Reform Programme;", "(c) Remove the impediments that women may face in claiming their rights under the Convention and gaining access to justice, including in the local and customary courts, and to that end strengthen legal literacy programmes for women and disseminate information on the Convention in languages accessible to women in all regions of Zambia, emphasizing ways to utilize the available legal remedies for violations of their rights.", "Discrimination in the Constitution and in the laws", "13. The Committee is concerned that, despite the recommendations in previous concluding observations, the contradiction in the Constitution has not been amended in that while article 11 guarantees the equal status of women, article 23, paragraph 4, permits discriminatory laws and practices in the area of personal and customary laws, namely, early marriage, payment of dowry (lobola), the practice of property division after the death of a husband (property-grabbing), sexual cleansing, and polygamy. The Committee is also concerned that the existing article permitting discrimination against women has been retained in the draft text (art. 48) of the proposed Constitution. The Committee is further concerned that the State party has not yet enacted a general prohibition against discrimination.", "14. The Committee reiterates its deep concern that the State party did not repeal article 23, paragraph 4, of the Constitution, which permits discrimination against women in the areas of law that most affect women, and that it has been maintained in the draft text of the proposed new Constitution. The Committee, while noting that a referendum is required to validate the draft Constitution, wishes to remind the State party of its duty to ensure that the Zambian Constitution is in line with the Convention and other international human rights obligations. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Ensure, as an immediate priority, that the provisions of the Convention are reflected in the proposed new draft Constitution which will be put up for referendum, and enact legislation to ensure that there is a prohibition against discrimination in line with article 1 of the Convention, which encompasses direct and indirect discrimination against women in all areas of life;", "(b) Harmonize religious and customary law in keeping with the provisions of the Convention, in particular article 16.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "15. The Committee welcomes the strengthening of the Gender in Development Division through the establishment of the Office of the Minister of Gender and Women in Development in the Cabinet Office and the allocation of additional resources but is concerned about the adequacy and sustainability of those resources. Additionally, while the Committee notes that the Human Rights Commission of Zambia has established a Gender Equality Committee, the Commission and the Committee appear to have inadequate human, financial and technical resources to effectively discharge the functions of promoting human rights and specific programmes for the advancement of women in all regions of Zambia.", "16. The Committee recommends that the State party take measures to ensure the sustainability of the budget and effectiveness of the Gender in Development Division and the Office of the Minister of Gender and Women in Development to effectively implement and coordinate gender perspectives into Government policies and programmes and to carry out strategies and measures to eliminate discrimination and promote equality. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen the Human Rights Commission of Zambia and its Gender Equality Committee by providing adequate visibility, power and human and financial resources at all levels, in order to increase effectiveness and enhance capacity to better coordinate and monitor actions at the national and local levels, in all regions of the country, for the advancement of women and the promotion of gender equality and women’s human rights.", "Temporary special measures", "17. The Committee reiterates its concern about the State party’s non-incorporation of article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, that would allow for the adoption of temporary special measures to promote women’s participation in political and economic life and to eliminate de facto discrimination against disadvantaged groups of women.", "18. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt legislative measures that would provide for the use of temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, in all areas covered by the Convention in which women are underrepresented or disadvantaged. To that end, it recommends that the State party:", "(a) Set time-bound targets and allocate sufficient resources for the implementation of strategies, such as outreach and support programmes, the creation of incentives, quotas and other proactive measures aimed at achieving the substantive equality of women and men in those areas;", "(b) Raise awareness among members of Parliament, Government officials with decision-making power, employers and the general public about the necessity of temporary special measures. The Committee requests the State party to provide comprehensive information on the use of such measures — in particular when the policies and measures the State party has chosen and implemented have not achieved the intended effect and result — in relation to relevant provisions of the Convention, and on their impact, in its next periodic report.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "19. The Committee notes some efforts by the State party to address harmful traditional practices but remains concerned at the persistence of adverse cultural norms, practices and traditions, as well as patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all spheres of life. The Committee is concerned that such customs and practices perpetuate discrimination against women, and are reflected in women’s disadvantageous and unequal status in many areas, including in public life and decision-making and in marriage and family relations. The Committee is concerned that stereotypes as well as harmful practices such as sexual cleansing, polygamy, bride price (lobola), and property-grabbing contribute to the persistence of violence against women and that the State party has not taken sustained and systematic action to eliminate stereotypes and harmful practices.", "20. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Put in place, without delay, a comprehensive strategy to eliminate violence against women and harmful practices as well as stereotypes that discriminate against women, in conformity with articles 2, paragraph f, and 5, paragraph a, of the Convention. Such measures should include efforts, in collaboration with civil society, to educate and raise awareness on the subject, targeting women and men at all levels of society, including traditional leaders;", "(b) Criminalize sexual cleansing;", "(c) Use innovative measures to strengthen the understanding of the principle of equality between women and men, including through the full implementation of the National Gender Communication Strategy, whose main aim is to facilitate the change in attitudes towards gender, and by working with the media, particularly in rural areas, to promote a positive and non‑stereotypical portrayal of women throughout the country.", "Violence against women", "21. While welcoming the enactment of the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act (2011), recent amendments to the Penal Code that include stiffer penalties for certain sexual offences, and the establishment of the Police Public Complaints Authority, the Committee reiterates its concern at the high prevalence of violence against women and girls, including domestic violence and widespread incidents of sexual violence, including rape and defilement, in both the private and public spheres, including while in detention. The Committee is also concerned that such violence appears to be socially legitimized and accompanied by a culture of silence, impunity and unawareness, therefore contributing to high levels of underreporting. The Committee also notes with concern the low rate of convictions for reported incidents of rape and defilement. The Committee is further concerned that marital rape is not explicitly recognized as a criminal offence in either the Penal Code or the new Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act.", "22. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Prioritize and ensure adequate resources for the full implementation of the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act and adopt comprehensive measures to address such violence, including domestic violence in accordance with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19;", "(b) Expeditiously criminalize marital rape;", "(c) Strengthen training for the judiciary and law enforcement personnel and health-service providers in order to ensure that they are aware of the Anti‑Gender-Based Violence Act, that they provide adequate gender-sensitive support to victims and that they strengthen efforts to prosecute and punish perpetrators of rape and defilement;", "(d) Provide in its follow-up report information on the implementation of the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act as well as other measures taken to prevent such violence, to investigate and prosecute reported cases, to punish perpetrators and to provide protection, relief and remedies, including appropriate compensation to victims and their families.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "23. The Committee welcomed the Anti-Human Trafficking Act (2008), the Interministerial Committee on Trafficking, the National Plan of Action on Trafficking, and other efforts of the State party aimed at addressing trafficking and the exploitation of prostitution. However, the Committee is concerned that Zambia remains a country of origin, destination and transit for the trafficking of persons and that there is an increasing number of child victims of commercial exploitation, including prostitution, especially of girls, orphans and disadvantaged children. The Committee regrets the absence of statistical data on the number of women and girl victims of trafficking for purposes of economic exploitation or prostitution. The Committee notes that the Zambian Penal Code criminalizes prostitution, including with respect to people living on the earnings of prostitution.", "24. The Committee calls upon the State party to fully implement article 6 of the Convention, including through:", "(a) Effectively implementing the new legislation on trafficking, ensuring that perpetrators are punished and victims adequately protected and assisted;", "(b) Increasing its efforts at international, regional and bilateral cooperation with other countries of origin, transit and destination through information exchange, in order to prevent trafficking and harmonize the legal procedures aimed at the prosecution of traffickers;", "(c) Conducting comparative studies on trafficking and prostitution, including the collection of disaggregated data, to identify and address root causes in order to eliminate the vulnerability of girls and women to sexual exploitation and traffickers and facilitate the recovery and social integration of victims;", "(d) Pursuing a comprehensive approach in addressing the question of prostitution, including the provision of shelters and others services such as exit or reintegration programmes for women who wish to leave prostitution.", "Participation in political and public life", "25. The Committee notes with appreciation the attainment by the State party of the 50 per cent threshold of women in decision-making positions at the High Court and Supreme Court levels, the approval of the gender mainstreaming strategy, the increase in women’s representation in Zambian foreign missions, the adoption of the National Gender Policy and the National Plan of Action, and consultations on the question of introducing temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention in an effort to promote women’s increased representation in decision-making positions. However, the Committee is concerned about the low rate of participation by women in the political and decision-making processes in Zambia. The Committee is concerned about the lack of quota systems and about the gender-biased views, negative practices and poor socio-economic status that prevent women from fully accessing the right to participate in public life, particularly at the level of decision-making.", "26. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, such as statutory quota, a gender parity system for nominations to Government bodies, and conditioning the financing of political parties on equal representation of women in their internal bodies and on candidate lists, to increase the representation of women in decision-making positions and on elected and appointed political bodies in rural and urban areas;", "(b) Provide training on gender equality to civil servants and politicians, especially men, with a view to enhancing the understanding that the full and equal participation of women and men in political and public life is a requirement for the full implementation of the Convention, thereby creating a more favourable environment for women’s participation in political and public life.", "Nationality", "27. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for the fact that, since its previous report, spouses have equal opportunities regarding the application and acquisition of Zambian citizenship and for ensuring the equality of spouses or guardians in their right to apply and collect passports or birth certificates on behalf of their children without the need for the spouses’ written consent. In this regard, the Committee welcomes the decision by the High Court in the Edith Zewelani Nawakwi case. Despite these positive developments, the Committee notes with concern that women are still not adequately aware of the fact that the consent of the father is no longer required in order for children to be included in their mother’s passport.", "28. The Committee recommends that the State party promotes awareness of:", "(a) The recent legal and policy developments granting women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality;", "(b) The equality of spouses or guardians in their right to apply and collect passports or birth certificates on behalf of their children without the need for the spouses’ written consent.", "Education", "29. The Committee welcomes the new Education Act and recognizes the progress made in the enrolment, retention and progression of girls at the basic school level. The Committee recognizes the efforts of the State party through policies and programmes such as the re-entry policy, the increased bursary support for girls to improve their enrolment in higher and tertiary education and the allocation of 25 per cent of all slots at the tertiary level for girls. However, the Committee is concerned that girls continue to drop out of school due to early marriage, teenage pregnancy, discriminatory traditional and cultural practices and poverty, especially in rural areas. The Committee is concerned about a number of other challenges relating to education in Zambia, such as the lack of adequate capacity and infrastructure at schools, including inappropriate sanitary facilities for girls; the lack of adequacy in gender-responsive teaching; the insufficient availability of resources to comprehensively implement free basic education; sexual harassment; and the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which keeps many girls out of school.", "30. The Committee urges the State party to enhance its compliance with article 10 of the Convention and to raise awareness of the importance of education as a human right and as the basis for the empowerment of women. To that end, it urges the State party to:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts towards equal access, participation and the successful completion of education at all levels, as stipulated in the Education Act of 2011;", "(b) Take steps to overcome discriminatory traditional attitudes that in some areas constitute obstacles to girls’ and women’s education;", "(c) Address the dropout and retention rates of girls and narrow the gender gap at all levels of the educational system;", "(d) Reinforce its policy on the readmission to school of pregnant girls and young mothers, particularly in rural areas and enforce penalties where schools fail to comply;", "(e) Improve the quality of training in gender-responsive teaching and learning methodologies for teachers to encourage change in social norms and traditional attitudes towards the gender roles of boys and girls;", "(f) Implement a zero-tolerance policy to end violence against girls, sexual abuse and harassment in schools, and ensure that perpetrators are punished;", "(g) Ensure that the new schools mentioned by the delegation during the dialogue, which are soon to be constructed, consider and adopt the gender-specific concerns of women and girls, including the availability of appropriate sanitary facilities.", "Employment", "31. The Committee notes with concern that, despite the fact that the Industrial and Labour Relations Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the grounds of sex, the Act does not explicitly include the prohibition of sexual harassment in employment. The Committee is concerned about the gender wage gap in the formal sector and the fact that women represent only a small number in the formal sector, which in fact has been diminishing owing to a general lack of job opportunities in Zambia. The Committee notes that women represent a higher number of unemployed, in particular youth in rural areas. The Committee is concerned that women represent a high number in the informal sector, and it welcomes the introduction of the Statutory Instruments on Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment. However, the Committee is still concerned that, despite efforts to regularize the informal sector, the pay in that sector is generally lower and there is no social security or other benefits. The Committee is concerned about the lack of reporting on and implementation of the ILO Conventions on equality and on child labour.", "32. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt policies and take all necessary measures, including temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, with time-bound targets and indicators for achieving the substantive equality of men and women in the labour market, eliminating occupational segregation and closing the gender wage gap;", "(b) Ensure the full and equal implementation of the Statutory Instruments on Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment and other measures to regularize and ensure greater protection in the informal sector, where the majority employed are women, including with respect to social security and other benefits;", "(c) Work closely with the private sector to create beneficial policies and projects for women in the labour market, including those in the informal sector;", "(d) Institute measures that will guarantee conformity with the ILO Convention No. 100 on Equal Remuneration, Convention No. 111 on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), Convention No. 156 on Workers with Family Responsibilities and Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour.", "Health", "33. While acknowledging the efforts of the State party to improve women’s health, including through increased resource allocation for health services, the Committee is concerned about the situation of health for women in Zambia. The Committee is especially concerned about the high rates of maternal mortality and morbidity, related in particular to maternal deaths and disabilities resulting from unsafe abortions, in spite of abortion laws that do not prohibit women from seeking safe abortions at health centres; the lack of access for women and girls to reproductive health care and information, including contraception and HIV/AIDS treatment, especially in rural areas; the high rate of adolescent pregnancy; malnutrition; and the prevalence of gender-based violence and discrimination affecting women and girls, including early marriage. While recognizing the efforts of the State party through the Roll Back Malaria Initiative, the Committee is concerned that malaria remains a serious health concern for women in Zambia and accounts for 20 per cent of maternal morbidity and mortality.", "34. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Take all necessary measures to improve women’s access to reproductive health-care and related services within the framework of the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24 on article 12 of the Convention — on women and health;", "(b) Strengthen its efforts, including through the Campaign for Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa, to reduce the incidents of maternal mortality and to raise awareness of and increase women’s access to health-care facilities and medical assistance by trained personnel, especially in rural areas;", "(c) Raise awareness among women and clinicians, including through an information campaign, about the legislation on abortion, which allows women to seek safe abortions at health centres;", "(d) Provide women with access to good-quality services for the management of complications arising from unsafe abortions, in line with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24, and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action;", "(e) Strengthen and expand efforts to increase knowledge of and access to affordable contraceptive methods throughout the country and ensure that women and girls, especially in rural areas, do not face barriers to accessing family planning information and services;", "(f) Ensure that anti-malaria drugs are available and accessible, especially to pregnant women, with the aim of reducing the overall incidence of malaria and number of deaths caused from the disease;", "(g) Reinforce education, including through the Youth Peer Programme and other programmes, on sexual and reproductive health rights targeting adolescent girls and boys, with special attention to the prevention of early pregnancy and the control of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS.", "HIV/AIDS", "35. The Committee notes with concern that HIV/AIDS remains a serious concern in the country and that additional efforts are needed to raise awareness, especially among youth, about the risks and effects of HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The Committee is concerned about the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and especially on young girls who are raped due to the belief that intercourse with a virgin cures the infection. In this respect, the Committee is concerned that women and girls may be particularly susceptible to infection owing to gender-specific norms and that the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men and the inferior status of women and girls may hamper their ability to negotiate safe sexual practices, thereby increasing their vulnerability to infection. The Committee is also concerned about the shortage of personnel, and the inadequate infrastructure, health-care facilities, access to services and safe spaces for women living with HIV, particularly in rural areas. The Committee is also concerned about the number and social situation of orphaned children and of older women who are generally caring for family members living with HIV/AIDS.", "36. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Undertake continued and sustained measures to address the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and girls, especially orphaned children and older women and assess the consequences of HIV/AIDS for the family and society;", "(b) Enhance its focus on women’s empowerment by including a clear and visible gender perspective in its policies and programmes on HIV/AIDS and increase the role of men in all relevant measures;", "(c) Improve access to free prevention, treatment and care and support services at the programming level where gender and customary factors contribute significantly to infection rates among women and girls;", "(d) Improve access to services for HIV-positive women by incorporating gender-based violence concerns into health-care protocols and introducing measures to effectively respond to gender-based violence and abuse;", "(e) Undertake awareness-raising campaigns throughout the State party and among personnel in multiple sectors of government in respect of the prevention, protection and maintenance of confidentiality in order to systemize and integrate approaches for combating HIV/AIDS and to eradicate negative and harmful beliefs regarding the cure of HIV/AIDS.", "Rural women", "37. The Committee reiterates its concern at the disadvantaged position of women in rural and remote areas (who form the majority of women in Zambia), which is characterized by poverty, illiteracy, difficulties in accessing health and social services and a lack of participation in decision-making processes at the community level. While welcoming the adoption of the Citizens Economic Empowerment Act and other initiatives such as the policy that provides for the allocation of 30 per cent of titled land to women, the Committee reiterates its concern that the customs and traditional practices prevalent in rural areas prevent women from inheriting or acquiring ownership of land and other property and from accessing financial credit and capital. While the Intestate Succession Act is said to protect against property-grabbing, rural widows often still face challenges in maintaining their property rights.", "38. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans, and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education, clean water and sanitation services, land and income-generating projects;", "(b) Establish a clear legislative framework to protect women’s rights to inheritance and ownership of land;", "(c) Introduce measures to address negative customs and harmful practices such as property-grabbing, especially in rural areas, which affect the full enjoyment of the right to property by women.", "Disadvantaged groups of women", "39. While recognizing the efforts of the State party, including the launch of the Zambia Agency on Persons with Disabilities and the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme, the Committee is concerned about the de facto discrimination faced by certain disadvantaged groups of women, especially older women, women with disabilities, refugee women and women in detention, many of whom suffer social marginalization, exclusion, violence, poverty and isolation in all areas of Zambian society and particularly in rural areas. The Committee is also concerned about the absence of statistical and other information on these groups of women as well as the limited availability of programmes and assistance, including in education, employment and health and social services.", "40. The Committee recommends that the State:", "(a) Collect disaggregated data on the situation of women facing multiple forms of discrimination such as older women, women with disabilities and refugee women;", "(b) Adopt proactive measures, including temporary special measures, to encourage their participation; to eliminate discrimination against them, including in the areas of education, vocational training, employment, health and reproductive health; to facilitate their access to services such as mental health-care services; and to protect them from violence and abuse;", "(c) Take steps to investigate, prosecute and punish all perpetrators of violence against women refugees, to implement gender-sensitive approaches to asylum claims, and to continue to collaborate with the international community, especially the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in these efforts.", "Marriage and family relations", "41. The Committee is concerned about the negative impact of the dual system of law in Zambia. While the State party has indicated that statutory law will prevail where there is a conflict with customary law, the Committee is concerned that customary law is in fact preferred and is more likely to be applied in family and personal relations, namely, adoption, marriage, divorce, burial and the devolution of property upon death. The Committee notes with concern that women bear the higher burden of childcare and that harmful practices negate the rights of women to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children.", "42. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Take measures to ensure that statutory law does in fact prevail where there is a conflict with customary practices, especially in family relations and given the patriarchal focus of the customary law in Zambia to the disadvantage of women and girls;", "(b) Undertake an awareness-raising campaign to better educate people about their rights under the Convention, including in regard to the negative customary laws that prevent their free choice regarding reproductive health, and to promote the shared responsibility of both the father and mother to ensure the well-being and care of the child, and to ensure women’s right to make their own choices with regard to reproductive and sexual health;", "(c) Train and sensitize administrators of customary and traditional courts about the Convention and statutory laws that promote and guarantee the rights of women and girls, including with regard to marriage and family relations;", "(d) Ensure the de facto criminalization of certain harmful customary practices such as early marriage and sexual cleansing.", "Optional Protocol", "43. The Committee notes the oral statement by the delegation that the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention is still under consideration, and urges the State party to accelerate its efforts towards the ratification of the Optional Protocol.", "Article 20, paragraph 1", "44. The Committee encourages the State party to accept, as soon as possible, the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "45. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforces the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "46. The Committee emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Goals and requests the State party to include more detailed information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "47. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Zambia of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure the de jure and de facto equality of women and of the further steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that this should include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "48. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Zambia to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrants Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "49. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 14 and 22.", "Technical assistance", "50. The Committee recommends that the State party avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme aimed at the implementation of the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to strengthen further its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the United Nations Statistics Division.", "Preparation of next report", "51. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report and, at the same time, to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations.", "52. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its seventh periodic report in July 2015.", "53. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including the guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved at the Fifth Inter-Committee Meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The Convention-specific reporting guidelines, adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, part one, annex I), must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Convention-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of CEDAW", "Zambia", "At its 980th and 981st meetings (see CEDAW/C/SR.980 and 981), held on 13 July 2011, the Committee considered the combined fifth and sixth periodic report of Zambia (CEDAW/C/ZMB/5-6). The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6 and the responses of Zambia are contained in CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6/Add.1.", "Introduction", "The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fifth and sixth periodic report. The report is very detailed and widely followed by the Committee's guidelines, but statistical and quality data on the situation of women are not fully provided in certain areas covered by the Convention, in particular for vulnerable women. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for the recent progress made in the implementation of the Convention, which was presented orally, and for the written replies to the list of issues and questions posed by the pre-session working group.", "The Committee commends the State party for the delegation headed by the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice of Zambia (Legal Affairs), including 19 men and women representing ministries and government agencies responsible for implementing measures in the area covered by the Convention. While appreciating the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee, the Committee regrets that a number of questions have not been answered and that some responses are not clear, accurate or exhaustive.", "Positive aspects", "The Committee commends the State party for the recent adoption of legal reforms aimed at eliminating discrimination against women and promoting gender equality, namely, the Zambian Development Agency Act (2006), the Law on Enhancing the Economic Empowerment of Citizens (2006), the Anti-Violence Act (2008), the Anti-Gender Violence Act 2011, the Education Act 2011, and legal instruments aimed at regulating the minimum wage and employment conditions in the informal economy (No. 1, 2 and 3) (2011).", "The Committee also commends the State party for its efforts to implement the Convention through the following policies, programmes and initiatives: The National Gender Policy (2000) provides for 30 per cent of ownership of land specifically reserved for women at the subsidized prices; implementation of a support scheme for female students studying science and technology disciplines to ensure gender equality in these areas; integration of human rights education into primary and secondary school curricula in public schools; implementation of mental health policies; launch of a campaign to accelerate the reduction of maternal mortality in Africa; development of the fifth national development plan (2006-2010) to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015; development of a national gender advocacy strategy; establishment of police complaints institutions (2003); the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Trafficking (2004); and the Action Plan on Gender Governance, Parliament. The Committee also commends the State party's High Court and the Supreme Court for having reached 50 per cent threshold for women in decision-making positions.", "The Committee welcomes the ratification by the State party of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2002), the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2005) and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2005), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2010). The Committee also welcomes the ratification by the State party of two regional human rights instruments, namely the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2005) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (2008).", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "The Committee recalls the State party's obligation to systematically and continuously implement the provisions of the Convention, and considers that, from now to the next periodic report, the State party must give priority to the concerns and recommendations contained in the present concluding observations. The Committee therefore urges the State party to focus its implementation activities on those areas and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to the relevant government departments, parliaments and the judiciary in order to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "The Committee reiterates that the Government has the primary responsibility for the full implementation of the State party's obligations under the Convention and should be particularly accountable in this regard, while stressing that the Convention is binding on all government departments. It requested the State party to encourage the Parliament, in accordance with its procedures, to take the necessary steps to implement the present concluding observations and to undertake the next reporting process of the State party in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.", "Legal status of the Convention", "The Committee notes the efforts of the State party to implement the provisions of the Convention and decides to undertake policy and legislative mapping activities with a view to identifying what provisions of the Convention are still to be incorporated into policy and national legislation. However, the Committee remains concerned that the Convention has not been fully incorporated into domestic law and cannot invoke its provisions in court.", "The Committee reiterates its recommendation that the State party fully incorporate the Convention into domestic law.", "The visibility of the Convention", "While noting that the African Association for Women in Law and Development has translated the Convention into seven main local languages in Zambia, the Committee is concerned at the insufficient efforts made by the State party to promote the visibility of the Convention throughout the country. The Committee is concerned that the concept of women's rights under the Convention, the Committee's general recommendations and substantive gender equality is generally inadequate in society, including at the level of customary courts in the judiciary, in particular customary law courts. Although legal provisions provide women with judicial assistance, their ability to exercise this right and to initiate discriminatory proceedings before the courts is constrained by the following factors: The long-term existence of the dual justice system, adverse practices, illiteracy, lack of awareness of women's rights under the Convention and the lack of capacity to claim their rights.", "The Committee urges the State party to take all appropriate measures to:", "(a) Ensure that the Convention is fully aware and applicable to all branches of government and is an integral part of the training of judges, lawyers and prosecutors, in particular officials of customary courts;", "(b) Raise women's awareness of their rights under the Convention through the recently developed National Gender Advocacy Strategy for Rural Women, the National Gender Policy and the Strategic Plan of Action, and the gender mainstreaming strategy to be launched under the Public Service Reform Programme;", "(c) Eliminating the obstacles that women may face in favour of the rights enshrined in the Convention and access to justice, including in accessing judicial assistance from local courts and customary courts, and, to that end, strengthening women's legal literacy programmes in all regions of Zambia and disseminating information on the Convention in languages that women understand, highlighting the ways in which legal remedies available for violations of their rights are used.", "Discrimination in the Constitution and the law", "The Committee is concerned that, despite the Committee's recommendations in its previous concluding observations, the State party does not amend the Constitution to contradict it because, despite article 11 guaranteeing women's equal status, article 23, paragraph 4, allows for discriminatory laws and practices in the area of personal and customary law, namely early marriage, payment of dowry (lobola)), the practice of division of property after the death of the husband (maner property, purification and polygamy). The Committee is also concerned that the proposed text of the draft Constitution (art. 48) retains existing provisions allowing discrimination against women. The Committee is also concerned that the State party has not yet established a comprehensive prohibition against discrimination.", "The Committee reiterates its deep concern that the State party has not abolished article 23, paragraph 4, of the Constitution, which allows for discrimination against women in the most legal areas affecting women, and that the proposed text of the new Constitution retains this provision. While noting the need for a referendum to bring the draft Constitution into force, the Committee wishes to remind the State party of its obligation to ensure that the Constitution of Zambia complies with the Convention and other international human rights obligations. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) To ensure, as a matter of priority, that the provisions of the Convention are reflected in the proposed new Constitution for the upcoming referendum and to enact legislation to ensure that discrimination is prohibited in accordance with article 1 of the Convention prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination against women in all spheres of life;", "(b) To harmonize religious law and customary law with the provisions of the Convention, in particular article 16.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "The Committee welcomes the strengthening of gender equality in the Development Division through the establishment of the Office of the Minister for Gender Equality and Women in Development and the allocation of additional resources in the Cabinet Office, but expresses concern at the level and sustainability of these resources. In addition, while noting that the Zambian Human Rights Commission has established a commission on gender equality, the two commissions seem to have insufficient human, financial and technical resources to effectively perform the functions of promoting human rights and promoting the implementation of specific programmes for the advancement of women in all parts of Zambia.", "The Committee recommends that the State party take measures to ensure the sustainability of the budget, as well as the effectiveness of the Office of the Minister for Gender Equality and Women in Development, in order to effectively implement the gender perspective and coordinate the integration of such a perspective into government policies and programmes and implement strategies and measures to eliminate discrimination and promote equality. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen the Zambian Human Rights Commission and its Gender Equality Committee by providing adequate visibility, authority and human and financial resources at all levels in order to enhance effectiveness and capacity-building and to better coordinate and monitor actions taken at the national and local levels for the advancement of women, the promotion of gender equality and the promotion of women's human rights.", "Provisional measures", "The Committee reiterates its concern that the State party does not incorporate article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention. This provision allows the use of temporary special measures to promote women's participation in political and economic life and to eliminate factual discrimination against vulnerable groups of women.", "The Committee recommends that the State party take legislative measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25, to provide for the use of temporary special measures in all areas covered by the Convention that are inadequate or disadvantaged. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Develop time-bound targets and allocate adequate resources for the implementation of strategies, such as outreach and support programmes, incentives, quotas and other positive measures aimed at achieving substantive equality between women and men in those areas;", "(b) Raise awareness among parliamentarians, government officials with decision-making power, employers and the public about the need for temporary special measures. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its next periodic report, comprehensive information on the use of temporary special measures, in particular in the light of the relevant provisions of the Convention, that the policies and measures chosen and implemented by the State party do not produce expected results and results and the impact of temporary special measures.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "While noting the efforts made by the State party to remedy harmful traditional practices, the Committee remains concerned at the persistence of negative cultural norms, practices and traditions regarding the roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all spheres of life, as well as patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes. The Committee is concerned that such practices and practices perpetuate discrimination against women, manifested in the disadvantaged and unequal position of women in many areas, including public life, decision-making, marriage and family relations. The Committee is concerned that harmful practices such as stereotypes and sexual purification, polygamy, the sale of brides (prisoner) and hegemonial property contribute to the persistence of violence against women, and expresses concern at the lack of sustained and systematic action by the State party to eliminate stereotypes and harmful practices.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) In accordance with article 2f and article 5a of the Convention, an integrated strategy was urgently developed to eliminate violence against women and the harmful practices and stereotypes that discriminate against women. Such measures should include education and awareness of this issue at all levels of society, including traditional leaders, in cooperation with civil society;", "(b) The criminalization of purification;", "(c) The adoption of innovative measures to enhance understanding of the principle of equality between men and women, including through the full implementation of the National Gender Advocacy Strategy, which aims primarily to promote the transformation of gender-based attitudes and, in cooperation with the media, to promote positive rather than stereotypical images of women throughout the country, especially in rural areas.", "Violence against women", "The Committee welcomes the State party's enactment of the Anti-Gender Violence Act (2011) and the recent amendment of the Penal Code, which includes stricter penalties for certain sexual crimes and the establishment of police public complaints institutions, but reiterates its concern at the prevalence of violence against women and girls, including domestic violence and sexual violence in the private and public spheres, including during detention. The Committee also expresses concern at the fact that society appears to believe that such violence is lawful and that there is a culture of silence, impunity and lack of awareness, leading to a very low reporting rate. The Committee also notes with concern the low level of convictions for reported incidents of rape and stigmatization. The Committee is also concerned that the Criminal Code or the new Anti-Gender Violence Act do not explicitly criminalize marital rape.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) Priorities and ensure adequate resources for the full implementation of the Anti-Gender Violence Act and adopt integrated measures to combat such violence, including domestic violence, in line with the Committee's general recommendation No. 19.", "(b) The immediate criminalization of marital rape;", "(c) Strengthen training of judicial personnel, law enforcement officials and health service providers to ensure that they are aware of the Anti-Gender Violence Act, provide adequate gender-sensitive support to victims and strengthen efforts to prosecute and punish rape and perpetrators;", "(d) In its follow-up report, information was provided on the implementation of the Anti-Gender Violence Act and on other measures taken to prevent gender-based violence, investigate and prosecute cases reported, punish perpetrators and provide protection, relief and remedies, including adequate compensation to victims and their families.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "The Committee welcomes the State party's enactment of the Trafficking in Persons Act (2008), the establishment of an inter-ministerial commission on trafficking in persons, the development of a national plan of action on trafficking in persons and other efforts to address trafficking and exploitation of prostitution. However, the Committee is concerned that Zambia remains a country of origin, destination and transit of human trafficking and that a growing number of children are victims of exploitation such as prostitution, in particular girls, orphans and vulnerable children. The Committee regrets the lack of statistical data on the number of victims of trafficking in women and girls for economic exploitation or prostitution. The Committee notes that the Zambian Criminal Code criminalizes prostitution, including those who are born to prostitution.", "The Committee urges the State party to fully implement article 6 of the Convention, including by:", "(a) Effective implementation of new legislation on trafficking to ensure that perpetrators are punished and victims are adequately protected and assisted;", "(b) Strengthen efforts in international, regional and bilateral cooperation with other countries of origin, transit and destination through the exchange of information to prevent trafficking in persons and to harmonize legal procedures for the prosecution of traffickers;", "(c) Undertake comparative studies on trafficking and prostitution, including the collection of disaggregated data to identify and address underlying causes and to eliminate the vulnerability of girls and women to sexual exploitation and trafficking and to facilitate the rehabilitation and participation of victims in social life;", "(d) In dealing with prostitution, an integrated approach, including the provision of shelters and other services, such as the provision of exit or reintegration programmes for women wishing to leave prostitution.", "Political participation and participation in public life", "The Committee notes with appreciation that, at the senior courts of the State party and at the Supreme Court level, the number of women in decision-making positions reached 50 per cent thresholds, approved a gender mainstreaming strategy, increased the representation of women in the diplomatic missions of Zambia, adopted a national gender equality policy and a national action plan and consulted on the adoption of temporary special measures to promote the increase of the number of women in decision-making positions, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention. However, the Committee is concerned at the low level of participation in political and decision-making processes in Zambia. The Committee is concerned at the lack of a quota system and the fact that gender bias, negative practices and poor socio-economic conditions hamper women's full access to public life, particularly at the decision-making level.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To adopt temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25, such as statutory quotas, gender parity among candidates of government agencies, to include women in political parties' internal institutions and lists of candidates as political parties' funding, in order to increase the number of women in decision-making positions in rural and urban areas and the representation of women in elected and appointed political bodies;", "(b) Providing training on gender equality to civil servants and politicians, in particular men, with a view to making them better aware of the full and equal participation of women and men in political and public life as a requirement for the full implementation of the Convention, thereby creating a more favourable environment for women in political and public life.", "Nationality", "The Committee commends the State party for having provided equal opportunities for both spouses in applying for and obtaining citizenship in Zambia since the last report, and appreciates that the State party ensures that spouses or guardians have equal rights to apply for and receive passports or birth certificates on behalf of their children without the written consent of the other party. In this regard, the Committee welcomes the decision of the High Court in the Edith Zewelani Nawakwi case. Despite these positive developments, the Committee notes with concern that many women are still unaware of the fact that the passports for the inclusion of children in mothers do not require the consent of the father.", "The Committee recommends that the State party promote awareness of:", "(a) Recent legal and policy developments, which give women equal rights to men in terms of acquisition, change or retention of nationality;", "(b) The right of both spouses or guardians to apply for and receive a passport or birth certificate on behalf of the child without the written consent of the other party.", "Education", "The Committee welcomes the adoption of the new Education Act, recognizing that progress has been made at the primary level in the enrolment, retention and upgrading of girls. The Committee recognizes the efforts made by the State party through various policies and programmes, such as the re-entry policy, to increase the scholarship support to girls in order to improve the enrolment of girls in high school education and university education, and to allocate 25 per cent to girls at the university level. However, the Committee is concerned that girls continue to drop out of school due to early marriage, teenage pregnancy, discriminatory traditional and cultural practices and poverty, especially in rural areas. The Committee is concerned that there are several other educational challenges in Zambia, such as the lack of adequate photocopy and infrastructure in schools, including sanitation facilities that are not suitable for girls' use; inadequate gender-sensitive teaching; the lack of adequate resources for the full implementation of free basic education, sexual harassment and the HIV/AIDS epidemic, resulting in many girls being unable to attend school.", "The Committee urges the State party to further respect article 10 of the Convention by raising awareness of the importance of education as a basis for human rights and the empowerment of women. To that end, the Committee urges Member States:", "(a) Strengthen efforts to achieve equal access, participation and successful completion of education at all levels, in accordance with the Education Act 2011;", "(b) Take steps to overcome discriminatory traditional attitudes that hinder girls and women's access to education in some areas;", "(c) To address the rate of girls dropping out and staying in schools and narrow the gender gap at all levels of the education system;", "(d) Enhance school retention policies for pregnant girls and young mothers, in particular in rural areas where schools are not in compliance;", "(e) Improve the quality of training for teachers-focused gender differences and encourage changes in social norms and traditional attitudes regarding the gender roles of boys and girls;", "(f) Implement a zero-tolerance policy to end violence against girls, sexual abuse and sexual harassment in schools and to ensure that perpetrators are punished;", "(g) Ensure that, during the dialogue, the delegation referred to specific issues of concern to women and girls, including adequate sanitation, that would be taken into account in new schools that would soon be constructed.", "Employment", "The Committee notes with concern that although the Labour Relations Act prohibits gender discrimination in employment, it does not explicitly prohibit sexual harassment in employment. The Committee notes with concern the gender wage disparity in the formal sector and the low number of women in the formal sector. This number has been decreasing owing to the overall lack of work opportunities in Zambia. The Committee notes that women constitute the majority of the unemployed youth, especially in rural areas. The Committee is concerned at the high number of women in the informal sector. The Committee welcomes the enactment of the Legal Instrument on Minimum Wage and Conditions of Employment in Zambia, but remains concerned that, despite the efforts made by the State to regulate the informal sector, the wages in the sector are generally low and do not have social security or other benefits. The Committee is concerned about the lack of reporting and implementation of ILO conventions on equality and child labour.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt policies to take all necessary measures, including the adoption of temporary special measures under article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25, and to establish time-bound targets and indicators to achieve substantive gender equality in the labour market, eliminate occupational segregation and narrow the wage gap between women and men;", "(b) Ensure full and equal implementation of legal instruments and other measures on minimum wages and employment conditions, regulating the majority of the informal sector, and ensuring greater protection, including social security and other benefits;", "(c) Develop, in close cooperation with the private sector, policies and projects for women in the labour market, including in the informal sector;", "(d) Measures to ensure compliance with ILO Convention No. 100 on Equal Remuneration, Convention No. 111 on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), Convention No. 156 on Workers with Family Responsibility and Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour.", "Health", "While acknowledging the State party's efforts to improve women's health, including the increased allocation of resources for health services, the Committee remains concerned about the health situation of women in Zambia. In particular, the Committee is concerned at the high rate of maternal deaths and morbidity, especially as a result of unsafe abortion, despite the fact that abortion laws do not prohibit women from seeking safe abortion at health centres; the lack of access to reproductive health and information, including information on contraceptives and HIV/AIDS treatment, particularly in rural areas; high rates of teenage pregnancies; malnutrition; gender-based violence and discrimination affecting women and girls, including early marriage. While acknowledging the work done by the State party through the Roll Back Malaria Initiative, the Committee is concerned that malaria continues to be a serious health problem for women in Zambia, with 20 per cent of maternal deaths and morbidity due to malaria.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Take all necessary measures to increase women's access to reproductive health and related services within the framework of the Committee's general recommendation No. 24 on Article 12 - Women and Health;", "(b) Strengthen efforts, including through the accelerated maternal mortality reduction campaign, to reduce maternal deaths and to raise awareness, to increase women's access to health-care facilities and access to medical assistance from trained personnel, in particular in rural areas;", "(c) Raise awareness among women and clinical doctors through awareness-raising campaigns that enable women to seek safe abortion in health centres;", "(d) Provide quality services to women in line with the Committee's general recommendation No. 24 and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action to address complications arising from unsafe abortion;", "(e) Strengthen and expand efforts to better understand and receive affordable contraceptive methods across the country and to ensure that women and girls, especially in rural areas, have access to family planning information and services without obstacles;", "(f) Ensure the availability and use of malaria-resistant drugs, in particular for pregnant women, to reduce the overall number of malaria and the deaths caused by the disease;", "(g) Strengthen education on sexual and reproductive health rights for girls and boys through, inter alia, youth peer programmes and other programmes, with special emphasis on preventing early pregnancies and controlling sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS.", "HIV/AIDS", "The Committee notes with concern that HIV/AIDS remains a serious problem in the country and that more needs to be done to raise awareness of the risks and impacts of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, in particular young people. The Committee is concerned about the impact of HIV/AIDS on women, particularly young girls, who are raped by young girls who are believed to have been infected with them. In this regard, the Committee is concerned that gender-specific norms may make women and girls particularly vulnerable to such infection, and is concerned that the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men, as well as the inferiority of women and girls, may hamper their ability to negotiate safe sexual behaviour, thereby increasing the risk of infection. The Committee is also concerned about the shortage of personnel, infrastructure, health facilities, access to services and the lack of safe space for women living with HIV, especially in rural areas. The Committee is also concerned at the number and social situation of orphans and elderly women who are usually responsible for the care of family members infected with HIV/AIDS.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Take sustained and long-term measures to address the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and girls, in particular orphans and older women, and assess the consequences of HIV/AIDS for families and societies;", "(b) To further focus on the empowerment of women, to explicitly and highlight the gender perspective in their HIV/AIDS policies and programmes and to strengthen the role of men in all relevant measures;", "(c) Increase women's access to free prevention, treatment and care and support services when gender and customary factors are developed;", "(d) Integrate gender-based violence into health agreements and take measures to respond effectively to gender-based violence and abuse, thereby increasing access to services for women living with HIV;", "(e) To conduct awareness-raising campaigns on prevention, protection and confidentiality among staff from the State party's country of origin and various government departments, thereby institutionalizing and coordinating HIV/AIDS practices and eliminating negative and harmful ideas related to the treatment of HIV/AIDS.", "Rural women", "The Committee reiterates its concern about the disadvantaged situation of women in rural and remote areas (most of them in Zambia), characterized by poverty, illiteracy, lack of access to health and social services and their inability to participate in decision-making processes at the community level. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the Law on the Empowerment of Citizens and other provisions, such as the transfer of 30 per cent of land with rights to women, but reiterates its concern at the customary and traditional practices prevailing in rural areas that enable women to inherit or acquire ownership of land and other property and that they are not able to obtain financial credit and capital. Despite the fact that the Nodeal Act protects women's property from hegemony, rural widows often face challenges in preserving their property rights.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in the formulation and implementation of local development plans, in particular the needs of women heads of households, through ensuring women's participation in decision-making processes and increasing women's access to health, education, clean water and sanitation services, land and income-generating projects;", "(b) Establish a clear legislative framework to protect women's inheritance rights and land ownership;", "(c) Measures to eliminate negative practices and harmful practices, such as heges, in particular in rural areas. These practices and practices affect women's full enjoyment of their property rights.", "Vulnerable groups of women", "While acknowledging the efforts of the State party, including the launch of the Zambia Disability Agency and the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme, the Committee remains concerned about the de facto discrimination suffered by certain vulnerable groups of women, in particular older women, women with disabilities, refugee women and women in detention. Many of them suffer from social marginalization, exclusion, violence, poverty and isolation, particularly in rural areas. The Committee is also concerned at the lack of statistical and other information on the situation of these groups of women and the limited programmes and assistance provided to them in the areas of education, employment, health and social services.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) To collect disaggregated data on the situation of women facing multiple forms of discrimination, such as older women, women with disabilities and refugee women;", "(b) Take proactive measures, including temporary special measures, to encourage women to participate in and eliminate discrimination against women, including in the areas of education, vocational training, employment, health and reproductive health, to enable women to access services such as mental health services and to protect women from violence and abuse;", "(c) Steps taken to investigate, prosecute and punish all perpetrators of violence against refugee women, to adopt gender-sensitive approaches to asylum requests and to continue to cooperate with the international community, in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in those efforts.", "Marriage and family relations", "The Committee expressed concern about the negative impact of the dual law in Zambia. Notwithstanding the State party's indication that if customary law and statutory law are triggered, it is concerned that the State is in practice more favour of the use of customary law and that customary law is more likely to apply in the context of family and private relations, such as adoption of children, marriage, divorce, funeral, death and transfer of property. The Committee notes with concern that women bear the burden of care for their children and that harmful practices deny women the right to exercise free and responsible decisions on the number and spacing of their children.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Take measures to ensure that women and girls are disadvantaged as a result of the patriarchal customary law in Zambia, when the customary practices and the passage of written laws occur;", "(b) Conduct awareness-raising campaigns to make a better understanding of the rights enshrined in the Convention, including the recognition that it is not able to freely choose adverse customary laws in the area of reproductive health, to share parental responsibilities, to ensure the well-being of children and to care for them, and to ensure that women have the right to autonomy in reproductive health and sexual health;", "(c) Training and sensitization of the executive heads of customary courts and traditional courts on the promotion and guarantees of women and girls' rights, including rights in marriage and family relations;", "(d) Ensure that certain harmful practices, such as early marriage and sexual cleansing, are de facto criminalized.", "Optional Protocol", "The Committee notes that, in its oral presentation, the delegation indicated that it is still considering the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention and urges the State party to expedite its efforts to ratify the Optional Protocol.", "Article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "The Committee encourages the State party to accept, as soon as possible, the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the time of the Committee's meeting.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "The Committee urges the State party to take full advantage of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, in implementing its obligations under the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee requests that a gender perspective be incorporated into all efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and that the provisions of the Convention be clearly reflected, and requests the State party to include more detailed information in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "The Committee requests Zambia to disseminate the present concluding observations widely at the national level so that the population, including government officials, politicians, parliamentarians, women's organizations and human rights organizations, are aware of the measures taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality of women, as well as the measures taken in this regard. The Committee recommends that this work should include the local community level. The Committee encourages the State party to hold a series of meetings to discuss progress in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”, in particular to women's and human rights organizations.", "Ratification of other treaties", "The Committee notes that the State party's accession to nine major international human rights instruments will promote women's enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Zambia to consider ratifying the treaties to which Zambia is not yet a party, namely the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on steps taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 14 to 22.", "Technical assistance", "The Committee recommends that the State party avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of comprehensive programmes to implement the above recommendations and the provisions of the Convention. The Committee also calls upon the State party to further strengthen its cooperation with the specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Statistics Division.", "Preparation of the next report", "The Committee requests the State party to ensure that all ministries and public institutions participate in the preparation of the next report and consult with women and human rights organizations during the preparation of the report.", "The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report pursuant to article 18 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to submit its seventh periodic report in July 2015.", "The Committee requests the State party to follow the harmonized reporting guidelines on international human rights treaties, including the common core document and the treaty-specific document guidelines, approved by the fifth inter-committee meeting of human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The Convention-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, Part I, annex I) must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines for the common core document. These guidelines form the harmonized reporting guidelines of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Convention-specific documents should be limited to 40 pages and the common core document updated should not exceed 80 pages.", "The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "法官和律师的独立性", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转呈法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员Gabriela Knaul根据人权理事会第17/2号决议提交的临时报告。", "法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的临时报告", "摘要 本报告根据人权理事会第17/2号决议提交，论述刑事司法制度需要考虑并列入性别平等因素，在让男女都有诉诸司法的平等权利方面迈出重大步骤，并阐述了法官和律师要发挥的作用。 虽然性别平等的含义、范围和影响不仅仅限于妇女的权利，但本报告重点阐述当妇女身为受害人、证人和犯罪人时，法官和律师的独立性和公平与刑事司法制度之间的相互联系。特别报告员强调指出，性别陈规定型观念产生不利影响，在刑事司法制度及其程序涉及的所有事项中都要充分考虑到性别平等观点。由于世界各地的妇女历来普遍受到歧视，因此特别报告员必须关注她们在刑事司法制度中的具体待遇。但是，顾及性别平等观点意味着，要同时顾及男女的观点和需求，并应进一步正确了解和处理基于性别的陈旧观念、偏见和歧视对男女诉诸和参与司法制度、特别是刑事司法制度产生的所有影响。 \n采用着眼于人权的做法是引导各国和其他国际和国家行动者的最佳工具，从而制订法律、程序规则和判例，在国际社会和国家中都尊重男女平等和不以性别为由进行歧视的公认法律原则。特别报告员强调，制订培训方案和继续开展法律教育、特别是国际人权法教育的方案，是在刑事司法制度内和制度外培养司法能力和挑战陈旧性别观念的核心，是更公平地应用刑事法律和让妇女更平等地寻求公正的基础。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.特别报告员的活动 4\n3.刑事司法制度中的性别平等：法官和律师的作用 6\nA.情况介绍、规范框架和基本原理 6\nB.需要有一个有性别代表性和顾及性别平等的司法机关 7\nC.女受害人参与刑事司法制度 11\nD.在刑事司法制度中保护受害人和证人及其家人 15\nE.刑事司法制度中的女犯罪人 18\n4.结论 20\n5.建议 20", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员Gabriela Knaul在2009年6月任职后向大会提交的第二份报告。她的任务是人权委员会第1994/41号决议规定的，并在最近由人权理事会第17/2号决议延长。", "2. 特别报告员及其前任指出，法官和律师的独立性是遵守法治、消除有罪不罚现象和民主制度良好运作的核心。保护与增进人权和确保司法制度没有歧视也离不开法官和律师的独立性。", "3. 特别报告员决定分析性别平等问题及其对独立司法制度的影响。分析分成两个与特别报告员的任务规定有关的主题：性别平等与司法制度[2] 和刑事司法制度中的性别平等。", "4. 本报告重点阐述刑事司法制度考虑到性别平等观点的重要性。它论及妇女在司法官员中人数偏低的问题，并论及需要为所有司法人员制订和加强关于国际人权法和判例、特别是性别平等和妇女权利的培训和能力建设方案，因为这是建立一个独立和公平的司法机关的先决条件(第三.B节)。", "5. 虽然必须指出性别平等的含义、范围和影响不仅仅限于妇女的权利，但特别报告员本次报告重点阐述当妇女身为受害者、证人和犯罪人时，法官与律师的独立性与刑事司法制度之间的相互联系，并强调性别陈规定型观念的不利影响以及刑事司法制度从所有方面进一步考虑性别平等观点的重要性(第三.C、D和E节)。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "6. 特别报告员最近提交给人权理事会的报告[3] 阐述了她2010年1月1日至3月15日开展的活动。自此以来，特别报告员出席了各种会议，对收到的个人和组织的来函和指控采取行动，并同各国政府进行了对话。", "7. 2011年4月15日，特别报告员在阿姆斯特丹举行的律师互助组织成立25周年纪念活动上发言介绍“联合国法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的作用和促进和维护关于律师作用的基本原则”。", "8. 2011年5月26日和27日，她参加联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在日内瓦召开的关于“性别平等与受害人和证人的保护”的专家会议，并在会上发了言。", "9. 2011年5月30日，特别报告员向人权理事会提交了年度报告(A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1)，并同时提交了关于来文的增编、关于她2010年8月和12月到莫桑比克出差情况的增编和关于2010年10月到墨西哥出差情况的增编。2011年5月31日，她在人权理事会第十七届会议期间参加了国际法学家委员会与会议同期组织的一次关于法官和律师在危机期间的作用的活动。2011年6月1日，她还参加了墨西哥捍卫和促进人权委员会、世界禁止酷刑组织、国际和平旅日内瓦办事处和法律协会就她墨西哥出差情况的报告安排的一次活动。", "10. 7月16日和17日，特别报告员出席了在基辅召开的关于加强各国法官协会的能力与在国内执行《保护人权与基本自由公约》的国际会议，会上就司法机关和法官独立性面临的挑战进行了小组讨论。会议是在一份多边合作谅解备忘录的签署国亚美尼亚、爱沙尼亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、波兰和乌克兰等国的法官协会授权的代表第二次年度会议的框架内，与欧洲委员会和Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Rechtliche Zusammenarbeit e.V合作举行的。", "11. 在海牙法律国际化研究所2011年6月23日和24日召开的第四次关于今后的法律的会议上，特别报告员参加了各个互动小组的活动。", "12. 2011年6月27日至7月1日，她参加了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在日内瓦举行的第十九次特别报告员、代表、独立专家和人权理事会工作组主席年度会议。", "13. 特别报告员访问了保加利亚(2011年5月9日至16日)和罗马尼亚(2011年5月17至24日)。两次出差的报告和相关建议将作为增编列入特别报告员向人权理事会提交的下一份报告中。特别报告员希望感谢保加利亚和罗马尼亚政府提供合作。她还希望感谢土耳其政府邀请她于2011年10月访问该国。", "14. 特别报告员记得在她接获任命后，她已就访问以下国家一事请有关国家发出邀请或写信提醒它们注意此事：安哥拉(2008年)；阿根廷(2011年)；阿塞拜疆(2009年)；孟加拉国(2007年)；柬埔寨(2006年)；中国(2011年)；古巴(1995年)；埃及(1999年)；赤道几内亚(2002年)；斐济(2007年)；格鲁吉亚(2008年)；印度(2011年)；伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2006年)；伊拉克(2008年)；肯尼亚(2000年)；利比里亚(2010年)；马来西亚(2011年)；马尔代夫(后续访问，2011年)；缅甸(2009年)；尼泊尔(2011年)；尼日利亚(1995年)；巴基斯坦(2000年)；菲律宾(2006年)；斯里兰卡(1999年)；突尼斯(1997年)；土库曼斯坦(1996年)； 乌兹别克斯坦(1996年)；委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2011年)和津巴布韦(2001年)。", "15. 特别报告员希望在不久的将来收到上述国家的邀请。她还希望感谢接受她访问请求的各国政府。", "三. 刑事司法制度中的性别平等：法官和律师的作用", "A. 情况介绍、规范框架和基本原理", "16. 1994年，人权委员会要求特别报告员定期在其报告中系统提供侵犯妇女人权行为的信息。[4] 近期才提醒特别程序在执行任务过程中顾及性别平等问题。[5] 特别报告员的任务规定要求她在开展工作时按要求顾及性别平等观点。", "17. 特别报告员已表明和分析了打击有罪不罚现象对法治和民主治理的重要性和刑事司法制度要发挥的作用。[6] 此外，众所周知，国际人权法规定，各国有义务调查、起诉侵犯人权行为，包括基于性别的暴力行为，并为受害人提供补救。法官和律师尤其有责任保护和促进人权和法治。[7]", "18. 此外，不得以性别为由进行歧视和男女平等的原则已经得到承认并被列入无数国际和区域人权文书，包括联合国的各项主要人权条约。[8] 特别是，《公民及政治权利国际公约》(见大会第2200(XXI)号决议，附件)第十四条第1款指出，“所有的人在法庭和裁判所前一律平等”，《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(《联合国条约汇编》，第1249卷，第20378号)规定了各国为确保其管辖区内的每一个妇女充分享有人权必须遵守的最起码标准。", "19. 在本报告中，“社会性别”是指男女在社会中的既定作用，或是后天产生的社会差异。[9] 性别陈规定型观念——对特定性别成员的属性或特性，或其起到或应该起到的作用的大致看法或先入之见——对男女都有影响，但“通常对妇女影响尤甚”。[10]《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第五(a)条规定有义务“改变男女的社会和文化行为模式，以消除基于性别而分尊卑观念或基于男女任务定型所产生的偏见、习俗和一切其他做法。”[11] 性别陈规定型观念既普遍，又根深蒂固。各国要了解司法机关在促成和帮助形成性别陈规定型观念过程中的作用，才能消除不平等，从而履行其国际义务。", "20. 要从性别平等角度来看刑事司法制度，就要分析它对男子和妇女产生的影响，确保妇女以及男子的权利、看法和需求都得到系统考虑。从全球来看，妇女在刑事司法制度中的参与程度历来很低，而犯罪和侵犯人权行为的受害者中有很大一部分是妇女，她们受基于性别的暴力和歧视的侵害的程度尤其大。[12] 为此，本报告重点论述刑事司法制度是如何对待妇女的。但是，不应认为性别平等概念只涉及妇女的境况。", "21. 如果罪行和侵犯人权行为没有受到惩处，可以追究国家助长有罪不罚和不遵守法律文化的形成的责任。如果某些类罪行，例如基于性别的罪行或对某一性别的人的影响尤其大的其他类罪行，未得到惩处，还可以根据国际法追究国家歧视对待的责任。", "B. 需要有一个有性别代表性和顾及性别平等的司法机关", "22. 司法机关和法律行业也可能有基于性别的歧视。妇女在历史上不能担任司法职务，因为法律行业被视为男人的领地；任命和晋升程序和标准常常有性别偏见。[13]", "1. 妇女在司法机关中的任职情况", "23. 在世界各地的司法部门和法律行业中，特别是在高级职位上，妇女的任职人数仍然很少，无疑表明司法机关中固有的性别歧视。[14] 虽然世界各地的定额致使妇女在立法机构中的任职人数大增，但各国似乎放过了同样对司法部门进行性别平等分析的机会。但是，各国必须采取措施确保妇女与男子一样，拥有担任法官、辩护律师或法院其他职务的权利。[15]", "24. 接到任命的妇女还要面对同事和社会因为对女性的假定而产生的偏见和歧视。她们的一举一动受到审视和严厉批评，与男同事相比，她们的资格更多地受到质疑，她们客观性更可能受到怀疑。妇女常常限于审理或被要求审理“能见度低”的案子，在传统上与妇女有关的家庭法等领域工作，或一直在下级法院工作。[16]", "25. 妇女在国际司法机构中的任职人数历来不多。特别报告员认为，性别不平等威胁到这些国际法庭的合法性和权威。为此，她希望强调指出《罗马规约》的体制特征，因为它对国际刑事法院目前任职的大多数女法官给予了很大帮助。[17]", "26. 增加司法机关妇女任职人数有几个理由。司法机关的一个主要职能是促进平等与公平，法院和其他司法机构的构成应表明国家对平等做出的承诺。司法制度还应合理代表它们所服务的多元社会和社区，表明它们的多元化，维持或加强公众对司法制度的公信力、合法性和 公平的信任和信心。[18]", "27. 此外，同男子一样，妇女也受其背景和经历的影响。出于历史、文化、生理、社会或宗教上的各种原因，妇女的经历与男子不同，因此她们可以在同性别陈规定型观念作斗争的同时，在审判工作中提出不同的看法和做法。因此，多元的司法机关会对审理的事项提出平衡和公平的看法，消除阻碍法官公平审理某些问题的障碍。这一理由也同样适用于鼓励让其他位居少数的种族、族裔和性别群体担任职务。[19]", "28. 促成变革的措施和机制可以是多种多样的，从制宪或立法改革到同公众进行交流。只有政府所有部门以及法律界认真做出努力，措施才会有效。例如，法律界可以确定和消除暗中的障碍，因为这些障碍使妇女难于在传统从业过程中出人头地，去担任更高的职务或司法职务。[20]", "29. 南非的宪法规定增加妇女在司法机关中的任职人数。[21] 美德基金会最近发起了“培养女法官举措”，旨在为妇女创造和增加在全球司法机关中担任法官的机会。[22] 国际律师协会和国际刑事法院发起了“需要非洲女律师”的宣传运动，以解决法院法律顾问名单上非洲妇女的人数一直不多的问题。[23]", "30. 裁决结果只是审案的一个方面，性别平等对司法人员、包括同僚和其他法律专业人员的行为的影响，是需要注意的法庭中任职妇女的影响的另一方面。", "31. 从人权角度来看，女法官可在执法和使法律得到遵守过程中发挥独特和必要的作用，特别是在让妇女有机会谋求公正和充分参与社会的案例中。[24] 法官小组的女法官有可能在性别歧视问题上取得男法官的支持。", "32. 妇女作为司法机关成员产生的最大影响或许是她们在制订和解释有关包括强奸和其他形式性暴力在内的基于性别的暴力的国家和国际法律过程中已经和继续发挥的作用。尤其值得注意的是，妇女参与起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的工作，因为“每一个涉及强奸或其他形式性暴力的案件都涉及妇女”。[25]", "33. 皮莱法官是起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭中的唯一女性法官，据说她在Akayesu一案中发挥重大作用，列入了先前被检察官办公室忽略的强奸证据，并修改了的控告书，首次确认强奸是一种灭绝种族行为。[26] 解释法律因而至少与制订法律一样重要。", "2. 性别平等和有关妇女权利的培训和能力建设", "34. 消除司法机关中的男女比例失衡只是让人们了解两性平等问题和妇女权利的一个方面。对男女法官、检察官和律师进行提高性别平等意识的培训同样重要。[27] 司法机关中有妇女并不能保证顾及性别平等观点，因为男女都可能有基于性别的成见、定型观念和偏见。由于在“适应”家长式司法系统方面受到同僚和社会的压力，法律界的妇女有时举止跟随男性同事，在做出判断时采用相同的基于性别的陈规定型观念。", "35. 但是，公正必须具备的一个重要方面是“法官不得让其判决受个人成见或偏见的影响，也不能对审理的案件有任何预断”。[28] 要改变态度和消除陈规定型观念和偏见，就要不断从制度上做出努力，开展有关国际人权标准、义务和判例以及通常不为人知或未得到执行的国家反歧视法的培训、继续教育和能力建设。", "36. 联合国关于司法机关独立的基本原则以及其他各种法律标准都确认，适当学历是遴选司法机关任职人员的一个先决条件。[29] 关于律师作用的基本原则规定，各国政府必须确保律师有适当的学历和训练，以便能够为客户提供咨询和保护，维护公正。[30] 消除对妇女歧视委员会申明“对司法和执法官员及其他公共官员进行性别敏感培训，对于有效实施《公约》至关重要”[31] 国际刑事法院规约规定，在遴选法官、检察官和其他工作人员时，必须考虑到需要有对妇女和儿童的暴力行为方面的法律专业知识。[32]", "37. 特别报告员已经在先前提交给人权理事会的报告中强调指出，除了定期进行法律培训外，需要继续对治安法官、法官、检察官、公设律师和律师进行有效的国际和区域人权法培训。[33] 法律的过渡、变革或改革时期尤其有利于执行这种司法教育方案。", "38. 国际法规定，法官作为国家行为体，有义务和有责任确保人们享有重大权利而不受歧视。因此，法官要主动承担起在案件审理和执行法庭程序过程中维护平等和不歧视国际标准的义务。法官可以在法律或规则不符合国际人权标准时建议予以废除或修正。[34]", "39. 如巴基斯坦第一位高级法院女法官Majida Razvi所说，“法官总是拥有通过做出公正判决来维护公正的酌处权。他们可以在法律规定的范围内利用这一空间”[35] 司法机关愿意承认这些对法律和原则做出可以维护公平的解释的机会是这一进程的关键。", "40. 国际人权条约和标准以及司法和准司法机关的判例为法官做出尊重平等和不歧视原则的判决提供了合法工具。例如，在R诉Ewanchuck一案中，加拿大最高法院援引消除对妇女歧视委员会的意见和委员会第19号建议，就攻击案裁定，对妇女的暴力行为是一个不平等和侵犯人权问题，“陈规定型的假设产生了女子如果以某种方式着装或不进行反抗即是应允交欢的说法。”[36] 在国家诉Godfrey Baloyi一案中，南非宪法法院也援引《公约》来维护法律的宪法效力，改换了在危害妇女家庭暴力案中有关违反禁令指控的举证责任。[37]", "C. 女受害人参与刑事司法制度", "41. 在基于性别的暴力案件中，如果对妇女的性别歧视特别明显，则就妇女经历的不是基于性别的罪行而言，也值得关注。", "42. 在国家层面未将对妇女影响特别大的某些基于性别的侵害，例如家庭暴力、婚内强奸或性骚扰列为犯罪，影响妇女诉诸和参与刑事司法程序。如前所述，法官即便不制订法律，也有义务和责任维护国家或国际平等和不歧视标准，指出立法方面的空白。[38] 此外，在法律制度未具体将某些基于性别的虐待行为定为犯罪时，应根据现有的一般法律，包括国家宪法中有关平等的条款，对有害行为进行调查、起诉和判刑。", "43. 一些法律直接或间接禁止或限制妇女诉诸刑事司法制度。其中一些法律限制妇女的行动自由，或让“男子监管”妇女；使妇女在法律上处于未成年地位；违反《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十五条，不让妇女享有与男子相同的法律能力和获得行使这种能力的机会。[39] 这些法律还限制妇女诉诸和参与刑事司法制度。", "44. 权利受到侵犯的妇女有权获得补救，包括参加刑事诉讼程序。有关法律程序必须符合国际公平审判标准，法庭程序和证据规则同时也应确保妇女在参与时不处于不利地位。[40] 国际法新出现的一个强大趋势是承认严重侵犯人权行为、犯罪行为和违反国际法罪行的受害人的法律地位和权利。[41] 一些国际机关尤其注意受害人在刑事程序中的作用。[42]", "45. 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》允许受害人直接或通过法律代表参加法庭的审理，在事关他们利益的所有审理阶段表明他们的看法和关切。[43] 区域标准也表明侵犯人权行为受害人参加司法程序的重要性。[44]", "46. 坚定的性别陈规定型观念常常影响刑事司法制度的程序和证据规则，致使法庭官员的举止有性别偏见，并致使刑事司法制度歧视妇女。性别陈规定型观念尤其影响到强奸和暴力侵害妇女案的审理。[45]", "47. 在许多国家中，刑法有关强奸和性攻击的条款建立在性别陈规定型观念和偏见基础上，致使大部分是妇女的受害人受到歧视。因此全球强奸和性暴力案不进行庭审的比率很高，产生重大有罪不罚问题。[46]", "48. 强奸案中通过有性别成见的刑事证据规则体现出来的性别陈规定型观念包括：身体暴力需要有证据表明未获同意；妇女可能撒谎，因此证据只应在经过核实后方可接受；可以假定妇女应允交欢；可以认为妇女同意交欢，哪怕她们是被迫或被胁迫或强迫的，因为她们没有说不同意；先前的性经历使妇女倾向于应允交欢，或自动同意交欢；妇女深夜在偏僻的地方或穿着特殊，就要对遭受性攻击负责，或是自找性攻击；性工作者不可能被强奸；被强奸的妇女不是受到伤害，而是丢人，不要脸，或是自找的。[47]", "49. 就家庭暴力而言，人权事务委员会感到关切的是，法律条款以陈规定型的方式描述家庭暴力受害人的举止。[48]", "50. 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭以及后来卢旺达问题国际法庭的程序和证据规则采用了进步的措施。不要求受害人进行无法进行的举证；不要求核实受害人的证词；不预先假定应允交欢；不允许使用事关受害人先前性行为的证据； 不得假定不说话即是同意；不应仅因受害人的性别而怀疑其可信程度。[49]", "51. 要让妇女切实和不受歧视地参与刑事司法制度，她们的法律顾问和检察官也需要了解两性平等和妇女权利问题。但是，由于有对妇女的偏见或由于她们受其伤害的犯罪行为，妇女常常遇到以下情况：检方不采取行动、检察官、法官和包括辩护律师在内的法庭其他官员有歧视态度和自己律师提供的咨询不妥，致使她们第二次或重新受到伤害和权利得不到维护。研究表明，这种缺乏同情心的态度和对受害人需求不甚了解可以大大加重不公正待遇产生的精神影响。[50] 受到第二次不公正对待的不仅仅是妇女：儿童、残疾人、被强奸的男人尤其容易受到伤害。", "52. 各级检察官中有妇女的代表以及对检察官进行适当的性别平等和妇女权利培训，对于一个顾及性别平等的刑事司法制度顺利开展工作至关重要。检察官要履行若干职能，他们在履行职能时必须做到客观和公正，避免基于性别的歧视或其他任何歧视。[51] 这意味着检察官在履行公务时不得有任何偏见。《罗马规约》规定，检察官在调查和起诉罪行时应“尊重被害人和证人的利益和个人情况，包括……性别……。”检察官还要“考虑犯罪的性质,特别是在涉及性暴力、性别暴力或对儿童的暴力的犯罪方面。”[52]", "53. 国际和区域机关的判例论及偏见和刑事司法制度不采取行动问题。在AT诉匈牙利一案中，消除对妇女歧视委员会认为有关国家针对家庭暴力的刑事诉讼程序冗长繁琐，应对家庭暴力的法律措施有系统的不足之处。委员会证实，有关国家不采取行动违反了国际法。在Vertido诉菲律宾一案中，委员会处理了菲律宾一个强奸案的调查和起诉如何违反了公约规定的法律义务。委员会明确指出，陈规定型观念影响到妇女享有公平公正审判的权利，强调“司法部门必须小心行事，不是只按何为强奸或基于性别的暴力行为受害人的先入为主的设想，来订立有关妇女或女孩在遭遇强奸时应有何种表现或应该怎样做的僵硬标准。”[53]", "54. 在美洲人权制度中，所谓的“棉花田案”表明了针对性暴力女受害人的陈规定型观念的有害影响，以及这种影响是如何妨碍刑事司法制度的正常运作的。[54] 美洲人权法院还认为，警察、调查人员和检察官对暴力受害人持有陈规定型观念侵犯了受害人家人不受酷刑和虐待的权利.[55] 在最近两个军方人员强奸两名本地贫穷妇女的案件中，法院认为墨西哥违反其国际义务，因为受害人受到不友好对待、调查有疏漏、没有进行医治和政府、包括司法当局没有提供协助、受到威胁、家人没有得到适当待遇，总体上阻碍了司法公正。[56]", "55. 欧洲人权法院在MC诉保加利亚一案中对“约会强奸”的陈规定型观念提出质疑。[57] 法院还认为国家有通过切实进行调查和起诉来确保刑事法制度效力的正面义务。在Opuz诉土耳其一案中，法院除其他外，谴责有关地方当局的一般态度有歧视倾向、司法部门消极应对受害人的指控和不积极为其提供保护，认为这样助长家庭暴力。[58]", "56. 起诉基于性别的犯罪行为不应建立在检察官的个人决心上，而应是一个部门政策。这就要求刑事司法制度和不断对检察官进行的制度化培训都考虑到性别平等因素。", "57. 秘书长认为，“专门法庭可以提高效率，最大限度地减轻受害者的负担，并且在检察官、法官和其他法庭职员受过相关培训的情况下可以改进案件的结局。”[59] 这类法庭似乎缩短案件的周期和减少案件的不庭审率，增加定罪率。专门法庭同流动法庭或家庭暴力法庭一样，可以更好地为妇女寻求公正，让法官和司法人员加强他们的专长。[60] 国际法不排除在严格界定的情况下为刑事案的某些当事方进行专门庭审，但是这些法庭一定要遵守所有有关公平审判的国际规定。[61]", "58. 特别报告员支持设立专门刑事法庭审理基于性别的犯罪行为，但她也希望强调，这些法庭有效开展工作以维护受害人权利的关键是有一个合理体制来为受害人全面提供法律、社会和精神支持，特别是在受害人需要暂时离开家庭和/或家人时。法庭内的专门单位也可以发挥积极作用，保护妇女的权利。", "59. 作为一个临时特别措施，设立专门法庭来处理不能平等诉诸刑事司法制度的问题可以起作用。特别报告员希望强调，在对刑事司法制度的运作进行适当全面分析后，方能决定设立专门法庭或单位，加强性别平等培训或改革刑事司法制度的程序，同时还要有监测和评估制度，确保产生有效的影响。", "D. 在刑事司法制度中保护受害人和证人及其家人", "60. 参加刑事诉讼对证人来说常常有一定风险。能否根据个案的特定情况来调整风险程度是刑事司法制度面临的一个挑战。对严重侵犯人权和严重违反国际人道主义法的人，包括对有性暴力和基于性别暴力和贩运人口等特定罪行的人进行高效调查和起诉的核心是成功地保护证人和受害人。提供一个保护证人和受害人的框架有助于创造有利条件，让证人和受害人报告案情，鼓励他们在后来的诉讼中提供合作。一些特别程序的任务执行人指出，“经常缺乏有效的证人保护工作，尽管这样做有利于不受法外处决、酷刑、贩卖人口、失踪和对妇女的暴力等侵犯人权行为的危害。”[62]", "61. 法官、检察官和律师要发挥作用，申请和执行保护措施，决定或建议在何种情况下采取何种措施。因此，他们应知道各国有哪些保护机制，了解保护涉及的性别层面。", "62. 保护证人不是为证人做好事，而是各国根据国际法承担的义务。主要国际和区域人权文书明确提及各国有义务采取具体措施保护证人和受害人，使其不受威胁和报复。[63] 最近制订的欧洲委员会关于防止和打击对妇女的暴力和家庭暴力的公约有一个关于风险评估和管理的条款(第51条)。各个国际法庭的做法加强了这些文书中的标准、准则和原则。[64]", "63. 《罗马规约》第五十四条第㈠2款要求国际刑事法院检察官“采取适当措施,保护被害人和证人的安全、身心健康、尊严和隐私。在采取这些措施时,本法院应考虑一切有关因素,包括年龄、第七条第三款所界定的性别、健康状况,及犯罪性质,特别是在涉及性暴力或性别暴力或对儿童的暴力等犯罪方面。” 法院采取的措施不得“损害或违反被告人的权利和公平公正审判原则”[65] 虽然国际法院具有独特具体的性质，但用于保护和协助证人的运作原则是一般性的，各管辖区考虑有关经验和惯例对于在国家一级采用有好处。", "64. 应定期审查保护受害人和证人的措施和方案的效力。至少要有两套措施让证人和受害人安全出面与刑事司法制度合作：(a) 司法当局在调查罪行或在法庭上听取证词时要有措施和程序，(b) 如果有必要，启动正式证人保护方案，在司法审理前、期间和其后提供保护措施和保障。[66]", "65. 程序性保护措施是法官或司法当局批准采取的多少。在审判期间，这类措施除其他外，可包括：审判的部分阶段或全程不向公众公开；使用假名；易容/改变嗓音；遮掩证人；通过视频作证；在被告不在场的情况下作证或进行非公开庭审；禁止公布或分发可能暴露受害人或证人身份的信息；在被告担任自己的辩护律师时，任命一名辩护律师进行质证；允许不到18岁的受害人在一名提供协助者在场的情况下作证。[67]", "66. 在刑事审判过程中作证对任何证人来说都会有很大压力，但有些人比其他人更容易感受到这种压力，可以需要有特别的协助措施来保障和提高他们证词的质量。此外，需求可能因性别和所审理罪行的性质而异，在证人也是受害人时尤其如此。应事先视证人的个人情况和案情评估证人的特定能力和需求，据此来调整法庭程序。这种协助或援助可包括调整提问方式，不提不必要、触及个人隐私、重复或令人尴尬的问题；允许作证期间经常休息一下；改变法庭房间的摆设，使其不那么正式；在法庭上或作证时有协助人员坐在证人旁边。", "67. 正式的保护证人方案旨在在司法审判前、期间和其后为被保护人提供全面人身保护和精神支持。保护方案以及具体措施应考虑到妇女的特定需求和她们面临的特定风险和威胁。[68]", "68. 在国际刑事法院，可以下令采取特别措施，以便于受到惊吓的受害人或证人、儿童、老人或性暴力受害人作证。书记官处受害人和证人股为证人、受害人和其他因证人作证而可能有危险的人提供保护措施和保安安排、心理辅导和其他适当协助。", "69. 应从公平维护和诉诸法律的角度来采取特别行动，在顾及性别平等的情况下保护妇女，这样参与决定采取这些措施的法官和其他当局就不会被视为让妇女享有“特别”待遇，因为这可能侵害被告享有公平审判的权利，而是要确保妇女也享有其他人享有的权利。", "70. 特别报告员希望在保护措施问题上强调有关“保护性拘留”或“安全羁押”的重要问题。在安全羁押情况下，家庭暴力、强奸和权宜婚姻的受害人关在监狱或庇护所里，以便进行保护。把受害人和/或证人关起来是不公正的，使他们在关押期间很可能进一步遭受暴力，并/或在他们不情愿的情况下把他们关起来。这还使他们无法接触子女或家人，获得必要的医疗和心理服务。安全羁押一般没有性别上的区分，但实际上对妇女、女孩和贫困者的影响尤其大。对受害人进行保护性拘留是一个极端措施，只应在不得以时，获得受害人同意并在有所有适当法律保障措施以便对关押进行复核的情况下，方可采用。[69]", "71. 特别报告员还希望强调妇女采取具体行动的重要性，就保护证人而言，她们需要充分了解情况，能够决定哪些情况可能影响到她们和是否作证[70] 妇女不是原本易于受到伤害：是她们的特定情况，加之社会上普遍存在的性别歧视，使她们受到威胁，成为暴力对象。特定类别妇女，例如遭受贩卖、性暴力、家庭暴力、所谓为维护名誉犯罪的妇女和年龄不到18岁的女子，尤其更容易遭受暴力侵害。妇女不应仅出于性别原因而受到过多的保护，事实上，在有适当保障的情况下，作证的经历可以增强妇女的权能，对于推动刑事司法制度的目标至关重要。法官、检察官和/或律师也可能因证人哭诉或包括性行为细节在内的讲述而采取过度保护的态度。", "72. 特别报告员在访问各国期间，听到许多受性剥削和贩卖人口侵害的妇女说，她们感到害怕，因为处理她们问题的是负责打击犯罪的部委，通常是内务部，她们同犯罪人关在同一个地方，犯罪人有机会进一步威胁和恫吓她们。这种情况阻止她们对侵害她们的人提出指控，阻碍她们寻求公正。在其他情况下，司法制度使被贩卖或被迫卖淫的妇女感到废除无助，因为法院剥夺了她们对子女的监管权。特别报告员认为，这些罪行的女受害人应由另一个部委，例如社会福利部，来保护，以避免她们再次受害。", "73. 《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女的暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施增订本》[71] 可以在采用注重性别平等和权利做法制订受害人和证人方案过程中起指导作用。特别报告员还希望赞扬联合国人权事务高级专员采取举措，在性别平等与保护证人和受害人问题上制订一个实际可行的工具，在各国落实考虑到性别平等因素的保护措施。", "E. 刑事司法制度中的女犯罪人", "74. 违反法律和接受刑事司法制度审判的妇女应在审判过程中享受有关公平审判和平等待遇的所有规定，不因性别而受到任何歧视，或受到国际法禁止的其他任何歧视。特别报告员对歧视妇女的刑法条款和在刑事审判过程中适用条款有歧视都深感关注。这些歧视性条款包括但不限于：把通奸或性交视为犯罪，对被贩卖的人非法入境和卖淫进行惩罚，对乱伦案中与亲属性交的女孩进行惩罚，将堕胎、包括流产时或母亲生命和健康受到威胁时进行堕胎视为犯罪。特别报告员希望回顾说，法官和检察官维护歧视性法律是国家违反国际义务的一部分。", "75. 被指控犯罪的妇女有接受合格、独立和公正法庭的公平公开审理的权利。如本报告第三B节所述，特别报告员认为，这一权利要求法官、检察官和律师了解性别平等问题和妇女国际人权，包括平等和不受歧视原则，并接受相关培训。在遇到以对嫌犯提出不当控告、在没有证明有不法行为的证据而只是道听途说时提出控告、对特定行为提出错误的控告(例如控告堕胎为杀婴)的形式表现出的性别陈规定型观念和歧视时，法官必须能够对其提出质疑。法官还必须愿意质疑陈规定型观念和歧视，不减损妇女的证词或损害她们的可信性，不管妇女是被告还是受害人都适用。", "76. 法官还应知道在对女犯罪人进行判决时，在具体涉及性别情况时，可以提出减罪情节。例如，美洲人权委员会认为，判处一名杀死丈夫的妇女徒刑的特利尼达和多巴哥国家法院应考虑到该名妇女多年遭受严重暴力的证据。该名罪犯的刑期最后减为13年，因为精神病学证据表明，她在杀人时患有“受虐妇女综合症”。[72]", "77. 对性别陈规定型观念提出质疑还意味着质疑人们常有的看法：男侵权者有权使用各种方式控制妇女，据说他们无法控制自己的性冲动；男受害人在被强奸时，他们是有能力保护自己的；以及女子会暴力侵害男子。在关于女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和特别是变换性别受害人的性别标准和情况问题上，也同样需要审慎行事。", "78. 对女罪犯来说，获得法律援助也是一个特别值得关注的问题。人权事务委员会指出“法律援助的有无往往决定一个人是否能够诉诸有关诉讼或有分量地参加诉讼”。[73] 此外，委员会还指出“要求诉讼方支付费用从而事实上阻碍他们诉诸法院，根据第十四条第1款，也会产生问题。”[74] 特别报告员在提交给人权事务委员会的报告[75] 中提及的贫穷妇女人数日增问题常常使妇女无法有适当的法律代理人。", "79. 特别报告员也对将妇女判刑和判处某些刑罚深感关注。妇女同男子一样，有权不受不符合国际标准的其他处罚，这意味严禁酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。[76] 这就是说，根据国际法，禁止进行公开执行死刑、石刑或用藤条、棍杖和鞭子抽打、致残和截肢等人体处罚。但是，特别报告员注意到，这些刑罚仍然存在并得到执行，且遭受这些刑罚的妇女尤其多。", "80. 世界上大部分犯人是男子，因此关押设施是按他们的需求设计的，没有考虑到女犯人的特殊需求。[77] 关押条件可能没有歧视，但是主要是为男子设计的关押制度没有考虑到女犯人的特殊需求，对女犯产生了歧视影响。例如，人满为患、卫生条件差和探访设施不足对男女都有影响，但卫生条件差对月经期女犯人影响尤其大。此外，女犯人常常是幼童的唯一或主要照料者，她们对她们不在时子女的福利情况感到担心和不安。怀孕或哺乳女犯人有特殊问题，除非情况特殊，否则不应入狱。", "81. 女犯人尤其容易受到监狱人员和犯人(当她们被关在男子监狱的一处牢房中时)的虐待，特别是遭受身体和性暴力。狱中强奸和其他形式的性暴力，无论是狱警而为还是同狱犯在狱警默许下而为，都构成酷刑。[78] 为此，特别报告员希望强调，通常被关在男子监狱的自认是女性的男变换性别者处境困难，极易受到侵害，建议各国考虑采取适当措施，避免狱中的变换性别者以及男同性恋和女同性恋进一步受到伤害。", "82. 《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非拘禁措施规则》[79] 是指导各国就这一问题制订政策和确保《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第6条中的不歧视原则实际得到执行的指南。满足这些需求以便实现实质性两性平等不应被视为具有歧视性质。", "四. 结论", "83. 特别报告员深感关注的是，性别陈规定型观念普遍存在，不易改变，致使妇女在刑事司法制度中受到歧视对待。司法官员也会受性别陈规定型观念的影响。非常需要了解在审判、司法程序和司法机关中是如何考虑或缺乏考虑性别平等和妇女的观点的。必须对传统的审判和司法权提出质疑，鼓励让妇女在司法机关中有自己的代表。与此同时，男子也有机会以法官、检察官或律师的身份发挥重要作用，让刑事司法制度进一步向妇女开放，并做到更加平等。", "84. 虽然本报告的重点是刑事司法制度，但特别报告员希望强调，在法官、检察官和律师在家庭继承、财产和土地产权等非刑法事项上或在人身法和判例中的作用问题上，也必须考虑到性别平等问题。", "85. 基于性别的歧视和基于其他原因的歧视的交汇及其影响经常被人们忽略。[80] 交汇在一起的歧视或多种歧视增加了妇女在法律职业中拥有平等任职人数以及诉诸刑事司法制度的复杂性。", "86. 特别报告员欢迎妇女署最近提交的报告《世界妇女的进展：寻求公正》。报告黯然承认，司法的基础设施(警察、法院和司法机关)无法满足妇女的需要。司法制度表明权力平衡，可以提高其效力以保障妇女的权利。", "87. 需要在国家的所有部门制订、执行和监测全面的改革、变革、政策和方案，让司法为妇女服务。法官、检察官和律师的作用至关重要。他们的独立和公正必须考虑到性别平等。刑事司法制度考虑到性别平等观点和妇女权利是必要解决办法的一部分，确保妇女参与法治。", "88. 在司法系统中，每当妇女到警察局报告她们的权利受到侵犯时，就要特别注意她们的问题。司法系统的有效高效率运作应能鼓励受害人随时向当局报告她们遭受的暴力行为，相信司法制度会切实保护她们，为她们提供解决办法和补救。", "五. 建议", "89. 应结合特别报告员提交人权理事会的上一份报告中的建议来参阅以下建议。", "一般性建议", "90. 特别报告员鼓励各国确定和分享在刑事司法制度各个层面顾及性别平等观念的最佳做法和共同标准。", "91. 各国应对其刑事司法制度进行一次检查，查明有哪些基于性别的歧视及其原因，评估歧视对妇女以司法人员、受害人、证人或罪犯身份参与刑事司法制度产生的影响。", "92. 各国应鼓励有资历的妇女在司法机关内和司法系统中担任高级别职务，包括为此制订临时特别措施。", "93. 各国应采取一切可以采取的措施，在包括调查、起诉、问讯和保护受害人和证人及判刑在内的刑事司法制度的所有领域中，消除性别陈规定型观念、偏见和歧视，包括对司法人员进行培训。", "培训和能力建设", "94. 各国应进行制度化的关于性别平等和妇女权利、包括国家、区域和国际人权法和判例的培训，并规定司法系统、特别是刑事司法系统的法官、检察官、律师、公设律师和其他司法人员必须接受培训，确保统一考虑到性别平等因素。", "95. 所有法学系和法学院的课程、司法机关学校的课程和律师协会的学术课程中都应有国际人权法，特别是性别平等和妇女权利的内容。", "96. 必须在为司法机关和律师业人员开展的各种法律培训和能力建设工作中宣传、重视和考虑性别平等专业知识。", "女受害人参与刑事司法制度", "97. 各国应建立专门的法院或在法院内建立专门的单位或检察官办公室，审理具体的基于性别的罪行，以减少妇女在诉诸司法方面的困难和障碍。这些法院应有接受过有关性别平等、不歧视和基于性别的具体犯罪行为的培训并能顾及性别平等因素的司法人员。", "98. 特别报告员敦促各国建立机制或机构以便记录、监测、评估和提供涉及女受害人和/或基于性别的罪行的法院判决。", "99. 各国应处理法律费用和缺少法律援助方案的问题，以及这一问题对妇女以及弱势群体诉诸刑事司法制度的影响特别大的问题。", "保护证人和受害人", "100.　特别报告员敦促各国考虑制订符合公平审判权利并顾及性别平等因素的正式的有效和高效的保护证人措施和方案。这些措施和方案应是刑事司法部门战略的组成部分，内容全面，涵盖各类罪行，包括基于性别的罪行和侵犯人权行为。各国应为这些措施和方案充分提供必要的资金。", "101.　应由独立的当局来评估威胁和风险，其后的受害人和证人保护工作应根据受害人和证人的需要在包括审前调查阶段在内的审判所有阶段进行。", "女犯罪人", "102.　特别报告员建议各国通过在刑事诉讼期间不直接或间接以性别为由进行歧视的刑法条款。判刑应顾及性别平等因素，必须根除不人道的判刑。在宣判入狱时应考虑到妇女和变换性别者的特殊需求。", "法律界协会的作用", "103.　律师协会和法官协会，无论其为国家、区域还是国际性质的，都要发挥重大作用，切实支持妇女在法律行业任职，对法官和律师进行有关国际人权法标准的培训。他们还应支持和鼓励分享在刑事诉讼和判例中采用性别平等标准的最佳做法。", "国际社会", "104.　国际社会还应为会员国提供实质性技术支持，以确保妇女在司法部门中有平等的任职人数，平等参与刑事司法制度并得到平等保护和对待，而无论其为受害人、证人还是犯罪人；例如，提请人们注意通过国内政治进程任命和提升女法官的问题，以此作为妇女平等参与公共生活权利的一个必要条件，与法律界的妇女合作，或分享维护国际平等和不歧视标准的良好做法和判决。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员2011年4月29日的报告(A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1)在司法制度这一较大的范畴内对性别平等与司法机关之间的多层关系中的一些关系进行了分析。报告阐述了妇女诉诸司法程序的主要障碍，包括贫穷妇女人数日增、司法人员不考虑性别平等因素以及歧视妇女的法律、政策和做法，并就司法机关在促进妇女人权方面的作用提出了建议。", "[3] A/HRC/17/30。", "[4] 第1994/45号决议，第18段。", "[5] 人权理事会第6/30号决议，第18段。", "[6] A/65/274。", "[7] 见：《世界司法独立宣言草案》，第1(b)条；亚洲及西太平洋法律协会区域关于司法机关独立性的北京原则声明，原则10(b)；非洲接受公平审判和享有法律援助权利的原则和准则，原则F(h)和I(i)；伊比利亚-美洲最高法庭庭长和最高法院院长峰会加拉加斯宣言，政策1；检察官的职业责任标准和基本义务与权利说明(1999年4月)，由国际检察官协会通过，第1和4.2(b)条。", "[8] 例如，见A/HRC/15/40和人权理事会第15/23号决议。", "[9] A/HRC/12/46，第33段。", "[10] Rebecca Cook and Simone Cusack, Gender Stereotyping-Transnational Legal Perspective, 2010, p.1；另见p.9。", "[11] 见：第2(2)条，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于非洲妇女权利的议定书》；第8(b)条，《美洲防止、惩罚和根除对妇女暴力行为公约》；第12(1)条，《欧洲委员会防止和打击对妇女的暴力行为和家庭暴力公约》。", "[12] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“贯穿不同领域的问题：刑事司法制度中的性别平等问题评估工具包”，(维也纳，2010年)，第1页。", "[13] Dermot Feenan,“Women and judging”，Feminist Legal Studies, Vol.17, No.1(2009),P.3。", "[14] Dermot Feenan,“Women judges：gendering judging, justifying diversity”，Journal of Law and Society, Vol.35 No.4,(2008), p.491；另见Marcela Valente,“Justice for women in men’s courts?”,见http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=37429。", "[15] 第7(b)条，《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》；消除对妇女的歧视委员会第23号一般性建议，第5段；《北京宣言和行动计划》第13、190(a)、232(d)和232(m)段；联合国关于司法机关独立的基本原则，原则10； 联合国关于律师作用的基本原则，原则10；联合国关于检察官作用的准则，准则2(a)；关于司法独立的世界宣言草案，第 10、77和80条；非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于设立一个非洲人权和人民权利法院的议定书，第14(3)条；欧洲人权法院，法院规则，第14条；《罗马规约》，第三十六条第㈧1(3)款；亚洲及西太平洋法律协会区域关于司法机关独立性的北京原则声明，第13段； Latimer House Guidelines for the Commonwealth，principle II.1；欧洲委员会部长理事会关于法官、独立性、效率和责任的CM/Rec(2010)12号建议，第VI.45章。", "[16] Sally Kerney,“Critical perspectives on gender and judging”, Politics & Gender, Vol.6，No.3(2010),p.439；Feenan,“Women judges:gendering judging,justifying diversity”, p.499；Justice McLachlin,“Why we need women judges”, statement, Eighth Biennial Conference of the International Association of Women Judges Conference, Sydney, Australia, 3-7 May, 2006；and Karen O’Connor,“Judging alone: reflections on the importance of women on the court”，Politics and Gender，Vol.6,No.3(2010)，p.449。", "[17] 第三十六条第㈧1⑶款和第三十六条第㈧2款；另见：Louise Chappell,“Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”，Politics and Gender, Vol.6,No.3,(2010), p.488。第四十四条第㈡款规定，在雇用检察官办公室和书记官处的工作人员时比照适用第三十六条第八款所定的标准。", "[18] 见《世界司法独立宣言草案》，第11(a)条。", "[19] 例如，见Feenan,“Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, p.517。", "[20] McLachlin,“Why we need women judge”。", "[21] Feenan,“Women and judging”，p.2。", "[22] www.virtuefoundation.org。", "[23] A/HRC/17/30，第51段。", "[24] Sandra Day O’Connor and Kim Azzarelli,“Sustainable development, rule of law, and the impact of women judges”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 44(2011), pp.4 and 6。", "[25] Julie Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Transitional Justice for Bosnia and Herzegovina,(Cambridge, Massachusetts, Hunt Alternative Fund，2004), p.13。", "[26] Louise Chappell,“Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court” p.490；Fareda Banda，“Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”, study commissioned by United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2008, p.12。", "[27] Marcela Valente,“Women judges not enough：gender awareness training needed”, Inter Prass Service(IPS)(见http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=48519。另见：班加罗尔司法行为原则，原则5(1)。", "[28] 人权事务委员会，第32号一般评论，第21段，另见：班加罗尔司法行为原则，原则5(2)。", "[29] 例如，见：非洲接受公平审判和享有法律援助权利的原则和准则，A(4)(i)和(k)；第R(94)12号建议，欧洲委员会部长理事会，原则III(1)；《伊比利亚-美洲法官规约》，第24条。", "[30] 原则9。", "[31] 第19号一般性建议，第24(b)段。另见：《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》增订本，大会第65/228号决议，附件，第20(a)段。", "[32] 第四十四条第㈡款和第三十六条第㈧款。", "[33] A/HRC/14/26；另见A/HRC/11/41,第80-84段；A/64/181,第28-30段。", "[34] A/HRC/14/26，第70段。", "[35] Cassandra Balchin,“Sitting in judgement: for men only?”，2 August 2010, Open Democracy。见www.opendemocracy.net。", "[36] 联合国人权事务高级专员，在妇女法官国际协会首尔双年度会议上的发言，2010,第16页。", "[37] 同上，第17页。", "[38] A/HRC/17/30,第27-36段；另见：Fareda Banda,“Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”。", "[39] 人权观察，《永久的未成年人：沙特阿拉伯的男子监管和男女隔离产生的侵犯人权行为》(纽约，2008年)，第24页。", "[40] 照料酷刑受害人医疗基金会，《得不到公平：100名酷刑幸存妇女寻求公正和康复的经历》(日内瓦，2009年)，第19页。", "[41] 国际法学家委员会，“刑事审判观察手册”，第5号从业者指南(2009年)，第147页。", "[42] 例如，《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》(大会第52/86号决议，附件)，第7段；《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》，第8条；严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则(大会第60/147号决议，附件)；经更新的采取行动打击有罪不罚现象，保护和增进人权的一套原则(E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1),原则19,第2段；和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》，第6条。", "[43] 第68(3)条；《国际法庭程序和证据规则》,规则85和89-93。", "[44] 欧洲委员会部长理事会，关于受害人在刑事法和程序框架中的地位的第(85)11 E号建议；保护恐怖行为受害人的准则，欧洲委员会部长理事会(2005年3月2日)；非洲接受公平审判和享有法律援助权利的原则和准则；关于受害人在刑事程序中的地位的框架决定(2001年3月15日)，欧洲联盟理事会。", "[45] Lisa Gormley,“Gender stereotyping in cases of rape and violence against women: developments in human rights jurisprudence”，INTERIGHTS Bulletin, vol.16, No.3 (2011),p.140。", "[46] 同上。", "[47] 同上。", "[48] 人权事务委员会，乌克兰的结论性意见，CCPR/C/UKR/CO/6,2006年11月28日,para.10。", "[49] 规则96；《罗马规约》第六十九条第(四)款；《国际刑事法院程序和证据规则》，规则63和70-72。", "[50] Jonathan Doak, Victims’Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice(Oxford, Hart Publications，2008),p.51。", "[51] 《联合国关于检察官作用的准则》，准则13，(a)段。", "[52] 第五十四条第㈠2款。", "[53] CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008,第8.4段；另见: Gormley,“Gender stereotyping”, pp.143-144。", "[54] Gonzales et al 诉墨西哥，2010；另见:Gormley,“Gender stereotyping”,p.142。", "[55] Gormley,“Gender stereotyping”，p.143。", "[56] Fernández-Ortega et al诉Mexico, 2010和Rosendo-Cantú et al 诉Mexico,2010。", "[57] M.C.诉保加利亚,2003, 第177和185段。", "[58] 第119-123段,第168-170和198段；另见：Bonita Meyersfeld,“Developments in international law and domestic violence”,INTERIGHTS Bulletin, vol.16 No.3 (2011),pp.110 and 113。", "[59] 秘书长的报告,“关于侵害妇女的一切形式的暴力行为的深入研究”(A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1,第315段)。", "[60] 妇女署，《世界妇女的进展：寻求公正，2011-2012》(纽约，2011)第58和59页。", "[61] 国际法学家委员会，“关于法官、律师和检察官的独立性和责任的国际原则》，第1号从业者指南(日内瓦，2004年)，第8和9页。", "[62] 联合声明,“保护证人在消除侵犯人权行为不受惩处现象中的作用”,2009年9月30日。", "[63] 这些文书包括：《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款、第十条和第十七条；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，第二和六条； 禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》，第十三条；《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》,第十二条第四款；《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》，第8条第(1)(a)款；《为罪行和滥用权力行为受害者取得公理的基本原则宣言》，第6(d)段；《有效调查和记录酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的原则》,第3(b)段；《经更新的采取行动打击有罪不罚现象，保护和增进人权的一套原则》,原则10；和《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》,第三(5)段。", "[64] A/HRC/15/33,para.12。", "[65] 第六十八条第㈠款；另见:《国际法庭程序和证据规则》,规则87-88。", "[66] A/HRC/15/33,第4段。", "[67] 同上，第23段。", "[68] 同上，第25-38段。", "[69] 例如，见：联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“贯穿不同领域的问题：刑事司法制度中的性别平等问题评估工具包”，第34页。", "[70] Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,pp.16-17。", "[71] 大会第65/228号决议，附件。", "[72] Indrivani Pamela Ramjattan 诉特立尼达和多巴哥；另见：Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”,p.108。", "[73] 第32号一般性意见(CCPR/C/GC/32),第10段。", "[74] 同上，第11段。", "[75] 见A/HRC/17/30，第20-26段。", "[76] 人权事务委员会，第20号一般性意见，第2-3段。", "[77] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“贯穿不同领域的问题：刑事司法制度中的性别平等问题评估工具包”，第31页。", "[78] 见A/HRC/7/3。", "[79] 见大会第65/229号决议。", "[80] 例如，见A/HRC/17/26。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Independence of judges and lawyers", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/2.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/2, addresses the need to consider and integrate a gender perspective in the criminal justice system as a fundamental step towards allowing equal access to justice for women and men and in respect of the role to be played by judges and lawyers.", "While the meaning, scope and impact of gender encompasses more than women’s rights, this report focuses on the interlinkages of the independence and impartiality of judges, prosecutors and lawyers and the criminal justice system when dealing with women as victims, witnesses and offenders. The Special Rapporteur underlines the negative impacts of gender stereotypes and the importance of integrating a strong gender perspective in all aspects of the criminal justice system and its procedures. The historical and pervasive discriminatory position of women throughout the world compelled the Special Rapporteur to look at their specific treatment in the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, as the integration of a gender perspective means integrating both women and men’s perspectives and needs, more should be done to properly understand and challenge all the impacts and effects that gender-based stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination have on both women and men in both their access to and engagement in the justice system as a whole and the criminal justice system in particular.", "Applying a human rights-based approach is the best instrument with which to guide States and other international and national actors alike, and allow the development of laws, rules of procedures and jurisprudence that respect internationally, as well as nationally, recognized legal principles of equality between women and men and non‑discrimination on the grounds of gender. The Special Rapporteur highlights the fact that development of training and continuing legal education programmes, particularly in international human rights law, is the cornerstone for developing the capacity of the judiciary to challenge gender stereotypes within and outside the criminal judicial system and provide the basis for more equal application of criminal legislation, and therefore for a more equal access to justice for women.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 of the Special \nRapporteur III. Gender 6 in the criminal justice system: the role of judges and \nlawyers A. Introduction, 6 normative framework and \nrationale B.The 7 case for a gender-representative and -sensitive \njudiciary C. Participation 12 of women victims in the criminal justice \nsystem D.Protection 16 of women victims and witnesses and their families in the criminal justice \nsystem E. Women 19 offenders in the criminal justice \nsystem \nIV.Conclusions 22\nV.Recommendations 22", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the second one submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, since her appointment in June 2009. Her mandate was established in Commission on Human Rights resolution 1994/41 and renewed, most recently, in Human Rights Council resolution 17/2.", "2. The Special Rapporteur and her predecessors have asserted that the independence of judges and lawyers lies at the core of the respect for the rule of law, the fight against impunity and the well-functioning of a democratic system. The independence of judges and lawyers is also essential for the protection and enforcement of human rights and for ensuring that there is no discrimination in the administration of justice.", "3. The Special Rapporteur has chosen to analyse the topic of gender and its relevance for an independent judicial system. This analysis has been divided into two thematic approaches relevant to her mandate: one relating to gender and the administration of justice[2] and the other to gender in the criminal justice system.", "4. This report focuses on the importance of integrating a gender perspective in the criminal justice system. It addresses the issues of the underrepresentation of women among judicial officers and the need to create and strengthen training and capacity-building programmes on international human rights law and jurisprudence, in particular gender equality and women’s rights, for all judicial actors, as an important requisite for an independent and impartial judiciary (sect. III.B).", "5. While it is important to note that the meaning, scope and impact of gender encompass more than women’s rights, this report of the Special Rapporteur focuses on the interlinkages of the independence of judges and lawyers and the criminal justice system when dealing with women victims, witnesses or offenders, and underlines the negative impacts of gender-based stereotypes and discrimination and the importance of integrating a strong gender perspective in all aspects of the criminal justice system (sect. III.C, D and E).", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "6. The activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur from 1 January 2010 to 15 March 2011 are outlined in the recent report she submitted to the Human Rights Council.[3] Since then, the Special Rapporteur has participated in various conferences and meetings, taken action in response to communications and allegations received from individuals and organizations, and pursued dialogue with Governments.", "7. On 15 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur gave a speech on “The role of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers in promoting and seeking to ensure the Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers”, during the event commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the organization Lawyers for Lawyers, which was held in Amsterdam.", "8. On 26 and 27 May 2011, she participated in an expert meeting on “Gender and Victim and Witness Protection” organized in Geneva by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, during which she delivered a statement.", "9. On 30 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur submitted her annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1), accompanied by an addendum on communications, an addendum on her August-September and December 2010 missions to Mozambique and an addendum on her October 2010 mission to Mexico. During the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, on 31 May 2011, she participated in a side-event on “The role of judges and lawyers in times of crisis”, organized by the International Commission of Jurists. On 1 June 2011, she also participated in a side-event regarding the report of her mission to Mexico, organized by the Mexican Commission on the Defence and Promotion of Human Rights, the World Organization against Torture, the Geneva Office of Peace Brigades International, and the Law Society.", "10. On 16 and 17 June, the Special Rapporteur attended an international conference on “Strengthening the Capacity of National Associations of Judges and the Domestic Application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms”, hosting a panel on “Challenges to the independence of the judiciary and judges”, in Kiev. The conference was organized within the framework of the Second Annual Meeting of the authorized representatives of the national associations of judges of Armenia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Poland and Ukraine, States parties to a memorandum of understanding on multilateral cooperation, with the cooperation of the Council of Europe and the Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Rechtliche Zusammenarbeit e.V.", "11. The Special Rapporteur participated in different interactive panels in the fourth Law in the Future Conference organized by the Hague Institute for the Internationalization of Law (HiiL) in The Hague on 23 and 24 June 2011.", "12. From 27 June to 1 July 2011, she participated in the nineteenth annual meeting of Special Rapporteurs, Representatives, Independent Experts and Chairpersons of Working Groups of the Human Rights Council, organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva.", "13. The Special Rapporteur visited Bulgaria (from 9 to 16 May 2011) and Romania (from 17 to 24 May 2011). Reports on these missions and the related recommendations will be included in addenda to the Special Rapporteur’s next report to the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur wishes to thank the Governments of Bulgaria and Romania for their cooperation. She also wishes to thank the Government of Turkey for the invitation extended to her to visit the country in October 2011.", "14. The Special Rapporteur recalls that, since her appointment, she has requested invitations to visit or sent reminders to the following countries: Angola (2008); Argentina (2011); Azerbaijan (2009); Bangladesh (2007); Cambodia (2006); China (2011); Cuba (1995); Egypt (1999); Equatorial Guinea (2002); Fiji (2007); Georgia (2008); India (2011); the Islamic Republic of Iran (2006); Iraq (2008); Kenya (2000); Liberia (2010); Malaysia (2011); Maldives (follow-up visit, 2011); Myanmar (2009); Nepal (2011); Nigeria (1995); Pakistan (2000); the Philippines (2006); Sri Lanka (1999); Tunisia (1997); Turkmenistan (1996); Uzbekistan (1996); Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2011); and Zimbabwe (2001).", "15. The Special Rapporteur hopes that invitations from the above-mentioned countries will be received in the near future. She also wishes to thank the Governments that have responded positively to her requests for a visit.", "III. Gender in the criminal justice system: the role of judges and lawyers", "A. Introduction, normative framework and rationale", "16. In 1994, the Commission on Human Rights called upon special rapporteurs to regularly and systematically include in their reports available information on human rights violations against women.[4] Special procedures were more recently reminded to integrate a gender perspective into the implementation of their mandate.[5] The Special Rapporteur’s mandate itself entails the requested application of a gender perspective in her work.", "17. The Special Rapporteur has already established and analysed the importance of combating impunity in respect of upholding the rule of law and democratic governance and the role to be played by the criminal justice system.[6] It is also well established under international human rights law that States have an obligation to investigate, prosecute and provide remedy for victims of human rights violations, including gender-based violence. Judges and lawyers have a particular responsibility for protecting and promoting both human rights and the rule of law.[7]", "18. Moreover, the principles of non-discrimination on the grounds of gender, and equality between women and men, have been recognized and enshrined in numerous international and regional human rights instruments, including in the principal United Nations’ human rights treaties,[8] in particular article 14 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (see General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex), which states that “All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals” and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378), which enshrines the minimum standards that States must uphold in order for every woman under their jurisdiction to fully enjoy her rights without discrimination.", "19. In this report, “gender” means the socially constructed roles of women and men or the social differences that are learned.[9] Gender stereotypes — a generalized view or preconception of attributes or characteristics possessed by, or the roles that are or should be performed by, members of a particular gender group — affect both men and women, but “they often have a particularly egregious effect on women”.[10] Article 5 (a) of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women contains the obligation to “modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women”.[11] Gender stereotypes are both pervasive and persistent. Understanding the role of the judiciary in shaping and contributing to gender stereotypes is an essential step for States in addressing inequality and thereby abiding by their international obligations.", "20. Approaching the criminal justice system from a gender perspective involves an analysis of its impact upon women and men and ensuring that women’s rights, perspectives and needs, as well as those of men, are systematically considered. Historically and globally, women have been underrepresented as actors in the criminal justice system, even if they constitute a large proportion of the victims of crimes and human rights violations and are disproportionately affected by gender-based violence and discrimination.[12] In this context, this report focuses on the treatment of women in the criminal justice system. However, the concept of gender should not be considered to encompass exclusively the situation of women.", "21. When crimes and human rights violations go unpunished, the State can be held accountable for contributing to a culture of impunity and lawlessness. When certain types of crimes, such as gender-based crimes and other types of crimes that disproportionately affect one gender, go unpunished, the State can, in addition, be held accountable for discriminatory treatment under international law.", "B. The case for a gender-representative and -sensitive judiciary", "22. The judiciary and legal profession are not immune to gender-based discrimination. Women have been historically excluded from judicial office, as the legal profession has been considered a male domain, where appointments and promotion procedures and criteria are also often gender-biased.[13]", "1. Women’s representation in the judiciary", "23. Women are still largely underrepresented in judicial office and in the legal profession throughout the world, in particular in the highest-level positions; this undoubtedly reflects institutionalized gender discrimination within the justice system.[14] While worldwide quotas have caused a large increase in female representation in the legislature, States seem to have bypassed the opportunity to apply a similar gender analysis to the judicial branch. States, then, have to undertake measures to ensure that women have the same right as men to be judges, advocates or other officers of the court.[15]", "24. Women appointed to office also have to face bias and discrimination from their colleagues and society at large on the basis of assumptions about their gender. Their behaviour is scrutinized and harshly criticized, their qualifications are more frequently questioned than those of their male colleagues, and their objectivity is more likely to be challenged. Women are often restricted or pushed to working on “low-profile” cases, in areas of the law that are traditionally associated with women, like family law, or confined to working in the lower courts.[16]", "25. Women have also been traditionally underrepresented on international judicial bodies. Gender imbalance presents a threat to the legitimacy and authority of such international tribunals. The institutional features of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court strongly contributed to the fact that there are a majority of women judges currently sitting on the International Criminal Court.[17]", "26. There are several rationales that exist to explain the importance of increased representation of women in the judiciary. Since a primary function of the judiciary is to promote equality and fairness, the composition of courts and other judicial offices should reflect the State’s commitment to equality. The judicial system should also demonstrate a fair representation of the pluralistic society and communities they serve, by reflecting their diversity, so as to preserve and improve public trust and confidence in its credibility, legitimacy and impartiality.[18]", "27. Moreover, women, like men, are informed and influenced by their backgrounds and experiences. For various reasons, whether historical, cultural, biological, social or religious, women’s experiences differ from those of men, and for this reason women can bring different perspectives or approaches to adjudication, while fighting against gender stereotypes. Consequently, a diverse judiciary will ensure a more balanced and impartial perspective on matters before the courts, eliminating barriers that have prevented some judges from addressing certain issues fairly. This reasoning is equally applicable to the matter of encouraging the representation of other underrepresented “groups”, like ethnic, racial or sexual minorities, among others.[19]", "28. Measures and mechanisms designed to deliver change can take various forms, ranging from constitutional or legal reform to public outreach. To be effective, any set of measures requires conscious efforts on the part of all branches of the government, as well as the legal profession. The legal profession, for instance, can identify and remove hidden barriers which make it more difficult for women to excel in the traditional practice of law and therefore to be appointed to higher positions or judicial office.[20]", "29. In South Africa, the constitution itself provides for greater gender representation in the judiciary.[21] The Virtue Foundation has recently launched the “Women Judges in the Pipeline Initiative”, aimed at creating and increasing opportunities for women to become judges in judiciaries across the globe.[22] The International Bar Association and the International Criminal Court have launched “Calling African Women Lawyers”, an information campaign devised to address the consistent underrepresentation of African women on the List of Legal Counsel of the Court.[23]", "30. Decisional outcome is only one aspect of judging. Gender impact on judicial behaviour, including of peers and other legal professionals, is another area where the impact of women’s representation in the courts deserves attention.", "31. From a human rights perspective, women judges may play a unique and necessary role in the implementation and enforcement of laws, particularly those that provide access to justice for women and their full participation in society.[24] Women sitting on panels of judges have the potential ability to attract their male colleagues’ support for issues relating to gender discrimination.", "32. The strongest impact of women’s participation as members of the judiciary is perhaps exerted through the role they have played — and continue to play — in shaping and interpreting both national and international law relating to gender-based violence, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. The inclusion of women in the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 is deemed to have been dramatic, as “every case involving rape or other forms of sexual violence has involved women”.[25]", "33. The presence of Justice Pillay, the only woman judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, is said to have been instrumental in effecting inclusion of evidence of rape, first overlooked by the Office of the Prosecutor, and amending the indictment in the Akayesu case, which was the first to recognize rape as a form of genocide.[26] Interpretation of the law, then, is at least as important as the making of the law.", "2. Gender and women’s rights training and capacity-building", "34. Overcoming the male-female imbalance in the judicial branch is only one aspect of its sensitization to gender equality and women’s rights. Providing for gender-awareness training of judges, prosecutors, public defenders and lawyers of both sexes is equally important.[27] Having women in the judiciary does not guarantee the inclusion of a gender perspective per se, since both men and women are prone to gender-based biases, stereotypes and prejudices. Under peer pressure and the social pressure to “fit” in a patriarchal judicial system, women in the legal profession have sometimes adopted the forms of behaviour of their male colleagues, applying the same gender-based stereotypes in their judgements.", "35. Yet, an important aspect of the requirement of impartiality is that “judges must not allow their judgement to be influenced by personal bias or prejudice, nor harbour preconceptions about the particular case before them”.[28] Changing attitudes and eliminating stereotypes and prejudices require institutionalized and sustained efforts in the form of training programmes, continuing education and capacity-building on international human rights standards, obligations and jurisprudence, as well as national laws against discrimination which too often remain unknown or are not applied.", "36. The United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, as well as various other legal standards, recognize that appropriate education is one of the preconditions for selection for judicial office.[29] The Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers provide that Governments must ensure that lawyers have appropriate education and training, so as to be able to advise and protect the rights of their clients and uphold the cause of justice.[30] The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women affirmed that “Gender-sensitive training of judicial and law enforcement officers and other public officials is essential for the effective implementation of the Convention”.[31] The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court requires that, in the selection of judges, prosecutors and other staff, the need for legal expertise on violence against women or children must be taken into account.[32]", "37. The Special Rapporteur has underlined the need for continuing and effective education in international and regional human rights law for magistrates, judges, prosecutors, public defenders and lawyers, in addition to regular legal training, in a previous report to the Human Rights Council.[33] Times of legal transition, change or reform are particularly favourable occasions for instituting such programmes of judicial education.", "38. As State actors, judges have an obligation and responsibility under international law to ensure that substantive rights are enjoyed without discrimination. This entails a proactive duty to ensure that they are upholding international equality and non-discrimination standards in both case deliberations and the application of court procedures. Judges can recommend the repeal or amendment of a law or rule if inconsistent with international human rights standards.[34]", "39. In the words of Justice Majida Razvi, one of Pakistan’s first female High Court judges: “Judges always have the discretionary power to ensure that justice is done by issuing judgements that are fair. They can use this space while remaining within the parameters provided by the laws.”[35] Key to this process is the willingness of the judiciary to recognize the opportunities for interpreting laws and principles in ways that make equality possible.", "40. International human rights treaties and standards, as well as the jurisprudence arising from judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, provide judges with legitimate instruments for adjudication that respects equality and non-discrimination principles. For instance, in the case of R v. Ewanchuck, the Supreme Court of Canada drew on the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and its general recommendation No. 19 to decide, in a case of assault, that violence against women is a matter of inequality and violation of human rights and that “stereotypical assumptions had created the myth that women are sexually available if dressed in a certain way or until they resist”.[36] In State v. Godfrey Baloyi, the Constitutional Court of South Africa also used the Convention to uphold the constitutional validity of legislation that reversed the burden of proof in allegations of breaches of interdicts in cases of domestic violence against women.[37]", "C. Participation of women victims in the criminal justice system", "41. Gender discrimination against women, if particularly blatant in cases of gender-based violence, is also a concern in respect of non-gendered crimes experienced by women.", "42. The lack of criminalization at the national level of certain kinds of gender-based harm, such as domestic violence, marital rape and sexual harassment, which disproportionately affect women, has a detrimental impact on women’s access to and participation in criminal justice proceedings. As seen above, even if judges do not make the laws, they have a duty and responsibility to uphold equality and non‑discrimination standards, whether national or international, with a view to pointing towards the gaps in legislation.[38] Additionally, when legal systems do not specifically criminalize particular gender-based forms of abuse, harmful forms of conduct should be investigated, prosecuted and sentenced under existing general laws, including equality provisions found in the constitution of the State.", "43. A number of laws directly or indirectly bar or limit women from accessing the criminal justice system. These include laws that restrict women’s freedom of movement, and laws on “male guardianship” which keep women in the legal status of minors, thereby denying women a legal capacity equal to that of men and the opportunity to exercise that capacity, which is contrary to article 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.[39] Such laws also limit women’s access to and engagement with the criminal justice system.", "44. Women whose rights have been violated possess the right to access remedy, including by participating in criminal proceedings. While the legal process must conform to international fair trial standards, court procedures and rules of evidence should ensure that women are not at a disadvantage with respect to participating.[40] There is a strong emerging trend in international law that recognizes the legal status and rights of victims of gross human rights violations, criminal offences and crimes against international law.[41] Several international bodies have paid particular attention to the role of victims in criminal proceedings.[42]", "45. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court allows victims to participate directly or through legal representatives in proceedings before the Court, by presenting their views and concerns at all stages that affect their personal interests.[43] Regional standards, too, reflect the importance of human rights victims’ participation in judicial proceedings.[44]", "46. Procedures and rules of evidence in the criminal justice system are often infiltrated by strong gender stereotypes which can result in engagement in gender-biased behaviour by court officials and discrimination against women by the criminal system in general. Gender stereotypes particularly affect procedures in rape and violence against women cases.[45]", "47. In many States, provisions on rape and sexual assault in criminal codes are based on gender stereotypes and prejudices which result in the discriminatory treatment of victims, who are disproportionately female. Hence, high levels of attrition plague the prosecution of rape and sexual violence cases throughout the world, resulting in a significant problem of impunity.[46]", "48. Examples of stereotypes applied to rape cases through gender-biased criminal rules of evidence and procedure are provided by cases where the following requirements or beliefs obtain: proof of physical violence is required to show that there was no consent; women are likely to lie, therefore evidence should be accepted only if corroborated; women can be assumed to be sexually available; women can be inferred to be consenting to sex even if forced, threatened or coerced, because they remained silent; previous sexual experience predisposes women to be sexually available, or to automatically consent to sex; women bear the responsibility for sexual attacks or invite them by being out late or in isolated places or by dressing in a particular manner; it is impossible to rape a sex worker; raped women have been dishonoured or shamed or are guilty rather than victimized.[47]", "49. In the context of domestic violence, the Human Rights Committee expressed concerns about the inclusion in law provisions of stereotypical language to describe the behaviour of victims of domestic violence.[48]", "50. Progressive measures were adopted in the rules of procedure and evidence of the International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and, later, in those of the International Criminal Court: impossible evidentiary burdens should not be imposed on the victim; no corroboration of the victim’s testimony shall be required; sexual availability should not be presupposed; the use of evidence relating to the prior sexual conduct of the victim is not allowed; silence cannot be assumed to indicate consent; and the credibility of the victim cannot be called into question simply on the basis of her gender.[49]", "51. For women’s participation in the criminal justice system to be effective and non-discriminatory, their counsel, as well as the prosecutors, also need to be aware of gender equality and women’s rights issues. However, because of biased assumptions regarding their gender or the crimes they have been victims of, women too often have to endure lack of action from the prosecution, discriminatory attitudes by prosecutors, judges and other court officials, including defence counsel, and poor advice from their own counsel — all of which can result in their secondary victimization or re-victimization and the non-enforcement of their rights. Research has shown that the psychological impact of victimization can be considerably exacerbated by such insensitive treatment and lack of understanding of victims’ needs.[50] Women are not the only ones facing secondary victimization: children, persons with disabilities, and male victims of rape, constitute particularly vulnerable categories of victims.", "52. Representation of women within the ranks of prosecutors, and their adequate training on gender equality and women’s rights, are important for the proper functioning of a gender-sensitive criminal justice system. Prosecutors are entrusted with a number of functions which they must carry out in an impartial and objective manner while avoiding gender-based or any other kind of discrimination.[51] This implies that prosecutors shall be free from any bias when carrying out their professional duties. In the Rome Statute, the prosecutor is charged with investigating and prosecuting crimes in a way that “respect(s) the interests and personal circumstances of victims and witnesses, including … gender”. He or she is also required to “take into account the nature of the crime, in particular where it involves sexual violence, gender violence or violence against children”.[52]", "53. The jurisprudence of international and regional bodies has addressed the issue of biases and inaction of the criminal justice system and has held States accountable. In AT v. Hungary, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women found a systemic deficiency in the State’s legal responses to domestic violence in the form of lengthy and unwieldy criminal proceedings. The Committee confirmed that the inaction of the State was a breach of international law. In Vertido v. Philippines, the Committee dealt with how the investigation and prosecution of a rape case in the Philippines had contravened legal obligations under the Convention. The Committee explicitly identified stereotyping as affecting women’s right to a fair and just trial and stressed that “the judiciary must take caution not to create inflexible standards of what women or girls should be or what they should have done when confronted with a situation of rape based merely on preconceived notions of what defines a rape victim or a victim of gender-based violence, in general”.[53]", "54. In the inter-American human rights system, the so-called Cotton Field case illustrated the pernicious effects of stereotyping of women victims of sexual violence and how it undermines the proper functioning of the criminal justice.[54] The Inter-American Court of Human Rights also found that stereotyping of victims of violence by police, investigators and prosecutors constituted a breach of the right of the victims’ families not to be subjected to torture and ill-treatment.[55] In two recent cases that concerned the rape of two poor indigenous women by members of the military, the Court found Mexico to be in breach of its international obligations because the victims were met with hostility and experienced negligence in the investigations, little medical response and no support services by the Government, including judicial authorities; moreover, threats against them and their families had not been properly addressed, which led to an overall obstruction of justice.[56]", "55. The European Court of Human Rights challenged stereotypes about “date rape” in MC v. Bulgaria.[57] The Court also upheld the positive duty of States to ensure the effectiveness of the criminal law system through effective investigation and prosecution. In Opuz v. Turkey, the Court condemned, inter alia, the discrimination manifested in the general attitude of the local authorities, and the judicial passivity in responding to the victims’ complaint and providing them with effective protection, as being conducive to domestic violence.[58]", "56. Prosecution of gender-based crimes should be based not on the individual commitment of the prosecutor but rather on an institutional policy. This requires integration of a gender perspective in the criminal justice system as well as, in particular, institutionalized and sustained trainings of prosecutors.", "57. In the opinion of the Secretary-General, “(s)pecialized courts can improve efficiency, minimize the burden on victims and improve case outcomes when prosecutors, judges and other court officers have received relevant training”.[59] Such courts seem to reduce the turnaround time and attrition of cases and to increase conviction rates. Specialized courts, like mobile and domestic violence courts, can improve the functioning of justice for women and allow judges and judicial personnel to increase their expertise.[60] While international law does not preclude the existence of specialist jurisdictions for certain parties in criminal matters in strictly defined situations, it is imperative that such tribunals conform to all international provisions for fair trial.[61]", "58. While supporting the creation of specialized criminal courts to deal specifically with gender-based crimes, the Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight that the key to these courts’ working efficiently to preserve victims’ rights is a very well-designed and organized structure capable of providing comprehensive legal, social and psychological support to victims, especially when they need to leave their home and/or family temporarily. Specialized units created within courts can also have a very positive impact on protecting women’s rights.", "59. Setting up specialized courts as a temporary special measure for redressing a situation of marked unequal access to the criminal justice system could prove useful. The Special Rapporteur wishes to underline that it is important that decisions to create specialized courts or units, reinforce gender training or reform procedures in the criminal justice system be based on an appropriate and thorough gender analysis of the functioning of the criminal justice system and accompanied by monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure that the impact is effective.", "D. Protection of women victims and witnesses and their families in the criminal justice system", "60. Participation in criminal proceedings often carries a level of risk for any witness. The challenge facing criminal justice systems is to be able to adjust the level of risk-relating to the specificities of individual cases. Successful witness and victim protection is at the core of any efficient investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law, including sexual and gender-based violence and particular crimes such as human trafficking. The provision of a witness and victim protection framework helps to create an enabling environment for the reporting of cases by witnesses and victims, and encourages them to cooperate in subsequent proceedings. Several holders of special procedures mandates have noted that “effective witness protection efforts are often lacking despite their relevance to the protection from human rights violations, such as extrajudicial executions, torture, human trafficking, disappearances and violence against women”.[62]", "61. Judges, prosecutors and lawyers have a role to play in requesting and enforcing protection measures, and deciding or recommending which measures should be applied in which circumstances. They should therefore be aware of the protection mechanisms available nationally and should be sensitized to the gender dimensions of protection.", "62. Witness protection is not a favour granted to the witness but a duty of States under international law. Key international and regional human rights instruments make clear reference to States’ obligations to adopt specific measures designed to protect witnesses and victims from threats and reprisals.[63] The recent Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence has a specific provision on risk assessment and risk management (article 51). The practice of international tribunals has reinforced the standards, norms and principles found in these instruments.[64]", "63. Article 54 (1) (b) of the Rome Statute requires the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to “take appropriate measures to ensure the effective investigation and prosecution of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court and, in doing so, respect the interests and personal circumstances of victims and witnesses, including age, gender as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, and health, and take into account the nature of the crime, in particular where it involves sexual violence, gender violence or violence against children”. The measures taken by the Court must “not be prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the accused and a fair and impartial trial”.[65] While the international courts have a unique and specific character, the operating principles in relation to protection and support of witnesses are of such a generic nature that any jurisdiction could benefit from considering the experiences and the practices developed for application at the national level.", "64. Protection measures and programmes for victims and witnesses should be routinely evaluated for effectiveness. At a minimum, two sets of protection measures are necessary to enable witnesses and victims to come forward safely for the purpose of collaborating with the criminal justice system: (a) measures and procedures put in place by the judicial authorities while investigating crimes or taking testimony in the courtroom; (b) protection measures and safeguards provided, when necessary, before, during and after judicial proceedings by formal witness protection programmes.[66]", "65. Procedural measures of protection are measures granted by a judge or the judicial authority. During trial, such measures may include, inter alia: excluding the public from the court for part of or the entirety of a trial; use of a pseudonym; face or voice distortion; use of screens to shield the witness; testimony by video-link, testimony without the presence of the defendant or a closed court session; prohibition of the publication or dissemination of information that might reveal the identity of a victim or witness; appointing a counsel to conduct cross-cutting examination when the accused is acting as his or her own counsel; or allowing victims under age 18 to testify in the presence of a support person.[67]", "66. While testifying in a criminal trial is a stressful experience for any witness, some are more vulnerable than others to such stress and may require special support measures designed to protect and enhance the quality of their testimony. In addition, needs may differ according to gender and the nature of the crime under consideration, which is especially relevant when the witness is also a victim. Court procedures may be adjusted to the particular capacity and needs of witnesses, which should be previously assessed in relation to their personal situation and the circumstances of their case. Such support or assistance measures can involve adjusting questioning so as to eliminate unnecessary, intrusive, repetitive or embarrassing questions; allowing for frequent breaks during the testimony; altering the courtroom settings to make them less formal; and having a support person who is present in the court or event, sit next to the witness.", "67. Formal witness protection programmes are designed to grant a full range of physical protection and psychological support to beneficiaries before, during and after judicial proceedings. Protection programmes, as well as specific measures, should take into account particular needs of women and the particular risks and threats that they face.[68]", "68. At the International Criminal Court, special measures may be ordered to facilitate the testimony of a traumatized victim or witness, a child, an elderly person or a victim of sexual violence. The Victims and Witnesses Unit located within the Registry can provide protective measures and security arrangements, counselling and other appropriate assistance for witnesses, victims and others at risk on account of testimony given by witnesses.", "69. Special action taken with a view to ensuring gender-sensitive protection of women should be presented in the context of providing equal protection of and access to the law, so that judges and other authorities involved in deciding such measures are seen not as performing something “special” for women, which may undermine the accused’s right to fair trial, but rather as ensuring that what exists for others also exists for women.", "70. The Special Rapporteur wishes to underline in the context of protection measures the serious issue of “protective detention” or “safe custody”. Under safe custody, victims of domestic violence, rape and marriages of convenience, inter alia, are detained in a jail or shelter as a mechanism of protection. Imprisoning victims and/or witnesses is unjust, puts them at great risk of further custodial violence and/or keeps them confined against their will. It also often deprives them of access to their children or family and necessary medical and psychological services. Provisions of safe custody are usually gender-neutral; however, in practice, they have a disproportionate impact on women, girls and those in poverty. Placing victims in protective custody is an extreme measure which should constitute a last resort and one applied with the consent of the victim, and with all appropriate legal safeguards for the review of the detention.[69]", "71. The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight further the importance of women’s agency, which, in the context of witness protection, means that they need to be fully informed and empowered to make decisions about what may affect them and whether to testify or not.[70] Women are not intrinsically vulnerable: it is their particular individual situation, coupled with pervasive societal gender-based discrimination, that facilitates their being threatened and targeted by violence. Specific groups of women, like victims of trafficking, sexual violence, domestic violence and so-called honour crimes and women under age 18, may be found to be especially vulnerable to further violence. Women should not be overprotected simply because of their gender; indeed, with the appropriate safeguards, the experience of witnessing can be empowering for women and crucial for advancing the goals of the criminal justice system. An overprotective attitude can also be the result of judges’, prosecutors’ and/or lawyers’ uncomfortable position when confronted with witnesses’ emotions or stories that include details of sexual acts.", "72. During her country visits, the Special Rapporteur has received numerous testimonies of women victims of sexual exploitation and trafficking who are fearful because they are dealt with by the same Ministry that is responsible for fighting crimes, usually the Ministry of the Interior, and kept in the same physical location as offenders, who have the opportunity to further intimidate and threaten them. This situation discourages them from filing a complaint denouncing their offenders, thereby impeding their access to justice. In other situations, women victims of trafficking or enforced prostitution stated feeling very discouraged by the justice system because the courts had deprived them of the custody of their children. The Special Rapporteur considers that women victims of such crimes should be put under the protection of a different Ministry, such as the Ministry of Social Welfare, in order that they may avoid situations of re-victimization.", "73. The Updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice[71] can serve as guidance in formulating a gender- and rights-based approach to victim and witness programming. The Special Rapporteur also wishes to commend the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights initiative aimed at development of a practical tool on gender and witness and victim protection for the implementation of gender-sensitive protection measures at the national level.", "E. Women offenders in the criminal justice system", "74. Women in conflict with the law and brought before the criminal justice system should benefit from all provisions associated with the right to a fair trial and equality before the courts without discrimination based on their gender, or any other grounds of discrimination prohibited under international law. The Special Rapporteur is highly concerned both by provisions of criminal law that are discriminatory to women and by the discriminatory application of provisions against them during criminal proceedings. Such discriminatory provisions include, but are not limited to, the criminalization of adultery or fornication, punishing illegal entry and prostitution of victims of trafficking, punishing girls for sexual intercourse with relatives in cases of incest, and criminalization of abortion, including in cases of miscarriages or threat to the life and health of the mother. The Special Rapporteur wishes to recall that by upholding discriminatory laws, judges and prosecutors become parties to the violation of the State’s international obligations.", "75. Women accused of crimes have the right to a fair public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, which, in the opinion of the Special Rapporteur, and as detailed in section III.B of this report, requires that judges, prosecutors and lawyers be sensitized to and trained on gender issues and international human rights of women, including principles of equality and non‑discrimination. Judges must be in a position to challenge gender stereotyping and discrimination when they encounter it in the form of wrongful charging of suspects, charges being brought without any supporting evidence of wrongdoing and merely on the basis of hearsay, or mis-charging of a particular form of conduct (like charging abortion as infanticide). Judges must also be willing to challenge stereotyping and discrimination by not detracting from women’s testimony or discounting their credibility, which applies whether women are the accused or victims.", "76. Judges should also be aware that the presence of mitigating circumstances in gender-specific situations can be introduced in judging women offenders. For instance, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights was of the opinion that the national court of Trinidad and Tobago, which had sentenced a woman to death, for the murder of her husband, should have taken into account evidence of years of severe violence against the offender. The offender’s sentence was ultimately reduced to 13 years on the basis of psychiatric evidence, which showed that, at the time of the murder, she had been suffering from “battered woman syndrome”.[72]", "77. Challenging gender stereotyping further means challenging common assumptions: about male perpetrators — such as, for instance, their entitlement to control women in various ways and their supposed inability to control their own sexual urges; about male victims, for example, their ability, in cases of male rape, to have defended themselves; and about women as perpetrators of crimes of violence against men. Similar sensitivity is required when dealing with gender norms and expectations regarding lesbian, gay, bisexual and — particularly — transgender victims and perpetrators.", "78. Access to legal assistance can also be of particular concern for women offenders. The Human Rights Committee pointed out that “[t]he availability or absence of legal assistance often determines whether or not a person can access the relevant proceedings or participate in them in a meaningful way”.[73] Furthermore, the Committee noted that “imposition of fees on the parties to proceedings that would de facto prevent their access to justice might give rise to issues under article 14, paragraph 1”.[74] The feminization of poverty observed by the Special Rapporteur in her report to the Human Rights Council[75] too often precludes women from having access to proper legal representation.", "79. The condemnation of, and imposition of certain sentences on, women are also of great concern to the Special Rapporteur. Women, like men, have the right not to be punished other than in accordance with international standards, which means that torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are absolutely prohibited.[76] This means that public executions, stoning and corporal punishment (including physical punishment involving caning, flogging, whipping, mutilation and amputation) are prohibited under international law. Yet, the Special Rapporteur notes that such sentences are still ordered and applied and disproportionately target women.", "80. The vast majority of prisoners worldwide are men, resulting in detention systems’ being designed for them and an overlooking of the special needs of women.[77] While conditions of detention may not be discriminatory as such, not taking into account the special needs of women in a system primarily designed for men results in detentions having a discriminatory impact on women. For instance, problems such as overcrowding, poor hygiene standards and inadequate visiting facilities do affect both men and women detainees, but women are especially vulnerable to poor hygiene conditions during menstruation. Moreover, women are often the sole or primary caregivers of young children; hence, concerns for their child’s welfare in their absence create worry and anguish. Pregnant or breastfeeding women have particular problems related to their condition and should not be imprisoned except under exceptional circumstances.", "81. Women are especially vulnerable to abuse from both staff and prisoners (when accommodated in the annex of a prison for male prisoners), especially to physical and sexual violence. Rape and other forms of sexual violence in detention settings, whether perpetrated by officials or co-prisoners with the acquiescence of officials, constitute torture.[78] In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to stress the plight and extreme vulnerability of transgender male-to-female persons who, in most circumstances, will be imprisoned in male detention facilities, even though they identify with the female gender, and recommends that States consider taking appropriate measures to avert further victimization of transgender persons in detention, as well as lesbian and gay prisoners.", "82. The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non‑custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules)[79] constitute a comprehensive instrument for guiding States’ policies on the issue and ensuring that the principle of non-discrimination, as embodied in rule 6 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, is implemented in practice. Providing for such needs in order to achieve substantial gender equality shall not be regarded as discriminatory.", "IV. Conclusions", "83. Pervasiveness and persistence of gender stereotypes continue, leading to discriminatory treatment of women in the criminal justice system. Judicial officers are not immune to such stereotypes. There is a strong need for studies designed to examine the integration, or lack thereof, of gender and women’s perspectives into judging, judicial procedures and the judicial branch at large. Traditional notions of judging and judicial authority must be challenged and the representation of women in the judiciary encouraged. At the same time, men, also, have the opportunity to play a crucial role, whether as judges, prosecutors or lawyers, in making the criminal justice system more accessible to women, and therefore more equal.", "84. Although the focus of this report is the criminal justice system, the Special Rapporteur wishes to underline that considerations of gender are also crucial in the context of the role of judges, prosecutors and lawyers in non-criminal law settings, such as those involving family, inheritance, property and land ownership, or in personal status law and jurisprudence.", "85. The intersections between gender-based discrimination and other grounds for discrimination, and the consequences thereof, are too often overlooked.[80] Intersectional or multiple discriminations compound the challenge of ensuring women’s equal representation in the judiciary and the legal profession, as well as their access to the criminal justice system.", "86. The Special Rapporteur wishes to welcome the recent report of UN-Women entitled Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice. The report bleakly acknowledges the fact that the infrastructures of justice (police, courts and the judiciary) are all failing women. The justice system, which reflects power balances, can be more effective in protecting women’s rights.", "87. Comprehensive reform, changes, policies and programmes need to be designed, implemented and monitored in all branches of the State to make justice work for women. The role of judges, prosecutors and lawyers is crucial. A gender perspective must inform their independence and impartiality. The integration of a gender perspective and the rights of women in the criminal justice system is one component of the solution needed to ensure that women are not ruled out of the rule of law.", "88. Specialized attention for women in the justice system must begin from the moment they enter a police station to report a violation of their rights. Efficient and effective functioning of the system should encourage victims to readily report violent acts against them to the authorities and trust that the system will protect them effectively and provide them with remedy and redress.", "V. Recommendations", "89. The following recommendations of the Special Rapporteur should be read in conjunction with the recommendations that she made in her last report to the Human Rights Council.", "General recommendations", "90. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to identify and share best practices and common standards in relation to the integration of a gender perspective and women’s rights in all aspects of the criminal justice system.", "91. States should conduct a mapping exercise focusing on their criminal justice system so as to identify the occurrences and causes of gender-based discrimination and assess their impact on all aspects of women’s involvement with and participation in the criminal justice system, whether as judicial actors, victims, witnesses or offenders.", "92. States should encourage qualified women to occupy high-level positions within the judiciary and in the justice system in general, including by setting up temporary special measures.", "93. States should take all measures available to combat gender-based stereotyping, bias and prejudices in all aspects of the criminal justice system, including investigation, prosecution, interrogation and protection of victims and witnesses, and sentencing, including by training judicial actors.", "Training and capacity-building", "94. Institutionalized training on gender equality and women’s rights, including national, regional and international human rights law and jurisprudence, should be established by States and be made compulsory for judges, prosecutors, lawyers, public defenders and other judicial actors in the justice system, in particular the criminal justice system, so as to ensure consistent application of a gender perspective.", "95. International human rights law, in particular regarding gender equality and women’s rights, should be included in the curricula of all law faculties and law schools, and in the curricula of schools for the judiciary and the academic programmes of bar associations.", "96. Gender expertise must be promoted, valued and integrated in all types of legal training and capacity-building for the judiciary and members of the legal profession.", "Women victims’ participation in the criminal justice system", "97. States should establish specialized courts or units within courts or prosecutorial offices to deal with specific gender-based crimes so as to reduce women’s challenges in and barriers to accessing justice. Such courts should be staffed with gender-sensitive judicial actors, highly trained on gender equality, non-discrimination and specific gender-based crimes.", "98. The Special Rapporteur urges States to create mechanisms or bodies to record, monitor, assess and make available, court decisions that deal with women victims and/or gender-based crimes.", "99. States should address the issue of legal costs and lack of legal aid programmes and its disproportionate impact on women’s access to the criminal justice system, as well as on the access of specifically vulnerable groups.", "Witness and victim protection", "100. The Special Rapporteur urges States to consider developing effective and efficient formal witness protection measures and programmes that are consistent with the principles of the right to a fair trial and include a strong gender perspective. Such measures and programmes should form an integral part of the criminal justice sector strategy, should be comprehensive and should cover all types of crimes, including gender-based crimes and human rights violations. States should devote the required adequate financial resources to these measures and programmes.", "101. Threats and risks should be adequately assessed by an independent authority and the subsequent protection of victims and witnesses should be tailored to their needs and should be available at all stages of trial, including the pretrial investigation phase.", "Women offenders", "102. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States adopt criminal law provisions that do not directly or indirectly discriminate on the grounds of gender during criminal proceedings. Sentencing should include a gender perspective and inhuman sentencing should be eliminated imperatively. The specific needs of women and transgender persons should be taken into account when sentences of detention are ordered.", "Role of associations in the legal profession", "103. Bar associations and associations of magistrates, whether national, regional or international, have a crucial role to play in the effective support of women’s representation in the legal profession, and in the development of effective training for judges and lawyers on international human rights law standards. They should also support and encourage the sharing of best practices in applying gender-equality norms in criminal court procedures and jurisprudence.", "International community", "104. The international community should also offer constructive substantive and technical support to Member States for ensuring women’s equal representation in the judiciary, as well as their equal participation, protection and treatment, whether as victims, witnesses or offenders, in the criminal justice system, including, for example, by helping to raise the issue of appointment and promotion of women judges through the domestic political processes as an essential requirement of women’s right to equal participation in public life, working with women who are in the legal profession, and sharing good practices and decisions upholding the international standard of equality and non-discrimination.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers of 29 April 2011 (A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1) analyses some aspects of the multifaceted relationship between gender and the judiciary within the broader context of the administration of justice. Major obstacles to women’s access to justice, including the feminization of poverty, and the lack of gender sensitivity of judicial actors, as well as laws, policies and practices that discriminate against women, were addressed therein and recommendations on the role of the judiciary in advancing women’s human rights were made.", "[3] A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1.", "[4] Resolution 1994/45, para. 18.", "[5] Human Rights Council resolution 6/30, para. 18.", "[6] A/65/274.", "[7] See: Draft Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, article 1 (b); Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary in the LAWASIA Region, principle 10 (b); Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa, principles F (h) and I (i); Declaration of Caracas of the Ibero-American Summit of Presidents of Supreme Justice Tribunals and Courts, policy 1; Standards of Professional Responsibility and Statement of the Essential Duties and Rights of Prosecutors, adopted by the International Association of Prosecutors (April 1999), articles 1 and 4.2 (b).", "[8] See, for instance, A/HRC/15/40 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/23.", "[9] A/HRC/12/46, para. 33.", "[10] Rebecca Cook and Simone Cusack, Gender Stereotyping: Transnational Legal Perspective (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), p. 1; see, also, p. 9.", "[11] See also: article 2 (2), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa; article 8 (b), Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women; and article 12 (1), Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence.", "[12] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Crosscutting issues: Gender in the criminal justice system assessment tool — criminal justice assessment toolkit” (Vienna, 2010), p. 1.", "[13] Dermot Feenan, “Women and judging”, Feminist Legal Studies, vol. 17, No. 1 (2009), p. 3.", "[14] Dermot Feenan, “Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, Journal of Law and Society, vol. 35, No. 4 (2008), p. 491. See also Marcela Valente, “Justice for women in men’s courts?”. Available from http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=37429.", "[15] Article 7 (b), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women General Recommendation No. 23, para. 5; Beijing Declaration, para. 13, and Beijing Platform for Action, paras. 190 (a), 232 (d) and 323 (m); United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, principle 10; United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, principle 10; United Nations Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, guideline 2 (a); Draft Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, articles 10, 77 and 80; Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, article 14 (3); European Court of Human Rights, Rules of Court, rule 14; Rome Statute, article 36 (8) (a) (iii); Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary in the LAWASIA Region, para. 13; Latimer House Guidelines for the Commonwealth, principle II.1; Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities, chap. VI.45.", "[16] Sally Kerney, “Critical perspectives on gender and judging”, Politics and Gender, vol. 6, No. 3 (2010), p. 439; Feenan, “Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, p. 499; Justice McLachlin, “Why we need women judges”, statement, delivered at the eighth biennial conference of the International Association of Women Judges Conference, Sydney, Australia, 3-7 May 2006; and Karen O’Connor, “Judging alone: reflections on the importance of women on the court”, Politics and Gender, vol. 6, No. 3 (2010), p. 449.", "[17] Articles 36 (8) (a) (iii) and 36 (8) (b); see also: Louise Chappell, “Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”, Politics and Gender, vol. 6, No. 3 (2010), p. 488. Article 44 (2) states that the criteria set in article 36 (8) apply mutatis mutandis to the selection of staff in the Office of the Prosecutor and in the Registry.", "[18] See Draft Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, article 11 (a).", "[19] See, for instance, Feenan, “Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, p. 517.", "[20] McLachlin, “Why we need women judges”.", "[21] Feenan, “Women and judging”, p. 2.", "[22] www.virtuefoundation.org.", "[23] A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1, para. 51.", "[24] Sandra Day O’Connor and Kim Azzarelli, “Sustainable development, rule of law, and the impact of women judges”, Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 44 (2011), pp. 4 and 6.", "[25] Julie Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Transitional Justice for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Hunt Alternative Fund, 2004), p. 13.", "[26] Louise Chappell, “Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”, p. 490; Fareda Banda, “Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”, study commissioned by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Women’s Rights and Gender Unit, 2008, p. 12.", "[27] Marcela Valente, “Women judges not enough: gender awareness training needed”, Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS). Available from http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=48519. See also: Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, principle 5 (1).", "[28] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, para. 21. See also: Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, principle 5 (2).", "[29] See for instance: Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa, A (4) (i) and (k); Recommendation No. R (94)12, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, principle III (1); Statute of the Iberoamerican Judge, article 24.", "[30] Principle 9.", "[31] General Recommendation No. 19, para. 24 (b). See also: Updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (General Assembly resolution 65/228, annex), para. 20 (a).", "[32] Articles 44 (2) and 36 (8).", "[33] A/HRC/14/26; see also A/HRC/11/41, paras. 80-84; and A/64/181, paras. 28-30.", "[34] A/HRC/14/26, para. 70.", "[35] Cassandra Balchin, “Sitting in judgement: for men only?”, 2 August 2010 Open Democracy. Available from www.opendemocracy.net.", "[36] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, statement, tenth biennial International Association of Women Judges Conference, Seoul, 2010, p. 16.", "[37] Ibid., p. 17.", "[38] A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1, paras. 27-36; see also: Fareda Banda, “Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”.", "[39] Human Rights Watch, Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation in Saudi Arabia (New York, 2008), p. 24.", "[40] Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, “Justice denied: The experiences of 100 torture surviving women of seeking justice and rehabilitation” (2009), p. 19.", "[41] International Commission of Jurists, Trial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedings, Practitioners Guide, No. 5 (Geneva, 2009), p. 147.", "[42] For instance: Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence Against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (General Assembly resolution 52/86, annex), para. 7; Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, article 8; Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex); Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1), principle 19, para. 2; and Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, article 6.", "[43] Article 68 (3); and Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 85 and 89-93.", "[44] Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, Recommendation (85)11 E on the Position of the victim in the framework of criminal law and procedures; Guidelines on the Protection of Victims of Terrorist Acts, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2 March 2005); Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa; and Framework decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings, Council of the European Union.", "[45] Lisa Gormley, “Gender stereotyping in cases of rape and violence against women: developments in human rights jurisprudence”, INTERIGHTS Bulletin, vol. 16, No. 3 (2011), p. 140.", "[46] Ibid.", "[47] Ibid.", "[48] Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, on Ukraine (CCPR/C/UKR/CO/6), 28 November 2006, para. 10.", "[49] Rule 96; Rome Statute, article 69(4); Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 63 and 70-72.", "[50] Jonathan Doak, Victims’ Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice (Oxford, Hart Publications, 2008), p. 51.", "[51] United Nations Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, guideline 13, para. (a).", "[52] Article 54 (1) (b).", "[53] CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008, para. 8.4; see also: Gormley “Gender stereotyping”, pp. 143-144.", "[54] Gonzales et al. v. Mexico, 2010; see also: Gormley, “Gender stereotyping”, p. 142.", "[55] Gormley, “Gender stereotyping”, p. 143.", "[56] Fernández-Ortega et al. v. Mexico, 2010; and Rosendo-Cantú et al. v. Mexico, 2010.", "[57] M.C. v. Bulgaria, 2003, paras. 177 and 185.", "[58] Paras. 119-123, 168-170 and 198; see also: Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”, INTERIGHTS Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2011), pp. 110 and 113.", "[59] Report of the Secretary-General entitled “In-depth study on all forms of violence against women” (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1), para. 315.", "[60] UN-Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2011-2012: In Pursuit of Justice (New York, 2011), pp. 58-59.", "[61] International Commission of Jurists, “International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors”, Practitioners Guide, No. 1 (Geneva, 2007), pp. 8-9.", "[62] Joint statement on “The role of witness protection in ending the cycle of impunity for human rights violations”, 30 September 2009.", "[63] These include: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, articles 2 (1), 10 and 17; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 2 and 6; Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman of Degrading Treatment or Punishment, article 13; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, article 12 (4); Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, article 8 (1) (a); Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, para. 6 (d); Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, para. 3 (b); Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity, principle 10; and Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Rights to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, para. III (5).", "[64] A/HRC/15/33, para. 12.", "[65] Article 68 (1); see also: Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 87-88.", "[66] A/HRC/15/33, para. 4.", "[67] Ibid., para. 23.", "[68] Ibid., paras. 25-38.", "[69] See for instance: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Cross-cutting issues: gender in the criminal justice system assessment tool”, p. 34.", "[70] Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, pp. 16-17.", "[71] General Assembly resolution 65/228, annex.", "[72] Indrivani Pamela Ramjattan v. Trinidad and Tobago; see also: Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”, p. 108.", "[73] General Comment No. 32 (CCPR/C/GC/32), para. 10.", "[74] Ibid., para. 11.", "[75] See A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1, paras. 20-26.", "[76] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 20, paras. 2-3.", "[77] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Cross-cutting issues: gender in the criminal justice system assessment tool”, p. 31.", "[78] See A/HRC/7/3.", "[79] See General Assembly resolution 65/229.", "[80] See, for instance, A/HRC/17/26." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Independence of judges and lawyers", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to members of the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 17/2.", "Provisional report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers", "The present summary is submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/2, addressing the need for the criminal justice system to consider and include gender equality considerations, taking significant steps in the equal rights of women and men to access justice, and describing the role of judges and lawyers. While the meaning, scope and impact of gender equality is not only limited to women's rights, this report focuses on the independence of judges and lawyers and the interlinkages between the criminal justice system when women are victims, witnesses and perpetrators. The Special Rapporteur stresses that gender stereotypes have an adverse impact and that gender perspectives are fully taken into account in all matters related to the criminal justice system and its procedures. Since women worldwide have historically been discriminated against, the Special Rapporteur must pay attention to their specific treatment in the criminal justice system. However, taking into account the gender perspective implies that gender perspectives and needs should be taken into account, with a view to further understanding and addressing all impacts of gender-based stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination on women and men in the justice system, in particular the criminal justice system. The adoption of a human rights-oriented approach is the best tool for guiding States and other international and national actors, thereby developing legal, procedural rules and jurisprudence that respects the universally accepted legal principles of equality between men and women and non-discrimination on the basis of gender. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the development of training programmes and the continuation of legal education, in particular international human rights law education, are at the core of the development of judicial capacity and the challenge of gender stereotypes within and outside the criminal justice system, which is the basis for a more equitable application of criminal law and for women to seek justice on an equal basis.", "Contents", "Introduction 4", "Introduction", "The present report is the second report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, submitted to the General Assembly after his assignment in June 2009. Her mandate was set out in Commission on Human Rights resolution 1994/41 and was extended recently by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 17/2.", "The Special Rapporteur and his predecessor noted that the independence of judges and lawyers is at the core of the good functioning of the rule of law, the fight against impunity and the democratic system. The protection and promotion of human rights and ensuring that the judicial system does not discriminate against the independence of judges and lawyers.", "The Special Rapporteur decides to analyse the issue of gender equality and its impact on the independent justice system. Analysis is divided into two themes relevant to the mandate of the Special Rapporteur: gender equality with the judiciary [2] and gender equality in the criminal justice system.", "The present report highlights the importance of the criminal justice system taking into account the gender perspective. It addressed the low number of women in the judiciary and addressed the need to develop and strengthen training and capacity-building programmes on international human rights law and jurisprudence, in particular gender equality and women's rights, as a prerequisite for the establishment of an independent and equitable judiciary (section III.B).", "While it must be noted that the meaning, scope and impact of gender equality is not limited to women's rights, the Special Rapporteur's report focuses on the interlinkages between the independence of judges and lawyers and the criminal justice system when women are victims, witnesses and perpetrators, and stresses the negative impact of gender stereotypes and the importance of further consideration of gender perspectives in all aspects of the criminal justice system (section III.C, D and E).", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "The Special Rapporteur's recent report to the Human Rights Council [3] describes her activities from 1 January to 15 March 2010. Since then, the Special Rapporteur has attended various meetings to act on correspondence and allegations received from individuals and organizations and to engage in dialogue with Governments.", "On 15 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur made a statement at the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Mutual Legal Assistance of Lawyers in Amsterdam on the role of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers and the promotion and maintenance of fundamental principles on the role of lawyers”.", "On 26 and 27 May 2011, she participated in the expert meeting of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights held in Geneva on “The protection of gender equality and victims and witnesses” and made a statement.", "On 30 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur submitted his annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1), together with an addendum to the communication, an addendum on her travel to Mozambique in August and December 2010 and an addendum on the travel to Mexico in October 2010. On 31 May 2011, during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, she participated in an event organized by the International Commission of Jurists on the role of judges and lawyers during the crisis. On 1 June 2011, she also participated in a report arrangement organized by the Mexican Commission for the Defence and Promotion of Human Rights, the World Organization for the Prohibition of Torture, the Geneva Branch of the International Peace Brigade and the Legal Association on her travel to Mexico.", "On 16 and 17 July, the Special Rapporteur attended an international conference on strengthening the capacity of national associations of judges and implementing the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the country, which held a panel discussion on the challenges faced by the judiciary and the independence of judges. The meeting was held in cooperation with the Council of Europe and the Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Rechtliche Zusamarbeit e.V, within the framework of the second annual meeting of representatives of the Association of Judges of Armenia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Poland and Ukraine, a signatory to a multilateral memorandum of understanding.", "At the fourth meeting of the Hague Institute of Legal Internationalization, held on 23 and 24 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the activities of the various interactive groups.", "From 27 June to 1 July 2011, she participated in the annual meeting of the nineteenth Special Rapporteur, delegates, independent experts and the Chairperson of the Human Rights Council, held in Geneva.", "The Special Rapporteur visited Bulgaria (9-16 May 2011) and Romania (17-24 May 2011. Reports and related recommendations on two missions will be included as addenda to the next report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur wishes to thank the Governments of Bulgaria and Romania for their cooperation. She also wished to thank the Government of Turkey for inviting her to visit the country in October 2011.", "The Special Rapporteur recalls that, after her appointment, she has invited the States concerned to extend invitations or write to remind them of the matter: Angola (2008); Argentina (2011); Azerbaijan (2009); Bangladesh (2007); Cambodia (2006); China (2011); Cuba (1995); Egypt (1999); Equatorial Guinea (2002); Fiji (2007); India (2011); Iran (Islamic Republic of); Iraq (2008); Kenya (2000); Liberia (2000); Liberia (2010); Malaysia (2011); Maldives (2011); Myanmar (2009); Nepal (2011); Nigeria (2000); Pakistan (2006); Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of); Turkmenistan (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (2006); Turkmenistan (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).", "The Special Rapporteur wishes to receive invitations from the above-mentioned States in the near future. She also wished to thank the Governments that had accepted her request for her visit.", "Gender equality in the criminal justice system: the role of judges and lawyers", "Briefings, normative framework and basic jurisprudence", "In 1994, the Commission on Human Rights requested the Special Rapporteur to provide regular information on violations of women's human rights in his reports. [4] In the near future, special procedures have been reminded of gender equality in the implementation of their mandates. [5] The mandate of the Special Rapporteur requires that she take into account the gender perspective as requested.", "The Special Rapporteur has demonstrated and analysed the importance of combating impunity for the rule of law and democratic governance and the role that the criminal justice system should play. [6] Moreover, it is well known that international human rights law stipulates that States are obliged to investigate, prosecute human rights violations, including gender-based violence, and provide remedies for victims. Judges and lawyers have a particular responsibility to protect and promote human rights and the rule of law. [7]", "In addition, the principle of non-discrimination and equality of women on the basis of gender has been recognized and included in numerous international and regional human rights instruments, including the major United Nations human rights treaties. [8] In particular, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (see General Assembly resolution 2200 (XXI), annex), article 14, paragraph 1, states that “All are equal before the courts and decisions”, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378).", "In the present report, “Gender” refers to the established role of women and men in society or to the social differences arising from the latter day. [9] Stereotypes - attributes or characteristics of specific gender members, or their roles or omissions - - The impact on women and men, but “of course, particularly on women”. [10] Article 5 (a) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women stipulates the obligation “to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women in order to eliminate prejudice, customs and all other practices arising from gender-based attitudes or gender-based stereotypes”. [11] Gender stereotypes are common and deeply rooted. States are aware of the role of the judiciary in promoting and helping to shape gender stereotypes in order to eliminate inequality and thereby fulfil their international obligations.", "From a gender perspective, the criminal justice system needs to analyse its impact on men and women and ensure that women and men's rights, views and needs are systematically taken into account. Globally, women's participation in the criminal justice system has been very low, and a large proportion of victims of crime and human rights violations are women, especially the extent to which they suffer from gender-based violence and discrimination. [12] To this end, the present report focuses on how the criminal justice system addresses women. However, the concept of gender equality should not be considered to involve only women.", "In cases where crimes and human rights violations are not punished, States can be held accountable for contributing to impunity and non-compliance with legal culture. In cases where certain types of crimes, such as gender-based crimes or other types of offences that affect a particular gender, are not punishable, they can also be held accountable for discrimination in the State in accordance with international law.", "There is a need for a gender representative and gender-sensitive judiciary", "The judiciary and the legal sector may also have gender-based discrimination. Women have not been able to serve in the administration of justice in history because the legal sector is considered a man's territory; the appointment and promotion procedures and standards often have gender bias. [13]", "Women's representation in the judiciary", "In the justice sector and the legal sector around the world, particularly in senior positions, the representation of women remains very low, without saying that gender discrimination is inherent in the judiciary. [14] Although the number of women in the legislature has increased in all parts of the world, States seem to have given equal opportunities for gender analysis of the judiciary. However, States must take measures to ensure that women have the right to serve as judges, defence counsel or other courts, as men. [15]", "Women who have been appointed will also face prejudices and discrimination from colleagues and society as a result of women's assumptions. Their creativity is reviewed and severely criticized, and their qualifications are more questionable than male colleagues, whose objectivity is more likely to be questioned. Women are often limited to cases where “shall be heard or called for”, working in areas traditionally related to women's family law or working in lower courts. [16]", "Women's representation in international jurisdictions has been very low. The Special Rapporteur believes that gender inequality threatens the legitimacy and authority of these international tribunals. In that regard, she would like to highlight the institutional features of the Rome Statute, as it gave great help to most female judges currently serving in the International Criminal Court. [17]", "There are several reasons for increasing the representation of women in the judiciary. One of the main functions of the judiciary is to promote equality and equity, and the composition of the courts and other jurisdictions should indicate the State's commitment to equality. The justice system should also be reasonably representative of the pluralistic societies and communities they serve, demonstrating their diversity, maintain or strengthen public confidence, legitimacy and confidence in the justice system. [18]", "In addition, as men, women are also affected by their background and experience. For various historical, cultural, physical, social or religious reasons, women experience differently from men, so that they can fight gender stereotypes while presenting different views and practices in the course of trials. Thus, a pluralistic judiciary would provide a balanced and fair view of the matters before it and remove obstacles to the fair trial of certain issues by judges. This reason also applies to encouraging the placement of other ethnic, ethnic and gender groups. [19]", "Measures and mechanisms that lead to change can be diverse, ranging from constitutional or legislative reforms to public exchanges. The measures will be effective only if all sectors of the Government and the legal community make serious efforts. For example, the legal community can identify and eliminate the dark obstacles, which make women less vulnerable to being held in traditional jobs or in judicial positions. [20]", "The Constitution of South Africa provides for increased representation of women in the judiciary. [21] The United States Foundation recently launched the Women Judges Initiative aimed at creating and increasing opportunities for women to serve as judges in the global judiciary. [22] The International Bar Association and the International Criminal Court have launched awareness-raising campaigns on the need for women lawyers in Africa to address the number of women in Africa on the Court's Legal Counsel list. [23]", "The result of the ruling is only one aspect of the case, and the impact of gender equality on the conduct of the judiciary, including peers and other legal professionals, is another aspect of the impact of the court that needs to be taken into account.", "From a human rights perspective, women judges can play a unique and necessary role in law enforcement and compliance with the law, particularly in cases where women have the opportunity to seek justice and full participation in society. [24] Female judges in the Judges' Panel are likely to receive support from male judges on gender discrimination.", "The greatest impact of women as members of the judiciary may be their continued role in the development and interpretation of national and international laws on gender-based violence, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. It is particularly noteworthy that women are involved in the work of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 because “ever cases involving rape or other forms of sexual violence involve women”. [25]", "Judge Pellet was the only female judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 and said that she had played a significant role in the Akayesu case, including the evidence of rape previously neglected by the Office of the Prosecutor and had amended the allegations that rape was first confirmed as a genocide. [26] The interpretation of the law is thus at least as important as the enactment of the law.", "Gender equality and training and capacity-building on women's rights", "The elimination of gender imbalances in the judiciary is only one aspect of understanding gender equality and women's rights. Training for male and female judges, prosecutors and lawyers to raise gender awareness is equally important. [27] Women in the judiciary cannot ensure that gender perspectives are taken into account, since both women and men may have gender-based stereotypes, stereotypes and prejudices. Women in the legal community are sometimes subject to male colleagues because of their peer and social pressure with regard to the “adadjusted” parent justice system, using the same gender-based stereotypes in the judgement.", "However, one important aspect of the need for justice is that “the judge shall not be subject to the influence of the individual's judgement or prejudice, nor shall there be any prejudication of the case before it”. [28] Removal attitudes and the elimination of stereotypes and prejudices, systematic efforts are needed to implement training, continuing education and capacity-building on international human rights standards, obligations and jurisprudence and national anti-discrimination laws that are often not known or implemented.", "The United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, as well as other legal standards, recognize that appropriate education is a prerequisite for the selection of members of the judiciary. [29] Basic principles on the role of lawyers stipulate that Governments must ensure that lawyers have adequate education and training so that they can provide advice and protection to clients and maintain justice. [30] CEDAW affirmed that “gender-sensitive training for judicial and law enforcement officials and other public officials is essential for the effective implementation of the Convention” [31] The statute of the International Criminal Court stipulates that, when selecting judges, prosecutors and other staff, legal expertise in violence against women and children must be taken into account. [32]", "In his previous report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted that in addition to regular legal training, effective international and regional human rights law training is needed for magistrates, judges, prosecutors, public lawyers and lawyers. [33] The transition, change or reform of the law is particularly conducive to the implementation of such judicial education programmes.", "International law stipulates that judges, as national actors, have an obligation and responsibility to ensure that people enjoy significant rights without discrimination. Therefore, the judges will take the initiative to assume their obligations to uphold international standards of equality and non-discrimination in the context of the trial and implementation of the court proceedings. Judges may propose the repeal or amendment when they are incompatible with international human rights standards. [34]", "As the first High Court of Pakistan, Majida Razvi said, “the judges always have the discretion to uphold justice by making fair judgements. They can use this space in the context of legal provisions [35] by the judiciary to recognize these opportunities for fair interpretation of laws and principles is key to this process.", "International human rights treaties and standards, as well as the jurisprudence of the judiciary, provide legal tools for judges' decisions that respect the principle of equality and non-discrimination. For example, in R v. Ewanchuck, the Supreme Court of Canada cited the views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee's recommendation No. 19, in which it was decided that violence against women was an issue of inequality and human rights violations, and that “the hypothetical hypothetical assumptions created a woman's claim that it would be fair to pay”. [36] In the State v. Godfrey Baloyi, the South African Constitutional Court also invokes the Convention in order to preserve the constitutional effectiveness of the law and re-establish the burden of proof in cases of domestic violence against women. [37]", "C. Participation of women victims in the criminal justice system", "In cases of gender-based violence, when gender-based discrimination against women is particularly evident, it is also worth noting that women experience is not gender-based crimes.", "At the national level, certain gender-based violations, such as domestic violence, marital rape or sexual harassment, do not have a particular impact on women's access to justice and participation in criminal justice processes. As mentioned earlier, judges are obliged and responsible for upholding national or international standards of equality and non-discrimination, even if they do not enact legislation. [38] In addition, when the legal system does not specifically criminalize certain acts of gender-based abuse, investigations, prosecutions and sentences shall be conducted in accordance with existing general laws, including those relating to equality in national constitutions.", "Some laws directly or indirectly prohibit or limit women's access to the criminal justice system. Some of these laws restrict women's freedom of movement or regulate them; place them legally underage; violate article 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, deny women the same legal capacity as men and access to such capacity. [39] These laws also limit women's access to and participation in the criminal justice system.", "Women whose rights have been violated have the right to remedy, including participation in criminal proceedings. Legal procedures must be in compliance with international fair trial standards, and the rules of procedure and evidence of the courts should also ensure that women are not disadvantaged when they are involved. [40] An emerging trend in international law is to recognize the legal status and rights of victims of serious human rights violations, crimes and violations of international law. [41] Some international bodies pay particular attention to the role of victims in criminal proceedings. [42]", "The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court allows victims to participate directly or through the law in the proceedings of the Court and to demonstrate their views and concerns at all stages of the proceedings concerning their interests. [43] Regional standards also indicate the importance of the participation of victims of human rights violations in judicial proceedings. [44]", "Strong gender stereotypes often affect the procedural and evidentiary rules of the criminal justice system, resulting in gender bias and discrimination against women in the criminal justice system. Gender stereotypes affect, inter alia, rape and violence against women. [45]", "In many countries, the provisions of the Criminal Code on rape and sexual assault are based on gender stereotypes and prejudices that discriminate most of the victims of women. As a result, there is a high rate of failure to conduct court proceedings in cases of global rape and sexual violence, which generates significant impunity. [46]", "The gender stereotypes embodied in the rape case through gender-sensitive penal evidence rules include: physical violence requires evidence that is not agreed; women may be left behind; evidence should be accepted only after verification; it may be assumed that women should be given a satisfaction; it may be considered that women are forced or coerced or forced, since they do not feel that they do not agree; that the previous sexual experience gives women a preference to pay or automatically consent; and that women are in remote or isolated places where they are not subjected to sexual assault; and that they are not responsible for sexual assault. [47]", "In the context of domestic violence, the Human Rights Committee is concerned that the legal provisions describe the behaviour of victims of domestic violence in a stereotyped manner. [48]", "Progress measures have been taken by the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the subsequent ICTR procedural and evidentiary rules. Failure to require victims to carry out evidence that is not required to verify the testimony of the victim; that there should be no pre-emption to pay tribute; do not allow the use of evidence concerning the prior sexual behaviour of the victim; that there should be no presumption of consent; and that the credibility of the victim should not be limited to the sex of the victim. [49]", "In order to involve women in the criminal justice system effectively and without discrimination, their legal advisers and prosecutors also need to be aware of gender equality and women's rights. However, due to prejudices against women or the criminal acts they suffered, women often face the following: failure by the Prosecution to act, the prosecutor, judges and other officers of the Tribunal, including the defence counsel, and the lack of advice provided by their lawyers, resulting in their second or re-hurt and rights. Studies suggest that this lack of compassion and the lack of understanding of the needs of victims can significantly exacerbate the spiritual impact of unfair treatment. [50] The second injustice is not only women: children, persons with disabilities, raped men are particularly vulnerable to harm.", "Women's representation at all levels of prosecutors and training for prosecutors on appropriate gender equality and women's rights are essential for a successful criminal justice system that takes into account gender equality. In order to perform a number of functions, they must be objective and impartial in the performance of their functions and avoid gender-based discrimination or any other discrimination. [51] This means that the prosecutor shall not have any prejudice when performing his or her duties. The Rome Statute stipulates that the Prosecutor shall “respect the interests and personal circumstances of victims and witnesses, including ... gender ..., when investigating and investigating offences”. The Prosecutor would also “consider the nature of the offence, in particular with regard to crimes involving sexual violence, gender-based violence or violence against children”. [52]", "The jurisprudence of international and regional bodies addresses the issue of prejudice and the lack of action in the criminal justice system. In the case of Hungary, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considered that criminal proceedings against domestic violence were lengthy and cumbersome and that legal measures to address domestic violence were systematic. The Committee confirmed that the State concerned did not act in violation of international law. In Vertido v. Philippines, the Commission addressed how the investigation and prosecution of a rape case in the Philippines violates the legal obligations under the Convention. The Committee makes it clear that stereotypes affect women's right to a fair and fair trial, and stresses that “the judiciary must act with a lesser minds, not only when the victim of rape or gender-based violence is predominant, in order to put in place rigid standards on the performance or what should be done by women or girls in the face of rape”. [53]", "In the Inter-American human rights system, the so-called “ cotton field case” illustrates the harmful effects of stereotypes targeting women victims of sexual violence and how such impacts hinder the normal functioning of the criminal justice system. [54] The Inter-American Court of Human Rights also considers that the possession of stereotypes by police, investigators and prosecutors against victims of violence violates the rights of victims to be subjected to torture and ill-treatment. [55], in recent cases where two military personnel raped two local poor women, the Court held that Mexico violates its international obligations, as victims are not treated in a friendly manner, investigated gaps, failure to conduct medical treatment, and failure to provide assistance to the Government, including the judicial authorities, threats, family members have not been properly treated, generally hampering justice. [56]", "In the case of MC v. Bulgaria, the European Court of Human Rights challenged the stereotypes of “about rape”. [57] The Court also held that the State had a positive obligation to ensure the effectiveness of the criminal law regime through effective investigation and prosecution. In the case of Opuz v. Turkey, the Court condemned, inter alia, the general attitude of the local authorities to discrimination, the allegations of negative responses by the judiciary to victims and the lack of active protection, which, in the opinion, contributed to domestic violence. [58]", "The prosecution of gender-based crimes should not be based on the personal determination of the prosecutor, but should be a sectoral policy. This requires that the criminal justice system and continuous institutional training of prosecutors take into account gender considerations.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, “special courts can improve their efficiency, minimize the burden of victims and improve the whereabouts of cases where prosecutors, judges and other court staff are trained”. [59] Such courts appear to reduce the cycle of cases and reduce the inadequacy of cases and increase the criminalization rate. The specialized courts, like the mobile courts or domestic violence courts, can better seek justice for women and strengthen their expertise by judges and judicial personnel. [60] International law does not exclude the ad hoc court proceedings of certain parties to the criminal case, if strictly defined, but they must comply with all relevant international provisions on fair trial. [61]", "While the Special Rapporteur supports the establishment of specialized criminal courts to deal with gender-based crimes, she would also like to emphasize that the effective functioning of such courts is key to the preservation of the rights of victims' rights by having a reasonable system to provide victims with full legal, social and spiritual support, particularly when victims need to leave their families and/or their families temporarily. Special units within the Court may also play an active role in protecting women's rights.", "As a temporary special measure, the establishment of specialized courts to address the issue of non-equal access to the criminal justice system could play a role. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that, following an appropriate comprehensive analysis of the functioning of the criminal justice system, it will be possible to decide on the establishment of specialized tribunals or units to strengthen procedures for gender training or reforming the criminal justice system, while monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure effective impact.", "Protection of victims and witnesses and their families in the criminal justice system", "Participation in criminal proceedings is often at risk to witnesses. It is a challenge for the criminal justice system to adapt the level of risk based on the specific circumstances of the case. An efficient investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of gross violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, including those of specific crimes such as sexual violence and gender-based violence and trafficking in persons, is at the core of the successful protection of witnesses and victims. A framework for the protection of witnesses and victims helps to create conditions conducive to the reporting of witnesses and victims and encourage them to cooperate in subsequent proceedings. Some special procedures mandate holders pointed out that “there is often a lack of effective witness protection, despite the fact that it contributes to human rights violations, such as extrajudicial killings, torture, trafficking in persons, disappearances and violence against women”. [62]", "Judges, prosecutors and lawyers are required to play a role in applying and implementing protective measures, deciding or recommending measures in which circumstances. They should therefore be aware of the mechanisms in place for States to understand the gender dimensions of protection.", "The protection of witnesses is not a matter for witnesses but a State's obligations under international law. Major international and regional human rights instruments explicitly refer to the obligation of States to take concrete measures to protect witnesses and victims from threats and reprisals. [63] The recently developed Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence contains a provision on risk assessment and management (art. The practices of the international tribunals have strengthened the standards, norms and principles in these instruments. [64]", "Article 54, paragraph (i), of the Rome Statute requires the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to “take appropriate measures to protect the safety, physical and mental health, dignity and privacy of victims and witnesses. In taking these measures, the Court shall consider all relevant factors, including age, gender, health, and the nature of the crime, as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, particularly in relation to crimes such as sexual violence or gender-based violence or violence against children.” Measures taken by the Court shall not be “injured or in violation of the rights of the accused and the principle of fair trial”. 65] Although the International Court of Justice has a distinct specific nature, the principle of the functioning of witnesses is general, and the respective jurisdictions consider the relevant experience and practices to be beneficial at the national level.", "Measures and programmes to protect victims and witnesses should be regularly reviewed. At least two sets of measures are required to ensure the safe passage of witnesses and victims to cooperate with the criminal justice system: (a) there are measures and procedures for judicial authorities to investigate crimes or hear testimony before courts; (b) to initiate formal witness protection programmes if necessary, to provide protection measures and guarantees before, during and after judicial proceedings. [66]", "Procedural protection measures are the extent to which judges or judicial authorities have ratified. During the trial, such measures may include, inter alia, the publication or distribution of information that may expose victims or witnesses; the appointment of a defence counsel at the time of the accused's own defence counsel; the use of a false/removal voice; abundance of witnesses; the use of video testimony; the appearance or conduct of a private court in the absence of the accused; the prohibition of the publication or distribution of information that may be exposed to the identity of victims or witnesses; the appointment of a defence counsel at the time of the accused's appointment as his defence counsel; and the possibility of hearing by a victim of 18 years of age. [67]", "The testimony in the course of criminal trials will have great pressure on any witness, but some are more vulnerable than others to such pressure and may require special assistance measures to guarantee and improve the quality of their testimony. In addition, needs may vary depending on gender and the nature of the offences before them, especially when witnesses are victims. The specific capabilities and needs of witnesses should be assessed in advance, depending on the personal circumstances and the merits of the witness, thus adjusting the court proceedings. Such assistance or assistance may include adjustments to the means of questioning that do not require, trigger or embezzlement; allow for frequent breaks during the testimony period; change in the seat of the Tribunal's room so that it is less formal; and facilitation personnel are placed on the witness at the court or at the time of testimony.", "The formal witness protection programme is aimed at providing comprehensive physical protection and mental support to protected persons before, during and after the judicial trial. Protection programmes and concrete measures should take into account the specific needs of women and the specific risks and threats they face. [68]", "In the International Criminal Court, special measures may be ordered in order to give testimony to victims or witnesses, children, the elderly or victims of sexual violence who are victims of a shock. The Victims and Witnesses Unit of the Registry provides protective measures and security arrangements, psychological counselling and other appropriate assistance to witnesses, victims and other persons at risk due to witness testimony.", "Special action should be taken from the perspective of fair maintenance and access to justice to protect women, taking into account gender equality, so that judges and other authorities that decide to take these measures will not be considered to give women the “special” treatment, which may violate the right of the accused to a fair trial, but to ensure that women enjoy the rights of others.", "The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight important issues relating to “protection of sexual detention” or “secution”. In the context of security detention, victims of domestic violence, rape and maimal marriage are held in prisons or shelters for protection. It is not fair to keep victims and/or witnesses into custody, which are likely to be further subjected to violence and/or, if they are not willing. It also prevents them from accessing their children or their families to the necessary medical and psychological services. There is generally no gender distinction in security custody, but in practice the impact on women, girls and the poor is particularly significant. Protective detention of victims is an extreme measure and should be accessible only when the victim consents and all appropriate legal safeguards are in place to review the detention. [69]", "The Special Rapporteur also wishes to highlight the importance of women taking concrete action and, in the case of witness protection, they need to be fully aware of the circumstances that may affect them and whether to testify [70] women are not likely to be harmed: they are given specific circumstances, with gender discrimination prevalent in society, threatening them and becoming victims of violence. Specific categories of women, such as trafficking, sexual violence, domestic violence, so-called honour crimes and women aged under 18, are particularly vulnerable to violence. Women should not be given much protection only for gender reasons, and in fact, where appropriate guarantees exist, the experience of testimony can empower women and is crucial to advancing the goals of the criminal justice system. Judges, prosecutors and/or lawyers may also be subjected to excessive protection by means of witness sing, or including details of sexual conduct.", "During his visit to countries, the Special Rapporteur heard a number of women who had been victims of sexual exploitation and trafficking in persons who were feared because they were the ministries responsible for combating crime, usually the Ministry of the Interior, who were in the same place with the perpetrators, and the perpetrators had the opportunity to further threaten and intimidate them. This prevents them from making allegations against those who violate them and impede them from seeking justice. In other cases, the judicial system has resulted in women trafficked or forced to prostitution being denied their rights to regulate their children. In the Special Rapporteur's view, women victims of these crimes should be protected by another ministry, such as the Ministry of Social Welfare, to avoid their recurrence.", "The Model Strategies and Practical Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice [71] could play a leading role in the development of victim and witness programmes focusing on gender equality and rights practices. The Special Rapporteur also wishes to commend the initiative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to develop a practical and viable tool on gender equality and protection of witnesses and victims, and to implement protection measures that take into account gender considerations in all countries.", "E. Female offenders in the criminal justice system", "Women who violate the law and are tried in the criminal justice system shall enjoy all provisions relating to fair trial and equal treatment in the course of the trial without discrimination on the basis of sex or any other discrimination prohibited by international law. The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned about the provisions of criminal law that discriminate against women and discrimination in the course of criminal trials. These discriminatory provisions include, but are not limited to, treating adultery or sexual intercourse as a crime, punishing trafficked persons for their unlawful entry and prostitution, punishing girls who have sex with their relatives incest cases and treating abortion, including when abortion occurs or when the mother's life and health is threatened. The Special Rapporteur wishes to recall that the maintenance of discriminatory laws by judges and prosecutors is part of the State's international obligations.", "Women accused of crimes have the right to receive fair and public hearing by qualified, independent and impartial courts. As noted in section IIIB of the present report, the Special Rapporteur believes that this right requires judges, prosecutors and lawyers to be aware of gender issues and the international human rights of women, including the principle of equality and non-discrimination, and to receive relevant training. The judges must be able to challenge gender stereotypes and discrimination in the form of mistrust charges against suspects, charges against them when there is no evidence of the wrongful act, but only in a hearing. Judges must also be willing to challenge stereotypes and discrimination and not detract from women's testimony or undermine their credibility, whether women are accused or victims.", "The judge should also be aware that, when sentencing a female offender, the offence could be raised in a specific gender context. For example, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights held that the State Court of Talinida and Dambago, which had been sentenced to death of a woman, should take into account the evidence that the woman had suffered serious violence over the years. The sentence of the offender was finally reduced by 13 years, as the evidence of the mental illness showed that she had suffered “therapeutic complications of abused women”. [72]", "The challenge of gender stereotypes also means calling into question the prevailing perceptions: The male infringers have the right to control women in all ways and are said to be unable to control their sexual assaults; they are able to protect themselves when they are raped; and women will violence against men. There is also a need for caution in relation to gender standards and circumstances concerning lesbian, gay, bisexual and, in particular, transgender victims.", "Access to legal aid is also a particular concern for women offenders. The Human Rights Committee noted that “the existence of legal aid often determines whether a person can resort to the proceedings or engage in the proceedings in a limited manner”. [73] In addition, the Committee also notes that “the requirement for the payment of expenses by the author of the proceedings, thereby de facto impeding their access to the courts, raises questions under article 14, paragraph 1. [74] The increase in the number of poor women referred to in the Special Rapporteur's report to the Human Rights Committee [75] often prevents women from having appropriate legal agents.", "The Special Rapporteur is also deeply concerned about the sentencing and sentencing of women. Women, like men, have the right to be free from other sanctions that are incompatible with international standards, which means that torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are prohibited. [76] This means prohibiting, under international law, the public execution of the death penalty, the death penalty, the death penalty, the death penalty or the use of graces, crones and flogging, maiming and amputation. However, the Special Rapporteur notes that these sentences remain and are implemented, and that women who suffer these sentences are particularly vulnerable.", "Most of the world's prisoners are men, and the detention facilities are designed according to their needs and do not take into account the special needs of women prisoners. [77] The conditions of detention may not be discriminatory, but the detention system, mainly designed for men, does not take into account the special needs of women prisoners and has a negative impact on women offenders. For example, overcrowding, poor health conditions and inadequate visiting facilities affect both women and men, but the poor health conditions particularly affect female inmates in the month. In addition, female prisoners are often the only or main caregiver of young children, who fear and disturb the well-being of their children who are not in the moment. Pregnancy or lactating women have special problems and should not be brought into prison unless the situation is special.", "Female inmates are particularly vulnerable to abuse by prison personnel and prisoners (where they are held in a cell in a male prison) particularly by physical and sexual violence. Rape and other forms of sexual violence in prisons, whether by prison guards or by acquiescence of prison inmates, constitute torture. [78] In this regard, the Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that the self-recognition of men's prisons, which is usually held in male prisons, is a difficult situation of women's men and is extremely vulnerable to abuse, and recommends that States consider appropriate measures to avoid further harm to the sexes in prison and to lesbian and gays.", "The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Female Prisoners and the Non-custodial Measures of Female Offenders [79] are guidelines for guiding States in developing policies on this issue and ensuring that the principle of non-discrimination in article 6 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners is actually implemented. Meeting these needs in order to achieve substantive gender equality should not be considered discriminatory.", "Conclusion", "The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned at the prevalence of gender stereotypes and the lack of change, which exposes women to discrimination in the criminal justice system. Judicial officials are also affected by gender stereotypes. It is very important to know how gender equality and women's perspectives are taken into account or lacking in the judiciary. Traditional justice and the right to justice must be challenged and women are encouraged to be represented in the judiciary. At the same time, men also have the opportunity to play an important role in the capacity of judges, prosecutors or lawyers to make the criminal justice system more open to women and to achieve greater equality.", "While the focus of the present report is on the criminal justice system, the Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that gender equality is also taken into account in the role of judges, prosecutors and lawyers in non-criminal matters, such as family inheritance, property and land property rights, or in personal law and jurisprudence.", "The transfer of gender-based discrimination and discrimination based on other grounds and their impact are often neglected. [80] The combination of discrimination or multiple discrimination adds the complexity of women's equal representation in the legal profession and access to the criminal justice system.", "The Special Rapporteur welcomes the recent report on progress of the world's women: seeking justice. It is quite acknowledged that the infrastructure of the judiciary (police, courts and the judiciary) cannot meet women's needs. The justice system has shown a balance of power and can enhance its effectiveness in guaranteeing women's rights.", "There is a need to develop, implement and monitor comprehensive reforms, changes, policies and programmes in all sectors of the country to make justice available to women. The role of judges, prosecutors and lawyers is crucial. Their independence and impartiality must take into account gender equality. The criminal justice system takes into account gender perspectives and women's rights as part of the necessary solutions to ensure women's participation in the rule of law.", "In the justice system, special attention will be paid to their issues when women report violations of their rights to the police. Effective and efficient functioning of the judiciary should encourage victims to report to the authorities on violence they suffered and trust that the justice system will effectively protect them and provide them with solutions and remedies.", "Recommendations", "The following recommendations should be made in conjunction with the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur in his previous report to the Human Rights Council.", "General recommendations", "The Special Rapporteur encourages States to identify and share best practices and common standards that address the gender perspective at all levels of the criminal justice system.", "States should conduct a review of their criminal justice systems to identify gender-based discrimination and its causes and assess the impact of discrimination on women's participation in the criminal justice system in the capacity of justice, victims, witnesses or offenders.", "States should encourage women to hold high-level positions in the judiciary and in the judiciary, including through the establishment of temporary special measures.", "States should take all possible measures to eliminate gender stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination in all areas of the criminal justice system, including investigation, prosecution, information and protection of victims and witnesses and sentences, including training of judicial personnel.", "Training and capacity-building", "States should undertake institutional training on gender equality and women's rights, including national, regional and international human rights law and jurisprudence, and provide for training in the judiciary, in particular judges, prosecutors, lawyers, public lawyers and other judicial personnel, to ensure that gender considerations are integrated into account.", "International human rights law, in particular gender equality and women's rights, should be included in all curricula of the Faculty of Law and Law, the curriculum of the judiciary schools and the academic curriculum of the Bar Association.", "Gender expertise must be promoted, valued and considered in various legal training and capacity-building efforts for the judiciary and lawyers.", "Participation of women victims in the criminal justice system", "States should establish specialized courts or establish specialized units or prosecutors' offices within the courts to deal with specific gender-based crimes in order to reduce women's difficulties and barriers in accessing justice. These courts should be trained on gender equality, non-discrimination and specific gender-based criminal acts and be able to take into account gender considerations.", "The Special Rapporteur urges States to establish mechanisms or institutions to record, monitor, assess and provide court judgements involving women victims and/or gender-based crimes.", "States should address the issue of legal costs and the lack of legal aid programmes, as well as the particular impact of this problem on women and vulnerable groups to resort to criminal justice systems.", "Protection of witnesses and victims", "The Special Rapporteur urges States to consider establishing effective and efficient witness protection measures and programmes consistent with the right to a fair trial and taking into account gender equality considerations. These measures and programmes should be part of the criminal justice sector strategy, covering all types of crimes, including gender-based crimes and human rights violations. States should provide the necessary funds for these measures and programmes.", "Threats and risks should be assessed by independent authorities, and subsequent victim and witness protection efforts should be conducted at all stages of trial, including at the pretrial investigation stage, in accordance with the needs of victims and witnesses.", "Female offenders", "The Special Rapporteur recommends that States adopt penal provisions that discriminate directly or indirectly on the basis of sex during criminal proceedings. The sentencing should take into account gender considerations and must eradicate inhuman sentences. The special needs of women and transgender persons should be taken into account when sentencing.", "Role of legal associations", "The Bar Association and the Association of Judges, regardless of their national, regional or international nature, play a significant role in effectively supporting women in the legal sector and training judges and lawyers on standards of international human rights law. They should also support and encourage the sharing of best practices in applying gender standards in criminal proceedings and jurisprudence.", "International community", "The international community should also provide substantive technical support to Member States to ensure that women are equally represented in the judiciary, to participate in the criminal justice system and to receive equal protection and treatment, regardless of whether they are victims, witnesses or perpetrators; for example, to draw attention to the appointment and promotion of female judges through the domestic political process as a necessary condition for women's equal participation in public life, to cooperate with women in the legal community or to share good practices and judgements that maintain international standards of equality and non-discrimination.", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "[2] In his report of 29 April 2011 (A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers analysed some of the relationships between gender equality and the judiciary within the broader context of the justice system. The report describes the main obstacles to women's access to justice, including the increase in the number of poor women, the lack of consideration of gender considerations and the laws, policies and practices that discriminate against women, and makes recommendations on the role of the judiciary in promoting women's human rights.", "[3] A/HRC/17/30.", "[4] Resolution 1994/45, para.", "[5] Human Rights Council resolution 6/30, para.", "[6] A/65/274.", "[7] See: Draft Declaration on the Independence of the Judiciary, article 1 (b); Beijing Declaration on the Independence of the Judiciary in Asia and the Pacific Law Association region, Principle 10 (b); Principles and Guidelines for the acceptance of a fair trial and the enjoyment of the right to legal assistance in Africa, principles F (h) and I (i); Declaration of the President of the Ibero-American Court and the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, Policy 1, standards of professional responsibility and basic obligations and rights of prosecutors (April 1999), adopted by the International Association of Prosecutors, articles 1 and 4.2 (b)).", "[8] For example, see A/HRC/15/40 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/23.", "[9] A/HRC/12/46, para.", "[10] Rebecca Cook and Simone Cusack, Gender Stereotypingping-Transnational Legal Perspective, p.1; see also p. 9.", "[11] See: Article 2(2), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa; article 8 (b), Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women; article 12 (1), Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence.", "[12] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “The cross-cutting issues: gender assessment toolkit in the criminal justice system”, (Vienna, 2010), p. 1.", "[13] Dermot Feenan, “Women and judging”, Feminist Legal Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2009), p.3.", "[14] Dermot Feenan, “Women Elections:gendering judging diversity”, Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 35 No.4, (2008), p. 491; see also Marcela Valente, “Justice for Women in Mentors?”, available at http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=37429.", "[15] Article 7 (b) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; general recommendation No. 23, para. 5 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women; paragraphs 13, 190 (a), 232 (d) and 232 (m) of the Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action; United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, principle 10; United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, principle 10; United Nations guidelines on the role of prosecutors, guideline 2 (a); World Council of Ministers on the independence of the judiciary, articles 10, 77 and 80; African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Protocol No.", "[16] Sally Kerney, “Critical on gender and judging”, Politics & Gender, Vol. 6, No.3 (2010)”, p. 439; Feenan, “Women Elections:gendering stereotyped diversity”, p. 499; Justice McLachlin, “Why We need women judges”, statement”, Brussels Conference of the International Association of Women Judges, Sydney, Australia, 3 July-2006, vol. Vol. 499, No. 499, p. 499, p. 499; “Women in the justice system”.", "[17] Article 33, paragraph 1 (viii) and article 16, paragraph 2 (viii); see also Louise Chappell, “Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”, Politics and Gender, Vol.6, No.3, (2010), p. 488. Article 44, paragraph (ii), stipulates that the criteria set out in article 36, paragraph 8, are applied mutatis mutandis to staff employed by the Office of the Prosecutor and the Registry.", "[18] See the Declaration on the Independence of the World Justice, article 11 (a).", "[19] See, for example, Feenan, “Women Elections: gendering, judging diversity”, p. 517.", "[20] McLachlin, “Why We need women judges”.", "[21] Feenan, “Women and judging”, p. 2.", "[22] www.virtuefoundation.org.", "[23] A/HRC/17/30, para.", "[24] Sandra Day Ogurnor and Kim Azzarelli, “Sustainable development, rule of law, and the impact of women judges”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 44 (2011), pp.4 and 6.", "[25] Julie Mertus, Women Counsellors in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Transitional Justice for Bosnia and Herzegovina, (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Hunt Alternative Fund, 2004, p. 13.", "[26] Louise Chappell, “Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”, p. 490; Fareda Banda, “Project on a mechanism to address laws against women”, study by United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2008, p. 12.", "[27] Marcela Valente, “Women judges do not: gender awareness training needs”, Inter Prasssss Service (IPS) (see http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=48519). See also: Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, Principle 5 (1).", "[28] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 32, para. 21; see also the principle of conduct in Bangalore, principle 5 (2).", "[29] See, for example, the principles and guidelines on the acceptance of a fair trial and the right to legal aid in Africa, A (4) (i) and (k); Recommendation No. R(94)12, Council of Europe, principle III (1); Statute of the Ibero-American Judge, article 24.", "[30] Principle 9.", "[31] General recommendation 19, paragraph 24 (b). See also: update of the model strategy and practical measures to eliminate violence against women in the area of crime prevention and criminal justice, General Assembly resolution 3928, annex, para.", "[32] Article 44 (ii) and article 16 (viii).", "[33] A/HRC/14/26; see also A/HRC/11/41, paras. 80-84; A/64/181, paras.", "[34] A/HRC/14/26, para.", "[35] Cassandra Balchin, “Sitting in judgement: men only?”, February 2010, Open Democracy. See www.opendemocracy.net.", "[36] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, statements made at the First Jirth International Association of Women Judges, 2010, p. 16.", "Ibid., p. 17.", "[38] A/HRC/17/30, paras.", "[39] Human Rights Watch, “Permanent minors: human rights violations arising from male regulation and segregation in Saudi Arabia” (New York, 2008), p. 24.", "[40] Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, “No justice: the experience of 100 victims of torture seeking justice and rehabilitation (Geneva, 2009), p. 19.", "[41] International Commission of Jurists, “Guidebook for Criminal Justice Watch”, Guide for practitioners No. 5 (2009), p. 147.", "[42], for example, the Model Strategies and Practical Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (General Assembly resolution 52/86, annex), para. 7; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, article 8; the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Rights of Victims of Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex); an updated set of principles to combat impunity and protect and promote human rights (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1), principle 19, para. 2; and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Especially Women, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "[43] Article 68 (3); Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Tribunal, rules 85 and 89-93.", "[44] Council of Ministers of the Council of Europe, recommendation No. 11E concerning the status of victims in the criminal law and procedural framework; guidelines for the protection of victims of terrorist acts, Council of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2 March 2005); principles and guidelines on the right to fair trial and legal assistance in Africa; framework decisions on the status of victims in criminal proceedings (15 March 2001), Council of the European Union.", "[45] Lisa Gormley, “Gender neutral in cases of rape and violence against women: developments in human rights jurisprudence”,INTERS Bulletin, vol. 16, No.3 buffers, p. 140.", "Ibid.", "Ibid.", "[48] HR Committee, Concluding observations of Ukraine, CCPR/C/UKR/CO/6, 28 November 2006, para.10.", "[49] Rule 96; article 69, paragraph (iv), of the Rome Statute; Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 63 and 70-72.", "[50] Jonathan Doak, Victims Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice (Oxford, Hart Publications, 2008), p. 51.", "[51] United Nations Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, guideline 13, subparagraph (a).", "[52] Article 54, paragraph (i).", "[53] CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008, para.", "[54] Gonzales et al. v. Mexico, 2010; see also Gormley, “Gender revolution”, p. 142.", "[55] Gormley, “Gender”, p. 14.", "[56] Fernández-Ortega et al. v. Mexico, 2010 and Rosendo-Cantú et al. v. Mexico, 2010.", "[57] M.C. v. Bulgaria, 2003, paras. 177 and 185.", "[58] Paragraphs 119-123, paras. 168-170 and 198; see also Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”, INTER SetS Bulletin, vol. 16 No.3missions, pp. 110 and 113.", "[59] Report of the Secretary-General on the in-depth study on all forms of violence against women (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1, para.", "[60] Endors the Progress of World Women: Towards Justice, 2011-2012 (New York, 2011) pp. 58 and 59.", "[61] International Commission of Jurists, “International Principles on the Independence and Responsibility of Judges, lawyers and prosecutors”, Guide No. 1 (Geneva, 2004), pp. 8 and 9.", "[62] Joint statement, “The role of witness protection in the elimination of impunity for human rights violations”, 30 September 2009.", "[63] These instruments include: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 2, paragraphs 1, 10 and 17; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 2 and 6; Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, article 13; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, article 12, paragraph 4; Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, child prostitution and child pornography, article 8 (1) (a); Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, paragraph 6 (d); Principles of Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, paragraph 3 (b); and of the updated Principles of International Human Rights, Inhuman or Punishment.", "[64] A/HRC/15/33, para.", "[65] Article 68, paragraph (i); see also the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Tribunal, rules 87-88.", "[66] A/HRC/15/33, para.", "[67] Ibid., para.", "[68] Ibid., paras.", "[69] See, for example, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “The cross-cutting issues: gender assessment toolkit in the criminal justice system”, p. 34.", "[70] Mertus, Women holds Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, pp. 16-17.", "[71] General Assembly resolution 63/228, annex.", "[72] Indrivani Pamela Ramjattan v. Trinidad and Tobago; see also Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”, p. 108.", "[73] general comment No. 32 (CCPR/C/GC/32), para.", "[74] Ibid., para.", "[75] See A/HRC/17/30, paras.", "[76] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 20, paras.", "[77] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “The cross-cutting issues: gender assessment toolkit in the criminal justice system”, p. 31.", "[78] See A/HRC/7/3.", "[79] See General Assembly resolution 63/229.", "[80] For example, see A/HRC/17/26." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员弗兰克·拉卢依照人权理事会第16/4号决议提交的报告。", "* A/66/150。", "促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告是促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员依照人权理事会第7/36号和第16/4号决议向大会提交的报告。本报告扩充了特别报告员上一次向理事会提交的关于人人有权通过因特网寻求、接受和传播各种信息和思想这一问题上的主要趋势和挑战的报告(A/HRC/17/27)，并通过因特网信息获取两个同等重要的方面即在线内容的获取(第三节)和因特网连接的获取(第四节)，讨论这一问题。在第三节中，特别报告员概述了依照国际法应特别要求各国加以禁止各类的言论(第三节A)，鉴于当前有关因特网内容监管的讨论，还讨论了不可允许的限制(第三节B)。本报告还讨论了数字识字能力和通过信息和通讯技术技能训练使人们能以一种有效和实际的方式获得在线内容的重要性。虽然因特网连接的获取尚未被确认为一项人权，但本报告强调了各国促进通过因特网享受言论自由权的积极义务，并概述了实现社会各阶层有因特网可用、没有限制又负担得起这一方面所存在的挑战和提出的积极举措(第四节)。本报告在结尾部分提出建议，确保人们尤其是边缘群体和弱势群体，充分获取不受审查的在线内容和因特网连接。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.特别报告员的活动 4\nA.参加会议和研讨会的情况 4\nB.国家访问 5\n3.在线内容的获取 5\nA.依照国际法必须要求各国加以禁止特殊类型的言论 7\nB.不可允许的限制 12\nC.数字识字能力 13\n4.因特网连接的获取 16\nA.数字鸿沟与千年发展目标 16\nB.获得宽带连接 17\nC.获得因特网和接受教育的权利 18\nD.移动技术 19\n5.结论与建议 19\nA.访问在线内容 20\nB.获得因特网连接 21", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员依照人权理事会第7/36号和第16/4号决议向大会提交的。尤其是在第7/36号决议中，理事会要求特别报告员“继续就新的信息和通信技术，包括因特网和移动技术，对行使意见和言论自由权，包括寻求、接受和传播信息的权利，所带来的好处和挑战，以及信息来源的多样性和人人都可进入信息社会的问题，酌情提出意见”。[1] 在这一基础上，本报告扩充了特别报告员上一次向理事会提交的关于人人有权通过因特网寻求、接受和传播各种信息和思想这一问题上的主要趋势和挑战的报告(A/HRC/17/27)。", "2. 本报告通过因特网信息获取两个同等重要的方面，即在线内容的获取(第三节)和因特网连接的获取(第四节)，讨论这一问题。在一些国家中，虽然因特网连接已经广泛普及，在线内容却可能受到严格的限制。在另一些国家中，尽管个人可以不受审查地获取在线内容，但对大多数人来说，因特网连接却可能不够普及。因此，特别报告员强调，所有国家都应履行其尊重、保护和实现意见和言论自由权的现有义务，有效保证因特网信息获取的两个方面。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "A. 参加会议和研讨会的情况", "3. 2011年4月6日和7日，特别报告员以专家身份参加了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)在内罗毕举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题第二次地区性研讨会。", "4. 2011年5月1日至3日，特别报告员在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区参加了纪念世界新闻自由日的一系列活动和会议。5月16日和17日，特别报告员以专家身份参加了日内瓦国际人道主义法和人权学院举办的“公民抗议和和平变革：捍卫人权”会议。5月30日和31日，特别报告员参加了荷兰外交部和国会的一场会议，并参加了莱顿大学的一场会议。", "5. 2011年6月1日和2日，特别报告员应匈牙利政府邀请，对该国进行了一次访问，就媒体法问题会见了国会议员和民间社会组织代表。6月3日，特别报告员向日内瓦人权理事会提交了年度报告。6月5日，特别报告员参加了美洲国家组织大会言论自由和防止青年暴力问题小组的活动。", "6. 2011年7月6日和7日，特别报告员以专家身份参加了人权高专办在曼谷举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题第三次地区性研讨会。7月8日至16日，特别报告员在泰国、柬埔寨、马来西亚和印度尼西亚参加了由民间社会组织举办的一系列学术活动。", "B. 国家访问", "1. 2011年已经进行的访问", "7. 2011年4月10日至17日，特别报告员访问了阿尔及利亚。此次访问的报告将于2012年提交给人权理事会会议。有关本次访问的新闻稿以及特别报告员的初步结论和建议，可参见人权高专办的网站。[2]", "2. 即将进行的访问", "8. 特别报告员对以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土的访问已被推迟。访问将于2011年12月4日至18日进行。", "3. 等候答复的请求", "9. 截至2011年3月，特别报告员向下列国家发出的访问请求尚无回音：委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2003年和2009年分别发出请求)；伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2010年2月发出请求)；斯里兰卡(2009年6月发出请求)；突尼斯(2009年发出请求)；乌干达(2011年发出请求)。", "三. 在线内容的获取", "10. 因特网已成为一种重要的通讯媒介。通过这一媒介，个人能够行使《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》两个文件的第19条所保证的言论自由权，或不论国界寻求、接受和传播各种信息和思想的权利。与先前任何其他通讯媒介不同，因特网使人们能以瞬时和廉价的方式进行交流，这对人们分享和获取信息和思想的方式，也对新闻业本身，都带来了巨大的影响。", "11. 尽管因特网为一切形式的信息和思想的传播和获取提供了更多的新机会，但若忽略了它同时也可以被用作监视、识别、追踪和锁定通过因特网传播关键或敏感信息的个人的工具，则既是天真的，又是危险的。不但如此，包括通过社交网络网站在内，网上可以得到的大量个人信息也引起了对于隐私权的严重关注，诸如什么人可以获知这种特定的个人信息、如何使用这种信息、是否保留这种信息、保留时间多长等问题。特别报告员此前曾强调政府在充分保证所有人的隐私权方面的作用。没有这种隐私权，人们不可能充分享受意见和言论自由权。[3]", "12. 尽管因特网有可能被滥用于非法活动，特别报告员认为，正如“阿拉伯之春”所揭示的因特网主要可以用作一种积极的工具，提高当权者行为的透明度，提供多样化信息来源，激发市民积极参与民主社会的建设，反对独裁统治。因此，特别报告员愿意重申，一般说来，除非在国际法规定的旨在保护其他人权的少数非常特殊和有限的情况下，对因特网上的信息流动应尽量少加限制。", "13. 任何接入因特网的人现在都有可能向全球受众传播信息。在新闻记者信息来源有限的情况下，例如在人道主义危机或自然灾害时刻，由手机拍摄的图像或由博客和社交网络网站在线发布的消息，在让国际社会了解实地情况方面已经发挥了重要的作用。随着Web 2.0平台的推广使用，信息不再是职业记者的专属领地，因为参与新闻的收集、过滤和传播过程的人的范围大为增加。“众包”就是说明这一趋势的一个例子。与此同时，传统的通讯媒介，如电视、广播和报纸，也能利用因特网以象征性的价格扩大其受众。因特网上贴出的由业余爱好者所拍摄的视频和对事件的第一手报道，其现实意义和受依赖程度与日俱增，已经对新闻业产生了深远的影响，但是，职业记者在研究、组织以及提供新闻事件的分析和背景方面，继续发挥着不可或缺的作用。因此，因特网应被视为对建立在信息单向传输基础上的大众媒介的一种补充媒介。", "14. 特别报告员重申，国际人权法的框架，尤其是有关言论自由权的条款，仍然具有现实意义，并且适用于因特网。的确，通过明确规定人人有通过他所选择的任何媒介且不论国界的言论自由权，《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》两份文件的第19条在起草之际，已有包容未来技术发展，让个人能够借以行使此项权利的远见。", "15. 因此，依照国际人权法可能加以限制的有关离线信息或言论类型，也适用于在线内容。同样，对于通过因特网行使言论自由权所进行的任何限制，也必须遵循国际人权法，包括下列三方面的累积标准：", "(a) 任何限制均应由法律规定，法律规定必须有足够的精确性，让个人能够相应调节其行为，还必须让公众能够查阅；", "(b) 任何限制都必须符合《国际公约》第19条第3款规定的进行限制的合法理由之一，即㈠ 尊重他人的权利或名誉；或㈡ 保障国家安全或公共秩序，或公共卫生或道德：", "(c) 任何限制都必须证明是必要和适度的，或者只采取实现上述特定目标之一的最低限制手段。", "16. 特别报告员欢迎最近通过的人权委员会关于《国际公约》第19条的第34号一般性意见。这份意见强调一国援引对言论自由权进行限制的合法理由时，必须以明确、具体的方式说明威胁的确切性质，所采取的具体行动的必要性和适度性，尤其是必须确定要加以限制的言论和威胁之间的直接联系。[4]", "17. 特别报告员同时认为有必要重申，施行限制不应该危害权利本身，权利和限制、规范和例外之间的关系不应被颠倒。[5] 另外，任何限制言论自由权的立法必须由一个独立于任何政治、商业或其他不适当影响的机构，以非随意、非歧视的方式来实施，并有足够的保障防止滥用，包括提出质询的可能性以及滥用发生时的补救措施。", "18. 特别报告员强调，国际法要求各国加以禁止的非法内容，像儿童色情制品，和没有要求各国加以禁止或罪罚但属有害、令人不快、引起反感或不受欢迎的内容，两者之间有所不同。在这一方面，特别报告员认为明确区分三类言论十分重要：(a) 依照国际法构成犯罪、可以被刑事起诉的言论：(b) 不会受到刑事处罚、但可加以限制或被民事起诉的言论；以及(c) 不会引起刑事或民事制裁、但仍在宽容、文明和尊重他人宗教或信仰方面引起关注的言论。这些不同类型的内容提出了不同的原则问题，需要有不同的法律和技术对策。", "19. 鉴于当前关于因特网内容监管的讨论，特别报告员提出了依照国际刑法和/或国际人权法需要特别要求各国加以禁止的各类言论(第三节A)，然后讨论不可允许的限制(第三节B)。", "A. 依照国际法必须要求各国加以禁止特殊类型的言论", "1. 儿童色情制品", "20. 由于因特网已成为在线儿童色情制品传播的主要途径这一事实，控制这类内容已成为监管的焦点。依照国际法，特别是《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题任择议定书》，儿童色情制品的传播被明确加以禁止(第2(c)条的规定)。《任择议定书》要求缔约国应起码确保本国刑法对于为第三条所述的目的制作、分销、传播、进口、出口、出售、销售或拥有儿童色情制品做出充分的规定，不论这些犯罪行为是在国内还是跨国实施的，也不论是个人还是有组织地实施的(第三条第1(c)段)。", "21. 因此，儿童色情制品是规则一个明显的例外，通过因特网传播这类内容被依法限制，甚至还要求各国将此作为刑事犯罪加以禁止。正如买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员在其向理事会第十二届会议所提交的报告中所指出的，相关的立法应该清楚而且全面，应将因特网儿童色情制品视为严重侵犯儿童权利的犯罪行为。特别报告员认为，儿童色情制品构成对儿童的暴力行为和对其人类尊严的侵害，这种行为引起更多对儿童的暴力行为。此外，受害者的隐私应得到保护，应提供合适的保护措施，提供符合儿童需要和特点的照料。[6]", "22. 特别报告员强调，如同任何限制一样，禁止通过因特网传播儿童色情制品的法律，例如通过使用封锁和过滤的技术，必须具有足够的精确性，而且必须有足够和有效的保障防止滥用或误用，包括独立、公正的法庭或监管机构的监督和审查。此外，特别报告员重申，鉴于买卖儿童、贩卖儿童、强迫劳动、儿童卖淫、性旅游和儿童色情制品之间的诸多联系，各国除了采取封锁措施之外，还应全面针对剥削儿童的根本原因，调查并起诉相关责任人。", "2. 直接、公开煽动灭绝种族", "23. 国际刑法在《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第3条、《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第25条第3(e)款、《前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭规约》第4条第3(c)款以及《卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭规约》第2条第3(c)款中，禁止直接、公开煽动灭绝种族。由于种族灭绝作为“罪上罪”所特别应受谴责的性质，煽动灭绝种族在历史上已被合理地列为一种刑事犯罪。[7] 的确，卢旺达问题国际法庭反复强调直接、公开煽动灭绝种族的罪行“极为严重”，并强调媒体是极端主义分子动员和煽动人们参与种族灭绝的主要工具。这一意见导致了该法庭对Georges Riggiu提前释放请求的否决。[8]", "24. 自从1998年对煽动灭绝种族罪首次定罪以来，⁷ 这一主题已经成为相当数量判例的焦点。[9] 该罪有三方面的界定要求：它应该是直接的、公开的、带有特定的犯罪故意(犯罪意图)而犯的。卢旺达问题国际法庭通过说明“直接和公开的煽动必须被界定为……不论是通过在公共场所或公共集会上发出的言论、呼喊或威胁，或是通过在公共场所或公共集会上销售或传播、提供销售或展示书面材料或印刷品，或是通过公开的展示板或标语牌或海报，或通过其他音视频通讯手段，直接鼓动行为实施者进行种族灭绝”，将“直接和公开”的诠释涵盖了多种通讯方式。⁷", "25. 特别报告员注意到对于因特网可能被用作煽动他人进行种族灭绝手段的关注，尤其是考虑到因特网直达广大受众的能力。为了防止对言论自由权施行过度和不适当的限制，特别报告员强调煽动灭绝种族首先应该由国内法加以禁止，而且所实施的任何限制，例如通过封锁或删除因特网上的这类言论，只有在审慎评估了这类言论的威胁，包括评估发言者、目标受众、发言的内容或意义、其社会历史背景、传播方式等因素[10] 以及其他由消除种族歧视委员会在其对预防种族灭绝罪行宣言采取后续行动的决定中所列的各项指标(CERD/C/67/1)，认定其直接煽动种族灭绝之后才可进行。特别报告员还强调，煽动灭绝种族罪，其性质极为严重，必须与其他类型的煽动，如煽动歧视，加以区别。", "3. 鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨，构成煽动歧视、敌视或强暴者", "26. 通过因特网传播“煽动仇恨的言论”也推动了对在线内容的监管。然而，国际法对煽动仇恨的言论并没有界定，而特别报告员注意到，多种形式的煽动仇恨的言论并未达到《国际公约》第20条第2款所规定的严重程度。第20条第2款规定，任何鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨，构成煽动歧视、敌视或强暴者，各国应以法律加以禁止。", "27. 如同最近通过的人权委员会关于《国际公约》第19条的第34号一般性意见所指出的，《公约》第19条和第20条互为协调、相互补充，第20条所开列的行为都要受到第19条第3款的限制。因此，依据第20条属于正当的限制，必须符合第19条第3款。[11] 不但如此，该委员会已经澄清，“第20条所开列的行为与依照第19条第3款可能加以限制的其他行为的区别是，对于第20条所开列的行为，《公约》说明了各国应做出的具体反应：由法律加以禁止。只有在这一限度内，第20条才可被视为关于第19条的特别法”。[12]", "28. 依照《国际公约》第20条第2款必须禁止的各类言论有两个关键要素：首先，只包含鼓吹仇恨，[13] 其次，必须构成煽动[14] 所开列的三种结果之一。因此，鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨本身并不违反《公约》第20条第2款。只有同时构成煽动歧视、敌视或强暴时；换言之，当说话人试图激起受众的反应(以言取效的行为)、¹⁰ 并且其言论与随后的歧视、敌视或强暴风险之间联系非常密切时，这种鼓吹才成为一种罪行。在这一点上，语境是决定一项特定言论是否构成煽动的关键。", "29. 正如2011年人权高专办举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题一系列专家研讨会的联合文件所强调指出的，[15] 特别报告员仍然关注到一些禁止煽动的国内法律条款定义含糊。这些条款包括反对“煽动宗教骚动”、“促使宗教信仰者与非信仰者之间的分裂”、“诽谤宗教”、“煽动暴力”、“怂恿仇视和藐视政权”、“煽动颠覆国家政权”和“危害公共安定罪行”。[16] 这类含糊和笼统的词汇显然并不符合法律精确性的要求。", "30. 特别报告员重申，在拟订限制措施时应该明确，其唯一的目的在于保护个人免受敌视、歧视或强暴，而不是保护信仰体系、宗教或此类机构不受批评。言论自由权意味着对思想、见解、信仰体系和机构，包括宗教机构，有可能严格审查、公开辩论和批评，甚至不管多么苛刻和无理，只要这种批评不构成鼓吹仇恨并煽动对个人或群体的敌视、歧视或强暴。", "31. 另外，《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条规定，缔约国应宣告，凡传播基于种族优越论或仇恨的思想并煽动种族歧视的行为，皆为犯罪行为，应依法惩处。消除种族歧视委员会在其第15号一般性建议中声明，“该委员会认为，禁止传播一切基于种族优越论或仇恨的思想并不违背意见和言论自由权。”[17] 另外，该委员会还声明，它将《公约》第4条视为《公约》缔约国均应履行的一项强制义务。它认为此项义务符合《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》所确认的意见和言论自由权，指出上述法条明确将煽动种族歧视、仇恨和强暴列为违法。它认为这些条款对于防止有组织种族暴力是必不可少的。[18]", "4. 煽动恐怖主义", "32. 除了以上讨论的四种类型的煽动之外，第五种形式的煽动，即煽动恐怖主义，是安全理事会第1624号决议(2005年)的主题。在该决议中，安理会吁请各国“在法律上禁止煽动实施一种或多种恐怖行为”并防止这类行为。", "33. 然而，特别报告员关注到，特别鉴于国际法中没有对“恐怖主义”的一致定义，[19] 各国在诠释什么类型的言论构成煽动恐怖主义方面，具有很大的自由裁量空间。在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员注意到这一缺陷，在最佳做法的基础上，提出了关于恐怖主义以及煽动恐怖主义的示范定义：对于煽动恐怖主义罪，他提出了关于煽动恐怖主义罪的如下条文范本：“煽动恐怖主义罪是指蓄意、非法向公众传播或以其他方式提供信息，意图教唆实施恐怖犯罪，此种行为，无论是否明确鼓动恐怖犯罪，导致可能实施一项或数项此类犯罪的危险。”[20] 这一条文涵盖了两方面的条件：(a) 煽动实施恐怖犯罪的意图；和(b) 存在着随后将实施此行为的实际风险。[21]", "34. 特别报告员重申，任何禁止煽动恐怖主义的国内刑法必须经过一个限制言论自由权三方面的检验。这要求煽动恐怖主义罪：(a) 必须仅限于煽动在本质上确实属于依照适当定义的恐怖主义行为：[22] (b) 对于言论自由权的限制不得超出保护国家安全、公共秩序和安全、公共卫生或公共道德所必要的限度；(c) 必须由法律做出明确规定，包括避免采用“光大”或“推广”恐怖主义这类含糊的用语；(d) 必须包括被煽动行为得到实施的实际(客观)风险；(e) 必须明确涉及意图的双重因素，一是传播信息的意图，二是通过相关信息煽动实施恐怖行为的意图；以及(f)如适用“非法”煽动恐怖主义罪，应保留进行法律或可以解除刑事责任的原则。[23]", "35. 与此同时，正如反恐执行工作队九个工作小组之一制止为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组所指出的，查禁被视为煽动恐怖主义的内容的手段往往是“笨拙或无效的，或既笨拙又无效”，[24] 因此，制定顺应而不对抗因特网的策略可能更为有效，包括迅速传播对构成煽动恐怖主义的极端主义信息的反击言论。", "36. 在这种情况下，除了通过国内法禁止煽动恐怖主义之外，特别报告员注意到，在实际操作层面上，比力图限制被视为煽动恐怖主义的信息更为有效的策略，可能是将因特网作为一种积极的手段反击这类煽动。利用因特网消除极端主义暴力的吸引力利雅得会议的与会者建议，反击言论应通过包括社交网络网站在内的所有相关的媒体渠道进行传播，以消除极端主义信息的吸引力。[25]", "B. 不可允许的限制", "37. 以上讨论的四种类型的言论(第三节A)属于依照国际刑法和/或国际人权法构成犯罪、各国应在国内加以禁止的第一类言论。然而，由于它们都构成了对言论自由权的限制，因此还必须符合一个三方面的检验标准，即由法律明确规定、符合合法目的以及尊重必要性和适度性原则。", "38. 限制因特网上各类被禁止的言论最常用的方法是对内容进行封锁(见上述第三节A)。在这方面，特别报告员重申了他最近在向人权理事会提交的报告中所做的建议，即各国应该就封锁某一特定网站的必要性和正当性做出详细说明，关于何种内容应加以封锁的决定应由一个主管司法部门或一个独立于任何政治、商业或其他不适当影响的机构做出，以确保封锁不会被用作新闻检查的一种手段。[26]", "39. 另外，人权委员会申明任何“对于网站、博客或任何其他基于因特网的、电子的或其他此类信息传播系统包括支持这类传播的系统如因特网服务提供商或搜索引擎运作的限制，只有在符合[第19条]第3款的限度内才是可接受的”。可接受的限制一般应该针对特定的内容；对某些网站和系统运作的一般性禁止并不符合第3款的规定。纯粹因为一个网站或一个信息传播体系可能批评政府或者政府所支持的政治社会制度，就禁止其发布信息，也不符合第3款的规定。[27]", "40. 另外，鉴于言论自由权和信息的自由流动作为每一个自由和民主社会的基础的重要性，[28] 特别报告员强调，上文未述及的所有其他各类言论不应入罪，包括旨在保护个人名誉的诽谤法也不例外，因为入罪可能带来负面影响，而严厉制裁的威胁会对言论自由权的行使产生巨大的消极影响。此外，特别报告员重申这一观点，对于不会引起刑事或民事制裁、但仍在文明和尊重他人方面引起关注的各类言论，应通过实施预防策略，集中努力消除这类言论的根源，包括不容忍、种族主义和偏见。¹⁶", "41. 采取这些做法，并给人们的心态、观念和言谈带来真正的改变，需要一套广泛的政策措施，如在跨文化对话或多样化、平等和公正教育领域，以及关于加强言论自由和促进“和平文化”的政策措施。的确，特别报告员此前已申明，对被视为冒犯或不可容忍的言论的战略对策是传播更多的言论：教导文化差异的言论；提倡多样性和理解的言论；通过支持社区媒体和他们在主流媒体中的代表等方式，壮大少数群体和本地人民的力量并让他们发表意见的言论。¹⁶ 更多的言论可能是启发个人心智的最好战略，不仅可改变他们的所作所为也可改变他们的想法，正如德班审查会议的成果文件所肯定的，这也证明了意见和言论自由权在世界范围内与种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理及与此相关的不容忍行为的斗争中所能发挥的作用。[29]", "42. 不但如此，特别报告员强调，正如人权理事会第12/16号决议(第5(p)(i)段)所规定的，下列各类言论绝不应该受到限制：讨论政府政策和政治辩论；报道人权情况、政府活动和政府中的腐败现象；从事竞选、和平示威或政治活动，包括争取和平与民主的政治活动；表达见解和不同意见、宗教或信仰，包括属于少数群体的人或弱势群体的人的此类活动。", "43. 同样，人权委员会坚持《国际公约》关于限特措施第19条第3款“绝不应被用来作为压制任何多党民主、民主原则和人权主张的托辞。而且不管在什么情况下，由于个人行使意见和言论自由权而加害于他/她的行为，包括任意逮捕、酷刑、对生命的威胁和杀人，都不符合第19条。”[30] 人权委员会还注意到，记者和博客因为他们所从事的活动往往面临这种威胁、恐吓或侵害，从事人权状况的信息收集和分析以及发布人权相关报道的人们，包括法官和律师，也往往面临着这种威胁。的确，特别报告员仍然深切关注这种针对利用因特网开展工作的博客、记者和人权捍卫者的威胁和侵害、以及杀戮和监禁。", "44. 因此，除了上述的特定类别之外，各国应该禁止对言论自由权的限制，以防止对个人的非法囚禁，并应彻查一切侵害事件，及时起诉行为人，而对于杀人案件，应对受害人的代表提供有效的救济。", "C. 数字识字能力", "45. 除了能够获取不受审查的有关在线内容，特别报告员还指出了确保个人具有充分利用因特网所必需的技能的重要性，或人们常说的“数字识字能力”。特别报告员鼓励各国支持信息和通讯技术(信通技术)技能的培训，这种培训的范围可以从基本计算机技能开始到网页的制作。在言论自由权方面，课程模块不但应该讲清从网上获取信息的好处，而且应该讲清如何负责任地发布信息，这样做还有利于反击上述第三类的言论。", "46. 另外，特别报告员认为学校课程以及课外学习模块中应该包括因特网识字能力。博茨瓦纳的Thuto Net(教学网)项目就是一个例子，该项目不但给博茨瓦纳所有学校提供计算机和因特网接入，而且培训教师如何将信通技术用作课堂教学工具，包括将正式的信通技术教育纳入学校的课程中。这一项目旨在帮助该国的儿童在数字时代获得成功，也涉及本地制造的教育软件的开发，以协助电子学习以及保证本地内容和课程的现实意义。[31]", "47. 特别报告员还强调了对人们进行因特网安全问题教育的重要性，因特网安全问题包括欺诈行为，在因特网上披露私人信息可能带来的后果，以及加密和规避技术的使用，以保护信息免受不利的干扰，这对人权捍卫者来说尤其重要。对儿童有关因特网安全的训练也应尽早进行。", "48. 另外，特别报告员吁请各国，通过确保边缘人群获得有效的数字识字能力培训，增强他们的权能。正如特别报告员在之前的报告中所指出的，增强无权势的人们，特别是生活在极度贫困中的人们的声音至关重要。进入因特网使弱势的、受歧视的或被边缘化了的人们能够获取信息、主张权利和参加有关社会和政治变革的公众讨论。另外，因特网使少数族群和本土人民能够表现和再造其文化、语言和传统，保留其遗产并在一个真正多文化的世界里为其他族群做出宝贵的贡献。然而，用户要充分地受益于因特网，基本的信通技术技能是必不可少的。", "1. 残疾人", "49. 残疾人在充分和有效地利用因特网方面经常面临着更多的障碍。例如，在美国，总人口的81%已经接入因特网，而残疾人的网民比例只达到54%。[32]", "50. 《残疾人权利公约》概述了批准该公约的各国应该遵循的一般原则，包括充分和切实地参与和融入社会以及无障碍上网等(第3条c和f)。该公约进一步规定，各国应该“促进提供和使用适合残疾人的新技术，包括信息和通信技术、助行器具、用品、辅助技术，优先考虑价格低廉的技术”(第4条g)，并“促使残疾人有机会使用新的信息和通信技术和系统，包括因特网”(第9条g)。为确保这些义务的履行，国际电联建议无障碍使用信通技术的以下原则：同等接入、同等功能、无障碍、低价格、为人人共享而设计。[33]", "51. 特别报告员强调，所有层次因特网基础设施的设计和实施，都应该考虑到残疾人的需要。这可能关系到分布、用户设备以及接入设备。³¹ 部分正面的例子包括加拿大的社区资讯直达计划，该计划力图提供适当数量的强化无障碍网站，以满足残疾人广泛的需要。该项目还规划为机会较少的用户提供因特网接入，如低收入个人、乡村或土著人口、老年人和移民。[34]", "52. 在美利坚合众国，众议院在2010年一致通过了“二十一世纪通讯与视讯无障碍法”。该法案力图保证耳聋、重听、后天失听和聋盲者能够充分使用不断发展中的高速宽带、无线和其他因特网协议技术。另外，该法案规定，在线提供的资料必须保留其无障碍特征，因特网上使用的电话必须与助听器兼容，因特网上播放的电视节目也必须配有字幕。³¹", "53. 特别报告员欢迎这些举措，并强调各国需要确保包括残疾人在内的每一个人，都能充分参与到信息社会中。", "2. 语言障碍", "54. 由于只有少数语言主导在线空间，语言障碍可能成为获取在线内容的另一个障碍。然而，特别报告员注意到精良的在线翻译服务的数量正在增加。", "55. 其他克服语言障碍的积极举措包括像世界数字图书馆这样的机构。该馆面向从学生、教师到普通公众等多样化的受众，免费提供世界各地机构收藏的、多语言文献遗产。[35] 另外，馆藏内容由伙伴机构以文献的原本语言提供，可通过七种语言的交互界面浏览，并可使用声控浏览，让视觉残疾人使用更加方便。[36]", "56. 特别报告员还强调，因特网名称与数字地址分配机构(ICANN)董事会已经批准了国际化域名(IDN)国家和地区代码顶级域名(ccTLD)快速跟踪计划，该项计划让使用非拉丁语脚本的国家和领土能够为用户提供非拉丁语字符的域名。", "57. 特别报告员还再次呼吁各国政府，履行其在公共和私人媒体上促进本土文化多样性的义务。[37] 这包括遵循《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》的原则，用所有相关的语言包括少数族裔语言公布政府信息。", "3. 因特网与两性平等问题", "58. 特别报告员强调妇女平等有效利用因特网的重要性，它可以在增强妇女能力方面发挥关键的作用。的确，正如宽带委员会在其最近的一份报告中所着重指出的，因特网通过为妇女提供广泛的资源而增强妇女的能力，如增进健康、提升教育、能够做出知情的决策和追求经济机会。³¹ 在这方面，印度正在进行一项研究，重点关注像移动电话服务这类信通技术如何促进该国妇女创办企业，并力图确定能够通过增强技术能力以改变妇女经济状况的因素。[38]", "59. 从“千年村”项目演变而来的《联合国女童教育倡议》是“电子教育”倡议的一个例子，这一倡议也有利于促进女童教育。这一倡议发起了一场全球行动，推动发展中国家中等教育实现普遍和平等的因特网接入，重点强调女童教育。信通技术将被用来提高教育质量，并将全世界的学童连接在一起。³¹", "60. 特别报告员鼓励对全球范围内各种具体倡议开展进一步研究，以及信通技术如何帮助妇女进一步增强技能和知识，尤其是在就业领域以及公民参与方面。", "四. 因特网连接的获取", "61. 虽然访问因特网的权利本身并不是一项人权，但特别报告员希望重申：各缔约国确有义务促进或推动享有言论自由权和行使这一权利的必要手段，包括因特网。此外，访问因特网不仅对于享有言论自由权，而且对于享有其他权利也是必不可少的，例如接受教育的权利、自由结社和集会权、全面参与社会、文化和政治生活的权利以及社会与经济发展的权利。", "62. 人权事务委员会在其关于意见自由权和言论自由权的第34号一般性评论中也强调说，各缔约国应采取一切必要措施促进因特网等新闻媒体的独立，并确保所有个人均能使用之。[39]", "63. 实际上，鉴于因特网业已成为全面参与社会、文化和政治生活的不可或缺的工具之一，各缔约国应与来自社会各阶层(包括私营部门和政府有关部委)的个人开展协商，制订并采用有效和具体的政策和战略，使所有人都能广泛、方便地使用和负担得起因特网。", "A. 数字鸿沟与千年发展目标", "64. 旨在改进访问因特网条件的公共和私人政策大幅增加了发展中国家缔约国的因特网设施。然而，尽管如此，发展中国家缔约国的因特网使用率仍然较低，从而造成了“数字鸿沟”的长期存在。该术语系指能够有效获取数字化信息技术(特别是因特网)的人与获取机会非常有限或根本没有机会的人之间的差距。特别报告员在其前一份报告中指出，访问因特网有利于经济发展和享有各种人权。如果无法访问因特网，边缘群体和发展中国家缔约国将持续陷于不利的处境，从而导致缔约国内部和各个缔约国之间的现有社会经济差距持续存在。特别报告员对这一前景表示关切。[40]", "65. 还有诸多因素对确保国家一级的因特网连接构成挑战。例如，许多国家的因特网市场(特别是骨干基础设施和国际网关)仍处于一个或少数电信运营商的垄断之下。此外，有限的竞争和因特网国际带宽的稀缺使得固定宽带上网领域的因特网接入费用居高不下，而且往往令人无法负担。[41] 此外，由于访问因特网和购买基本设备的成本较高，许多人根本无法在家中上网，公共网络服务成为了上网的唯一途径。", "66. 为克服这些障碍，缔约国尤其需要发挥积极的作用。例如，缔约国可以降低上网的成本，让尽可能多的人在家中上网，同时确保农村人口和收入水平较低的居民能够利用公共网。作为降低上网费用的办法之一，缔约国可以在市场竞争有限的情况下动用监管权力。缔约国还应考虑为因特网服务和必要的硬件提供补贴，以方便最贫困的人口阶层上网。", "67. 千年发展目标中的目标8.F旨在与私营部门合作，让人人皆可分享新技术的惠益，特别是信通技术的惠益。这一目标的衡量指标是每100人中的固定电话线路数、移动电话用户人数和因特网用户。因特网用户普及率目前远远低于移动通信普及率。据国际电信联盟(国际电联)估计，截至2009年年底，全球约有17亿人使用因特网，略高于世界人口的四分之一(26%)。在发展中国家，约有17.8%的人口上网。到2010年底，只有欧洲实现了因特网普及率达到平均67%的目标，美洲则为50.7%左右。⁴¹ 这些数字包括公共网、社区中心和其他类型的因特网接入。此外，根据最新的《2011年千年发展目标报告》，虽然因特网用户的人数仍在增长，但发展中国家的普及率仍然较低，截至2010年底仅为21%，而发达国家已达到72%。在全球范围内，有三分之二的人不使用因特网。截至2010年底，最不发达国家的因特网普及率仅有3%。", "B. 获得宽带连接", "68. 越来越多的网络服务需要高速因特网连接，特别是在访问基于视频的网站内容时。因此，为了有效地使用因特网，宽带连接蔚然成风。但是，能够快速访问在线多媒体内容的人和那些仍在艰难地使用慢速的共享拨号连接的人之间，也横亘着一道巨大的数字鸿沟。[42] 特别报告员指出，根据国际电联的统计数据，发达国家缔约国有24.6%的居民使用固定宽带因特网连接，而发展中国家缔约国仅为4.4%。", "69. 不过，在国家一级也推出了一些促进宽带因特网连接的令人鼓舞的措施。例如，瑞典在1999年成为第一个制定宽带政策的欧洲国家，瑞典政府的目标是在市场激励机制缺位的农村和边远地区提供宽带服务。[43] 在巴西，政府一直积极参与制定方案，使低收入阶层的居民也可以使用宽带上网。例如，巴西政府于2002年初推出了电子政府计划的公民支助服务(GESAC)，以通过推动数字包容来增进社会包容，通过使用卫星和WiMAX(全球微波接入互操作性)无线网络等无线技术，向网络服务较差的地区推广宽带上网。此外，巴西政府还经营社区电信中心网络，免费提供因特网接入。通过电子政府计划的公民支助服务，巴西政府旨在确保巴西5 565个市都至少有一个宽带接入点。³¹", "C. 获得因特网和接受教育的权利", "70. 必须充分认可因特网作为一种教育工具的重要性。通过因特网可以访问不断扩充的大量知识，补充或改变传统的学校教育形式。通过“开放式访问”和各类积极的举措，因特网让发展中国家缔约国的公民也可以利用以往负担不起的学术研究资料。因特网让学生、教师和家长们之间能够开展更为频繁的交流，了解各自领域的最新发展和问题。此外，因使用因特网而产生的教育惠益对缔约国的人力资本作出了直接贡献。因此，特别报告员认为，访问因特网的权利将逐步成为接受教育的权利的关键要素之一。", "71. 考虑到以上因素，特别报告员着重强调，必须促进和支持那些努力确保获取信息和通讯的项目。在这方面，全球性项目“每个儿童一台笔记本电脑”就是一个很好的举措。正如特别报告员在其提交人权事务委员会的最近一份报告中所述，[44] 这种倡议有助于在发展中国家拓展信通技术的可用性。在联合国开发计划署(开发署)和若干合作伙伴的支持下，该项目不仅令儿童受益，而且也造福于他们的家庭，因为这种永久连接网络的笔记本电脑的一个重要特色就是可以免费在家中使用，让孩子和家庭更多地获取信息和了解外部世界。这些笔记本电脑的两个重要特点是可以用太阳能或机械动力充电；而且根据设计，这些电脑提供嵌入式的无线网络，会自动连接到附近的其他笔记本电脑。[45]", "72. 特别报告员强调指出，乌拉圭树立的成功典范“木棉计划”已扩大和推广到世界各地，这是不同的私人和公共部门之间建立伙伴关系的典范。参与“每个儿童一台笔记本电脑”项目的国家还有阿富汗、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、柬埔寨、加拿大、中国、印度、伊拉克、尼泊尔、南非、卢旺达、泰国、黎巴嫩和纽埃。[46]", "73. 国家战略的另一个典范是巴西于2008年初通过联邦政府、监管机构国家电信管理局(ANATEL)和几个电信运营商结成的合作伙伴关系推出的“校园宽带”计划。该项目旨在将全国56 865所公立学校联结在一起，届时将惠及3 710万学生，占巴西学生总人数的84%。³¹", "74. 由新西兰政府资助的“农村宽带倡议”方案旨在更好地向该国城市化程度较低的地区提供光纤回程连接，并为该国的学校提供可靠的高速网络连接。", "D. 移动技术", "75. 在移动技术接入方面的数字鸿沟比因特网领域更小，据估计，发展中国家缔约国有67.6%的人使用手机。³¹ 虽然手机无法提供直接基于电脑的因特网接入所提供的惠益，但特别报告员认为，移动技术可以成为获取因特网连接的踏脚石，特别是在固定线路上网比较困难的偏远地区。", "76. 最近的报告表明，在包括非洲在内的诸多发展中国家和地区，使用手机上网是日益成为潮流。⁴¹ 根据国际电联的统计，到2008年底，全球农村居民中有近四分之三的人能够接收到手机信号。此外，报告还显示，非洲地区的农村手机覆盖率到2015年将超过90%，蜂窝移动技术将在拓展通信网络方面发挥至关重要的作用。⁴¹", "77. 通过手机上宽带网也在迅速增加。据国际电联统计，截至2010年底，全球移动宽带用户总数从2005年的7 300万增至9.4亿，并有望在2011年突破10亿。移动宽带增长的一个主要原因是移动运营商提供了有竞争力和可承受的数据流量计划。给网络带来更高效率的新技术也为这一发展提供了补充和支持。³¹ 新加坡就是这方面的典范。该国的手机普及率达到100%，大多数家庭至少有一种宽带接入方式。³¹ 此外，新加坡政府还于2008年和2009年选定了两家公司，协调在全国推广网络的工作。根据宽带铺设的条款规定，当网络首次进入一个新区域时，其中一家公司将免除家庭和楼宇业主所有的安装费。这些公司还为户外地点提供网络连接。³¹", "五. 结论与建议", "78. 因特网已经成为个人行使意见和言论自由权的最重要媒介之一，能够在促进人权、民主参与、问责制、透明度和经济发展方面发挥重要作用。然而，和所有的技术创新一样，因特网也可能被用来造成危害，从而引发各国政府关于是否应监管在线内容的关切。", "79. 总的规则应当是保持因特网的开放性和信息的自由流动，对其施加的限制只能是例外情况，并应符合国际人权法确定的标准。为保护表达自由权免受不适当的限制，特别报告员试图对以下三类言论作出区分：(a) 根据国际法构成犯罪，缔约国必须禁止;(b) 不应受刑事处罚，但可能引发民事诉讼;(c) 不触发刑事或民事制裁，但在宽容、文明和对他人的尊重方面仍然引发关切。每一类言论都提出了不同的原则问题，因而需要下文中重点提出的不同法律对策。", "80. 世界上大多数人口仍然无法获得因特网连接，特别报告员对此仍感关注。虽然国际人权法尚未承认访问因特网的权利是一项人权，但缔约国有积极的义务为所有个人行使自己的意见和言论自由权创造一个有利的环境。", "建议", "A. 访问在线内容", "81. 缔约国有责任保证思想和信息的自由流动以及通过因特网获取、接收和传播信息和思想的权利。根据国际法，缔约国还必须在本国的刑法中禁止以下几种类型的在线内容：(a) 儿童色情;(b) 直接和公开煽动种族灭绝;(c) 构成煽动歧视、敌视或暴力行为、宣传民族、种族或宗教仇恨的主张;(d) 煽动恐怖主义。但是，特别报告员提醒所有缔约国，任何此类法律都必须符合限制言论自由权的三项标准，亦即：法律明确规定；依据合法的目的；尊重必要性和相称性原则。", "82. 关于为规范禁止表达的上述几类内容而采取的技术措施(如阻止访问网页内容)，特别报告员重申，缔约国应提供关于封锁特定网站的必要性和理由的详细说明，而且必须由主管司法当局或独立于任何政治、商业或其他不正当影响的机构来决定禁止访问哪些网页内容，以确保对网站的封锁不被用作一种审查手段。", "83. 特别报告员建议，不属于上述类别的所有其他类型的言论均不应入罪，因为将其入罪会起到相反的效果，威胁予以严厉的制裁会对言论自由权产生显著的寒蝉效应。此外，缔约国应重点开展努力打击造成种族主义或攻击性言论的根本问题，例如偏狭和偏见。可以开展的努力包括：促进更多的自由言论，以反击此类负面的言论类型；增进世界各民族之间的理解；建设和平文化等。", "84. 让个人能够有效地利用因特网提供的内容需要具备很多条件，包括使用因特网技术的技能。特别报告员建议，缔约国应将上网基本技能纳入学校课程之中，并支持校外类似的学习单元。除基本技能培训之外，这些学习单元应明确阐述在线获取信息的裨益，以及用负责任的方式贡献信息的益处。培训还可以帮助个人学会如何防范有害的内容，例如在因特网上泄露隐私信息的可能后果，并学会通过使用加密或规避技术保护自己免受缔约国或公司施加的无理限制。", "85. 特别报告员鼓励将网站翻译成多种语文，包括少数民族语文和土著语文，且让残疾人可以无障碍访问。允许讲不同语言的人或残疾人参与同一个沟通平台有利于建立一个真正意义上的全球性社会。此外，他还建议所有缔约国应确保所有有关人士均可用自己的语文无障碍地访问一切有关的治理信息(包括地方各级的治理信息)。", "86. 特别报告员还强调，将性别层面应用于连接因特网的权利十分重要，并建议缔约国制定各种策略，包括通过信通技术培训等手段，以确保有效地访问在线内容。", "B. 获得因特网连接", "87. 特别报告员强调，因特网使社会各界享有了获取信息的能力、言论自由权和切身的参与，这是一个真正民主的社会不可或缺的。", "88. 此外，鉴于因特网在促进享受意见和言论自由权以及其他权利(如受教育的权利、自由结社和集会权、公民参与权、经济和社会发展权)方面发挥着关键作用，特别报告员认为，缔约国应与来自社会各阶层(包括私营部门和政府有关部委)的个人开展协商，根据禁止任何形式的歧视(包括基于种族、肤色、性别、语言、残疾、经济来源或任何其他状况的歧视)的原则，制订并采用有效和具体的政策和战略，使所有人都能广泛、方便地使用和负担得起因特网。这样做不仅至关重要，而且也势在必行。", "89. 特别报告员特别建议缔约国采取积极措施，与私营部门的倡议携手合作，确保在缔约国所有有人居住的地方(包括边远或农村地区)均可在个人或社区一级获得因特网连接。此类措施包括在边远地区和农村等地区采用和实施将有助于获得因特网连接和低成本硬件的政策，包括在必要时提供补贴。", "90. 鉴于在线多媒体内容越来越多，缔约国亦应积极推动和鼓励宽带上网。", "91. 随着移动通信技术在发展中国家缔约国获得越来越多、越来越方便的使用，特别报告员建议缔约国支持促进使用手机连接因特网的各种政策和方案。", "92. 在国际层面上，特别报告员重申，他呼吁缔约国(特别是发达国家缔约国)履行自己在千年发展目标等文书中作出的承诺，推动向发展中国家缔约国转移技术，并将促进普及因特网访问的有效方案纳入其发展援助政策之中。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] 人权理事会第7/36号决议，第4(f)段。", "[2] 可查阅http://www.ohchr.org。", "[3] 见A/HRC/17/27，第53-59段。", "[4] CCPR/C/GC/34，第36段。", "[5] 同上，第21段。", "[6] 见A/HRC/12/23。", "[7] 见检察官诉Akayesu，ICTR-96-4-T号案件，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭，1998年10月。", "[8] 见检察官诉Riggiu，ICTR-97-32-S号案件(审判分庭)，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭，2005年5月12日。", "[9] 见检察官诉Nahimana等人，ICTR-99-52-A号案件，2007年11月28日以及检察官诉Simon Bikindi，ICTR-01-72-T号案件，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭，2008年12月2日。", "[10] 见防止种族灭绝问题特别顾问咨询人Susan Benesch对人权高专办《关于煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题的倡议》的贡献，2011年(见http://www.2.ohchr.org/english/issues/Opinion/ arficles/1920-Iccpr/experts-papers，htm)。", "[11] CCPR/C/GC/34，第50段。", "[12] 同上，第51段。", "[13] 如同《关于言论自由和平等的卡姆登原则》原则第12条第1款所指出，“仇恨”指针对目标群体的羞辱、敌意和憎恶等强烈而不合理的情绪。可查阅：http://www.article19.org/data/ files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf。", "[14] “煽动”一词指关于民族、种族或宗教群体并引起针对属于该群体的个人即时的歧视、敌视或强暴风险的言论(《卡姆登原则》原则第12条第1款)。", "[15] 可查阅http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/experts_ papers.htm。", "[16] 促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员、宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员和当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员联合提交的报告，可查阅：http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/experts_papers/ htm。", "[17] 见http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/comments.htm。", "[18] 黄永安在禁止煽动民族、种族和宗教仇恨问题曼谷研讨会上的报告，2011年7月，可查阅：http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_ Bangkok/HuangYongan.pdf。", "[19] 联合国借助界定“恐怖主义行为”的16项国际法律文书间接地界定恐怖主义，见http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.shtml。", "[20] 见A/HRC/16/51，第32段。", "[21] 见A/HRC/6/17/Add.1、A/HRC/10/3/Add.2和A/HRC/16/51。", "[22] 在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员提出了以下关于恐怖主义的示范定义：", "“恐怖主义是指如下行动或未遂行动：", "1. 行动：", "(a) 构成蓄意劫持人质；或者", "(b) 蓄意致使广大公众或其部分民众当中的一名或多名成员死亡或受到严重身体伤害；或者", "(c) 针对广大公众或其部分民众当中的一名或多名成员使用致命或严重的肢体暴力；", "以及", "2. 行动或未遂行动的目的是：", "(a) 在广大公众或其部分民众当中制造恐怖状态；或者", "(b) 迫使政府或国际组织采取或不采取某些行动；", "以及", "3. 行动符合：", "(a) 国内法律关于重罪的定义，颁布该法律的目的是遵守关于恐怖主义的国际条约和议定书或是关于恐怖主义的安全理事会决议；或者", "(b) 国内法律关于重罪定义的所有要素。”(A/HRC/16/51，第28段)", "[23] A/HRC/16/51，第31段。", "[24] 制止为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组的报告，第88段。可查阅http://www.un.org/ terrorism/pdfs/wg6-internet_rev1.pdf。", "[25] 利用因特网消除极端主义暴力的吸引力问题利雅得会议，2011年1月24日至26日，摘要和后续建议，可查阅http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/CTITF%20Riyadh%20Conference%20- %20Summary%20&%20Recommendations.pdf.", "[26] A/HRC/17/27，第70段。", "[27] CCPR/C/GC/34，第43段。", "[28] 同上，第2段。", "[29] A/CONF.211/8，第1章，第58段。", "[30] CCPR/C/GC/34，第23段。", "[31] 见国际电信联盟(国际电联)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)，宽带：进步的平台，数字发展宽带委员会的报告，2011年6月(见http://www.broadbandcommission.org/ report2/full-report.pdf)。", "[32] Susammah Fox, “Americans living with disability and their technology profile”, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 21 January 2011.(http://www.pewinternet.org/ Reports/2011/Disability.aspx)。", "[33] 见国际电联，《残疾人无障碍使用电子技术政策手册》，2010年。", "[34] http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cap-pac.nsf/eng/home.", "[35] 世界数字图书馆(http://www.wdl.org/en/)。", "[36] 世界数字图书馆的伙伴机构主要有向该馆捐赠文化类文献的图书馆、档案馆或其他机构，还可能包括以其他方式进行捐助的机构、基金和私人公司，例如通过技术的分享、工作小组，举行或共同主办会议或捐助资金。", "[37] A/HRC/14/23，第60段。", "[38] 国际电联，“印度女企业家与ICT”，2011年7月14日(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/ newslog/CategoryView，category，Gender.aspx)。", "[39] CCPR/C/GC/34，第15段。", "[40] A/HRC/17/27，第62段。", "[41] 参见《2010年世界电信/信通技术发展报告：监测信息社会世界首脑会议各项目标的进展情况：中期审查》，第201页(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/material/ WTDR2010_e_v1.pdf。", "[42] 参见联合国《2010年千年发展目标报告》(http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/)。", "[43] 瑞典企业、能源与通信部(www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/573/a/12566/action/search/type/simple? query:broadband+access)。", "[44] A/HRC/17/27，第63段。", "[45] 参见http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles/lang-en。", "[46] 参见http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Deployments和http://one.laptop.org/。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 16/4.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Summary", "The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/36 and 16/4. The report expands upon the last report submitted to the Council by the Special Rapporteur on key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet (A/HRC/17/27), and addresses the issue through two equally important dimensions of Internet access: access to online content (sect. III), and access to Internet connection (sect. IV). In section III, the Special Rapporteur outlines the types of expression that States are exceptionally required to prohibit under international law (III.A) and also discusses impermissible restrictions (III.B), given the ongoing debate regarding regulation of content on the Internet. The report also addresses the importance of digital literacy and training in information and communications technology skills for individuals to enable them to access online content in an effective and meaningful manner. While access to Internet connection is not yet recognized as a human right, the report focuses on the positive obligation of States to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression via the Internet, and outlines both challenges and positive initiatives to make the Internet available, accessible and affordable to all segments of society (sect. IV). The report concludes with recommendations to ensure full access to online content that is free of censorship and access to Internet connection, particularly for marginalized and disadvantaged groups.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 of the Special \nRapporteur A. Participation 4 in meetings and \nseminars B.Country 5 \nvisits III. Access 5 to online \ncontent A.Exceptional 8 types of expression that States are required to prohibit under international \n law B. Impermissible 13 \nrestrictions C.Digital 15 \nliteracy IV. Access 18 to Internet \nconnection A.The 18 digital divide and the Millennium Development \nGoals B.Access 19 to broadband \nconnection C.Access 20 to the Internet and the right to \neducation D.Mobile 21 \ntechnology V.Conclusions 22 and \nrecommendations A.Access 22 to online \ncontent B.Access 23 to Internet \nconnection", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/36 and 16/4. In particular, in resolution 7/36, the Council requested the Special Rapporteur “to continue to provide his/her views, when appropriate, on the advantages and challenges of new information and communications technologies, including the Internet and mobile technologies, for the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information and the relevance of a wide diversity of sources, as well as access to the information society for all”.[1] On that basis, the report expands upon the last report submitted to the Council by the Special Rapporteur on key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet (A/HRC/17/27).", "2. The report addresses the issue through two equally important dimensions of Internet access: access to content online (sect. III), and access to Internet connection (sect. IV). While there are countries where Internet access is widely available, online content may be heavily restricted. In other countries, even though individuals may have access to online content free of censorship, Internet access may not be widely available for the majority of the population. The Special Rapporteur thus emphasizes that both aspects of access should be effectively ensured by all States as part of their existing obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "A. Participation in meetings and seminars", "3. On 6 and 7 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as an expert in the second regional workshop on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in Nairobi, organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).", "4. Between 1 and 3 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur took part in a number of events and conferences for the World Press Freedom Day in Washington, D.C. On 16 and 17 May, the Special Rapporteur participated as a panellist in a conference on “Civil protest and peaceful change: Upholding human rights”, organized by the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. On 30 and 31 May, the Special Rapporteur participated in a conference with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Parliament of the Netherlands, and in a conference at the University of Leiden.", "5. On 1 and 2 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur undertook a visit to Hungary, at the invitation of the Government, to meet with members of the Parliament and civil society representatives concerning media legislation. On 3 June, the Special Rapporteur presented his annual report to the Human Rights Council in Geneva. On 5 June, the Special Rapporteur participated in a panel on freedom of expression and youth violence prevention at the General Assembly of the Organization of American States.", "6. On 6 and 7 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as an expert in the third of the regional workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in Bangkok, organized by OHCHR. From 8 to 16 July, the Special Rapporteur participated in a series of academic events organized by civil society organizations in Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia.", "B. Country visits", "1. Missions undertaken in 2011", "7. From 10 to 17 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur undertook a mission to Algeria. The mission report will be presented at a future session of the Human Rights Council in 2012. The press release with his initial conclusions and recommendations can be found on the OHCHR website.[2]", "2. Upcoming missions", "8. The visit of the Special Rapporteur to Israel and the Occupied Palestinian territory has been postponed. The visit will take place from 4 to 18 December 2011.", "3. Pending requests", "9. As of March 2011, the following visit requests from the Special Rapporteur were pending: the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (requested 2003 and 2009); the Islamic Republic of Iran (requested February 2010); Sri Lanka (requested June 2009); Tunisia (requested 2009); and Uganda (requested 2011).", "III. Access to online content", "10. The Internet has become a vital communications medium which individuals can use to exercise their right to freedom of expression, or the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, as guaranteed under articles 19 of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Like no other communications medium before it, the Internet allows individuals to communicate instantaneously and inexpensively, and it has had a dramatic impact on the way information and ideas are shared and accessed, and on journalism itself.", "11. While the Internet offers new and expanded opportunities to disseminate and access information and ideas of all kinds, it would be naive and dangerous to ignore its simultaneous use as a tool to monitor, identify, locate and target individuals who disseminate critical or sensitive information via the Internet. Moreover, the vast amount of personal information that is made available online, including through social networking sites, also pose serious concerns regarding the right to privacy, such as who has access to specific personal information, how the information is used, and whether, and for how long, the information is stored. The Special Rapporteur has previously underscored the importance of the role of Governments in fully guaranteeing the right to privacy of all individuals, without which the right to freedom of opinion and expression cannot be fully enjoyed.[3]", "12. Despite the potential for the Internet to be misused in illegal activities, the Special Rapporteur believes that the Internet can primarily be used as a positive tool to increase transparency over the conduct of those in power, access diverse sources of information, facilitate active citizen participation in building democratic societies and counter authoritarian regimes, as demonstrated by the “Arab spring”. Hence, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate that, as a general rule, there should be as little restriction as possible to the flow of information on the Internet, except under a few, very exceptional and limited circumstances prescribed by international law for the protection of other human rights.", "13. Anyone with access to the Internet can now potentially disseminate information to a global audience. In situations where journalists have limited access, for example during times of humanitarian crises or natural disasters, images recorded on mobile phones or messages posted online by bloggers and social networking sites have played a key role in keeping the international community informed of the situation on the ground. Indeed, with the increased use of Web 2.0 platforms, information is no longer an exclusive preserve of professional journalists, since a far wider range of people take part in gathering, filtering and distributing news. “Crowdsourcing” is one example which exemplifies such a trend. At the same time, traditional communications media, such as television, radio and newspaper, can also use the Internet to expand their audiences at nominal cost. While the increasing relevance and reliance on amateur videos and first-hand account of events posted on the Internet have had a profound effect on the news industry, professional journalists continue to play an indispensable role in researching, organizing and providing analysis and context to news events. The Internet should thus be seen as a complementary medium to mass media that has been based on a one-way transmission of information.", "14. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that the framework of international human rights law, in particular the provisions relating to the right to freedom of expression, continues to remain relevant and applicable to the Internet. Indeed, by explicitly providing that everyone has the right to freedom of expression through any media of choice, regardless of frontiers, articles 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were drafted with the foresight to include and accommodate future technological developments through which individuals may exercise this right.", "15. Hence, the types of information or expression that may be restricted under international human rights law in relation to offline content also apply to online content. Similarly, any restriction applied to the right to freedom of expression exercised through the Internet must also comply with international human rights law, including the following three-part, cumulative criteria:", "(a) Any restriction must be provided by law, which must be formulated with sufficient precision to enable an individual to regulate his or her conduct accordingly and must be made accessible to the public;", "(b) Any restriction must pursue one of the legitimate grounds for restriction set out in article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant, namely (i) respect of the rights or reputation of others; or (ii) the protection of national security or of public order, or of public health or morals;", "(c) Any restriction must be proven as necessary and proportionate, or the least restrictive means to achieve one of the specified goals listed above.", "16. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the recently adopted general comment No. 34 of the Human Rights Committee on article 19 of the International Covenant, which underscores that when a State invokes a legitimate ground for restriction of the right to freedom of expression, it must demonstrate in specific and individualized fashion the precise nature of the threat, the necessity and the proportionality of the specific action taken, in particular by establishing a direct and immediate connection between the expression and the threat.[4]", "17. The Special Rapporteur also deems it appropriate to reiterate that the restriction must not put in jeopardy the right itself, and the relationship between right and restriction and between norm and exception must not be reversed.[5] In addition, any legislation restricting the right to freedom of expression must be applied by a body that is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences in a manner which is neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, and with adequate safeguards against abuse, including the possibility of challenge and remedy against its abusive application.", "18. The Special Rapporteur underscores that there are differences between illegal content, which States are required to prohibit under international law, such as child pornography, and those that are considered harmful, offensive, objectionable or undesirable, but which States are neither required to prohibit nor criminalize. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur believes that it is important to make a clear distinction between three types of expression: (a) expression that constitutes an offence under international law and can be prosecuted criminally; (b) expression that is not criminally punishable but may justify a restriction and a civil suit; and (c) expression that does not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raises concerns in terms of tolerance, civility and respect for others. These different categories of content pose different issues of principle and call for different legal and technological responses.", "19. In the light of the ongoing debate regarding the regulation of content on the Internet, the Special Rapporteur outlines the types of expression which States are exceptionally required to prohibit under international criminal law and/or international human rights law (III.A) and then refers to impermissible restrictions (III.B).", "A. Exceptional types of expression that States are required to prohibit under international law", "1. Child pornography", "20. Addressing child pornography online has become a major focus for regulation owing to the fact that the Internet has become the main gateway for the distribution of such content. The dissemination of child pornography is explicitly prohibited under international law, notably in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (defined in article 2 (c)). The Optional Protocol requires States parties to ensure that, as a minimum, producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing child pornography (for purposes set out in article 3) are fully covered under its criminal or penal law, whether such offences are committed domestically or transnationally or on an individual or organized basis (article 3, para. 1 (c)).", "21. Child pornography is therefore a clear exception to the rule, and dissemination of content via the Internet is legitimately restricted, and States are even required to prohibit it as a criminal offence. As noted by the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in her report to the Council at its twelfth session, the relevant legislation should be clear and comprehensive and should treat child pornography on the Internet as a grave violation of the rights of the child and as a criminal act.[6] The Special Rapporteur considers that child pornography constitutes an act of violence against children and an offence to their human dignity, which provokes more violence against children. Moreover, the victim’s privacy must be protected and appropriate protection measures and care adapted to the needs and characteristics of children must be available.⁶", "22. The Special Rapporteur underscores that, as with any limitation, legislation prohibiting the dissemination of child pornography through the Internet, for example through the use of blocking and filtering technologies, must be sufficiently precise, and that there must be adequate and effective safeguards against abuse or misuse, including oversight and review by an independent and impartial tribunal or regulatory body. In addition, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that given the links between the sale of children, trafficking in children, forced labour, child prostitution, sex tourism and child pornography, States must also go beyond blocking measures to address the root causes of exploitation of children in a holistic manner and must investigate and prosecute those responsible.", "2. Direct and public incitement to commit genocide", "23. International criminal law prohibits direct and public incitement to commit genocide under article 3 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, article 25, 3 (e), of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, article 4, 3 (c), of the statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and article 2, 3 (c), of the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Incitement to commit genocide has historically been justified as a criminal offence owing to the particularly reprehensible nature of genocide as “the crime of crimes”.[7] Indeed, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has repeatedly underscored the “utmost gravity” of the crime of direct and public incitement to genocide, and has stressed that the media as a key tool used by extremists in Rwanda to mobilize and incite the population to genocide, a view which led it to deny an application by Georges Ruggiu for early release.[8]", "24. Since the first conviction for the crime of incitement to commit genocide in 1998,⁷ this subject has become the focus of a substantial new body of jurisprudence.[9] There are three defining requirements of the crime: it must be direct, public and committed with specific intent (mens rea). The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has interpreted “direct and public” to include many forms of communication, by stating that “direct and public incitement must be defined … as directly provoking the perpetrator(s) to commit genocide, whether through speeches, shouting or threats uttered in public places or at public gatherings, or through the sale or dissemination, offer for sale or display of written material or printed matter in public places or at public gatherings, or through the public display or placards or posters, or through any other means of audiovisual communication”.⁷", "25. The Special Rapporteur notes the concern that the Internet may be used as a means of inciting others to commit genocide, particularly given its capacity to reach a large audience. In order to prevent any excessive and undue limitation to the right to freedom of expression, the Special Rapporteur underscores that incitement to commit genocide must first be prohibited in domestic law and that any restriction imposed, for example through blocking or removing such expression via the Internet, must only be applied after a careful assessment of the threat of such expression to directly incite genocide, including factors such as the speaker, the intended audience, the content or meaning of the speech, the socio-historical context, the mode of transmission,[10] and other indicators as outlined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its decision on follow-up to the declaration on the prevention of genocide (CERD/C/67/1). The Special Rapporteur also underlines that incitement to commit genocide, which is of utmost gravity, must be distinguished from other types of incitement, such as incitement to discrimination.", "3. Advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence", "26. The dissemination of “hate speech” via the Internet has also spurred efforts to regulate online content. There is, however, no definition of hate speech in international law, and the Special Rapporteur notes that many forms of hate speech do not meet the level of seriousness set out in article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant, which stipulates that States shall prohibit by law any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence.", "27. As noted in the recently adopted general comment No. 34 on article 19 of the International Covenant by the Human Rights Committee, articles 19 and 20 of the Covenant are compatible with and complement each other, and the acts that are addressed in article 20 are all subject to restriction pursuant to article 19, paragraph 3. Hence, a limitation that is justified on the basis of article 20 must also comply with article 19, paragraph 3.[11] Moreover, the Committee has clarified that what distinguishes the acts addressed in article 20 from other acts that may be subject to restriction under article 19, paragraph 3, is that for the acts addressed in article 20, the Covenant indicates the specific response required from the State: their prohibition by law. It is only to this extent that article 20 may be considered as lex specialis with regard to article 19.[12]", "28. There are two key elements of the type of expression that is prohibited under article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant: first, only advocacy of hatred[13] is covered, and second, it must constitute incitement[14] to one of the three listed results. Thus, advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred is not a breach of article 20, paragraph 2, of the Covenant on its own. Such advocacy becomes an offence only when it also constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; in other words, when the speaker seeks to provoke reactions (perlocutionary acts) on the part of the audience,¹⁰ and there is a very close link between the expression and the resulting risk of discrimination, hostility or violence. In this regard, context is central to the determination of whether or not a given expression constitutes incitement.", "29. As highlighted in joint papers for a series of expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in 2011,[15] the Special Rapporteur remains concerned by the vague formulation of some domestic legal provisions that prohibit incitement. These include combating “incitement to religious unrest”, “promoting division between religious believers and non-believers”, “defamation of religion”, “inciting to violation”, “instigating hatred and disrespect against the ruling regime”, “inciting subversion of state power” and “offences that damage public tranquillity”.[16] Such vague and broad terms clearly do not meet the criterion of legal clarity.", "30. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that restrictions must be formulated in a way that makes clear that its sole purpose is to protect individuals from hostility, discrimination or violence, rather than to protect belief systems, religions or institutions as such from criticism. The right to freedom of expression implies that it should be possible to scrutinize, openly debate and criticize, even harshly and unreasonably, ideas, opinions, belief systems and institutions, including religious ones, as long as this does not advocate hatred that incites hostility, discrimination or violence against an individual or a group of individuals.", "31. In addition, article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination stipulates that States parties shall declare all dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred and incitement to racial discrimination an offence punishable by law. In its general recommendation No. 15, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stated that “in the opinion of the Committee, the prohibition of the dissemination of all ideas based upon racial superiority or hatred is compatible with the right to freedom of opinion and expression”.[17] Moreover, the Committee has also stated that it regards article 4 of the Convention as a mandatory obligation of States parties to the Convention. It regards the obligation as consistent with the freedoms of opinion and expression affirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and notes that such kind of acts mentioned above specifically outlaws inciting racial discrimination, hatred and violence. It views the provisions as necessary to prevent organized racial violence.[18]", "4. Incitement to terrorism", "32. In addition to the four types of incitement discussed above, a fifth form of incitement, incitement to terrorism, is the subject of Security Council resolution 1624 (2005), in which the Council called upon States to “prohibit by law incitement to commit a terrorist act or acts” and to prevent such conduct.", "33. The Special Rapporteur is concerned, however, particularly given the absence of an agreed definition of “terrorism” in international law,[19] that States have a broad margin of discretionary power to interpret what kinds of expression constitute incitement to terrorism. Noting this lacuna, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism has proposed a model definition of terrorism, as well as incitement to terrorism, based on best practices. With regard to the latter, he has proposed the following formulation as the model offence of incitement to terrorism: “it is an offence to intentionally and unlawfully distribute or otherwise make available a message to the public with the intent to incite the commission of a terrorist offence, where such conduct, whether or not expressly advocating terrorist offences, causes a danger that one or more such offences may be committed”.[20] This formulation encompasses two requirements: (a) an intent to incite the commission of a terrorist offence; and (b) the existence of an actual risk that such an offence will be committed as a consequence.[21]", "34. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that any domestic criminal laws that prohibit incitement to terrorism must meet the three-part test of restrictions to the right to freedom of expression. This entails that incitement of terrorism: (a) must be limited to the incitement of conduct that is truly terrorist in nature, as properly defined;[22] (b) must restrict the right to freedom of expression no more than is necessary for the protection of national security, public order and safety or public health or morals; (c) must be prescribed in law in precise language, including by avoiding reference to vague terms such as “glorifying” or “promoting” terrorism; (d) must include an actual (objective) risk that the act incited will be committed; (e) should expressly refer to two elements of intent, namely intent to communicate a message and intent that this message incite the commission of a terrorist act; and (f) should preserve the application of legal defences or principles leading to the exclusion of criminal liability by referring to “unlawful” incitement to terrorism.[23]", "35. At the same time, as noted by the Working Group on Countering the Use of Internet for Terrorist Purposes, one of the nine working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the available means to suppress content deemed to be incitement to terrorism are often “clumsy or ineffective, or both”,[24] and thus it may be more effective to devise strategies that work with the Internet rather than against it, including the dissemination of rapid counter-narratives to extremist messages which constitute incitement to terrorism.", "36. That being the case, in addition to the prohibition of incitement to terrorism in domestic legislation, the Special Rapporteur notes that, at a practical level, a more effective strategy than attempting to restrict materials deemed to incite terrorism may be to use the Internet as a positive means of countering such incitement. Participants at the Riyadh Conference on the Use of the Internet to Counter the Appeal of Extremist Violence recommended, inter alia, that counter-narratives should be disseminated through all relevant media channels, including on social networking websites, to counter the appeal of extremist messages.[25]", "B. Impermissible restrictions", "37. The four types of expression examined above (III.A) fall under the first category of the types of expression that constitute offences under international criminal law and/or international human rights law and which States are required to prohibit at the domestic level. However, as they all constitute restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, they must also comply with the three-part test of prescription by: unambiguous law; pursuance of a legitimate purpose; and respect for the principles of necessity and proportionality.", "38. The most common method of restricting the types of prohibited expression on the Internet is through the blocking of content (see III.A above). In this regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the recommendations made in his most recent report to the Human Rights Council that States should provide full details regarding the necessity and justification for blocking a particular website, and determination of what content should be blocked should be undertaken by a competent judicial authority or a body which is independent of any political, commercial, or other unwarranted influences to ensure that blocking is not used as a means of censorship.[26]", "39. In addition, the Human Rights Committee has affirmed that any “restrictions on the operation of websites, blogs or any other Internet-based, electronic or other such information dissemination system, including systems to support such communication, such as Internet service providers or search engines, are only permissible to the extent that they are compatible with paragraph 3 [of article 19]. Permissible restrictions generally should be content-specific; generic bans on the operation of certain sites and systems are not compatible with paragraph 3. It is also inconsistent with paragraph 3 to prohibit a site or an information dissemination system from publishing material solely on the basis that it may be critical of the government or the political social system espoused by the government”.[27]", "40. Moreover, given the importance of the right to freedom of expression and free flow of information as a foundation for every free and democratic society,[28] the Special Rapporteur underscores that all other types of expression that are not mentioned above should not be criminalized, including defamation laws aimed at protecting the reputation of individuals, as criminalization can be counter-effective and the threat of harsh sanctions exert a significant chilling effect on the right to freedom of expression. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the view that for the types of expression that do not rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns in terms of civility and respect for others, effort should be focused on addressing the root causes of such expression, including intolerance, racism and bigotry by implementing strategies of prevention.¹⁶", "41. To do so, and to bring about real changes in mindsets, perceptions and discourse, a broad set of policy measures are necessary, for example in the areas of intercultural dialogue or education for diversity, equality and justice and in strengthening freedom of expression and promoting a “culture of peace”. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur has previously stated that the strategic response to expressions deemed as offensive or intolerant is more speech: more speech that educates about cultural differences; more speech that promotes diversity and understanding; more speech to empower and give voice to minorities and indigenous peoples, for example through the support of community media and their representation in mainstream media.¹⁶ More speech can be the best strategy to reach out to individuals, changing what they think and not merely what they do, as has been recognized in the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, which also affirmed the role that the right to freedom of opinion and expression can play in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance worldwide.[29]", "42. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur stresses that, as stipulated in Human Rights Council resolution 12/16 (para. 5 (p) (i)), the following types of expression should never be subject to restrictions: discussion of government policies and political debate; reporting on human rights, government activities and corruption in government; engaging in election campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including for peace or democracy; and expression of opinion and dissent, religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups.", "43. Similarly, the Human Rights Committee has asserted that article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on limitations “may never be invoked as a justification for the muzzling of any advocacy of multi-party democracy, democratic tenets and human rights. Nor, under any circumstance, can an attack on a person, because of the exercise of his or her freedom of opinion and expression, including such forms of attack as arbitrary arrest, torture, threats to life and killing, be compatible with article 19”.[30] The Committee has also noted that journalists and bloggers are frequently subjected to such threats, intimidation and attacks because of their activities, as are persons who engage in the gathering and analysis of information on the human rights situation and who publish human rights-related reports, including judges and lawyers. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur remains deeply concerned about such threats and attacks against, as well as killings and imprisonment, of bloggers, journalists and human rights defenders who rely upon the Internet to carry out their work.", "44. States should thus forbid restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, except for the specific categories mentioned above, in order to prevent the illegitimate imprisonment of individuals and should vigorously investigate all attacks and prosecute the perpetrators in a timely fashion and, in the case of killings, provide effective redress to the victims’ representatives.", "C. Digital literacy", "45. In addition to the availability of relevant content online which is free of censorship, the Special Rapporteur also notes the importance of ensuring that individuals possess the necessary skills to make full use of the Internet, or what is often referred to as “digital literacy”. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to provide support for training in information and communications technology (ICT) skills, which can range from basic computer skills to creating web pages. In terms of the right to freedom of expression, course modules should not only clarify the benefits of accessing information online, but also of responsibly contributing information, which can also contribute to combating the third type of expression mentioned above.", "46. In addition, the Special Rapporteur believes that Internet literacy should be included in school curricula, as well as in learning modules outside of schools. One example is the ThutoNet programme in Botswana, which will not only provide all schools in Botswana with computers and access to the Internet, but will train teachers on how to use ICT as a classroom tool, including formal ICT education as part of the school curriculum. This programme aims to assist the country’s children for success in the digital age, and will also involve the development of locally produced educational software to assist with e-learning and to ensure local content and subject relevance.[31]", "47. The Special Rapporteur also underscores the importance of educating individuals about Internet safety and security, including fraud, potential consequences of revealing private information on the Internet and the use of encryption or circumvention technologies to protect information from unwarranted interference, which is of particular importance for human rights defenders. Children should also be trained from an early age with regard to Internet safety.", "48. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States to empower marginalized groups by ensuring that they receive effective digital literacy training. As the Special Rapporteur has noted in his previous reports, it is critical to strengthen the voice of those without power, especially people living in extreme poverty. Having access to the Internet allows people who are disadvantaged, discriminated against or marginalized to obtain information, assert their rights and participate in the public debate concerning social and political changes. Furthermore, the Internet allows minorities and indigenous peoples to express and reproduce their cultures, language and traditions, preserving their heritage and making a valuable contribution to others in a truly multicultural world. However, basic ICT skills are essential if users are to benefit from the full potential of the Internet.", "1. Persons with disabilities", "49. Persons with disabilities often face additional obstacles in making full and effective use of the Internet. For example, in the United States of America, where 81 per cent of the total population has access to the Internet, this figure reaches only 54 per cent among people with disabilities.[32]", "50. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities outlines general principles to which States that have ratified the Convention should adhere, including full and effective participation and inclusion in society and accessibility (article 3, paras. (c) and (f)). The Convention further stipulates that States should “promote the availability and use of new technologies, including information and communications technologies, mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, suitable for persons with disabilities, giving priority to technologies at an affordable cost” (article 4, para. 1 (g)), and “promote access for persons with disabilities to new information and communications technologies and systems, including the Internet” (article 9, para. 2 (g)). To ensure fulfilment of these obligations, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recommended the following principles for ICT accessibility: equal access, functional equivalency, accessibility, affordability and design for all.[33]", "51. The Special Rapporteur underscores that the needs of persons with disabilities should be taken into account when designing and implementing Internet infrastructure at all levels. This can be in relation to distribution, user facilities as well as access devices.³¹ Some positive examples include the “Community Access” programme in Canada, which seeks to provide an appropriate number of sites with enhanced accessibility to meet the broad range of needs of persons with disabilities. The programme also aims to provide Internet access to less likely users, such as individuals with low incomes, rural or Aboriginal population, the elderly and immigrants.[34]", "52. In the United States of America, the Senate unanimously passed the “Twenty-first Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act” in 2010. The Act seeks to ensure full access for users who are deaf, hard of hearing, late deafened or deaf-blind to evolving high-speed broadband, wireless and other Internet protocol technologies. Moreover, the Act stipulates that accessibility features are preserved when materials are offered online, that telephones used over the Internet must be compatible with hearing aids and that television programmes must also be captioned when delivered over the Internet.³¹", "53. The Special Rapporteur welcomes such initiatives, and stresses the need for States to ensure that everyone, including persons with disabilities, can fully participate in the information society.", "2. Language barriers", "54. With a few languages dominating the online environment, language barriers can also be a further impediment to access online content. However, the Special Rapporteur notes the increasing number of sophisticated online translation services.", "55. Other positive initiatives to overcome language barriers include, for example, the World Digital Library, which provides free, multilingual access to documentary heritage held in institutions around the world, aimed at a diverse audience, from students, teachers to ordinary members of the public.[35] Furthermore, the content is contributed by partner institutions in the language of origin and is accessed through an interactive interface in seven languages, and allows for voice enabled browsing and can allow easy access to people with visual disabilities.[36]", "56. The Special Rapporteur also notes that the Board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers has approved the internationalized domain name (IDN) ccTLD Fast Track Process, which enables countries and territories that use languages based on scripts other than Latin to offer their user’s domain names in non-Latin characters.", "57. The Special Rapporteur also reiterates his call on Governments to honour their obligation to promote indigenous cultural diversity in the public and private media.[37] This includes making governance information available in all relevant languages, including minority languages, in line with the principles enshrined in the 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.", "3. Internet access and gender dimension", "58. The Special Rapporteur underlines the importance of equal and effective access to the Internet for women, which can play a key role in promoting their empowerment. Indeed, as highlighted in the latest report by the Broadband Commission, the Internet promotes empowerment by connecting women to a wide range of resources, for example to improve health, bolster education, allow for informed decisions and pursue economic opportunities.³¹ In this regard, there is an ongoing research project in India, which focuses on how ICT, such as mobile phone services, can facilitate women’s entrepreneurship in the country, and also seeks to identify factors which enhance the ability of technology to transform women’s economic experiences.[38]", "59. The United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative, evolving from the Millennium Villages project, is an example of “e-education” initiatives which also help promote girls’ education. This initiative has launched a global campaign to promote universal and equality Internet access in secondary education in developing countries, with an emphasis on girls’ education. ICT skills will be used to enhance the quality of education and to connect schoolchildren worldwide.³¹", "60. The Special Rapporteur encourages further research on concrete initiatives around the world and on how ICT can help women to further improve their skills and knowledge, in particular in the employment sphere as well as citizen participation.", "IV. Access to Internet connection", "61. Although access to the Internet is not yet a human right as such, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate that States have a positive obligation to promote or to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression and the means necessary to exercise this right, which includes the Internet. Moreover, access to the Internet is not only essential to enjoy the right to freedom of expression, but also other rights, such as the right to education, the right to freedom of association and assembly, the right to full participation in social, cultural and political life and the right to social and economic development.", "62. Recently, the Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No. 34 on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, also underscored that States parties should take all necessary steps to foster the independence of new media, such as the Internet, and to ensure access of all individuals thereto.[39]", "63. Indeed, given that the Internet has become an indispensable tool for full participation in political, cultural, social and economic life, States should adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies, developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector as well as relevant Government ministries, to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all.", "A. The digital divide and the Millennium Development Goals", "64. Public and private policies aimed at extending Internet access have substantially increased the presence of Internet facilities in developing States. Yet despite these efforts, Internet usage is still lagging in developing States, perpetuating the “digital divide”, a term that refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technologies, in particular the Internet, and those with very limited or no access at all. In his previous report, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern that without Internet access, which facilitates economic development and the enjoyment of a range of human rights, marginalized groups and developing States remain trapped in a disadvantaged situation, thereby perpetrating the existing socio-economic disparities both within and between States.[40]", "65. There are a number of factors that pose challenges to ensuring Internet access at the national level. For example, in many countries, the Internet market, and particularly the backbone infrastructure and international gateway, remain under the monopoly of one or very few telecommunications operators. Furthermore, both limited competition and scarce international Internet bandwidth tend to keep prices for Internet access high and often unaffordable in the area of fixed broadband access.[41] Moreover, the relatively high cost of accessing the Internet and the purchase of basic equipment makes it impossible for many people to have Internet access at home, with public access the only way to go online.", "66. To overcome these barriers, it is particularly important for States to play a proactive role, for example, by making the Internet more affordable, and by allowing as many people as possible to have Internet access at home while at the same time ensuring public access for people in rural areas and for people with low income levels. States can use their regulatory powers in circumstances where competition is limited, as a way to limit costs. States should also consider the possibility of subsidizing Internet services and the necessary hardware to facilitate access to the poorest sectors of the population.", "67. The Millennium Development Goals, including target 8.F, aim to make available, in cooperation with the private sector, the benefits of new technologies, especially ICT. This target is measured by the indicators of the number of telephone lines, mobile cellular subscriptions and Internet users per 100 people. Currently access to the Internet is far less widespread than mobile communications. At the end of 2009, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimated that some 1.7 billion people around the world were using the Internet, or just over a quarter of the world’s population (26 per cent). In developing countries, around 17.8 per cent were online. By the end of 2010, only Europe had achieved the target, with average Internet penetration rate at 67 per cent, and the Americas had reached around 50.7 per cent.⁴¹ These figures include public, communal centres and other kinds of Internet access. Moreover, according to the latest Millennium Development Goals Report 2011, although the number of Internet users continues to expand, penetration levels in the developing world remain relatively low, at 21 per cent at the end of 2010, compared to 72 per cent in the developed regions. Globally, two out of three people are not using the Internet. In the least developed countries, Internet penetration was as low as 3 per cent at the end of 2010.", "B. Access to broadband connection", "68. An increasing number of web services require high-speed Internet connectivity, in particular to access content on video-oriented websites. Thus, to effectively use the Internet, broadband access is increasingly becoming the norm. However, there is also a significant digital divide between those who enjoy fast access to multimedia content online and those still struggling with slow, shared dial-up links.[42] The Special Rapporteur notes that, according to ITU, 24.6 per cent of inhabitants in developed States have access to fixed broadband Internet connection, versus 4.4 per cent in developing States.", "69. There are, however, some encouraging initiatives to promote broadband Internet connection at the national level. Sweden, for example, was the first European country to develop a broadband policy in 1999, with the Government aiming to provide broadband in rural and remote areas where there is no market incentive to do so.[43] In Brazil, the Government has been active in developing programmes that make broadband Internet access available to people in lower income brackets. For example, the e-government citizens’ support service (GESAC) was set up in early 2002 for the purpose of increasing social inclusion by promoting digital inclusion, with the use of wireless technologies, such as satellite and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), to roll out broadband to poorly served areas. The Government also operates a network of community telecentres that offer Internet access free of charge. Through GESAC, the Government aims to ensure that all of Brazil’s 5,565 municipalities have at least one broadband access point.³¹", "C. Access to the Internet and the right to education", "70. The importance of the Internet as an educational tool needs to be properly recognized. It provides access to a vast and expanding source of knowledge, supplements or transforms traditional forms of schooling and makes, through “open access” and active initiatives, previously unaffordable scholarly research available to people in developing States. Internet access allows students, teachers and parents alike to communicate more frequently and to keep abreast of the latest developments and issues related to their fields. Furthermore, the educational benefits attained from Internet usage directly contribute to the human capital of States. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur believes that access to the Internet will progressively be a key element of the right to education.", "71. Keeping the above in mind, the Special Rapporteur strongly emphasizes the importance of promoting and providing support to projects which seek to ensure the access to information and communication. In this regard, the global project “One Laptop per Child” is a good initiative. As stated in the most recent report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council,[44] this kind of initiative helps to spread the availability of ICT in developing countries. The project, supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and several partners, has benefited not just children, but their families as well, since one of the essential aspects of the permanently connected laptop is its free use at home, which allows the child and the family to increase their access to information and to the outside world. Two important elements of these laptops are that they can be charged by solar or mechanical power; and they have been designed to provide an engaging wireless network, which allows the laptops to be connected automatically to others nearby.[45]", "72. The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight how the successful example of “Plan Ciebal” in Uruguay has expanded and replicated around the world, and is a good example of partnership between the different private and public sectors. Among the countries participating in the “One Laptop per Child” project include Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, China, India, Iraq, Nepal, South Africa, Rwanda, Thailand, Lebanon and Niue.[46]", "73. Another example of national strategies is that of Brazil, where in early 2008 a “Broadband in Schools” programme was launched in Brazil through a partnership involving the federal Government, the regulator National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL) and several telecommunications operators. The project aims to connect 56,865 state schools nationwide, which would then benefit 37.1 million pupils, or 84 per cent of the Brazilian student population.³¹", "74. In New Zealand, a Government-funded programme, the Rural Broadband Initiative, aims to improve the availability of fibre backhaul links in less-urbanized parts of the country, as well as to provide country schools with reliable, high-speed connectivity.", "D. Mobile technology", "75. The digital divide in terms of access to mobile technology is much smaller than the Internet, with an estimated 67.6 per cent of individuals in developing States using mobile phones.³¹ While cellular phones do not provide the same benefits as direct computer-based Internet access, the Special Rapporteur is of the view that mobile technology can be a stepping stone to attain Internet connectivity, especially in remote areas where fixed line access is more difficult to establish.", "76. Recent reports show that access to the Internet using mobile phones is a growing trend, including in many developing countries and regions, including in Africa.⁴¹ According to the ITU, almost three quarters of the world’s rural inhabitants were covered by mobile cellular signal by the end of 2008. Moreover, the report suggests that coverage in rural parts of Africa could exceed 90 per cent by 2015, with mobile cellular technology playing a crucial role in expanding communications networks.⁴¹", "77. Broadband Internet access through mobile phones is also increasing rapidly. According to ITU statistics, by the end of 2010, the total number of mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide had reached 940 million. This number is expected to top 1 billion in 2011, from 73 million in 2005. One key reason for the growth in mobile broadband is that operators are offering both competitive and affordable data packages. This development is complemented and supported by new technologies, which are bringing more efficiency to networks.³¹ Singapore is one such example with a 100 per cent penetration rate for mobile phones, and with a majority of households having at least one mode of broadband access.³¹ In addition, in 2008 and 2009, the Government selected two companies to work on a coordinated nationwide roll-out of the network. As stipulated under the terms of the broadband deployment, one of these companies will waive all installation charges for home and building owners when the network first reaches their area. These companies are also to provide network connectivity to outdoor locations.³¹", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "78. The Internet has become one of the most important vehicles by which individuals exercise their right to freedom of opinion and expression, and it can play an important role to promote human rights, democratic participation, accountability, transparency and economic development. However, as with all technological innovations, the Internet can also be used to cause harm, which has raised concerns among Governments as to whether to regulate content online.", "79. The general rule should be to maintain openness and the free flow of information over the Internet, with limitations, which should conform to the criteria established under international human rights law, as the exception. To protect the right to freedom of expression from undue restrictions, the Special Rapporteur has attempted to distinguish the types of expression: (a) which constitute an offence under international law and which States are required to prohibit; (b) which are not criminally punishable but may justify a civil suit; and (c) which do not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns in terms of tolerance, civility and respect for others. Each category poses different issues of principle, and thus requires different legal responses, as highlighted below.", "80. The Special Rapporteur also remains concerned that the majority of the world’s population remain without access to Internet connection. Although access to the Internet is not yet recognized as a right in international human rights law, States have a positive obligation to create an enabling environment for all individuals to exercise their right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "Recommendations", "A. Access to online content", "81. States are obliged to guarantee a free flow of ideas and information and the right to seek and receive as well as to impart information and ideas over the Internet. States are also required under international law to prohibit under its criminal law the following types of content: (a) child pornography; (b) direct and public incitement to commit genocide; (c) advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; and (d) incitement to terrorism. However, the Special Rapporteur reminds all States that any such laws must also comply with the three criteria of restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, namely: prescription by unambiguous law; pursuance of a legitimate purpose; and respect for the principles of necessity and proportionality.", "82. With regard to technical measures taken to regulate the above-mentioned type of prohibited expression, such as the blocking of content, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that States should provide full details regarding the necessity and justification for blocking a particular website and that the determination of what content should be blocked must be undertaken by a competent judicial authority or a body that is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences in order to ensure that blocking is not used as a means of censorship.", "83. The Special Rapporteur recommends that all other types of expression which do not fall under the above-mentioned category be decriminalized, as criminalization may be counter-effective and the threat of harsh sanctions can exert a significant chilling effect on the right to freedom of expression. Moreover, States should focus their efforts on combating the root problems of racist or offensive speech, such as bigotry and bias, which includes promoting more speech to counter such negative types of expression, improving understanding among peoples of the world and building a culture of peace.", "84. Enabling individuals to effectively use the content made available via the Internet requires a number of elements, including the skills to use the technology. The Special Rapporteur thus recommends that States include Internet literacy skills in school curricula and support similar learning modules outside of schools. In addition to basic skills training, modules should clarify the benefits of accessing information online and of responsibly contributing information. Training can also help individuals learn how to protect themselves against harmful content, such as the potential consequences of revealing private information on the Internet, as well as against undue restrictions by States or corporations through the use of encryption or circumvention technology.", "85. The Special Rapporteur encourages the translation of websites into multiple languages, including languages spoken by minorities and indigenous peoples, and their accessibility to persons with disabilities. Allowing people speaking different languages or with disabilities to participate in the same communication platform facilitates a truly global society. In addition, he recommends that all States ensure that all relevant governance information, including on the local levels, is available and accessible in the language of all those concerned.", "86. The Special Rapporteur also underscores the importance of applying a gender dimension for Internet access and recommends that States develop strategies for ensuring effective access to online content, including through ICT training.", "B. Access to Internet connection", "87. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the access to information, the ability to exercise the right to freedom of expression and the participation that the Internet provides to all sectors of society is essential for a truly democratic society.", "88. Moreover, given the essential role played by the Internet to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, as well as other rights, such as education, freedom of association and assembly, citizen participation and economic and social development, the Special Rapporteur believes that it is not only important but imperative that States adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies, developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector and relevant Government ministries, in order to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all, based on the principles of non-discrimination of any kind, including on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, disability, economic origin or any other status.", "89. In particular, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take proactive measures to ensure that Internet connectivity is available on an individual or communal level in all inhabited localities of the State, by working on initiatives with the private sector, including in remote or rural areas. Such measures involve the adoption and implementation of policies that facilitate access to Internet connection and to low-cost hardware, including in remote and rural areas, including the subsidization of service, if necessary.", "90. Given the increasing amount of multimedia content online, broadband access should also be actively promoted and encouraged by States.", "91. As mobile technology is increasingly being used, and is more accessible in developing States, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States support policies and programmes to facilitate connection to the Internet through the use of mobile phones.", "92. At the international level, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his call on States, in particular developed States, to honour their commitment, expressed, inter alia, in the Millennium Development Goals, to facilitate technology transfer to developing States and to integrate effective programmes to facilitate universal Internet access in their development and assistance policies.", "[1] Human Rights Council resolution 7/36, para. 4 (f).", "[2] Available from http://www.ohchr.org.", "[3] See A/HRC/17/27, paras. 53-59.", "[4] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 36.", "[5] Ibid., para. 21.", "[6] See A/HRC/12/23.", "[7] See Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, October 1998, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "[8] Prosecutor v. Riggiu, Case No. ICTR-97-32-S (Trial Chamber), 12 May 2005, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "[9] See, inter alia, Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al., Case No. ICTR-99-52-A, 28 November 2007, and Prosecutor v. Simon Bikindi, Case No. ICTR-01-72-T, 2 December 2008, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "[10] See the contribution to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Initiative on Incitement to National, Racial or Religious Hatred by Susan Benesch, consultant to the United Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, 2011 (see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/experts_papers.htm).", "[11] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 50.", "[12] Ibid., para. 51.", "[13] As noted in principle 12.1 of the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality, “hatred” refers to intense and irrational emotions of opprobrium, enmity and detestation towards the target group. Available from http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf.", "[14] The term “incitement” refers to statements about national, racial or religious groups which create an imminent risk of discrimination, hostility or violence against persons belonging to those groups (principle 12.1 of the Camden Principles).", "[15] Available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/ experts_papers.htm.", "[16] Joint submission by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance is available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_ iccpr/docs/experts_papers.htm.", "[17] See http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/comments.htm.", "[18] Presentation at the Bangkok workshop on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred by Huang Yongan, July 2011, available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/HuangYongan.pdf.", "[19] The United Nations defines terrorism indirectly by relying on 16 international legal instruments which define “terrorist acts”, see http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.shtml.", "[20] See A/HRC/16/51, para. 32.", "[21] See A/HRC/6/17/Add.1, A/HRC/10/3/Add.2 and A/HRC/16/51.", "[22] The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism has proposed the following model definition of terrorism: “Terrorism means an action or attempted action where:", "“1. The action:", "(a) Constituted the intentional taking of hostages; or", "(b) Is intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to one or more members of the general population or segments of it; or", "(c) Involved lethal or serious physical violence against one or more members of the general population or segments of it;", "and", "“2. The action is done or attempted with the intention of:", "(a) Provoking a state of terror in the general public or a segment of it; or", "(b) Compelling a Government or international organization to do or abstain from doing something;", "and", "“3. The action corresponds to:", "(a) The definition of a serious offence in national law, enacted for the purpose of complying with international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism or with resolutions of the Security Council relating to terrorism; or", "(b) All elements of a serious crime defined by national law.” (A/HRC/51, para. 28).", "[23] A/HRC/16/51, para. 31.", "[24] Report of the Working Group on Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, para. 88 (available from http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/wg6-internet_rev1.pdf).", "[25] Riyadh Conference on the Use of the Internet to Counter the Appeal of Extremist Violence, 24-26 January 2011, summary and follow-up recommendations available from http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/CTITF%20Riyadh%20Conference%20-%20Summary% 20&%20Recommendations.pdf.", "[26] A/HRC/17/27, para. 70.", "[27] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 43.", "[28] Ibid., para. 2.", "[29] A/CONF.211/8, chap. I, para. 58.", "[30] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 23.", "[31] See International Telecommunication Union (ITU)/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Broadband: A Platform for Progress, a report by the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, June 2011 (see http://www.broadbandcommission.org/report2/full-report.pdf).", "[32] Susannah Fox, “Americans living with disability and their technology profile”, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 21 January 2011 (http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/ Disability.aspx).", "[33] See ITU, “e-Accessibility Policy Handbook for Persons with Disabilities”, 2010.", "[34] http://www.ic.gc.ca/cic/site/cap-pac.nsf/eng/home.", "[35] World Digital Library (http://www.wdl.org/en/).", "[36] Partners in the World Digital Library are mainly libraries, archives or other institutions that have collections of cultural content that they contribute to the Library. Partners may also include institutions, foundations and private companies that contribute to the project in other ways, for example by sharing technology, convening or co-sponsoring meetings of working groups, or contributing financially.", "[37] A/HRC/14/23, para. 60.", "[38] ITU, “Women entrepreneurs in India and ICT”, 14 July 2011 (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/ newslog/CategoryView,category,Gender.aspx).", "[39] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 15.", "[40] A/HRC/17/27, para. 62.", "[41] See World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2010: Monitoring the WSIS Targets: A mid-term review, p. 201 (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/material/ WTDR2010_e_v1.pdf).", "[42] See United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (http://www.un.org/ millenniumgoals/).", "[43] Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, Sweden (www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/573/a/ 12566/action/search/type/simple?query=broadband+access).", "[44] A/HRC/17/27, para. 63.", "[45] See http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles/lang-en.", "[46] See http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Deployments and http://one.laptop.org." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank Lalu, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/4.", "* A/63/250.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Summary", "The present report is the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression to the General Assembly pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/36 and 16/4. The present report expands the report of the Special Rapporteur on the main trends and challenges of the right of everyone to seek, receive and disseminate information and ideas through the Internet (A/HRC/17/27) and addresses this issue through access to two equally important aspects (sect. III) and Internet connectivity (sect. In section III, the Special Rapporteur outlines the statements that should be specifically requested by States to prohibit all types of expression in accordance with international law (sect. IIIA), and, in view of the ongoing discussion on Internet content regulation, the non-permissibility limitations (sect. The present report also addresses the importance of digital literacy and access to online content in an effective and practical manner through ICT skills training. While access to Internet connectivity has not been recognized as a human right, the present report highlights the positive obligations of States to promote the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression through the Internet and outlines challenges and positive initiatives to achieve the availability and affordability of the Internet at all levels of society (section IV). The present report makes recommendations at the end of this report to ensure that people, in particular marginalized groups and vulnerable groups, have full access to the unreviewed online content and Internet connectivity.", "Contents", "Introduction 4", "Introduction", "The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/36 and 16/4. In particular, in its resolution 7/36, the Council requested the Special Rapporteur “to continue to provide advice, as appropriate, on new information and communications technology, including the Internet and mobile technologies, on the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, including the right to seek, receive and disseminate information, on the benefits and challenges posed, as well as on the diversity of sources and accessibility of all persons to the information society”. On this basis, the present report expands the report of the Special Rapporteur on the main trends and challenges of the right of everyone to seek, receive and disseminate information and ideas through the Internet (A/HRC/17/27).", "The present report addresses the issue by obtaining two equally important aspects through Internet information, namely access to online content (sect. III) and access to Internet connectivity (sect. In some countries, while Internet connectivity has been widely universal, online content may be severely restricted. In other countries, while individuals can access online content without review, Internet connectivity may not be universal for most people. The Special Rapporteur therefore emphasizes that all States should fulfil their existing obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the right to freedom of opinion and expression and effectively guarantee two aspects of Internet information.", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "Participation in meetings and seminars", "On 6 and 7 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a second regional seminar on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, held in Nairobi by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).", "From 1 to 3 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a series of events and conferences commemorating the World Press Freedom Day in Washington, D.C. On 16 and 17 May, the Special Rapporteur participated, in his expert capacity, in a conference on “Citizen protests and peaceful changes: the defence of human rights”, organized by the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. On 30 and 31 May, the Special Rapporteur participated in a meeting of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Congress of the Netherlands and participated in a conference at the University of Leton.", "On 1 and 2 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur, at the invitation of the Government of Hungary, undertook a visit to the country to meet with parliamentarians and representatives of civil society organizations on media law. On 3 June, the Special Rapporteur submitted his annual report to the Geneva Human Rights Council. On 5 June, the Special Rapporteur participated in the activities of the Group on Freedom of Expression and Prevention of Youth Violence of the Organization of American States.", "On 6 and 7 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a third regional seminar on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, organized by OHCHR in Bangkok. From 8 to 16 July, the Special Rapporteur participated in a series of academic events organized by civil society organizations in Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia.", "Country visits", "Visits undertaken in 2011", "From 10 to 17 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur visited Algeria. The report of the visit will be presented to the Human Rights Council in 2012. The press release on this visit and the preliminary conclusions and recommendations of the Special Rapporteur may refer to the OHCHR website. [2]", "The forthcoming visit", "The Special Rapporteur's visit to Israel and the occupied territories has been postponed. The visit will take place from 4 to 18 December 2011.", "Request for a reply", "As of March 2011, the requests for a visit by the Special Rapporteur to the following countries had not been reasserted: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (requests issued in 2003 and 2009); Iran (Islamic Republic of) (a request issued in February 2010); Sri Lanka (provotion of requests in June 2009); Tunisia (please requests in 2009); Uganda (please requests in 2011.", "Access to online content", "The Internet has become an important communications media. Through this medium, individuals can exercise the right to freedom of expression guaranteed in article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or the right to seek, receive and disseminate information and ideas irrespective of the national community. Unlike any other communications media previously, the Internet enables the exchange of information in a instant and affordable manner, which has also had a great impact on the news industry itself.", "Although the Internet provides more new opportunities for the dissemination and access of all forms of information and ideas, it is both true and dangerous if it is neglected as a tool for surveillance, identification, tracing and locking the dissemination of critical or sensitive information through the Internet. However, the large number of personal information available on the Internet, including through the Social Network website, also raises serious concerns about the right to privacy, such as the question of how persons can be informed about such specific personal information, how to use such information, whether such information is retained, and the length of time retained. The Special Rapporteur had previously emphasized the role of the Government in fully guaranteeing the right to privacy of all. Without such a right to privacy, the right to freedom of opinion and expression cannot be fully realized. [3]", "Although the Internet is likely to be abused for illicit activities, the Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that the Internet, as shown in the “Arab spring”, can be used primarily as a positive tool to improve the transparency of the behaviour of the right-to-people, to provide diversified sources of information, to stimulate the active participation of the urban population in the building of a democratic society and to oppose the dictatorship. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur wishes to reiterate that, in general, information flows on the Internet should be limited to the extent possible, unless the information flow on the Internet is limited in exceptional and limited situations under international law aimed at protecting other human rights.", "Any person entering the Internet is now likely to disseminate information to the global audience. In the context of limited information sources of journalists, such as humanitarian crises or natural disasters, images of handicrafts, or published online by Bobo and Social Network sites, have played an important role in informing the international community about the situation on the ground. As web expand the use of the 2.0 platform, information is no longer the exclusive territory of professional journalists, as the scope of those involved in the collection, filtering and dissemination process has increased significantly. It is an example of this trend. At the same time, traditional media, such as television, radio and newspapers, can also use the Internet to expand its audiences at a symbolic price. Video and first-hand coverage of the events taken by the redundant of the Internet, its relevance and dependency have had far-reaching implications for the press industry, but occupational journalists continue to play an indispensable role in research, organization and the analysis and context of information events. Therefore, the Internet should be seen as a complementary media for mass media based on information leaf transmission.", "The Special Rapporteur reiterates that the framework of international human rights law, in particular with regard to the right to freedom of expression, remains relevant and applies to the Internet. Indeed, article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two documents of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights had been drafted to include future technological developments so that individuals could take advantage of the vision of the exercise of that right by clearly defining the right of everyone to freedom of expression through any medium chosen by him and irrespective of the borders.", "Thus, the types of information or expression that may be restricted under international human rights law apply to online content. Similarly, any limitations on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression through the Internet must be followed by cumulative standards in international human rights law, including the following three:", "(a) Any limitation shall be provided by law, which stipulates that the law must be sufficiently precise to allow individuals to regulate their conduct accordingly and must be accessible to the public;", "(b) Any limitation must be in accordance with one of the legitimate grounds for limitations under article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant, namely (i) respect for the rights or reputation of others; or (ii) guarantee national security or public order or public health or morality:", "(c) Any limitation must prove necessary and proportionate, or only the least restrictive means to achieve one of these specific objectives.", "The Special Rapporteur welcomes the recent adoption of Commission on Human Rights general comment No. 34 on article 19 of the International Convention. This view emphasizes that a State must, when invokes the legitimate grounds for limitations on the right to freedom of expression, describe the exact nature of the threat in a clear and concrete manner and the need for specific actions, in particular the need to determine the direct link between the statements and threats subject to limitations. [4]", "At the same time, the Special Rapporteur considers it necessary to reiterate that limitations should not jeopardize the rights themselves, and that the relationship between rights and limitations, norms and exceptions should not be reversed. [5] Furthermore, any legislation that restricts the right to freedom of expression must be implemented by an independent body independent of any political, commercial or other inappropriate influence, in a non-advisory and non-discriminatory manner, and adequate safeguards against abuse, including the possibility of making inquiries and the abuse of remedies in the event of abuse.", "The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that international law requires States to prohibit illegal elements such as child pornography and that States are not required to prohibit or punish crimes, but are harmful, futile, anti-sensusive or unwelcome. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur considers it important to make a clear distinction between three categories of expressions: (a) statements that constitute crimes in accordance with international law and may be criminally prosecuted: (b) statements that are not subject to criminal sanctions, but may be restricted or prosecuted by civil; and (c) statements that do not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns with regard to tolerance, civilization and respect for the religion or belief of others. These different types of content raise different principles and require different legal and technical responses.", "In the light of the current discussion on the regulation of Internet content, the Special Rapporteur proposed various types of expressions requiring States to be prohibited in accordance with international criminal law and/or international human rights law (sect. III.A) before discussing the non-permissible limitations (sect.", "Prohibition by States of special types of expression in accordance with international law", "Child pornography", "As the Internet has become the main means for the dissemination of child pornography online, controls have become a regulatory focus. In accordance with international law, in particular the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, the dissemination of child pornography is explicitly prohibited (art. 2 (c)). The Optional Protocol requires that States parties, at a minimum, ensure that their national criminal law provides adequate provisions for the production, distribution, dissemination, import, export, sale, sale or possession of child pornography for the purposes set out in article III, whether they are committed domestically or transnationally, and whether individuals or organizations are organized (art.", "Thus, child pornography is a clear exception to the rule, which is legally restricted through the Internet and even requires States to prohibit it as a criminal offence. As noted by the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in his report to the Council at its twelfth session, the relevant legislation should be clear and comprehensive, and child pornography on the Internet should be seen as a serious violation of children's rights. In the Special Rapporteur's view, child pornography constitutes violence against children and violates their human dignity, which causes increased violence against children. In addition, the privacy of the victim should be protected and appropriate protection measures should be provided to provide care consistent with the needs and characteristics of the child. [6]", "The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, like any limitations, laws prohibiting the dissemination of child pornography through the Internet, such as through the use of the embargo and filtered technologies, must be sufficiently precise and must be sufficiently and effective in guaranteeing the prevention of abuse or abuse, including supervision and review by independent, impartial courts or regulatory bodies. In addition, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that, in view of the many links between the sale of children, trafficking in children, forced labour, child prostitution, sex tourism and child pornography, States should, in addition to the embargo measures, fully address the root causes of the exploitation of children, investigate and prosecute those responsible.", "Direct and public incitement to genocide", "In article 3 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, article 25, paragraph 3 (e), of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, article 4, paragraph 3 (c), of the statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and article 2, paragraph 3 (c), of the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the prohibition of direct and public incitement to genocide is prohibited. Because genocide is particularly denounced as “crime”, incitement to genocide has been justified in history as a criminal offence. [7] Indeed, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has repeatedly emphasized the “serious” of direct and public incitement to genocide, and stresses that the media are the main tools for the mobilization and involvement of extremists in genocide. This opinion resulted in the Court's rejection of the request for release in advance of Gerorges Riggiu. [8]", "Since the first conviction of incitement to genocide in 1998, the theme has become a focus of a considerable number of jurisprudence. [9] The offence is defined in three terms: it should be a direct, open and deliberate (or criminal intent). By stating that “direct and public incitement must be defined ... The interpretation of “direct and public” encompasses a variety of means of communication, either through expressions, cushions or threats made at public or public meetings or through the sale or dissemination of written material or print materials at public or public meetings, or through public displays or brands or posters, or through other means of video communication. 7", "The Special Rapporteur notes the concern that the Internet may be used as a means of incitement to genocide by others, in particular taking into account the capacity of the Internet to reach a wide audience. In order to prevent excessive and inappropriate restrictions on the right to freedom of expression, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that incitement to genocide should be prohibited first by domestic law and that any limitations imposed by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, such as through the embargo or the deletion of such statements on the Internet, can only be assessed after a careful assessment of the threat of such expression, including factors such as assessment of speakers, target audiences, content or significance of statements, their social historical context, the means of dissemination, and other indicators set out in the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination's decision to follow up on the Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide (CERD/C.3/63/L). The Special Rapporteur also emphasizes that incitement to genocide is extremely grave and must be distinguished from other types of incitement, such as incitement to discrimination.", "Promotion of national, racial or religious hatred constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence", "The dissemination of hate speech through the Internet also facilitates the regulation of online content. However, international law does not define hate speech, and the Special Rapporteur notes that statements of multiple forms of incitement to hatred do not meet the gravity set out in article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant. Article 20, paragraph 2, provides that any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.", "As noted in the recent adoption by the Commission on Human Rights in its general comment No. 34 on article 19 of the International Convention, articles 19 and 20 of the Convention are synchronized and complementary, and the acts listed in article 20 are subject to the limitations of article 19, paragraph 3. Thus, in accordance with article 20, it is necessary to comply with article 19, paragraph 3. [11] That is not the case, and the Commission has clarified that “the distinction between acts listed in article 20 and other acts that may be restricted pursuant to article 19, paragraph 3, is that, for acts listed in article 20, the Convention provides a specific response that States should make: prohibited by law. Only within this limit may article 20 be considered as a special law on article 19. [12]", "In accordance with article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Convention, there are two key elements for all types of statements that must be prohibited: first, there is only advocacy of hatred, [13] Secondly, it must constitute one of the three results of incitement [14]. Thus, advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred does not in itself violate article 20, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Such advocacy is only a crime when it comes to incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; in other words, it is a crime when the voice tried to trigger the response of the audience (intrusive behaviour), 10 and its statements are very close to the subsequent discrimination, hostility or the risk of violence. In that regard, the language is the key to determining whether a particular statement constitutes incitement.", "As highlighted in the joint paper of a series of expert workshops organized by OHCHR in 2011 on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, the Special Rapporteur remains concerned at the vague definition of some of the domestic legal provisions prohibiting incitement. These provisions include objections to “incitement of religious disturbances”, “to promote divisions between religious faiths and non-faiths”, “defamation of religions”, “incitement of violence”, “incitement of hatred and contempt regimes”, “incitement of subversive State regimes” and “crimes against public security”. [16] Such vague and general terms are clearly incompatible with the requirement of legal accuracy.", "The Special Rapporteur reiterates that, in developing restrictive measures, it should be clear that the only purpose is to protect individuals from hostility, discrimination or violence, rather than to protect systems of belief, religion or such institutions from criticism. The right to freedom of expression means that there is a risk of strict review, open debate and criticism, including religious institutions, of ideas, opinion, belief systems and institutions, and even of whatever urgency and inadmissibility, provided that such criticism does not constitute incitement to hatred and incitement to hostility, discrimination or violence against individuals or groups.", "Furthermore, article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination stipulates that States parties shall declare that any dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred and incitement to racial discrimination is an offence punishable by law. In its general recommendation 15, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stated that “the Committee considers that the dissemination of all ideas based on racial superiority or hatred is not contrary to the right to freedom of opinion and expression”. [17] Furthermore, the Committee stated that article 4 of the Convention was considered a mandatory obligation to be performed by States parties to the Convention. It considered that this obligation was in compliance with the right to freedom of opinion and expression, as affirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and noted that the above-mentioned legislation explicitly criminalizes incitement to racial discrimination, hatred and violence. It considered that these provisions were essential to preventing organized racial violence. [18]", "Incitement to terrorism", "In addition to the four types of incitement discussed above, the fifth form of incitement to terrorism is the subject of Security Council resolution 1624 (2005). In that resolution, the Council called upon States “to prohibit, in law, incitement to an act of terrorism and to prevent such acts.", "However, the Special Rapporteur is concerned that, in particular in view of the lack of a consistent definition of “terrorism” in international law, [19] States have great discretion in interpreting what type of expression constitutes incitement to terrorism. The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism noted this defect and, on the basis of best practices, presented a model definition of terrorism and incitement to terrorism: For the offence of incitement to terrorism, he presented the following model provisions on the offence of incitement to terrorism: “The offence of incitement to terrorism is a deliberate, unlawful dissemination or otherwise information intended to instigate terrorist crimes, whether explicitly committed terrorist crimes, which may result in a risk of committing one or more such crimes”. [20] This provision covers two conditions: (a) the intention to incite the commission of terrorist offences; and (b) the actual risk of subsequent implementation of the act. [21]", "The Special Rapporteur reiterates that any domestic criminal law prohibiting incitement to terrorism must undergo a test of the three aspects of the right to freedom of expression. This requires the offence of incitement to terrorism: (a) it must be limited to incitement to terrorist acts that are, in essence, in accordance with the appropriate definition: [22] (b) Restrictions on the right to freedom of expression may not exceed the limits necessary for the protection of national security, public order and security, public health or public morals; (c) it must be specified by law, including the avoidance of the use of such vague terms as “green” or “promote” terrorism; (d) the need to include actual (objective) risks to be performed by inciting acts of incitement; (e) the intent to disseminate information, and (f) the application of the “incitement” of terrorism, and the principle that criminal liability should be removed or criminalized. [23]", "At the same time, as one of the nine working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force to curb the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes, the identification of instruments that are considered to incite terrorism is often “shall or null and void” [24] and, consequently, the development of strategies that respond to the Internet may be more effective, including the rapid dissemination of counter-statements of extremist information that constitutes incitement to terrorism.", "In this context, in addition to the prohibition of incitement to terrorism through domestic law, the Special Rapporteur notes that, at the practical operational level, it may be possible to counter such incitement by using the Internet as a positive means. Participants at the Interactive Riyadh Conference, using the Internet to eliminate extremist violence, suggested that hate speech should be disseminated through all relevant media channels, including the Social Network website, to eliminate the attractiveness of extremist information. [25]", "Non-permissible limitations", "The four types of statements discussed above (sect. III.A) fall under the first category of expression that constitutes an offence under international criminal law and/or international human rights law and that States should prohibit it at the national level. However, because they constitute limitations on the right to freedom of expression, they must also be in line with a three-fold test criterion, namely, legal clarity, legitimate purposes and respect for the principles of necessity and proportionality.", "The most commonly used way to limit all types of prohibited statements on the Internet is the blockade of content (see section III A above). In that regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recent recommendation in his report to the Human Rights Council that States should provide detailed information on the need and legitimacy of a particular website of the embargo, and that decisions on what should be imposed should be taken by a competent judiciary or an institution independent of any political, commercial or other inappropriate impact, in order to ensure that the embargo would not be used as a means of public information inspection. [26]", "In addition, the Commission on Human Rights affirmed that any limitations on the functioning of systems such as Internet service providers or search engines that support such dissemination, such as Internet service providers or search engines, are acceptable only within the limits of paragraph 3 of Article [19]. The acceptable limitations should generally be tailored to the specific content; general prohibitions on the functioning of certain sites and systems are not in accordance with paragraph 3. It is simply because a website or an information dissemination system may criticize the political social system supported by the Government or the Government, prohibiting its publication of information and not in accordance with paragraph 3. [27]", "Furthermore, in view of the importance of the free flow of freedom of expression and information as a basis for every free and democratic society, the Special Rapporteur [28] stresses that all other types of expressions not covered above should not be criminalized, including defamation laws aimed at protecting the reputation of individuals, which may have negative implications for the crime of entry, and that the threat of severe sanctions would have a significant negative impact on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression. In addition, the Special Rapporteur reiterates this view by focusing efforts to address the root causes of such expressions, including intolerance, racism and prejudice, against expressions that do not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns in civilization and respect for others. 16", "These practices are followed by a real change in minds, perceptions and discourses that require a broad set of policy measures, such as in the cross-cultural dialogue or diversification, equality and fair education, and policy measures to strengthen freedom of expression and promote a culture of peace. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur has previously affirmed that the strategic response to statements considered to be wrong or inlerable is to disseminate more expressions: teaching of cultural differences; promoting expressions of diversity and understanding; and building the power of minorities and local peoples by supporting community media and their representatives in mainstream media. More statements may be the best strategy to inspire the minds of individuals, not only to change their ideas, but also to demonstrate the role that the right to freedom of opinion and expression can play in the struggle against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance around the world. [29]", "In this context, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, as set out in Human Rights Council resolution 12/16 (para. 5 (p) (i)), the following types of statements should not be restricted: discussion of government policies and political debates; reporting on human rights, governmental activities and corruption in the Government; engaging in electoral campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including political activities towards peace and democracy; expression of opinions and opinions, religion or belief, including persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups.", "Similarly, the Commission on Human Rights adheres to article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Convention on the Limitation of Measures “shall not be used to serve as a pretext for suppressing any multiparty democracy, democratic principles and human rights claims. Moreover, in any case, because of the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression by the individual, he/she acts, including arbitrary arrests, torture, threats to life and killings, are incompatible with article 19. [30] The Commission on Human Rights also notes that journalists and guests often face such threats, intimidation or abuse, information collection and analysis on the situation of human rights and the dissemination of human rights-related reports, including judges and lawyers, and often face such threats. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur remains deeply concerned about such threats and abuses against the use of the Internet, journalists and human rights defenders, as well as killings and imprisonment.", "Thus, in addition to the specific categories mentioned above, States should prohibit restrictions on the right to freedom of expression in order to prevent unlawful imprisonment of individuals and to investigate all violations and prosecute perpetrators in a timely manner, and to provide effective remedies to victims' representatives.", "C. Digital literacy capacity", "In addition to having access to the relevant online content of the review, the Special Rapporteur also noted the importance of ensuring that individuals have the skills necessary to take full advantage of the Internet, or the commonly referred “digital literacy capacity”. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to support the training of ICT (ICT) skills, which can start from basic computer skills to the production of the web page. In the area of the right to freedom of expression, the curriculum module should not only clarify the benefits of access to information on the Internet, but should also clarify how to issue information responsibly, which would also contribute to countering the expressions of the third category referred to above.", "Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur considers that school curricula and extra-learning modules should include Internet literacy capacity. The Thuto Net (learning network) project in Botswana is an example, not only by providing computers and Internet access to all schools in Botswana, but also by training teachers on the use of ICT as a classroom teaching tool, including the integration of formal ICT education into school curricula. This project aims to help children in the country to achieve success in the digital era, as well as the development of educational software locally manufactured to assist e-learning and to ensure the relevance of local content and curricula. [31]", "The Special Rapporteur also emphasizes the importance of educating people on Internet security, including fraud, the possible consequences of disclosure of private information on the Internet, as well as the use of intensive and circumvention technologies to protect information from adverse interference, which is particularly important for human rights defenders. Training on Internet security for children should also be conducted as early as possible.", "Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States to strengthen their empowerment by ensuring that marginalized groups receive effective digital literacy training. As noted in the Special Rapporteur's previous report, it is essential to strengthen the voice of those who are not entitled to life, particularly those living in extreme poverty. Access to the Internet enables vulnerable, discriminated or marginalized people to access information, claim rights and participate in public discussions on social and political changes. Furthermore, the Internet enables minorities and the indigenous peoples to demonstrate and re-establish their cultures, languages and traditions, preserve their heritage and make valuable contributions to other communities in a truly multicultural world. However, the full benefit of users from the Internet is essential for basic ICT skills.", "Persons with disabilities", "Persons with disabilities often face additional barriers in the full and effective use of the Internet. For example, in the United States, 81 per cent of the total population has been accessed to the Internet, while the proportion of people with disabilities reached 54 per cent. [32]", "The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities outlines the general principles to be followed by States that have ratified the Convention, including full and effective participation and integration and accessibility (articles 3c andf). The Convention further stipulates that States should “promote the provision and use of new technologies adapted to persons with disabilities, including information and communications technology, helpors, supplies, support technologies, giving priority to low-cost technologies” (art. 4g) and “to enable persons with disabilities to use new information and communications technology and systems, including the Internet” (art. In order to ensure the implementation of these obligations, ITU recommended the following principles for accessibility, equal functions, accessibility, low prices and design for all. [33]", "The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the design and implementation of all levels of Internet infrastructure should take into account the needs of persons with disabilities. This may relate to distribution, user equipment and access to equipment. A number of positive examples include the Canada Community Information Quald Plan, which seeks to provide an adequate number of enhanced accessibility sites to meet the wide needs of persons with disabilities. The project also plans to provide Internet access to fewer users, such as low-income individuals, rural or indigenous populations, older persons and migrants. [34]", "In the United States of America, the Chamber of Deputies unanimously adopted the “21st century communication and access to information”. The bill seeks to guarantee that the deaf, healing, healing and deaf are able to fully use the evolving high-quality, wireless and other Internet agreement technologies. In addition, the Act stipulates that online information must preserve its accessibility features and that Internet-based telephones must be compatible with the helpor and that television programmes on the Internet must be equipped with a reference. 31 March 2009", "The Special Rapporteur welcomes these initiatives and stresses the need for States to ensure that every person, including persons with disabilities, is fully involved in the information society.", "Language barriers", "As only a few languages lead online space, language barriers may be another obstacle to accessing online content. However, the Special Rapporteur notes that the number of good online translation services is increasing.", "Other positive initiatives to overcome language barriers include institutions such as the World Digital Library. The premises are directed at diverse audiences, ranging from students, teachers to the general public, free of charge of institutional collection, multilingual literature. [35] In addition, the content of the premises is provided by the partner agencies in the literature, through interactive interviews in seven languages and can be used to make the use of persons with disabilities more user-friendly. [36]", "The Special Rapporteur also emphasized that the Board of Trustees of the Internet name and digital address (ICAN) had approved the Quarterly Tracking Plan (ccTLD) for national and regional codes of the Internationalization domain (IDN) and that it would enable States and territories using the non-Latin language footprint to provide user-friendly domain names.", "The Special Rapporteur also reiterates his appeal to Governments to fulfil their obligations to promote cultural diversity in the public and private media. [37] This includes adherence to the principles of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities and the publication of Government information in all relevant languages, including minority languages.", "Internet and gender issues", "The Special Rapporteur emphasizes the importance of women's equal and effective use of the Internet, which can play a key role in empowering women. Indeed, as highlighted by the Committee in its recent report, the Internet promotes women's empowerment through the provision of a wide range of resources for women, such as health promotion, education, informed decision-making and economic opportunities. In this regard, India is undertaking a study focusing on how such ICTs as mobile telephone services can contribute to the creation of businesses for women in the country, and seeks to identify factors that can change the economic situation of women through enhanced technical capacity. [38]", "The United Nations Girls Education Initiative, which has evolved from the Millennium Village Project, is an example of the “Education” initiative, which also facilitates girls' education. The initiative launched a global action to promote the universal and equal access of secondary education in developing countries, with a focus on girls' education. ICT will be used to improve the quality of education and link schoolchildren around the world. 31 March 2009", "The Special Rapporteur encourages further research on specific global initiatives and how ICT can help women to further enhance their skills and knowledge, particularly in the area of employment and civic participation.", "Access to Internet connectivity", "Although the right to visit the Internet is not a human right in itself, the Special Rapporteur wishes to reiterate that States parties have the obligation to promote or promote the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression and the means necessary to exercise that right, including the Internet. Moreover, access to the Internet is essential not only to the right to freedom of expression but also to other rights, such as the right to education, the right to freedom of association and assembly, the right to participate fully in social, cultural and political life and the right to social and economic development.", "In its general comment No. 34 on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the Human Rights Committee also emphasized that States parties should take all necessary measures to promote the independence of media, such as the Internet and ensure that all individuals are able to use. [39]", "In practice, in view of the fact that the Internet has become one of the indispensable tools for full participation in social, cultural and political life, States parties should consult with individuals from all sectors of society, including the private sector and relevant ministries of government, to develop and adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies to enable all to use and afford the Internet widely, user-friendly.", "Digital divide and the Millennium Development Goals", "Public and private policies aimed at improving access to Internet conditions have significantly increased Internet facilities in developing countries. However, despite this, the use of the Internet in developing countries remains low, resulting in a long-term “digital divide”. The term refers to the gap between those who are able to effectively access digital information technology (especially the Internet) and those who have access to very limited or no opportunities. In his previous report, the Special Rapporteur noted that visiting the Internet was conducive to economic development and the enjoyment of all human rights. If access to the Internet is not possible, marginalized groups and developing country States parties will continue to be disadvantaged, leading to the persistence of existing socio-economic disparities among States parties. The Special Rapporteur is concerned about this prospect. [40]", "There are also many factors that challenge ensuring Internet connectivity at the national level. For example, in many countries, the Internet market, especially the core infrastructure and the international network, remains under the monopoly of a few telecommunications operators. In addition, limited competition and the scarcity of international bandwidth of Internet international bandwidth have resulted in a high cost of Internet access in the area of fixed broadband access and often un affordability. [41] In addition, as the cost of visiting the Internet and purchasing basic equipment is high, many people are not able to access home and public networking services are the only way to access.", "In order to overcome these obstacles, the State party needs to play a positive role. For example, the State party could reduce the costs of the Internet by making it available to the widest possible number of people at home, while ensuring that the rural population and the low level of income are able to use public networks. As one of the ways to reduce Internet costs, the State party can use regulatory power in limited market competition. The State party should also consider providing subsidies for Internet services and the necessary hardware to facilitate access to the most deprived population.", "Goal 8.F in the Millennium Development Goals aims to work with the private sector to share the benefits of new technologies, particularly ICT. The target is measured by fixed telephone lines per 100 people, the number of mobile telephone users and Internet users. The prevalence of Internet users is now much lower than the rate of access to mobile communications. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates, by the end of 2009, about 1.7 billion people worldwide were using the Internet, slightly higher than one quarter of the world's population (26 per cent). In developing countries, about 17.8 per cent of the population is on the Internet. By the end of 2010, only Europe achieved an average of 67 per cent of the Internet prevalence rate, compared to about 50.7 per cent in the Americas. These figures include public networks, community centres and other types of Internet access. In addition, according to the latest Millennium Development Goals Report 2011, while the number of Internet users is still increasing, the prevalence rate in developing countries is still low, at 21 per cent by the end of 2010, while developed countries have reached 72 per cent. At the global level, two thirds are not using the Internet. As at the end of 2010, only 3 per cent of the Internet prevalence rate in the least developed countries was available.", "Access to broadband connectivity", "A growing number of web services require high Internet connectivity, particularly in access to video-based web content. Thus, in order to effectively use the Internet, bandwidth links are common. However, there is also a great digital divide between those who can quickly visit the online multimedia content and those who are still struggling to use the fast-track distribution. [42] The Special Rapporteur notes that, according to ITU statistics, 24.6 per cent of the population in developed countries use fixed broadband Internet links, while developing country Parties are only 4.4 per cent.", "At the national level, however, there have also been encouraging measures to promote Internet connectivity. For example, Sweden became the first European country to develop broadband policies in 1999, with the goal of providing broadband services in rural and remote areas with market incentives. [43] In Brazil, the Government has been actively involved in the development of programmes to enable the inhabitants of low-income groups to use broadband. For example, the Government of Brazil launched the civic support services for the e-government plan in early 2002 (GESAC) to promote Internet access to areas with less web services by promoting digital inclusion. In addition, the Government of Brazil operates a network of community telecommunications centres and free Internet access. The Government of Brazil aims to ensure that at least one broadband point is taken in 5,565 municipalities in Brazil through the civic support services of the e-government plan. 31 March 2009", "C. The right to access to the Internet and education", "The importance of the Internet as an educational tool must be fully recognized. Through the Internet, a large number of knowledge that has been expanding can be visited to complement or change traditional forms of school education. Through “open visits” and various positive initiatives, the Internet allows citizens from developing countries to use academic research materials that do not have previous burdens. The Internet enables more frequent exchanges among students, teachers and parents to understand recent developments and problems in their respective areas. Moreover, the educational benefits arising from the use of the Internet have contributed directly to the human capital of the State party. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur believes that the right to visit the Internet will become one of the key elements of the right to education.", "Taking into account the above considerations, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes the importance of promoting and supporting projects aimed at ensuring access to information and communications. In this regard, the global project “Overy child a watch computer” is a good initiative. As noted by the Special Rapporteur in his recent report to the Human Rights Committee, such initiatives have helped to expand the availability of ICT in developing countries. With the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and a number of partners, the project has not only benefited children but also benefited their families, since a key feature of this permanent link network is that it can be used free of charge to make children and families more aware of the outside world. Two of the important features of these book computers are the availability of solar or mechanical power; and, according to design, these computers provide an open-line network that automatically connects to other book computers in the vicinity. [45]", "The Special Rapporteur stresses that the successful example of the “Khmer plan” set by Uruguay has been expanded and extended to all parts of the world, an example of partnerships between different private and public sectors. Countries participating in the “one book computers per child” project are also Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, China, India, Iraq, Nepal, South Africa, Rwanda, Thailand, Lebanon and Niue. [46]", "Another example of the national strategy was the launch of the “Support bandwidth” plan launched by Brazil through the partnership between the Federal Government, the National Telecommunications Authority (ANATEL) and several telecommunications operators in early 2008. The project aims to bring together 56,865 public schools across the country, which will reach 3,710 students, accounting for 84 per cent of the total number of students in Brazil. 31 March 2009", "The Rural Broadband Initiative, funded by the Government of New Zealand, aims to better provide fibre-optic backward linkages to areas with low levels of urbanization in the country and to provide reliable high-call networking links to schools in the country.", "Mobile technology", "The digital divide in terms of access to mobile technologies is more small than in the field of the Internet, and it is estimated that 67.6 per cent of people in developing countries use handicrafts. While a handicraft is unable to provide the benefits of a direct computer-based Internet access, the Special Rapporteur believes that mobile technology can be a footprint for accessing Internet connectivity, particularly in remote areas where the Internet is more difficult.", "Recent reports suggest that the use of hand-based networks in many developing countries and regions, including Africa, is becoming increasingly volatile. According to ITU statistics, by the end of 2008, nearly three quarters of the global rural population were able to receive hand signals. In addition, the report also shows that rural handicraft coverage in Africa will reach more than 90 per cent by 2015 and that mobile technology will play a crucial role in expanding communication networks. 41", "The Internet is also rapidly increasing through hand-washing. According to ITU statistics, as at the end of 2010, the total number of global mobile broadband users increased from 73 million in 2005 to 9.4 billion, and it is expected to break the ground of 1 billion in 2011. One of the main reasons for the growth of mobile bandwidths is the provision of competitive and affordable data flows schemes by mobile operators. This development has also been complemented and supported by more efficient new technologies for the network. Singapore is this example. The country's access to 100 per cent was achieved, with most households having at least one broadband approach. In addition, the Government of Singapore selected two companies in 2008 and 2009 to coordinate the work of national outreach networks. In accordance with the provisions laid down in the bandwidth, when the network first enters a new region, a company will exempt all installation fees from the home and building owners. These companies also provide networking for outdoor locations. 31 March 2009", "Conclusions and recommendations", "The Internet has become one of the most important media in the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression by individuals, which can play an important role in promoting human rights, democratic participation, accountability, transparency and economic development. However, as in all technological innovations, the Internet could also be used to cause harm, thereby triggering the concerns of Governments about whether to regulate online content.", "The overall rule should be to maintain the free flow of Internet openness and information, with limitations imposed on them only exceptionally and in conformity with the standards established in international human rights law. In order to protect the right to freedom of expression from undue restrictions, the Special Rapporteur tried to distinguish between the following three categories of expressions: (a) that constituted a crime under international law and that the State party must prohibit; (b) that criminal punishment should not be subject to criminal punishment, but may trigger civil action; and (c) that it would not trigger criminal or civil sanctions, but remained concerned with respect for tolerance, civilization and others. Each type of expression raises different principles and therefore requires a different legal response that is highlighted below.", "The Special Rapporteur remains concerned by the fact that most of the world's population still lack access to the Internet. Although international human rights law does not recognize the right to visit the Internet as a human right, the State party has a positive obligation to create an enabling environment for all individuals to exercise their right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "Recommendations", "Visit to online content", "The State party has the responsibility to guarantee the free flow of ideas and information and the right to access, receive and disseminate information and ideas through the Internet. In accordance with international law, States parties must also prohibit in their national criminal law the following types of online content: (a) Child pornography; (b) direct and public incitement to genocide; (c) claims constituting incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred; and (d) incitement to terrorism. However, the Special Rapporteur reminds all States parties that any such law must be in line with three criteria that limit the right to freedom of expression, namely, legal provisions; legitimate purposes; respect the principles of necessity and proportionality.", "With regard to technical measures taken to regulate the above-mentioned categories of expressions (e.g. preventing access to the web page), the Special Rapporteur reiterates that the State party should provide detailed information on the need and rationale for the blockade of specific sites and that it must be decided by the competent judicial authorities or bodies independent of any political, commercial or otherwise unjustifiable impact to decide on the content of the web page for the visit to ensure that the closure of the website is not used as a means of review.", "The Special Rapporteur recommends that all other types of expression that are not part of the above category should not be criminalized, since their entry into the crime would be counterproductive and the threat posed by the harsh sanctions would have a significant effect on the right to freedom of expression. In addition, States parties should focus on efforts to combat the underlying problems of racist or offensive statements, such as a narrow and prejudice. Efforts can be made to promote more freedom of expression to counter such negative types of expression; to promote understanding among the peoples of the world; and to build a culture of peacebuilding.", "The effective use of the content provided by the Internet requires many conditions, including skills to use Internet technology. The Special Rapporteur recommends that the State party incorporate basic skills on the Internet into school curricula and support similar learning modules outside schools. In addition to basic skills training, these learning modules should clarify the benefits of online access to information and the benefits of providing information in a responsible manner. Training could also help individuals learn how to prevent harmful content, such as the possible consequences of disclosure of privacy information on the Internet, and learn how to protect themselves from the unjustifiable limitations imposed by States parties or companies through the use of seal or circumvention of technology.", "The Special Rapporteur encourages the translation of the website into a variety of languages, including ethnic minority languages and indigenous languages, and the accessibility of persons with disabilities. Persons or persons with disabilities who speak different languages are allowed to participate in a communication platform that favours a truly global society. In addition, he also recommended that all States parties ensure that all relevant persons have access to all relevant governance information (including governance information at the local level).", "The Special Rapporteur also emphasizes the importance of applying the gender dimension to the Internet's rights and recommends that the State party develop strategies, including through ICT training, to ensure effective access to online content.", "Access to Internet connectivity", "The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the Internet enables all communities of society to gain access to information, the right to freedom of expression and participation, which is indispensable for a truly democratic society.", "In addition, in view of the crucial role that the Internet plays in promoting the enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and other rights, such as the right to education, the right to freedom of association and assembly, the right to civic participation, economic and social development, the Special Rapporteur believes that States parties should develop and adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies to enable all to use and afford the Internet in consultation with individuals from all sectors of society, including the private sector and relevant ministries. This is not only essential but also necessary.", "In particular, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the State party take positive measures to work with private sector initiatives to ensure that Internet links are available at the individual or community level at all places of residence in the State party, including remote or rural areas. Such measures include the adoption and implementation of policies that will facilitate access to Internet connectivity and low-cost hardware, including subsidies where necessary.", "In view of the growing number of online multimedia content, States parties should also actively promote and encourage broadband access.", "With the increasing and increasingly user-friendly use of mobile communications technologies in developing countries, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the State party support policies and programmes that link the Internet by using handicrafts.", "At the international level, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his call on States parties, in particular developed countries, to fulfil their commitments in instruments such as the Millennium Development Goals, to promote the transfer of technology to developing countries and to integrate effective programmes for universal access into their development assistance policies.", "Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea RUVERTIVEMENTS", "See Human Rights Council resolution 7/36, paragraph 4 (f).", "[2] Available at http://www.ohchr.org.", "[3] See A/HRC/17/27, paras.", "[4] CCPR/C/GC/34, para.", "[5] Ibid., para.", "[6] See A/HRC/12/23.", "[7] See Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case ICTR-96-4-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, October 1998.", "[8] See Prosecutor v. Riggiu, Case ICTR-97-32-S ( Trial Chamber), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 12 May 2005.", "[9] See Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al., Case ICTR-99-52-A, 28 November 2007 and Prosecutor v. Simon Bikindi, ICTR-01-72-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 2 December 2008.", "[10] See the contribution of Susan Benesch, Adviser to the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, to the OHCHR initiative on incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, 2011 (see http://www.2.ohchr.org/english/issues/Opinion/arficles/1920-Iccpr/experts-papers,htm).", "[11] CCPR/C/GC/34, para.", "[12] Ibid., para.", "[13] As noted in article 12, paragraph 1, of the principle of freedom of expression and equality, the “hall” refers to a strong and unreasonable sense, such as humiliation, hostility and abhorrence, directed against target groups. Available from http://www.article19.org/data/fil/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf.", "[14] The term “incitement” refers to statements relating to discrimination, hostility or the risk of violence against persons belonging to that group (article 12, paragraph 1, of the principle of Karimden).", "[15] Available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/experts_ papers.htm.", "[16] Reports submitted jointly by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance are available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/experts_papers/htm.", "[17] See http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/comments.htm.", "[18] Report on the Bangkok Workshop on the Prohibition of incitement to national, racial and religious hatred, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_ Bangkok/HuangYongan.pdf.", "[19] The United Nations uses 16 international legal instruments defining “terrorist acts” to indirectly define terrorism, see http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.shtml.", "[20] See A/HRC/16/51, para.", "[21] See A/HRC/6/17/Add.1, A/HRC/10/3/Add.2 and A/HRC/16/51.", "[22] The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism presents the following model definition of terrorism:", "“terrorism means the following actions or attempted actions:", "Actions:", "(a) Concrete hostage-taking; or", "(b) The intention to cause death or serious bodily harm to a general public or a majority of its members; or", "(c) The use of deadly or severe physical violence against one or more members of the general public or part of the population;", "and", "Actions or attempted actions are intended to:", "(a) Create terrorist status among the general public or its part; or", "(b) compel Governments or international organizations to take or refrain from taking certain actions;", "and", "Action is in line with:", "(a) The definition of serious crimes in domestic law, which is enacted to comply with international treaties and protocols on terrorism or Security Council resolutions on terrorism; or", "(b) All elements of domestic law relating to the definition of recidivism.” (A/HRC/16/51, para.", "[23] A/HRC/16/51, para.", "[24] Report of the Working Group on the Elimination of the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, paragraph 88. Available from http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/wg6-internet_rev1.pdf.", "[25] The Riyadh Conference on the Application of the Internet to Eliminate Violence, 24-26 January 2011, summary and follow-up recommendations, available at http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/CTITF%20Riyadh%20Conference%20-%20Summary%20&%20Recommendations.pdf.", "[26] A/HRC/17/27, para.", "[27] CCPR/C/GC/34, para.", "Ibid., para.", "[29] A/CONF.211/8, chap. 1, para.", "[30] CCPR/C/GC/34, para.", "[31] See International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), broadband: a platform for progress, report of the Commission on Digital Development, June 2011 (see http://www.broadbandcommission.org/Reportfull-report.pdf).", "[32] Susammah Fox, “Americans living with disability and their technological profile”, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 21 January United States dollars (http://www.pewinternet.org/reportedDisability.aspx).", "[33] See ITU, “Education of e-technical policies for persons with disabilities”, 2010.", "[34] http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cap-pac.nsf/eng/home.", "[35] World Digital Library (http://www.wdl.org/en/).", "[36] The partner agencies of the World Digital Library are mainly libraries, archives or other institutions that contribute to cultural literature to the House, and may include other means of contributions, funds and private companies, such as the holding or co-hosting meetings or contributions through technical sharing, working groups.", "[37] A/HRC/14/23, para.", "[38] ITU, “Women Entrepreneurship and ICT in India”, 14 July 2011 (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/newlog/CategoryView, Group, Gender.aspx).", "[39] CCPR/C/GC/34, para.", "[40] A/HRC/17/27, para.", "[41] See World Telecommunications/ICT Development Report 2010: progress in monitoring the goals of the World Summit on the Information Society: midterm review, p. 201 (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/material/WTDR2010_e_v1.pdf).", "[42] See the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/).", "[43] The Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications of Sweden (www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/573/a/12566/action/search/type/simple? query:broad+access).", "[44] A/HRC/17/27, para.", "[45] See http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles/lang-en.", "[46] See http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Deployments and http://one.laptop.org/." ]

[ "2011年联合国发展活动认捐会议", "2011年11月8日，纽约", "联合国系统发展业务活动", "秘书长的说明", "1. 大会在第32/197号决议附件第31段中请秘书处在筹备发展活动认捐会议时，向各国政府提供资料，说明各国政府和其他来源以前和现在为认捐会议所涉各项方案捐助的情况。这些资料见A/CONF.208/2011/2号文件。", "2. 关于2009年联合国系统发展业务活动筹资情况的全面统计分析载于A/66/79-E/2011/107号文件。" ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference", "for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Operational activities for development of the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In paragraph 31 of the annex to its resolution 32/197, the General Assembly requested the Secretariat, in preparing for the Pledging Conference for Development Activities, to make available to Governments information concerning previous and current contributions from Governments and other sources for the various programmes covered by the Pledging Conference. That information will be issued as document A/CONF.208/2011/2.", "2. A report providing a comprehensive statistical analysis of the funding of operational activities for development of the United Nations system for 2009 is contained in document A/66/79-E/2011/107." ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "United Nations system operational activities for development", "Note by the Secretary-General", "In paragraph 31 of the annex to its resolution 32/197, the General Assembly requested the Secretariat, in preparing for the Pledging Conference for Development Activities, to make available to Governments information on previous and current contributions from Governments and other sources for the programmes covered by the Pledging Conference. This information is contained in document A/CONF.208/2011/2.", "2. A comprehensive statistical analysis of the funding of operational activities for development of the United Nations system for 2009 is contained in document A/66/79-E/2011/107." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目19(d)、(e)和(f)", "可持续发展：为人类今世后代保护全球气候", "《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国 家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》的执行情况", "生物多样性公约", "联合国各项环境公约的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "秘书长谨向大会转递《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处、《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》秘书处和《生物多样性公约》秘书处提出的报告。", "一. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书关于2010年在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议及其后续行动的报告", "A. 导言", "1. 联合国大会在其第65/159号决议中邀请《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处向大会第六十六届会议报告缔约方会议的工作情况。本报告就是响应该项邀请提出的。", "B. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果", "1. 摘要", "2. 联合国气候变化会议于2010年11月29日至12月10在墨西哥坎昆举行，包括下列几届会议：", "(a) 《公约》缔约方会议第十六届会议；", "(b) 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议；", "(c) 履约附属机构第三十三届会议；", "(d) 科学和技术咨询附属机构第三十三届会议；", "(e) 附件一缔约方根据《京都议定书》做出进一步承诺问题特设工作组第十五届会议；", "(f) 《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组第十三届会议。", "3. 参加坎昆会议的人数很多，计有16位国家元首和政府首脑、约5 100名政府代表、5 300名观察员和1 200名媒体代表出席会议。在会议之前，有若干特设工作组举行会议，《公约》缔约各方举行若干次非正式磋商讨论《巴厘行动计划》的一些内容，有助于为达成协议奠定基础。在这些会议和协商期间，以及本届会议从头到尾，会议主席团以及各个特设工作组和附属机构的主席都通过一个公开、透明、包容各方的进程取得进展。这种情况使缔约方能在坎昆交流意见，最后取得协商一致的成果。", "4. 坎昆会议是向前迈出的一大步，制定了关于气候变化的一个坚固的行动框架。缔约方会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议所通过的整套决定，即所谓《坎昆协定》，[2] 以集体和全面方式随时应对气候变化的长期挑战。这些决定设想现在就采取具体行动促进全球对策并进一步实施对抗气候变化的行动，特别是下列问题：", "(a) 适应。确定其优先性，并制定《坎昆适应框架》；", "(b) 技术。建立一个技术机制，以支持创新和研发新技术，并优先进行技术的传播、利用和转让；", "(c) 财务。设立一个新的绿色气候基金，作为《公约》财务机制的操作机构，并成立一个常设委员会，以便更好地联系和协调气候变化方面资金的筹措工作；", "(d) 减少发展中国家毁林和森林退化造成的排放量有关问题的政策步骤和积极奖励办法以及发展中国家在养护、可持续管理森林和扩大森林矿储量方面的作用(REDD-plus)。[3] 提供指导和保障办法并制定工作方案。", "5. 缔约方会议通过了12项决定，作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议则通过了13项决定。《坎昆协定》中所载的决定为采取影响深远的集体努力应对气候变化奠定基础。坎昆会议取得的成果则为实施适应、减缓、财务、技术和能力建设的全面业务结构奠定基础。", "2. 高级别部分", "6. 缔约方会议第十六届会议高级别部分和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议由墨西哥总统、外交部长宣布开幕，在此之前，墨西哥总统、秘书长和其他显要人士还出席了一个欢迎会。", "7. 秘书长代表联合国系统发表讲话，承认谈判工作不会在坎昆结束，但声称不能感到自满而“维持现状”。他确认各国面临政治和经济的抑制因素，但强调世人越是推迟采取行动应对气候变化，在经济、环境和人命方面的牺牲就越重大。因此，他要求缔约各方在谈判期间表现出决心、领导能力、灵活性和折衷精神。", "8. 在高级别部分期间，有16个缔约方发言，其中16次是国家元首或政府首脑发言，9次是副总统或副总理发言，100次是部长发言，40次是缔约各方的代表发言。", "3. 缔约方会议第十六届会议的成果", "坎昆协定", "9. 《坎昆协定》根据并仿照《巴厘行动计划》的结构，提出国际社会通过的全面性一揽子决定，来减少温室气体的排放量，并帮助发展中国家缔约方应对气候变化，包括提供财政、技术和能力建设等方面的支助，以减轻和适应气候变化的不利影响。", "共同愿望、全球目标和审查", "10. 《公约》缔约各方确认，必须大幅减少全球温室气体排放量，才能达到下述全球目标：把全球平均温度的增加幅度维持在高于工业化以前水平摄氏2度之下，并应定期审查其适当性以及该目标的进展情况。第一次审查定于2013年开始，2015年以前结束，在这次审查的范围内，缔约各方还确认需要根据现有最佳的科学知识，考虑加强长期的全球目标，包括全球平均温度增幅为摄氏1.5度。", "适应", "11. 《坎昆协定》包括若干制度和程序来处理气候变化的适应问题。现已制定一个《坎昆适应框架》，其目的在促进适应行动。", "12. 在《坎昆协定》中，缔约方会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议请履约附属机构采用新近制定的一项工作方案，处理与气候变化的影响有关的损失和破坏。此外，还通过《协定》建立一个程序，使最不发达国家能制订和实施本国的适应计划，借此确定所需的中期和长期适应办法，并采取战略和方案来使满足这些需要。", "13. 适应委员会将促使协调实施扩大的适应行动，向缔约各方提供支助、指导和建议。缔约方会议已经请《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组在2011年内拟定适应委员会的组成、工作方式和程序。", "减轻", "14. 根据《坎昆协定》，并在2010年非正式提出的排放量减少指标的基础上，所有工业化国家已经正式宣布并承诺制订低碳发展计划或战略。此外，若干发展中国家缔约方已经正式宣布本国适当减排行动，[4] 要在2020年以前设法提供财务和技术支助，以改变“维持现状”的排放情况。", "15. 工业化国家已经承诺改进其减排目标的汇报工作，并加紧向发展中国家缔约方提供支助。此外，发展中国家缔约方可以自愿地报告其的减排行动。将设立一个登记处，以便记录下列情况：发展中国家缔约方寻求国际支助的减排行动；发达国家可为减排行动提供的支助；以及为减排行动提供的支助。", "16. 缔约方会议制定关于“降排加”(REDD-plus)的工作方案，这项方案将由科学和技术咨询附属机构负责拟订，包括制订测量、汇报和核查林业部门有关温室气体排放量和吸收量的方法。", "17. 缔约方会议请《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组拟订市场机制和非市场机制，以增加减排行动的成本效益，并促进这种行动。所要拟订的市场机制将维持并扩充现有的机制，包括《京都议定书》规定的机制，例如清洁发展机制和联合履约机制。", "18. 缔约方会议已授权科学和技术咨询附属机构主席和履约附属机构主席召开一个论坛，讨论采取应对措施减轻气候变化的影响。在2011年内，这两个附属机构将拟订应对措施的工作方案。", "财务、技术和能力建设", "19. 秘书处已被要求汇编资料，说明已经提供何种资源，以供兑现发达国家在缔约方会议第十五届会议所作承诺，即承诺在2010-2012年向发展中国家提供快速启动资金300亿美元。此外，发达国家还在坎昆会议正式承诺在2020年以前提供大约1 000亿美元的长期资金，以应付发展中国家缔约方的需要。", "20. 坎昆会议设立了绿色气候基金，以便长期资助发展中国家缔约方境内的项目、方案、政策和其他活动。这个基金正由一个过渡委员会负责设计，该委员会拟在2011年底将其建议提交在南非德班举行的缔约方会议第十届会议核准。", "21. 坎昆会议还建立了一个技术机制，将于2012年开始运作。这个机制将通过增加公私投资，促进减排和适应两方面的国际技术合作。", "22. 技术机制包括技术执行委员会和气候技术中心和网络。该委员会将纵览技术上的需要、分析技术研发和转让方面的政策和技术问题，并建议有关的行动。该中心和网络将从公私部门调动所需的专门人才和资源，以便根据发展中国家缔约方的请求，协助它们制订技术有关的政策、方案和项目，借以支援减排和适应行动。", "23. 缔约方会议确认，能力建设是一个跨领域的问题，需要进行能力建设，使发展中国家缔约方能扩大采取应对气候变化的行动。2011年，《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组将制定《公约》规定的能力建设的体制安排方式。", "缔约方会议通过的其他决定", "24. 缔约方会议向全球环境基金提供额外的指导，要求该基金尽可能迅速完成其改革，促使顺利完成基金的第五个充资周期，还请基金继续简化其程序并改进其效率和成效。", "25. 关于其他气候资金问题，缔约方会议决定结束第1/CP.12号决定第2段关于特别气候变化基金的执行现状的评估，并就最不发达国家基金的营运问题向全球环境基金提供进一步的指示。缔约方会议将评估其指示的执行情况。", "26. 在坎昆会议上，缔约方会议延长最不发达国家专家组的任务期限，以便继续提供技术指导和意见。该专家组将制订为期两年的滚动工作方案，供履约附属机构审议。缔约方会议将于2015年第二十一届会议审查该专家组的进展情况、继续存在的需要和职权范围。", "27. 缔约方会议邀请所有缔约方和国际组织向发展中国家缔约方的国家协调中心扩大提供《公约》第6条所规定的教育、培训和公共意识方面的支助。", "28. 缔约方会议请秘书处制作一份汇编和综合报告，内载《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)提出的第五份国家文件中的资料。秘书处已经制作一份综合报告，内载截至2011年3月31日为止40个附件一缔约方已经提出的国家文件中的资料。", "29. 缔约方会议还请《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组继续审议与下列有关的各种问题：促进处于市场经济过渡进程的附件一缔约方取得技术、能力建设和资金的机会，以加强其发展低排放量经济体的能力。", "4. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果", "坎昆协定", "30. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过了一项决定，成为《坎昆协定》的一部分，在该项决定中，缔约方会议同意《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组应尽可能早日及时完成工作，确保《京都议定书》第一个和第二个承诺期之间没有空缺。还敦促附件一缔约方提高其减排目标的雄心。", "31. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议还就下列事项通过了多项决定，成为《坎昆协定》的一部分：《京都议定书》第二个承诺期的基准年；继续采用排放量交易和以项目为基础的机制；采取措施减少排放量并通过土地用途、改变土地用途和林业的活动增加吸收量；利用全球变暖潜势作为计算方法；继续审议各种工具、政策、措施和方法的可能后果的有关资料。", "32. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议同意与土地用途、改变土地用途和林业有关的各个关键用语沿用与第一个承诺期相同的定义。作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议授权秘书处评估附件一缔约方的森林管理基准水平。秘书处已经完成这项技术性评估。", "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议所通过的其他决定", "33. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议通过了适应基金临时托管机构提供服务的规定和条件的修正案，并决定在作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第七届会议，以及其后每三年，审查适应基金。", "34. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议请秘书处制作汇编和综合报告，内载附件一缔约方第五份国家文件中的补充资料，并组织这种国家文件的集中审查工作。", "35. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议提供关于清洁发展机制的进一步指导，包括与下列事项有关的一般性指导：项目活动的治理、认证、基线和监测方法，以及额外贷款、标准基线和登记、区域和次区域分配及能力建设，以及该机制的工作资源。", "36. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议还就《京都议定书》第6条(关于联合执行)的执行问题提供指导。", "5. 《坎昆协定》执行情况的进展", "37. 自坎昆会议以来，缔约各方继续商讨《坎昆协定》的执行问题。它们拟订了一个路线图和程序，要使技术机制在2012年开始运作。技术研发和转让问题的进一步讨论是针对技术机制与财务安排之间的可能关联和技术执行委员会与气候技术中心和网络之间的关系。", "38. 缔约各方还进一步明确了解《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组的未来工作和《坎昆协定》所代表的进步。缔约各方继续在印度尼西亚巴厘会议和坎昆会议的成果框架之下进行谈判，促使充分执行坎昆会议所通过的各项决定，同时讨论在坎昆会议期间没有解决的多项问题。", "39. 缔约各方在《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组之下取得了进展，把它们对《坎昆协定》设立的适应委员会各个方面的意见集合起来(见第13段)。尤其是在适应委员会的治理、方式和程序、与其他机构的联系和该委员会的组成等方面取得了进展。", "40. 缔约各方在《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组之下，就减排问题，彼此进行有用的讨论。这些讨论包括发达国家缔约方两年一次的报告中应载有哪一类的内容，在讨论中，各方广泛承认需要扩大现有的报告和审查制度。在发展中国家缔约方的减排问题上，集中讨论两年一次最新报告、本国适当减排行动登记处(见第15段)和国际协商与分析。", "41. 《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组继续讨论“降排加”(REDD-plus)，并讨论“降排加”的供资问题。与此同时，科学和技术咨询附属机构已经按照《坎昆协定》的规定，开始审议对“降排加”相关活动方法指示的各种意见。这项初步审议集中讨论基准水平和基准排放水平。", "42. 缔约各方还多次讨论财务问题，把重点放在财务问题常设委员会。这些讨论针对委员会各个方面，包括委员会的职务、组成、成员、参加资格、主要原则和报告关系。", "43. 此外，缔约各方开始讨论附件一缔约方根据《京都议定书》作出进一步承诺问题的审议情况。所讨论的主要问题涉及是否需要澄清与第二个承诺期有关而尚未解决的政治问题，还涉及《京都议定书》继续生效的问题以及附件一缔约方在减少温室气体排放量方面迄今为止的努力和成就是否相符的问题。关于通用的衡量标准，缔约各方已在商定新气体的关键性技术问题方面取得进展，明确指出各种选项，并准备做出政治决定。附件一缔约方根据《京都议定书》做出进一步承诺问题特设工作组在讨论期间还考虑到潜在的环境、经济和社会后果问题，包括各种工具、政策、措施和方法的溢出效应。", "C. 结论和建议", "44. 除其他外，大会不妨：", "(a) 注意到秘书长转递的《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书的报告;", "(b) 意到墨西哥政府在2010年11月29日至12月10日主办的缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果；", "(c) 承诺支持按照《巴厘路线图》继续进行的谈判进程，并鼓励进一步充分、迅速实施《坎昆协定》；", "(d) 请执行秘书继续向大会报告缔约方会议的工作。", "二. 秘书长关于第65/160号决议执行情况和《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》执行情况的报告", "A. 导言", "45. 大会在2010年12月20日第65/160号决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况。本报告向大会汇报为执行上述决议已经进行的各项主要活动的最新情况。", "B. 大会第65/160号决议执行情况", "1. 背景", "46. 大会在第65/160号决议中决定在大会第六十六届会议一般性辩论开始前于2011年9月20日召开一次为期一天的高级别全体会议，主题是“在可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”。大会鼓励以尽可能高的政治级别举行此次会议，酌情由国家元首或政府首脑等出席会议。", "47. 大会还决定：", "(a) 此次会议的筹备工作将在大会第六十五届会议主席主持下进行，并由《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书担任会议协调人；", "(b) 这次高级别会议的安排，先举行开幕式全体会议，上午举行一次互动式小组讨论，下午举行第二次互动式小组讨论，最后举行闭幕式全体会议；", "(c) 小组讨论将分别由一位来自北方和一位来自南方的国家元首或政府首脑共同主持，这些国家元首或政府首脑将由大会主席与各区域集团协商指定，其间应适当顾及地域平衡。", "48. 此外，在第65/160号决议中，大会还请秘书长与会员国协商为高级别会议编写一份背景文件，至迟于2011年6月提交。", "49. 大会表示关切十亿旱地居民属于世界上最贫穷的人，在实现千年发展目标方面落在了后头。大会邀请会员国特别是捐助界和联合国系统满足十亿旱地居民的需要，鼓励适当投资，以推动在这些领域实现国际商定目标，包括千年发展目标。", "50. 大会还邀请各缔约方和各参与机构参加并积极支持加强根据《公约》开展的有关荒漠化和干旱活动的科学依据，特别是评估荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的经济影响以及衡量公约执行工作的影响所需的科学依据，继而支持提高《公约》的国家协调机构和国家协调中心的技术能力。", "2. 高级别会议的筹备工作", "51. 第65/160号决议通过后不久，《公约》执行秘书以大会指派的高级别会议协调人的身份，开始与主要的利益攸关各方协商，以便展开早期筹备工作。2011年2月初，他会见联合国大会第六十五届会议主席，向其简报执行秘书正在进行的筹备工作，协调筹备过程中的组织问题，并讨论为确保会议成功必须进行的合作。", "52. 根据大会第65/160号决议的授权做出安排，协助联合国秘书长，提供资料纳入秘书长的背景文件。《公约》秘书处也协助与各会员国商讨秘书长负责为高级别会议编写的背景文件。", "53. 《公约》秘书处还在2011年2月在波恩举行公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议期间，为公约缔约各方举办了关于这个问题的几次简报会。为了进一步提高意识并促使出席情况稳定不变，执行秘书采取步骤，每逢他与缔约各方代表会晤时，都特意描述这项活动。此外，还向所有各国外交部长和负责处理《公约》事务的部长发送信函，把这次会议的消息告知缔约各方。为了做出进一步的宣传和支持，并确保媒体适当报道这次高级别活动，《公约》秘书处还制订一个媒体战略，来宣扬这次高级别会议。", "3. 公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议及科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议", "54. 公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议及科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议于2011年2月16日至25日在德国波恩举行。这两届会议审查了闭会期间主要涉及缔约方会议第九届会议商定的影响和业绩指标的工作。", "55. 科学和技术委员会第二届会议审议为促进公约的实施有效利用《十年战略计划和框架》(简称“战略”)内战略目标1、2和3的小套影响指标的方法和基线的工作现况，并评估第一届科学会议的组办情况；第二届科学会议的筹备工作；科学和技术通讯员的作用；知识管理系统的实施进展情况。科学家们在这次会议所专注的主要工作是拟订和实施影响指标以衡量这个《战略》的三个战略目标。全球环境基金的科学和技术咨询小组参与了这项工作，这些指标已经通过一个电子论坛，开放给公众协商。", "56. 但是，科学家们也指出，全球环境基金的一揽子指标与《公约》的整套影响指标之间某种程度的协调，将改进缔约各方的报告义务。因此，他们建议该小组更密切地参与统一收集和汇报指标的目的和方法的进程。", "57. 在建立科学知识管理系统方面，也取得了进展。第二届特别会议还表示有意成立一个地域平衡的特设专家咨询小组，以协助修订影响指标，并成立一个机构伙伴小组。机构伙伴将包括那些有助于产生和管理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱影响的数据集的组织。", "58. 公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议，根据业绩指标，审议缔约各方、联合国各机构和政府间组织以及民间社会组织执行公约情况的报告中所载初步资料分析的有关问题；执行公约的最佳做法；并改进信息交流程序以及提交缔约方会议的报告的质量和方式。代表们还就报告程序的结果，同民间社会组织的代表进行公开对话和互动式的专题讨论。会议赞赏影响指标和业绩指标方面进展情况的评估和成果。委员会承认联机汇报工具的重要特点是确保将缔约各方和其他汇报实体提出的国家报告所载资料上载到考绩和执行情况评估系统的门户网站。", "59. 结果，因为使用全面监测和报告程序，《公约》有史以来第一次，缔约各方能够以数量表示它们努力的成果。全球环境基金和其他捐助者(包括欧洲联盟委员会)的财政支持，对考绩和执行情况评估系统的实施，至关重要。委员会第九届会议开幕前，有50%以上的受害国家缔约方和几乎30%的发达国家缔约方提出了国家报告。截至2010年11月，89%的受害国家已经提出报告。这个成功的项目已经成为根据指标监测和在线汇报《公约》10年战略执行情况的基石。这是《公约》的一个典型转变，逐渐成为一项追求可衡量结果的文书，它的《战略》为公约所有的利益攸关者提供一个路线图。", "60. 考绩和执行情况评估系统很受欢迎，各方踊跃讨论报告制度和传播成果方面的这个改进方法。会议还集中讨论建立一个知识管理系统，汇编通过考绩和执行情况评估系统的报告查明的最佳做法，进一步修订影响指标等等。科学和技术委员会第二届会议和公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议，按照所有的议程项目，通过多项报告，其中摘录代表们的意见、建议和提案，把各种不同的备选方案留给缔约方会议第十届会议去探讨并做出决定。", "4. 联合国荒漠及防治荒漠化十年", "61. 按照第64/201号决议的规定，大会宣布的荒漠及防治荒漠化十年于2010年8月16日在巴西福塔莱萨展开。这个《十年》的主要目的是提高意识和激发行动，以改进世界三分之一人口所居住、面临经济和环境严重威胁的干旱地区的保护和管理。", "62. 各区域也展开这项活动，包括非洲区域于2010年8月16日在内罗毕展开这项活动。亚洲区域则于2010年10月12日在首尔展开这项活动，目的在凸显一个事实：荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的威胁在亚洲所影响的人民和土地，比在世界任何其他区域更多。北美洲的这项活动于2010年11月11日在科罗拉多州立大学主持下展开。展开仪式之后，举行几个简短讨论会，讨论北美洲土地退化问题，并由《公约》秘书处与该大学签署一项意向书，要在今后荒漠化研究方面进行密切合作。欧洲的这项活动于2010年12月16日在伦敦展开，把重点放在探索干旱地区与全球人类安全之间的关系，特别着重欧洲，包括土壤退化的状况。今年举行了这个《十年》的两次纪念活动，分别于2011年7月4日和22日在哈瓦那和亚的斯亚贝巴展开联合国生物多样性十年的区域活动。", "5. 纪念防治荒漠化和干旱世界日", "63. 全世界每年都在6月17日举办防治荒漠化和干旱世界日。联合国指定这个纪念日的目的是促使公众和决策者理解荒漠化、土地退化和干旱对国际社会不断增加的危险。各种纪念活动旨在促使每个人在那一年至少采取一个行动，帮助减少凸显的威胁。因为2011年是国际森林年，2011年世界日特别专注于世界干旱地区的森林，所遵循的格言是：“森林保存旱地的生机”。在举办这个世界日之际，联合国秘书长、《公约》执行秘书和联合国其他高级官员都发表特别文告。这些文告的主旨是：干旱地区占全世界陆地总面积的40%以上，居住在干旱地区的人是世界上最贫穷的人，最容易陷于饥饿，而通常赖以生存的土地已经退化，生产力减缩到不足维生的程度。文告还指出，在全世界努力实现《千年发展目标》之际，应当特别注意这“被遗忘的一亿”男女老幼所面临的挑战。文告揭示亟需促使全球社会理解森林对旱地的重要性，因为干燥林和灌木丛林地是旱地生态系统的支柱，并指出不可持续的土地管理和农业是造成土地退化和不可避免随之而来的荒漠化的主要原因。有一篇重要的文告呼吁奖赏能使旱地有所出产的人，使他们兴旺起来，也使其他的人努力效法他们的榜样。", "6. 土地日", "64. 自从向大会提交上一次报告以来，《公约》秘书处举办了两个土地日。", "65. 第3个土地日于2010年10月23日在《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十届会议的外围举行(该届会议于10月18日至29日在日本名古屋举行)。新加坡的许通美大使(他担任联合国环境与发展会议(地球问题首脑会议)筹备委员会主席)向与会者发表主旨演讲。出席第3个土地日的人士计有政府代表、政府间组织和非政府组织代表，以及学术机构、企业和研究机构的代表。这项活动由《生物多样性公约》秘书处和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》秘书处共同发起，也是《里约公约》生态系统和气候变化展览馆的一部分。", "66. 从讨论中产生的要点包括：土地退化作为一个具有全球影响的地方性问题；两项公约之间不言而喻的关系；生物多样性的损失、气候变化和土地退化作为一个恶性循环；克服三项《里约公约》分开执行的办法所造成的挑战，因为在地方一级无法分开；为了高级别的政治承诺，在处理这些问题时必须采用一种综合办法，促进意见交流并注视根本的驱动因素。", "67. 第4个土地日于2011年6月11日在德国波恩举办。这个土地日有四个目标：研讨国家一级可以实施但需要提供气候资源的各种适应和减轻气候变化假想办法；说明如何通过适应气候变化和可持续土地管理获得长期的粮食安全；讨论如何按照《防治荒漠化公约》的国家行动方案和《气候变化框架公约》的国家行动计划所规定的具体执行办法，通过全球和国家两级的伙伴关系，实现长期合作行动；并延揽企业界和其他利益攸关者参与绿色增长和绿色经济方面的意见交流。从互动式讨论中出现的要点包括采用可持续土地管理的理由，明确指出土地有长期无限制吸收炭质的潜能，其容量大于海洋的容量。讨论期间还有人提出：土壤的素质是气候复原力增长的一个重要先决条件。", "7. 与全球环境基金进行协作", "68. 《公约》秘书处亟需与全球环境基金加强伙伴关系，尤其是鉴于《全环基金通则》的修正案把《公约》列为由该基金发挥财务机制作用的多项条约之一。全球环境基金理事会决定支持《公约》的赋能活动和新的透明分配资源制度，也使伙伴关系得到加强。", "69. 为了进一步推动这项改革，《公约》秘书处和全球环境基金秘书处于2011年1月4日在德国波恩举办了有史以来第一次联合务虚会。务虚会由《公约》执行秘书和全球环境基金总裁和主席共同主持，总的目标是共同讨论和澄清全球环境基金第五次充资周期的政策和方案中涉及支助受害国家缔约方执行《公约》的若干重要方面。务虚会的讨论，除其他外，涵盖：全球环境基金各项改革及其对《公约》经常活动的影响，以及在土地退化关注领域之下透明分配资源制度的程序。在讨论期间确定的优先事项包括需要扩大考绩和执行情况评估系统，并在目标国家对各项指标进行试验性的追踪工作。", "70. 务虚会的成果是一项联合行动计划，其中包括一套建议，主张加强两个秘书处之间的合作，以促进缔约各方执行《公约》及其10年《战略》的情况。每一项建议都根据拟议的行动和里程碑，讨论并商定两个秘书处的作用和期望。务虚会提出的建议包括：需要在主要的利益攸关者中间加强土地议程的宣传并提高其意识，并且需要全面增加可持续土地管理方面的投资，包括有效利用全球环境基金的资源。务虚会还建议在政策一级采取行动，促使全球环境基金更积极参与《公约》的进程，并与其他公约发挥增效作用，特别是在国家一级，以便利制定可持续土地管理所需资源的计划和方案。", "8. 《里约公约》的联合联络组", "71. 《公约》秘书处还寻求与其他两项《里约公约》的秘书处进行密切协作。《里约公约》联合联络组第十一次会议于2011年4月11日在德国波恩举行。《防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书担任会议主席，会上讨论：(a) 联合联络组目前进行和被要求进行的活动；(b) 支持国家规划和报告程序的协调；(c) 合作推动性别平等主流化；(d) 在2012年联合国可持续发展大会期间举办联合活动的计划，包括《里约公约》展览馆；(e) 外联和通信的联合倡议。这次会议的主要成果包括：同意正式制定联合联络组的职权范围和工作方式；指定在2012年为上述会议和公约20周年进行的一系列高级别联合活动；关于适应气候变化、森林和性别的多项新的和修订的出版物。2010年9月，联合联络组开会讨论共同关心的问题，包括增效作用。这次会议由《生物多样性公约》执行秘书担任主席，出席会议的还有《防治荒漠化公约》的执行秘书和《气候变化框架公约》的执行秘书。", "C. 意见和可供大会采取的行动", "72. 大会通过第65/160号决议召开关于荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题的一次高级别会议，是《公约》进程中一个里程碑。《公约》通过以来第一次，将在最高政治级别处理《公约》的核心问题。这次会议的成果将转达给缔约方会议和联合国可持续发展大会。因此，大会不妨注意到上述成果并支持增加高级别会议关于荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题的明确性。", "73. 此外，大会经常要求加强《公约》的科学基础。科学和技术委员会最近一届会议在这方面取得重大的进展。大会不妨重申支持更加运用科学，以求更深切了解关于荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题。", "74. 要有效执行《公约》，必须对所有执行阶段进行评估和监测。最近各种发展显示出《公约》的一个典型转变，逐渐成为一项追求可衡量结果的文书，它的《战略》为公约所有的利益攸关者提供一个路线图。在这方面，新的考绩和执行情况评估系统预料可以响应这种追求。同样，在国际社会着手进行2012年联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作之际，越来越明显的一种情况是：可持续的土地用途、农业、粮食安全和森林将构成绿色经济的一个基石，借以消除贫穷并促进可持续发展。因此，大会不妨支持《公约》新的报告制度，鼓励进一步制定数量指标，并考虑可否以“土地零净退化率”作为可持续发展的一个指标。", "三. 《生物多样性公约》执行秘书的报告", "A. 导言", "75. 大会在第65/161号决议中邀请《生物多样性公约》执行秘书报告缔约方会议的工作。本报告就是响应这项邀请提出的。", "B. 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议的成果", "76. 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议于2010年10月18日至29日在日本名古屋举行，主题是“和谐生活，及于未来”。会议共有18 000多人出席，缔约各方在这次会议通过了47项决定，包括2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划，其中载有20项远大的目标，称为“爱知生物多样性目标”。在日本的财政支持下，截至本报告提出时间，秘书处共举办了9个区域和次区域讲习班，共有400多人参加，其中包括缔约方和有关组织，目的在修订国家的生物多样性战略和行动计划，并将“爱知目标”纳入国家一级。日本政府还支助其他30多个能力建设项目，以帮助发展中国家落实这个会议的成果。秘书处与日本合作，在联合国各个主要办事处和区域经济委员会总部举办关于“名古屋生物多样性协定”的一系列简报会。", "77. 缔约方会议还通过了《生物多样性公约遗传资源获取以及利用遗传资源所产生惠益公平公正分享问题名古屋议定书》。这项《议定书》已交给秘书长保管，于2010年2月2日在纽约开放签字，截至本报告提出时间，已有40个缔约方签字。这项《议定书》将继续开放签字，直至2012年2月1日。该《议定书》将于第50份批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存日期之后90天生效。现已通过全球环境基金的一个中型项目，由环境署执行，促使《议定书》早日生效。此外，根据日本的倡议，还设立了全球环境基金的一个名古屋议定书信托基金。《名古屋议定书》政府间委员会第一次会议于2011年6月6日至10日在蒙特利尔举行。这次会议选出委员会的主席团，并就信息交换机制的作业方式、能力建设、履约和提高意识，通过了4项决定。政府间委员会第二次会议将于2012年4月9日至13日在印度新德里举行。", "78. 在第十次会议上，缔约方会议承诺“从各方面大量增拨资源，按照既定的基线，平衡兼顾《生物多样性公约》及其2011-2020年战略计划的有效执行。此外，为了在缔约方会议第十一次会议上通过调动资源的目标，缔约各方商定多项具体指标，供监测《公约》调动资源战略的执行情况。缔约各方还同意对全球环境基金第六个充资期间落实生物多样性议程所需资金总额进行全面评估。", "79. 缔约各方承认迫切需要加强能力，以便将《公约》的三个目标纳入灭贫战略和计划成为主流。在这方面，它们设立了一个生物多样性促进灭贫和发展问题专家组。除了来自国际组织的许多观察员之外，缔约各方提名25个专家组成该专家组，该专家组定于2011年12月在台拉登的印度森林研究所举行会议。", "80. 缔约各方进一步促进企业界的参与，鼓励制订国家和区域企业和生物多样性倡议，促成缔约各方与其他政府、企业界和其他利益攸关者之间进行对话的一个论坛，特别注重全球一级。在X/21号决定中，缔约各方还要求《公约》秘书处汇编现有各种工具的有关资料并分析其效率，进一步促使企业界把生物多样性的问题纳入企业的战略和决策。秘书处重新推动一个争取企业界的外联方案，这个方案将导致建立全国性的企业和生物多样性网络；展开企业和生物多样性问题全球纲领网站的第一阶段；并与伙伴组织合作，进行现有各种标准、工具和机制的差距分析。", "81. 缔约方会议深知城市化和生物多样性的地方行动的关键重要性，还赞同一项城市和生物多样性问题行动计划(X/22号决定)，[5] 这项计划是通过生物多样性地方行动全球伙伴关系自2006年以来的若干次会议制订的。出席2010年5月25日和26日在名古屋举行的生物多样性问题城市首脑会议的650名城市、国家和区域代表，包括220名市长，也支持这项计划。2011年1月17日至19日在法国蒙彼利埃举行的(2011-2020)国家以下政府、城市和其他地方管理当局促进生物多样性行动计划执行情况第一次会议讨论了这个计划的执行情况。缔约各方还请秘书处根据《全球生物多样性概况》第三版，为缔约方会议第十一次会议编写关于城市化与生物多样性的关联和机会的一份评估。", "82. 在X/23号决定中，缔约各方还欢迎77国集团和中国与秘书处合作召开的生物多样性促进发展问题南南合作第一论坛所通过的《生物多样性促进发展问题南南合作多年期行动计划》。[6] 为了追踪这项《计划》的进一步发展，于2011年5月18日至20日在大韩民国仁川举行关于这个倡议的第三次专家会议，[7] 这项《计划》将提交定于2012年10 在印度海德拉巴举行的审查《生物多样性公约》执行情况工作组第四次会议和缔约方会议第十一次会议审议和通过。", "83. 在传统知识方面，缔约方会议达到了另一个里程碑，通过Tkarihwaié:ri 《确保尊重土著和地方社区文化和知识传统的道德守则》(X/42号决定)。这项《守则》的目的在促使人们尊重土著和地方社区关于生物多样性的保护和可持续利用的文化和知识传统。", "84. 缔约方会议还提供关于如何进一步促进《公约》的海洋和沿海生物多样性工作方案的执行全面性指南，包括建立一个机制来鉴定环境和生物方面的重要地区，并加速推动国家、区域和全球的努力，以求实现2012年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议关于海洋保护区的目标，并处理不可持续的捕鱼方式、海洋施肥、海洋酸化、水下噪音和其他人类活动对海洋和沿海生物多样性的影响。其中许多种影响涉及大会和联合国其他实体管辖下的工作，包括研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题不限成员名额非正式特设工作组的工作。因此，秘书处正与这些实体密切合作从事其专门性工作，并举行区域讲习班和其他活动，以落实缔约方会议第十次会议所通过的关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的X/29号决定。", "85. 缔约方会议还通过关于生物多样性和气候变化的一项决定(X/33号决定)，其中载有关于以生态系统为基础的适应和减轻影响方法以及拟具咨询意见方法的指南，包括采用生物多样性有关的保障措施，但不预先阻止今后根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》采取任何行动，以便各项行动都符合《生物多样性公约》的目标，避免对生物多样性有不利影响，并增进对生物多样性的各种利益。在这项决定中，缔约方会议还建议一个程序，进一步与《防治荒漠化公约》和《气候变化框架公约》加强增效作用。《生物多样性公约》秘书处正与联合国其他实体密切协作执行这项决定。", "86. 根据日本的倡议，缔约方会议建议大会宣布联合国生物多样性十年。大会通过第65/161号决议，宣布2011-2020为联合国生物多样性十年。还通过十年庆祝战略草案，作为正式标志。大韩民国于2011年5月19日在松原推出这个《十年》。印度作为即将举行的缔约方会议第十一次会议主席，于2011年5月23日在新德里为亚洲及太平洋区域推出这个《十年》。菲律宾总统于2011年5月29日为东南亚国家联盟推出这个《十年》，并发布一项总统令，宣布2011-2020年为菲律宾生物多样性十年。古巴在7月4日为加勒比区域推出这个《十年》。厄瓜多尔于7月13日为南美洲推出这个《十年》。埃塞俄比亚与非洲联盟和非洲经济委员会合作，于7月22日在亚的斯亚贝巴为非洲推出这个《十年》，埃塞俄比亚总统出席了这项活动。日本作为缔约方会议主席，将于2011年12月17日和18日主办一项国际活动，借以推出这个《十年》。", "C. 作为《生物多样性公约卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第五次会议的成果", "87. 作为《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第五次会议于2010年10月11日至15日在日本名古屋举行，有1 600多人参加会议。缔约各方通过了17项决定，包括《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》。这项《补充议定书》载有关于改性活生物体的赔偿责任和补救方面的国际规则和程序。秘书长是这项文书的保管人，这项《补充议定书》于2011年3月7日在纽约开放签字。截至本报告提出时间，《补充议定书》已获得24方签字。议定书将继续开放签字，直至2012年3月6日。《补充议定书》将于第十四份批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存日期后90天生效。", "88. 《议定书》缔约各方还通过了涵盖2011-2020年期间的第一项《生物安全战略计划》及其以后三次会议的工作方案。它们还通过了2011-2015年关于公众意识、教育和参与的工作方案；拟在2012年举行的《议定书》效率第二次评估和审查的方法和指标；以及第二份国家报告的格式。此外，缔约各方欢迎一个专家组拟订的风险评估指南，并延长专家组的任务期限，以便进一步改进这份指南。会议还审议了根据《议定书》设立的履约委员会的一份报告和多项建议。缔约各方还做出关于生物安全信息中心、能力建设、财务机制与资源以及同其他组织、公约和倡议进行合作的决定。", "D. 附属机构的会议", "89. 缔约方会议第十次会议主席团第一次会议于2010年12月19日在日本金泽举行，会上通过关于执行缔约方会议第十次会议各项决定的工作计划。接着举行作为《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第五次会议主席团第一次会议。缔约方会议主席团第二次会议于2011年6月4日在蒙特利尔举行，接着与不限除成员名额的《名古屋议定书》特设政府间委员会主席团举行一次联席会议。", "90. 定于2011年11月7日至11日在蒙特利尔举行的科学和技术咨询附属机构第十五次会议将拟具建议，供2012年缔约方会议第十一次会议审议。除其他问题外，会议将审议：(a) 监测《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》执行情况的工具和指南，包括采用必要指标评估《爱知目标》；(b) 支持生态系统复原活动的方法和途径，在此之前，缔约方会议第十次会议决定在2020年以前恢复和保障各种对健康、生计和福祉提供必要服务并做出贡献的生态系统，并养护和恢复至少15%退化的生态系统，从而有助于减少和适应气候变化并防治荒漠化。附属机构第十五次会议议程上所列的其它问题涉及水、外来入侵物种、可持续用途、全球生物分类倡议的能力建设及北极生物多样性。最后，附属机构将讨论更切实有效执行本身任务的方法和途径，同时考虑到生物多样性和生态系统事务政府间科学政策平台将于附属机构第十五次会议之前一个月举行会议。", "91. 《公约》第8(j)条和有关规定特设不限成员名额闭会期间工作组将于10月31日至11月4日举行第七次会议，以推动缔约方会议第十次会议的各项决定。特别重要的是与《公约》第10(c)条(生物多样性的习惯使用方式)有关工作的一个新增重要组成部分，并继续推动传统知识和有关文化财产的归还；传统知识和可持续习惯使用方式的指标；利益分享、事先知情同意和原产国义务的准则；制止非法盗用传统知识的准则；第10(j)条、包括各项定义的执行准则；以上各点可能帮助和补充《名古屋议定书》的执行。", "E. 国际生物多样性年和联合国其他纪念活动", "92. 大会在第65/203号决议中宣布2010年为国际生物多样性年，请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。秘书长向大会第六十五届会议提出了一份临时报告(A/65/294)。约有191个缔约方庆祝这个国际年，并举办了2 000多项全国性和国际性活动。截至本报告提出时间，有54个缔约方向《公约》秘书处提出了国家报告。有1 751个登记在案的使用者使用这个标志和标语。在2010年内，该年度网址(www.cbd.int/2010)接受952 184次单独的页面访问，在2010年1月11日达到了14 517次页面访问的巅峰。该年度的脸书页面有56 000多个网友。总的来说，该年度的网络接触面很广。在“谷歌”简单搜索“国际生物多样性年”，可取得英文资料800多万页、西班牙文资料350万页、法文资料2万多页、中文资料25万多页，俄文资料5万多页、阿拉伯文资料将近17 000页。有26个国家(阿根廷、白俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大、中国、多米尼加共和国、匈牙利、冰岛、印度、伊拉克、日本、马来西亚、马耳他、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、圣卢西亚、圣多美和普林西比、新加坡、南非、瑞士、叙利亚、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、联合国日内瓦和维也纳办事处及联合国邮政管理局发行了这个国际年的纪念邮票。秘书长委派美国电影制片人和演员埃德·诺顿为联合国生物多样性名誉大使。国际年的正式闭幕式于2010年12月18日至19日在日本金泽举行。其中包括国际生物多样性年与国际森林年衔接的一个仪式。国际生物多样性年还荣获2010年绿色奖，把这个国际年形容为最佳国际绿色运动。", "93. 为了支援国际森林年，2011年5月22日在森林生物多样性的主题下，庆祝生物多样性国际日。47个国家境内325个以上的学校参加了生物多样性的绿色浪潮，这是为儿童和青年举办的一项经常性全球活动，旨在提高生物多样性的意识并教导他人了解生物多样性。2012年这个国际日的主题将为海洋和沿海生物多样性。", "F. 与其他公约的协作", "94. 秘书处继续积极寻求与其他两项《里约公约》的秘书处进行协作，以扩大2010年取得的成就。例如《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议期间在日本名古屋开办《里约公约》生态系统和气候变化展览馆。这项新的合作性外联活动包括三个《里约公约》的秘书处，并得到全球环境基金和其他重要伙伴的支持，其中包括缔约各方、联合国各组织和非政府组织。展览馆提供一个平台，供提高意识并分享关于最新做法和科学研究结果的信息，说明通过三项《里约公约》的实施可以取得的互补性利益。在会议期间，举行了50多次会议，有2 000多人出席，参加展览馆各项活动的主持人和小组成员包括部长、科学家、决策人士和民间社会代表。2011年11月和12月在墨西哥坎昆举行《气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第十六届会议期间，也举办这个展览馆。2011年10月在大韩民国昌原举行《防治荒漠化公约》缔约方会议第十次会议期间以及在南非德班举行《气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第十七届会议期间，也将举办这个展览馆。展览馆的伙伴机构也拟将这些合作活动的势头延长到2012年在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会和定于2012年10月在印度海德拉巴举行的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十一次会议。", "95. 《里约公约》联合联络组第十一次会议于2011年4月11日在波恩举行，由《防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书担任主席。参加会议人士讨论：(a) 该组目前进行和被要求进行的活动；(b) 支持国家规划和报告进程的协调工作；(c) 进行合作，将性别纳入主流；(d) 联合国可持续发展大会期间的联合活动计划，包括《里约公约》展览馆的计划；(e) 合办外联和通信计划。这次会议产生的主要成果包括一项关于正式制定联合联络组的职权范围和工作方式的协议，在2012年为该大会和各项公约20周年纪念指定的一系列高级别合办活动，以及关于适应气候变化、森林和性别的多项新的和修订的出版物。联络组的工作方式草案已在2011年8月2日举行的电视会议上讨论，将提交每项公约所设的有关机构审议。", "96. 秘书处继续积极寻求与生物多样性有关的其他公约进行合作。这些公约秘书处之间有史以来第一次高级别务虚会于2010年9月1日在日内瓦举行。第二次高级别务虚会将于2011年9月4日在日内瓦举行，讨论如何合作执行《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》。生物多样性有关公约联络组第八次会议于2011年4月13日举行，由日内瓦《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》秘书处主办。这次会议讨论下列项目：(a) 日本生物多样性基金各项活动的最新情况和能力建设支持执行名古屋成果；(b) 联络组成员为支持《2010-2020年生物多样性战略计划》而进行的其他活动；(c) 联合国生物多样性十年的筹备活动；(d) 联络组需要更正式、商定的工作方式。《生物多样性公约》秘书处已经拟订一份联络组工作方式草案，分发给联络组其他成员，将于2011年9月的务虚会上通过。", "G. 建议", "97. 大会在第六十六届会议不妨：", "(a) 强调将于2012年10月8日至19日在印度海德拉巴举行的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十一次会议(包括定于2012年10月17日至19日举行的高级别部分)的重要性，因为这次会议提供一个独特的机会，供评估名古屋生物多样性成果的执行工作所获进展；", "(b) 要求联合国各部门、机构、基金、方案和区域委员会酌情全力支持和执行《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》；", "(c) 欢迎日本生物多样性基金的设立，并敦促其他捐助者提供资金，以执行《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议和作为《卡塔赫纳议定书》缔约方会议的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第五次会议所通过的各项决定；", "(d) 欢迎Tkarihwaié:ri 《确保尊重土著和地方社区文化和知识传统的道德守则》的通过；", "(e) 敦促尚未这样做的国家批准或加入《公约》，藉此促成普遍参加；", "(f) 敦促尚未这样做的《公约》缔约各方尽快批准或加入《关于生物多样性的卡塔赫纳议定书》；", "(g) 敦促《公约》缔约各方尽早签署和批准或加入《遗传资源获取以及利用遗传资源所产生惠益公平公正分享问题名古屋议定书》；", "(h) 敦促《卡塔赫纳议定书》缔约各方尽早签署和批准或加入《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》；", "(i) 欢迎在庆祝2010年国际生物多样性年期间在提高意识方面所获进展，并邀请联合国各有关部门、机构、基金和方案以及区域委员会为实现2011-2020联合国生物多样性十年各项目做出贡献。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，及FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1，第1/CMP.6号和第2/CMP.6号决定。", "[3] 见《巴厘行动计划》(FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1，第1(b)㈢段)。", "[4] 截至2011年4月19日，已有48个发展中国家正式宣布本国适当减排行动。见FCCC/AWGLCA/ 2011/INF.1号文件。", "[5] 见http://www.cbd.int/authorities/Gettinginvolved/GlobalPartnership.shtml。", "[6] 该计划可在 http://www.cbd.int/ssc/mypa网站上查阅，或在http://www.cbd.int/doc/? meeting=SCC-FOR-01网站上的论坛报告中查阅。", "[7] 会议的报告可在http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EMSSC-03网站上查阅。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (d), (e) and (f) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: Protection of global climate", "for present and future generations of humankind", "Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat", "Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious", "Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa", "Convention on Biological Diversity", "Implementation of United Nations environmental conventions", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the reports submitted by the secretariats of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa and the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "I. Report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the United Nations Climate Change Conference, Cancun, Mexico, 2010, and its follow-up", "A. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/159, invited the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the work of the Conference of the Parties. The present report is submitted in response to that invitation.", "B. Outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "1. Summary", "2. The United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010, and comprised the following sessions:", "(a) Sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention;", "(b) Sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol;", "(c) Thirty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation;", "(d) Thirty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice;", "(e) Fifteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol;", "(f) Thirteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention.", "3. The Cancun Conference had a high level of participation and was attended by 16 Heads of State and Government, approximately 5,100 government delegates, 5,300 observers and 1,200 media representatives. Prior to the Conference, various sessions of the ad hoc working groups and a number of informal consultations among parties on various elements of the Bali Action Plan helped to lay the foundations for an agreement. During those sessions and consultations, as well as throughout the Conference, the Presidency of the Conference and the Chairs of the ad hoc working groups and the subsidiary bodies made progress through an open, transparent and inclusive process. This allowed for exchanges among parties that would ultimately lead to an agreed outcome in Cancun.", "4. The Cancun Conference was a major step forward that put in place a solid framework for action on climate change. The set of decisions known as the Cancun Agreements,[1] adopted by the Conference of the Parties and the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, addresses the long-term challenges of climate change collectively and comprehensively over time. The decisions envisage concrete action now to speed up the global response and advance the implementation of actions to combat climate change, particularly for the following issues:", "(a) Adaptation. Its priority was affirmed and the Cancun Adaptation Framework was established;", "(b) Technology. A technology mechanism that will support innovation and the development of new technologies and will give priority to the diffusion, deployment and transfer of technologies was created;", "(c) Finance. A new Green Climate Fund was established as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention and a standing committee was established to assist in improving coherence and coordination in the delivery of climate change finance;", "(d) Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD-plus).[2] Guidance and safeguards were provided and a work programme was established.", "5. The Conference of the Parties adopted 12 decisions and the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted 13 decisions. The decisions contained in the Cancun Agreements set the foundation for a far-reaching collective effort to address climate change. The outcome reached at the Cancun conference established the basis for a comprehensive operational architecture of implementation on adaptation, mitigation, finance, technology and capacity-building.", "2. High-level segment", "6. The joint high-level segment of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol was opened by the President, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, and was preceded by a welcoming ceremony attended by the President of Mexico, the Secretary-General and other dignitaries.", "7. The Secretary-General delivered a statement on behalf of the United Nations system, acknowledging that the negotiations would not end in Cancun, but stating that complacency and “business as usual” were not options. He recognized that countries face political and economic constraints, but he emphasized that the longer the world delays action on climate change, the higher the costs will be, economically and environmentally and in human lives. He therefore asked parties for determination, leadership, flexibility and compromise in the negotiations.", "8. During the high-level segment, statements were made by 165 parties, of which 16 were made by Heads of State or Government, 9 by either vice-presidents or deputy prime ministers, 100 by ministers and 40 by representatives of parties.", "3. Outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties", "Cancun Agreements", "9. Based on and following the structure of the Bali Action Plan, the Cancun Agreements provide a comprehensive package of decisions adopted by the international community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to help developing country parties cope with climate change, including through the provision of financial, technological and capacity-building support for both mitigation of and adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change.", "Shared vision, global goal and review", "10. Parties to the Convention recognized that deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required to reach the global goal of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, which is to be reviewed periodically for its adequacy, together with the progress made towards achieving that goal. In the context of the first review, which is to start in 2013 and be concluded by 2015, Parties also recognized the need to consider strengthening the long-term global goal on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge, including in relation to a global average temperature rise of 1.5°C.", "Adaptation", "11. The Cancun Agreements include a number of institutions and processes to address adaptation to climate change. The Cancun Adaptation Framework was established with the objective of enhancing action on adaptation.", "12. In the Cancun Agreements, the Conference of the Parties and the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to take up a newly established work programme to address the loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change. A process was also established through the Agreements to enable least developed country parties to formulate and implement national adaptation plans as a means of identifying medium- and long-term adaptation needs and implementing strategies and programmes to address those needs.", "13. An Adaptation Committee will promote the coherent implementation of enhanced action on adaptation, providing support, guidance and recommendations to parties. The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention has been requested by the Conference of the Parties to elaborate the composition of, and modalities and procedures for, the Adaptation Committee during 2011.", "Mitigation", "14. Under the Cancun Agreements and building on emission reduction targets that had been put forward informally in 2010, all industrialized nations have officially communicated, and have committed themselves to developing, low-carbon development plans or strategies. Additionally, a number of developing country parties have officially communicated their nationally appropriate mitigation actions,[3] which seek a deviation from “business as usual” emissions by 2020, with financial and technological support.", "15. Industrialized nations have committed to improving the reporting on their mitigation targets and to enhancing their provision of support to developing country parties. Additionally, developing country parties may voluntarily report on their mitigation actions. A registry will be set up in order to record information on the following: mitigation actions of developing country parties for which international support is sought; support available from developed country parties for mitigation actions; and support provided for mitigation actions.", "16. The Conference of the Parties established a work programme on REDD-plus, which is to be developed by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and is to include the development of modalities for measuring, reporting and verifying emissions and removals of greenhouse gases related to the forest sector.", "17. The Conference of the Parties requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to elaborate market and non-market mechanisms that would enhance the cost-effectiveness of and promote mitigation actions. The market mechanisms to be elaborated are to maintain and build upon existing mechanisms, including those under the Kyoto Protocol, such as the clean development mechanism and joint implementation.", "18. The Chairs of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation were mandated by the Conference of the Parties to convene a forum on the impact of the implementation of response measures to mitigate climate change. In 2011, the two Subsidiary Bodies are to develop a work programme on response measures.", "Finance, technology and capacity-building", "19. The secretariat was requested to compile information on the resources provided for the fulfilment of the commitment made at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties by developed country parties to provide $30 billion in fast-start finance for developing countries for the period 2010-2012. Furthermore, at the Cancun Conference, developed country parties also made official their commitment to long-term finance, in the order of $100 billion per year by 2020, to address the needs of developing country Parties.", "20. At the Cancun Conference, the Green Climate Fund was established to provide long-term financing to projects, programmes, policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The Fund is being designed by a transitional committee, which will present its recommendations for approval by the Conference of the Parties at its seventeenth session in Durban, South Africa, at the end of 2011.", "21. A technology mechanism was also established at the Cancun Conference and is to be operational in 2012. The mechanism will facilitate international cooperation on technology for both mitigation and adaptation, enabled through increased public and private investments.", "22. The technology mechanism consists of the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network. The Committee will provide an overview of technological needs, analyse policy and technical issues related to the development and transfer of technologies and recommend related actions. The Centre and Network will mobilize the required expertise and resources from the public and private sectors to assist developing country parties, at their request, to establish technology-related policies, programmes and projects in support of action on mitigation and adaptation.", "23. The Conference of the Parties recognized that capacity-building is a cross-cutting issue that is necessary in order to enable developing country parties to enhance their actions for addressing climate change. During 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention is to elaborate modalities on the institutional arrangements for capacity-building under the Convention.", "Other decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties", "24. The Conference of the Parties provided additional guidance to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), calling on it to complete its reforms as soon as possible in order to facilitate the successful completion of its fifth replenishment cycle and requesting it to further simplify its procedures and improve its effectiveness and efficiency.", "25. On other finance matters, the Conference of the Parties decided to conclude its assessment of the status of the implementation of decision 1/CP.12, paragraph 2, on the Special Climate Change Fund, and provided further guidance to GEF for the operation of the Least Developed Countries Fund. The Conference of the Parties will assess progress made in the implementation of its guidance.", "26. At the Cancun Conference, the Least Developed Countries Expert Group had its mandate extended by the Conference of the Parties in order to continue providing technical guidance and advice. The Group is to develop a two-year rolling programme of work for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation. At its twenty-first session, in 2015, the Conference of the Parties will review the progress, need for continuation and terms of reference of the Group.", "27. The Conference of the Parties invited all parties and international organizations to enhance the support provided for in article 6 of the Convention on education, training and public awareness to the national focal points of developing country parties.", "28. The Conference of the Parties requested the secretariat to prepare a compilation and synthesis report containing information from the fifth national communications from parties included in annex I to the Convention (annex I parties). The secretariat has prepared a synthesis report on the information contained in the national communications of 40 annex I parties that had been submitted by 31 March 2011.", "29. The Conference of the Parties also requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to continue consideration of issues relevant to the promotion of access by annex I parties undergoing the process of transition to a market economy to technology, capacity-building and finance, in order to enhance their ability to develop low-emission economies.", "4. Outcomes of the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Cancun Agreements", "30. As part of the Cancun Agreements, the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted a decision in which it agreed that the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for annex I parties under the Kyoto Protocol should complete its work as early as possible and in time to ensure that there is no gap between the first and second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol. Annex I parties were also urged to raise the level of ambition of their mitigation targets.", "31. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol also adopted decisions as part of the Cancun Agreements with regard to the following: the base year for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol; the continued use of emissions trading and project-based mechanisms; measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance removals resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities; the global warming potentials to be used for calculations; and the continued consideration of information on the potential consequences of tools, policies, measures and methodologies.", "32. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol agreed to use the same definitions as in the first commitment period of various key terms in relation to land use, land-use change and forestry. It mandated the secretariat to assess the forest management reference levels of annex I parties. The secretariat has already finalized this technical assessment.", "Other decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "33. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted amendments to the terms and conditions of service to be provided by the interim trustee of the Adaptation Fund and decided to carry out a review of the Adaptation Fund at its seventh session and every three years thereafter.", "34. The secretariat was requested by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to prepare the compilation and synthesis of supplementary information from the fifth national communications of annex I parties, as well as to organize centralized reviews of such national communications.", "35. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol provided further guidance on the clean development mechanism, including general guidance with regard to governance, accreditation, baseline and monitoring methodologies, standardized baselines, registration of project activities, regional and subregional distribution and capacity-building, and the resources for work on the mechanism.", "36. Guidance was also provided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on the implementation of article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol on joint implementation.", "5. Progress on the implementation of the Cancun Agreements", "37. Since the Cancun Conference, parties have continued negotiations on the implementation of the Cancun Agreements. They have worked on a road map and a procedure to make the technology mechanism operational in 2012. Further discussions on technology development and transfer have been in relation to the possible linkage between the technology mechanism and the financial arrangements, and the relationship between the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network.", "38. Parties have also achieved further clarity on the work ahead under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention and the progress that the Cancun Agreements represent. Parties have continued negotiations under the framework of the outcomes of the conferences in Bali, Indonesia, and Cancun, in order to take the decisions adopted at the Cancun Conference to their full implementation, while at the same time addressing those issues that were not resolved during the Conference in Cancun.", "39. Progress has been made by parties under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention in bringing together their views on various aspects of the Adaptation Committee established by the Cancun Agreements (see para. 13 above). In particular, progress has been made with regard to the governance, modalities and procedures, linkages with other institutions and composition of the Adaptation Committee.", "40. Parties have engaged in useful discussions with each other on the issue of mitigation under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. Such discussions have included the type of elements to be contained in biennial reports by developed country parties, where there is broad recognition of the need to build upon the existing reporting and review system. On mitigation by developing country parties, discussions have focused on biennial update reports, a registry for nationally appropriate mitigation actions (see para. 15 above) and international consultation and analysis.", "41. The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention is continuing discussions on REDD-plus and addressing the issue of its financing. In parallel, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice has initiated consideration of views on methodological guidance for activities relating to REDD-plus, as mandated by the Cancun Agreements. Such initial consideration has focused on reference levels and reference emission levels.", "42. Parties have also had discussions on finance focusing on the Standing Committee on Finance. Those discussions addressed various aspects of the Committee, including its functions, composition, membership, participation, key principles and reporting lines.", "43. Furthermore, parties have initiated discussions on the consideration of further commitments for annex I parties under the Kyoto Protocol. The main issues under discussion relate to the need for clarity on the outstanding political questions pertaining to a second commitment period and the rules and concerns regarding continuity of the Kyoto Protocol and comparability of efforts and achievements to date relating to greenhouse gas emission reductions by annex I parties. In reference to common metrics, parties have made progress towards an agreement on key technical issues on new gases, with options clearly identified and ready for a political decision. The Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol is also considering the issue of the potential environmental, economic and social consequences, including spillover effects of tools, policies, measures and methodologies.", "C. Conclusions and recommendations", "44. The General Assembly may wish, inter alia, to:", "(a) Take note of the report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as transmitted by the Secretary-General;", "(b) Note the outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, hosted by the Government of Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010;", "(c) Pledge its support to the continued negotiating processes under the Bali Road Map and encourage progress towards the full and prompt implementation of the Cancun Agreements;", "(d) Invite the Executive Secretary to continue to report to it on the work of the Conference.", "II. Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/160 and the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa", "A. Introduction", "45. In its resolution 65/160, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution. The present report constitutes an update to the Assembly on the principal activities that have been undertaken in implementation of the resolution.", "B. Implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/160", "1. Background", "46. By its resolution 65/160, the General Assembly decided to convene a one-day high-level meeting on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, on 20 September 2011, just before the opening of the general debate of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. It encouraged the holding of the meeting at the highest possible political level with, inter alia, the participation of Heads of State and Government.", "47. The Assembly also decided that:", "(a) The preparations for the meeting would be undertaken under the authority of the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session and that the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, would serve as the focal point for the meeting;", "(b) The high-level meeting would be structured around an opening plenary meeting, followed by an interactive panel in the morning and a second interactive panel in the afternoon, followed by a closing plenary meeting;", "(c) The panels would be co-chaired by one Head of State or Government from the North and one from the South for each panel, to be appointed by the President of the General Assembly, with due regard to geographical balance, in consultation with regional groups.", "48. In addition, in resolution 65/160 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a background paper for the meeting, in consultation with Member States, to be made available no later than June 2011.", "49. The Assembly also expressed concern that one billion inhabitants of drylands are amongst the poorest on the planet and are lagging behind in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. It invited Member States, in particular the donor community and the United Nations system, to address the needs of the inhabitants of the drylands by encouraging appropriate investments to contribute to achieving the internationally agreed goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in those areas.", "50. The Assembly also invited all parties and all involved institutions to engage in and actively support the process of strengthening the scientific basis of the activities on desertification and drought under the Convention, in particular those required to assess the economic impacts of desertification, land degradation and drought, and to measure the impact of the implementation of the Convention and the subsequent enhancement of the technical capabilities of national coordination bodies and national focal points of the Convention.", "2. Preparations for the high-level meeting", "51. Shortly after the adoption of resolution 65/160, the Executive Secretary of the Convention, in his capacity as the focal point for the high-level meeting, started consultations with key stakeholders to initiate preparations for the meeting. In early February 2011, he met with the President of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly to brief him on those preparations, to coordinate organizational efforts during the preparatory process and to discuss the cooperation necessary to ensure its success.", "52. As mandated in resolution 65/160, arrangements were made to assist the Secretary-General by providing inputs to his background document. The Convention secretariat also assisted in the consultations with Member States on the background paper that was to be prepared by the Secretary-General for the high-level meeting.", "53. The Convention secretariat also organized several briefings for parties to the Convention on this matter during the ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, held in Bonn in February 2011. To create further awareness and in order to facilitate a consistent level of participation, the Executive Secretary has pursued his approach of featuring the event in all his encounters with the representatives of various parties. In addition, parties have been notified of the meeting through correspondence sent to all Ministers of Foreign Affairs and to those line ministers who are responsible for the Convention. To create further sufficient publicity and support and ensure that the high-level event is adequately covered by the media, the Convention secretariat has also developed a media strategy to promote the high-level meeting.", "3. Ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology", "54. The ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and the second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology were held in Bonn, Germany, from 16 to 25 February 2011. At the sessions the intersessional work related essentially to impact and performance indicators, as agreed upon at the ninth session of the Conference of the Parties, was reviewed.", "55. The second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology, considered the status of work on methodologies and baselines for the effective use of the subset of impact indicators on strategic objectives 1, 2 and 3 of the 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework to enhance the implementation of the Convention (the Strategy), along with an assessment of the organization of the first Scientific Conference, held in Buenos Aires in 2009; preparations for the second Scientific Conference; the role of science and technology correspondents; and progress made on the implementation of the knowledge-management system. The development and implementation of the impact indicators to measure the three strategic objectives of the Strategy was the key focus of the scientists at this meeting. The GEF Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel was involved in this exercise and the indicators have been opened for public consultation through an e-forum.", "56. However, the scientists also observed that some alignment between the GEF portfolio level indicators and the set of impact indicators of the Convention would improve the reporting obligations of parties. They therefore recommended that the Panel be more closely involved in the process of harmonizing the objectives and methodologies for collecting and reporting on indicators.", "57. Progress was also made in setting up a scientific knowledge-management system. Interest was also expressed at the second special session in establishing a geographically-balanced ad hoc advisory group of experts to support the refinement of the impact indicators and in establishing an institutional partners group. The institutional partners would comprise the organizations that would contribute to the generation and management of the data sets of the impact indicators of desertification, land degradation and drought.", "58. The ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention considered issues relating to preliminary analyses of information contained in the reports of parties, United Nations agencies and intergovernmental organizations, and civil society organizations on implementation of the Convention against performance indicators; best practices in the implementation of the Convention; and improving the procedures for communication of information, as well as the quality and format of reports to be submitted to the Conference of the Parties. Delegates also engaged in an open dialogue with representatives of civil society organizations and in an interactive thematic discussion on the outcome of the reporting process. There was appreciation of the assessment and outcomes of progress related to impact and performance indicators. The Committee recognized the important feature of the online reporting tool that ensures the uploading of information contained in national reports provided by parties and other reporting entities into the portal of the performance review and assessment of implementation system.", "59. As a result, for the first time in the history of the Convention parties were able to quantify the fruits of their labour, thanks to the use of a comprehensive monitoring and reporting process. The financial support of the GEF and other donors, including the European Commission, was crucial in the implementation of the performance review and assessment of implementation system. By the time the ninth session of the Committee opened, more than 50 per cent of affected country parties and almost 30 per cent of developed country parties had submitted their national reports. As of November 2010, 89 per cent of affected countries had submitted their reports. This successful project has become the cornerstone of an indicator-driven monitoring and online reporting of the implementation of the 10‑year strategy of the Convention. This is a paradigm shift for the Convention towards becoming an instrument that pursues measurable results and whose strategy provides a road map for all its stakeholders.", "60. The performance review and assessment of implementation system was well received, and there was considerable discussion of this improvement in the reporting system and in dissemination of the results. Discussions also focused on the development of a knowledge-management system, the compilation of best practices identified through the performance review system reports and the further refinement of the impact indicators, among others. On all agenda items, the second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology and the ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention adopted reports summarizing the ideas, suggestions and proposals of delegates, leaving the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties with a variety of options to pursue and on which to take decisions.", "4. United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification", "61. In pursuance of resolution 64/201, the Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification, mandated by the General Assembly, was launched on 16 August 2010 in Fortaleza, Brazil. The primary objective of the Decade is to raise awareness and stimulate action to improve the protection and management of the world’s drylands, home to one third of the world’s population and facing serious economic and environmental threats.", "62. Regional launches were also organized, including in Nairobi for the African region on 16 August 2010. The launch for the Asian region took place on 12 October 2010 in Seoul with the objective of highlighting the fact that in Asia the threats of desertification, land degradation and drought affect more people and land than in any other region of the world. The North American launch was hosted by Colorado State University on 11 November 2010. The launch ceremony was followed by short seminars addressing land degradation issues in North America and the signing of a letter of intent between the Convention secretariat and the university to work closely on future research into desertification. The European launch was organized on 16 December 2010 in London and focused on exploring the links between drylands and global human security with a special focus on Europe, including the state of its soil degradation. Two observances of the Decade were held this year on the occasion of the regional launches of the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity in Havana and Addis Ababa on 4 and 22 July 2011 respectively.", "5. Observance of the 2011 World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought", "63. The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is observed every year on 17 June all over the world. The aim of the United Nations in designating a day of observance is to sensitize the public and policymakers to the increasing dangers of desertification, land degradation and drought for the international community. The observance events are designed to get everyone to undertake at least one action that year to help minimize the threat that is highlighted. As 2011 is the International Year of Forests, the World Day for 2011 focused specifically on the forests in the drylands areas of the world, guided by the motto “Forests keep drylands working”. On the occasion of the celebration of the World Day, the Secretary-General, the Executive Secretary of the Convention and other senior United Nations officials issued special messages. The main thrust of those messages was that people who live in the arid lands, which account for more than 40 per cent of the world’s land area, are among the world’s poorest and most vulnerable to hunger and frequently depend on land that is degraded and where productivity has shrunk to below subsistence levels. They also pointed out that in the world’s efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals, the challenges facing these “forgotten billion” men, women and children deserve special attention. Flagging the importance of educating the global community about the relevance of forests for drylands, in that dry forests and scrubland provide the backbone of arid ecosystems, the messages also indicated that unsustainable land management and agriculture are a significant cause of the land degradation and desertification that inevitably follow. One key message was a call to reward those who make drylands productive, so that they will prosper and others will seek to emulate their example.", "6. Land Day", "64. Since the last report to the General Assembly, the Convention secretariat has organized two Land Days.", "65. Land Day 3 was organized on 23 October 2010 in the margins of the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18-29 October. Ambassador Koh of Singapore, who served as the Chair of the Preparatory Committee for and the Main Committee of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), delivered a keynote address to the participants. Land Day 3 was attended by government delegates and representatives of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and business and research organizations. The event was a joint initiative of the secretariats of the Convention on Biodiversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and was part of the Rio Conventions ecosystem and climate change pavilion.", "66. Important points that emerged from the discussion included land degradation as a local issue with global consequences; an axiomatic relationship between the two conventions; biodiversity loss, climate change and land degradation as a vicious cycle; the challenges of overcoming a compartmentalized approach to the implementation of the three sister Rio Conventions, whereas there is no separation at the local level; and the need for an integrated approach, when addressing the issues, for high-level political commitment and to facilitate communication and focus on the underlying drivers.", "67. Land Day 4 was organized in Bonn, Germany, on 11 June 2011. The Land Day was designed with four main aims: to examine the climate change adaptation and mitigation scenarios that can be implemented at the national level and where climate financing is required; to demonstrate how long-term food security can be achieved by adapting to climate change and to sustainable land management; to address how long-term cooperative action can be realized through concrete implementation as set forth in the national action programmes of the Convention to Combat Desertification and the national adaptation programmes of action of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, through partnerships at global and national levels; and to involve business and other stakeholders in the exchange over green growth and the green economy. Important points that emerged from the interactive discussions included the case for sustainable land management and the highlighting of the fact that land has an unlimited potential to sequester carbon over time and by a magnitude greater than that of oceans. It also emerged from the discussions that soil quality would be a key priority for climate-resilient growth.", "7. Collaboration with the Global Environment Facility", "68. The Convention secretariat continued to strengthen its partnership with GEF, in particular in the light of the amendment of the GEF Instrument to list the Convention among the treaties for which the Facility plays the role of financial mechanism. The partnership was also strengthened by the decision of the GEF Council to support the enabling activities of the Convention and the new system for transparent allocation of resources.", "69. To further operationalize that reform, the first ever joint retreat of the Convention and GEF secretariats was organized in Bonn, Germany, on 4 January 2011. Co-hosted by the Executive Secretary of the Convention and the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the GEF, the overall objective of the retreat was to jointly discuss and clarify key aspects of the policies and programmes of the fifth replenishment cycle as they relate to supporting the implementation of the Convention by affected country parties. Discussions during the retreat covered, inter alia, GEF reforms and the implications for ongoing Convention activities, and procedures of the system for transparent allocation of resources under the land degradation focal area. During the discussions, priorities that were identified included the need to build on the performance review system and a pilot tracking exercise for all indicators in targeted countries.", "70. The outcome of the retreat was a joint action plan that includes a set of recommendations for strengthening collaboration between the two secretariats in order to advance the implementation by the parties of the Convention and its 10‑year strategy. For each of the recommendations, roles and expectations for the two secretariats were discussed and agreed upon based on the actions and milestones proposed. Recommendations that emerged from the retreat included the need for enhanced advocacy and awareness of the land agenda among key stakeholders and the need for increased investment in sustainable land management globally, including the effective use of GEF resources. The retreat also recommended actions at the policy level to facilitate stronger engagement by GEF in Convention processes, as well as in building synergies with the other Conventions, particularly at the country level, to facilitate planning and programming of resources for sustainable land management.", "8. Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions", "71. The Convention secretariat also pursued close collaboration with the secretariats of the other two Rio Conventions. The eleventh meeting of the Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions was held on 11 April 2011 in Bonn, Germany. The Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification chaired the meeting which discussed (a) current and requested activities undertaken by the Joint Liaison Group, (b) support for the coordination of national planning and reporting processes, (c) cooperation on gender mainstreaming (d) plans for joint events at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, including the Rio Conventions pavilion, and (e) joint outreach and communication initiatives. The main outcomes from the meeting included an agreement to formalize the terms of reference and modus operandi of the Joint Liaison Group, a set of joint high-level activities identified for the Conference and for the 20th anniversary of the Conventions in 2012, and new and revised joint publications on climate change adaptation, forests and gender. In September 2010, the Joint Liaison Group had met to discuss issues of common interest, including synergies. That meeting was chaired by the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity and attended by the Executive Secretaries of the Convention to Combat Desertification and the Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "C. Observations and possible General Assembly actions", "72. The adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/160 convening a high-level meeting on desertification, land degradation and drought constitutes a milestone in the process of the Convention. For the first time since its inception, the core issues of the Convention will be addressed at the highest political level. The outcome of the meeting will be conveyed to the Conference of the Parties and to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The Assembly may therefore wish to take note of the said outcome and pursue its support for raising the profile of issues relating to desertification, land degradation and drought.", "73. Furthermore, the Assembly has frequently called for strengthening the scientific basis of the Convention. The most recent session of the Committee on Science and Technology made important strides in this respect. The Assembly may wish to reiterate its support for more involvement of science to better comprehend issues relating to desertification, land degradation and drought.", "74. The effective implementation of the Convention requires assessment and monitoring of all its phases. Recent developments have featured a paradigm shift for the Convention towards becoming an instrument that pursues measurable results and whose strategy provides the road map for all its stakeholders. In this respect, the new performance review and assessment of implementation system promises to respond to this quest. In the same vein, as the international community engages with preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, it is becoming increasingly clear that sustainable land use, agriculture, food security and forestry will constitute a cornerstone of the green economies for poverty eradication and sustainable development. The Assembly may wish therefore to add its support to the new reporting system of the Convention, encourage the move towards setting quantitative targets and consider the possibility of a “zero net land degradation rate” as a sustainable development target.", "III. Report of the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity", "A. Introduction", "75. In its resolution 65/161, the General Assembly invited the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity to report on the work of the Conference of the Parties. The present report is submitted in response to that invitation.", "B. Outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity", "76. The tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18 to 29 October 2010, on the theme “Life in harmony, into the future”. At the Conference, attended by more than 18,000 participants, the parties adopted 47 decisions including a strategic plan for biodiversity for 2011-2020, comprising 20 ambitious targets known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. At the time of the submission of the present report, the secretariat, with the financial support of Japan, had organized nine regional and subregional workshops with over 400 participants, including representatives of parties and relevant organizations, with a view to revising national biodiversity strategies and action plans and incorporating the Aichi Targets at national level. The Government of Japan is also supporting 30 other capacity-building projects to assist developing countries to implement the outcomes of the conference. In partnership with Japan, the secretariat organized a series of briefings on the Nagoya biodiversity compact at all major United Nations offices and at the headquarters of the regional economic commissions.", "77. The Conference of the Parties also adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefit Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Protocol, which was deposited with the Secretary-General, was opened for signature in New York on 2 February 2010 and had received 40 signatures at the time of submission of the present report. The Protocol will remain open for signature until 1 February 2012. It will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. A GEF medium-sized project, implemented by UNEP, has been adopted to facilitate the early entry into force of the Protocol. In addition, at the initiative of Japan, a GEF trust fund for the Nagoya Protocol has also been established. The first meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee of the Nagoya Protocol was held in Montreal, Canada, from 6 to 10 June 2011. It elected the Bureau and adopted four decisions on modalities of operation of the clearing house mechanism, capacity-building, compliance and awareness-raising. The second meeting of the Committee will be held in New Delhi from 9 to 13 April 2012.", "78. At the tenth meeting, the Conference of the Parties committed to substantially increasing resources from all sources, balanced with the effective implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its strategic plan for the period 2011-2020, against an established baseline. In addition, with a view to adopting targets for resource mobilization at the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, the parties agreed to specific indicators for monitoring the implementation of the strategy for resource mobilization. The parties also agreed to undertake a full assessment of the funds necessary to implement the biodiversity agenda for the sixth replenishment period of GEF.", "79. The parties recognized the urgent need to improve capacity for mainstreaming the three objectives of the Convention into poverty eradication strategies and plans. In this context, they established an expert group on biodiversity for poverty eradication and development. In addition to observers from international organizations, the parties have nominated 25 experts to the group, which is scheduled to meet in December 2011 at the Forestry Research Institute of India in Dehradun.", "80. The parties further advanced the engagement of business, encouraging the establishment of national and regional business and biodiversity initiatives by facilitating a forum for dialogue between parties and other Governments, business and other stakeholders, with a particular focus on the global level. In decision X/21 the parties also asked the secretariat to compile information on, and analyse the effectiveness of, existing tools to further engage businesses in integrating biodiversity concerns into corporate strategies and decision-making. The secretariat has undertaken a renewed programme of outreach to the business community, which will lead to the establishment of national business and biodiversity networks; launched phase 1 of the website of the Global Platform on Business and Biodiversity; and, in conjunction with partner organizations, is undertaking a gap analysis of existing standards, tools and mechanisms.", "81. Aware of the critical importance of urbanization and local action on biodiversity, the Conference of the Parties also endorsed a plan of action on cities and biodiversity (decision X/22), which has been developed through several meetings of the Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity[4] since 2006. The plan was also supported by the 650 representatives of cities, states and regions attending the City Biodiversity Summit in Nagoya on May 25 and 26 2010, including 220 mayors. Implementation of the plan was discussed at the first meeting on the implementation of the Plan of Action on Subnational Governments, Cities and Other Local Authorities for Biodiversity (2011-2020), held in Montpellier, France, from 17 to 19 January 2011. The parties also requested the secretariat of the Convention to prepare an assessment of the links and opportunities between urbanization and biodiversity for the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, based on the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook.", "82. In decision X/23, the Conference of the Parties also welcomed the Multi-Year Plan of Action for South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development, adopted by the first Forum on South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development convened by the Group of 77 and China in partnership with the secretariat.[5] Following up on the further development of the Plan, the third expert meeting on this initiative was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, from 18 to 20 May 2011[6] and the Plan will be submitted for consideration and adoption at the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on the Review of Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to be held in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012.", "83. With respect to traditional knowledge, the Conference of the Parties reached another milestone with the adoption of the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethical Conduct to Ensure Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities (decision X/42). The Code aims to promote respect for the cultural and intellectual heritage of indigenous and local communities that is relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.", "84. The Conference of the Parties also provided comprehensive guidance on how to further enhance the implementation of the programme of work of the Convention on marine and coastal biodiversity, including setting in place a mechanism for the identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas and expediting national, regional and global efforts towards achieving the 2012 target of the World Summit on Sustainable Development for marine protected areas, as well as addressing the impacts on marine and coastal biodiversity of unsustainable fishing, ocean fertilization, ocean acidification, underwater noise and other human activities. Many of these relate to processes under the General Assembly and other United Nations entities, including the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Accordingly, the secretariat is working closely with these entities in undertaking its expert processes and holding regional workshops and other activities in implementing decision X/29 on marine and coastal diversity adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties.", "85. The Conference of the Parties also adopted a decision on biodiversity and climate change (decision X/33), including guidance on ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation and mitigation and on a process for developing advice, including on the application of relevant safeguards for biodiversity, without pre-empting any future decisions taken under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, so that actions are consistent with the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and avoid negative impacts on and enhance benefits for biodiversity. In the decision the Conference of the Parties also proposed a process for further enhancing synergies with the Convention to Combat Desertification and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity is collaborating closely with other United Nations entities in the implementation of this decision.", "86. At the initiative of Japan, the Conference of the Parties recommended that the General Assembly proclaim the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. In adopting its resolution 65/161, the General Assembly proclaimed 2011-2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. A draft strategy for the celebration of the Decade was adopted as well as the official logo. The Republic of Korea launched the Decade in Songwan on 19 May 2011. India, as incoming President of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, launched the Decade for Asia and the Pacific in New Delhi on 23 May 2011. The President of the Philippines launched the Decade for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 29 May 2011 and adopted a presidential decree declaring 2011-2020 a biodiversity decade for the Philippines. On 4 July, Cuba launched the Decade for the Caribbean region and, on 13 July, Ecuador launched the decade for South America. Ethiopia launched the decade for Africa in Addis Ababa on 22 July in collaboration with the African Union and the Economic Commission for Africa. The event was attended by the President of Ethiopia. Japan, as President of the Conference of the Parties, will host an international event to launch the Decade on 17 and 18 December 2011.", "C. Outcome of the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity", "87. The fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was held from 11 to 15 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, bringing together more than 1,600 participants. The parties adopted 17 decisions, including the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Supplementary Protocol provides international rules and procedures in the field of liability and redress relating to living modified organisms. The Secretary-General is the depository for the instrument and the Supplementary Protocol was opened for signature on 7 March 2011 in New York. At the time of submission of the present report, the Supplementary Protocol had received 24 signatures. It will remain open for signature until 6 March 2012. The Supplementary Protocol will enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.", "88. The parties to the Protocol also adopted the first Strategic Plan for the Biosafety Protocol, covering the period from 2011 to 2020, and a programme of work for their next three meetings. They also adopted a programme of work for public awareness, education and participation for 2011 to 2015; a methodology and indicators for the second assessment and review of the effectiveness of the Protocol, which it is planned will be conducted in 2012; and a format for the second national reports. Furthermore, the parties welcomed the guidance on risk assessment developed by a group of experts and extended the mandate of the group to further improve the guidance. It also considered a report and recommendations from the Compliance Committee under the Protocol and adopted decisions to strengthen the role of the Committee. The parties also took decisions with regard to the Biosafety Clearing House, capacity-building, financial mechanism and resources, and cooperation with other organizations, conventions and initiatives.", "D. Meetings of the subsidiary organs", "89. The first meeting of the Bureau of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties was held in Kanazawa, Japan, on 19 December 2010, at which a workplan was adopted for the implementation of the decisions adopted by the Conference at its tenth meeting. It was followed by the first meeting of the Bureau of the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol. The second meeting of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties was held in Montreal on 4 June 2011 and was followed by a joint meeting with the Bureau of the Open-ended Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Committee for the Nagoya Protocol.", "90. The fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice to be held from 7 to 11 November 2011 in Montreal, will develop recommendations for the consideration of the Conference of the Parties at its eleventh meeting in 2012. Among other issues, the meeting will consider: (a) tools and guidance for monitoring implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including the use of indicators needed to assess progress in achieving the Aichi Targets and (b) ways and means to support ecosystem restoration activities following a decision taken at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to restore and safeguard by 2020 ecosystems that provide essential services and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, and to conserve and restore at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems and thus contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. Other issues on the agenda of the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body are related to water, invasive alien species, sustainable use, capacity-building for the Global Taxonomy Initiative and arctic biodiversity. Finally, the Subsidiary Body will discuss ways and means to implement its mandate more efficiently and effectively, bearing in mind that the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services will meet a month prior to the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body.", "91. The seventh meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Intersessional Working Group on Article 8 (j) and Related Provisions of the Convention will be held from 31 October to 4 November to advance the decisions of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Of particular significance is a new major component of work on article 10 (c) of the Convention on customary sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as continuing work on repatriation of traditional knowledge and associated cultural property; indicators for traditional knowledge and customary sustainable use; guidelines for benefit sharing, prior informed consent and obligations of countries of origin; guidelines to stop unlawful appropriation of traditional knowledge; and guidelines for the implementation of article 8 (j) including definitions, all of which may assist and be complementary to the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.", "E. International Year of Biodiversity and other United Nations observances", "92. In its resolution 61/203, in which it proclaimed 2010 the International Year of Biodiversity, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session. The Secretary-General submitted an interim report to the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly (A/65/294). Some 191 parties celebrated the Year and more than 2,000 national and international events took place. At the time of submission of the present report, 54 parties had submitted their national reports to the secretariat of the Convention. The logo and slogan were used by 1,751 registered users. During 2010, the website for the year (www.cbd.int/2010) had 952,184 unique page views, with a peak of 14,517 views on 11 January 2010. The Facebook page for the Year had over 56,000 friends. Overall, the web presence of the Year was extensive. A simple Google search for “International Year of Biodiversity” produced over 8 million pages in English, 3.5 million in Spanish, over 2 million in French, over 250,000 pages in Chinese, over 50,000 pages in Russian and almost 17,000 pages in Arabic. Twenty-six countries (Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna and the United Nations Postal Administration have produced stamps to commemorate the Year. The Secretary-General appointed the American cinematographer and actor Edward Norton as United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for Biodiversity. The official closing of the Year was held in Kanazawa, Japan, on 18 and 19 December 2010, which included a ceremony bridging the International Year of Biodiversity to the International Year of Forests. The International Year of Biodiversity was also honoured by the Green Awards (2010) which characterized it as the best green international campaign.", "93. Supportive of the International Year of Forests, the International Day for Biological Diversity was celebrated on 22 May 2011 under the theme of forest biodiversity. In a significant contribution to this observance, more than 325 schools and groups in 47 countries took part in the Green Wave for biodiversity, an ongoing global initiative for children and youth to raise awareness of and educate others on biodiversity. The theme for the International Day in 2012 will be marine and coastal biodiversity.", "F. Collaboration with other conventions", "94. The secretariat continued to actively pursue collaboration with the secretariats of the other two Rio Conventions in order to build on successes realized in 2010. For example, the Rio Conventions ecosystems and climate change pavilion was convened in Nagoya, Japan, at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. This new collaborative outreach activity involves the secretariats of the three Rio Conventions, with support from GEF and other important partners, including parties to the Convention, the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. The pavilion provides a platform for raising awareness and sharing information about the latest practices and scientific findings on the mutually reinforcing benefits that can be realized through implementation of the three Rio Conventions. With over 50 sessions convened during the Conference and attended by over 2,000 participants, presenters and panel members, those taking part in pavilion activities included ministers, scientists, policymakers and civil society representatives. The pavilion was also convened during the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Cancun, Mexico, in November and December 2011. This year, the pavilion will be convened in October 2011 at the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification in Changwon, Republic of Korea, and at the seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban, South Africa. The pavilion partners will also extend the momentum of these collaborative initiatives to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Brazil in 2012, as well as to the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to be held in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012.", "95. The eleventh meeting of the Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions was convened in Bonn on 11 April 2011, chaired by the Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification. Participants in the meeting discussed: (a) current and requested activities undertaken by the Group; (b) support for the coordination of national planning and reporting processes; (c) cooperation on gender mainstreaming; (d) plans for joint events at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, including the Rio Conventions pavilion; and (e) joint outreach and communication initiatives. The main outcomes from the meeting include an agreement to formalize the terms of reference and modus operandi of the Joint Liaison Group, a set of joint high-level activities identified for the Conference and for the twentieth anniversary of the conventions in 2012, and new and revised joint publications on climate change adaptation, forests and gender. The draft modus operandi of the Group was discussed at the teleconference held on 2 August 2011 and will be submitted for the consideration of the relevant bodies under each of the conventions.", "96. The secretariat continued to actively pursue cooperation with the other conventions related to biodiversity. The first ever high-level retreat for the secretariats of these conventions was held on 1 September 2010 in Geneva. The second high-level retreat will take place on 4 September 2011 in Geneva to discuss collaboration on the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The eighth meeting of the Liaison Group of the Biodiversity-related Conventions was held on 13 April 2011 in Geneva, hosted by the secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The meeting addressed the following items: (a) update on the activities of the Japan Biodiversity Fund and capacity-building support for the implementation of the Nagoya outcomes; (b) other activities being undertaken by members of the Group in support of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020; (c) activities in preparation for the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity; and (d) the need for a more formal, agreed modus operandi for the Group. A draft modus operandi for the Group has been prepared by the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and circulated to other members of the Group, and will be adopted at the retreat in September 2011.", "G. Recommendations", "97. At its sixty-sixth session, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Stress the importance of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to be held in Hyderabad, India, from 8 to 19 October 2012, including its high-level segment scheduled from 17 to 19 October 2012, since this provides a unique opportunity to assess the progress achieved in the implementation of the Nagoya biodiversity outcomes;", "(b) Call on all United Nations departments, agencies, funds, programmes and regional commissions to fully support and implement the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 2020, as appropriate;", "(c) Welcome the establishment of the Japan Biodiversity Fund and call on other donors to finance the implementation of decisions adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and at the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol;", "(d) Welcome the adoption of the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethical Conduct to Ensure Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities;", "(e) Urge States that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Convention and thereby make participation universal;", "(f) Urge parties to the Convention that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety as soon as possible;", "(g) Urge parties to the Convention to sign and ratify or accede to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization at the earliest opportunity;", "(h) Urge Parties to the Cartagena Protocol to sign and ratify or accede to the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety at the earliest opportunity;", "(i) Welcome the progress achieved in raising public awareness during the celebration of the 2010 International Year on Biodiversity and invite all relevant United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes and regional commissions to contribute to achieving the objectives of the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity for 2011-2020.", "[1] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16 and FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1, decisions 1/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.6.", "[2] See the Bali Action Plan (FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, para. 1 (b) (iii)).", "[3] As of 19 April 2011, 48 developing countries had made their nationally appropriate mitigation actions official. See FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1", "[4] See http://www.cbd.int/authorities/Gettinginvolved/GlobalPartnership.shtml.", "[5] The Plan is available from http://www.cbd.int/ssc/mypa/ and the report of the Forum at http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=SSC-FOR-01.", "[6] The report of the meeting is available from http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EMSSC-03." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (d), (e) and (f) of the provisional agenda [1]", "Sustainable development: protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind", "Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa", "Convention on Biological Diversity", "Implementation of United Nations environmental conventions", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the reports of the secretariats of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "I. Report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010 and its follow-up", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/159, the General Assembly invited the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the work of the Conference of the Parties. The present report is submitted in response to that invitation.", "Outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Summary", "2. The United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010, included the following sessions:", "(a) Sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties;", "Sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol;", "(c) Thirty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation;", "(d) Thirty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice;", "(e) Fifteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol;", "(f) Thirteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention.", "3. The Cancún Conference was well attended, with 16 Heads of State and Government, some 5,100 government representatives, 5,300 observers and 1,200 media representatives. The meeting was preceded by a number of ad hoc working groups and several informal consultations among Parties to the Convention to discuss elements of the Bali Action Plan, which helped to lay the groundwork for agreement. During these meetings and consultations, and throughout the session, the Bureau of the Conference and the Chairs of the ad hoc working groups and subsidiary bodies made progress through an open, transparent and inclusive process. This situation enabled Parties to exchange views in Cancún, leading to a consensus outcome.", "The Cancún Conference was a major step forward, with a solid framework for action on climate change. The set of decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, the so-called Cancun Agreements,[2] respond in a collective and comprehensive manner to the long-term challenges of climate change. These decisions envisage specific actions to be taken now to promote a global response and to further implement actions to combat climate change, in particular:", "Adaptation. (a) To establish its priorities and develop the Cancun Adaptation Framework;", "(b) Technology. Establish a technology mechanism to support innovation and research and development of new technologies, and prioritize technology diffusion, use and transfer;", "(c) Finance. To establish a new Green Climate Fund to serve as the operating body of the financial mechanism of the Convention and a standing committee to better link and coordinate the financing of climate change;", "(d) Policy steps and positive incentives on issues related to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of developing countries in conservation, sustainable management of forests and expansion of forest mineral stocks (REDD-plus). [3] Provide guidance and safeguards and develop a programme of work.", "The COP adopted 12 decisions and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted 13 decisions. The decisions contained in the Cancun Agreements laid the foundation for far-reaching collective efforts to address climate change. The outcome of the Cancún Conference provided the basis for the implementation of a comprehensive operational structure for adaptation, mitigation, finance, technology and capacity-building.", "2. High-level segment", "The high-level segment of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol were opened by the President and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Mexico, who also attended a welcoming meeting with the President of Mexico, the Secretary-General and other dignitaries.", "The representative of the Secretary-General, speaking on behalf of the United Nations system, acknowledged that the negotiations would not end in Cancún but claimed that they could not be complacent and “maintain the status quo”. While recognizing that countries faced political and economic constraints, he stressed that the more the world delayed action to address climate change, the greater the economic, environmental and human costs. He therefore called on the parties to show commitment, leadership, flexibility and compromise during the negotiations.", "During the high-level segment, statements were made by 16 Parties, of which 16 were made by Heads of State or Government, 9 by Vice-Presidents or Deputy Prime Ministers, 100 by ministers and 40 by representatives of Parties.", "3. Outcome of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties", "Cancun Agreements", "9. The Cancun Agreements, based on and modelled on the structure of the Bali Action Plan, set out a comprehensive package of decisions adopted by the international community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help developing country Parties to address climate change, including through financial, technical and capacity-building support to mitigate and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change.", "Shared aspirations, global goals and reviews", "The Parties to the Convention recognize that a significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to achieve the global goal of maintaining an increase in global average temperature below 2° C above pre-industrial levels and that its appropriateness and progress towards that goal should be reviewed periodically. In the context of the first review, scheduled to begin in 2013 and be completed by 2015, the parties also recognized the need to consider strengthening the long-term global goal, including an average global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius, based on the best available scientific knowledge.", "Adaptation", "The Cancun Agreements include a number of systems and procedures to address adaptation to climate change. A Cancun Adaptation Framework has been developed with the aim of promoting adaptation action.", "12. In the Cancun Agreements, the COP and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to adopt a newly developed work programme to address loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change. In addition, a process was established through the Agreement to enable LDCs to develop and implement their national adaptation plans, thereby identifying medium- and long-term adaptation options and adopting strategies and programmes to meet those needs.", "The Adaptation Committee will facilitate the coordinated implementation of expanded adaptation actions by providing support, guidance and recommendations to Parties. The COP has requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to develop the composition, modalities and procedures of the Adaptation Committee in 2011.", "Mitigation", "14. In accordance with the Cancun Agreements and on the basis of the emission reduction targets informally proposed in 2010, all industrialized countries have officially announced and committed themselves to a low-carbon development plan or strategy. In addition, a number of developing country Parties have officially announced appropriate national emission reduction actions,[4] seeking to provide financial and technical support to change the status quo emissions by 2020.", "15. Industrialized countries have undertaken to improve their reporting on their emission reduction targets and to intensify their support to developing country Parties. In addition, developing country Parties may report on their emission reduction actions on a voluntary basis. A registry will be established to record emission reduction actions for which developing country Parties seek international support; support for emission reduction actions by developed countries; and support for emission reduction actions.", "The COP developed a work programme on REDD-plus, to be developed by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, including the development of methodologies for measuring, reporting and verifying relevant GHG emissions and removals in the forest sector.", "The COP requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to develop market-based and non-market-based mechanisms to increase the cost-effectiveness of, and facilitate, action on emission reductions. The market-based mechanism to be developed would maintain and expand existing mechanisms, including those under the Kyoto Protocol, such as the clean development mechanism and the joint implementation mechanism.", "The COP has mandated the Chairs of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to convene a forum to discuss response measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change. In 2011, the subsidiary bodies will develop work programmes on response measures.", "Finance, technology and capacity-building", "19. The secretariat has been requested to compile information on resources that have been made available to meet the commitment made by developed countries at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to provide $30 billion in fast-start funding to developing countries for 2010-2012. In addition, at Cancún, developed countries formally committed about $100 billion in long-term funding by 2020 to meet the needs of developing country Parties.", "20. The Cancun Conference established the Green Climate Fund to provide long-term financial support for projects, programmes, policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The Fund is being designed by a transitional committee, which is to present its recommendations to the Conference of the Parties at its tenth session, to be held in Durban, South Africa, by the end of 2011.", "21. The Cancún Conference also established a technology mechanism that will become operational in 2012. This mechanism will promote international technical cooperation for both emission reductions and adaptation through increased public and private investment.", "22. The Technology Mechanism consists of the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network. The committee will provide an overview of technology needs, analyse policy and technical issues related to technology development and transfer and recommend relevant actions. The centres and networks will mobilize the expertise and resources required from the public and private sectors to assist developing country Parties, upon request, in formulating technology-related policies, programmes and projects to support mitigation and adaptation actions.", "23. The COP recognized that capacity-building is a cross-cutting issue that requires capacity-building to enable developing country Parties to scale up action to address climate change. In 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention will develop modalities for institutional arrangements for capacity-building under the Convention.", "Other decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties", "24. The COP provided additional guidance to the GEF, requesting it to complete its reform as expeditiously as possible and to facilitate the successful completion of its fifth replenishment cycle, and also requesting the GEF to continue to simplify its procedures and improve its efficiency and effectiveness.", "On other climate finance issues, the COP decided to conclude the assessment of the status of implementation of the SCCF in decision 1/CP.12, paragraph 2, and to provide further guidance to the GEF on the operation of the LDCF. The Conference of the Parties will assess the implementation of its directives.", "26. At Cancún, the COP extended the mandate of the LEG to continue to provide technical guidance and advice. The group will develop a two-year rolling work programme for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation. At its twenty-first session, in 2015, the Conference of the Parties will review the progress, continuing needs and terms of reference of the expert group.", "27. The Conference of the Parties invited all Parties and international organizations to expand their support to national focal points in developing country Parties in the areas of education, training and public awareness as provided for in Article 6 of the Convention.", "The COP requested the secretariat to prepare a compilation and synthesis report containing information from the fifth national documents submitted by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties). The secretariat has produced a synthesis report containing information on national documents submitted by 40 Annex I Parties as at 31 March 2011.", "The COP also requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to continue its consideration of issues related to facilitating access by Annex I Parties undergoing the process of transition to a market economy to technology, capacity-building and financial resources to enhance their capacity to develop low-emission economies.", "Outcome of the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Cancun Agreements", "30. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted a decision to become part of the Cancun Agreements, in which the Conference of the Parties agreed that the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention should complete its work as early as possible and in a timely manner to ensure that there is no vacancy between the first and second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol. Annex I Parties are also urged to increase their ambition in their emission reduction targets.", "The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol also adopted decisions as part of the Cancun Agreements on: Base year for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol; continuation of emissions trading and project-based mechanisms; measures to reduce emissions and increase uptake through land-use, land-use change and forestry activities; use of global warming potential as a method of calculation; continued consideration of information on the possible consequences of tools, policies, measures and methodologies.", "The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol agreed that key terms related to land use, land-use change and forestry should be defined in the same way as in the first commitment period. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol mandated the secretariat to assess the baseline levels of forest management in Annex I Parties. The Secretariat has completed this technical assessment.", "Other decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, at its sixth session, adopted amendments to the terms and conditions of service of the interim trustee for the Adaptation Fund and decided to review the Adaptation Fund at the seventh session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and every three years thereafter.", "The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol requested the secretariat to prepare a compilation and synthesis report containing additional information on the fifth national documents of Annex I Parties and to organize a centralized review of such national documents.", "35. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, at its sixth session, provided further guidance on the clean development mechanism, including general guidance on governance of project activities, accreditation, baseline and monitoring methodologies, as well as additional loans, standard baselines and registries, regional and subregional allocations and capacity-building, and resources for the work of the mechanism.", "The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, at its sixth session, also provided guidance on the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (on joint implementation).", "5. Progress in the implementation of the Cancun Agreements", "Since Cancún, Parties have continued to discuss the implementation of the Cancun Agreements. They have developed a road map and procedures to operationalize the Technology Mechanism in 2012. Further discussion on R & D and transfer of technology addresses the possible linkages between the Technology Mechanism and the financial arrangements and the relationship between the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network.", "38. Parties have further developed a clear understanding of the future work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention and the progress represented by the Cancun Agreements. The Parties continue to negotiate under the framework of the outcomes of the Bali and Cancún meetings in Indonesia to facilitate the full implementation of the decisions adopted at Cancún, while addressing issues that were not resolved at Cancún.", "39. Parties have made progress under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention, bringing together their views on various aspects of the Adaptation Committee established by the Cancun Agreements (see paragraph 13). In particular, progress has been made on the governance, modalities and procedures of the Adaptation Committee, its linkages with other bodies and its composition.", "Under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention, Parties have useful discussions with each other on emission reductions. These discussions included the type of content that should be included in the biennial reports of developed country Parties, and the need to expand the existing reporting and review system was widely recognized. With regard to emission reductions by developing country Parties, discussions focused on the biennial update report, the national registry for appropriate emission reduction actions (see paragraph 15) and international consultations and analysis.", "The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention has continued its discussions on REDD-plus and on funding for REDD-plus. At the same time, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice has begun to consider views on methodological instructions for REDD-plus-related activities, as provided for in the Cancun Agreements. This initial consideration focused on baseline levels and baseline emission levels.", "42. The Parties also discussed financial issues on several occasions, focusing on the Standing Committee on Finance. These discussions addressed various aspects of the Committee, including its functions, composition, membership, eligibility, key principles and reporting lines.", "In addition, Parties began discussions on the consideration of further commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol. The main issues discussed related to the need to clarify outstanding political issues relating to the second commitment period, as well as the continued entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol and the compatibility of the efforts and achievements of Annex I Parties to date in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. With regard to common metrics, Parties have made progress in agreeing on key technical issues for new gases, identifying options and preparing for political decisions. During its discussions, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol also took into account potential environmental, economic and social consequences, including spillover effects of tools, policies, measures and methodologies.", "C. Conclusions and recommendations", "44. The General Assembly may wish, inter alia:", "(a) Took note of the report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as transmitted by the Secretary-General;", "(b) Take note of the outcome of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, hosted by the Government of Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010;", "(c) Commit to supporting the continuing negotiation process in accordance with the Bali Road Map and encourage further full and expeditious implementation of the Cancun Agreements;", "(d) Requested the Executive Secretary to continue to report to the General Assembly on the work of the Conference of the Parties.", "II. Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/160 and the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa", "Introduction", "45. In its resolution 65/160 of 20 December 2010, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution. The present report updates the General Assembly on the main activities that have been undertaken to implement the above-mentioned resolution.", "B. Implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/160", "Background", "In its resolution 65/160, the General Assembly decided to convene a one-day high-level plenary meeting on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication” on 20 September 2011, prior to the opening of the general debate of its sixty-sixth session. The Assembly encouraged the holding of the meeting at the highest possible political level, with the participation of heads of State or Government, as appropriate.", "47. The General Assembly also decided:", "(a) The preparations for the Conference will be conducted under the chairmanship of the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session and will be facilitated by the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa;", "(b) Arrangements for the high-level meeting would be preceded by an opening plenary meeting, an interactive panel discussion in the morning, a second interactive panel discussion in the afternoon and a closing plenary meeting;", "(c) The panel discussions will be co-chaired by one Head of State or Government from the North and one from the South, who will be designated by the President of the General Assembly in consultation with the regional groups, with due regard to geographical balance.", "48. Furthermore, in its resolution 65/160, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare, in consultation with Member States, a background paper for the high-level meeting, to be submitted by June 2011.", "49. The General Assembly expressed concern that one billion people living in drylands were among the poorest in the world and were lagging behind in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The Assembly invited Member States, in particular the donor community and the United Nations system, to address the needs of the billions of people living in drylands and to encourage appropriate investments to contribute to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in those areas.", "50. The General Assembly also invited Parties and participating agencies to participate in and actively support the strengthening of the scientific basis for desertification and drought-related activities under the Convention, in particular for assessing the economic impact of desertification, land degradation and drought and measuring the impact of its implementation, and, in turn, to support the enhancement of the technical capacity of the national coordinating bodies and national focal points of the Convention.", "2. Preparations for the high-level segment", "51. Shortly after the adoption of resolution 65/160, the Executive Secretary of the Convention, in his capacity as the focal point for the high-level meeting designated by the General Assembly, began consultations with key stakeholders in order to undertake early preparations. In early February 2011, he met with the President of the sixty-fifth session of the United Nations General Assembly to brief him on the ongoing preparatory work of the Executive Secretary, to coordinate organizational issues in the preparatory process and to discuss the cooperation necessary to ensure the success of the meeting.", "52. Arrangements were made to assist the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/160, to include information in his background paper. The Convention secretariat also facilitated consultations with Member States on the background paper prepared by the Secretary-General for the high-level segment.", "53. The Convention secretariat also organized several briefings on this issue for parties to the Convention during the ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, held in Bonn in February 2011. In order to raise further awareness and stabilize attendance, the Executive Secretary has taken steps to describe this activity in a deliberate manner whenever he meets with representatives of the Parties. In addition, letters were sent to all Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Ministers responsible for the Convention, informing the Parties of the outcome of the meeting. In order to provide further information and support and to ensure appropriate media coverage of the high-level event, the Convention secretariat has also developed a media strategy to promote the high-level event.", "3. Ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology", "54. The ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and the second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology were held in Bonn, Germany, from 16 to 25 February 2011. The sessions reviewed intersessional work, mainly on impact and performance indicators agreed at COP 9.", "The Committee on Science and Technology, at its second session, considered the status of work on methods and baselines for the effective use of the set of impact indicators for strategic objectives 1, 2 and 3 of the 10-year strategic plan and framework for the implementation of the Convention (the Strategy) and assessed the organization of the first scientific conference; the preparations for the second scientific conference; the role of science and technology correspondents; and progress in the implementation of the knowledge management system. The main focus of scientists at the meeting was on the development and implementation of impact indicators to measure the three strategic objectives of the Strategy. The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the Global Environment Facility has been involved in this work and the indicators have been made available for public consultation through an electronic forum.", "However, scientists also noted that some degree of coordination between the GEF set of indicators and the Convention set of impact indicators would improve the reporting obligations of Parties. They therefore recommended that the group be more closely involved in the process of harmonizing the objectives and methods of collecting and reporting on indicators.", "57. Progress has also been made in establishing a scientific knowledge management system. The second special session also expressed interest in the establishment of an ad hoc, geographically balanced advisory group of experts to assist in the revision of the impact indicators and the establishment of a group of institutional partners. Institutional partners will include those organizations that contribute to the generation and management of data sets on DLDD impacts.", "58. The ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, based on performance indicators, considers issues related to the analysis of initial information contained in reports on the implementation of the Convention by Parties, United Nations agencies and intergovernmental organizations and civil society organizations; best practices in the implementation of the Convention; and improving procedures for the exchange of information, as well as the quality and modalities of reports to be submitted to the Conference of the Parties. Representatives also held open dialogue and interactive thematic discussions with representatives of civil society organizations on the outcome of the reporting process. Appreciation was expressed for the assessment and results of progress on impact indicators and performance indicators. The Committee recognized that an important feature of the online reporting tool was to ensure that information contained in national reports submitted by Parties and other reporting entities was uploaded to the PAS portal.", "59. As a result, for the first time in its history, the Convention has been able to quantify the results of their efforts through the use of comprehensive monitoring and reporting procedures. Financial support from the Global Environment Facility and other donors, including the European Commission, is critical to the implementation of the performance appraisal and performance assessment system. By the opening of the ninth session of the Commission, more than 50 per cent of affected country Parties and almost 30 per cent of developed country Parties had submitted their national reports. As of November 2010, 89 per cent of affected States had reported. This successful project has become the cornerstone for monitoring and online reporting on the implementation of the 10-year strategy under the Convention based on indicators. This is a paradigm shift for the Convention, which has evolved into an instrument that pursues measurable results, and its Strategy provides a road map for all Convention stakeholders.", "60. The Performance Appraisal and Performance Assessment System was well received, and there was considerable discussion of this improvement in the reporting system and the dissemination of results. The meeting also focused on the development of a knowledge management system, the compilation of best practices identified through reports from the Performance Appraisal and Performance Assessment System, the further refinement of impact indicators, etc. At the second session of the Committee on Science and Technology and the ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, under all agenda items, a number of reports were adopted, containing extracts from the views, recommendations and proposals of representatives, leaving various options to be explored and decided at the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties.", "4. United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification", "61. In accordance with resolution 64/201, the Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification, proclaimed by the General Assembly, was launched in Fortaleza, Brazil, on 16 August 2010. The main objective of the Decade is to raise awareness and stimulate action to improve the protection and management of arid areas inhabited by one third of the world ' s population and facing serious economic and environmental threats.", "62. This activity was also undertaken in various regions, including in Nairobi on 16 August 2010 for the African region. The Asian region launched this exercise in Seoul on 12 October 2010 to highlight the fact that the threat of desertification, land degradation and drought affects more people and land in Asia than in any other region of the world. This activity in North America was launched on 11 November 2010 under the auspices of Colorado State University. Following the ceremony, several short seminars were held to discuss land degradation in North America and a letter of intent was signed between the UNCCD secretariat and the University to work closely together on future desertification studies. The European initiative, launched in London on 16 December 2010, focuses on exploring the relationship between drylands and global human security, with a particular focus on Europe, including soil degradation. Two observances of the Decade were held this year, with regional activities for the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, held in Havana and Addis Ababa on 4 and 22 July 2011.", "Observance of the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought", "63. The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is observed every year on 17 June. The United Nations designated this Day to promote understanding among the public and decision makers of the growing dangers of desertification, land degradation and drought to the international community. The commemorations were designed to prompt everyone to take at least one action in that year to help reduce the heightened threat. Because 2011 is the International Year of Forests, the 2011 World Day devoted particular attention to forests in the world's drylands, following the motto “Forests to preserve the life of drylands”. On the occasion of the World Day, special messages were delivered by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Executive Secretary of the Convention and other senior United Nations officials. The main thrust of these messages is that drylands account for more than 40 per cent of the world ' s total land area, that people living in drylands are among the poorest in the world and are the most vulnerable to hunger, and that the land on which they usually depend has been degraded and their productivity reduced to a level where they are not sufficient for subsistence. It also noted that, as the world strives to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, particular attention should be paid to the challenges faced by this “forgotten 100 million” men, women and children. The message revealed the urgent need to promote a global understanding of the importance of forests to drylands, where dry forests and bushlands are the backbone of dryland ecosystems, and noted that unsustainable land management and agriculture are the main causes of land degradation and the consequent inevitable desertification. There is an important message calling for rewards for those who can produce and thrive in drylands, and for others to try to follow their example.", "Land Day", "64. Since the last report to the General Assembly, the Convention secretariat has organized two Land Days.", "65. The third Land Day was held on 23 October 2010 on the margins of the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (the session was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18 to 29 October). The keynote address was delivered by Ambassador Tommy Koh of Singapore, who chaired the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit). The third Land Day was attended by government representatives, representatives of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and representatives of academic institutions, enterprises and research institutions. The event was co-sponsored by the secretariats of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and is part of the Rio Convention exhibition on ecosystems and climate change.", "66. The main points that emerged from the discussions included: land degradation as a local issue with global implications; the self-evident relationship between the two conventions; the loss of biodiversity, climate change and land degradation as a vicious circle; overcoming the challenges posed by the separate implementation of the three Rio conventions, as it was impossible to separate at the local level; and, for high-level political commitment, the need to adopt an integrated approach in addressing these issues, facilitating the exchange of views and looking at underlying drivers.", "67. The fourth Land Day was held in Bonn, Germany, on 11 June 2011. This Land Day has four objectives: to examine scenarios for adaptation and mitigation of climate change that can be implemented at the national level but that require the provision of climate resources; to describe how long-term food security can be achieved through adaptation to climate change and sustainable land management; to discuss how long-term cooperative action can be achieved through partnerships at the global and national levels, in line with the specific means of implementation set out in the UNCCD NAPs and the UNFCCC national action plans; and to engage the business community and other stakeholders in the exchange of views on green growth and green economy. Key points that emerged from the interactive discussions included the rationale for the use of sustainable land management, making clear that land has a long-term, unrestricted potential to absorb carbon, and that its capacity is greater than that of the ocean. The quality of soils was also raised as an important prerequisite for climate resilience growth.", "Collaboration with the Global Environment Facility", "68. There is an urgent need for the Convention secretariat to strengthen its partnership with the Global Environment Facility, especially in view of the amendment to the GEF Instrument which lists the Convention as one of the treaties for which the Facility serves as a financial mechanism. Partnerships have also been strengthened by the decisions of the GEF Council to support the enabling activities of the Convention and the new system of transparent resource allocation.", "69. To further advance this reform, the Convention secretariat and the GEF secretariat organized the first ever joint retreat in Bonn, Germany, on 4 January 2011. The overall objective of the retreat, which was co-chaired by the Executive Secretary of the Convention and the Managing Director and Chair of the Global Environment Facility, was to discuss and clarify a number of important aspects of the policies and programmes of the fifth replenishment cycle of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in support of the implementation of the Convention in affected country Parties. Discussions at the retreat covered, inter alia, GEF reforms and their implications for the Convention ' s regular activities, as well as procedures for a transparent system of resource allocation under land degradation areas of concern. Priorities identified during the discussions included the need to expand the performance appraisal and performance assessment system and to conduct pilot tracking of indicators in target countries.", "The outcome of the retreat was a joint action plan, which included a set of recommendations for enhanced cooperation between the two secretariats to facilitate the implementation by Parties of the Convention and its 10-year Strategy. Each proposal discusses and agrees on the roles and expectations of the two secretariats in the light of the proposed actions and milestones. The recommendations of the retreat included the need for increased advocacy and awareness of the land agenda among key stakeholders and the need for a comprehensive increase in investment in sustainable land management, including the effective use of GEF resources. The retreat also recommended that action be taken at the policy level to increase the active participation of GEF in the Convention process and to create synergies with other conventions, particularly at the country level, to facilitate the development of plans and programmes for resources required for sustainable land management.", "8. Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions", "The UNCCD secretariat has also sought close collaboration with the secretariats of the other two Rio conventions. The eleventh meeting of the Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions was held in Bonn, Germany, on 11 April 2011. The meeting was chaired by the Executive Secretary of the UNCCD, who discussed: (a) ongoing and requested activities of the Joint Liaison Group; (b) support to the coordination of national planning and reporting processes; (c) cooperation in promoting gender mainstreaming; (d) plans for joint events during the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, including the Rio Conventions exhibition gallery; and (e) joint outreach and communications initiatives. The main outcomes of the meeting included an agreement to formalize the terms of reference and modus operandi of the Joint Liaison Group; a series of high-level joint events designated for 2012 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the Conference and the Convention; and a number of new and revised publications on adaptation to climate change, forests and gender. In September 2010, the Joint Liaison Group met to discuss issues of common interest, including synergies. The meeting was chaired by the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity and attended by the Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification and the Executive Secretary of the Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "C. Observations and possible action by the General Assembly", "72. The adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 65/160 of a high-level meeting on desertification, land degradation and drought was a milestone in the Convention process. For the first time since its adoption, the core issues of the Convention will be addressed at the highest political level. The outcome of the meeting will be conveyed to the Conference of the Parties and to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The General Assembly may therefore wish to take note of the above-mentioned outcome and support the increased clarity of the high-level meeting on DLDD.", "73. In addition, the General Assembly has frequently called for strengthening the scientific base of the Convention. The most recent session of the Committee on Science and Technology has made significant progress in this regard. The General Assembly may wish to reiterate its support for greater use of science in order to gain a deeper understanding of desertification, land degradation and drought issues.", "74. Effective implementation of the Convention requires assessment and monitoring of all stages of implementation. Recent developments have shown a paradigm shift in the Convention towards an instrument that pursues measurable results, and its Strategy provides a road map for all Convention stakeholders. In this regard, the new Performance Appraisal and Performance Assessment System is expected to respond to this quest. Similarly, as the international community embarks on the preparations for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, it is becoming increasingly clear that sustainable land use, agriculture, food security and forests will constitute a cornerstone of a green economy that will eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development. The General Assembly may therefore wish to support the new reporting system of the Convention, encourage the further development of quantitative indicators and consider the possibility of a “zero net land degradation rate” as an indicator of sustainable development.", "Report of the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity", "Introduction", "75. In its resolution 65/161, the General Assembly invited the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity to report on the work of the Conference of the Parties. The present report responds to that invitation.", "B. Outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity", "The tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18 to 29 October 2010, on the theme “Living in harmony and the future”. At the meeting, which was attended by more than 18,000 participants, the parties adopted 47 decisions, including the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which contains 20 ambitious goals, known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. As at the time of the submission of the present report, with the financial support of Japan, the secretariat had conducted nine regional and subregional workshops with more than 400 participants, including Parties and relevant organizations, to revise national biodiversity strategies and action plans and to integrate the Aichi Targets at the national level. His Government also supported more than 30 other capacity-building projects to help developing countries implement the outcome of the Conference. In cooperation with Japan, the secretariat organized a series of briefings on the Nagoya Agreement on Biodiversity at the headquarters of major United Nations offices and regional economic commissions.", "77. The Conference of the Parties also adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Protocol, which was deposited with the Secretary-General and opened for signature in New York on 2 February 2010, had been signed by 40 parties at the time of submission of the present report. The Protocol will remain open for signature until 1 February 2012. The Protocol will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The early entry into force of the Protocol has been facilitated through a medium-sized GEF project implemented by UNEP. In addition, a Trust Fund for the Nagoya Protocol of the Global Environment Facility was established at the initiative of Japan. The first meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Nagoya Protocol was held in Montreal from 6 to 10 June 2011. The meeting elected the Bureau of the Committee and adopted four decisions on modalities for the clearing-house mechanism, capacity-building, compliance and awareness-raising. The second meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee will be held in New Delhi, India, from 9 to 13 April 2012.", "At its tenth meeting, the Conference of the Parties committed itself to “substantial and additional resources from all sources to balance the effective implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its strategic plan for 2011-2020 with established baselines”. In addition, in order to adopt the objective of resource mobilization at the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Parties agreed on a number of specific indicators for monitoring the implementation of the resource mobilization strategy of the Convention. The parties also agreed to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the total funding required to implement the biodiversity agenda during the sixth replenishment of the Global Environment Facility.", "Parties recognized the urgent need to strengthen capacity to mainstream the three objectives of the Convention into poverty eradication strategies and plans. In this regard, they established an expert group on biodiversity for poverty eradication and development. In addition to many observers from international organizations, Parties nominated 25 experts to the expert group, which is scheduled to meet at the Indian Forest Institute in Dehra Dun in December 2011.", "Parties further promote the involvement of the business community, encourage the development of national and regional business and biodiversity initiatives and provide a forum for dialogue between Parties and other Governments, business and other stakeholders, with a particular focus on the global level. In decision X/21, the Parties also requested the Convention secretariat to compile relevant information on and analyse the efficiency of existing tools and to further promote the integration of biodiversity issues into business strategies and decision-making. The secretariat has re-energized an outreach programme for the business community, which will lead to the establishment of national business and biodiversity networks; the launch of the first phase of the Global Platform on Business and Biodiversity website; and a gap analysis of existing standards, tools and mechanisms, in cooperation with partner organizations.", "The Conference of the Parties, aware of the critical importance of local action on urbanization and biodiversity, also endorsed a plan of action on cities and biodiversity (decision X/22),[5] developed through the Global Partnership for Local Action on Biodiversity at several meetings since 2006. The plan was also supported by 650 city, national and regional representatives, including 220 mayors, who attended the City Summit on Biodiversity, held in Nagoya on 25 and 26 May 2010. Implementation of the plan of action for the promotion of biodiversity was discussed at the first meeting of subnational governments, cities and other local authorities (2011-2020), held in Montpellier, France, from 17 to 19 January 2011. Parties also requested the secretariat to prepare an assessment of the linkages and opportunities between urbanization and biodiversity for the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, based on the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Profile.", "82. In decision X/23, the Parties also welcomed the Multi-year Plan of Action for South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development adopted by the First Forum on South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity, convened by the Group of 77 and China in cooperation with the Secretariat. [6] To follow up on the further development of the Plan, the third expert meeting on the Initiative was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, from 18 to 20 May 2011,[7] and the Plan will be submitted for consideration and adoption at the fourth meeting of the Working Group on the Review of the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, to be held in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012.", "83. With regard to traditional knowledge, the Conference of the Parties reached another milestone by adopting the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethics for Ensuring Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities (decision X/42). The purpose of the Code is to promote respect for the cultural and intellectual traditions of indigenous and local communities regarding the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.", "84. The Conference of the Parties also provided comprehensive guidance on how to further enhance the implementation of the Convention ' s programme of work on marine and coastal biological diversity, including the establishment of a mechanism to identify environmentally and biologically significant areas and to accelerate national, regional and global efforts to achieve the 2012 World Summit on Sustainable Development target on marine protected areas and to address the impacts of unsustainable fishing practices, ocean fertilization, ocean acidification, underwater noise and other human activities on marine and coastal biological diversity. Many of these implications relate to work under the jurisdiction of the General Assembly and other United Nations entities, including the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Accordingly, the secretariat is working closely with those entities on their specialized work and is holding regional workshops and other activities to implement decision X/29 on marine and coastal biological diversity adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its tenth meeting.", "85. The Conference of the Parties also adopted a decision on biodiversity and climate change (decision X/33), which contains guidance on ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation and mitigation and the development of advisory methodologies, including the application of biodiversity-related safeguards, without pre-empting any future action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, so that actions are consistent with the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, avoid adverse impacts on and enhance benefits for biodiversity. In this decision, the COP also recommended a process to further enhance synergies with the UNCCD and the UNFCCC. The secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity is working closely with other United Nations entities to implement this decision.", "86. At the initiative of Japan, the Conference of the Parties recommended that the General Assembly proclaim a United Nations decade on biodiversity. By its resolution 65/161, the General Assembly proclaimed 2011-2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. The draft strategy for the celebration of the Decade was also adopted as an official symbol. The Republic of Korea launched the Decade in Matsumoto on 19 May 2011. India, as President of the forthcoming eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, launched the Decade for the Asia-Pacific region in New Delhi on 23 May 2011. The President of the Philippines launched the Decade for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 29 May 2011 and issued a presidential decree declaring the period 2011-2020 the Philippine Decade of Biodiversity. Cuba launched the Decade for the Caribbean region on 4 July. Ecuador launched the Decade for South America on 13 July. In cooperation with the African Union and the Economic Commission for Africa, Ethiopia launched the Decade for Africa in Addis Ababa on 22 July, with the participation of the President of Ethiopia. As President of the Conference of the Parties, Japan will host an international event to launch the Decade on 17 and 18 December 2011.", "C. Outcome of the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety", "87. The fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 11 to 15 October 2010, with over 1,600 participants. The parties adopted 17 decisions, including the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Additional Protocol contains international rules and procedures on liability and redress for living modified organisms. The Additional Protocol was opened for signature in New York on 7 March 2011 by the Secretary-General as depositary of the instrument. By the time of submission of the present report, the Protocol had been signed by 24 parties. The protocol will remain open for signature until 6 March 2012. The Additional Protocol will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the fourteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.", "88. The parties to the Protocol have also adopted a programme of work for the first Strategic Plan for Biosafety covering the period 2011-2020 and its three subsequent meetings. They also adopted a work programme for 2011-2015 on public awareness, education and participation; methods and indicators for the second assessment and review of the effectiveness of the Protocol, to be held in 2012; and the format of the second national report. In addition, the Parties welcomed the risk assessment guidance developed by a group of experts and extended the mandate of the group to further improve the guidance. It also considered a report and recommendations of the Implementation Committee established under the Protocol. Parties also take decisions on biosafety information centres, capacity-building, financial mechanisms and resources and cooperation with other organizations, conventions and initiatives.", "Meetings of subsidiary bodies", "89. The first meeting of the Bureau of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties was held in Kanazawa, Japan, on 19 December 2010, at which it adopted the workplan for the implementation of the decisions of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. This will be followed by the first meeting of the Bureau of the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The second meeting of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties was held in Montreal on 4 June 2011, followed by a joint meeting with the Bureau of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Intergovernmental Committee on the Nagoya Protocol.", "90. The fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, to be held in Montreal from 7 to 11 November 2011, will prepare recommendations for consideration by the Conference of the Parties at its eleventh meeting, in 2012. Among other issues, the meeting will consider: (a) tools and guidance for monitoring the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including the use of necessary indicators to assess the Aichi Targets; and (b) ways and means to support ecosystem restoration activities, following the decision of the Conference of the Parties at its tenth meeting to restore and safeguard, by 2020, ecosystems that provide the necessary services and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, and to conserve and restore at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thus contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. Other issues on the agenda of the fifteenth meeting of the subsidiary bodies relate to water, invasive alien species, sustainable uses, capacity-building for the Global Bioclassification Initiative and Arctic biodiversity. Finally, the Subsidiary Body will discuss ways and means to implement its mandate more effectively and efficiently, taking into account that the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Affairs will meet one month prior to the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body.", "The Ad Hoc Open-ended Intersessional Working Group on Article 8 (j) and Related Provisions of the Convention will hold its seventh meeting from 31 October to 4 November to advance the decisions of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Of particular importance is an additional and important component of work related to article 10 (c) of the Convention (customary use of biological diversity) and the continued promotion of the return of traditional knowledge and related cultural property; indicators of traditional knowledge and sustainable customary use; guidelines on benefit-sharing, prior informed consent and the obligations of countries of origin; guidelines to combat illegal misappropriation of traditional knowledge; guidelines for the implementation of article 10 (j), including definitions; and these points may assist and complement the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.", "E. International Year of Biodiversity and other United Nations observances", "92. In its resolution 65/203, the General Assembly proclaimed 2010 the International Year of Biodiversity and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. An interim report of the Secretary-General was submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/294). Some 191 Parties celebrated the Year and organized more than 2,000 national and international events. At the time of submission of this report, 54 Parties had submitted their national reports to the Convention secretariat. It was used by 1,751 registered users. During 2010, the annual web site (www.cbd.int/2010) received 952,184 separate page views, reaching the peak of 14,517 page views on 11 January 2010. The Facebook page for the year has over 56,000 netizens. Overall, the year saw extensive network access. In a simple Google search for the International Year of Biodiversity, more than 8 million pages in English, 3.5 million pages in Spanish, more than 20,000 pages in French, more than 250,000 pages in Chinese, more than 50,000 pages in Russian and nearly 17,000 pages in Arabic are available. Twenty-six countries (Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna and the United Nations Postal Administration issued stamps to commemorate the Year. The Secretary-General appointed Ed Norton, an American filmmaker and actor, as the Honorary Ambassador for Biodiversity of the United Nations. The formal closing ceremony of the Year was held in Kanazawa, Japan, from 18 to 19 December 2010. This included a ceremony to coincide with the International Year of Forests. The International Year of Biodiversity was also awarded the 2010 Green Prize, describing it as the best international green movement.", "93. In support of the International Year of Forests, the International Day for Biodiversity was celebrated on 22 May 2011 under the theme of forest biological diversity. More than 325 schools in 47 countries participated in the green wave of biodiversity, a regular global event for children and young people to raise awareness and teach others about biodiversity. The theme of the International Day in 2012 will be marine and coastal biodiversity.", "F. Collaboration with other conventions", "94. The secretariat continues to actively seek collaboration with the secretariats of the other two Rio conventions to build on the achievements made in 2010. For example, during the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, an exhibition on ecosystems and climate change of the Rio Convention was held in Nagoya, Japan. This new cooperative outreach includes the secretariats of the three Rio conventions and is supported by GEF and other key partners, including Parties, United Nations organizations and non-governmental organizations. The exhibition gallery provides a platform for raising awareness and sharing information on recent practices and scientific research findings on the complementarities that can be achieved through the implementation of the three Rio conventions. During the session, more than 50 meetings were held, attended by more than 2,000 participants, and the moderators and panellists at the exhibition gallery included ministers, scientists, policymakers and representatives of civil society. The exhibition was also held during the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Cancun, Mexico, in November and December 2011. The exhibition will also be held during the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification, held in Changwon, Republic of Korea, in October 2011, and the seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Durban, South Africa. Partner agencies at the exhibit also intend to extend the momentum of these cooperative activities to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Brazil in 2012, and the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, to be held in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012.", "95. The eleventh meeting of the Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions was held in Bonn on 11 April 2011 under the chairmanship of the Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification. Participants discussed: (a) ongoing and requested activities of the cluster; (b) support to the coordination of national planning and reporting processes; (c) cooperation on gender mainstreaming; (d) plans for joint activities during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, including the Rio Conventions exhibition; and (e) joint outreach and communication programmes. The main outcomes of the meeting included an agreement to formalize the terms of reference and modalities of work of the Joint Liaison Group, a series of high-level joint events designated in 2012 for the twentieth anniversary of the Conference and the conventions, and a number of new and revised publications on adaptation to climate change, forests and gender. The draft modus operandi of the contact group was discussed at a videoconference held on 2 August 2011 and will be submitted for consideration to the relevant bodies established by each convention.", "96. The secretariat continues to actively seek cooperation with other biodiversity-related conventions. The first ever high-level retreat between the secretariats of those conventions was held in Geneva on 1 September 2010. The second high-level retreat will be held in Geneva on 4 September 2011 to discuss how to cooperate in the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The eighth meeting of the Liaison Group of Biodiversity-Related Conventions was held on 13 April 2011 and hosted by the secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora in Geneva. The meeting discussed the following items: (a) an update on the activities of the Japan Biodiversity Fund and capacity-building to support the implementation of the Nagoya outcome; (b) other activities undertaken by members of the liaison group in support of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2010-2020; (c) preparatory activities for the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity; and (d) the need for a more formal and agreed working modalities for the liaison group. The secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity has prepared a draft modus operandi for the contact group, which is circulated to other members of the contact group and will be adopted at the retreat in September 2011.", "G. Recommendations", "97. At its sixty-sixth session, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Emphasized the importance of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, to be held in Hyderabad, India, from 8 to 19 October 2012, including the high-level segment to be held from 17 to 19 October 2012, as it provided a unique opportunity to assess progress in the implementation of the Nagoya biodiversity outcome;", "(b) Call upon United Nations departments, agencies, funds, programmes and regional commissions to fully support and implement, as appropriate, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020;", "(c) Welcomed the establishment of the Japan Biodiversity Fund and urged other donors to provide funding to implement the decisions adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and at the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biological Diversity;", "(d) Welcomed the adoption of the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethics for Ensuring Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities;", "(e) Urge States that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Convention as a means of achieving universal participation;", "(f) Urge parties to the Convention that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Cartagena Protocol on Biological Diversity as soon as possible;", "(g) Urged parties to the Convention to sign and ratify or accede to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization as soon as possible;", "(h) Urge parties to the Cartagena Protocol to sign and ratify or accede to the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety as soon as possible;", "(i) Welcome the progress made in raising awareness in observance of the International Year of Biodiversity, 2010, and invite the relevant United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes and the regional commissions to contribute to the realization of the projects of the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, 2011-2020.", "[1] ^ (*) A/66/150.", "[2] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, and FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1, decisions 1/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.6.", "[3] See Bali Action Plan (FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, para. 1 (b) (iii)).", "[4] As at 19 April 2011, 48 developing countries had officially announced appropriate national emission reduction actions. See document FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1.", "[5] See http://www.cbd.int/authorities/Gettinginvolved/GlobalPartnershipship.shtml.", "[6] The plan is available at http://www.cbd.int/ssc/mypa or in the Forum report at http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=SCC-FOR-01.", "[7] The report of the meeting is available at http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EMSSC-03." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "第三委员会", "第三委员会的工作安排", "秘书处的说明", "项目的分配", "1. 大会分配给第三委员会的议程项目将载于A/C.3/66/1号文件。这些项目的背景资料载于议程的附加说明(见A/66/100和Add.1)。", "工作方案", "2. 编制工作方案草案(见附件)时考虑到了大会议事规则第九十九条(乙)款、大会关于第六十六届会议第三委员会工作方案的第65/539号决定、第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150)、大会关于使其工作和第三委员会的工作合理化的相关决议和决定、以及过去利用会议服务的经验。", "提问时间、互动对话和辩论", "3. 依照委员会惯例，并根据大会第58/316 号决议附件第3(c)和(d)段，每次辩论开始时，先由秘书处行政主管和高级官员介绍报告，紧接着与各部厅负责人、秘书长代表、特别报告员和其他特别机制进行互动辩论，提出问题，这是委员会正式会议进程的一部分。邀请各代表团踊跃参加对话，提出问题和随意评论。“提问”后即进行各议程项目或议程项目组的一般性讨论。", "发言", "4. 关于分配给第三委员会的议程项目的一般性讨论的发言者名单将在2011年9月26日星期一开放供报名。", "5. 依照委员会惯例，在各议程项目或议程项目组一般性讨论期间，单个代表团的发言以7 分钟为限，代表若干代表团的发言以15分钟为限。", "6. 在讨论临时议程项目69“促进和保护人权”时，代表团可就相继讨论的分项(a)和(d)各发言一次。代表团还可就一并审议的分项(b)和(c)分别发言一次(一次是就分项(b)，一次是就分项(c))。", "7. 议程项目67“消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为”和项目68“人民自决的权利”将一并讨论，代表团也可分别发言一次。", "8. 根据大会以往的决定，如果同一天排定两次会议审议相关议程项目，代表团应在当日会议结束时行使答辩权，如果关于该项目的审议提前结束，则在该项目审议结束时行使答辩权。第一次发言以5 分钟为限，如要作第二次发言，以3分钟为限。", "文件清单", "9. 请注意本说明增编(将作为A/C.3/66/L.1/Add.1印发)，其中将载列预计分配给第三委员会的各个议程项目下提交的文件。", "会议设施和会议安排", "10. 除非另有规定，委员会正式会议定于上午10 时至下午1 时和下午3 时至6时举行。大会着重指出，会议准时开始对于有效利用分配给联合国政府间机构的服务至关重要。依照惯例，建议暂不适用委员会议事规则关于宣布开会所需法定人数的第一○八条。", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "11. 大会第58/316号决议附件第4(c)段决定，题为“经济及社会理事会的报告”的项目应作为一个整体在全体会议上审议。其后作出说明，在执行这一决定时，经济及社会理事会报告第一章中涉及分配给各主要委员会的议程项目的相关部分将由有关委员会审议，供大会采取行动(见A/59/250/Add.1)。", "人权理事会的报告", "12. 在题为“审查人权理事会”的大会第65/281号决议中，大会决定继续依照惯例，根据其第65/503 A 号决定，将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会，并另有一项谅解，即理事会主席将以其主席身份，向大会全体会议和第三委员会提出报告，第三委员会将在理事会主席向委员会提出理事会报告时与其进行互动对话。在大会主席办公室和人权理事会主席办公室最后确认之前，第三委员会工作方案草案已经将对题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目64的审议暂定在2011年10月28日上午。", "结束委员会的工作", "13. 考虑到分配给第三委员会的会议次数，第三委员会将11月22日定为结束工作的目标日期。但是第三委员会将努力尽可能提前结束工作。", "附件", "第三委员会工作方案草案", "日期/时间\t议程项目/工作安排^(a) \n 10月3日至7日的一周 \n 10月3日，星期一 \n 上午10时 选举主席团成员 \n 组织事项 \n 项目135 方案规划 \n 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n 项目27 社会发展 \n (a)社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况\n (b)社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题\n (c)国际老年人年的后续行动：第二次老龄问题世界大会 \n 下午1时 项目27的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目27 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月4日，星期二 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目27 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午6时 项目27的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月5日，星期三 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n 项目107 预防犯罪和刑事司法 \n 项目108 国际药物管制 \n 下午1时 项目107和108的发言报名截止 \n下午3时\t项目107和108\t一般性讨论(续) \n 10月6日，星期四 \n上午10时\t项目107和108\t一般性讨论(结束)\n 下午1时 项目107和108的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月10日至14日的一周 \n 10月10日，星期一 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目28 提高妇女地位 (a) 提高妇女地位 \n (b)第四次妇女问题世界会议和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况\n 下午1时 项目28的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目28 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月11日，星期二 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目28 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月12日，星期三 \n 上午10时 项目28 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午1时 项目28的提案提交截止时间 \n下午3时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目65 促进和保护儿童权利 (a) 促进和保护儿童权利 \n (b)儿童问题特别会议成果的后续行动\n 下午6时 项目65的发言报名截止 \n 10月13日，星期四 \n 上午10时 项目65 一般性讨论(续) \n 下午3时 项目65 对提案采取行动 \n 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月14日，星期五 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目65 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午6时 项目65的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月17日至21日的一周 \n 10月17日，星期一 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目66 土著问题 (a) 土著问题 \n (b) 第二个世界土著人民国际十年\n 下午1时 项目66的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目66 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午6时 项目66的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月18日，星期二 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目69 促进和保护人权 \n (a) 人权文书的执行情况 \n 随后是介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n\t项目69\t(d)《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\n 下午1时 项目69(a)和(d)的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目69(d) 一般性讨论(结束) \n下午6时 项目69(a)和(d)的提案提交截止时间\n 10月19日，星期三 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目69 促进和保护人权 (b)人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 \n (c)人权状况及特别报告员和代表的报告\n 下午1时 项目69(b)和(c)的发言报名截止 \n下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话 \n 10月20日，星期四 \n上午10时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续)\n下午3时 对项目27、28、65、107和108的提案采取行动，随后与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续) \n 10月21日，星期五 \n上午10时和下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续) \n 10月24日至28日的一周 \n 10月24日，星期一 \n上午10时和下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续) \n 10月25日，星期二 \n上午10时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(结束)，随后进行一般性讨论(复会)\n下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t一般性讨论(续) \n 10月26日，星期三 \n上午10时和下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t一般性讨论(续) \n 10月27日，星期四 \n上午10时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t一般性讨论(续)\n下午3时 对提案采取行动，随后进行一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 项目69(b)和(c)的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月28日，星期五 \n上午10时 人权理事会主席的介绍性发言，然后是互动对话和一般性讨论：\n 项目64 人权理事会的报告^(b) \n 上午11时 项目64的发言报名截止 \n 下午1时 项目64的提案提交截止时间 \n10月31日至11月4日的一周 \n 10月31日，星期一 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\t项目67\t消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 (a)消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 \n (b)《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\n 项目68 人民自决的权利 \n 下午1时 项目67和68的发言报名截止 \n下午3时\t项目67和68\t一般性讨论(续) \n 11月1日，星期二 \n上午10时\t项目67和68\t一般性讨论(结束)\n 下午1时 项目67和68的提案提交截止时间 \n下午3时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n\t项目62\t联合国难民事务高级专员的报告：与难民、回返者和流离失所者有关的问题以及人道主义问题\n 下午6时 项目62的发言报名截止 \n 11月2日，星期三 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目62 一般性讨论(续和结束) \n 下午6时 项目62的提案提交截止时间 \n 11月3日，星期四 \n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月7日至11日的一周 \n 11月8日，星期二 \n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月10日，星期四 \n 上午10时和下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月14日至18日的一周 \n 11月15日，星期二 \n 上午10时至下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月17日，星期四 \n 下午1时 所有未决提案草案的提交截止时间\n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月21日至25日的一周 \n 11月21日，星期一 \n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月22日，星期二 \n 上午10时 项目121 大会工作的振兴^(c) \n 对未决提案采取行动 \n 下午3时 对未决提案采取行动 \n 结束第三委员会的工作", "^(a) 临时议程项目(A/66/150)。", "^(b) 审议此项目的暂定日期，尚待最后确认。", "^(c) 这个议程项目将分配给第三委员会，仅供审议大会第六十七届会议第三委员会暂定工作方案并就此采取行动。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Third Committee", "Organization of the work of the Third Committee", "Note by the Secretariat", "Allocation of items", "1. The agenda items allocated by the General Assembly to the Third Committee will be issued in document A/C.3/66/1. Background information on those items may be found in the annotations to the agenda (see A/66/100 and Add.1).", "Programme of work", "2. The draft programme of work (see annex) has been prepared bearing in mind paragraph (b) of rule 99 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, Assembly decision 65/539 on the programme of work of the Third Committee for the sixty-sixth session, the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session (A/66/150), relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the Assembly on the rationalization of its work and that of the Third Committee, as well as past experience in the utilization of conference services.", "Question time and interactive dialogues and debates", "3. In accordance with the established practice of the Committee and pursuant to paragraphs 3 (c) and (d) of the annex to General Assembly resolution 58/316, immediately following the introduction of reports by executive heads and senior members of the Secretariat at the beginning of each debate, interactive dialogues and “question time” will be held with heads of departments and offices, representatives of the Secretary-General, special rapporteurs and other special mechanisms as part of the formal proceedings of the Committee. Delegations are invited to participate actively in these dialogues with questions and unscripted comments. The general discussion of each agenda item or cluster of agenda items is to follow the “question time”.", "Statements", "4. The list of speakers for the general discussion on agenda items allocated to the Third Committee will be opened on Monday, 26 September 2011.", "5. In accordance with the established practice of the Committee, statements made during the general discussion under each agenda item or cluster of agenda items will be limited to 7 minutes for individual delegations and to 15 minutes for statements made on behalf of a group of delegations.", "6. Under item 69 of the provisional agenda, “Promotion and protection of human rights”, delegations may make one statement under sub-item (a) and one statement under sub-item (d), which are to be discussed sequentially. Under sub-items (b) and (c), which are to be considered jointly, delegations may make two separate statements (one under sub-item (b) and one under sub-item (c)).", "7. Under items 67, “Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, and 68, “Right of peoples to self-determination”, which are to be discussed jointly, delegations may also make two separate statements.", "8. In accordance with previous decisions of the General Assembly, delegations should exercise their right of reply at the end of the day whenever two meetings have been scheduled for the consideration of the relevant agenda item on that day, or at the conclusion of the consideration of the item, if that is sooner. The first statement should be limited to five minutes and the second, if any, to three minutes.", "List of documents", "9. Attention is drawn to the addendum to the present note (to be issued as A/C.3/66/L.1/Add.1), which will list the documentation submitted under each agenda item expected to be allocated to the Third Committee.", "Conference facilities and meeting arrangements", "10. Unless otherwise specified, official meetings of the Committee will be held from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 to 6 p.m. The General Assembly has stressed that a punctual start of meetings is critical to the efficient utilization of services allocated to the intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations. In accordance with past practice, it is proposed that rule 108 of the Committee’s rules of procedure be waived with respect to the quorum needed to declare a meeting open.", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "11. In paragraph 4 (c) of the annex to General Assembly resolution 58/316, the Assembly decided that the item entitled “Report of the Economic and Social Council” should be considered in its entirety in plenary meeting. Subsequently, it was clarified that, in implementing that decision, the relevant parts of chapter I of the report of the Economic and Social Council that related to agenda items allocated to the Main Committees would be considered by the Committee concerned, for final action by the Assembly (see document A/59/250/Add.1).", "Report of the Human Rights Council", "12. In its resolution 65/281, entitled “Review of the Human Rights Council”, the General Assembly decided to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and to the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A, with the additional understanding that the President of the Council will present the report in her or his capacity as President to the plenary of the Assembly and the Third Committee and that the Third Committee will hold an interactive dialogue with the President of the Council at the time of her or his presentation of the report of the Council to the Third Committee. Pending final confirmation from the Office of the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Human Rights Council, agenda item 64, “Report of the Human Rights Council”, has been tentatively scheduled for consideration in the draft programme of work of the Third Committee during the morning of 28 October 2011.", "Conclusion of the work of the Committee", "13. Bearing in mind the number of meetings allocated to the Third Committee, a target date of 22 November has been set for the conclusion of its work. The Committee will, however, endeavour to conclude its work earlier, if possible.", "Annex", "Draft programme of work of the Third Committee", "Date/time\tItem/programme^(a) \nWeek of 3-7October \nMonday, 3October \n 10 a.m. Election of officers \n Organizational matters Item135Item27\tProgramme planningIntroductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of: Social development (a) Implementation of the outcome ofthe World Summit for Social Developmentand of the twenty-fourth specialsession of the General Assembly (b) Social development, includingquestions relating to the world socialsituation and to youth, ageing,disabled persons and the family \n (c) Follow-up to the International Yearof Older Persons: Second World Assemblyon Ageing\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item27\n3 p.m.\tItem27\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nTuesday, 4October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem27\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 27\nWednesday, 5October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\n\tItem107\tCrime prevention and criminal justice\n\tItem108\tInternational drug control\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on items107 and 1083 p.m.\tItems107\tGeneral discussion (continued) \n and 108 \nThursday, 6October 10 a.m.\tItems107\tGeneral discussion (concluded) \n and 108 \n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 107 and 108\nWeek of 10-14October \nMonday, 10October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem28\tAdvancement of women(a) Advancement of women \n (b) Implementation of the outcome ofthe Fourth World Conference on Womenand of the twenty-third special sessionof the General Assembly\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item28\n3 p.m.\tItem28\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nTuesday, 11October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem28\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nWednesday, 12October \n10 a.m.\tItem28\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 28\n3 p.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem65\tPromotion and protection of the rightsof children (a) Promotion and protection of therights of children \n (b) Follow-up to the outcome of thespecial session on children\n6 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item65\nThursday, 13October \n10 a.m.\tItem65\tGeneral discussion (continued)\n3 p.m.\tItem65\tAction on proposals\n General discussion (continued) \nFriday, 14October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem65\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 65\nWeek of 17-21October \nMonday, 17October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem66\tRights of indigenous peoples(a) Rights of indigenous peoples \n (b) Second International Decade of theWorld’s Indigenous People\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item66\n3 p.m.\tItem66\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 66\nTuesday, 18October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem69\tPromotion and protection of humanrights \n (a) Implementation of human rightsinstruments\n Followed by introductory statements,dialogue with senior Secretariatofficials and general discussion of:\n\tItem69\t(d) Comprehensive implementation of andfollow-up to the Vienna Declaration andProgramme of Action\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers onitems 69 (a) and (d)\n3 p.m.\tItem69(d)\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 69 (a) and (d)\nWednesday, 19October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\tItem69\tPromotion and protection of humanrights (b) Human rights questions, includingalternative approaches for improvingthe effective enjoyment of human rightsand fundamental freedoms \n (c) Human rights situations and reportsof special rapporteurs andrepresentatives\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers onitems 69 (b) and (c)\n3 p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts\nThursday, 20October \n10 a.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (continued)\n3 p.m. Action on proposals under items 27, 28,65, 107 and 108, followed by dialoguewith special rapporteurs, specialrepresentatives and independent experts(continued)\nFriday, 21October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (continued)\nWeek of 24-28October \nMonday, 24October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (continued)\nTuesday, 25October \n10 a.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (concluded), followed bygeneral discussion (resumed)\n3 p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nWednesday, 26October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nThursday, 27October \n10 a.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tGeneral discussion (continued)\n3 p.m. Action on proposals, followed bygeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 69 (b) and (c)\nFriday, 28October 10 a.m.\tItem64\tIntroductory statement by the Presidentof the Human Rights Council followed byan interactive dialogue and generaldiscussion of: \n Report of the Human Rights Council^(b) \n11 a.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item64\n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 64\nWeek of 31October-4 November \nMonday, 31October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\tItem67\tElimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia and relatedintolerance (a) Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n (b) Comprehensive implementation of andfollow-up to the Durban Declaration andProgramme of Action\n\tItem68\tRight of peoples to self-determination\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers onitems 67 and 683 p.m.\tItems67\tGeneral discussion (continued) \n and 68 \nTuesday, 1November \n10 a.m.1 p.m.\tItems67and 68\tGeneral discussion (concluded)Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 67 and 68\n3 p.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\n\tItem62\tReport of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees, questionsrelating to refugees, returnees anddisplaced persons and humanitarianquestions\n6 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item62\nWednesday, 2November \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem62\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 62\nThursday, 3November \n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nWeek of 7-11November \nTuesday, 8November \n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nFriday, 10November \n10 a.m. and 3p.m. Action on proposals\nWeek of 14-18November \nTuesday, 15November \n10 a.m. and 3p.m. Action on proposals\nThursday, 17November \n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of alloutstanding draft proposals\n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nWeek of 21-25November \nMonday, 21November \n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nTuesday, 22November \n10 a.m.\tItem121\tRevitalization of the work of theGeneral Assembly^(c)\n Action on outstanding proposals 3 p.m. Action on outstanding proposals \n Conclusion of the work of the ThirdCommittee", "^(a) Item of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "^(b) Tentative date of consideration of the item, pending final confirmation.", "^(c) The agenda item is to be allocated to the Third Committee for the sole purpose of considering and taking action on the tentative programme of work of the Committee for the sixty-seventh session of the General Assembly." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Third Committee", "Organization of work of the Third Committee", "Note by the Secretariat", "Allocation of items", "1. The agenda items allocated by the General Assembly to the Third Committee will be contained in document A/C.3/66/1. Background information on those items is contained in the annotations to the agenda (see A/66/100 and Add.1).", "Programme of work", "2. The draft programme of work (see annex) has been prepared taking into account rule 99 (b) of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, Assembly decision 65/539 on the programme of work of the Third Committee for the sixty-sixth session, the provisional agenda for the sixty-sixth session (A/66/150), the relevant resolutions and decisions of the Assembly on the rationalization of its work and that of the Third Committee and past experience in the utilization of conference services.", "Question time, interactive dialogue and debate", "3. In accordance with the established practice of the Committee and in accordance with paragraph 3 (c) and (d) of the annex to General Assembly resolution 58/316, the reports are introduced at the beginning of each debate by executive heads and senior officials of the Secretariat, followed by an interactive debate with heads of departments and offices, representatives of the Secretary-General, special rapporteurs and other special mechanisms, in which questions are raised as part of the formal proceedings of the Committee. Delegations are invited to participate actively in the dialogue, to ask questions and to comment at will. The “questions” will be followed by a general discussion of each agenda item or cluster of agenda items.", "Presentations", "4. The list of speakers for the general discussion on agenda items allocated to the Third Committee will open on Monday, 26 September 2011.", "5. In accordance with the established practice of the Committee, statements made by individual delegations during the general discussion under each agenda item or cluster of agenda items are limited to 7 minutes, and statements made on behalf of several delegations to 15 minutes.", "During the discussion on item 69 of the provisional agenda, “Promotion and protection of human rights”, delegations may make one statement under sub-items (a) and (d), respectively, of the sequential discussion. Delegations may also make one statement under sub-items (b) and (c) which are considered jointly (one under sub-item (b) and one under sub-item (c)).", "Agenda items 67, “Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, and 68, “Right of peoples to self-determination”, would be discussed together and delegations could also make one statement.", "8. In accordance with previous decisions of the General Assembly, delegations should exercise their right of reply at the end of the day whenever two meetings have been scheduled for the consideration of the relevant agenda item on the same day or at the end of the consideration of the item, if that is sooner. The first statement should be limited to five minutes and the second, if any, to three minutes.", "List of documents", "9. Attention is drawn to the addendum to the present note (to be issued as A/C.3/66/L.1/Add.1), which will contain documents expected to be submitted under each agenda item allocated to the Third Committee.", "Conference facilities and meeting arrangements", "10. Unless otherwise specified, formal meetings of the Committee will be held from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. The General Assembly stressed that the punctuality of meetings was essential for the effective utilization of the services allocated to the intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations. In accordance with established practice, it is recommended that rule 108 of the rules of procedure of the Committee concerning the quorum required for the opening of meetings be waived.", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "In paragraph 4 (c) of the annex to resolution 58/316, the General Assembly decided that the item entitled “Report of the Economic and Social Council” should be considered in its entirety in plenary meeting. It was subsequently clarified that, in implementing that decision, the relevant parts of chapter I of the report of the Economic and Social Council dealing with agenda items allocated to the Main Committees would be considered by the Committee concerned for action by the General Assembly (see A/59/250/Add.1).", "Report of the Human Rights Council", "In its resolution 65/281, entitled “Review of the Human Rights Council”, the General Assembly decided to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A, on the understanding that the President of the Council would report in his or her capacity as President to the plenary of the Assembly and the Third Committee and that the Third Committee would hold an interactive dialogue with the President of the Council when presenting the report of the Council to the Committee. Pending final confirmation by the Office of the President of the General Assembly and the Office of the President of the Human Rights Council, consideration of agenda item 64 of the draft programme of work of the Third Committee, entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council”, has been tentatively scheduled for the morning of 28 October 2011.", "Conclusion of the work of the Committee", "13. Bearing in mind the number of meetings allocated to the Third Committee, the Third Committee set 22 November as the target date for the conclusion of its work. However, the Third Committee would endeavour to conclude its work as early as possible.", "Annex", "Draft programme of work of the Third Committee", "(c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (e) (c) (e) (c) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)) (e) (e)) (e) (e) (e) (e) (e (b) Closure of the list of speakers for item 64 at 11 a.m. Closed deadline for submission of proposals for item 64 at 1 p.m. Closing of the week of 31 October to 4 November 3 p.m. Introductory statements and dialogue with senior officials of the Secretariat and general discussion on item 67 Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (a) Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance 68 Right of peoples to self-determination at 1 p.m. Closed of the list of speakers for items 67 and 68 at 3 p.m. Closed of the list of speakers for item 64 at 10 a.m. Closed of the week of 31 October to 4 November 3 p.m. Introductory statements and dialogue with senior officials of the Secretariat and general discussion on item 62 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, questions relating to refugees, returnees and displaced persons and humanitarian issues 68 at 6 p.m. Closed of the list of speakers for item 6 p.m. 1 p.m. Closed meeting of the General Assembly 3 p.m.", "^ (a) Item 15 of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "(b) The tentative dates for consideration of this item are subject to final confirmation.", "^ (c) This agenda item will be allocated to the Third Committee for the sole purpose of considering and taking action on its tentative programme of work for the sixty-seventh session of the General Assembly." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨转交2011年8月5日格鲁吉亚外交部就8月战争3周年发表的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目34的正式文件和安全理事会的正式文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "亚历山大·洛马亚(签名)", "2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部就8月战争三周年发表的声明", "2011年8月7日是俄罗斯公开和全面军事侵略格鲁吉亚三周年。遗憾的是，8月战争三年之后，俄罗斯仍在继续其侵略政策，目的是毁掉格鲁吉亚的国家、主权和独立，这一侵略政策同样针对格鲁吉亚国民。", "自从苏联解体和格鲁吉亚恢复独立以来，俄罗斯联邦一直一贯和蓄意打击独立的格鲁吉亚国。俄罗斯联邦在这场打击中运用多种方法，甚至不惜公然违反国际法的根本规范。在过去20年中，俄罗斯联邦在格鲁吉亚不可分割的组成部分阿布哈兹和茨欣瓦利地区进行几波种族清洗浪潮。结果，数以十万计的公民被迫离开他们的居住地。自2000年以来，俄罗斯一直积极利用经济和能源手段来对付格鲁吉亚。俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚产品实施的禁运仍然存在。2008年8月，俄罗斯联邦对格鲁吉亚进行大规模军事侵略，占领了其领土的20%，并承认俄罗斯自身建立的占领政权为“独立国家”。现在，俄罗斯联邦已着手运用新的办法来打击格鲁吉亚——从2010年起，俄罗斯已在格鲁吉亚领土上策划了超过12起恐怖主义行动，幸运的是，其中大多数被格鲁吉亚执法机构挫败了。", "俄罗斯联邦采取此类行动，明确违反了国际法的主要规范和原则及其承担的双边和多边义务，包括安全理事会通过的关于格鲁吉亚的所有决议以及2008年8月12日六点停火协议的所有条款。必须指出，俄罗斯联邦“铲除了”任何在茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的国际存在，从而使这些地区成为有组织犯罪、贩运和侵犯人权的所谓“黑洞”。因此，国际社会今天被剥夺了获得来自被占领土的任何客观信息的机会。", "在8月战争三周年之际，俄罗斯联邦仍然在尝试“购买”所谓的茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的“独立”，在被占领土上对占领部队进行训练、俄罗斯高官进行访问、对这些地区进行迅速的军事化，并在那里修建军事基地。特别令人关切的是在被占领土上部署火箭发射器和炮架。", "俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的侵略政策最近有了一个新的层面，表现在俄罗斯占领部队的代表，特别是，国防部情报总局和和联邦安全局官员在剩余的未被占领的格鲁吉亚领土上组织和资助恐怖活动。这造成了和平居民的伤亡。", "上述情况赤裸裸地暴露了俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的侵略计划，并对整个高加索和黑海地区的和平与稳定构成威胁。显而易见，俄罗斯联邦似乎并没有拒绝对格鲁吉亚发动一场新的全面军事侵略的想法。", "一个令人遗憾的事实是，俄罗斯联邦的侵略政策，使得由于种族清洗而在境内流离失所的数以十万计的人无法返回原籍地。俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚籍的人采取明显的歧视性做法。而且，在被占领土上，甚至拥有俄罗斯国籍的格鲁吉亚族人也被剥夺了权利，包括财产权。种族清洗政策仍在继续，这一次是通过改变被占领地区的历史和地理场址名称以及破坏格鲁吉亚的建筑遗迹或将其重建为俄罗斯风格来继续这一政策。", "尽管俄罗斯采取此类行动，但格鲁吉亚政府仍然选择追求发展、对话和接触的和平政策。格鲁吉亚全面遵守2008年8月12日停火协议的所有义务，遵守国防部和内政部与欧洲联盟监测团签署的谅解备忘录。2010年11月23日，格鲁吉亚总统在欧洲议会发表讲话时，单方面宣布不使用武力来恢复对我们被非法分裂国家的控制，既不对占领军，也不对他们的代理人使用武力。", "格鲁吉亚不遗余力地开展外交努力，以恢复国际组织在被占领土上的存在，并向国际组织提供有关当前的安全和人权状况的客观信息。格鲁吉亚继续建设性地参与日内瓦会谈，并仍然致力于在任何阶段与俄罗斯联邦进行无条件对话，以和平解决现有问题。", "与此同时，格鲁吉亚政府正在积极为茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的居民生活在稳定、和平和发达的格鲁吉亚创造有利条件。为此，格鲁吉亚政府为这些地区制定了战略和行动计划，其目的是要改善我们的阿布哈兹和奥塞梯同胞的经济和社会条件，并结束这些地区的隔离。", "过去三年表明，格鲁吉亚的欧洲一体化和欧洲-大西洋一体化是一个不可逆转的进程，是发展本国的唯一正确途径。与欧洲联盟和北大西洋公约组织的一体化仍然排在格鲁吉亚对外政治优先事项清单的前列，实现这些目标将确保防止再次发生任何类似2008年8月的侵略。", "2008年战争的三年之后，格鲁吉亚仍然处于脆弱的国际环境之中。根本威胁继续来自俄罗斯联邦。尽管如此，格鲁吉亚相信，它所选择执行的正确战略以及注重和平、对话和接触的安全政策将会带来成果，来自俄罗斯的威胁将永远不会成为现实。这很自然得归功于国际社会的支持和文明世界对格鲁吉亚的主权和领土完整以及不容许俄罗斯占领格鲁吉亚领土的坚定立场。", "2011年8月5日，第比利斯" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 34 \nProtracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, security anddevelopment", "Identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 5 August 2011 concerning the third anniversary of the August war (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex issued as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Alexander Lomaia Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia regarding the third anniversary of the August war", "7 August 2011 marks the third anniversary of Russia’s open and full-scale military aggression against Georgia. Unfortunately, three years after the August war, Russia still continues its aggression policy directed towards the destruction of the statehood, sovereignty and independence of Georgia, as well as against Georgian nationals.", "Since the break-up of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Georgia’s independence, the Russian Federation has been engaged in a consistent and deliberate fight against the independent State of Georgia. The Russian Federation employs many methods in this fight and does not even refrain from the flagrant violation of the fundamental norms of international law. During the last 20 years, the Russian Federation has conducted several waves of ethnic cleansing in Georgia’s integral regions of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali. As a result, hundreds of thousands of citizens were forced to leave their places of residence. Since 2000 Russia has actively used its economic and energy levers against Georgia. The embargo Russia imposed on Georgian products is still in place. In August 2008, the Russian Federation carried out large-scale military aggression against Georgia, occupied 20 per cent of its territory and recognized as “independent States” the occupation regimes created by Russia itself. The Russian Federation has now proceeded to new methods in its fight against Georgia — from 2010 onwards, Russia has masterminded over 12 terrorist acts in the territory of Georgia, most of which, fortunately, were thwarted by the Georgian law enforcement agencies.", "By taking such actions, the Russian Federation demonstratively breaches the main norms and principles of international law and its bilateral and multilateral obligations, including all resolutions on Georgia adopted by the Security Council and all provisions of the six-point ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008. It is significant to note that the Russian Federation “got rid” of any international presence in the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia, thus making these regions into so-called “black holes” of organized crime, trafficking and violation of human rights. Hence, the international community is today deprived of any access to objective information from the occupied territories.", "On the third anniversary of the war, the Russian Federation is still proceeding with its attempts to “buy” so-called “independence” of the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia by holding trainings of occupation troops in the occupied territories, carrying out visits of high-ranking Russian officials, conducting rapid militarization of the regions and construction of military bases there. Of particular concern is the deployment of rocket launchers and artillery mounts in the occupied territories.", "Russia’s aggressive policy against Georgia has recently taken on a new dimension, manifesting itself in organizing and funding terrorist acts in the remaining non-occupied territory of Georgia by representatives of the Russian occupation forces, in particular, by officials of the Ministry of Defence Main Intelligence Directorate and the Federal Security Service. This has resulted in casualties among the peaceful population.", "The foregoing lays bare Russia’s aggressive plans regarding Georgia and poses a threat to the peace and stability of the entire Caucasus and Black Sea regions. It is obvious that the Russian Federation does not seem to reject the idea of a new full-scale military aggression against Georgia.", "It is a regrettable fact that the Russian Federation’s aggressive policy makes it impossible for hundreds of thousands of people internally displaced as a result of ethnic cleansing to return to their places of origin. Russia adopts a clearly discriminatory approach to people of Georgian origin. Moreover, even ethnic Georgians holding Russian citizenship are denied their rights, including property rights, in the occupied territories. The policy of ethnic cleansing is still continuing, this time by changing the names of historical and geographical sites in the occupied areas, destroying Georgian architectural monuments or reshaping them in the Russian style.", "Despite such actions of Russia, the Georgian Government has elected to pursue a peaceful policy oriented towards development, dialogue and engagement. Georgia fully complies with all obligations under the ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008 and adheres to the memorandums of understanding signed by the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Internal Affairs with the European Union Monitoring Mission. In his address to the European Parliament on 23 November 2010, the President of Georgia made a unilateral declaration not to use force in order to restore control over our illegally divided country, neither against the occupation forces, nor against their proxies.", "Georgia spares no diplomatic effort to achieve the restoration of the presence of international organizations in the occupied territories and to provide objective information to international organizations concerning the current security and human rights situation. Georgia continues constructive engagement in the Geneva talks and remains committed to holding an unconditional dialogue with the Russian Federation at any stage for the peaceful resolution of the existing problems.", "In parallel, the Government of Georgia is motivated to create favourable conditions for the residents of the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia to live in a stable, peaceful and developed Georgia. For this purpose, the Georgian Government worked out a strategy and a plan of action for these regions, which are oriented towards improving the economic and social conditions for our Abkhazian and Ossetian compatriots and ending the isolation of these regions.", "The past three years have shown that Georgia’s European and Euro-Atlantic integration is an irreversible process and the only right way to develop the country. Integration with the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization remains at the top of the list of Georgia’s foreign political priorities, the fulfilment of which will ensure against the recurrence of any aggression similar to that of August 2008.", "Three years after the 2008 war, Georgia still remains in a vulnerable international environment. Fundamental threats continue to emanate from the Russian Federation. In spite of this, Georgia is convinced that the correct strategy it has chosen to pursue and a security policy focused on peace, dialogue and engagement will yield results and the threats proceeding from Russia will never materialize. A tribute for this, quite naturally, goes to the international community’s support and the civilized world’s firm position on Georgia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as the inadmissibility of Russia’s occupation of the territories of Georgia.", "Tbilisi, 5 August 2011" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 34", "Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "Identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on 5 August 2011 on the third anniversary of the August war (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "(Signed) Alexander Lomaya Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Permanent Representative", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on the third anniversary of the August war", "7 August 2011 marks the third anniversary of Russia ' s open and total military aggression against Georgia. Unfortunately, three years after the August war, Russia continues its policy of aggression aimed at destroying Georgia ' s State, sovereignty and independence, a policy of aggression that is also directed against Georgian nationals.", "Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of the independence of Georgia, the Russian Federation has consistently and deliberately attacked the independent State of Georgia. The Russian Federation had used many methods in that attack, even in flagrant violation of fundamental norms of international law. Over the past 20 years, the Russian Federation has carried out several waves of ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region, an integral part of Georgia. As a result, hundreds of thousands of citizens were forced to leave their places of residence. Since 2000, Russia has been actively using economic and energy means to deal with Georgia. The Russian embargo on Georgian products remains in place. In August 2008, the Russian Federation carried out a large-scale military aggression against Georgia, occupying 20 per cent of its territory and recognizing the occupation regime established by Russia itself as an “independent State”. The Russian Federation has now embarked on a new approach to combating Georgia — since 2010, Russia has planned more than 12 terrorist acts on the territory of Georgia, most of which, fortunately, have been thwarted by Georgian law enforcement agencies.", "Such action by the Russian Federation clearly violates the main norms and principles of international law and its bilateral and multilateral obligations, including all the resolutions adopted by the Security Council on Georgia and all the provisions of the six-point ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008. It is important to note that the Russian Federation “exploited” any international presence in the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia, thus making them so-called “black holes” in organized crime, trafficking and human rights violations. Thus, the international community is today denied access to any objective information from the occupied territories.", "On the third anniversary of the August war, the Russian Federation is still trying to “purchase” the so-called “independence” of the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia, to train the occupying forces in the occupied territories, to visit high-ranking Russian officials, to rapidly militarize those areas and to build military bases there. Of particular concern is the deployment of rocket launchers and cannons in the occupied territories.", "The Russian policy of aggression against Georgia has recently taken on a new dimension, manifested in the organization and financing of terrorist activities by representatives of the Russian occupation forces, in particular the General Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of Defence and officials of the Federal Security Service in the remaining unoccupied territories of Georgia. This has resulted in casualties among peaceful inhabitants.", "The above-mentioned situation blatantly exposes Russia ' s plans of aggression against Georgia and poses a threat to peace and stability throughout the Caucasus and the Black Sea region. Clearly, the Russian Federation does not seem to reject the idea of a new and comprehensive military aggression against Georgia.", "It is a regrettable fact that the aggressive policy of the Russian Federation has prevented the return of hundreds of thousands of people internally displaced as a result of ethnic cleansing. Russia has clearly applied discriminatory practices against persons of Georgian origin. Moreover, even ethnic Georgians of Russian nationality were deprived of their rights, including property rights, in the occupied territories. The policy of ethnic cleansing continues, this time by changing the names of historical and geographical sites in the occupied areas and by destroying or reconstructing Georgia ' s architectural monuments into Russian style.", "Despite such Russian action, the Georgian Government has opted for a peaceful policy of development, dialogue and engagement. Georgia fully complies with all its obligations under the ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008 and with the memorandum of understanding signed between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the European Union Monitoring Mission. In his address to the European Parliament on 23 November 2010, the President of Georgia unilaterally declared the non-use of force to restore control over our illegally divided State, neither against the occupying forces nor against their agents.", "Georgia spares no effort in its diplomatic efforts to restore the presence of international organizations in the occupied territories and to provide them with objective information on the current security and human rights situation. Georgia continues to participate constructively in the Geneva talks and remains committed to an unconditional dialogue with the Russian Federation at any stage in order to resolve the existing problems peacefully.", "At the same time, the Government of Georgia is actively working to create favourable conditions for the population of the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia to live in a stable, peaceful and developed Georgia. To that end, the Government of Georgia has developed strategies and action plans for those areas, the aim of which is to improve the economic and social conditions of our Abkhaz and Ossetian compatriots and to end the isolation of those areas.", "The past three years have shown that Georgia ' s European integration and Euro-Atlantic integration is an irreversible process and the only right way to develop its country. Integration with the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization remains at the top of the list of Georgia ' s foreign political priorities, the achievement of which will ensure the prevention of any recurrence of aggression similar to that of August 2008.", "Three years after the 2008 war, Georgia remains in a fragile international environment. The fundamental threat continues to come from the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, Georgia is confident that the right strategy it has chosen to implement, as well as a security policy that focuses on peace, dialogue and engagement, will bear fruit and that threats from Russia will never become a reality. This is of course due to the support of the international community and the firm position of the civilized world on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia and the inadmissibility of Russian occupation of Georgian territory.", "Tbilisi, 5 August 2011" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目107", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "2011年8月8日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "如你所知，2011年6月25日和26日，伊朗伊斯兰共和国在德黑兰召开全球反恐国际会议。来自全球60个国家的国家元首、政府首脑、高级官员和知名专家以及相关国际和区域组织的代表参加了这次会议。德黑兰会议的目的是就全球反恐问题交换看法，为在国家和国际各级打击恐怖主义找到切实可行的方法并进一步调动政治意愿和加强国际能力。", "德黑兰会议再次有力显示了伊朗在这方面的严肃立场，那就是迫切需要采取国际行动，消除包括国家恐怖主义在内的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义所构成的威胁，而不论恐怖行为由谁和对谁犯下。", "谨随信转递全球反恐国际会议主席的结论(见附件)。请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目107下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "大使", "埃沙格·哈比卜(签名)", "2011年8月8日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "全球反恐国际会议主席的结论", "2011年6月25日和26日，德黑兰", "1. 在伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府倡议下，全球反恐国际会议于2011年6月25日和26日在德黑兰举行。来自邻国阿富汗、伊拉克和巴基斯坦和来自苏丹共和国、塔吉克斯坦和毛里塔尼亚的国家元首和政府首脑、古巴副总统和来自60个国家的部长和其他高级代表、联合国代表(反恐执行工作队代理主管)、伊斯兰会议组织和其他区域组织的代表以及来自世界各地的一批杰出学者、研究人员及和平活动家出席了这次会议。", "2. 与会者对伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府建设性和及时地倡议举办这次全球反恐国际会议深表赞赏，并祝贺伊朗伊斯兰共和国成功组织这次大型活动。与会者强调了这种聚会对于为在国家和国际各级打击恐怖主义进一步调动政治意愿和加强国际能力至关重要。", "3. 与会者重申，他们毫不含糊地谴责包括国家恐怖主义和经济恐怖主义在内的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义行为，而不论恐怖行为由谁和对谁犯下。会上强调指出，长期以来，国家恐怖主义通过非法使用或威胁使用武力、侵略和占领，对世界各地许多国家的和平与稳定构成了真正的威胁。", "4. 会上确认，恐怖主义是一个全球性挑战，消除恐怖主义需要在联合国主持下采取全球核定的方针，并需要国际社会所有负责任成员的参与，同时还需要利用区域和国际主管组织的所有潜力，以促进反恐合作和协调。", "5. 会上强调了以综合全面方式审议恐怖主义所有层面问题的极端重要性。在此背景下，会上强调了处理恐怖主义历史性和持续存在的深层根源问题的重要性，其中包括外国侵略和占领、贫困和歧视以及一些国家的干涉政策。", "6. 与会者强调，正如伊朗最高领袖重申的那样，需要对恐怖主义提出一个协商一致的定义，这一定义不能妨碍或以任何方式影响公认的国际人道主义法规则和原则。会上强调指出，殖民统治或外国占领下的人民为争取他们不可剥夺的自决权利而进行的合法斗争，不应被贴上恐怖主义的标签。", "7. 会上强调了以一种透明、基于法治和非歧视方式打击恐怖主义的重要性。会上强调指出，应依照《联合国宪章》和包括国际人权法和人道主义法在内的国际法采取和执行反恐措施。与会者驳斥了在对待恐怖主义和恐怖团体方面的选择性或双重标准做法，并警告说这种做法可能会危害全球反恐中的国际信任与合作。", "8. 会上强调联合国、尤其是大会在建立国际共识和促进反恐合作和协调方面具有独特作用。在此情况下，会上强调在制订国际反恐规范的进程中，必须采取协商一致的做法。会上还强调了《联合国全球反恐战略》的重要地位，并强调指出该战略必须均衡执行，而且还必须对其作进一步审查，以期加强这一战略。", "9. 与会者强调必须在所有国家之间扩大反恐所有方面的双边、区域和国际合作与互动。与会者提请注意所有国家都有责任采取必要措施，将恐怖分子绳之以法，并请所有国家为此加强合作。", "10. 与会者强调指出，所有神圣宗教都毫不含糊地谴责恐怖主义和不分青红皂白暴力伤害无辜民众的行为，并高度重视人类生命和尊严以及国家之间的和平共处。与会者驳斥了任何把恐怖主义与某一特定文化、宗教或国籍挂钩或归因于其的恶意企图，对某些圈子企图把不容忍、极端主义、恐怖主义和暴力行为与宗教、特别是与伊斯兰教相挂钩的企图表示关切，并谴责对神圣价值观和宗教圣所的一切冒犯或挑衅行为。", "11. 与会者对包括国家恐怖主义在内的恐怖主义的受害者表示同情。与会者对以反恐名义过度和(或)不成比例动用军事力量的做法深表关切，指出这种做法夺走了越来越多无辜平民的生命，并强调解决这些受害者困境的重要性。与会者称赞这次会议关于纪念恐怖主义行为受害者的倡议。", "12. 与会者欢迎伊朗伊斯兰共和国提出倡议为这此会议建立一个常设总部，以采取后续行动进一步调动国际和区域政治意愿并在推动反恐合作和协调过程中保持势头。在这方面，与会者欢迎伊拉克共和国提出在伊拉克举行下届会议，会议日期将在适当的时候宣布。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 107 \nMeasures to eliminate internationalterrorism", "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "As you are aware the Islamic Republic of Iran organized a conference in Tehran, the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism, on 25 and 26 June 2011. At that conference a number of Heads of State and Government, high-level officials and prominent experts from 60 countries as well as representatives of relevant international and regional organizations participated. The purpose of the Tehran Conference was to exchange views on the global fight against terrorism and find practical ways to further mobilize political will and strengthen international capacities in countering terrorism at national and international levels.", "The Tehran Conference is yet another firm indication of the seriousness of Iran’s stance with regard to the urgency of international action in the elimination of the threats posed by terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including State terrorism, by whomever and against whomever it may be committed.", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the Chairman’s Conclusion of the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism (see annex). It would be highly appreciated if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 107, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Eshagh Al Habib", "Ambassador", "Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Chairman’s Conclusion International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism", "Tehran, 25 and 26 June 2011", "1. At the initiative of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism was held on 25 and 26 June 2011 in Tehran. Heads of State and Government from the neighbouring countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan, as well as from the Republic of the Sudan, Tajikistan and Mauritania, the Vice-President of Cuba and Ministers and other high-level delegates from 60 States, representatives of the United Nations (Officer in Charge of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and other regional organizations as well as distinguished scholars and researchers and peace activists from all around the world participated in the Conference.", "2. The participants expressed their deep appreciation to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran for its constructive and timely initiative in organizing the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism, and congratulated the Islamic Republic of Iran on the successful organization of the event. The participants stressed the high importance of such gatherings in further mobilizing political will and strengthening international capacities in countering terrorism at national and international levels.", "3. The participants reiterated their unequivocal condemnation of all acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including State terrorism and economic terrorism wherever, against whomever and by whomever it may be committed. It was underlined that State terrorism has long posed a real threat to the peace and stability of many nations across the globe through unlawful use or threat of force, aggression and occupation.", "4. It was acknowledged that terrorism is a global challenge the elimination of which requires a globally approved approach under the United Nations auspices and through participation of all responsible members of the international community. It also requires the use of all potentials of the competent regional and international organizations in order to promote cooperation and coordination in countering terrorism.", "5. The vital importance of considering terrorism in a holistic and comprehensive manner and in all its aspects was underscored. In this context, the importance of addressing the historical and continuing underlying root causes of terrorism, including foreign aggression and occupation, poverty and discrimination as well as interventionist policies by some States was highlighted.", "6. The participants underlined, as also reiterated by Iran’s Supreme Leader, the need for providing a consensual definition of terrorism without prejudicing or affecting, in any manner, the recognized rules and principles of international humanitarian law. It was emphasized that legitimate struggles of peoples under colonial rule or foreign occupation for their inalienable right to self-determination should not be labelled as terrorism.", "7. The importance of countering terrorism in a transparent, rule of law-based, and non-discriminatory manner was emphasized. It was underlined that counter-terrorism measures shall be adopted and carried out in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law, including international human rights and humanitarian law. The participants rejected selective or double-standard approaches in dealing with terrorism and terrorist groups and warned that such approaches could undermine international trust and cooperation in countering terrorism globally.", "8. The distinctive role of the United Nations, especially the General Assembly, in building international consensus and promoting cooperation and coordination against terrorism was highlighted. In this context, the imperative of following the consensual approach in the international counter-terrorism norm-making processes was underlined. Also the important status of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the need for its balanced implementation as well as its further reviews with a view to its strengthening was emphasized.", "9. The participants underlined the need to extend cooperation and interaction among all States in countering terrorism, in all its aspects, at bilateral, regional and international levels. The participants recalled the responsibility of all States in taking necessary measures to bring terrorists to justice, and requested all States to strengthen cooperation to this end.", "10. The participants highlighted the unequivocal denunciation by all divine religions of acts of terrorism and indiscriminate violence against innocent people and the high importance these religions attach to human life and dignity as well as peaceful coexistence among nations. The participants rejected any vicious attempt to associate or attribute terrorism to a particular culture, religion or nationality and expressed their concern over certain circles’ attempts to associate intolerance, extremism, terrorism and violence with religions, particularly Islam, and condemned any offensive or provocative act against divine values and religious sanctities.", "11. The participants expressed their sympathy with victims of terrorism, including State terrorism. The participants expressed their deep concern over excessive and/or disproportionate use of military force in the name of countering terrorism, which has claimed the lives of an increasing number of innocent civilians, and stressed the importance of addressing the plight of these victims. The participants applauded the initiative of the Conference to commemorate the victims of acts of terrorism.", "12. The participants welcomed the Islamic Republic of Iran’s initiative to establish a standing headquarters for the Conference as a follow-up to further mobilize international and regional political will and preserve the momentum in promoting cooperation and coordination in countering terrorism. In this context, the participants welcomed the offer made by the Republic of Iraq to hold the next Conference in Iraq at a date to be announced in due course." ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 107", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "As you are aware, the Islamic Republic of Iran convened the International Conference on Global Counter-Terrorism in Tehran on 25 and 26 June 2011. The meeting was attended by Heads of State and Government, senior officials and eminent experts from 60 countries around the globe, as well as representatives of relevant international and regional organizations. The purpose of the Tehran meeting was to exchange views on global counter-terrorism issues, to find practical ways to combat terrorism at the national and international levels and to further mobilize political will and strengthen international capabilities.", "The Tehran Conference has once again strongly demonstrated Iran's serious position in this regard, namely, the urgent need for international action to address the threat posed by terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including State terrorism, regardless of by and against whom terrorist acts are committed.", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the conclusions of the Chair of the International Conference on Global Counter-Terrorism (see annex). I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 107, and of the Security Council.", "Annex", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Eshagh Habib Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Permanent Representative", "Conclusions of the Chairperson of the International Conference on Global Counter-Terrorism", "Tehran, 25 and 26 June 2011", "1. At the initiative of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the International Conference on Global Counter-Terrorism was held in Tehran on 25 and 26 June 2011. The meeting was attended by Heads of State and Government from neighbouring countries, Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan, and from the Republic of the Sudan, Tajikistan and Mauritania, the Vice-President of Cuba and ministers and other high-level representatives from 60 countries, representatives of the United Nations (the Officer-in-Charge of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force), representatives of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and other regional organizations, as well as a group of distinguished scholars, researchers and peace activists from around the world.", "2. The participants expressed their deep appreciation to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran for its constructive and timely initiative to organize the International Conference on Global Counter-Terrorism and congratulated the Islamic Republic of Iran on the successful organization of the event. Participants stressed the importance of such gatherings in mobilizing further political will and strengthening international capabilities to combat terrorism at the national and international levels.", "The participants reiterated their unequivocal condemnation of all acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including State terrorism and economic terrorism, regardless of by and against whom such acts are committed. It was stressed that State terrorism had long posed a real threat to peace and stability in many countries around the world through the illegal use or threat of use of force, aggression and occupation.", "It was recognized that terrorism was a global challenge and that its elimination required a globally approved approach under the auspices of the United Nations and the involvement of all responsible members of the international community, as well as the use of all potential of competent regional and international organizations to promote cooperation and coordination in combating terrorism.", "5. The vital importance of considering terrorism in all its dimensions in a comprehensive manner was stressed. In that context, the importance of addressing the historical and continuing root causes of terrorism, including foreign aggression and occupation, poverty and discrimination, as well as the interventionist policies of some States, was stressed.", "6. The participants emphasized the need for a consensus definition of terrorism, as reiterated by the Supreme Leader of Iran, which should not impede or in any way affect the universally recognized rules and principles of international humanitarian law. It was stressed that the legitimate struggle of peoples under colonial domination or foreign occupation for their inalienable right to self-determination should not be labelled as terrorism.", "The importance of combating terrorism in a transparent, rule of law-based and non-discriminatory manner was stressed. It was stressed that counter-terrorism measures should be taken and implemented in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law, including international human rights and humanitarian law. Participants rejected selectivity or double standards in the treatment of terrorism and terrorist groups and warned that such practices could jeopardize international trust and cooperation in the global fight against terrorism.", "The unique role of the United Nations, in particular the General Assembly, in building international consensus and promoting cooperation and coordination in countering terrorism was emphasized. In that context, the importance of a consensual approach in the process of developing international counter-terrorism norms was stressed. The importance of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy was also stressed, as was the need for its balanced implementation and further review with a view to strengthening it.", "9. Participants emphasized the importance of broadening bilateral, regional and international cooperation and interaction among all States in all aspects of counter-terrorism. Participants drew attention to the responsibility of all States to take the necessary measures to bring terrorists to justice, and invited all States to strengthen their cooperation to that end.", "10. The participants stressed that all divine religions unequivocally condemned terrorism and indiscriminate violence against innocent people and attached great importance to human life and dignity and peaceful coexistence among nations. The participants rejected any malicious attempts to link or attribute terrorism to a particular culture, religion or nationality, expressed concern at attempts by certain circles to link intolerance, extremism, terrorism and violence to religion, in particular Islam, and condemned all acts of aggression or provocation against sacred values and religious shrines.", "11. Participants expressed sympathy with the victims of terrorism, including State terrorism. Participants expressed deep concern about the excessive and/or disproportionate use of military force in the name of counter-terrorism, noting that it claimed the lives of increasing numbers of innocent civilians, and stressed the importance of addressing the plight of those victims. Participants commended the Conference for its initiative to honour the victims of terrorist acts.", "12. The participants welcomed the initiative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to establish a permanent headquarters for the Conference to follow up on the further mobilization of international and regional political will and to maintain momentum in promoting cooperation and coordination in counter-terrorism. In this regard, the participants welcomed the offer of the Republic of Iraq to hold its next session in Iraq, the date of which would be announced in due course." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目48", "协助地雷行动", "协助地雷行动", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告涵盖2009年8月至2011年7月期间，是根据大会第64/84号决议提交的，大会在该决议中请秘书长就该决议的执行情况以及关于协助扫雷和协助地雷行动的历项决议的后续行动，包括联合国的相关政策和活动，向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。", "2. 报告强调地雷行动对联合国工作五大领域的影响，这些领域是和平与安全、人道主义事务、经济发展、人权和国际法；介绍联合国地雷行动小组(包括联合国12个部门、机构、基金和方案，¹ 以及观察员实体，即法律事务厅、联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)、世界银行和红十字国际委员会)把地雷行动纳入所有五个领域的工作。报告一开始说明为促进有关地雷行动的国际法律文书的普遍化和实施作出的最新努力，介绍关键事态发展，包括通过《2010−2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》，以支持大力执行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》(《禁雷公约》)；《集束弹药公约》于2010年8月1日生效；2010年11月9日至12日《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议在万象召开。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "¹ 12个实体是：维持和平行动部联合国地雷行动处、裁军事务厅、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国人道主义事务协调厅、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)。", "3. 报告突出强调了把地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平行动及人道主义和发展方案规划的努力，概述了所制订的协调和快速反应机制，用以消除地雷和战争遗留爆炸物，包括陈旧和退化的弹药储存和简易爆炸装置的威胁。此外，报告指出，地雷行动是以联合国内部及联合国、会员国和包括非政府组织和个人在内的民间社会之间的有效伙伴关系为基础。", "4. 报告还概述了自秘书长上一次报告(A/64/287)以来在执行2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略确定的四个战略目标方面取得的成就。报告认识到地雷行动的背景不断变化，概述了一系列建议，包括联合国地雷行动伙伴在弹药储存管理领域加强合作，消除简易爆炸装置及非法小武器和轻武器广为流通造成的更大威胁。", "二. 有关地雷行动的国际文书的最新情况", "5. 联合国继续协助会员国制订和实施旨在保护平民免受地雷和战争遗留爆炸物祸害的国际文书。至目前为止，《禁雷公约》自1997年开放供签署后，有156个国家批准或加入了该公约。86个缔约国已完成了销毁储存的义务，共销毁4 500多万枚储存的杀伤人员地雷。在2009年和2010年，阿尔巴尼亚、希腊、尼加拉瓜、卢旺达、突尼斯和赞比亚宣布完成了扫雷义务。10个缔约国无法在10年期限内扫除和销毁杀伤人员地雷，要求延长期限。", "6. 《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》缔约国第二次审议大会于2009年11月30日至12月4日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳召开。名为“卡塔赫纳无雷世界峰会”的该次会议审查了进展情况，侧重讨论缔约国和其他伙伴在全面遵守公约方面面临的余下挑战。会议通过了《卡塔赫纳宣言》(“共同致力于一个无地雷的世界”)和《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》，为未来几年公约的实施和普遍化提供指导和框架。", "7. 《禁雷公约》缔约国第十次会议于2010年11月29日至12月3日在日内瓦举行，会议审查了2011年闭会期间工作方案，成立了一个新的资源、合作和援助常设委员会。会议还认可了第二次审议大会设立的特别工作队的报告，该工作队负责评价日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心执行支助股的工作。会议采纳了一些变动，以提高该股在缔约国直接指导下的独立性和业绩。缔约国还欢迎关于第二次审议大会以来公约状况和运作的日内瓦进展报告。", "8. 自《集束弹药公约》于2008年12月开放供签署以来，有109个国家签署或加入了该公约，其中38个国家曾使用、制造、出口或储存集束弹药。2010年2月16日第三十份批准书交存后，该公约于2010年8月1日生效。截至2011年7月8日，59个国家批准、接受或加入了公约。", "9. 9个缔约国(奥地利、比利时、厄瓜多尔、匈牙利、黑山、挪威、葡萄牙、摩尔多瓦共和国和西班牙)和两个签署国(哥伦比亚和捷克共和国)销毁了其储存的集束弹药。2010年，两个签署国(阿富汗和安哥拉)报告，作为更广泛的武器处置方案的一部分，它们的集束弹药储存已销毁。拥有此种武器储存的所有缔约国都表示，它们已经开始实际销毁或正在销毁过程中；10个国家已制定国家立法，以落实公约。", "10. 2010年11月9日至12日，在万象举行了《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议。阿尔巴尼亚担任《禁雷公约》缔约国第十次会议主席，再加上老挝人民民主共和国担任《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议主席，这反映了一个很有希望的趋势，说明受影响的国家对人道主义裁军公约有越来越多的自主性。现任主席任期结束后，黎巴嫩将担任2011年9月的《集束弹药公约》缔约国第二次会议主席，柬埔寨将担任2011年11月的《禁雷公约》缔约国第十一次会议主席。", "11. 《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议通过的《万象宣言》和《万象行动计划》将指导公约的执行。缔约国通过了根据公约有关透明度措施的第7条提交报告的国家报告格式。批准了2011年工作方案，其中包括为2011年讨论公约未来的架构和实施框架的一次闭会期间会议编列的经费。在第一次会议之前，裁军事务厅和开发计划署(开发署)向老挝人民民主共和国提供了实质性和后勤支持。开发署在会议上被任命为主席国老挝之下的执行协调员，负责筹备缔约国第二次会议，包括与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作，于2011年6月27日至30日在日内瓦举行闭会期间会议。", "12. 在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(俗称《特定常规武器公约》)范围内，政府专家组继续关于集束弹药议定书的谈判。联合国地雷行动小组与各代表团积极合作，为审议提供技术投入。联合国地雷行动小组还提供技术意见，协助关于地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的修正第二号议定书和《特定常规武器公约》的《关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书》缔约国2010年闭会期间专家会议，两者分别侧重简易爆炸装置和第五号议定书的执行，包括其援助受害者行动计划的执行。", "13. 自本人上次报告以来，有102个国家批准或加入了《残疾人权利公约》，62个国家通过了公约的任择议定书。联合国地雷行动小组继续鼓励会员国加入公约，强调其有助于满足地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者的权利和需要。在方案一级找出了机会，以便将援助地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者的工作纳入更广泛的公众健康和支持框架。", "三. 联合国内外的地雷行动反应", "14. 地雷行动的情况在过去两年继续演变。实现联合国2006-2010年地雷行动战略所列战略目标的工作取得新进展。一些国家的地雷行动方案已经完成。一个典型的例子是阿尔巴尼亚，它在2009年完成了排雷工作，现正改造其地雷行动方案，用以支助政府的非军事化方案，其中包括弹药储存管理和处置陈旧退化的弹药。另一些国家也已经开始探讨地雷行动与其他部门之间的潜在协同效应，认识到为应对地雷威胁而开发的工具和专门知识，还可有效应对其他威胁，如退化和管理不善的弹药储存和简易爆炸装置构成的威胁。", "15. 不过，包括阿富汗、柬埔寨和苏丹在内的几个国家仍然受地雷的严重影响。还让人担忧的是，在一些地方，如哥伦比亚，在清除现有地雷的同时，还在埋设新地雷。在阿富汗、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、缅甸、巴基斯坦、索马里、苏丹和也门，也证实非国家行为者使用杀伤人员地雷。联合国为应对地雷和战争遗留爆炸物所造成的威胁，继续实施各种地雷行动方案，支持国家主管部门的努力。联合国提供的支持对于在冲突期间和冲突结束后立即提供和协调地雷行动反应发挥了关键作用，特别是在巴基斯坦、阿拉伯利比亚民众国和科特迪瓦等国，对于发展能力和机制，确保以最为有效的方式提供地雷行动反应也起到关键作用。", "16. 大会题为“协助地雷行动”的第64/84号决议确定了“需要对联合国地雷行动工作的规模、组织、实效和办法作出全面和独立的评价”。机构间地雷行动协调小组经过广泛协商，商定由联合检查组进行评价。联合国地雷行动小组支持联合检查组的评价工作，包括从自愿信托基金为其拨款。", "A. 统一联合国系统地雷行动", "17. 在本报告所述期间，更加重视把地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平、人道主义和发展努力。由于特派团任务规定中明确提及地雷行动，或是通过地雷行动为保护平民和其他授权活动的安全进行作出的贡献，地雷行动日益成为维和特派团和特别政治任务的组成部分。联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团(中乍特派团，2010年12月31日结束)、联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(联塞部队)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)、联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团，2011年7月9日结束)、联合国南苏丹特派团(南苏丹援助团，成立于2011年7月9日)和联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)支助办事处(非索特派团支助办)都有地雷行动部分。", "18. 地雷行动和有关战争遗留爆炸物、储存管理和简易爆炸装置的问题，已在向安全理事会提交的报告中提到，特别是在关于正在部署或已经部署维持和平行动或特别政治任务的国家的情况的报告中。这些报告包括本人关于阿富汗、中非共和国和乍得、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、刚果民主共和国、伊拉克、科索沃、黎巴嫩、利比里亚、尼泊尔、索马里、苏丹(包括达尔富尔)、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和西撒哈拉的报告。地雷行动内容也列入若干专题报告，包括关于妇女与和平与安全；儿童与武装冲突；武装冲突中平民保护；冲突结束后立即着手建设和平工作等专题的报告。本人关于武装冲突中的儿童的报告(S/2010/181)强调，在该报告所述期间，有1 000多名儿童被证实已在与冲突有关暴力事件中被杀害或受伤，特别是沦为地雷、未爆弹药和简易爆炸装置的受害者。为应对这些武器对儿童的威胁，2010年，联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)把地雷和战争遗留爆炸物风险教育和反对使用地雷和其他滥杀滥伤武器的宣传纳入了“对紧急情况中儿童的核心承诺”，这是一个指导基金会应对紧急情况的框架。", "19. 继续作出努力，把地雷行动纳入联合国人道主义和发展计划以及联合呼吁程序。地雷行动项目列在阿富汗、乍得、刚果民主共和国、加沙、索马里和苏丹的人道主义呼吁中。地雷行动也包括在对阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的人道主义反应中，即在保护问题专题组下设立地雷行动分组，并将5个地雷行动项目列入紧急救济协调员2011年5月发出的经修订的紧急呼吁。联合国以及双边、多边和民间社会发展机构也开始把地雷行动纳入方案，自成一个发展部门，并推进更传统的发展部门的工作。", "20. 为进一步促进地雷行动中的两性平等，联合国通过交流外地方案的良好做法和经验教训订正了“地雷行动方案两性准则”。修订后的准则确定在地雷行动方案中实施措施，让男女都作为受益者、实践者和决策者平等参与，确保地雷行动项目对妇女和女孩、男孩和男子产生同样相称的影响。", "B. 协调和伙伴关系", "21. 根据“地雷行动和有效协调：联合国机构间政策”，参与地雷行动的联合国各部门、办事处、方案、基金和机构继续通过由主管维持和平行动副秘书长主持的机构间地雷行动协调小组协调活动。", "22. 在审查现有的地雷行动协调机制后，机构间地雷行动协调小组在2010年10月商定，全球保护问题专题组内的地雷行动责任领域应充分启动，以使地雷行动的协调与整个联合国系统已经接受的专题组办法相一致；协助与更广泛的利益攸关方(例如非政府组织)的协调；确保与联合国国家工作队的直接联系。与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)(领导全球保护问题专题组)协调，联合国地雷行动处起草了地雷行动责任领域的职权范围，由包括联合国、非政府组织和其他合作伙伴在内的成员通过。", "23. 为促进与非政府组织和其他执行伙伴的协调，联合国地雷行动处在2010年和2011年3月在日内瓦举行的国家地雷行动方案主任和联合国顾问第十三和第十四届国际会议之际，主持了地雷行动委员会会议，讨论共同关心的问题。小组还在2011年6月日内瓦《禁雷公约》闭会期间举行了会议。", "24. 由于认识到地雷行动和遏制小武器和轻武器非法扩散之间的互补性，因此作出了努力，确保联合国内两个进程之间的一致性和协同性。这方面的例子包括，联合国地雷行动小组成员参加由裁军事务厅主持的小武器问题协调行动机制，联合国地雷行动小组提供技术专长，协助拟订国际小武器管制标准，国际地雷行动标准成为其范本。", "25. 裁军事务厅以及联合国地雷行动处根据大会第64/51号决议继续制订国际弹药技术准则。大会在该决议中鼓励各会员国协助制订技术准则，以协助各国自愿提高本国的储存管理能力，防止过剩弹药的增加，更广泛地减少风险。联合国在拉丁美洲维持和平行动训练中心协会2010年8月里约热内卢第二次大会上，介绍了该准则，反应良好。我欢迎裁军事务厅继续与联合国地雷行动处、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和其他方面合作编写准则，这对避免战争遗留爆炸物意外爆炸造成的污染至关重要。", "26. 在本报告所述期间，我呼吁安全和安保部协调制订一项全面政策，说明联合国处理简易爆炸装置问题的办法，这些装置成为当前敌对活动的一部分，并威胁到联合国人员和设施。鉴于地雷和简易爆炸装置的威胁类似，我建议在制订上述政策时考虑到机构间地雷行动协调小组成员的经验，预计该政策将在2011年底提交给机构间安全管理网络指导小组。", "C. 为地雷行动界服务", "27. 联合国地雷行动处认识到常设能力在特派团规划和开办中可以发挥至关重要的作用，于2009年建立了地雷行动常设能力机制。这一机制自成立以来已得到使用，以提供即时的应急反应，加强现有的方案，并进行需求评估和方案评价。最近，在2011年3月，联合国地雷行动处部署了该机制人员到开罗，协调针对阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的地雷行动，建立保护问题专题组下的地雷行动责任领域。", "28. 科特迪瓦选举后的危机留下了许多战争遗留爆炸物，直接威胁到人的安全，阻碍政府、人道主义和发展行动者安全地进行重建和恢复工作。为应对这一威胁，2011年4月14日，联合国地雷行动处部署一名技术专家到科特迪瓦，评估阿比让的污染范围和性质，确定清除重点危险区域以支持联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)和国家当局等其他利益攸关方的需要。今后，如在阿比让及以外地方发现弹药储存和武器储藏处，将需要实施弹药和武器管理项目，以支持国家安全机构。在这方面，地雷行动处已开始协助联科行动处理弹药和武器管理问题，以支持其解除武装、复员和重返社会以及安全部门改革的努力。", "29. 应我的特别代表兼联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处(联几建和办)负责人的请求，联合国地雷行动处派团于2010年5月24日至28日和2011年2月13日至19日对几内亚比绍进行了技术评估。2010年的评估团初步评估了现有的弹药储存、管理和销毁能力，以协助几内亚比绍处理其过剩弹药储存。后续评估团的重点是，按照目前正在制订的国际弹药技术准则，减少眼前的危险，为长期的弹药管理制度奠定基础。", "30. 联合国地雷行动处与瑞典民事应急机构一起，在2010年和2011年6月举行了第七届和第八届年度快速反应演习。与往年一样，演习侧重于在紧急情况下建立地雷行动协调中心。年度演习包含在全球保护问题专题组的工作计划内，一些成员机构派人参加演习，以增强今后的反应。", "31. 国际地雷行动标准的制订和维护，继续是联合国支持地雷行动界的重要组成部分。日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心协助联合国地雷行动处管理年度审查进程，以确保地雷行动标准保持相关性。对所有地雷行动标准都作了修订，包括确认有关集束弹药的问题。此外，国际地雷行动标准审查委员会在2010年批准了儿基会编写的关于地雷和战争遗留爆炸物风险教育的新标准，该标准代替现有七个关于地雷风险教育的标准。", "32. 如上所述，国家地雷行动方案主任和联合国顾问第十三届和第十四届国际会议于2010年和2011年3月在日内瓦举行。这些年度会议由联合国地雷行动小组与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作主办，为多达300名地雷行动从业人员提供机会，评估取得的进展和该部门未来的挑战。令人鼓舞的是，各位国家主任在主持和推动会议进行方面起到更大的作用。", "33. 2010年9月6日至8日，联合国地雷行动处与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心协调，在日内瓦主办了第三次地雷行动技术讲习班，题为“汇集地雷行动技术和方法”。这一年两次的活动汇集了地雷行动从业人员、设备制造商和研究与发展组织，审查当前技术和未来的需求。讲习班的重点是使用卫星和航空图像以及远程分析和遥感技术确定雷区。", "34. 在本报告所述期间，开发署继续通过地雷行动交流方案，促进受影响国家间合作和同行审查，推广良好做法，从而促进南南合作。2010年，这项方案下采取的举措包括在安哥拉、柬埔寨和莫桑比克等国的地雷行动方案之间交流信息和经验。", "D. 资源调动/分配", "35. 根据地雷和集束弹药监测(国际禁止地雷运动的一项举措)的信息，在2009年至2011年间，调集了约10亿美元，用于支持地雷行动。这证实尽管发生全球金融危机，但供资水平仍然稳定。但绝大多数资金用于数量相对较少的国家和地区，并主要用于扫雷，但这仅是地雷行动的五大支柱(还包括地雷风险教育、援助受害者、销毁储存和宣传)之一。", "36. 2009年8月1日至2011年7月8日，给联合国协助地雷行动自愿信托基金的捐款共计1.72亿美元，惠及21个受影响的国家和地区。此外，2009年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，用于地雷行动的维和摊款共计1.61多亿美元。部队派遣国也提供了实物地雷行动能力，直接支持特派团的任务。", "37. 2009年至2010年，捐助者通过开发署危机预防和恢复专题信托基金和开发署国家办事处，共捐助8 000万美元，支持28个国家地雷行动方案。同一时期，向儿基会提供了2 500多万美元，用于其向10多个国家和地区提供的地雷行动支助。", "38. 联合国地雷行动小组继续协助地雷行动支助小组，这是一个为地雷行动活动提供政治和财政支持的捐助者的论坛。在美利坚合众国主持下，支助小组于2010年10月14日在纽约召开年会，37个成员出席。与会者第一次包括来自沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国的代表，反映了越来越多的捐助者对地雷行动感兴趣。小组还于2011年5月10日在日内瓦开会，商讨阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的地雷行动需要，我表示欢迎这一地雷行动方面捐助者协调的积极发展。", "39. 2009年11月30日，联合国在卡塔赫纳举办《2010年地雷行动项目概览》的发行活动，配合卡塔赫纳无雷世界峰会。概览每年出版，概述受影响国家如何拟定计划，与联合国、非政府组织和地方、国家和国际各级其他行动者合作，解决地雷和战争遗留爆炸物造成的问题。2010年，联合国组织了《地雷行动项目概览》进程的审查。根据审查进程的结果，正在拟定新方法和模板，旨在让地雷行动捐助者更多使用概览作为参考，就有关资源分配作出决定。《2011年地雷行动项目概览》包括238个项目，涉及地雷行动的所有五大支柱，于2011年3月18日在网上推出。", "四. 2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的执行情况", "40. 为了衡量2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的执行情况，联合国地雷行动小组向49个得到其支助的地雷行动方案分发了一份调查。初步调查结果强调平民伤亡人数的下降、地雷行动与加强人道主义和发展对策之间的正向关联、地雷行动纳入国家发展和重建计划及建立国家地雷行动管理机构等方面。通过找出成功经验和差距，调查结果将有助于制订2011-2015年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的战略目标。下文列出报告期内的进展和成就：", "A. 战略目标1：将死伤人数至少减少50%", "41. 来自几个国家的统计数据反映出，地雷和其他战争遗留爆炸物造成的死伤显著减少。 2010年，阿富汗平均每月33人伤亡(26%由于地雷，74%由于未爆弹药)，比2009年减少29%。在受害者中，16%为女性，65%是儿童，在未满18岁的所有受害者中，7至14岁的男童占55%。同样，在乍得，受害者监测报告表明，2009年的报告伤亡人数为51人，2010年降至17人。", "42. 在加沙，联合国地雷行动小组在“铸铅行动”后提供拯救生命干预，为平民人口和人道主义援助创造更安全的环境。地雷行动方案对包括居住地点在内的2 187个地点进行了风险评估，估计有80 132人受益；为5 426名个人提供了风险教育。平民伤亡人数从2009年的39人，降至2010年的16人，下降了41%。", "43. 在尼泊尔，联合国支持和平与重建部制定实施国家地雷行动战略，为进一步减少人员伤亡作出贡献。2010年现有数据显示，有43人成为地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者，比2009年减少39%。数据表明，受害者绝大多数在18岁以下，是本人触发了简易爆炸装置。", "44. 在索马里的索马里兰和邦特兰地区，加强了协调和扫雷能力，有助于减少平民伤亡和开展发展活动。在索马里中南部，增加了对事故的监测，显著改善了地雷行动执行者确定优先次序和有针对性开展行动的工作。风险教育在索马里中部得到重视，这有助于防止逃避该国南部冲突的移民的死伤。尤其重视摩加迪沙和Afgoye走廊，因为这两个地方地雷密布，人口稠密，伤亡率高。联合国地雷行动处在索马里中部、Afgoye走廊和摩加迪沙为361 843名索马里人提供风险教育，在南部三个人口最稠密并受地雷影响的地区设立地方探雷和排雷能力。", "45. 一个显著的发展是，联合国地雷行动处作为非索特派团支助办的一部分，开始与非索特派团一道工作，让部队更多认识到地雷、战争遗留爆炸物和简易爆炸装置的危害，并提高其安全、高效率地进行爆炸物处理作业的能力。2009年10月，在联合国地雷行动处的支持下，非索特派团开始在摩加迪沙处理战争遗留爆炸物。到2011年4月，销毁了5 591枚地雷、战争遗留爆炸物和小武器弹药。在摩加迪沙各区，首次进行了系统的基线调查，了解了有人道主义援助活动的地方的地雷埋设情况。不过，一些地区据报埋设了新的地雷；据报反对派武装团体在这些地区的主要道路和战略动脉上埋设地雷。必须指出，索马里8个地区仍处在武装团体控制之下，无法进行扫雷活动。", "46. 在哥伦比亚，非国家武装团体继续使用地雷和简易爆炸装置，受害者人数仍很多，大约每天报告两人伤亡。不过，近年来，伤亡事件总数有所下降，2010年报告有512人受害，其中30%是平民，2009年则为741人。", "47. 在苏丹，地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者人数在2010年增加了35%，虽然部分原因可能是，以前出于安全考虑对平民封闭的地区现日益开放。2010年，在联合国地雷行动办事处协调下，苏丹境内的地雷行动界向330 015人提供了以社区为基础的风险教育，并特别注重境内流离失所者和回返者。该办事处由一些联合国实体组成，联合国地雷行动处负责牵头，儿基会是开展风险教育方面的牵头机构。", "48. 地雷和未爆弹药继续严重威胁到也门受冲突影响省份的人民，特别是儿童。儿童往往集中在高风险地区，或者误把地雷和未爆弹药当作玩具。2010年，超过34名儿童因地雷和战争遗留爆炸物丧生，24人身受重伤。扫雷单位难以进入，是减少受影响地区风险的主要障碍。政府与Al-Houthi武装团体在2010年2月签订停火协议后，儿基会与也门执行地雷行动中心和开发署协调，启动风险教育活动，包括开展3场针对28 000多人的运动，开办培训员培训课程，分发风险教育材料。", "B. 战略目标2：减轻社区生计面临的风险，扩大行动自由，惠及至少80%受影响最严重的社区", "49. 在改善由于地雷和战争遗留爆炸物而受到社会经济影响和行动受限的人的生计方面取得长足进展。在柬埔寨，开发署支持柬埔寨地雷行动中心协调在1 400万平方米土地上排除地雷，在过程中销毁了14 000枚杀伤人员地雷、403枚反坦克地雷和80 000多件未爆弹药。预计将有80 000多人受益于排雷活动，能够前往农田、使用灌溉来源、道路、医疗中心和其他基础设施。现在，近2 000名学生能够到曾是雷区的地方上学。", "50. 在乍得东部，为2 500公里道路扫雷，包括为4 700 000平方米战区土地和212个危险区扫雷，并销毁了21 000件战争遗留爆炸物和弹药，减缓了东道社区、难民和境内流离失所者面临的风险。由于农业用地占被扫雷土地的78%，这一行动改善了数千人的生计。", "51. 在埃塞俄比亚，埃塞俄比亚地雷行动办公室在开发署的支助下继续开展扫雷和风险教育，进一步减少地雷和战争遗留爆炸物造成的风险。在本报告所述期间，清理了10 178 977平方米土地，可以用于农业和其他经济活动，向94 815名社区成员提供了风险教育。", "52. 在伊拉克，在开发署的支持下，在减少社区生计面临的风险和扩大行动自由方面也取得了长足进步，人们可以开展更多农业活动，前往更多学校。开发署还继续支持莫桑比克的扫雷活动，该国136个先前无法进行经济发展的地区在2010年扫除了地雷。", "53. 在苏丹，道路开放取得了显著进展，现在96%的道路是安全的。道路的开放改善了行动自由，便利了境内流离失所者和难民的回返以及人道主义援助的运送。扫雷行动也使人们能够将土地用于农耕及其他发展和创收活动。", "54. 在西撒哈拉，资源的增加改进了方案业绩，销毁了护堤以东7 600多件战争遗留爆炸物，大大降低了高污染地区Mehaires和Tifariti的整体威胁。因优先考虑环境条件、资源的匮乏以及游牧民对放牧地的需要，方案对当地居民产生积极影响，便利他们进入河谷和获得水源，促进了粮食安全。尽管取得上述成就，但据报西撒哈拉境内的伤亡率在2010年有所上升，突出说明急需风险教育。", "55. 在其他地方，进展受制于若干因素，包括安全关切、性别问题和政治考虑。例如，在阿富汗，虽然为超过189平方公里的土地扫除了地雷，使人们可以使用更多道路和草场，但污染程度仍然很高，有6 545多个已知雷场仍待扫雷，占地627平方公里，影响2 056个社区的生活和生计。转为以社区为基础的排雷，由阿富汗排雷专家培训和指导当地社区成员开展扫雷，已证明是在该国高度不安全的地区开展行动的有效途径，也有助于增强稳定。自我上次报告以来，170多万阿富汗人接受了风险教育，包括25万名妇女和近50万女童。这一数字很是可观，因为妇女常常无法出席公共风险教育课程，可到妇女家中的女性培训人员仍然很少。为了应对这一挑战，正在开展广播运动，突出宣传让女童参加风险教育课程的重要性。", "56. 2010年，在刚果民主共和国，对主要是在该国东部地区的7 637公里公路和428 000平方米土地进行了核查和扫雷，向568 600人提供了风险教育。不过，持续的不安全状况、恶劣的天气和财政资源的减少，都影响到地雷行动。此外，涉及地方民兵的暴力活动导致赤道省姆班达卡机场和盖梅纳机场周围出现新污染。存在地雷和战争遗留爆炸物或认为其存在的情况，继续阻碍生计、行动自由、基本服务的获取和市场的利用及基础设施的恢复。刚果民主共和国存有大量无人管理的弹药，其危险在刚果民主共和国问题专家组的最后报告(S/2008/773)中已经突出说明。针对这种情况，联刚稳定团内的联合国地雷行动处销毁了弹药储存，其中包括2010年3月在戈马附近销毁的50 000多件小武器弹药。为配合执行伙伴的不断努力，2011年2月，联合国地雷行动处征聘了一名弹药技术干事，与刚果武装部队合作消除陈旧、退化和管理不善的弹药储存带来的危险。", "C. 战略目标3：将地雷行动需要纳入至少15个国家的国家发展和重建计划和预算", "57. 在本报告所述期间，联合国与国家对口单位合作，促进把地雷行动纳入国家发展和重建计划。应政府要求由联合国地雷行动处管理的阿富汗地雷行动协调中心，与各部委合作，确保将地雷行动纳入更广泛的发展计划。该中心还努力确保地雷行动的活动与《阿富汗契约》和《阿富汗国家发展战略》所列的政府目标相一致。", "58. 在开发署的支持下，几内亚比绍国家地雷行动协调中心强调把地雷行动纳入国家发展战略的需要。已与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作编写了国家地雷行动计划。", "59. 直到中乍特派团在2010年12月31日结束，该维和行动内的联合国地雷行动处一直支持拟订乍得国家地雷行动战略和行动计划。该文件是基于乍得政府在《禁雷公约》下的义务及社区的社会经济和人道主义需求拟定的。开发署协助国家地雷行动机构修订国家地雷行动计划，以考虑到旨在查明受污染程度的持续技术调查的结果。", "60. 在伊拉克，2010-2012年地雷行动战略获得批准，在开发署支持下在2010年初启动。伊拉克还拥有一个国家地雷行动计划，把地雷行动需求纳入了国家和地方的重建和发展计划。", "61. 在老挝人民民主共和国，未爆弹药部门是由国家战略文件规范，该文件强调，“贫穷和粮食不安全与未爆弹药的存在之间有很强的相关性”。根据这一战略，老挝国家管理当局在开发署支持下，努力确保2011-2015年国家社会经济发展计划将未爆弹药问题作为一个跨领域问题提及。政府在2010年推出了第九个千年目标——减少战争遗留爆炸物对发展的影响。此外，扫雷后影响评估得到国家管理当局协助，在2010年完成，以求更好地了解扫雷工作如何有助于政府的扶贫努力。", "62. 在莫桑比克，国家地雷行动计划(2008-2014年)作为一个影响各发展部门的交叉问题，支持国家扶贫计划。不过，面临的挑战是，确保所有有关部委和地方当局在制订实施各自发展计划时，考虑到地雷行动问题。在斯里兰卡，纳入发展计划的工作在县一级开展，开发署和儿基会支持根据国家地雷行动战略和县发展计划制订年度县级地雷行动计划，确定扫雷、风险教育和受害者援助的优先活动。仍需作出更大努力，确保把地雷行动需要纳入国家发展和重建计划。", "63. 2010年，索马里的索马里兰地雷行动中心第一次参加索马里兰区域发展计划的编制。这一努力及对地方当局的持续宣传工作，促成了2011年政府给中心捐款44 000美元。中心还与地区政府联系，确保地雷行动需求纳入所有发展计划。经与开发署和联合国地雷行动处合作，地雷行动被纳入2009年至2012年联合国对苏丹发展援助框架和2007年至2012年苏丹五年战略。", "D. 战略目标4：协助至少15个国家的国家机构发展，控制地雷/战争遗留爆炸物的威胁，同时筹备剩余能力", "64. 在本报告所述期间，联合国与各国国家地雷行动当局合作，建立当地能力，确保国家对地雷行动战略和优先事项的自主权。在阿富汗，协调中心继续与扫雷工作署合作，准备在2013年把地雷行动规划和协调的责任从中心转至该署。关于受害者援助，中心与卫生部、劳动、社会事务、烈士和残疾人部和教育部合作，确保残疾人，包括地雷幸存者的权利和需要得到处理，并纳入国家结构。", "65. 开发署向柬埔寨地雷行动管理局提供了进一步的能力发展支持，包括协助进行2009年能力评估，以加强管理局执行任务的能力。同样，在乍得，中乍特派团在2010年底结束后，联合国地雷行动处继续协助国家排雷中心和阿贝歇区域中心发展剩余能力，包括为此培训25名工作人员掌握国际地雷行动标准。", "66. 在哥伦比亚，国家地雷行动法案在2010年12月通过，其中一项决定允许民间排雷组织在国内开展活动。在这之后，总统综合地雷行动方案请联合国地雷行动处提供技术援助，发展一套民间扫雷业务协调系统，补充儿基会和开发署提供的持续援助。地雷行动处支持制定国家扫雷行动准则和技术标准，以及认证、质量保证和信息管理程序。", "67. 设立联刚稳定团的安全理事会第1925(2010)号决议授权该特派团除其他外，“协助刚果民主共和国政府加强排雷能力”。联刚稳定团内的联合国地雷行动处支持国家地雷行动法的起草和通过。该法由国民议会于2010年10月15日批准，成立了国家地雷行动中心，规定国家预算内列入地雷行动款项。在埃塞俄比亚，从2010年7月至2011年12月，开发署向国家主管部门提供技术咨询，制定地雷行动计划，并支持按照国际地雷行动标准编写国家地雷行动标准。", "68. 联合国地雷行动小组继续与尼泊尔陆军地雷行动协调中心紧密合作，以便其发展当地能力，并根据2006年《全面和平协定》履行扫雷义务。此外，联合国地雷行动小组继续支持和平与重建部内新成立的地雷行动科，包括制定实施国家地雷行动战略和年度工作计划。儿基会在2010年12月开始发展该科的地雷风险教育协调能力，以期到2011年12月开始职责移交。儿基会还支持教育部、尼泊尔警察和武装警察部队等关键政府机构的预防能力，这些机构现在有能力在25个受影响最严重县中的任何一个县提供风险教育。国家主管部门在协调执行地雷行动中发挥越来越大的作用，这方面的一个明确迹象是，2010年8月，国家地雷行动科开始牵头地雷行动联合工作组，而先前是与联合国地雷行动小组共同主持。", "69. 2010年，联合国地雷行动处在索马里支持过渡联邦政府内建立爆炸物处理能力，还可能扩大到索马里中南部所有10个地区。在索马里兰和邦特兰建立的类似能力在各自区域内提供了有效的呼叫服务，能够在有限支助下，清除和销毁战争遗留爆炸物。", "70. 在斯里兰卡，国家地雷行动中心正式成立于2010年，负责管理地雷行动。开发署一直通过其在贾夫纳和瓦武尼亚的区域地雷行动办公室支持中心，以促进执行政府的地雷行动政策和活动，而儿基会则支持国家地雷风险教育和向受害者提供援助的努力。", "71. 联合国还继续支持在喀土穆的国家地雷行动中心和苏丹南方排雷机构的进一步发展。自2010年初以来，国家地雷行动中心日益积极从事地雷行动所有支柱的活动。2009年以来，苏丹南方排雷机构增加了与联合国地雷行动办事处在苏丹的联合行动，涉及实地扫雷质量保证和认证及地雷风险教育活动。2011年初，苏丹南方排雷机构还在联合国地雷行动处支持下，开始主持月度和季度地雷行动协调会议。", "72. 在塔吉克斯坦，开发署支持制定2011-2015年战略计划，确保采取广泛协商办法，并支持通过国家地雷行动标准。开发署还支持制定泰国国家地雷行动战略，该战略由泰国地雷行动中心于2010年提交，供泰国政府批准。", "五. 意见和建议", "73. 如上所述，地雷行动影响联合国工作的所有五个主要领域。关于国际法，《禁雷公约》生效十周年，为联合国、缔约国和有关合作伙伴提供了机会，可以回顾实现无雷世界方面的进展以及如何最好地应对全面执行《公约》方面的其余挑战。我欢迎公约缔约国第二次审议大会通过《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》和《卡塔赫纳宣言》，并期待在未来几年内付诸实施。这方面另一个主要进展是，《集束弹药公约》于2010年8月1日生效，以及随后缔约国第一次会议于2010年11月在万象召开，这是消除这些武器的重要一步。我鼓励所有尚未加入的会员国加入该公约，并制定有效实施公约的国家立法。", "74. 关于地雷行动对联合国工作其他四个领域的影响，把地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平行动以及人道主义和发展方案的更多努力反映了人们越来越认识到，地雷行动是实现长期和平与安全、安全运送人道主义援助、可持续发展和尊重人权的关键。一个最好的例子是，2011年7月，应我个人特使的请求，联合国地雷行动处代理处长访问西撒哈拉，以推动地雷行动在正在进行的会谈中的建设性作用。", "75. 为促进地雷行动产生积极影响，加强了协调和快速反应机制。全球保护问题专题组内的责任领域完全启动，促进地雷行动的协调，应对2011年阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机。会员国还加强了地雷行动支助小组框架内的地雷行动协调，该小组得到联合国地雷行动处的支助，现在包括更广泛的成员，并开会处理随时出现的危机。仍可作出更多努力，确保联合国最有效地应付地雷和战争遗留爆炸物对和平与安全、经济发展和人权的威胁。在这方面，我欢迎联合检查组正在对联合国地雷行动工作进行评价，期待其报告及建议；我相信，报告和建议将进一步加强我们在这一领域的工作。", "76. 如上所述，联合国运作的环境已经变化，简易爆炸装置、陈旧、退化和管理不善的弹药储存和非法小武器和轻武器的流通造成的威胁在增加，虽然地雷和战争遗留爆炸物的威胁在减少。我鼓励联合国伙伴之间继续合作，制定政策和工具，应对上述安全威胁，包括在国家一级继续合作，同时认识到各自贡献的价值。我特别指示联合国地雷行动处，鉴于其自1997年成立以来发展的专门知识和能力，继续与联合国其他相关机构、基金和方案合作，处理这些问题。", "77. 地雷行动领域取得了显著的进展，包括制定具体的国际规范和适用经证明的解决方案；但是，工作还远未完成。切勿忽视地雷造成的持续威胁。我特别关切的是，据报在阿富汗、哥伦比亚、缅甸、巴基斯坦和也门仍然使用地雷，而且据报2011年在阿拉伯利比亚民众国、索马里和苏丹开始使用地雷；这说明在消除地雷方面的进展很容易被侵蚀。最近，可信的报告表明，在苏丹南科尔多凡州和有争议的阿卜耶伊地区埋设了新的地雷；在那里，联合国目前正在部署新的维和特派团：联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队。随着联苏特派团的清理结束，联合国处理南科尔多凡州地雷威胁的能力可能减小。", "78. 鉴于地雷所造成的持续威胁，还需要进一步努力，才能把地雷行动从国际社会议程中去除。联合国将继续与国家当局和国际伙伴合作，协助地雷行动方案的制定和实施。如上所述，正在拟定新的2011-2015年联合国机构间地雷行动战略，订出完善的目标，以更好地处理悬而未决的挑战。为重申联合国对地雷行动的承诺，我呼吁国际社会提供持续政治和财政支持，以消除地雷和战争遗留爆炸物。不应低估这些武器所构成的持续威胁，否则，我们将在人的生命方面付出高昂的代价，并损害我们的集体努力，无法促进长期和平与安全、可持续发展和人权。", "79. 最后，我要向所有因公殉职的排雷人员致敬，最强烈地谴责所有对地雷行动人员的攻击。这种攻击必须被视作对作为联合国工作核心的和平、安全和人道主义援助基本原则的攻击。鉴于地雷行动人员是在高度不安全的环境中工作，我赞扬他们持续奉献，矢志不移，不计政治、宗教、种族或地理因素，向脆弱社区提供挽救生命的服务。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 48 of the provisional agenda*", "Assistance in mine action", "Assistance in mine action", "Report of the Secretary-General", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period from August 2009 to July 2011, is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/84, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution and on follow-up to previous resolutions on assistance in mine clearance and mine action, including on relevant United Nations policies and activities.", "2. The report stresses the impact of mine action in the five major areas of United Nations work, namely peace and security; humanitarian affairs; economic development; human rights and international law, and describes the efforts of the United Nations Mine Action Team (consisting of 12 United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes,[1] including, as observer entities, the Office of Legal Affairs, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the World Bank and the International Committee of the Red Cross) to integrate mine action in all five areas. The report begins with an update on efforts to promote the universalization and implementation of international legal instruments related to mine action, with key developments, including the adoption of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014 to support enhanced implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention), the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 August 2010, and the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, held in Vientiane from 9 to 12 November 2010.", "3. The report highlights efforts to integrate mine action into United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian and development programming and provides an overview of the coordination and rapid response mechanisms developed to address the threats of landmines and explosive remnants of war, including obsolete and degraded ammunition stockpiles and improvised explosive devices. In addition, the report notes that mine action is based on effective partnerships within the United Nations as well as between the Organization, its Member States and civil society, including non-governmental organizations and individuals.", "4. The report also outlines the achievements made since the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/64/287) in the implementation of the four strategic objectives identified in the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010. In recognition of the evolving mine action landscape, the report outlines a series of recommendations, including enhanced cooperation among United Nations mine action partners in the area of ammunition stockpile management, to address the increased threats posed by improvised explosive devices and the vast circulation of illicit small arms and light weapons.", "II. Update on international instruments related to mine action", "5. The United Nations continued to assist Member States in the development and implementation of international instruments aimed at protecting civilians from the scourge of landmines and explosive remnants of war. To date, 156 countries have ratified or acceded to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention since it opened for signature in 1997. Eighty-six States parties have completed their stockpile destruction obligations, collectively destroying over 45 million stockpiled anti-personnel mines. In 2009 and 2010, Albania, Greece, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Tunisia and Zambia declared that they had completed their clearance obligations. Ten States parties which were unable to clear and destroy their anti-personnel mines within the 10-year deadline requested extensions of the deadline.", "6. The Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction took place in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009. The Conference, entitled “The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World”, reviewed progress made and focused on the remaining challenges for States parties and other partners in achieving full compliance with the Convention. The Conference adopted the Cartagena Declaration (“A shared commitment for a mine-free world”) and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014, which provide guidance and a framework for the implementation and universalization of the Convention in the coming years.", "7. The Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, held in Geneva from 29 November to 3 December 2010, reviewed the intersessional work programme for 2011 and established a new Standing Committee on Resources, Cooperation and Assistance. The meeting also endorsed the report of the special task force set up at the Second Review Conference to evaluate the Implementation Support Unit at the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (ISU), adopting changes that would increase the independence and performance of the Unit under the direct guidance of States parties. States parties also welcomed the Geneva progress report on the status and operation of the Convention since the Second Review Conference.", "8. Since it opened for signature in December 2008, 109 countries have signed or acceded to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, including 38 countries that have used, produced, exported or stockpiled cluster munitions. Following the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification on 16 February 2010, the Convention entered into force on 1 August 2010. As at 8 July 2011, the Convention had been ratified, accepted or acceded to by 59 countries.", "9. Nine States parties (Austria, Belgium, Ecuador, Hungary, Montenegro, Norway, Portugal, the Republic of Moldova and Spain) and two signatories (Colombia and the Czech Republic) have completed destruction of their stockpiles of cluster munitions. In 2010, two signatories (Afghanistan and Angola) reported that their stocks of cluster munitions had been destroyed as part of broader weapons disposal programmes. All States parties with stockpiles of such weapons indicated that they have either begun their physical destruction or are in the process of doing so, and 10 countries have enacted national legislation to implement the Convention.", "10. The First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions was held in Vientiane from 9 to 12 November 2010. The fact that Albania is serving as President of the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, coupled with the Presidency of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic for the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention, reflects a promising trend towards increased ownership by affected States over the humanitarian disarmament conventions. Following the current presidencies, Lebanon will serve as President of the Second Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in September 2011, and Cambodia will serve as President of the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention in November 2011.", "11. The Vientiane Declaration and Vientiane Action Plan adopted at the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions will guide the implementation of the Convention. States parties adopted national reporting formats for their reports under article 7 of the Convention regarding transparency measures. A work programme for 2011 was approved, including provisions for an intersessional meeting in 2011 to discuss the future architecture and implementation framework of the Convention. The Office for Disarmament Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided substantive and logistical support to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in advance of the First Meeting. At the meeting, UNDP was appointed Executive Coordinator, under the Lao Presidency, with responsibility for the preparations for the Second Meeting of States Parties, including the organization of an intersessional meeting in Geneva from 27 to 30 June 2011, in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "12. Within the context of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, commonly known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the group of governmental experts continued negotiations on a protocol on cluster munitions. The United Nations Mine Action Team actively engaged with delegations and provided technical inputs to their deliberations. The United Nations Mine Action Team also provided technical advice to the 2010 intersessional expert meetings of States parties to amended Protocol II on mines, booby traps and other devices, and Protocol V on explosive remnants of war of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, which focused, respectively, on improvised explosive devices and the implementation of Protocol V, including its plan of action on victim assistance.", "13. Since my last report, 102 States have ratified or acceded to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and 62 have adopted the Optional Protocol to the Convention. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to encourage Member States to accede to the Convention, stressing its relevance in addressing the rights and needs of victims of mines and explosive remnants of war. At the programme level, opportunities were identified to integrate assistance to mine and explosive remnants of war victims into broader public health and support frameworks.", "III. Mine action response within the United Nations and outside", "14. The mine action landscape continued to evolve over the past two years. Further progress was made towards meeting the strategic objectives set out in the United Nations Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010, and some national mine action programmes reached completion. A case in point is Albania, which, having finished demining in 2009, is now working to transform its mine action programme to support the Government’s demilitarization programme, which includes ammunition stockpile management and the disposal of obsolete and degraded ammunition. A number of other countries also have begun to explore potential synergies between mine action and other sectors, recognizing that the tools and expertise developed to respond to the threat of landmines may be effective in addressing other threats, such as those posed by degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles and improvised explosive devices.", "15. Nevertheless, several countries, including Afghanistan, Cambodia and the Sudan, remain severely affected by landmines. It is also worrisome that in some places, for example Colombia, new mines are being laid while existing landmines are being removed. The use of anti-personnel mines by non-State actors was also confirmed in Afghanistan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Myanmar, Pakistan, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen. In response to the threat posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war, the United Nations continued to implement various mine action programmes in support of the efforts of national authorities. The support of the United Nations has been critical to the provision and coordination of the mine action response during and in the immediate aftermath of conflict, notably in Pakistan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Côte d’Ivoire, as well as to the development of capacities and mechanisms to ensure that the mine action response is provided in the most effective way.", "16. In its resolution 64/84, “Assistance in mine action”, the General Assembly identified “the need for a comprehensive and independent evaluation of the scope, organization, effectiveness and approach of the work of the United Nations in mine action”. After extensive consultations, the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action agreed that the Joint Inspection Unit would undertake the evaluation. The United Nations Mine Action Team supported the evaluation of the Joint Inspection Unit, including the allocation of funding for it from the Voluntary Trust Fund.", "A. Integrating mine action in the United Nations system", "17. During the reporting period, increased focus was placed on integrating mine action within United Nations peacekeeping, humanitarian and development efforts. Mine action is a growing component of peacekeeping and special political missions, based on explicit reference to mine action in mission mandates or through contributions to the protection of civilians and the safe conduct of other mandated activities. The United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT, closed on 31 December 2010), the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS, closed on 9 July 2011), the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS, established on 9 July 2011) and the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) (UNSOA) all had mine action components.", "18. Mine action and problems related to explosive remnants of war, stockpile management and improvised explosive devices have been referenced in reports to the Security Council, in particular those addressing the situation in countries where peacekeeping operations or special political missions are or have been deployed. These include my reports on Afghanistan, the Central African Republic and Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, Somalia, the Sudan (including Darfur), the Syrian Arab Republic and Western Sahara. Elements on mine action were also included in a number of thematic reports, including reports on women and peace and security; children and armed conflict; the protection of civilians in armed conflict; and peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict. In my report on children in armed conflict (S/2010/181), I highlighted the fact that, during the reporting period, more than 1,000 children were confirmed to have been killed or injured in conflict-related violence, victims, inter alia, of mines, unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices. In response to the threat posed to children by such weapons, in 2010, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) integrated mine and explosive remnants of war risk education and advocacy against the use of landmines and other indiscriminate weapons into its “Core Commitments for Children in Emergencies”, a framework that guides the UNICEF response to emergency situations.", "19. Continued efforts were made to include mine action in United Nations humanitarian and development plans as well as consolidated appeals processes. Mine action projects were included in the humanitarian appeals for Afghanistan, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gaza, Somalia and the Sudan. Mine action was further included in the humanitarian response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, with a mine action sub-cluster established under the protection cluster and five mine action projects included in the revised flash appeal launched by the Emergency Relief Coordinator in May 2011. The United Nations and bilateral, multilateral and civil society development agencies also began to integrate mine action into their programmes, as a sector of development in itself and as a means of advancing work in more traditional development sectors.", "20. In order to further promote gender equality in mine action, the United Nations revised the “Gender Guidelines for Mine Action Programmes” through the sharing of good practices and lessons learned from field programmes. The revised guidelines identify measures to be implemented in mine action programmes in order to balance the participation of women and men as beneficiaries, practitioners and decision makers and to ensure that mine action projects have an equally proportionate impact on women and girls, boys and men.", "B. Coordination and partnerships", "21. United Nations departments, offices, programmes, funds and agencies involved in mine action continued to coordinate their activities through the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, chaired by the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, in accordance with “Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Inter-Agency Policy”.", "22. Following a review of existing mechanisms for the coordination of mine action, the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action agreed in October 2010 that the mine action area of responsibility within the global protection cluster should be fully activated in order to: align the coordination of mine action with the accepted cluster approach throughout the United Nations system; facilitate coordination with a broader group of stakeholders (for example, non-governmental organizations); and ensure a direct link with United Nations country teams. In coordination with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which leads the Global Protection Cluster, the United Nations Mine Action Service drafted terms of reference for the mine action area of responsibility that were adopted by the membership, which includes the United Nations, non-governmental organizations and other partners.", "23. In order to promote coordination with non-governmental organizations and other implementing partners, the United Nations Mine Action Service chaired meetings of the Committee on Mine Action on the margins of the thirteenth and fourteenth International Meetings of National Mine Action Programme Directors and United Nations Advisers, held in Geneva in March 2010 and 2011 to discuss issues of common concern. The group also met during the intersessional meetings on the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, held in Geneva in June 2011.", "24. In recognition of the complementarity between mine action and work to curb the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, efforts have been made to ensure coherence and synergies among the two processes within the United Nations. Examples of these include the participation of members of the United Nations Mine Action Team in the Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA) mechanism, chaired by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, and the provision of technical expertise by the United Nations Mine Action Team to the development of the International Small Arms Control Standards, for which the International Mine Action Standards served as a model.", "25. The Office for Disarmament Affairs, together with the United Nations Mine Action Service, continued to develop the international ammunition technical guidelines, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/51, in which the Assembly encouraged Member States to contribute to the development of technical guidelines to assist countries, on a voluntary basis, to improve their national stockpile management capacity, prevent the growth of surpluses and address wider risk mitigation. The United Nations delivered a well-received presentation on the guidelines at the second General Assembly of the Latin American Association of Peacekeeping Operations Training Centres, held in Rio de Janeiro in August 2010. I welcome the continued development of the guidelines by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, in partnership with the United Nations Mine Action Service, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and others, which is critical to avoid explosive remnants of war contamination created by unintended explosions.", "26. During the reporting period, I called on the Department of Safety and Security to coordinate the development of a comprehensive policy on the United Nations approach to improvised explosive devices that are part of active hostilities and that threaten personnel and facilities of the Organization. In view of the similarities between the threat of landmines and that of improvised explosive devices, I recommended that the experiences of the members of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action be taken into account in the development of the aforementioned policy, which is expected to be presented to the Steering Group of the Inter-Agency Security Management Network in late 2011.", "C. Servicing the mine action community", "27. In 2009, in recognition of the critical role that can be played by standing capacities in the planning and start-up of missions, the United Nations Mine Action Service established its Standing Mine Action Capacity mechanism. Since its establishment, the mechanism has been deployed to provide immediate response to emergency situations, reinforce existing programmes and conduct needs assessments and programme evaluations. Most recently, in March 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service deployed its personnel assigned to the mechanism to Cairo to coordinate the mine action response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to establish the mine action area of responsibility under the protection cluster.", "28. The post-electoral crisis in Côte d’Ivoire left a trail of explosive remnants of war, which posed a direct threat to human security and prevented the Government and humanitarian and development actors from safely pursuing reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts. In response to that threat, on 14 April 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service deployed a technical expert to Côte d’Ivoire to assess the scope and nature of contamination in Abidjan and to identify the requirements for clearance of priority hazardous areas in support of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and other stakeholders, including national authorities. In future, the discovery of ammunition stockpiles and arms caches, in Abidjan and beyond, will require the implementation of ammunition and weapons management projects in support of national security institutions. In this connection, the Mine Action Service has begun to assist UNOCI to address ammunitions and weapons management in support of its disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and its security sector reform efforts.", "29. At the request of my Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), the United Nations Mine Action Service conducted technical assessment missions to Guinea-Bissau from 24 to 28 May 2010 and from 13 to 19 February 2011. The 2010 mission undertook a preliminary assessment of existing ammunition storage, management and destruction capacities to assist Guinea-Bissau in addressing its surplus ammunition stockpile. The follow-on mission focused on reducing the immediate hazard and laying the foundations for a longer-term ammunition management regime, in accordance with the international ammunition technical guidelines currently under development.", "30. The United Nations Mine Action Service, in conjunction with the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, held its seventh and eighth annual rapid response exercises in Sweden in June 2010 and 2011. As in previous years, the exercises focused on establishing a mine action coordination centre in an emergency environment. The annual exercise is included in the workplan of the global protection cluster, and a number of member agencies send staff to the exercise to enhance future responses.", "31. The development and maintenance of International Mine Action Standards continued to be an essential element of United Nations support to the mine action community. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining assists the United Nations Mine Action Service to manage the annual review process, in order to ensure that the Mine Action Standards maintain their relevance. Amendments have been made to all of the Mine Action Standards, including recognition of issues related to cluster munitions. In addition, in 2010, the International Mine Action Standards Review Board approved a new standard, developed by UNICEF, on mines and explosive remnants of war risk education, which replaced seven existing standards on mine risk education.", "32. As noted above, the thirteenth and fourteenth International Meetings of National Mine Action Programme Directors and United Nations Advisers were held in Geneva in March 2010 and 2011. Organized by the United Nations Mine Action Team in partnership with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, the annual meetings provide an opportunity for up to 300 mine action practitioners to assess progress achieved and future challenges in the sector. It is encouraging that national directors took an increased role in chairing and facilitating the meetings.", "33. From 6 to 8 September 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service, in coordination with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, hosted the third mine action technology workshop in Geneva entitled “Merging mine action technology and methodology”. This biannual event brings together mine action practitioners, equipment manufacturers and research and development organizations to review current technology and future needs. The workshop focused on the use of satellite and aerial imagery along with remote analysis and sensing technology to identify mined areas.", "34. During the reporting period, UNDP continued to promote South-South cooperation through its Mine Action Exchange Programme, which facilitates cooperation and peer review among affected countries and the dissemination of good practices. In 2010, initiatives undertaken under the programme included exchanges of information and experience among the mine action programmes of Angola, Cambodia and Mozambique.", "D. Resource mobilization/allocation", "35. According to the Landmine and Cluster Munitions Monitor (an initiative of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines), around $1 billion was generated in support of mine action efforts between 2009 and 2011, confirming that funding levels remained stable in spite of the global financial crisis. The vast majority of funds were directed to a relatively small number of States and territories, however, and primarily allocated to mine clearance, which is but one of the five pillars of mine action (also including mine risk education, victim assistance, stockpile destruction and advocacy).", "36. From 1 August 2009 to 8 July 2011, contributions to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action totalled $172 million, benefiting 21 affected States and territories. In addition, peacekeeping assessed funds for mine action totalled over $161 million for the period from 1 July 2009 through 30 June 2011. Troop-contributing countries also provided in-kind mine action capacity in direct support of mission mandates.", "37. Between 2009 and 2010, donor funding through the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery and UNDP country offices totalling $80 million supported 28 national mine action programmes. During the same period, over $25 million was provided to UNICEF for its mine action support to over 10 countries and territories.", "38. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to assist the Mine Action Support Group, a forum of donors providing political and financial support to mine action activities. Under the chairmanship of the United States of America, the Support Group held its annual meeting in New York on 14 October 2010, with 37 members in attendance. For the first time, participants included representatives from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, reflecting the increasing pool of donors with an interest in mine action. The Group also met in Geneva on 10 May 2011 to address the mine action requirements for the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which I welcome as a positive development for donor coordination in the area of mine action.", "39. On 30 November 2009, the United Nations organized the launch of the Portfolio of Mine Action Projects 2010 in Cartagena, to coincide with the Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World. An annual publication, the portfolio provides an overview of how affected countries plan to address problems posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war, in partnership with the United Nations, non-governmental organizations and other actors at the local, national and international levels. In 2010, the United Nations organized a review of the Portfolio of Mine Action Projects process. Based on the outcome of the review process, a new methodology and templates are being developed, aimed at increasing the use of the portfolio as a reference by mine action donors in making decisions about allocation of resources. The Portfolio of Mine Action Projects 2011, which includes 238 projects covering all five pillars of mine action, was launched online on 18 March 2011.", "IV. Implementation of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy for 2006-2010", "40. In order to measure the implementation of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010, the United Nations Mine Action Team distributed a survey to 49 mine action programmes that had received its support. Preliminary results underscored the decreasing rate of civilian deaths and injuries, the positive correlation between mine action and enhanced humanitarian and development responses, the integration of mine action into national development and reconstruction plans and the establishment of national mine action authorities. By identifying successes and gaps, the survey results will inform the strategic objectives of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2011-2015. A list of progress and achievements during the reporting period is presented below.", "A. Strategic objective 1: Reduction of death and injury by at least 50 per cent", "41. Statistics from several countries reflect a noticeable reduction of death and injury due to landmines and other explosive remnants of war. In 2010, Afghanistan averaged 33 casualties per month (26 per cent from landmines and 74 per cent from unexploded ordnance), representing a 29 per cent decrease from 2009. Of the victims, 16 per cent were female, and 65 per cent were children, with boys between the ages of 7 to 14 accounting for 55 per cent of all victims under the age of 18. Similarly in Chad, victim surveillance reported a reduction in reported casualties from 51 in 2009 to 17 in 2010.", "42. In Gaza, the United Nations Mine Action Team provided life-saving interventions in the aftermath of “Operation cast lead”, creating a safer environment for the civilian population and humanitarian delivery. The mine action programme conducted risk assessments of 2,187 sites, including housing sites, which were estimated to benefit 80,132 persons, and provided risk education to 5,426 individuals. Civilian casualties fell from 39 in 2009 to 16 in 2010, a 41 per cent decrease.", "43. In Nepal, United Nations support to the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction in developing and implementing a national mine action strategy contributed to a further decrease in casualties. Available data for 2010 revealed 43 victims of mines and explosive remnants of war, representing a 39 per cent decrease over 2009. The data indicated that the majority of victims were under 18 years of age and that they were injured by victim-activated improvised explosive devices.", "44. In the Somaliland and Puntland regions of Somalia, enhanced coordination and clearance capacity contributed to reducing civilian casualties and enabling development activities. In south central Somalia, increased monitoring of accidents resulted in significant improvements in prioritization and targeting for mine action implementers. Risk education was prioritized in central Somalia, which helped prevent death and injury among migrants escaping clashes in the south of the country. Mogadishu and the Afgoye corridor were especially targeted owing to high levels of contamination and casualty rates in these densely populated areas. The United Nations Mine Action Service provided risk education to 361,843 Somalis in central Somalia, the Afgoye corridor and Mogadishu and established a local identification and disposal capacity in three of the most densely populated and mine-affected regions in the south.", "45. In a notable development, the United Nations Mine Action Service, as part of UNSOA, began to work with AMISOM to increase the awareness of mines, explosive remnants of war and improvised explosive devices among the troops and to improve their ability to undertake explosive ordnance disposal operations safely and efficiently. In October 2009, with support from the United Nations Mine Action Service, AMISOM began the disposal of explosive remnants of war in Mogadishu. By April 2011, it had destroyed 5,591 mines, explosive remnants of war and items of small arms ammunitions. Systematic baseline surveys were conducted for the first time in districts of Mogadishu, giving a view of the pervasiveness of contamination in areas accessible to humanitarian assistance. Nevertheless, new mine use has been reported in several areas where armed opposition groups have reportedly mined key roads and strategic arteries. It must noted that eight Somali regions remain under the control of armed groups that have impeded clearance activities.", "46. In Colombia, where non-State armed groups continue to use landmines and improvised explosive devices, the number of victims remains very high, with approximately two casualties reported daily. Nevertheless, the overall number of incidents has decreased in recent years, with 512 victims, 30 per cent of whom were civilian, reported in 2010, compared to 741 in 2009.", "47. In the Sudan, the number of victims of landmines and explosive remnants of war increased by 35 per cent in 2010, although this may be partly explained by increased access to areas previously closed to civilians due to security concerns. In 2010, under the coordination of the United Nations Mine Action Office, a grouping of United Nations entities led by the United Nations Mine Action Service, with UNICEF as lead agency on risk education, the mine action community in the Sudan delivered community-based risk education to 330,015 people, with special focus on internally displaced persons and returnees.", "48. Mines and unexploded ordnance continued to pose a serious threat to people in the conflict-affected governorates of Yemen, in particular children, who tend to be concentrated in high-risk areas or to mistake mines and unexploded ordnance for toys. In 2010, over 34 children died from mines and explosive remnants of war and 24 sustained serious injuries. Lack of access for mine clearance units was the main impediment to reducing risk in the affected areas. Following the signing of the ceasefire agreement between the Government and the Al-Houthi armed group in February 2010, UNICEF, in coordination with the Yemen Executive Mine Action Centre and UNDP, initiated risk education activities, including three campaigns targeting over 28,000 people, training-of-trainers courses and the distribution of risk education material.", "B. Strategic objective 2: Mitigate the risk to community livelihoods and expand freedom of movement for at least 80 per cent of the most seriously affected communities", "49. Significant strides were made towards improving the livelihoods of those who face the socio-economic impact and restriction of movement because of landmines and explosive remnants of war. In Cambodia, UNDP supported the work of the Cambodian Mine Action Centre in coordinating the restoration of 14 million square metres of contaminated land, destroying, in the process, 14,000 anti-personnel mines, 403 anti-tank mines and over 80,000 items of unexploded ordnance. Over 80,000 people are expected to have benefited from demining activities by gaining access to agricultural land, sources of irrigation, roads, health centres and other infrastructure. Nearly 2,000 students now have access to schools in areas that were demined.", "50. In eastern Chad, the clearance of 2,500 kilometres of road, including 4,700,000 square metres of war-torn land and 212 dangerous areas, and the destruction of 21,000 explosive remnants of war and items of ammunition resulted in a reduced risk to host communities, refugees and internally displaced persons. Since, agricultural land represented 78 per cent of the land cleared, this action improved the livelihoods of thousands of people.", "51. In Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Mine Action Office, with support from UNDP, continued to conduct mine clearance and risk education, further reducing the risks posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war. During the reporting period, 10,178,977 square metres of land were released for agricultural use and other economic activities, and risk education was provided to 94,815 community members.", "52. Strides towards mitigating the risk to community livelihoods and expanding freedom of movement were also made in Iraq, with support from UNDP, increasing access to agriculture and schools. UNDP also continued to support clearance activities in Mozambique, where 136 areas previously blocked to economic development were cleared in 2010.", "53. In the Sudan, significant progress was made to open roads, 96 per cent of which are now deemed safe. The opening of roads improved freedom of movement and facilitated the return of internally displaced persons and refugees as well as the delivery of humanitarian assistance. Clearance operations have also resulted in the use of land for agricultural purposes and other development and income-generating activities.", "54. In Western Sahara, increased resources have produced an improved programme performance, namely, the destruction of over 7,600 explosive remnants of war east of the berm and the creation of a significant reduction in the overall threat level in the highly contaminated areas of Mehaires and Tifariti. With priority being given to environmental conditions, the scarcity of resources and the need of nomads to access grazing land, the programme has had a positive impact on the local population, facilitating their access to wadis and water sources and promoting food security. Nevertheless, despite the above achievements, casualty rates within Western Sahara reportedly increased in 2010, highlighting the urgent need for risk education.", "55. Elsewhere, progress has been hindered by a number of factors, including security concerns, gender issues and political considerations. For example, in Afghanistan, although clearance of over 189 square kilometres of land has led to improved access to roads and pasture lands, contamination levels remain high, with 6,545 known minefields, covering 627 square kilometres of land and impacting the lives and livelihoods of 2,056 communities, still to be cleared. A shift to community-based demining, whereby Afghan demining experts train and mentor local community members to conduct clearance, has proved to be an effective way of operating in highly insecure parts of the country, which has also contributed to enhanced stability. Since my last report, over 1.7 million Afghans have received risk education, including 250,000 women and almost 500,000 girls. This figure is all the more remarkable since often times women cannot attend public risk education sessions, and female trainers who can reach women in their homes remain few. To address this challenge, a radio campaign is being launched, highlighting the importance of allowing girls to attend risk education sessions.", "56. In 2010, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, verification and clearance took place on 7,637 kilometres of roads and 428,000 square metres of land, mainly in the eastern part of the country, and risk education was provided to 568,600 individuals. However, ongoing insecurity, adverse weather and reduced financial resources negatively impacted mine action operations. In addition, violence involving local militias resulted in new contamination around Mbandaka and Gemena airports in Equateur province. The presence or perception of landmines and explosive remnants of war continued to hinder livelihoods, free movement, access to basic services and markets and the rehabilitation of infrastructure. The danger posed by large, unmanaged stockpiles of ammunition in the country has already been highlighted in the final report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2008/773). In response, the United Nations Mine Action Service within MONUSCO destroyed ammunition stocks, including over 50,000 small arms ammunition near Goma, in March 2010. To complement ongoing efforts by implementing partners, in February 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service recruited a technical officer specialized in ammunition to work with the Congolese Armed Forces on eliminating the hazard posed by obsolete, degraded and poorly managed stocks.", "C. Strategic objective 3: Integration of mine action needs into national development and reconstruction plans and budgets in at least 15 countries", "57. During the reporting period, the United Nations worked with national counterparts to promote the integration of mine action into national development and reconstruction plans. The Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan, managed by the United Nations Mine Action Service at the request of the Government, worked with a range of ministries to ensure the integration of mine action into wider development plans. The Centre also worked to ensure that mine action operations are in line with Government objectives, as outlined in the Afghanistan Compact and the Afghan National Development Strategy.", "58. With support from UNDP, the National Mine Action Coordination Centre of Guinea-Bissau highlighted the need for integration of mine action into the national development strategy. A national mine action plan has been developed, in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "59. Until the peacekeeping operation closed on 31 December 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service within MINURCAT supported the development of the Chadian national mine action strategy and action plan, which is based on the obligations of the Government of Chad under the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention and the socio-economic and humanitarian needs of communities. UNDP assisted the national mine action authorities in revising the national mine action plan to take account of the results of an ongoing technical survey aimed at clarifying the extent of contamination.", "60. In Iraq, the mine action strategy for 2010-2012 was approved and launched in early 2010, with support from UNDP. Iraq also has a national mine action plan that integrates mine action needs into national and local reconstruction and development plans.", "61. In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the unexploded ordnance sector is governed by a national strategic document that underlines the “strong correlation between poverty and food insecurity on the one hand, and the presence of unexploded ordnance, on the other”. Based on that strategy, the Lao National Regulatory Authority, with support from UNDP, worked to ensure that the national socio-economic development plan for 2011-2015 refers to unexploded ordnance as a cross-cutting issue. In 2010, the Government introduced a ninth Millennium Goal — to reduce the impact of explosive remnants of war on development. In addition, a post-clearance impact assessment, facilitated by the Regulatory Authority, was completed in 2010 to obtain a better understanding of how clearance contributes to the Government’s poverty reduction efforts.", "62. In Mozambique, the national mine action plan (2008-2014) supports the national poverty reduction plan as a cross-cutting issue impacting development sectors. The challenge, however, is to ensure that all relevant ministries and local authorities take account of mine action issues in the development and implementation of their respective development plans. In Sri Lanka, integration with development plans takes place at the district level, where UNDP and UNICEF support the development of annual district mine action plans, specifying clearance, risk education and victim assistance priority activities, based on the national mine action strategy and in line with district development plans. More efforts are still required to ensure the integration of mine action needs into national development and reconstruction plans.", "63. For the first time in 2010, the Somaliland Mine Action Centre in Somalia participated in the development of the Somaliland regional development plan. This and ongoing advocacy efforts with local authorities resulted in a financial contribution of $44,000 by the Government to the Centre in 2011. The Centre has also undertaken liaison with the regional administration to ensure the integration of mine action requirements in all development plans. In collaboration with UNDP and the United Nations Mine Action Service, mine action was included in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Sudan for the period from 2009 to 2012 and the Sudan five-year strategy for the period from 2007 to 2012.", "D. Strategic objective 4: Assist the development of national institutions to manage the landmine/explosive remnants of war threat, and at the same time prepare for residual capacity in at least 15 countries", "64. During the reporting period, the United Nations worked with national mine action authorities in various countries to build local capacity and ensure national ownership over mine action strategies and priorities. In Afghanistan, the Coordination Centre continued to work with the Department of Mine Clearance, in anticipation of the transfer of responsibility for planning and coordination of mine action activities from the former to the latter in 2013. As regards victim assistance, the Centre worked with the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and the Disabled and the Ministry of Education to ensure the rights and needs of persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors, are addressed and embedded into national structures.", "65. UNDP provided further capacity development support to the Cambodian Mine Action Authority, including assistance in conducting a 2009 capacity assessment aimed at enhancing the Authority’s ability to deliver against its mandate. Similarly in Chad, following the closure of MINURCAT at the end of 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service continued to assist the national demining centre and its regional centre in Abeche in developing residual capacity, including through the training of 25 staff on the International Mine Action Standards.", "66. In Colombia, following a decision enshrined in a national mine action bill adopted in December 2010 to allow civilian demining organizations to operate in the country, the Presidential programme for integrated mine action requested technical assistance from the United Nations Mine Action Service to develop an operational coordination system for civilian mine clearance that complements the ongoing assistance being provided by UNICEF and UNDP. The Mine Action Service supported the development of national guidelines and technical standards for mine clearance operations, as well as procedures for accreditation, quality assurance and information management.", "67. Security Council resolution 1925 (2010), which established MONUSCO, mandated the Mission, inter alia, to “assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in enhancing its demining capacity”. The United Nations Mine Action Service within MONUSCO supported the drafting and adoption of a national mine action law, endorsed by the National Assembly on 15 October 2010, which established a national mine action centre and stipulated the inclusion of provisions for mine action within the national budget. In Ethiopia, UNDP provided technical advice to the national authority in the development of a mine action plan, from July 2010 to December 2011, and supported the development of national mine action standards in accordance with the International Mine Action Standards.", "68. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to work closely with the Nepal Army Mine Action Coordination Centre to develop local capacity and meet its clearance obligations under the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. In addition, the United Nations Mine Action Team continued to support the newly established mine action section within the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction, including in developing and implementing a national mine action strategy and an annual workplan. In December 2010, UNICEF started to develop the section’s mine risk education coordination capacity, with a view to starting the handover of responsibilities by December 2011. UNICEF also supported the prevention capacity of key governmental bodies, including the Department of Education, the Nepal Police and the Armed Police Force, which now have the ability to deliver risk education in any of the 25 most affected districts. As a clear sign of the increased role of the national authorities in the coordination and implementation of mine action activities, in August 2010, the national mine action section began to lead the Mine Action Joint Working Group, which it previously co-chaired with the United Nations Mine Action Team.", "69. In 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service in Somalia supported the establishment of an explosive ordnance disposal capacity within the Transitional Federal Government that has the potential to expand into all 10 regions in south central Somalia. Similar capacities established in Somaliland and Puntland provide an effective call-out service within the respective regions. These services are able to remove and destroy explosive remnants of war with limited support.", "70. In Sri Lanka, a national mine action centre was formally established in 2010 to manage mine action activities. UNDP has been providing support to the centre through its regional mine action offices in Jaffna and Vavuniya, in order to promote implementation of Government mine action policies and activities, while UNICEF supports the national mine risk education and victim assistance efforts.", "71. The United Nations also continued to support the further development of the National Mine Action Centre in Khartoum and the South Sudan Demining Authority. Since early 2010, the National Mine Action Centre has become increasingly proactive in all pillars of mine action. Since 2009, the South Sudan Demining Authority has increased joint operations with the United Nations Mine Action Office in the Sudan in field quality assurance and accreditation for clearance and mine risk education activities. In early 2011, the South Sudan Demining Authority also began to host monthly and quarterly mine action coordination meetings, with support from the United Nations Mine Action Service.", "72. In Tajikistan, UNDP supported the development of a strategic plan for 2011-2015, ensuring a wide consultative approach, as well as the adoption of national mine action standards. UNDP also supported the development of a national mine action strategy in Thailand, which was submitted by the Thai Mine Action Centre for the approval of the Government in 2010.", "V. Observations and recommendations", "73. As noted above, mine action has an impact in all five major areas of the work of the United Nations. With regard to international law, the tenth anniversary of the entry into force of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention provided an opportunity for the United Nations, States parties and relevant partners to take stock of progress made towards a mine-free world and how best to address remaining challenges to the full implementation of the Convention. I welcome the adoption, at the Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention, of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014 and the Cartagena Declaration, and look forward to their implementation in the coming years. Another major development in this area was the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 August 2010 and the subsequent First Meeting of States Parties in Vientiane in November 2010, an important step towards eliminating those weapons. I encourage all Member States which have not yet done so to accede to the Convention, and to enact the national legislation to implement it effectively.", "74. As regards the impact of mine action in the other four areas of the Organization’s work, increased efforts at integrating mine action into United Nations peacekeeping operations as well as humanitarian and development programmes reflect an increased awareness that mine action is critical to bringing about long-term peace and security, the safe delivery of humanitarian assistance, sustainable development and respect for human rights. A prime example is the visit of the Acting Director of the United Nations Mine Action Service to Western Sahara in July 2011, at the request of my Personal Envoy, to further the constructive role of mine action in the ongoing talks.", "75. In order to promote the positive impact of mine action, coordination and rapid response mechanisms have been enhanced. The area of responsibility within the global protection cluster has been fully activated, facilitating the coordination of mine action in response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 2011. Member States also strengthened their coordination of mine action within the framework of the Mine Action Support Group, supported by the United Nations Mine Action Service, which now includes a wider membership and meets to address ad hoc crises. More can still be done to ensure that the United Nations provides the most effective response to the threat to peace and security, economic development and human rights posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war. In this regard, I welcome the ongoing evaluation of United Nations work in mine action by the Joint Inspection Unit and look forward to the report and its recommendations, which I trust will further strengthen our work in this area.", "76. As noted above, the landscape in which the United Nations operates has evolved, with the threat posed by improvised explosive devices, obsolete, degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles and the circulation of illicit small arms and light weapons on the rise even as the threat of landmines and explosive remnants of war diminishes. I have encouraged continued cooperation among United Nations partners in the development of policies and instruments to respond to the aforementioned security threats, including at the country-level, in recognition of the added value of their respective contributions. In particular, I have directed the United Nations Mine Action Service to continue to work with other relevant United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to address such issues, in view of the expertise and capacity that it has developed since its establishment in 1997.", "77. Significant strides have been made in the field of mine action, including the establishment of concrete international norms and the application of proven solutions, however, this work is far from completed. It is essential not to overlook the continued threat posed by landmines. I am especially concerned by the continued landmine use reported in Afghanistan, Colombia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Yemen, and by the new mine usage reported in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Somalia and the Sudan in 2011, which show that gains made towards the elimination of landmines can easily be eroded. Most recently, credible reports indicate that new landmines have been laid in Southern Kordofan state in the Sudan and the contested Abyei area, where the United Nations is currently deploying a new peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA). With the liquidation of UNMIS, the United Nations may be less able to address the threat of landmines in Southern Kordofan.", "78. Given the persistent threat posed by landmines, further efforts are required before mine action can be removed from the international community’s agenda. The United Nations will continue to assist the development and implementation of mine action programmes, in cooperation with national authorities and international partners. As noted above, a new United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy for 2011-2015 is being developed, with refined objectives to better address outstanding challenges. In reaffirming the United Nations commitment to mine action, I call upon the international community to provide continued political and financial support for the elimination of landmines and explosive remnants of war. The continued threat posed by these weapons should not be underestimated, lest we pay a high price in terms of human lives, as well as undermine our collective efforts at promoting long-term peace and security, sustainable development and human rights.", "79. In closing, I pay tribute to all the deminers who have lost their lives in the line of duty, and condemn in the strongest terms all attacks against mine action personnel. Such attacks must be seen as attacks on the fundamental principles of peace, security and humanitarian assistance that lie at the very core of the work of the United Nations. In view of the highly insecure environments in which mine action personnel operate, I commend them for their continued dedication and commitment to providing life-saving services to vulnerable communities, regardless of political, religious, ethnic or geographical considerations.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "The 12 entities are: the United Nations Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 48 of the provisional agenda*", "Assistance in mine action", "Assistance in mine action", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period from August 2009 to July 2011, is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/84, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of that resolution and on the follow-up to previous resolutions on assistance in mine clearance and assistance in mine action, including relevant United Nations policies and activities.", "2. The report highlights the impact of mine action in five main areas of United Nations work: peace and security, humanitarian affairs, economic development, human rights and international law; and describes the integration of mine action into all five areas of work of the United Nations Mine Action Team (including 12 United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes),1 as well as observer entities, namely, the Office of Legal Affairs, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the World Bank and the International Committee of the Red Cross. The report begins with an update on efforts to promote the universalization and implementation of the international legal instruments related to mine action, as well as on key developments, including the adoption of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014, in support of the robust implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (see A/CONF.157/24 (Part I)). The Mine Ban Convention; the Convention on Cluster Munitions entered into force on 1 August 2010; the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions was held in Vientiane from 9 to 12 November 2010.", "A/66/150.", "1 Twelve entities are: the United Nations Mine Action Service, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).", "3. The report highlights efforts to integrate mine action into United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian and development programming and outlines the coordination and rapid response mechanisms developed to address the threat of landmines and explosive remnants of war, including obsolete and degraded ammunition stockpiles and improvised explosive devices. In addition, the report notes that mine action is based on effective partnerships within the United Nations and between the United Nations, Member States and civil society, including non-governmental organizations and individuals.", "4. The report also outlines achievements since the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/64/287) in implementing the four strategic objectives identified in the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010. Recognizing the changing context of mine action, the report outlines a series of recommendations, including strengthening cooperation among United Nations mine action partners in the area of ammunition stockpile management to address the increased threat posed by improvised explosive devices and the widespread circulation of illicit small arms and light weapons.", "II. Update on international instruments related to mine action", "5. The United Nations continues to assist Member States in the development and implementation of international instruments aimed at protecting civilians from the scourge of landmines and explosive remnants of war. To date, 156 States have ratified or acceded to the Mine Ban Convention since it was opened for signature in 1997. Eighty-six States parties have completed their stockpile destruction obligations and destroyed over 45 million stockpiled anti-personnel mines. In 2009 and 2010, Albania, Greece, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Tunisia and Zambia declared their mine clearance obligations completed. Ten States Parties were unable to clear and destroy anti-personnel mines within a 10-year time limit, requesting an extension.", "6. The Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction was held in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009. The meeting, entitled “Cartagena Mine-Free World Summit”, reviewed progress and focused on the remaining challenges to full compliance by States parties and other partners. The Conference adopted the Cartagena Declaration (“Commitment towards a Mine-Free World”) and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014 to provide guidance and a framework for the implementation and universalization of the Convention in the coming years.", "7. The Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Convention, held in Geneva from 29 November to 3 December 2010, reviewed the 2011 Intersessional Work Programme and established a new Standing Committee on Resources, Cooperation and Assistance. It also endorsed the report of the task force established by the Second Review Conference to evaluate the work of the Implementation Support Unit of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. Changes were introduced to enhance the independence and performance of the Unit under the direct guidance of States parties. States parties also welcomed the Geneva progress report on the status and operation of the Convention since the Second Review Conference.", "8. Since the Convention on Cluster Munitions was opened for signature in December 2008, 109 States have signed or acceded to the Convention, 38 of which have used, manufactured, exported or stockpiled cluster munitions. The Convention entered into force on 1 August 2010, following the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification on 16 February 2010. As at 8 July 2011, 59 States had ratified, accepted or acceded to the Convention.", "Nine States Parties (Austria, Belgium, Ecuador, Hungary, Montenegro, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Moldova and Spain) and two Signatories (Colombia and Czech Republic) have destroyed their stockpiles of cluster munitions. In 2010, two signatories (Afghanistan and Angola) reported that their stockpiles of cluster munitions had been destroyed as part of a broader weapons disposal programme. All States parties with stockpiles of such weapons indicated that they had already started or were in the process of destroying them; 10 States had national legislation in place to implement the Convention.", "10. The First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions was held in Vientiane from 9 to 12 November 2010. Albania ' s chairmanship of the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Convention, coupled with the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic ' s chairmanship of the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, reflects a promising trend towards increasing ownership of the humanitarian disarmament conventions by affected States. Following the completion of the current chairmanship, Lebanon will chair the Second Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in September 2011 and Cambodia will chair the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Convention in November 2011.", "11. The Vientiane Declaration and the Vientiane Action Plan adopted at the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions will guide the implementation of the Convention. The States parties adopted the format for national reporting under article 7 of the Convention on transparency measures. Approved the programme of work for 2011, including provisions for an intersessional meeting in 2011 to discuss the future architecture and implementation framework of the Convention. Prior to the first meeting, the Office for Disarmament Affairs and UNDP provided substantive and logistical support to the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic. At the meeting, UNDP was appointed Executive Coordinator under the chairmanship of Laos to prepare for the Second Meeting of the States Parties, including an intersessional meeting in Geneva from 27 to 30 June 2011, in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "12. Within the context of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons), the Group of Governmental Experts continued its negotiations on a protocol on cluster munitions. The United Nations Mine Action Team worked actively with delegations to provide technical input to the deliberations. The United Nations Mine Action Team also provided technical advice to assist the 2010 Intersessional Meeting of Experts of the High Contracting Parties to Amended Protocol II on Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices and to Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, which focused on the implementation of IEDs and Protocol V, respectively, including its plan of action on victim assistance.", "13. Since my last report, 102 States have ratified or acceded to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and 62 States have adopted the Optional Protocol to the Convention. The United Nations Mine Action Team continues to encourage Member States to accede to the Convention, emphasizing its contribution to meeting the rights and needs of victims of mines and explosive remnants of war. At the programme level, opportunities were identified to integrate assistance to mine and ERW victims into a broader public health and support framework.", "III. Mine action responses within and outside the United Nations", "The situation in mine action has continued to evolve over the past two years. New progress has been made in achieving the strategic objectives set out in the United Nations Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010. Mine action programmes have been completed in a number of countries. A case in point is Albania, which completed demining in 2009 and is currently adapting its mine action programme to support the Government ' s demilitarization programme, which includes ammunition stockpile management and disposal of obsolete and degraded munitions. Other States have also begun to explore potential synergies between mine action and other sectors, recognizing that the tools and expertise developed to address the mine threat can also effectively address other threats, such as those posed by degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles and improvised explosive devices.", "15. However, several countries, including Afghanistan, Cambodia and the Sudan, remain severely affected by landmines. It was also worrying that new mines were being laid in some places, such as Colombia, while existing mines were being cleared. The use of anti-personnel mines by non-State actors has also been confirmed in Afghanistan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Myanmar, Pakistan, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen. The United Nations continued to implement mine action programmes to address the threat posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war and to support the efforts of national authorities. United Nations support played a key role in providing and coordinating mine action responses during and immediately after conflicts, particularly in Pakistan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Côte d ' Ivoire, and in developing capacities and mechanisms to ensure that mine action responses were provided in the most effective manner.", "In its resolution 64/84, entitled “Assistance in mine action”, the General Assembly established “the need for a comprehensive and independent evaluation of the scope, organization, effectiveness and approach of United Nations mine action efforts”. Following extensive consultations, the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action agreed that the Joint Inspection Unit would conduct an evaluation. The United Nations Mine Action Team supported the Joint Inspection Unit evaluation, including the allocation of funds from the Voluntary Trust Fund.", "A. Harmonization of mine action in the United Nations system", "17. During the reporting period, greater emphasis was placed on the integration of mine action into United Nations peacekeeping, humanitarian and development efforts. Mine action is increasingly an integral part of peacekeeping and special political missions, as it is explicitly mentioned in mission mandates or contributes to the protection of civilians and the security of other mandated activities through mine action. The United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT, closed on 31 December 2010), the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS), which ended on 9 July 2011, the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS, established on 9 July 2011) and the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia (UNSOA) have mine action components.", "18. Mine action and issues related to explosive remnants of war, stockpile management and improvised explosive devices have been referred to in reports to the Security Council, in particular with regard to countries that are or have been deployed to peacekeeping operations or special political missions. These include my own reports on Afghanistan, the Central African Republic and Chad, Côte d ' Ivoire, Cyprus, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, Somalia, the Sudan (including Darfur), the Syrian Arab Republic and Western Sahara. Mine action elements are also included in a number of thematic reports, including on women and peace and security; children and armed conflict; protection of civilians in armed conflict; and peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict. My report on children in armed conflict (S/2010/181) highlighted that over 1,000 children had been confirmed killed or injured in conflict-related violence during the reporting period, in particular as victims of landmines, unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices. In response to the threat posed to children by these weapons, in 2010 the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) included mine and explosive remnants of war risk education and advocacy against the use of landmines and other indiscriminate weapons in the Core Commitments for Children in Emergencies, a framework to guide the Fund's response to emergencies.", "19. Efforts to integrate mine action into United Nations humanitarian and development plans and consolidated appeals processes continue. Mine action projects are included in the humanitarian appeals for Afghanistan, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gaza, Somalia and the Sudan. Mine action was also included in the humanitarian response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, namely, the establishment of a sub-cluster on mine action under the protection cluster and the inclusion of five mine action projects in the revised emergency appeal issued by the Emergency Relief Coordinator in May 2011. The United Nations, as well as bilateral, multilateral and civil society development agencies, have also begun to integrate mine action into programmes, to become a development sector and to advance the work of more traditional development sectors.", "To further promote gender equality in mine action, the United Nations revised the “Gender Guidelines for Mine Action Programmes” by sharing good practices and lessons learned from field programmes. The revised guidelines identify measures to be implemented in mine action programmes, with equal participation of women and men as beneficiaries, practitioners and decision makers, to ensure that mine action projects have an equally proportionate impact on women and girls, boys and men.", "B. Coordination and partnerships", "Under “Mine action and effective coordination: United Nations inter-agency policy”, United Nations departments, offices, programmes, funds and agencies involved in mine action continue to coordinate their activities through the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, chaired by the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations.", "22. Following a review of existing mine action coordination mechanisms, the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action agreed in October 2010 that mine action areas of responsibility within the global protection cluster should be fully activated to align mine action coordination with the thematic cluster approach already accepted by the United Nations system as a whole; facilitate coordination with a broader range of stakeholders, such as non-governmental organizations; and ensure direct contact with United Nations country teams. In coordination with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which leads the global protection cluster, the United Nations Mine Action Service drafted terms of reference for mine action areas of responsibility, which were adopted by members, including the United Nations, non-governmental organizations and other partners.", "23. To facilitate coordination with non-governmental organizations and other implementing partners, the United Nations Mine Action Service chaired meetings of the Mine Action Committee to discuss issues of common interest on the occasion of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth International Conferences of Directors of National Mine Action Programmes and United Nations Advisers, held in Geneva in 2010 and March 2011. The Panel also met during the intersessional period of the Mine Ban Convention in Geneva in June 2011.", "24. Recognizing the complementarities between mine action and curbing the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, efforts have been made to ensure coherence and synergy between the two processes within the United Nations. Examples include the participation of members of the United Nations Mine Action Team in the Coordinating Action on Small Arms mechanism, chaired by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the provision of technical expertise by the United Nations Mine Action Team to assist in the development of the International Small Arms Control Standards, which serve as a model.", "25. The Office for Disarmament Affairs and the United Nations Mine Action Service continued to develop international ammunition technical guidelines in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/51. In that resolution, the Assembly encouraged Member States to contribute to the development of technical guidelines to assist States in voluntarily improving their national stockpile management capabilities, preventing the increase in surplus ammunition and reducing risk more broadly. The guidelines were well received by the United Nations at the second Congress of the Latin American Association of Training Centres for Peacekeeping Operations, held in Rio de Janeiro in August 2010. I welcome the continued cooperation of the Office for Disarmament Affairs with the United Nations Mine Action Service, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and others in the preparation of the guidelines, which are essential to avoid contamination from accidental explosive remnants of war.", "26. During the reporting period, I called on the Department of Safety and Security to coordinate the development of a comprehensive policy on the United Nations approach to the issue of improvised explosive devices, which are part of ongoing hostilities and threaten United Nations personnel and facilities. In view of the similar threat of mines and improvised explosive devices, I recommend that the experience of the members of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action be taken into account in the development of the above-mentioned policy, which is expected to be presented to the Inter-Agency Security Management Network Steering Group at the end of 2011.", "C. Servicing the mine action community", "27. Recognizing the critical role that standing capacity can play in mission planning and start-up, the United Nations Mine Action Service established a permanent mine action capacity mechanism in 2009. This mechanism has been used since its inception to provide immediate emergency response, strengthen existing programmes and conduct needs assessments and programme evaluations. Most recently, in March 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service deployed the Mechanism to Cairo to coordinate mine action in response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to establish mine action areas of responsibility under the protection cluster.", "28. The post-electoral crisis in Côte d ' Ivoire left many explosive remnants of war, which directly threatened human security and hindered the safe reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Government, humanitarian and development actors. In response to this threat, on 14 April 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service deployed a technical expert to Côte d ' Ivoire to assess the scope and nature of contamination in Abidjan and to identify the needs of other stakeholders, including the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI) and national authorities, for the clearance of priority hazardous areas. In the future, the discovery of ammunition storage and weapons storage sites in and outside Abidjan will require the implementation of ammunition and weapons management projects in support of national security institutions. In this regard, the Mine Action Service has begun to assist UNOCI with ammunition and weapons management issues in support of its disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and security sector reform efforts.", "29. At the request of my Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), the United Nations Mine Action Service undertook technical assessments of Guinea-Bissau from 24 to 28 May 2010 and from 13 to 19 February 2011. The 2010 assessment mission conducted a preliminary assessment of existing ammunition storage, management and destruction capacities to assist Guinea-Bissau in the disposal of its surplus ammunition stockpiles. The follow-up assessment mission focused on reducing immediate risks and laying the foundation for a long-term ammunition management system in accordance with the international ammunition technical guidelines currently being developed.", "30. The United Nations Mine Action Service, together with the Swedish Civil Emergency Response Agency, conducted its seventh and eighth annual rapid response exercises in 2010 and June 2011. As in previous years, the exercise focused on the establishment of mine action coordination centres in emergency situations. The annual exercise was included in the workplan of the global protection cluster, and some member agencies participated in the exercise to enhance future responses.", "31. The development and maintenance of international mine action standards continues to be an important component of United Nations support to the mine action community. The GICHD assists the United Nations Mine Action Service in managing the annual review process to ensure that mine action standards remain relevant. All mine action standards have been revised, including the identification of issues related to cluster munitions. In addition, the International Mine Action Standards Review Committee approved in 2010 a new standard on mine and explosive remnants of war risk education prepared by UNICEF, which replaces the existing seven standards on mine risk education.", "32. As noted above, the Thirteenth and Fourteenth International Conferences of National Mine Action Programme Directors and United Nations Advisers were held in Geneva in 2010 and March 2011. These annual meetings, organized by the United Nations Mine Action Team in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, provide an opportunity for up to 300 mine action practitioners to assess progress and future challenges in the sector. It is encouraging to note that the country directors have played a greater role in chairing and facilitating the meetings.", "From 6 to 8 September 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service, in coordination with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, hosted the third workshop on mine action technologies entitled “Consolidation of mine action technologies and methodologies” in Geneva. Two events during the year brought together mine action practitioners, equipment manufacturers and research and development organizations to review current technology and future needs. The workshop focused on the use of satellite and aerial imagery and remote analysis and remote sensing techniques to identify mined areas.", "34. During the reporting period, UNDP continued to promote South-South cooperation through the mine action exchange programme, promoting cooperation and peer review among affected countries and promoting good practices. In 2010, initiatives under this programme included the exchange of information and experiences among mine action programmes in Angola, Cambodia and Mozambique.", "Resource mobilization/allocation", "35. According to the Monitoring of Landmines and Cluster Munitions (an initiative of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines), approximately $1 billion was mobilized between 2009 and 2011 to support mine action. This confirms that funding levels have remained stable despite the global financial crisis. However, the vast majority of funds are spent on relatively small numbers of countries and territories and are mainly for mine clearance, but this is only one of the five pillars of mine action (including mine risk education, victim assistance, stockpile destruction and advocacy).", "36. From 1 August 2009 to 8 July 2011, contributions to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action totalled $172 million, benefiting 21 affected countries and territories. In addition, peacekeeping assessments for mine action totalled over $161 million for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011. Troop-contributing countries have also provided in-kind mine action capacity in direct support of the mission ' s mandate.", "37. Between 2009 and 2010, donors contributed $80 million to support 28 national mine action programmes through the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery and UNDP country offices. During the same period, over $25 million was provided to UNICEF for its mine action support to more than 10 countries and territories.", "38. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to assist the Mine Action Support Group, a forum for donors providing political and financial support for mine action activities. The annual meeting of the Support Group, chaired by the United States of America, was held in New York on 14 October 2010 and was attended by 37 members. For the first time, participants included representatives from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, reflecting the growing interest of donors in mine action. The Panel also met in Geneva on 10 May 2011 to discuss the mine action needs of the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and I welcome this positive development in donor coordination in mine action.", "39. On 30 November 2009, the United Nations organized the launch of the 2010 Overview of Mine Action Projects in Cartagena in conjunction with the Cartagena World Summit on Mine Free. The Survey, published annually, provides an overview of how affected States have developed plans to address the problems posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war in cooperation with the United Nations, non-governmental organizations and other actors at the local, national and international levels. In 2010, the United Nations organized a review of the Mine Action Project Overview process. Based on the outcome of the review process, new methodologies and templates are being developed to increase the use of the overview as a reference for mine action donors to take decisions on resource allocation. The 2011 Overview of Mine Action Projects, which includes 238 projects covering all five pillars of mine action, was launched online on 18 March 2011.", "IV. Implementation of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010", "40. To measure the implementation of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010, the United Nations Mine Action Team distributed a survey to 49 mine action programmes it supported. The preliminary findings highlighted the decline in civilian casualties, the positive link between mine action and the strengthening of humanitarian and development responses, the integration of mine action into national development and reconstruction plans, and the establishment of national mine action authorities. By identifying successful experiences and gaps, the findings will contribute to the development of the strategic objectives of the United Nations inter-agency mine action strategy for 2011-2015. Progress and achievements during the reporting period are set out below:", "Strategic objective 1: Reduce by at least 50 per cent the number of deaths and injuries", "41. Statistics from several countries reflect a significant decrease in the number of deaths and injuries caused by landmines and other explosive remnants of war. In 2010, there were an average of 33 casualties per month (26 per cent due to mines and 74 per cent to unexploded ordnance), a decrease of 29 per cent compared to 2009. Of the victims, 16 per cent were women, 65 per cent were children and 55 per cent were boys between the ages of 7 and 14. Similarly, in Chad, victim monitoring reports indicate that 51 casualties were reported in 2009, down to 17 in 2010.", "In Gaza, the United Nations Mine Action Team provided life-saving interventions after Operation Cast Lead, creating a safer environment for the civilian population and humanitarian assistance. The mine action programme conducted a risk assessment of 2,187 locations, including residential locations, benefiting an estimated 80,132 people; and provided risk education to 5,426 individuals. Civilian casualties decreased by 41 per cent, from 39 in 2009 to 16 in 2010.", "43. In Nepal, the United Nations supported the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction in developing and implementing a national mine action strategy, contributing to a further reduction in casualties. Available data for 2010 show that 43 people are victims of mines and explosive remnants of war, a 39 per cent decrease from 2009. The data show that the vast majority of the victims were under 18 years of age and had themselves triggered an IED.", "44. In the Somaliland and Puntland regions of Somalia, increased coordination and mine-clearing capacity contributed to the reduction of civilian casualties and development activities. In south-central Somalia, increased accident monitoring has significantly improved the prioritization and targeting of mine action practitioners. Risk education has received attention in central Somalia, helping to prevent the deaths and injuries of migrants fleeing conflict in the south of the country. Special attention was given to Mogadishu and the Afgoye corridor, which are heavily mined and densely populated, with high casualty rates. The United Nations Mine Action Service provided risk education to 361,843 Somalis in central Somalia, the Afgoye corridor and Mogadishu, and established local mine detection and clearance capacities in the three most densely populated and mine-affected areas of the south.", "45. In a notable development, the United Nations Mine Action Service, as part of UNSOA, has begun to work with AMISOM to raise the awareness of troops of the dangers of mines, explosive remnants of war and improvised explosive devices and to enhance their capacity to conduct explosive ordnance disposal operations in a safe and efficient manner. In October 2009, with the support of the United Nations Mine Action Service, AMISOM began to address explosive remnants of war in Mogadishu. By April 2011, 5,591 mines, explosive remnants of war and small arms ammunition had been destroyed. For the first time, a systematic baseline survey was conducted in all districts of Mogadishu to obtain an understanding of the presence of mines in areas where humanitarian assistance activities are taking place. However, new mines were reported in some areas, and armed opposition groups were reported to have laid mines on the main roads and strategic arteries in those areas. It is important to note that eight areas of Somalia remain under the control of armed groups and cannot be cleared.", "46. In Colombia, non-State armed groups continue to use landmines and improvised explosive devices, and the number of victims remains high, with approximately two casualties reported daily. However, the total number of casualties has declined in recent years, with 512 victims reported in 2010, 30 per cent of whom were civilians, compared to 741 in 2009.", "47. In the Sudan, the number of victims of landmines and explosive remnants of war increased by 35 per cent in 2010, although this may be partly due to the increasing openness to areas previously closed to civilians for security reasons. In 2010, the mine action community in the Sudan, coordinated by the United Nations Mine Action Office, provided community-based risk education to 330,015 people, with a special focus on internally displaced persons and returnees. The Office is composed of a number of United Nations entities, led by the United Nations Mine Action Service, and UNICEF is the lead agency for risk education.", "48. Landmines and unexploded ordnance continue to pose a serious threat to people, especially children, in conflict-affected provinces in Yemen. Children are often concentrated in high-risk areas or mistook mines and unexploded ordnance for toys. In 2010, more than 34 children were killed and 24 seriously injured by mines and explosive remnants of war. The lack of access to demining units is a major obstacle to reducing risk in affected areas. Following the signing of the ceasefire agreement between the Government and the Al-Houthi armed group in February 2010, UNICEF, in coordination with the Mine Action Centre in Yemen and UNDP, initiated risk education activities, including three campaigns targeting more than 28,000 people, training-of-trainers courses and the distribution of risk education materials.", "Strategic objective 2: To mitigate the risks to community livelihoods and expand freedom of movement to reach at least 80 per cent of the most affected communities", "49. Considerable progress has been made in improving the livelihoods of people affected by the socio-economic impact and movement of mines and explosive remnants of war. In Cambodia, UNDP supported the Cambodian Mine Action Centre in coordinating the clearance of 14 million square metres of land, during which 14,000 anti-personnel mines, 403 anti-tank mines and more than 80,000 items of unexploded ordnance were destroyed. More than 80,000 people are expected to benefit from demining activities, with access to agricultural land, irrigation sources, roads, medical centres and other infrastructure. Nearly 2,000 students are now able to attend schools where they used to be in mined areas.", "50. In eastern Chad, the clearance of 2,500 kilometres of roads, including 4,700,000 square metres of war area land and 212 hazardous areas, and the destruction of 21,000 explosive remnants of war and ammunition mitigate the risks faced by host communities, refugees and internally displaced persons. As agricultural land accounts for 78 per cent of the land cleared, the operation has improved the livelihoods of thousands of people.", "51. In Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Mine Action Office, with the support of UNDP, continued to work on mine clearance and risk education to further reduce the risks posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war. During the reporting period, 10,178,977 square metres of land were cleared for use in agriculture and other economic activities, and risk education was provided to 94,815 community members.", "52. In Iraq, with the support of UNDP, significant progress has also been made in reducing risks to community livelihoods and expanding freedom of movement, allowing for more agricultural activities and access to more schools. UNDP also continued to support mine-clearance activities in Mozambique, where 136 previously economically uneconomically developed areas were cleared in 2010.", "In the Sudan, significant progress has been made in opening roads, with 96 per cent now safe. The opening of roads improved freedom of movement and facilitated the return of internally displaced persons and refugees, as well as the delivery of humanitarian assistance. Mine clearance operations have also enabled the use of land for farming and other development and income-generating activities.", "54. In Western Sahara, the increase in resources improved programme performance by destroying more than 7,600 explosive remnants of war east of the berm, significantly reducing the overall threat in the highly contaminated areas of Mehaires and Tifariti. The programme has had a positive impact on the local population by prioritizing environmental conditions, lack of resources and the need of nomads for grazing land, facilitating their access to river valleys and water sources and contributing to food security. Despite those achievements, the reported increase in casualties in Western Sahara in 2010 highlighted the urgent need for risk education.", "55. Elsewhere, progress is constrained by a number of factors, including security concerns, gender issues and political considerations. For example, in Afghanistan, while more than 189 square kilometres of land have been cleared of mines, allowing more access to roads and pastures, the level of contamination remains high, with more than 6,545 known minefields still to be cleared, covering 627 square kilometres, affecting the lives and livelihoods of 2,056 communities. The shift to community-based demining, with Afghan demining experts training and mentoring members of local communities in mine clearance, has proved to be an effective way of operating in highly insecure areas of the country and has also contributed to increased stability. Since my last report, more than 1.7 million Afghans have received risk education, including 250,000 women and nearly half a million girls. This figure is significant, as women are often unable to attend public risk education courses, and female trainers reaching women ' s homes are still very low. To address this challenge, radio campaigns are being conducted to highlight the importance of involving girls in risk education courses.", "56. In 2010, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, verification and clearance of 7,637 km of roads and 428,000 square metres of land, mainly in the eastern part of the country, provided risk education to 568,600 people. However, persistent insecurity, bad weather and reduced financial resources have affected mine action. In addition, violent activities involving local militias led to new contamination around Mbandaka and Gemena airports in Equateur Province. The presence or perceived presence of mines and explosive remnants of war continues to impede livelihoods, freedom of movement, access to basic services and markets, as well as the rehabilitation of infrastructure. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has large stockpiles of unmanaged ammunition, the dangers of which have been highlighted in the final report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2008/773). In response, the United Nations Mine Action Service within MONUSCO destroyed ammunition stockpiles, including over 50,000 small arms ammunition destroyed near Goma in March 2010. As part of the ongoing efforts of implementing partners, in February 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service recruited an ammunition technical officer to work with the Congolese armed forces to eliminate the risks posed by obsolete, degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles.", "C. Strategic objective 3: Integrate mine action needs into national development and reconstruction plans and budgets of at least 15 countries", "57. During the reporting period, the United Nations worked with national counterparts to promote the integration of mine action into national development and reconstruction plans. At the request of the Government, the Mine Action Coordination Centre for Afghanistan, managed by the United Nations Mine Action Service, works with ministries to ensure that mine action is integrated into broader development plans. The Centre also worked to ensure that mine action activities were consistent with the Government ' s objectives as set out in the Afghanistan Compact and the Afghanistan National Development Strategy.", "58. With support from UNDP, the Guinea-Bissau National Mine Action Coordination Centre emphasized the need to integrate mine action into national development strategies. A national mine action plan has been prepared in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "59. Until the end of MINURCAT on 31 December 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service within the peacekeeping operation had supported the development of a national mine action strategy and action plan for Chad. The document is based on the obligations of the Government of Chad under the Mine Ban Convention and the socio-economic and humanitarian needs of the community. UNDP assisted national mine action agencies in revising national mine action plans to take into account the results of ongoing technical surveys aimed at identifying contamination levels.", "60. In Iraq, the 2010-2012 mine action strategy was approved and launched in early 2010 with the support of UNDP. Iraq also has a national mine action plan that incorporates mine action needs into national and local reconstruction and development plans.", "In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the unexploded ordnance sector is regulated by the national strategy document, which emphasizes “a strong correlation between poverty and food insecurity and the presence of unexploded ordnance”. In line with this strategy, the Lao National Authority, with the support of UNDP, has worked to ensure that the 2011-2015 National Socio-Economic Development Plan refers to unexploded ordnance as a cross-cutting issue. The Government launched its ninth MDG in 2010 — reducing the impact of explosive remnants of war on development. In addition, the post-clearance impact assessment, facilitated by the national authorities, was completed in 2010 in order to better understand how demining can contribute to the Government ' s efforts to alleviate poverty.", "62. In Mozambique, the National Mine Action Plan (2008-2014) supports the national poverty reduction plan as a cross-cutting issue affecting development sectors. However, the challenge is to ensure that all relevant ministries and local authorities take mine action issues into account when developing and implementing their respective development plans. In Sri Lanka, integration into development plans was carried out at the district level, and UNDP and UNICEF supported the development of annual district-level mine action action plans based on the national mine action strategy and district development plans, identifying priority activities for mine clearance, risk education and victim assistance. More needs to be done to ensure that mine action needs are integrated into national development and reconstruction plans.", "63. In 2010, the Somaliland Mine Action Centre in Somalia participated for the first time in the preparation of the Somaliland Regional Development Plan. This effort, together with continued advocacy with local authorities, led to a Government contribution of $44,000 to the Centre in 2011. The Centre also liaised with regional governments to ensure that mine action needs were integrated into all development plans. In cooperation with UNDP and the United Nations Mine Action Service, mine action was integrated into the United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Sudan 2009-2012 and the five-year strategy for the Sudan 2007-2012.", "D. Strategic objective 4: Assist national institutions in at least 15 countries in developing and controlling the threat of mines/explosive remnants of war, while preparing for residual capacity", "64. During the reporting period, the United Nations worked with national mine action authorities to build local capacity to ensure national ownership of mine action strategies and priorities. In Afghanistan, the Coordination Centre continued to work with the Mine Action Agency to prepare for the transfer of mine action planning and coordination responsibilities from the Centre to the Agency in 2013. With regard to victim assistance, the Centre worked with the Ministries of Health, Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Persons with Disabilities and Education to ensure that the rights and needs of persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors, were addressed and integrated into national structures.", "65. UNDP provided further capacity development support to the Cambodian Mine Action Authority, including support to the 2009 capacity assessment to strengthen the Authority ' s capacity to implement its mandate. Similarly, in Chad, following the closure of MINURCAT in late 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service continued to assist the National Demining Centre and the Regional Centre in Abéché in developing the remaining capacity, including through the training of 25 staff on the International Mine Action Standards.", "66. In Colombia, a national mine action bill was adopted in December 2010, with a decision to allow civilian demining organizations to operate in the country. Subsequently, the President ' s Integrated Mine Action Programme requested technical assistance from the United Nations Mine Action Service to develop a civilian mine action operational coordination system to complement the ongoing assistance provided by UNICEF and UNDP. UNMAS supported the development of national mine action guidelines and technical standards, as well as certification, quality assurance and information management procedures.", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1925 (2010), establishing MONUSCO, authorized the Mission, inter alia, “to assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in strengthening its demining capacity”. The United Nations Mine Action Service within MONUSCO supported the drafting and adoption of a national mine action law. The Act was approved by the National Assembly on 15 October 2010 and established the National Mine Action Centre, which provides for the inclusion of mine action provisions in the national budget. In Ethiopia, from July 2010 to December 2011, UNDP provided technical advice to national authorities, developed mine action plans and supported the development of national mine action standards in line with the International Mine Action Standards.", "68. The United Nations Mine Action Team continues to work closely with the Nepal Army Mine Action Coordination Centre to develop local capacity and to fulfil mine clearance obligations under the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. In addition, the United Nations Mine Action Team continued to support the newly established Mine Action Section within the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction, including the development and implementation of the national mine action strategy and annual workplan. UNICEF began developing the Section ' s mine risk education coordination capacity in December 2010 with a view to the transfer of responsibilities by December 2011. UNICEF also supported the preventive capacity of key government agencies, such as the Ministry of Education, the Nepal Police and the Armed Police Force, which now have the capacity to provide risk education in any of the 25 most affected districts. A clear sign of the increasing role of national authorities in coordinating the implementation of mine action is that in August 2010, the National Mine Action Section began to lead the Joint Mine Action Working Group, previously co-chaired with the United Nations Mine Action Team.", "69. In 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service in Somalia supported the development of explosive ordnance disposal capacity within the Transitional Federal Government, which is likely to extend to all 10 areas in south-central Somalia. Similar capacities established in Somaliland and Puntland provide effective call services within their respective regions to clear and destroy explosive remnants of war with limited support.", "70. In Sri Lanka, the National Mine Action Centre was formally established in 2010 to manage mine action. UNDP has been supporting the Centre through its regional mine action offices in Jaffna and Vavuniya to facilitate the implementation of the Government ' s mine action policy and activities, while UNICEF has supported national mine risk education and victim assistance efforts.", "71. The United Nations also continued to support the further development of the National Mine Action Centre in Khartoum and the Southern Sudan Demining Agency. Since early 2010, the National Mine Action Centre has been increasingly active in all pillars of mine action. Since 2009, the Southern Sudan Demining Agency has increased its joint operations with the United Nations Mine Action Office in the Sudan, involving quality assurance and certification of mine clearance in the field and mine risk education activities. Early in 2011, the Southern Sudan Demining Agency, with support from the United Nations Mine Action Service, also began to chair monthly and quarterly mine action coordination meetings.", "72. In Tajikistan, UNDP supported the development of the strategic plan for 2011-2015, ensuring a broad consultative approach and the adoption of national mine action standards. UNDP also supported the development of a national mine action strategy for Thailand, submitted by the Thailand Mine Action Centre in 2010 for approval by the Government of Thailand.", "V. Observations and recommendations", "As noted above, mine action affects all five main areas of United Nations work. With regard to international law, the tenth anniversary of the entry into force of the Mine Ban Convention provides an opportunity for the United Nations, States parties and relevant partners to review progress towards a mine-free world and how best to address the remaining challenges to the full implementation of the Convention. I welcome the adoption of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014 and the Cartagena Declaration at the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention and look forward to their implementation in the coming years. Another major development in this regard is the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 August 2010 and the subsequent convening of the First Meeting of States Parties in Vientiane in November 2010, which is an important step towards the elimination of these weapons. I encourage all Member States that have not yet done so to accede to the Convention and to enact national legislation for its effective implementation.", "74. With regard to the impact of mine action on four other areas of United Nations work, increased efforts to integrate mine action into United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian and development programmes reflected a growing recognition that mine action was key to long-term peace and security, safe delivery of humanitarian assistance, sustainable development and respect for human rights. One of the best examples is the visit to Western Sahara in July 2011, at the request of my Personal Envoy, of the Acting Chief of the United Nations Mine Action Service to promote the constructive role of mine action in the ongoing talks.", "75. Coordination and rapid response mechanisms have been strengthened to promote the positive impact of mine action. The area of responsibility within the global protection cluster was fully activated to facilitate mine action coordination in response to the 2011 crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Member States have also strengthened mine action coordination within the framework of the Mine Action Support Group, which is supported by the United Nations Mine Action Service and now includes a broader membership and meets to address emerging crises. More can still be done to ensure that the United Nations is most effective in addressing the threats to peace and security, economic development and human rights posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war. In this regard, I welcome the ongoing evaluation of the United Nations mine action work by the Joint Inspection Unit and look forward to its report and recommendations, which I believe will further strengthen our work in this area.", "76. As noted above, the environment in which the United Nations operates has changed and the threat posed by improvised explosive devices, obsolete, degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles and the circulation of illicit small arms and light weapons is increasing, although the threat of landmines and explosive remnants of war is decreasing. I encourage continued cooperation among United Nations partners to develop policies and tools to address these security threats, including at the country level, while recognizing the value of their contributions. In particular, I have instructed the United Nations Mine Action Service to continue to work with other relevant United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to address these issues, given the expertise and capacity it has developed since its establishment in 1997.", "77. Significant progress has been made in the area of mine action, including the development of specific international norms and the application of proven solutions; however, the work is far from complete. The continuing threat posed by landmines must not be overlooked. I am particularly concerned by reports of the continued use of landmines in Afghanistan, Colombia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Yemen, as well as by reports that they began to be used in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Somalia and the Sudan in 2011, which illustrates the vulnerability of progress towards their elimination. Recently, credible reports indicate that new mines have been laid in Southern Kordofan State and the disputed Abyei area of the Sudan, where the United Nations is currently deploying a new peacekeeping mission: the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei. With the liquidation of UNMIS, the United Nations capacity to address the landmine threat in Southern Kordofan is likely to decrease.", "78. Given the continuing threat posed by landmines, further efforts were needed to remove mine action from the agenda of the international community. The United Nations will continue to work with national authorities and international partners to assist in the development and implementation of mine action programmes. As noted above, a new United Nations inter-agency mine action strategy for 2011-2015 is being developed with well-defined targets to better address outstanding challenges. To reaffirm the commitment of the United Nations to mine action, I appeal to the international community to provide sustained political and financial support for the elimination of landmines and explosive remnants of war. The continuing threat posed by these weapons should not be underestimated, otherwise we will pay a high price in terms of human lives and will undermine our collective efforts to promote long-term peace and security, sustainable development and human rights.", "79. In conclusion, I wish to pay tribute to all deminers who have lost their lives in the line of duty and condemn in the strongest terms all attacks against mine action personnel. Such attacks must be seen as an attack on the basic principles of peace, security and humanitarian assistance, which are at the heart of the work of the United Nations. Given the high level of insecurity in which mine action personnel work, I commend them for their continued dedication and commitment to providing life-saving services to vulnerable communities, regardless of political, religious, ethnic or geographical factors." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目9", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案", "秘书长的说明", "经济及社会理事会在2011年7月29日第2011/270号决定中决定建议大会通过一项题为“《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案”的决定草案(见附件)。", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2011年8月18日重新印发。", "附件", "《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案", "大会决定建议，根据《世界粮食计划署总条例》第十五条，对《总条例》第十四条第6款进行修正，删去第十四条第6款(a)项中“两年期”一词，代之以“年度”一词，修正后的第十四条第6款案文如下：", "“6. 执行主任将向执行局提交以下文件供批准：", "“(a) 世界粮食计划署年度预算，以及在例外情况下编制的世界粮食计划署追加预算；", "“(b) 世界粮食计划署年度财务报表，以及外聘审计人的报告；", "“(c) 其他财务报告。", "“这些文件也将提交给联合国粮食及农业组织财政委员会和行政和预算问题咨询委员会以便审查并提出意见。这些机构的报告将提交给执行局。”" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 9", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 18 August 2001.", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "Proposed amendment to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme", "Note by the Secretary-General", "By its decision 2011/270 of 29 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council decided to recommend to the General Assembly the adoption of a draft decision entitled “Proposed amendment to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme” (see annex).", "Annex", "Proposed amendment to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme", "The General Assembly decides to recommend that, consistent with article XV of the General Regulations of the World Food Programme, article XIV.6 of the General Regulations be amended by replacing the word “biennial” in article XIV.6 (a) with the word “annual”, in order for article XIV.6 to read as follows:", "“6. The Executive Director will submit the following to the Executive Board for approval:", "“(a) The annual World Food Programme budget, and supplementary World Food Programme budgets whenever prepared in exceptional circumstances;", "“(b) Annual financial statements of the World Food Programme, together with the report of the External Auditor;", "“(c) Other financial reports.", "“These will also be submitted to the Finance Committee of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Administrative Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions for their review and comments. The reports of these bodies will be submitted to the Board.”" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 9", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "Proposed amendments to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme", "Note by the Secretary-General", "By its decision 2011/270 of 29 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council decided to recommend to the General Assembly the adoption of a draft decision entitled “Proposed amendments to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme” (see annex).", "^ (*) Reissued for technical reasons on 18 August 2011.", "Annex", "Proposed amendments to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme", "The General Assembly decided to recommend that, in accordance with article XV of the General Regulations of the World Food Programme, article XIV, paragraph 6, of the General Regulations be amended by deleting the word “biennial” in article XIV, paragraph 6 (a), and replacing it with the word “annual” and that article XIV, paragraph 6, be amended to read as follows:", "“6. The Executive Director will submit the following documents to the Executive Board for approval:", "“(a) The annual budget of the World Food Programme and supplementary budgets of the World Food Programme prepared on an exceptional basis;", "“(b) Annual financial statements of the World Food Programme and the report of the External Auditor;", "“(c) Other financial reports.", "“These documents will also be submitted to the Finance Committee of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions for review and comment. The reports of these bodies will be submitted to the Executive Board.”" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日", "临时议程^(*) 项目6", "内部审计办公室提交执行局的2010年年度报告", "更正", "第45段", "1． 将现有案文改为", "45. 2010年，有七个会员国按照执行局第2009/8号决定的规定查阅了14个内部审计报告(表6)。", "2． 将表6改为下表。", "表6 2010年向会员国披露的审计报告", "披露的审计报告 会员国", "中非共和国国家办事处 法国", "科特迪瓦国家办事处 科特迪瓦、法国、美国", "几内亚国家办事处 法国", "埃塞俄比亚国家办事处 法国", "印度国家办事处 法国、印度", "莫桑比克国家办事处 丹麦、莫桑比克、美国、荷兰", "^(*) E/ICEF/2011/13。", "披露的审计报告 会员国", "缅甸国家办事处 美国", "尼日利亚国家办事处 法国", "津巴布韦国家办事处 丹麦、法国", "指导和支持国家办事处高效开展业务活动 美国", "管理国家办事处的试点举措 丹麦、美国", "在国家办事处提倡道德操守和儿童基金会价值的程序 丹麦、美国", "管理与民间社会合作伙伴关系的风险评估 荷兰", "2005-2007年外地办事处办公行政管理报告摘要 荷兰" ]

[ "United Nations Children’s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "* E/ICEF/2011/13.", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda*", "Office of Internal Audit 2010 annual report to the Executive Board", "Corrigendum", "Paragraph 45", "1. For the existing text substitute", "45. In 2010, seven Member States viewed 14 internal audit reports, pursuant to Executive Board decision 2009/8 (table 6).", "2. Replace table 6 with the table below.", "Table 6 Audit reports disclosed to Member States during 2010", "Disclosed audit reports Member State \n Central African Republic country office France \nCôte d’Ivoire country office\tCôte d’Ivoire, France,United States\n Guinea country office France \n Ethiopia country office France \n India country office France, India \nMozambique country office\tDenmark, Mozambique,United States,Netherlands\n Myanmar country office United States \n Nigeria country office France \n Zimbabwe country office Denmark, France \nGuidance and support for efficientoperation functions in country offices\tUnited States\nManagement of pilot initiatives incountry offices\tDenmark, United States\nProcess for promoting ethics and UNICEFvalues in country offices\tDenmark, United States\nRisk assessment on the management ofpartnerships with civil societyorganizations\tNetherlands\nSummary report of office administrationin field offices 2005-2007\tNetherlands" ]

[ "United Nations Children ' s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda*", "Annual report of the Office of Internal Audit for 2010 to the Executive Board", "Corrigendum", "Paragraph 45", "For the existing text substitute", "45. In 2010, seven Member States consulted 14 internal audit reports (table 6) in accordance with Executive Board decision 2009/8.", "Replace table 6 with the table below.", "Table 6 Audit reports disclosed to Member States in 2010", "Audit reports disclosed by Member States", "Central African Republic Country Office France", "Côte d ' Ivoire Country Office Côte d ' Ivoire, France, United States", "Guinea Country Office France", "Ethiopia Country Office France", "India Country Office France, India", "Mozambique Country Office Denmark, Mozambique, United States, Netherlands", "^(*) E/ICEF/2011/13.", "Audit reports disclosed by Member States", "Myanmar Country Office United States", "Nigeria Country Office France", "Zimbabwe country office", "Guidance and support to country offices for efficient operations", "Managed pilot initiatives in country offices Denmark, United States", "Procedures for promoting ethics and UNICEF values in country offices Denmark, United States", "Risk assessment for managing partnerships with civil society", "Summary of field office office administrative management report, 2005-2007 Netherlands" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "尼泊尔", "1. 2011年7月20日,委员会第989和990次会议(见CEDAW/C/SR.989和990)审议了尼泊尔的第四次和第五次合并报告(CEDAW/C/NPL/4-5)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5，尼泊尔的答复载于CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/ 4-5/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 委员会感谢缔约国的第四次和第五次合并定期报告。报告基本上遵循了委员会的报告编写导则，提到了以前的结论意见。委员会赞赏缔约国的口头介绍、对委员会会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单的书面答复及针对委员会口头提出的问题的进一步澄清。", "3. 委员会赞扬缔约国派出由尼泊尔常驻纽约联合国代表率领的多部门代表团，其中包括来自政府各部委的代表。然而，委员会感到遗憾的是，未见妇女、儿童和社会福利部长，即赋予妇女权力领域的最高决策者。委员会赞赏代表团与委员会成员之间的建设性对话，同时也注意到，对一些问题的回答是模糊的，对一些问题则未予回答。", "积极方面", "4. 委员会欣见自2004年审议最后一次报告(CEDAW/C/NPL/2-3)以来通过和实施了若干立法措施，用以促进性别平等和消除对妇女的歧视，并履行《公约》规定的义务。委员会尤其欢迎2007年《尼泊尔临时宪法》、全国妇女委员会五年战略计划(2009-2014年)、2009年《家庭暴力(罪行和处罚)法》、2007年《贩运人口(管制)法》、2007年《全国妇女委员会法》和2006年《性别平等法》。委员会赞赏地注意到最高法院2007年12月21日的裁决(2064-9-6)。", "5. 委员会满意地注意到，缔约国已采取一些政策、方案和行动计划，促进性别平等和消除对妇女的歧视，如2004年用以实施《公约》的国家行动计划；《妇女发展方案》；打击为性剥削和劳动剥削目的贩卖妇女和儿童的国家行动计划；关于免费分娩服务的安全分娩奖励方案(母亲方案)；关于受冲突影响和流离失所的妇女的社会康复和妇女积极参与和平进程的中期计划(2008-2011年)。", "6. 委员会还满意地注意到，自审议上次报告以来，缔约国已经批准或加入下列国际文书：《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》(2007年)、《儿童权利公约》关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书(2007年)、《儿童权利公约》关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的任择议定书(2006年)、《残疾人权利公约》及其《任择议定书》(2010年)、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》(2006年)和补充该《公约》的《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》(2008年)；南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)《防止和打击贩卖妇女和儿童卖淫的公约》(2007年)。", "主要关注领域和建议", "7. 委员会回顾，缔约国有义务系统地、持续地执行《公约》的各项规定，认为本结论意见中确定的关注和建议，从现在到提交下一次定期报告期间需要得到缔约国的优先重视。因此，委员会敦促缔约国侧重于其执行活动中的这些领域，并在其下次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会吁请缔约国将本结论意见提交各相关部委、制宪会议和司法机构，以确保其充分执行。", "议会", "8. 委员会重申，政府对全面履行缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务负有首要责任并接受专门问责，强调《公约》对政府所有部门都具有约束力，邀请缔约国鼓励制宪会议/议会酌情按照程序采取必要步骤，履行本结论意见和政府的下次公约报告进程。委员会并建议制宪会议在拟定新《宪法》时考虑《公约》的规定和委员会的建议。", "平等和非歧视的定义", "9. 委员会指出，《临时宪法》规定“不得以任何方式对妇女进行性别歧视”，但同时关切地注意到，《宪法》并没有列入妇女男子平等原则，没有按照有关直接和间接歧视的《公约》第1条和有关公共和私营行为体行为的《公约》第2条(e)的规定及委员会第28号一般性建议，禁止针对妇女的歧视行为。", "10. 委员会敦促缔约国在新《宪法》中列入妇女男子平等原则、根据《公约》第1条禁止针对妇女歧视的规定、以及根据《公约》第2条(e)的规定，包括直接和间接歧视及公共和私营部门歧视的定义及委员会第28号一般性建议。", "歧视性法律", "11. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国审查和修订了歧视性法律，包括《临时宪法》和《2006年性别平等法》。后项法律对财产、婚内强奸和婚姻年龄方面的歧视性规定进行了修改。但是，委员会依然对大量歧视性法规继续存在表示关切。", "12. 委员会呼吁缔约国废止所有其他歧视性法律法规，确保新《宪法》中没有歧视性规定。", "提高妇女地位国家机制", "13. 委员会欢迎妇女、儿童和社会福利部在协调和性别主流化方面发挥的作用，但是对有关妇女权利的现行政策和计划产生的即时影响有限表示关切。", "14. 根据第6号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》的指导意见，委员会呼吁缔约国为中央和地方各级增强妇女权利国家机制提供必要的人力、财政和技术资源，使其在增强妇女权利各个领域发挥有效作用。委员会并呼吁缔约国，加强旨在实现妇女男子事实平等的法律和行动计划执行情况的监督机制，进一步开发性别平等指数综合系统，以便更好地收集分类数据，对旨在实现性别平等主流化和促进妇女享受人权的各项政策和方案的实效进行评估。", "暂行特别措施", "15. 委员会欢迎为确保33%女议员比例而采取的措施、公务员招聘中的特别性别包容措施、增强妇女经济能力的方案和增加妇女获得土地的措施，并赞赏地注意到缔约国承认应该采取更多的暂行特别措施，实现事实平等。但是，委员会关切地注意到，根据《公约》第4条和委员会第25号一般性建议采取的暂行特别措施没有作为一项必要战略加以系统采用，以加速实现《公约》所涉各领域中妇女男子的事实平等和实际平等，包括卫生、就业、教育、住房、土地拥有权、公共生活和遭遇多种歧视的妇女。", "16. 委员会鼓励缔约国：", "(a) 采取各种暂行特别措施，在妇女、特别是面临多种形式歧视的妇女代表不足或不利领域加快提高妇女地位，包括政治代表、政府行政与司法、保健、教育、就业、住房和土地拥有领域；", "(b) 在法律中列入关于采取暂行特别措施的具体规定，鼓励公共和私营部门采取暂行特别措施。", "陈规定型和有害做法", "17. 委员会关切地注意到，重男轻女传统和一些根深蒂固的陈规定型仍然深深扎根于尼泊尔的社会、文化、宗教、经济和社会体制结构，也深深地扎根于尼泊尔媒体。委员会还关切一些有害做法在缔约国长期存在，如童婚、女方嫁妆、偏爱男孩、一夫多妻、把寡妇视作巫婆、以及女性生育生理歧视(Chaupadi)、卖淫(Jhuma)、女童献神(Deuki)和陪嫁制(Dhan-Khaane)做法等。", "18. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 按照《公约》第2(f)和5(e)条的规定，迅速制订消除歧视妇女态度和陈规定型的综合战略，并确定目标和时间表；", "(b) 加大针对妇女和男子的提高认识和教育工作力度，争取民间社会及社区和宗教领袖参与，消除有害做法，并与媒体合作积极树立妇女的积极、非歧视和脱离陈规定型的形象；", "(c) 迅速颁布关于有害做法的法律草案；确保其包括各种形式的有害做法；确保该法得到及时、充分执行，并监测其有效执行。", "针对妇女的暴力", "19. 委员会欢迎尼泊尔颁布《2009年家庭暴力法》和启动《制止性别暴力国家行动计划》。但是，委员会关切地注意到，针对妇女女孩的暴力普遍存在，包括家庭暴力，特别是针对达利特等弱势妇女群体的暴力。委员会并关切地注意到，限制性暴力案件登记的法规以及婚内强奸处罚力度不足，造成多数事件缺乏记录，也得不到解决。委员会还对缺乏针对妇女暴力，包括性暴力和家庭暴力的统计数据表示关切。", "20. 委员会敦促缔约国根据第19号一般性建议优先关注打击针对妇女女孩暴力的工作，采取综合措施解决这种暴力问题。为此，委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 确保有效执行2009年《家庭暴力法》和其他现行法律，酌情起诉和惩罚这种暴力的肇事者；", "(b) 制订全国针对妇女暴力案件数据收集方案；", "(c) 立即采取措施，消除限制登记性暴力案件的法规，确保妇女能够把强奸罪有效地诉诸司法；", "(d) 继续为警察、公共监察官、司法和政府其他有关部门以及医疗单位提供家庭暴力和性暴力方面的必要培训，扩大各社区，包括达利特社区专门针对男子男孩的提高认识方案；", "(e) 迅速通过和颁布正在拟定的法律草案，按照对话精神明显加大对婚内强奸的处罚，并就这方面的新规定开展提高认识活动。", "贩卖人口与利用妇女卖淫营利", "21. 委员会欢迎尼泊尔通过打击贩卖儿童妇女从事性剥削和劳工剥削《国家行动计划》。但是委员会关切地注意到，缺乏贩卖妇女女孩的具体数据，《2007年人口贩卖和运输(管制)法》没有得到有力执行，性剥削问题长期存在，特别是在达利特社区，贫穷等贩卖人口和卖淫行为的根本原因长期存在。", "22. 委员会敦促缔约国采取以下行动全面执行《公约》第6条的规定：", "(a) 收集和分析按年龄、性别和原籍国分类的人口贩卖和卖淫各个方面的数据以发现趋势；", "(b) 履行《2007年人口贩卖和运输(管制)法》，确保对肇事者进行惩罚，为受害者提供具有充分保护、协助和服务的收容场所；", "(c) 加强预防措施，改善女孩妇女的经济状况和有酬职业，并提供其他资源，以消除贩卖脆弱性；", "(d) 加强与原籍国和过境国的国际、区域和双边合作，更有效地解决人口贩卖的根本原因，交流信息以更好地预防人口贩卖；", "(e) 确保有效履行《南盟防止和打击贩运妇女儿童从事卖淫公约》；", "(f) 批准补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于预防、制止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》；", "(g) 为司法、执法官员，包括移民和边防警察和国家各地的社会工作者提供打击人口贩卖法律方面的培训，开展全民提高认识运动。", "参与政治和公共生活", "23. 委员会欣见，在制宪会议中女议员人数占33%。然而，委员会深切关注的是，在高级决策职位、公共服务部门、司法机构、外交部门和国家人权委员会中并在地方一级，妇女的代表人数极少，特别是达利特妇女和土著妇女。", "24. 委员会建议：", "(a) 在今后的议会中，增加制宪会议妇女代表人数的配额；", "(b) 缔约国充分利用委员会第23号一般性建议，并依照《公约》第4条(1)款以及委员会第25号一般性建议，采取暂行特别措施，以加快妇女充分、平等地参与公共和政治生活的步伐。为此目的，委员会建议缔约国：", "㈠ 制定具体目标和时间表，以便从地方一级，包括村发展委员会，到国家和外交机构一级，在公共生活所有领域的民选和任命机构中，加快增加妇女代表人数的速度，包括达利特妇女和土著妇女；", "㈡ 就妇女参与决策对整个社会的重要意义开展提高认识活动，并为妇女候选人和当选担任公职的妇女制定有针对性的培训和辅导方案，为现在和未来的女性领导人制定有关领导能力和谈判技能的方案。", "国籍", "25. 委员会注意到缔约国有关妇女在获得公民身份方面不受歧视的解释，但委员会仍深切关注的是，在妇女将公民身份传给子女和外籍丈夫以及已婚妇女要获得公民身份证件方面仍面临障碍，此外，贫穷、地理位置偏僻、行政要求繁琐等阻碍获取公民身份的基本条件依然存在。", "26. 委员会强烈敦促缔约国：", "(a) 确保新《宪法》规定妇女享有平等和充分的公民权利，包括将公民身份传给子女和外籍丈夫的权利；", "(b) 对各级政府官员实施有关转移公民身份法律规定的培训方案；", "(c) 开展发放公民身份证件的第二次综合国家行动，同时考虑到妇女在获得国籍证据方面面临的困难；", "(d) 加入1954年《关于无国籍人地位的公约》以及1961年《减少无国籍状态公约》；", "(e) 确保给予在尼泊尔境内出生但如不授予尼泊尔国籍即成为无国籍人士的儿童尼泊尔公民身份。", "教育", "27. 委员会欣见，在初等和中等教育中性别均等程度总体提高，但委员会感到关切的是，女性入学率增长缓慢，女孩辍学率非常高，在受教育机会和文盲率方面，城乡存在差异，成年妇女的识字率很低。委员会还感到关切的是，在各级教育中，女性教师的人数极少。", "28. 委员会敦促缔约国，进一步遵守《公约》第10条的规定，并提高对教育作为一项人权和作为增强妇女权能的基础所具有的重要意义的认识。为此目的，委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 加强努力，实现城市、农村和偏远地区各级在教育体系普及向女孩提供的优质教育；通过改善设施并通过建立特别关注达利特女孩、土著女孩和其他弱势群体女孩的支助制度，向残疾女孩提供受教育的机会；", "(b) 采取具体措施，包括有效执行禁止早婚的规定，防止女孩从学校辍学；", "(c) 加紧努力，通过开展各种正式和非正式的教育和培训综合方案，进一步提高妇女的识字率；", "(d) 增加培训和招聘女性教师的人数。", "就业", "29. 委员会欣见，缔约国禁止抵押劳工的作法，但对有关塔鲁土著社区中仍存在此类作法的报告表示关切。委员会还感到关切的是，尤其是8至14岁的女孩中间使用童工的比例很高，；在非正规经济部门中，妇女所占的比例很高，工作场所中性骚扰十分普遍。 委员会关切地注意到，性骚扰法律草案自2009年以来一直在议会待定。", "30. 委员会建议，缔约国依照《公约》第11条的规定，确保妇女在就业市场享有平等机会。为此目的，委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 加强努力，消除抵押劳工和童工作法，确保有效执行国际劳工组织有关废除强迫劳动的公约(第105号公约)；", "(b) 规范非正规经济部门，确保妇女在这一部门不受剥削；", "(c) 使工作场所性骚扰法律草案符合委员会第19号一般性建议，并从速通过该法律草案；", "(d)建立保密和安全的投诉制度，为性骚扰受害者获得司法救助提供便利，开展提高认识运动，特别是面向工作妇女，以打破围绕性骚扰问题的沉默文化；", "(e) 考虑批准劳工组织有关家政工人体面工作的公约(第189号公约)。", "卫生", "31. 委员会欣见，缔约国实施提供免费分娩服务的母亲方案，以及孕产妇死亡率下降。然而，委员会深切关注的是：获得基本医疗服务的机会有限，特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和残疾妇女；孕产妇死亡率和发病率仍然极高；在获得分娩服务，特别是产科急诊服务方面，存在挑战；营养状况不佳，这与孕产妇死亡率和发病率风险增加密切相关；尽管缔约国努力提供矫正手术，但子宫下垂的发病率很高；尽管人工流产在2002年实现合法化，但采用不安全人工流产做法的比率很高，特别是贫穷妇女、乡村妇女和城市边缘化群体的妇女；农村妇女、青少年、贫穷妇女和残疾妇女无法获得计划生育服务，她们避孕需要的满足率最低；缺乏孕妇艾滋病毒流行率的数据。", "32. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 在委员会第24号一般性建议框架内，确保妇女获得基本保健和相关保健服务，特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和残疾妇女，增加医务人员的人数，包括女医生和其他保健提供者；", "(b) 制订和施行有效的政策和方案，进一步降低孕产妇死亡率；", "(c) 优先关注确保妇女获得各种孕产妇保健服务的方案，包括产前、产后和产科急诊服务，特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和年轻母亲；", "(d) 纠正危害妇女和女孩福祉和健康，包括生殖健康的歧视性作法和有害作法，包括缺乏营养食物和Chaupadi作法；", "(e) 为解决子宫下垂相关问题采取预防措施，如使妇女获得充分的计划生育服务，在已实施的“安全孕产”方案中开展提高认识和预防培训，并确保为优质矫正手术和后续检查分配足够的资金，从而防止出现术后并发症，如瘘管病和其他健康问题；", "(f) 在全国各地扩大人工流产服务；", "(g) 解决避孕需要得不到满足的问题，把普遍获得各种避孕方法包括紧急避孕措施信息和服务作为一个优先事项，并特别关注农村妇女、贫穷妇女和少女。", "女性移民工人", "33. 委员会注意到尼泊尔于2007年通过了新的《外国人就业法》，但仍对以下情况表示关注：尼泊尔女性移民工人的状况，特别是考虑到大量的尼泊尔妇女都是无证移徙者，这加剧了她们遭受性剥削、强迫劳动和性虐待的脆弱性。委员会还关注的是，她们主要集中在非正规经济部门；确保她们在出发前获得有关信息和技能培训的措施十分有限；缔约国和就业国都缺乏制度上的支持，难以促进和保护尼泊尔女性移民工人的权利。", "34. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 重点调查导致妇女移民的原因，为本国的妇女创造就业或自营职业的机会，并确保为妇女提供贷款的机会；", "(b) 建立各种机制，以促进有安全保障的移民程序，在整个移民周期中保护和履行妇女的权利；", "(c) 实施和监测规范、完善的离境前指导和技能培训；", "(d) 与就业国签署双边协定，并作出充分的规定，以确保女性移民工人的安全，并在目的地国建立各种机制，处理在就业过程中侵犯女性移民工人权利的问题；", "(e) 协助移民妇女寻求补救措施；", "(f) 为返乡的妇女创造替代生计机会，促成她们重新融入社会；", "(g) 起诉和惩罚从事非法招聘进程、以出国工作的名义助长拐卖妇女行为的分子。", "受武装冲突影响的妇女", "35. 委员会在对2010年10月通过的关于安理会第1325(2000)和1820(2008)号决议的国家行动计划表示欢迎的同时，对以下情况深表关切：安全部队和毛派战斗人员在武装冲突期间犯下的性暴力案件(包括强奸案)没有受到调查，犯罪分子没有绳之以法；对投诉强奸案和其他性罪行设置限制的诉讼时效法规可能有碍于冲突期间的强奸案和其他性罪行的女性受害者获得诉诸法律的机会；冲突期间性暴力行为的许多幸存者产生了严重的创伤后应激障碍以及其他心理和生理健康问题。委员会还对妇女参与和平与重建进程的程度不足感到关切。", "36. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 优先审议成立真相与和解委员会和失踪问题调查委员会的法律草案，并确保各委员会既具有独立性和权威性，又对性别问题具有敏感认识；确保真相与和解委员会处理性暴力问题，并特别注意性暴力受害者公开作证的社会和安全层面；", "(b) 通过过渡时期司法和恢复性正义，调查、起诉和惩罚所有的暴力行为，包括武装部队和毛派战斗人员以及私人行为者犯下的性暴力行为，并确保按照关于真相与和解委员会的法律草案、关于投诉冲突期间强奸和其他形式性犯罪的时效法规不会影响妇女获得诉诸法律的机会；", "(c) 对武装冲突期间和冲突后时期犯下的性虐待行为展开全面、彻底的调查；", "(d) 确保妇女可诉诸司法及受冲突影响的所有妇女和在冲突期间和冲突后时期的性暴力行为女性受害者获得法律援助；", "(e) 确保受害者和证人得到保护，为性暴力的受害者提供庇护场所，包括在农村和偏远地区；", "(f) 确保有效实施关于安理会第1325(2000)和1820(2008)号决议的国家行动计划，并确保性犯罪受害者获得适当的赔偿、康复和咨询服务；", "(g) 建立妇女心理辅导中心，以处理她们的创伤经历问题(特别是与性暴力犯罪有关的经历)，并为其提供充足的医疗服务；", "(h) 在决定、决策和执行层面上加强妇女/幸存者在建设和平机构和机制中的参与权和代表权。", "贫穷妇女", "37. 在对妇女发展方案的实施表示欢迎的同时，委员会关注处于贫困状况的妇女(特别是农村妇女和女户主)的整体生活条件，以及她们在获得土地、充足食物、安全饮用水、烹饪燃料和供暖等方面的困难。委员会还对家庭内部分配粮食过程中歧视女童和妇女的做法表示关注。", "38. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 着眼于执行宏观经济、社会和部门政策，以消除贫穷和减少基于性别的不平等；鼓励基础广泛的经济增长；在实现以人为中心的总体框架内化解贫穷的结构根源；", "(b) 加强为鼓励可持续增强妇女的可持续经济能力所采取的举措，包括增加妇女获得土地和信贷的机会，开展关于如何发展和管理微型企业的培训，以及监测这些方案所产生的影响；", "(c) 消除歧视性做法，保障妇女的土地所有权，并为妇女获得安全饮用水和燃料提供便利，以确保妇女平等获得资源和营养食物；", "(d) 在新《宪法》中规定充足食物权。", "面临多种形式歧视的妇女", "39. 委员会对于针对弱势群体妇女的多种形式的歧视深表关注，这些妇女包括寡妇、女残疾人、贱民和土著妇女、由于自身的性差异而受到歧视的妇女等。", "40. 委员会敦促缔约国优先打击针对各种弱势群体妇女的多种形式的歧视行为，收集有关这些妇女状况的数据，并通过法律规定和综合方案打击多种形式的歧视，包括涉及媒体及社区和宗教领袖的公共教育和提高意识活动。", "寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女", "41. 关于为处理来自邻国的寻求庇护者申请或寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女及女孩的脆弱性问题的国家政策，缔约国没有提供任何资料，委员会对此表示关切。", "42. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 在下一份报告中提供资料，全面说明尼泊尔关于寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女)的申请的国家政策；", "(b) 在处理寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女的申请时提供有利的环境和性别敏感政策，为寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女报告性骚扰行为提供有利环境；", "(c) 特别注意寻求庇护的妇女和难民妇女的脆弱性。", "在婚姻和家庭关系中的歧视现象", "43. 委员会深感关注的是：尽管法律规定禁止早婚，但早婚在现实中仍持续存在；存在歧视性的法律规定，即出嫁的女儿不能享受平等的继承权；在重婚问题上存在着互相矛盾的法律规定，既承认重婚，又将重婚定为刑事罪；缺乏规定在解除婚姻时妇女对婚姻期间获得的所有财产享有平等权利的明确立法。", "44. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 强制执行20岁的最低法定结婚年龄，并在全国各地实施提高认识的措施，宣传早婚对于妇女享受人权(尤其是健康权和教育权)的负面影响；", "(b) 采取法律措施，确保男性和女性享有平等的继承权；", "(c) 毫不拖延地通过正在拟订的废除重婚条款的法律草案，宣布一夫多妻制婚姻无效；", "(d) 确保在法律上和实践中，妇女和男子在解除婚姻时对婚姻期间获得的所有财产享有平等的权利。", "全国人权委员会", "45. 委员会建议缔约国修订关于全国人权委员会的法律草案，以期全面遵守《巴黎原则》，并建议全国人权委员会继续加强与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处驻尼泊尔办事处的合作。", "对《公约》第20条第1款的修正", "46. 委员会敦促缔约国尽快接受对《公约》第20条第1款关于委员会会议时间的修正。", "传播", "47. 委员会要求在尼泊尔广泛传播本结论意见，使所有人(包括政府官员、政治家、议员以及妇女和人权组织)都认识到为了确保妇女在法律和事实上平等而采取的步骤，以及这方面需要采取的其他步骤。委员会建议将结论意见传播到社区一级。鼓励缔约国举行一系列会议，讨论在实施本结论意见方面取得的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播，特别是向妇女和人权组织传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果文件。", "批准其他条约", "48. 委员会指出，缔约国加入所有九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将有助于妇女进一步享有生活所有领域人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励尼泊尔考虑批准其尚未加入的公约，即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "49. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为落实上文第26段和第36段所载各项建议而采取的措施。", "技术援助", "50. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助拟定并执行一项综合性方案，以实施上述各项建议及整个《公约》。委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强与联合国系统各专门机构和方案在能力建设等领域的合作，包括联合国开发计划署、联合国妇女发展基金、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织以及秘书处经济和社会事务部统计司和提高妇女地位司。委员会特别建议缔约国继续与联合国人权事务高级专员驻尼泊尔办事处开展合作。", "下次报告的编写和日期", "51. 委员会要求缔约国确保各个部委和公共机构广泛参与其下一次报告的编写，并在此阶段与各种妇女和人权组织协商。", "52. 委员会要求缔约国根据《公约》第18条的规定，在其下次定期报告中对本结论意见表达的关注做出回应。委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交其第六次定期报告。", "53. 委员会请缔约国遵循国际人权条约规定的统一报告导则，包括2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的关于共同核心文件和具体条约文件的导则(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。委员会在2008年1月其第四十届会议通过的具体条约报告导则，必须结合关于共同核心文件的统一报告导则应用。它们共同构成《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》规定的统一报告导则。该具体条约的文件应限制在40页内，而更新的共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Nepal", "1. The Committee considered the combined fourth and fifth report of Nepal (CEDAW/C/NPL/4-5) at its 989th and 990th meetings, on 20 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.989 and 990). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5 and the responses of Nepal are contained in CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5/Add.1.", "Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fourth and fifth periodic report. The report generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports, with references to the previous concluding observations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by the Committee’s pre-session working group and further clarification in response to the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its multisectoral delegation headed by the Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations in New York, which included representatives from various Government ministries and departments. However, the Committee regrets the absence of the Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare, who is at the highest level of decision-making in the area of women’s empowerment. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee, while noting that answers to some questions were vague and some questions were left unanswered.", "Positive aspects", "4. The Committee welcomes the adoption and implementation, since the consideration of the last report (CEDAW/C/NPL/2-3) in 2004, of several legislative measures aimed at the promotion of gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women and at the achievement of compliance with the obligations under the Convention. The Committee welcomes, in particular, the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007; the five-year strategic plan of the National Women’s Commission (2009-2014); the Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment) Act, 2009; the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007; the National Women’s Commission Act, 2007; and the Gender Equality Act, 2006. The Committee notes with appreciation the Supreme Court decision of 21 December 2007 (2064-9-6).", "5. The Committee notes with satisfaction that the State party has adopted a number of policies, programmes and plans of action to promote gender equality and eliminate discrimination against women, such as the national plan of action for the implementation of the Convention, in 2004; the Women Development’s Programme; the national plan of action against trafficking in children and women for sexual and labour exploitation; the safe delivery incentive programme (Aama programme) for free delivery services; and the interim plan (2008-2011) for the social rehabilitation of conflict-affected and displaced women and the active participation of women in the peace process.", "6. The Committee also notes with satisfaction that, since the consideration of the previous report, the State party has ratified or acceded to the following international instruments: the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in 2007; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, in 2007; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, in 2006; the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol, in 2010; the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, in 2006, and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the Convention, in 2008; and the South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, in 2007.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the Constituent Assembly and the judiciary, in order to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and invites the State party to encourage the Constituent Assembly/Parliament, in line with its procedures, where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the Government’s next reporting process under the Convention. The Committee also recommends that the Constituent Assembly take into account the provisions of the Convention and the recommendations of the Committee when drafting the new Constitution.", "Definition of equality and non-discrimination", "9. While noting that the Interim Constitution states that “no woman shall be discriminated against in any way on the basis of gender”, the Committee is concerned that the Constitution does not embody the principle of equality between women and men and does not prohibit discrimination against women in line with article 1 of the Convention, which covers both direct and indirect discrimination, article 2 (e), which covers acts of both public and private actors, and general recommendation No. 28 of the Committee.", "10. The Committee urges the State party to include in the new Constitution the principle of equality between women and men, provisions prohibiting discrimination against women, in line with the definition contained in article 1 of the Convention, and a definition of discrimination that encompasses both direct and indirect discrimination and discrimination in the public and private spheres, in accordance with article 2 (e) and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 28.", "Discriminatory laws", "11. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts of the State party to review and revise discriminatory legislation, including in the Interim Constitution and in the 2006 Gender Equality Act which revised discriminatory provisions in the areas of property, marital rape and the age of marriage. However, the Committee remains concerned about the persistence of a significant number of discriminatory laws and provisions.", "12. The Committee calls upon the State party to repeal all the remaining discriminatory laws and provisions and to ensure that the new Constitution does not contain any discriminatory provisions.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "13. While welcoming the coordinating and gender mainstreaming role of the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, the Committee is concerned about the limited short-term progress in women’s rights.", "14. In accordance with its general recommendation No. 6 and the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, the Committee calls upon the State party to provide the national machinery for the empowerment of women at the central and local levels with the necessary human, financial and technical resources for their effective functioning in all areas of women’s empowerment. It also calls upon the State party to strengthen its monitoring mechanisms for the implementation of laws and plans of actions aimed at achieving de facto equality between women and men, and to further the development of a comprehensive gender indicator system, with a view to improving the collection of sex-disaggregated data as a means of assessing the impact and effectiveness of policies and programmes aimed at mainstreaming gender equality and enhancing women’s enjoyment of their human rights.", "Temporary special measures", "15. The Committee welcomes the measures ensuring the presence of 33 per cent of women in the Constituent Assembly, the special gender-inclusive measures in the recruitment process in public service, the economic empowerment programmes for women and the measures increasing women’s access to land. It also notes with appreciation that the State party acknowledges the need for additional temporary special measures to reach de facto equality. However, the Committee is concerned that temporary special measures in accordance with article 4 (1) of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 are not systematically applied as a necessary strategy to accelerate the achievement of de facto or substantive equality between men and women, in particular women facing multiple forms of discrimination, in all areas of the Convention, including health, employment, education, housing, land ownership and public life.", "16. The Committee encourages the State party to:", "(a) Adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the advancement of women in areas in which women, in particular those facing multiple forms of discrimination, are underrepresented or disadvantaged, including in political representation, Government administration and the judiciary, and access to health, education, employment, housing and land ownership;", "(b) Include in its legislation specific provisions on the adoption of temporary special measures that encourage their use in both the public and private sectors.", "Stereotypes and harmful traditional practices", "17. The Committee is concerned that patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes that discriminate against women remain entrenched in the social, cultural, religious, economic and political institutions and structures of Nepalese society and in the media. It is also concerned about the persistence of harmful traditional practices in the State party, such as child marriage, the dowry system, son preference, polygamy, widows accused of witchcraft, and such practices as chaupadi, jhuma, deuki and dhan-khaane.", "18. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Put in place without delay a comprehensive strategy, with concrete goals and timetables, to eliminate patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes that discriminate against women, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention;", "(b) Strengthen its awareness-raising and educational efforts, targeted at both women and men, with the involvement of civil society and community and religious leaders, to eliminate harmful traditional practices, and collaborate with the media to enhance a positive, non-stereotypical and non-discriminatory portrayal of women;", "(c) Promptly enact the draft law on harmful social practices; ensure that it covers all forms of such practices; ensure full implementation of the law without delay; and monitor its effective implementation.", "Violence against women", "19. The Committee welcomes the enactment of the Domestic Violence Act, 2009 and the launch of a national plan of action on gender-based violence. However, it is concerned about the continued prevalence of violence against women and girls, including domestic violence, in particular against disadvantaged groups of women such as Dalit women. The Committee is concerned that most of the incidents are undocumented and have not been addressed. It is further concerned about the lack of statistical data on violence against women, including sexual violence and domestic violence; the existence of a statute of limitation’s on the registration of sexual violence cases; and the weak penalty for marital rape.", "20. The Committee urges the State party to give priority attention to combating violence against women and girls and to adopt comprehensive measures to address such violence, in accordance with its general recommendation No. 19. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Ensure the effective implementation of the Domestic Violence Act, 2009 and other existing legislation and the proper prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of such violence;", "(b) Develop a nationwide data collection programme on cases of violence against women;", "(c) Take immediate measures to abolish the statute of limitations on the registration of sexual violence cases, to ensure women’s effective access to courts for the crime of rape and other sexual offences;", "(d) Continue to provide the police, public prosecutors, the judiciary and other relevant Government bodies, as well as health-care providers, with the necessary training in domestic and sexual violence and undertake wider awareness-raising programmes in all communities, including the Dalit community, specifically targeting men and boys;", "(e) Adopt and enact without delay the draft law, currently under preparation, which significantly increases the punishment for marital rape, as mentioned during the dialogue, and undertake an awareness-raising campaign on the new provisions in this regard.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "21. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the national plan of action against trafficking in children and women for sexual and labour exploitation. However, it is concerned about the lack of specific data on trafficking in women and girls, the lack of effective implementation of the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007, the persistence of sexual exploitation, in particular among the Dalit community, and the persistence of the root causes of trafficking and prostitution, including poverty.", "22. The Committee urges the State party to fully implement article 6 of the Convention by:", "(a) Collecting and analysing data on all aspects of trafficking and prostitution, disaggregated by age, sex and country of origin, in order to identify trends;", "(b) Implementing the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007 to ensure that perpetrators are punished and victims adequately protected, assisted and provided with shelters;", "(c) Strengthening preventive measures aimed at improving the economic situation of girls and women, gainful employment and other resources to eliminate their vulnerability to traffickers;", "(d) Strengthening its efforts to cooperate, at the international, regional and bilateral levels, with countries of origin and transit in order to address the causes of trafficking more effectively and improve the prevention of trafficking through information exchange;", "(e) Ensuring the effective implementation of the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution;", "(f) Ratifying the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(g) Providing information and training with respect to the anti‑trafficking legislation to the judiciary, law enforcement officials, including immigration and border police, and social workers in all parts of the country, and undertaking awareness-raising campaigns among the population.", "Participation in political and public life", "23. The Committee welcomes the 33 per cent representation of women in the Constituent Assembly. However, it is deeply concerned about the extremely low representation of women, in particular Dalit and indigenous women, in high-level decision-making positions, public service, the judiciary and the diplomatic service; in the National Human Rights Commission; and at the local level.", "24. The Committee recommends that:", "(a) The quota system for women’s representation in the Constituent Assembly be increased in the future Parliament;", "(b) The State party fully utilize the Committee’s general recommendation No. 23 and adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4 (1) of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, in order to accelerate the full and equal participation of women in public and political life. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(i) Establish concrete goals and timetables in order to accelerate the increase in the representation of women, including Dalit and indigenous women, in elected and appointed bodies in all areas of public life from the local level, including the Village Development Committee, to the national and diplomatic levels;", "(ii) Implement awareness-raising activities on the importance of the participation of women in decision-making for society as a whole, and develop targeted training and mentoring programmes for women candidates and women elected to public office, and programmes on leadership and negotiation skills for current and future women leaders.", "Nationality", "25. While noting the State party’s explanation that women are not subjected to discrimination in access to citizenship, the Committee remains deeply concerned about obstacles affecting women who wish to transfer citizenship to their children and foreign husband and married women who wish to obtain citizenship certificates and about the persistence of the underlying conditions obstructing access to citizenship, including poverty, geographic isolation and onerous administrative requirements.", "26. The Committee strongly urges the State party to:", "(a) Ensure that the new Constitution provides for equal and full citizenship rights for women, including the right to transfer citizenship to their children and foreign husband;", "(b) Implement training programmes for Government officials at all levels on legal provisions relating to the transfer of citizenship;", "(c) Conduct a second comprehensive national campaign to issue citizenship certificates, taking into account the difficulties faced by women in securing proof of nationality;", "(d) Accede to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness;", "(e) Ensure that children born in the territory of Nepal who would otherwise be stateless be granted Nepalese citizenship.", "Education", "27. While welcoming the overall increase in gender parity in primary and secondary education, the Committee is concerned about the minimal increase in female enrolment, the extremely high drop-out rate for girls, the urban/rural disparities in access to education and illiteracy rates, and the low literacy rate for female adults. The Committee is further concerned about the extremely low number of female teachers at all levels of education.", "28. The Committee urges the State party to enhance its compliance with article 10 of the Convention and to raise awareness of the importance of education as a human right and as the basis for the empowerment of women. To this end, it urges the State party to:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to achieve universal provision of quality education for girls at each level of the education system in urban, rural and remote areas and to provide access to education to girls with disabilities through the improvement of infrastructures and the provision of support systems, with special attention to girls from Dalit, indigenous and other disadvantaged groups;", "(b) Adopt concrete measures, including effective enforcement of provisions banning early marriage, to prevent girls from dropping out of school;", "(c) Strengthen its efforts to improve the literacy rate for women through the adoption of comprehensive formal and non-formal educational and training programmes;", "(d) Increase the training and recruitment of female teachers.", "Employment", "29. While welcoming the prohibition of so-called bonded labour, the Committee is concerned about reports that this practice still exists among the indigenous Tharu community. It is further concerned about the high rate of child labour, particularly among girls between the ages of 8 and 14; the high proportion of women in the informal sector; and the widespread prevalence of sexual harassment in the workplace. The Committee notes with concern that the draft law on sexual harassment has been pending before Parliament since 2009.", "30. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure equal opportunities for women in the labour market, in accordance with article 11 of the Convention. To this end, it recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to eradicate bonded labour and child labour and ensure effective implementation of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (Convention No. 105);", "(b) Regulate the informal sector to ensure that women in this sector are not exploited;", "(c) Align the draft law on sexual harassment in the workplace with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19, enact it without delay and ensure its effective implementation;", "(d) Develop a confidential and safe system of filing complaints, facilitate access to justice for victims of sexual harassment and conduct awareness-raising campaigns targeting working women in particular, to break the culture of silence surrounding sexual harassment;", "(e) Consider ratifying the ILO Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Convention No. 189).", "Health", "31. The Committee welcomes the Aama programme for free delivery services and the decrease in the maternal mortality rate. However, it is deeply concerned about the low access to basic medical care, in particular by women living in poverty, rural women and women with disabilities; the persistence of an extremely high maternal mortality and morbidity rate, in particular among rural, poor and young mothers; the challenges in accessing delivery services, especially emergency obstetric care; poor nutrition, which is strongly correlated with higher risks of maternal mortality and morbidity; the high prevalence of uterine prolapse despite efforts of the State party to provide corrective surgery; the high rate of unsafe abortion, in particular for women living in poverty, women from rural villages and women from marginalized communities within urban areas, in spite of the legalization of abortion in 2002; the lack of access to family planning and the unmet need for contraception, in particular among rural women, adolescents, poor women and women with disabilities; and the lack of data on HIV prevalence among pregnant women.", "32. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Ensure access to basic health care and health-related services, within the framework of the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24, in particular for poor and rural women and women with disabilities, and enhance the number of medical staff, including female doctors and other health-care providers;", "(b) Develop and pursue effective policies and programmes to further reduce the maternal mortality rate;", "(c) Prioritize programmes that ensure access to a full range of maternal health services, including antenatal, postnatal and emergency obstetric care, in particular for poor women, rural women and young mothers;", "(d) Address discriminatory and harmful practices against women and girls, such as the lack of provision of sufficient food and the chaupadi practice, which jeopardize the well-being and health of women and girls, including reproductive health;", "(e) Take preventive measures to combat the problem of uterine prolapse, such as adequate access to family planning, awareness-raising and training under existing safe motherhood programmes, and ensure sufficient allocation of funds for quality corrective surgeries and follow-up visits, which prevent post-operative complications such as fistula and other health problems;", "(f) Improve access to abortion services throughout the country;", "(g) Address the unmet need for contraception by prioritizing universal access to the full range of contraceptive methods, information and services, including emergency contraception, with a particular focus on rural women, poor women and adolescent girls.", "Women migrant workers", "33. While noting the adoption of the New Foreign Employment Act in 2007, the Committee remains concerned about the situation of Nepalese women migrant workers and in particular, the fact that a large number of Nepalese women are undocumented, which increases their vulnerability to sexual exploitation, forced labour and abuse. It is also concerned about their concentration in the informal sector; the limited initiatives to ensure pre-departure information and skills training; and the lack of institutional support both in the State party and in countries of employment to promote and protect the rights of Nepalese women migrant workers.", "34. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Investigate the cause of women’s migration, create employment or self-employment opportunities for women within the country and ensure that women have access to loans;", "(b) Establish mechanisms to promote safe migration procedures and protect and fulfil women’s rights throughout the migration cycle;", "(c) Enforce and monitor standardized and comprehensive pre-departure orientation and skills training;", "(d) Sign bilateral agreements with the country of employment with adequate provisions ensuring the security of women migrant workers and establishing mechanisms in the country of destination to deal with the violation of the rights of women migrant workers during employment;", "(e) Provide assistance for migrant women who are seeking redress;", "(f) Create alternative livelihood opportunities for returnees and promote their reintegration;", "(g) Prosecute and punish persons engaged in illegal recruitment processes that fuel trafficking in women in the name of foreign employment.", "Women affected by the armed conflict", "35. While welcoming the adoption of the national action plan on Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008) in October 2010, the Committee remains deeply concerned that cases of sexual violence, including rape allegedly committed by both security forces and Maoist combatants during the armed conflict, are not being investigated and perpetrators have not been brought to justice. The Committee is also concerned that a large number of women affected by the conflict face difficulties in accessing justice and that the statute of limitations on filing complaints relating to rape and other sexual offences could obstruct access to justice by women victims of rape and other sexual offences during the conflict. The Committee is further concerned that many survivors of sexual violence during the conflict are suffering from acute post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental and physical health problems. In addition, the Committee expresses its concern about the lack of women’s participation in peace and reconstruction processes.", "36. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Prioritize the consideration of the draft laws on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Commission of Inquiry on Disappearances; ensure that the Commissions are gender-sensitive, independent and authoritative and that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission deals with sexual violence; and pay particular attention to the social and security dimension of public testimony for victims of sexual violence;", "(b) Investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of violence, including acts of sexual violence perpetrated by the armed forces, Maoist combatants and private actors, through transitional and restorative justice, and ensure that, under the draft law on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the statute of limitations on filing complaints relating to rape and other forms of sexual offences during the conflict does not preclude women’s access to justice;", "(c) Initiate a thorough and complete investigation into the perpetration of sexual abuse during the armed conflict and post-conflict periods;", "(d) Ensure women’s access to justice and make legal aid available and accessible to all women affected by the conflict, including women victims of sexual violence during the conflict and post-conflict periods;", "(e) Ensure the protection of victims and witnesses and provide shelter homes for victims of sexual violence, including in rural and remote areas;", "(f) Ensure the effective implementation of the national plan of action on Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008) and ensure that victims of sexual crimes receive appropriate reparations, rehabilitation and counselling;", "(g) Establish counselling centres for women to address their traumatic experiences, specifically with regard to sexual violence, and provide adequate access to health-care services;", "(h) Enhance the inclusion and representation of women survivors in peacebuilding institutions and mechanisms at the decision-making, policymaking and implementation levels.", "Women living in poverty", "37. While welcoming the implementation of programmes for the development of women, the Committee remains concerned about the overall living conditions of women living in poverty, especially rural women and women heads of households, and their lack of access to land, adequate food, safe drinking water and fuel for cooking and heat. The Committee is also concerned about discrimination against girl children and women in food distribution within the household.", "38. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Pursue and implement macroeconomic, social and sectoral policies that are geared towards eradicating poverty and reducing gender-based inequality; encourage broad-based sustained economic growth; and address the structural causes of poverty within the overall framework of achieving people-centred sustainable development;", "(b) Strengthen initiatives aimed at encouraging sustainable economic empowerment of women, including the promotion of women’s access to land and credit and the promotion of training in microenterprise development and management, and monitor the impact of these initiatives;", "(c) Ensure equal access by women to resources and nutritious food by eliminating discriminatory practices, guaranteeing land ownership rights for women and facilitating women’s access to safe drinking water and fuel;", "(d) Provide for the right to adequate food in the new Constitution.", "Women facing multiple forms of discrimination", "39. The Committee is deeply concerned about the multiple forms of discrimination against disadvantaged groups of women such as Dalit and indigenous women, widows and women with disabilities.", "40. The Committee urges the State party to prioritize combating multiple forms of discrimination against women from various disadvantaged groups through the collection of data on the situation of these women and the adoption of legal provisions and comprehensive programmes, including public education and awareness-raising campaigns involving the mass media and community and religious leaders.", "Asylum-seeking and refugee women", "41. The Committee is concerned that the State party report does not provide any information about its national policy with regard to applications from asylum-seekers or the vulnerable situation of asylum-seeking and refugee women and girls from neighbouring countries.", "42. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Provide comprehensive information in its next report on its national policy on applications from asylum-seeking and refugee women in Nepal;", "(b) Provide an enabling environment and gender-sensitive policy in dealing with applications from women asylum-seekers and provide an enabling environment for asylum-seeking and refugee women to report acts of sexual harassment;", "(c) Pay particular attention to the vulnerability of asylum-seeking and refugee women.", "Discrimination in marriage and family relations", "43. The Committee is concerned about the persistence of early marriage despite legal provisions banning the practice; the existence of discriminatory legal provisions relating to unequal inheritance rights for married daughters; the existence of contradictory legal provisions that both recognize and criminalize bigamy; and the lack of clear legislation providing for the equal share of all marital property upon dissolution of marriage.", "44. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Enforce the legal minimum age of marriage, which is 20 years of age, and undertake awareness-raising measures throughout the country on the negative effects of early marriage on women’s enjoyment of their human rights, especially their right to health and education;", "(b) Take legal measures ensuring that women and men have equal rights to inheritance;", "(c) Adopt without delay the draft law repealing the provision on bigamy, which is currently under preparation, so that polygamous marriages are invalidated;", "(d) Ensure that women and men are granted equal rights, in law and in practice, to all marital property upon dissolution of marriage.", "National Human Rights Commission", "45. The Committee recommends that the State party amend the draft law on the National Human Rights Commission, with a view to achieving full compliance with the Paris Principles, and that the Commission continue to strengthen its cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "46. The Committee encourages the State party to accept, as soon as possible, the amendment to article 20 (1) of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Dissemination", "47. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Nepal of the present concluding observations in order to make the population, including Government officials, politicians, members of the Constituent Assembly and women’s and human rights organizations, aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure the de jure and de facto equality of women and of the additional steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that the dissemination include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of the present observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "48. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Nepal to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely: the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "49. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 26 and 36 above.", "Technical assistance", "50. The Committee recommends that the State party avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme aimed at the implementation of the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to further strengthen its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat. The Committee recommends, in particular, that the State party continue its cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal.", "Preparation and date of next report", "51. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report and to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "52. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. It invites the State party to submit its sixth periodic report in July 2015.", "53. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session, in January 2008, must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages and the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Nepal", "1. The Committee considered the combined fourth and fifth periodic report of Nepal (CEDAW/C/NPL/4-5) at its 989th and 990th meetings, on 20 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.989 and 990). The Committee ' s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5 and the responses of Nepal are contained in CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5/Add.1.", "Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fourth and fifth periodic report. The report generally followed the Committee ' s guidelines for the preparation of reports and referred to previous concluding observations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group and the further clarifications to the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its multisectoral delegation headed by the Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations in New York, which included representatives from various Government ministries. However, the Committee regrets that the Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare, the highest decision-maker in the area of women ' s empowerment, was not seen. While appreciating the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee, the Committee notes that the answers to some questions are vague and do not answer them.", "Positive aspects", "4. The Committee welcomes the adoption and implementation of a number of legislative measures to promote gender equality and eliminate discrimination against women and to implement the obligations under the Convention since the consideration of the last report in 2004 (CEDAW/C/NPL/2-3). In particular, the Committee welcomes the Interim Constitution of Nepal of 2007, the National Women ' s Commission ' s five-year strategic plan (2009-2014), the Domestic Violence (Offences and Punishments) Act of 2009, the Trafficking in Persons (Control) Act of 2007, the National Women ' s Commission Act of 2007 and the Gender Equality Act of 2006. The Committee notes with appreciation the Supreme Court ruling of 21 December 2007 (2064-9-6).", "5. The Committee notes with satisfaction that the State party has adopted policies, programmes and action plans to promote gender equality and eliminate discrimination against women, such as the 2004 National Plan of Action for the implementation of the Convention; the Women ' s Development Programme; the National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual and Labour Exploitation; the Safe Motherhood Incentive Programme on Free Maternity Services (Mothers Programme); and the medium-term plan (2008-2011) on the social rehabilitation of women affected by conflict and displaced women and their active participation in the peace process.", "6. The Committee also notes with satisfaction that, since the consideration of its previous report, the State party has ratified or acceded to the following international instruments: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (2007), Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (2007), Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (2006), Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol (2010), United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2006) and Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the Convention (art. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Child Prostitution (2007).", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. While recalling the State party ' s obligation to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention, the Committee views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding comments as requiring the State party ' s priority attention between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on action taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. It calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding comments to all relevant ministries, the Constituent Assembly and the judiciary in order to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. The Committee reaffirms that the Government has the primary responsibility and is specifically accountable for the full implementation of the State party ' s obligations under the Convention, emphasizes that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government, and invites the State party to encourage the Constituent Assembly/Parliament to take the necessary steps, as appropriate and in accordance with its procedures, to implement the present concluding observations and the Government ' s next reporting process under the Convention. The Committee also recommends that the Constituent Assembly take into account the provisions of the Convention and the recommendations of the Committee when drafting the new Constitution.", "Definition of equality and non-discrimination", "While noting that the Interim Constitution provides that “women shall not be discriminated against on the basis of sex in any manner whatsoever”, the Committee notes with concern that the Constitution does not include the principle of equality between women and men and does not prohibit discrimination against women, as provided for in article 1 of the Convention, on direct and indirect discrimination, and in article 2 (e) of the Convention, on the conduct of public and private actors, and the Committee's general recommendation No. 28.", "10. The Committee urges the State party to include in the new Constitution the principle of equality between women and men, the prohibition of discrimination against women in accordance with article 1 of the Convention, and the definition of direct and indirect discrimination and discrimination in the public and private sectors, as well as the Committee ' s general recommendation No. 28.", "Discriminatory laws", "11. The Committee notes with appreciation that the State party has reviewed and amended discriminatory laws, including the Interim Constitution and the Gender Equality Act 2006. The latter law amended discriminatory provisions with regard to property, marital rape and marriage age. However, the Committee remains concerned about the continued existence of a large number of discriminatory legislation.", "12. The Committee calls upon the State party to repeal all other discriminatory laws and regulations and to ensure that the new Constitution contains no discriminatory provisions.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "13. While welcoming the role of the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare in coordination and gender mainstreaming, the Committee is concerned about the limited immediate impact of existing policies and plans on women ' s rights.", "14. In the light of its general recommendation No. 6 and the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, the Committee calls upon the State party to provide the necessary human, financial and technical resources to the national machinery for the promotion of women ' s rights at the central and local levels so that it can play an effective role in all areas of women ' s empowerment. It also calls upon the State party to strengthen its monitoring mechanisms for the implementation of laws and action plans aimed at achieving de facto equality between women and men and to further develop the comprehensive system of gender equality indicators in order to improve the collection of disaggregated data and to assess the effectiveness of policies and programmes aimed at gender mainstreaming and the promotion of women ' s enjoyment of their human rights.", "Temporary special measures", "15. The Committee welcomes the measures taken to ensure 33 per cent representation of women parliamentarians, special gender-inclusive measures in the recruitment of civil servants, programmes for the economic empowerment of women and measures to increase women ' s access to land, and notes with appreciation the State party ' s acknowledgement that more temporary special measures should be taken to achieve de facto equality. However, the Committee notes with concern that temporary special measures in accordance with article 4 of the Convention and the Committee ' s general recommendation No. 25 are not systematically used as a necessary strategy to accelerate the achievement of de facto and de facto equality of women and men in all areas covered by the Convention, including health, employment, education, housing, land ownership, public life and women who experience multiple forms of discrimination.", "16. The Committee encourages the State party:", "(a) To adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the advancement of women in areas where women, especially those facing multiple forms of discrimination, are underrepresented or disadvantaged, including in the areas of political representation, government administration and justice, health, education, employment, housing and land ownership;", "(b) Include in its legislation specific provisions on the use of temporary special measures and encourage the use of temporary special measures in both the public and private sectors.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "17. The Committee notes with concern that patriarchal traditions and some deep-rooted stereotypes remain deeply rooted in Nepal ' s social, cultural, religious, economic and social institutional structures, as well as in the media. The Committee is also concerned about the persistence of harmful practices in the State party, such as child marriage, dowry, preference for boys, polygamy, the perception of widows as witches, and the biological discrimination against women (Chaupadi), prostitution (Jhuma), deuki and dowry (Dhan-Khaane).", "18. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) To put in place expeditiously a comprehensive strategy to eliminate discriminatory attitudes and stereotypes against women, with goals and timetables, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (e) of the Convention;", "(b) To intensify awareness-raising and education efforts targeting women and men, to involve civil society and community and religious leaders, to eliminate harmful practices and, in cooperation with the media, to actively promote positive, non-discriminatory and non-stereotypical images of women;", "(c) Expedite the enactment of the draft law on harmful practices; ensure that it includes all forms of harmful practices; ensure that it is implemented in a timely and full manner and monitor its effective implementation.", "Violence against women", "19. The Committee welcomes the enactment of the Domestic Violence Act 2009 and the launch of the National Action Plan to Combat Gender-based Violence. However, the Committee notes with concern the prevalence of violence against women and girls, including domestic violence, especially against vulnerable groups of women such as Dalit. The Committee also notes with concern that the legislation restricting the registration of cases of sexual violence and the insufficient penalties for marital rape result in the majority of incidents being not documented or addressed. The Committee is also concerned about the lack of statistical data on violence against women, including sexual and domestic violence.", "20. The Committee urges the State party to give priority attention to combating violence against women and girls and to adopt comprehensive measures to address such violence, in accordance with its general recommendation 19. In this regard, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Ensure the effective implementation of the Domestic Violence Act 2009 and other existing laws and, where appropriate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators of such violence;", "(b) Develop a national data collection programme on cases of violence against women;", "(c) To take immediate measures to eliminate legislation that restricts the registration of cases of sexual violence and to ensure that women have effective access to justice for rape;", "(d) To continue to provide the necessary training in domestic and sexual violence to the police, public prosecutors, the judiciary and other relevant parts of the Government, as well as to medical units, and to expand awareness-raising programmes targeting boys and men in communities, including Dalit communities;", "(e) Expedite the adoption and enactment of the draft law under preparation to significantly increase the penalties for marital rape in the spirit of dialogue and to undertake awareness-raising activities on new provisions in this regard.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "21. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the National Plan of Action to combat the trafficking of children and women for sexual and labour exploitation. However, the Committee notes with concern the lack of specific data on trafficking in women and girls, the weak enforcement of the Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act of 2007, and the persistence of sexual exploitation, in particular in the Dalit community, poverty and the underlying causes of trafficking and prostitution.", "22. The Committee urges the State party to implement fully the provisions of article 6 of the Convention by:", "(a) Collect and analyse data on all aspects of trafficking and prostitution, disaggregated by age, sex and country of origin, to identify trends;", "(b) Implement the Trafficking in Persons and Transport (Control) Act of 2007 to ensure that perpetrators are punished and that shelters with adequate protection, assistance and services for victims are provided;", "(c) Strengthen preventive measures to improve the economic situation and gainful employment of girls and women and provide other resources to eliminate the vulnerability of trafficking;", "(d) To strengthen international, regional and bilateral cooperation with countries of origin and transit to address more effectively the root causes of trafficking and to exchange information to better prevent trafficking;", "(e) Ensure the effective implementation of the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution;", "(f) Ratify the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(g) Provide training on anti-trafficking laws for the judiciary, law enforcement officials, including immigration and border police, and social workers in all parts of the country, and conduct public awareness-raising campaigns.", "Participation in political and public life", "23. The Committee welcomes the 33 per cent representation of women in the Constituent Assembly. However, the Committee is deeply concerned about the low representation of women, in particular Dalit and indigenous women, in senior decision-making positions, the public service, the judiciary, the diplomatic service and the national human rights commission, as well as at the local level.", "24. The Committee recommends that:", "(a) Increase the quota for the representation of women in the Constituent Assembly in future parliaments;", "(b) The State party make full use of the Committee ' s general recommendation No. 23 and adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4 (1) of the Convention and the Committee ' s general recommendation No. 25, to accelerate the full and equal participation of women in public and political life. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(i) Set specific goals and timetables to accelerate the increase in the representation of women, including Dalit and indigenous women, in elected and appointed bodies in all areas of public life, from the local level, including village development committees, to the national and diplomatic levels;", "(ii) Undertake awareness-raising activities on the importance of women ' s participation in decision-making for society as a whole and develop targeted training and mentoring programmes for women candidates and women elected to public office and programmes on leadership and negotiation skills for current and future women leaders.", "Nationality", "25. While noting the State party ' s explanation that women are not discriminated against in the acquisition of citizenship, the Committee remains deeply concerned about the continuing obstacles faced by women in transmitting citizenship to their children and to foreign husbands, as well as to married women, in order to obtain citizenship documents, in addition to the persistence of basic conditions that prevent access to citizenship, such as poverty, geographical isolation and cumbersome administrative requirements.", "26. The Committee strongly urges the State party:", "(a) Ensure that the new Constitution provides for equal and full civil rights for women, including the right to transmit citizenship to children and foreign husbands;", "(b) Implement training programmes for government officials at all levels on the provisions of the law on the transfer of citizenship;", "(c) Undertake a second comprehensive national action for the issuance of civil identity documents, taking into account the difficulties faced by women in obtaining proof of nationality;", "(d) Accede to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness;", "(e) Ensure the granting of Nepali citizenship to children born in Nepal who would otherwise be stateless.", "Education", "27. While welcoming the overall increase in gender parity in primary and secondary education, the Committee is concerned about the slow increase in female enrolment, the very high dropout rate of girls, the disparities in access to education and illiteracy rates between rural and urban areas and the low literacy rate among adult women. The Committee is also concerned at the very low number of female teachers at all levels of education.", "28. The Committee urges the State party to increase its compliance with article 10 of the Convention and to raise awareness of the importance of education as a human right and as a basis for the empowerment of women. To this end, the Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to achieve universal access to quality education for girls at all levels of the education system, in urban, rural and remote areas, and provide access to education for girls with disabilities by improving facilities and by establishing support systems that pay special attention to Dalit girls, indigenous girls and girls from other vulnerable groups;", "(b) Take concrete measures to prevent girls from dropping out of school, including by effectively implementing the prohibition of early marriage;", "(c) To intensify its efforts to further improve the literacy rate of women through comprehensive programmes of formal and non-formal education and training;", "(d) Increase the number of women teachers trained and recruited.", "Employment", "29. While welcoming the State party ' s prohibition of the practice of bonded labour, the Committee is concerned at reports that such practices still exist in the Tharu indigenous community. The Committee is also concerned about the high rate of child labour, especially among girls aged 8 to 14, the high percentage of women in the informal sector and the prevalence of sexual harassment in the workplace. The Committee notes with concern that the draft law on sexual harassment has been pending in Parliament since 2009.", "30. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure equal opportunities for women in the labour market, in accordance with article 11 of the Convention. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to eliminate bonded labour and child labour and ensure the effective implementation of the International Labour Organization Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (Convention No. 105);", "(b) Regulate the informal sector and ensure that women are not exploited in this sector;", "(c) To bring the draft law on sexual harassment in the workplace into line with the Committee ' s general recommendation No. 19 and to adopt it expeditiously;", "(d) Establish a confidential and safe complaints system, facilitate access to justice for victims of sexual harassment, and conduct awareness-raising campaigns, especially for working women, to break the culture of silence surrounding sexual harassment;", "(e) Consider ratifying the ILO Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (No. 189).", "Health", "31. The Committee welcomes the implementation of the Mothers ' Programme, which provides free delivery services, and the decrease in maternal mortality. However, the Committee is deeply concerned about: limited access to basic health services, in particular for poor women, rural women and women with disabilities; maternal mortality and morbidity rates, which remain extremely high; challenges in accessing delivery services, in particular emergency obstetric care; poor nutrition, which is closely linked to the increased risk of maternal mortality and morbidity; the high incidence of uterine prolapse despite the State party ' s efforts to provide corrective surgery; the high rate of use of unsafe abortion practices, especially among poor, rural and urban women; the lack of access of rural women, adolescents, women living in poverty and women with disabilities to family planning services and their lowest level of satisfaction with contraceptive needs; and the lack of data on the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women.", "32. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Ensure, within the framework of the Committee ' s general recommendation No. 24, that women have access to basic health care and related health-care services, in particular for poor, rural and disabled women, and increase the number of medical personnel, including female doctors and other health-care providers;", "(b) Develop and implement effective policies and programmes to further reduce maternal mortality;", "(c) To give priority attention to programmes to ensure women ' s access to a full range of maternal health services, including prenatal, post-natal and emergency obstetric services, in particular for poor women, rural women and young mothers;", "(d) To address discriminatory and harmful practices that endanger the well-being and health of women and girls, including reproductive health, including nutritional food deficiencies and Chaupadi practices;", "(e) To prevent post-operative complications, such as fistula and other health problems, by taking preventive measures to address uterine prolapse-related problems, such as access to adequate family planning services for women, awareness-raising and prevention training in the “safe motherhood” programmes that have been implemented and ensuring that sufficient funds are allocated for quality corrective surgery and follow-up;", "(f) Expansion of abortion services throughout the country;", "(g) Address the unmet need for contraception by making universal access to all contraceptive methods, including emergency contraceptive information and services, a priority, with special attention to rural women, poor women and adolescent girls.", "Female migrant workers", "33. While noting the adoption of the new Aliens Employment Act in 2007, the Committee remains concerned about: The situation of women migrant workers in Nepal, especially given that a large number of Nepalese women are undocumented migrants, increases their vulnerability to sexual exploitation, forced labour and sexual abuse. The Committee is also concerned about their concentration in the informal sector; the limited measures to ensure that they have access to information and skills training prior to departure; and the lack of institutional support in both the State party and the countries of employment to promote and protect the rights of women migrant workers in Nepal.", "34. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Focus on investigating the causes of women ' s migration, creating employment or self-employment opportunities for women in their countries and ensuring access to credit for women;", "(b) Establish mechanisms to promote safe migration procedures that protect and fulfil women ' s rights throughout the migration cycle;", "(c) Implementing and monitoring norms, sound pre-departure guidance and skills training;", "(d) Sign bilateral agreements with countries of employment and make adequate provisions to ensure the safety of women migrant workers and establish mechanisms in countries of destination to address violations of the rights of women migrant workers in the employment process;", "(e) Assist migrant women to seek redress;", "(f) Create alternative livelihood opportunities for women returning home and facilitate their reintegration into society;", "(g) Prosecute and punish those who engage in illegal recruitment processes and facilitate trafficking in women in the name of work abroad.", "Women affected by armed conflict", "35. While welcoming the adoption in October 2010 of the national action plan on Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008), the Committee expresses its deep concern at: Cases of sexual violence committed by security forces and Maoist combatants during the armed conflict, including rape cases, were not investigated and perpetrators were not brought to justice; the statute of limitations on complaints of rape and other sexual crimes may prevent women victims of rape and other sexual crimes during the conflict from having access to justice; and many survivors of sexual violence during the conflict have serious post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological and physical health problems. The Committee is also concerned about the insufficient participation of women in the peace and reconstruction process.", "36. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) To give priority consideration to the draft law on the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission and a commission of inquiry on disappearances and to ensure that the commissions are both independent and authoritative and gender-sensitive; and to ensure that the truth and reconciliation commission addresses sexual violence, paying particular attention to the social and security dimensions of public testimony by victims of sexual violence;", "(b) To investigate, prosecute and punish, through transitional justice and restorative justice, all acts of violence, including acts of sexual violence committed by armed forces and Maoist combatants, as well as private actors, and to ensure that, in accordance with the draft law on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the statute of limitations on complaints of rape and other forms of sexual crimes committed during the conflict does not affect women ' s access to justice;", "(c) Undertake a comprehensive and thorough investigation of sexual abuse committed during armed conflict and in the post-conflict period;", "(d) To ensure that women have access to justice and legal aid for all women affected by conflict and women victims of sexual violence during and after conflict;", "(e) Ensure the protection of victims and witnesses and provide shelters for victims of sexual violence, including in rural and remote areas;", "(f) To ensure the effective implementation of the national action plan on Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008) and to ensure that victims of sexual crimes receive appropriate compensation, rehabilitation and counselling services;", "(g) Establish women ' s counselling centres to address their traumatic experiences, in particular those related to crimes of sexual violence, and provide them with adequate medical services;", "(h) Enhancing the participation and representation of women/survivors in peacebuilding bodies and mechanisms at the decision-making, decision-making and implementation levels.", "Poor women", "While welcoming the implementation of women's development programmes, the Committee is concerned about the overall living conditions of women living in poverty, in particular rural women and women heads of household, and their difficulties in accessing land, adequate food, safe drinking water, cooking fuel and heating. The Committee is also concerned about discrimination against girls and women in the distribution of food within the family.", "38. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Aim at the implementation of macroeconomic, social and sectoral policies to eradicate poverty and reduce gender-based inequalities; encourage broad-based economic growth; and address the structural causes of poverty within the overall framework of achieving a people-centred approach;", "(b) Strengthen initiatives to encourage sustainable economic empowerment of women, including increasing women ' s access to land and credit, training on how to develop and manage microenterprises and monitoring the impact of such programmes;", "(c) Eliminate discriminatory practices, guarantee women ' s land ownership and facilitate women ' s access to safe drinking water and fuel to ensure women ' s equal access to resources and nutritious food;", "(d) Provide for the right to adequate food in the new Constitution.", "Women facing multiple forms of discrimination", "39. The Committee is deeply concerned about the multiple forms of discrimination against vulnerable groups of women, including widows, women with disabilities, Dalits and indigenous women, and women who are discriminated against because of their sexual differences.", "40. The Committee urges the State party to give priority to combating multiple forms of discrimination against women from all vulnerable groups, to collect data on their situation and to combat multiple forms of discrimination through legal provisions and comprehensive programmes, including public education and awareness-raising activities involving the media and community and religious leaders.", "Asylum-seeking and refugee women", "41. The Committee is concerned at the lack of information provided by the State party on its national policy to address the vulnerability of asylum-seekers from neighbouring countries or asylum-seeking and refugee women and girls.", "42. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Provide information in its next report on the national policy on asylum-seeking and refugee women in Nepal;", "(b) Provide an enabling environment and gender-sensitive policies for the processing of applications from asylum-seeking and refugee women and for the reporting of sexual harassment by asylum-seeking and refugee women;", "(c) Pay particular attention to the vulnerability of women asylum-seekers and refugee women.", "Discrimination in marriage and family relations", "43. The Committee is deeply concerned about the persistence of early marriage in practice, despite the legal prohibition of early marriage; the existence of discriminatory legal provisions, i.e. the unequal inheritance rights of married daughters; the existence of contradictory legal provisions on bigamy, which recognize and criminalize bigamy; and the lack of clear legislation providing for equal rights for women in the dissolution of marriage over all property acquired during marriage.", "44. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Enforce the minimum legal age of marriage of 20 years and implement awareness-raising measures throughout the country on the negative impact of early marriage on women ' s enjoyment of their human rights, in particular the rights to health and education;", "(b) Take legal measures to ensure equal inheritance rights for men and women;", "(c) Adopt without delay the draft law that is being prepared to abolish the provision on bigamy and to invalidate polygamous marriages;", "(d) Ensure that, in law and in practice, women and men have equal rights with respect to all property acquired during marriage upon its dissolution.", "National Human Rights Commission", "45. The Committee recommends that the State party revise the draft law on the National Human Rights Commission with a view to achieving full compliance with the Paris Principles and that the National Human Rights Commission continue to strengthen its cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "46. The Committee urges the State party to accept, as soon as possible, the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Dissemination", "47. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Nepal of the present concluding comments in order to make all people, including government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women ' s and human rights organizations, aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality of women, as well as the other steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that the concluding observations be disseminated at the community level. The State party is encouraged to hold a series of meetings to discuss the progress achieved in the implementation of the present concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women's and human rights organizations, the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "48. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to all nine major international human rights instruments [1] will enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all areas of life. The Committee therefore encourages Nepal to consider ratifying the conventions to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "49. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the measures taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 26 and 36 above.", "Technical assistance", "50. The Committee recommends that the State party use technical assistance to develop and implement a comprehensive programme to implement the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to further strengthen its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the United Nations Children ' s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and the Statistics Division and the Division for the Advancement of Women of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, in areas such as capacity-building. In particular, the Committee recommends that the State party continue to cooperate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal.", "Preparation and date of next report", "51. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report and to consult with various women ' s and human rights organizations at this stage.", "52. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding comments in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its sixth periodic report in July 2015.", "53. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved by the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session, in January 2008, must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized reporting guidelines under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages and the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] ICESCR, ICCPR, ICERD, CEDAW, CAT, CRC, ICRMW, CED and CRPD." ]

[ "联 合 国", "国际法院的报告", "2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第4号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第4号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "国际法院的报告", "2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日", "A/66/4", "说明", "ISSN 0251-8503", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月11日]", "目录", "页次\n1.摘要 1\n2.法院组织 7\nA.组成 7\nB.特权和豁免 8\n3.法院的管辖权 10\nA.法院对诉讼案件的管辖权 10\nB.法院对咨询事项的管辖权 10\n4.法院的运作 12\nA.法院设立的各委员会 12\nB.书记官处 12\nC.法院所在地 17\nD.博物馆 18\n5.法院的司法工作 19\nA.概况 19\nB.本报告所述期间的待决诉讼程度 20\n1.加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克) 20\n2.艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国) 20\n3.刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达) 23\n4.《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚) 24\n5.领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚) 25\n6.法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国) 28\n7.海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利) 29\n8.空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚) 30\n9.《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦) 31\n10. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊) 33\n11. 国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利；希腊参加诉讼) 35\n12. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔) 38\n13.民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士) 40\n14. 南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本) 41\n15. 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔) 42\n16.尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜) 4317. 请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨 47 \n诉泰国) \nC.在本报告所述期间待决的咨询事项 51国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金提出的指控所作第2867号判决 51 \n(请求发表咨询意见) \n6.访问法院和其他活动 54\n7.法院的出版物、文件和网站 56\n8.法院财务 58\nA.经费筹措方法 58\nB.预算的编制 58\nC.预算执行 58\nD.法院2010-2011两年期预算 58 \n 附件 \n国际法院：2011年7月31日的组织结构和员额分配 61", "第一章", "摘要", "法院的组成", "1. 国际法院是联合国的主要司法机构，由大会和安全理事会选出的15名法官组成，法官任期9年。法院法官每三年有三分之一须予以重选。下一次重选将于2011年最后一季度举行。", "2. 但应注意到，在本报告所述期间，托马斯·比尔根塔尔法官辞职，辞职于2010年9月6日生效，因此出现空缺。大会和安全理事会于2010年9月9日选出琼•多诺霍(美国)为法院成员，即刻生效。依照《法院规约》第十五条，多诺霍法官将任满比尔根塔尔法官未满任期，到2015年2月5日为止。", "3. 2011年7月31日，法院的组成如下：院长：小和田恒(日本)；副院长：彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克)；法官：阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂)、奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈(约旦)、布鲁诺·西马(德国)、龙尼·亚伯拉罕(法国)、肯尼斯·基思(新西兰)、贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔(墨西哥)、穆罕默德·本努纳(摩洛哥)、列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫(俄罗斯联邦)、安东尼奥·奥古斯托·坎卡多·特林达德(巴西)、阿布杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福(索马里)、克里斯托弗·格林伍德(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、薛捍勤(中国)和琼·多诺霍(美利坚合众国)。", "4. 法院书记官长为比利时国民菲利普·库弗勒先生。法院副书记官长为法国和美利坚合众国国民泰蕾兹·德圣法勒女士。", "5. 在本报告所述期间，当事国选定的专案法官有28名，而行使相关责任的为18人(有时同一人被指派担任不止一个案件的专案法官)。", "法院的作用", "6. 国际法院是唯一具有一般管辖权的普遍性国际法院。法院的管辖权有两个方面。", "7. 首先，法院须就各国行使主权自愿向其提交的争端作出裁决。在这方面，应当指出，截至2011年7月31日，有193个国家为《国际法院规约》缔约国，其中66个国家根据《规约》第三十六条第二项向秘书长交存了承认法院强制管辖权的声明。此外，约有300份双边或多边条约规定，在解决这些条约的适用或解释所引起的争端方面，法院具有管辖权。在特定争端案件中，法院的管辖权也可依据有关国家间订立的特别协定。最后，一国在向法院提交争端时，可按照《法院规则》第38条第5款，以请求书所针对国家有待作出或表示的同意作为法院具有管辖权的依据。如后一国家表示同意，则法院的管辖权即在表示同意之日确立(由此成为当事方同意的法院)。", "8. 其次，大会或安全理事会可就任何法律问题咨询法院意见，经大会授权的联合国其他机关和专门机构也可就其活动范围内出现的法律问题咨询法院意见。", "提交法院的案件", "9. 在本报告所述期间，向法院提起的有两个新案件。截至2011年7月31日，法院总表上所列诉讼案件有14个。[1] 截至该日，法院待决的咨询程序有一个。上述诉讼案件来自世界各地：四个案件为欧洲国家间的案件，四个为拉丁美洲国家间的案件，三个为非洲国家间的案件，一个为亚洲国家间的案件，其余两个为洲际性质。区域多样性再次显示了法院的普遍性。", "10. 这些案件所涉的问题极为多样：领土和海洋划界、环境问题、国家的管辖豁免、侵犯领土完整、种族歧视、侵犯人权、国际公约和条约的解释和适用等等。", "11. 提交法院的案件在事实及法律方面都越来越复杂。此外，这些案件还经常要分几个阶段处理，原因各异，例如被告对管辖权或可受理性提出初步反对意见，要求指明临时措施的请求必须作为紧急事项处理，有第三国请求参加诉讼等等。", "主要司法事件(按时间顺序排列)", "12. 在本报告所述期间，法院就五个诉讼案件举行了公开听讯。法院作了四项判决，发出了六项命令。法院院长发出了三项命令(见第102-108段)。", "13. 应刚果请求，法院于2010年11月16日命令从总表上去除关于法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)的案件(见第145和146段)。", "14. 11月18日，哥斯达黎加国在法院对尼加拉瓜启动诉讼程序，理由是“尼加拉瓜军队入侵、占领、使用哥斯达黎加领土，并违反一些国际公约和条约规定的尼加拉瓜对哥斯达黎加的义务”(关于尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)的案件)。同日，哥斯达黎加还请求指明临时措施(见第231-244段)。", "15. 11月30日，法院就艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)一案作了判决。法院认定，刚果民主共和国在1995-1996年逮捕、拘留、驱逐迪亚洛先生的行为侵犯了他的基本权利，但没有侵犯他作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利(见第110-114段)。", "16. 2011年3月8日，法院就哥斯达黎加在关于尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)的案件中提交的指明临时措施的请求发出了命令(见第231-244段)。法院在命令中指明了下列临时措施：", "⑴ ……每一方均不应向包括caño在内的有争议领土派出或在那里继续驻留任何人员，无论是文职人员、警务人员还是安全人员；", "⑵ ……尽管有上述第一点的要求，哥斯达黎加仍可派遣文职人员负责保护包括caño在内的有争议领土的环境，但以防止对领土所在湿地造成不可挽回的损害的需要为限；哥斯达黎加应就这些行动与《拉姆萨尔公约》秘书处协商，事先通知尼加拉瓜，并尽最大努力与尼加拉瓜就此找到共同解决办法；", "⑶ ……每一方均不应采取可能使法院审理的争端恶化或使之更难解决的任何行动；", "⑷ ……每一方均应将其遵守上述临时措施的情况告知法院。", "17. 4月1日，法院就俄罗斯联邦在关于《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)的案件中提出的初步反对意见作了判决。法院认定，法院对该争端的裁定没有管辖权。法院在其判决中“(1)(a)……驳回了俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见；(b)……赞成俄罗斯联邦提出的第二项初步反对意见；(2)……认定法院无权审理格鲁吉亚2008年8月12日提出的请求书”(见第160-172段)。", "18. 2011年4月5日，法院应比利时王国的请求，命令从总表上去除关于民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)的案件(见第218-224段)。", "19. 4月28日，柬埔寨王国向法院书记官处提交请求书，要求解释法院1962年6月15日关于柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)一案的判决。柬埔寨在请求作出解释的同时还请求指明临时措施(见第245-258段)。", "20. 5月4日，法院就哥斯达黎加要求参加领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)一案诉讼的请求书可受理性作了判决。法院在判决中“认定不能核准哥斯达黎加共和国依照《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求参加诉讼程序的请求”(见第126-144段)。", "21. 5月4日，法院还就洪都拉斯要求参加领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)一案诉讼的请求书可受理性作了判决。法院在判决中“认定不能核准洪都拉斯共和国依照《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求作为当事方或非当事方参加诉讼程序的请求”(见第126-144段)。", "22. 7月4日，法院命令准许希腊作为非当事方参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)一案的诉讼(见第184-206段)。", "23. 7月18日，法院就柬埔寨在关于请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)的案件中关于指明临时措施的请求作了裁决。法院在其命令中首先驳回泰国关于将案件从总表上去除的请求，随后指明下列临时措施：", "⑴ ……当事双方均应立即从本命令第62段界定的临时非军事区撤出现有军事人员，不要在该非军事区派驻任何军事人员，也不要针对该区进行任何武装活动；", "⑵ 泰国不应阻碍柬埔寨方面自由出入柏威夏寺或为该寺内的非军事人员供应新物品；", "⑶ ……双方均应继续其在东盟框架内商定的合作，尤其是允许东盟指定的观察员进入临时非军事区；", "⑷ ……双方均不得采取可能使法院审理的争端恶化或使之更难解决的任何行动。", "法院裁定，每一方均应将其遵守上述临时措施的情况告知法院，法院在就关于解释判决的请求作出判决之前，将继续处理作为本命令主题的事项(见第245-258段)。", "法院持续工作量透视", "24. 2010/11司法年度是繁忙的一年，有四个案件在同时审理，2011/12司法年度也会安排得很满，尤其是因为在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，有两个新的诉讼案件提交法院审理。", "25. 法院之所以能够应付一直如此繁忙的活动，是因为法院近年来采取了多种步骤来提高效率，因而能够应对工作量的不断增加。法院不断重新审查其程序和工作方法，定期更新(2001年通过的)程序指引，供出庭国家使用。此外，法院还为自己设定了特别严格的听讯和评议时间表，这样就可以同时审理多个案件，并尽可能迅速地处理日趋增加的附带程序(请求指明临时措施、反诉、请求参加诉讼)。", "26. 法院已成功地清理了其积压的案件。考虑利用联合国主要司法机关的国家现在可以确信，一旦程序的书面阶段了结，法院就能及时开始口述程序。", "人力资源：设立员额", "27. 由于荷兰增强反恐警戒，法院进行一次安保审计。为此，法院在其提交的2010-2011两年期预算中，请求增设四个员额，增强现有安保队伍，目前只有两名一般事务职类的安保工作人员。法院请求设立一个P-3职等安保干事员额，增设三个一般事务职类的警卫员额。2009年底，大会仅核准设立联合国秘书处安全和安保部认为必要的四个员额中的一个：一个警卫员额(一般事务职类)。法院感谢大会核准设立该员额，但重申增设其他员额对于改进安保工作的必要性。在2012-2013两年期预算中，法院再次请求设立一个P-3职等安保专家员额和一个一般事务职类(其他职等)安全信息助理员额。设立这些员额尤其将使法院能够加强安保队伍，履行传统职责，同时应对信息系统安全方面新的技术挑战。法院希望大会在2011年下半年审查法院下个两年期预算草案时将积极考虑这些请求。", "28. 法院在其2012-2013两年期预算中还请求在法律事务部设一P-2职等协理法律干事员额。需要设这一员额，是因为提交法院的案件越来越复杂(在事实和法律方面都是如此)，附带程序数目增加(法院的法律事务部在处理附带程序方面发挥很大的作用)，而且法院现在同时就多个案件进行评议(这意味着需要法律事务部协助的一些起草委员会在同时工作)。增设该员额将使法律事务部现有人员能更好地应对该部与法院审理的案件有关的法律职责的增加，使其能够及时协助法院的司法工作。新员额的任职人将主要从事该部负责的其他法律活动，例如起草外交函件和法院会议记录，筛选文件供发表，为书记官处其他各部门提供一般法律协助，尤其是与外部合同及工作人员雇用条件有关的协助。", "29. 法院在其2012-2013两年期预算中还寻求在出版处设一个一般事务职类(其他职等)助理员额。出版处目前有三个专业员额：一个处长(P-4)、两个校对员/制版员(P-3和P-2)。两个校对员/制版员各负责法院一种正式语文的工作。一段时间来已经很明确的是，为了确保更好地分配工作量，更加高效地处理与日俱增的出版请求，需要设一个一般事务职类的行政和编辑助理员额。新员额的任职人将为专业人员提供技术协助，特别是按照既定格式准备出版文本的电子版本，对文本进行排版检查，确保文本符合法院的风格和规则，确保对文本的任何进一步修改都能纳入最终待印文档，并为出版处汇编相关统计数据。", "和平宫司法大会堂的现代化", "30. 法院提出请求后，已于2009年底从大会收到一笔数额不小的款项，用来在2010-2011两年期更换和更新其具有历史性的审判室(和平宫司法大会堂)以及附近房间(包括新闻发布室)的视听设备。法院将与拥有和平宫所有权的卡内基基金会合作，对这些厅室进行翻修。大会的拨款特别用于在法官席安装信息技术装置。近年来，所有国际法庭都已采用了这种技术，只有法院还没有采用。大会已核准经费的所有设备将在2011年底前购置。", "“促进法治”", "31. 法院根据大会第65/32号决议再次发出的邀请，借此向大会提交年度报告的机会，“对[法院]目前促进法治的作用发表评论”。2008年2月，法院完成了法律事务厅编纂司发来的将被用来编写一份清单的调查问卷，其中的内容至今仍不过时。在这方面应当记住的是，国际法院作为一个法院，以及作为联合国的主要司法机关，占有特殊的地位。法院今年要再一次指出，法院所做的一切都是为了促进法治：法院按照作为《联合国宪章》整体构成部分的《规约》作出判决和提供咨询意见，并通过其出版物、多媒体产出和网站，确保全球尽可能多的人了解其所作的裁决。网站现在刊载法院以及其前身国际常设法院的全部判例。", "32. 法院成员、书记官长、新闻部和法律事务部经常介绍法院运作情况、法院的程序及其判例。此外，法院每年接待大批来访者。最后，法院还设有一个实习方案，让不同背景的学生能够熟悉本机构，并增进其国际法知识。", "33. 最后，国际法院欣见各国重申对法院解决争端的能力具有信心。在2011/12年度，法院将一如在2010/11年度一样，一丝不苟、不偏不倚地对待现有案件和将接到的案件。", "第二章", "法院的组织", "A. 组成", "34. 2011年7月31日，法院目前组成如下：院长：小和田恒；副院长：彼得·通卡；法官：阿卜杜勒·科罗马、奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈、布鲁诺·西马、龙尼·亚伯拉罕、肯尼斯·基思、贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔、穆罕默德·本努纳、列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫、安东尼奥·奥古斯托·坎萨多·特林多德、阿布杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福、克里斯托弗·格林伍德、薛捍勤和琼·多诺霍。", "35. 法院的书记官长为菲利普·库弗勒。副书记官长为泰蕾兹·德圣法勒。", "36. 法院依照《规约》第二十九条每年设立一个简易程序分庭，其组成如下：", "成员", "小和田院长", "通卡副院长", "科罗马法官、西马法官和塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官", "候补成员", "斯科特尼科夫法官和格林伍德法官。", "37. 在加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)案中，由于通卡法官根据《法院规约》第二十四条自行回避，斯洛伐克选定克日什托夫·斯库比谢夫斯基为专案法官。[2]", "38. 在艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)案中，几内亚选定艾哈迈德·马伊乌，刚果民主共和国选定奥古斯特·曼普亚·卡农卡·齐亚博为专案法官。", "39. 在刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)案中，刚果民主共和国选定乔·费尔赫芬，乌干达选定詹姆斯·卡特卡为专案法官。", "40. 在《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚)案中，克罗地亚选定布迪斯拉夫·武卡斯，塞尔维亚选定米伦科·克雷恰为专案法官。", "41. 在领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)案中，尼加拉瓜选定乔治·加亚，哥伦比亚选定伊夫·福捷为专案法官，福捷辞职后，让-皮埃尔·科特担任专案法官。", "42. 在法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)案中，刚果选定让伊夫·德卡拉为专案法官。由于亚伯拉罕法官根据《法院规约》第二十四条自行回避，法国选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆为专案法官。", "43. 在海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)案中，秘鲁选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆，智利选定弗朗西斯科·奥雷戈·比库尼亚为专案法官。", "44. 在空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚)案中，厄瓜多尔选定劳尔·埃米利奥·比努埃萨，哥伦比亚选定让-皮埃尔·科特为专案法官。", "45. 在《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)案中，格鲁吉亚选定乔治·加亚为专案法官。", "46. 在1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)案中，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国选定布迪斯拉夫·武卡斯，希腊选定埃曼努埃尔·鲁库纳斯为专案法官。", "47. 在国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案中，意大利选定乔治·加亚为专案法官。", "48. 在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)案中，比利时选定菲利普·基尔希，塞内加尔选定塞尔日·苏尔为专案法官。", "49.在南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本)案中，澳大利亚选定希拉里·查尔斯沃思为专案法官。", "50. 在边界争端(布基纳法索诉尼日尔)案中，布基纳法索选定让-皮埃尔·科特，尼日尔选定艾哈迈德·马伊乌为专案法官。", "51. 在尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)案中，哥斯达黎加选定约翰·杜尔加德，尼加拉瓜选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆为专案法官。", "52. 在关于请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)所作判决(柬埔寨诉法国)的案件中，柬埔寨选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆，泰国选定让-皮埃尔·科特为专案法官。", "B. 特权和豁免", "53. 《规约》第十九条规定：“法官于执行法院职务时，应享受外交特权及豁免”。", "54. 根据1946年6月26日法院院长与荷兰外交大臣的换函，法院法官在荷兰一般享有派驻荷兰王国的外交使团团长所享有的特权、豁免、便利和权利(《国际法院法令和文件第6号》，英文本第204-211和214-217页)。", "55. 大会在1946年12月11日第90(I)号决议(同上，英文本第210-215页)中核准了1946年6月与荷兰政府缔结的协定，并建议“如法官为长期担任法院工作而旅居其本国以外之国家，该法官于旅居该国期间内应享有外交特权与豁免”，“法官应享有离开其所在国国境，进入法院开庭所在国及离开该国之一切便利”。法官“因行使职务外出旅行时，无论须经何国，均应享有各该国给予外交使节之一切特权、豁免及便利”。", "56. 大会还在该决议中建议联合国会员国当局承认并接受法院发给法官的联合国通行证。这种通行证从1950年开始签发，其形式类似联合国秘书长签发的通行证。", "57. 此外，《规约》第三十二条第八项规定，法官和书记官长领取的“俸给津贴及酬金，应免除一切税捐”。", "第三章", "法院的管辖权", "A. 法院对诉讼案件的管辖权", "58. 2011年7月31日，联合国的193个会员国都是《法院规约》的缔约国。", "59. 目前共有66个国家依照《规约》第三十六条第二和第五项提出声明，承认法院的管辖权具有强制性(其中许多国家附有保留)。这些国家是：澳大利亚、奥地利、巴巴多斯、比利时、博茨瓦纳、保加利亚、柬埔寨、喀麦隆、加拿大、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、埃及、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、几内亚、几内亚比绍、海地、洪都拉斯、匈牙利、印度、日本、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马拉维、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、尼日利亚、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、塞内加尔、斯洛伐克、索马里、西班牙、苏丹、苏里南、斯威士兰、瑞典、瑞士、多哥、乌干达、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和乌拉圭。上述各国声明的文本见法院网站(www.icj-cij.org)“管辖权”条目。", "60. 约有300项现行有效的多边和双边公约规定法院具有管辖权。这些条约和公约名录同样见法院网站“管辖权”条目。", "B. 法院对咨询事项的管辖权", "61. 除联合国机构(有权就“任何法律问题”请法院发表咨询意见的大会和安全理事会以及经济及社会理事会、托管理事会、大会临时委员会)之外,下列组织目前也受权就其活动范围内出现的法律问题请法院发表咨询意见：", "国际劳工组织", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "国际民用航空组织", "世界卫生组织", "世界银行", "国际金融公司", "国际开发协会", "国际货币基金组织", "国际电信联盟", "世界气象组织", "国际海事组织", "世界知识产权组织", "国际农业发展基金", "联合国工业发展组织", "国际原子能机构", "62. 规定法院具有咨询管辖权的国际文书清单见法院网站(www.icj-cij.org) “管辖权”条目。", "第四章", "法院的运作", "A. 法院设立的各委员会", "63. 在本报告所述期间，法院为便利其行政工作而设立的两个委员会定期开会；2011年7月31日，这些委员会的组成如下：", "(a) 预算和行政委员会：小和田院长(主席)、通卡副院长、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；", "(b) 图书馆委员会：西马法官(主席)、亚伯拉罕法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官。", "64. 规则委员会是法院于1979年设立的常设机构，在报告所述期间，也召开了若干次会议；2011年7月31日，由哈苏奈法官(主席)、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、格林伍德法官组成。", "B. 书记官处", "65. 法院是联合国唯一拥有自己行政部门的主要机关(见《宪章》第九十八条)。书记官处是法院的常设国际秘书处，《规约》和《规则》(特别是《规则》第22至29条)界定了该处的职责。由于法院既是司法机关又是国际机构，书记官处的作用是一方面提供司法协助，一方面作为一个永久行政机构运作。书记官处的组织由法院根据书记官长提出的建议加以规定，该处的职责由书记官长详细起草并经法院批准的指示予以确定(见《规则》第28条第2款和第3款)。《对书记官处的指示》是1946年10月拟定的，在许多方面已经过时，正在修订。本报告后面附有书记官处的组织结构图。", "66. 书记官处官员由法院根据书记官长的建议任用；一般事务人员由书记官长征得院长批准后任用。短期工作人员由书记官长任用。工作条件在由法院通过的《工作人员条例》(见《规则》第28条)中规定。一般而言，书记官处官员享有驻海牙外交使团级别相当的官员所享有的同样特权和豁免，其地位、薪酬和养恤金权利与职类或职等相当的秘书处官员相同。", "67. 在过去20年中，尽管书记官处采用了新技术，但其工作量随着提交法院的案件大大增多以及案件更加复杂而大量增加。", "68. 目前书记官处共有114个员额：58个专业及以上职类员额(其中50个为常设员额，8个为两年期员额)，56个一般事务职类员额(其中53个为常设员额，3个为两年期员额)。", "69. 2011年3月17日，书记官长颁发了几项对《书记官处工作人员条例》的重要修正，以便将2009年7月在联合国秘书处生效的《联合国工作人员条例》和《工作人员细则》的各项细则和条例适用于书记官处工作人员。此外，书记官长向法院提交了一份关于《书记官处工作人员条例》的纪律措施的修订草案，以澄清这些措施，并确保工作人员有更多的法律保障。", "70. 在联合国采用了新的内部司法系统之后，书记官处工作人员的具体上诉制度须略加调整。法院曾在1998年承认联合国行政法庭的管辖权，在新系统中行政法庭已由联合国上诉法庭取代。通过法院院长在2011年4月20日至6月10日期间与联合国秘书长换函的方式，法院已临时承认上诉法庭对书记官处工作人员在类似于法院原来承认行政法庭管辖权的那些情况(调解程序失败)中提出的申请做出裁决的管辖权。", "1. 书记官长", "71. 书记官长是法院公文往来的正常渠道，特别负责办理《规约》或《规则》所要求的一切公文、通知和文件传送。书记官长的任务包括：(a) 保存案件总表，按照书记官处收到提起诉讼或请求提供咨询意见的文件次序予以登记和编号；(b) 亲自或由副书记官长代表出席法院、各分庭和各委员会的会议，提供一切所需协助，并负责编写这些会议的报告或记录；(c) 按照法院的要求安排提供或核对译成法院正式语文(法文和英文)的笔译和口译；(d) 签署法院的所有判决书、咨询意见和命令及会议记录；(e) 负责书记官处的行政管理以及各部和各处的工作，包括依照联合国财务程序管理账目和财务；(f) 保持与案件当事方的联系，负责管理诉讼程序，处理法院的一切对外关系，特别是与联合国其他机关、其他国际组织和各国的关系，负责提供关于法院活动和法院出版物的信息；(g) 保管法院印章、法院档案以及委托法院保管的其他档案(包括纽伦堡国际军事法庭的档案)。", "72. 根据有关换函和大会第90(I)号决议(见上文第54和第55段)，书记官长享有与驻海牙外交使团团长同等的特权和豁免，到第三国旅行时也享有外交使节获得的一切特权、豁免和便利。", "2. 副书记官长", "73. 副书记官长协助书记官长工作，在书记官长不在时代行其职务。从1998年起，副书记官长被授予更广泛的行政责任，包括直接监督档案、索引编制和分发处及信息通信技术处的工作。", "3. 书记官处各个实务处和单位", "法律事务部", "74. 法律事务部有8个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额，在书记官长直接监督下，负责处理书记官处内的所有法律事务，特别是协助法院履行其司法职能。该部也作为起草法院裁决书的各个起草委员会的秘书处，同时作为规则委员会的秘书处。该部按要求对国际法问题进行研究，审查司法和程序先例，并为法院和书记官长编写研究报告和说明。该部还撰写待决案件中的所有信函以及更一般的有关《法院规约》或《规则》适用问题的外交信函，供书记官长签发。该部负责监督与东道国缔结的各项总部协定的执行情况。此外，该部负责编写法院会议记录。最后，该部就与外部合同和书记官处工作人员雇用条件有关的所有法律问题提供咨询。", "75. 鉴于法律事务部工作量增加，法院请求在2012-2013两年期在该部设立1个协理法律干事员额(P-2)(见上文第28段)。", "语文事务部", "76. 语文事务部目前有17个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额，负责法院文件两种正式语文对译工作，并向法官提供语文支持。法院在其活动的所有阶段都同样多地使用其两种正式语文。所翻译的文件包括：缔约国的案件书状和其他函件；听讯的逐字记录；法院判决书、咨询意见和命令的草稿及其各种工作文件；判决书、咨询意见和命令所附的法官笔录、意见和声明；法院和及其下属机构的会议记录，包括预算和行政委员会和其他委员会的会议记录；内部报告、说明、研究报告、备忘录和指示；院长和法官向外界机构发表的演讲；给秘书处的报告和函件等。该部还为法院的非公开会议和公开会议提供口译服务，并按需要为院长和法院成员与当事方代理人和其他官方来访者举行的会议提供口译服务。", "77. 该部在2000年新设了12个员额之后，聘用外部笔译员的情况已大大减少。然而，由于法院的工作量增加，对外部笔译员的需要又开始增多。但该部尽量利用在家里翻译(比传统上要求自由应聘笔译员来书记官处工作花费较少)和远距离笔译(由联合国系统内的其他语文部门进行)。法院进行听讯和评议时使用的是外聘口译员；但为了减少开支，为了在法院时间安排有变化时能有较大的灵活性，并为了确保更有效地协调该部的各项工作，该部已开始实施将笔译员培养为口译员的方案。一名英译法笔译员已经达到所要求的专业口译水平。", "新闻部", "78. 新闻部有3个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额，在法院对外关系中发挥重要的作用。该部的职责包括答复要求提供法院信息资料的询问，编写所有载有法院一般资料的文件(特别是法院向大会提交的年度报告、《年鉴》和各种面向一般公众的手册)，以及鼓励和协助媒体报道法院的工作(例如，通过编写新闻稿和开发新的通信产品，尤其是视听材料)。该部还举行介绍会，向有关受众(外交人员、律师、学生及其他人)介绍法院的情况，并负责更新法院网站内容。该部的职责也包括内部交流。", "79. 新闻部还负责安排法院的公开庭和所有其他正式活动，特别是大量来访，包括贵宾来访。在这种情况下，该部履行礼宾职责。", "行政和人事处", "80. 行政和人事处目前有2个专业职类员额和12个一般事务职类员额，负责行政和工作人员管理方面的各种职责，包括规划和进行工作人员的征聘、任用、升级、培训和离职事务。在工作人员管理方面，该处确保《书记官处工作人员条例》以及法院认定适用的《联合国工作人员条例和细则》得到遵守。作为征聘工作的一部分，该处编写空缺通知，审查应聘申请书，为遴选应聘人安排面试，为获聘任者拟定合同，办理新工作人员的上岗事项。该处也管理工作人员的应享权利和各种福利，负责有关行政通知的后续行动，并与秘书处人力资源管理厅和联合国合办工作人员养恤基金联系。", "81. 行政和人事处还负责采购、库存管理，并同和平宫的业主卡内基基金会联络，处理与建筑物有关的事项。该处负有某些安保方面的责任，并且也监督一般助理处的工作。一般助理处由一位协调员负责，向法院成员和书记官处工作人员提供送信、交通运输和接待等一般协助。", "财务处", "82. 财务处有１个专业职类员额和2个一般事务职类员额，负责财务事项。该处的职责特别包括：编制预算草案，确保预算执行得当，保管财务会计账簿，进行财务报告，管理给供应商的付款和薪金支付，处理与法院成员和书记官处工作人员薪给有关的工作(如各种津贴和费用报销)。财务处还负责支付法院退休成员的养恤金，处理司库和银行事务，并与东道国税务部门保持经常联系。", "出版处", "83. 出版处有3个专业职类员额，负责法院下列正式出版物的文稿制备、校对、样张改正、估价和挑选印刷公司等工作：(a) 《判决书、咨询意见和命令汇辑》；(b) 《书状、口头辩论和文件》；(c) 《关于法院组织的法令和文件》；(d) 文献目录；(e) 《年鉴》。该处还按照法院或书记官长的指示负责其他各种出版物的工作。此外，该处负责与印刷商拟订、签订和执行合同，包括办理所有账单。鉴于该处工作量增加，法院请求在2012-2013两年期在该处设立1个行政和编辑助理员额(一般事务(其他职等))，该处目前没有助理员额(见第29段)。关于法院出版物的更多资料，见第七章。", "文件处——法院图书馆", "84. 文件处有2个专业职类员额和4个一般事务职类员额，主要任务是取得、保存、分类和提供主要国际法著作及大量期刊和其他有关文件。该处针对提交法院的案件，编制文献目录，并按要求编制其他文献目录。该处还向笔译员提供所需的参考资料。该处与联合国系统电子信息采购集团合作，让用户能查阅越来越多的数据库和在线资源以及与法院有关的各种电子文件。该处已经购置用于管理其收藏的资料和业务工作的集成软件，不久将推出一个在线目录，供法院成员和书记官处所有工作人员使用。该处在工作中同卡内基基金会和平宫图书馆密切合作。", "85. 该处还负责保管纽伦堡国际军事法庭的档案(包括纸面文件、录音资料、影片和某些其他物品)。这些档案的保护和数字化项目正在实施之中。", "信息通信技术处", "86. 信息通信技术处有2个专业职类员额和4个一般事务职类员额，负责信息通信技术在法院的高效运作。该处的任务是通过提供适当、有效的信息技术资源，支持法院成员的司法工作和书记官处的各项活动。该处还向用户提供个性化帮助，并确保信息系统安全。", "87. 该处特别负责法院各服务器的管理和运作、设备的维护和盘存及地方网和广域网的管理，包括通信系统的管理。该处实施多个机制来监测其信息系统的安全，并系统地跟上技术发展的步伐，使之能够跟踪正在出现的风险。最后，该处就信息技术的所有方面问题向用户提供咨询和培训，并促进该处与书记官处各部和各处之间的沟通。", "档案、索引编制和分发处", "88. 档案、索引编制和分发处有1个专业职类员额和5个一般事务职类员额，负责法院收发的所有函件和文件的索引编制、分类和保存，以及随后根据要求调取。该处的职责特别包括编制来往函件和所有存档的正式文件和其他文件的最新索引，并负责所有内部文件的检查、分发和归档，其中一些文件须严格保密。该处现在已经有一个用于管理内部和外部文件的计算机化记录系统。", "89. 档案、索引编制和分发处还负责将法院的正式出版物分发给联合国会员国以及许多机构和个人。", "文本处理和复制处", "90. 文本处理和复制处有１个专业职类员额和9个一般事务职类员额，负责书记官处的所有打字工作，并按需要复制文件。", "91. 除函件外，该处特别负责法院判决书、咨询意见和命令的打字和复制。该处还负责以下文件的打字和复制：书状和附件的译本、听讯的逐字记录及其译本、法官笔录和法官对判决书草案的修正的译本、法官意见的译本。此外，该处负责核对文件和参考资料以及复核和排版。", "书记官和院长特别助理", "92. 法院院长由1名特别助理(P-3)协助工作，特别助理在行政上隶属法律事务部。由于大会已批准2010-2011两年期增设6个协理法律干事(P-2)员额，法院每位其他成员均由一名书记官协助工作。这14名协理法律干事也是书记官处正式工作人员，行政上隶属法律事务部。", "93. 书记官在法院成员和专案法官的责任范围内工作，为他们进行调研。书记官的工作一般由协调和训练委员会监督，该委员会由法院成员和书记官处高级工作人员组成。", "法官秘书", "94. 法官的15名秘书由一名协调人领导，履行各种职责。一般而言，秘书们负责法官和专案法官的笔录、修正和意见及所有函件的打字工作，协助法官管理其工作日志，为会议准备相关文件，以及接待来访者和答复询问。", "主任医官", "95. 从2009年5月1日起，书记官处聘用了一位主任医官(四分之一时间任职)，薪金由批给临时人员的经费支付。医官负责紧急体检、定期体检以及新任工作人员的首次体检。在本报告所述期间，医务股进行了190次门诊，包括16次首次体检(新工作人员)和6次定期体检(警卫和司机)。主任医官就健康和卫生问题、工作台人机工效事项和工作条件向书记官处提供咨询。最后，医官还负责组织宣传、体检、预防、接种等活动。2010年9月至11月期间为62人打了流感预防针。", "4 工作人员委员会", "96. 书记官处工作人员委员会成立于1979年，须遵循《书记官处工作人员条例》第9条的规定。在本报告所述期间，委员会在书记官长的支持下于4月18日在和平宫举办纪念法院成立六十五周年的活动，书记官处所有工作人员都参加了这次活动。委员会还于6月22日举办首次“书记官处工作人员日”活动，旨在弘扬工作人员团体精神。委员会与管理层进行建设性合作，努力促进书记官处内的对话，发扬善于听取意见的精神，并与设在海牙和日内瓦的其他国际组织的工作人员委员会进行卓有成效的交流。", "C. 法院所在地", "97. 法院设在海牙，但法院如认为合宜时，可在他处开庭及行使职务(《规约》第二十二条第一项；《规则》第55条)。迄今法院从未在海牙以外开庭。", "98. 法院使用海牙和平宫的房地。1946年2月21日，联合国与负责管理和平宫的卡内基基金会达成协议，确定了法院使用这些房地的条件，并规定每年为此向卡内基基金会缴款。根据大会1951年和1958年核准的补充协定以及随后的修正，缴款数额有了增加。2011年联合国向卡内基基金会的年度缴款为1 236 334欧元。目前，联合国正与卡内基基金会进行谈判，以进一步修正该协定，特别是关于法院保留地区的范围和质量、人员和财产安全及卡内基基金会提供的服务级别。", "D. 博物馆", "99. 1999年，秘书长为国际法院当年在和平宫南楼开设的博物馆揭幕。目前正在制订计划，以翻修博物馆，使其现代化，方便公众参观馆内历史展品。", "第五章", "法院的司法工作", "A. 概况", "100.　在本报告所述期间，17个诉讼案件和1个咨询程序有待审理；截至2011年7月31日，14个诉讼案件和1个咨询程序仍然有待审理。", "101.　在此期间，法院又收到2个新的诉讼案件，其提交的时间顺序如下：", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)；", "请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)。", "102.　在同一期间，法院就下述5个案件举行了公开听讯(按时间顺序排列)：", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)，俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见；", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)：法院分别但连续举行听讯，审理是否受理哥斯达黎加要求准许它参加该案诉讼的请求书和洪都拉斯要求准许它参加该案诉讼的请求书；", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，哥斯达黎加请求指明临时措施；", "1995年9月13日临时协议的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)；", "请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)，柬埔寨请求指明临时措施。", "103.　在本报告所述期间，法院对下列4个案件作出了判决(按时间顺序排列)：", "艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)；", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)，俄罗斯联邦对管辖权提出的初步反对意见；", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，洪都拉斯请求准许它参加该案诉讼；", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，哥斯达黎加请求准许它参加该案诉讼。", "104.　2011年7月4日，法院命令允许希腊以非当事方身份参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案的诉讼。", "105.　在请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)一案中，法院就柬埔寨关于指明临时措施的请求发出了一项命令。", "106.　法院还发出命令，设定两个案件提交书面诉状的时限(按时间顺序排列)：", "边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔)；", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)。", "107.　此外，法院还命令从总表上去除两个案件(按时间顺序排列)：", "法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)；", "民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)。", "108.　在本报告所涉期间，法院院长发出3项命令，延长就下列案件提交书状的时限：关于民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)的案件；国际农业发展基金(农发基金)就关于国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金的指控所作第2867号判决的问题启动的咨询程序；关于与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)的案件。", "B. 本报告所述期间的待决诉讼程序", "1. 加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)", "109.　1993年7月2日，匈牙利和斯洛伐克共同通知法院，它们于1993年4月7日签署了一项特别协议，同意将因在执行和终止1977年9月16日关于建筑和经营加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯拦河坝系统的《布达佩斯条约》方面存在分歧而产生的某些问题(见1992/93及其后的年度报告)提交法院。法院在1997年9月25日的判决中裁定，匈牙利和斯洛伐克双方都违反了自己的法律义务。法院认为1977年《布达佩斯条约》仍然有效，呼吁两国考虑1989年以来出现的实际情况，真诚地进行谈判，确保实现《条约》各项目标。1998年9月3日，斯洛伐克向法院书记官处提交一项请求，请法院对该案件再作出一项判决。斯洛伐克称，之所以需要再作出一项判决，是因为匈牙利不愿执行法院1997年9月25日的判决。匈牙利在法院院长设定的1998年12月7日时限之前提交了其书面陈述，针对斯洛伐克关于再作出一项判决的请求，表明其立场。当事双方此后恢复谈判，并定期向法院通报进展情况。该案件仍然待决。", "2. 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)", "110.　1998年12月28日，几内亚共和国向法院书记官处提出申请，就所称“严重违反国际法”“侵害几内亚国民”艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛的争端，对刚果民主共和国提起诉讼(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。几内亚在法院延长后的时限内提交了诉状。刚果民主共和国在法院延长后的提交辩诉状时限内，于2002年10月3日对法院是否可受理该申请问题提出若干初步反对意见。2007年5月24日，法院作出判决，宣布几内亚的请求书中关于保护迪亚洛先生个人的权利以及他作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利的部分可予受理，但关于在所称Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司的权利受到侵犯的情况下向迪亚洛先生提供保护的部分不可受理。法院于2007年6月27日发出命令，将刚果民主共和国提交辩诉状的期限定为2008年3月27日。辩诉状已在规定期限内提交。2008年5月5日，法院发出命令，核准几内亚提出答辩状、刚果民主共和国提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2008年11月19日和2009年6月5日。这些书状都已在所设定的期限内提交。", "111.　2010年4月19日至29日期间举行了公开听讯。在口头辩论结束后，各当事方向法院提交了最后呈件。", "112.　几内亚共和国请法院裁定并宣告：", "(a) 由于任意逮捕和驱逐几内亚国民艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛先生执行强制逮捕和驱逐，没有根据1963年《维也纳领事关系公约》尊重他的权利，给予他侮辱性和有辱人格的待遇，剥夺他拥有、监督和管理在刚果民主共和国创立并担任唯一合伙人的公司的权利，阻止他追讨刚果民主共和国本身和其他合同方拖欠上述公司债务，并在事实上征用迪亚洛先生的财产，刚果民主共和国实施了国际不法行为，因而需对几内亚共和国负责；", "(b) 刚果民主共和国因此必须对迪亚洛先生遭受的伤害或几内亚共和国通过其国民遭受的伤害作出全面赔偿；", "(c) 这种赔偿应覆盖刚果民主共和国的国际不法行为所造成的全部伤害，包括收入损失，并应包括利息。", "几内亚还请求法院：", "在判决作出后6个月内，如当事双方无法商定赔偿数额，则在之后的诉讼阶段批准由几内亚评估刚果民主共和国在这方面应付给它的赔偿数额。", "113.　刚果民主共和国“考虑到其作出的辩护以及法院2007年5月24日就初步反对意见所作的判决(其中法院宣布几内亚的请求书中在侵犯Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司权利的指控方面关于保护迪亚洛先生的要求不可受理，……)，谨请法院裁定并宣告：1. 刚果民主共和国在迪亚洛先生的个人权利方面并没有对几内亚实施任何国际不法行为；2. 刚果民主共和国在迪亚洛先生作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利方面没有对几内亚实施任何国际不法行为；3. 因此，几内亚共和国的请求书没有事实和法律根据，因而也没有赔偿可言”。", "114.　2010年11月30日，法院对案情实质作出判决，判决执行部分如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "⑴ 以8票对6票，", "认定几内亚共和国关于迪亚洛先生在1988和1989年期间被逮捕和拘留的指控不可受理；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；亚伯拉罕法官、基思、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔、斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官；曼普亚专案法官；", "反对：哈苏奈法官、西马法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官；马希乌专案法官；", "⑵ 一致，", "认定关于迪亚洛先生1996年1月31日从刚果领土被驱逐出境一事，刚果民主共和国违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第13条和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第4款；", "⑶ 一致，", "认定关于为了驱逐迪亚洛先生而在1995和1996年期间将其逮捕和拘留一事，刚果民主共和国违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第9条第1和第2款和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第6条；", "⑷ 以13票对1票，", "认定刚果民主共和国在1995-1996年拘留迪亚洛先生时没有毫不拖延地告知他根据《维也纳领事关系公约》第36条第1款b项享有的权利，因而违反了该国根据该项承担的义务；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；马希乌专案法官；", "反对：曼普亚专案法官；", "⑸ 以12票对2票，", "驳回几内亚共和国关于为驱逐迪亚洛先生而在1995和1996年期间将其逮捕和拘留一事的所有其他呈件；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；曼普亚专案法官；", "反对：坎卡多·特林达德法官；马希乌专案法官；", "⑹ 以9票对5票，", "认定刚果民主共和国没有侵犯迪亚洛先生作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官；曼普亚专案法官；", "反对：哈苏奈法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官；马希乌专案法官；", "⑺ 一致，", "认定刚果民主共和国有义务就上文(2)和(3)项所指违反国际义务行为造成的伤害，向几内亚共和国作出适当赔偿，补偿造成的伤害；", "⑻ 一致，", "决定如果从本判决之日起六个月内，该事项当事双方不能就补偿几内亚共和国问题达成协议，法院将予以裁决，法院并决定为此目的保留该案件的后续程序。", "哈苏奈法官、西马法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了一项联合声明；哈苏奈和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合反对意见；基思法官和格林伍德法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明；本努纳法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；坎卡多·特林达德法官在法院判决书后附上了个别意见；马希乌专案法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；曼普亚专案法官在法院判决书后附上了个别意见。", "3. 刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)", "115.　1999年6月23日，刚果民主共和国提交请求书，对乌干达提起诉讼，指控其“公然违反《联合国宪章》和《非洲统一组织宪章》实施武装侵略行为”(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。2005年4月11日至29日，法院就此案的案情实质举行了公开听讯。", "116.　2005年12月19日，法院作出判决(见2005/06年年度报告)，其中特别认定双方均有义务赔偿给对方造成的损害；法院决定，如果当事双方不能就赔偿问题取得协议，法院将作出裁决。为此目的，法院保留了此案的后续程序。当事双方按照判决书执行条款第6和14点和判决书理由说明部分第260、261和344段所述，向法院通报了解决赔偿问题的谈判情况。", "4. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚)", "117.　1999年7月2日，克罗地亚就其与塞尔维亚(当时称为南斯拉夫联盟共和国)之间的争端，向法院提起诉讼，指控其在1991至1995年期间实施了违反1948年《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的行为。", "118.　克罗地亚在请求书中，除其他外，指称塞尔维亚须为“直接控制其在克罗地亚境内克宁区、斯拉沃尼亚东部和西部及达尔马提亚的武装部队、情报人员和各种准军事分遣队的活动”，对克罗地亚公民实施“种族清洗”这种“导致许多克罗地亚公民流离失所、惨遭杀害、遭受酷刑或非法拘押并且造成大量财产被破坏的灭绝种族行为”负起责任。", "119.　为此，克罗地亚请求法院裁定并宣告塞尔维亚“违反了其[根据《灭绝种族罪公约》对克罗地亚负有的]法律义务”，所以“有义务向……克罗地亚本身以及作为其公民的政府监护者赔偿因上述违反国际法的行为而对人身和财产以及对克罗地亚经济和环境造成的损害，数额由法院裁定”(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。", "120.　克罗地亚援引《灭绝种族罪公约》第九条作为法院管辖权的依据，并称，克罗地亚和塞尔维亚都是该《公约》的缔约国。", "121.　法院于1999年9月14日发出命令，设定2000年3月14日和2000年9月14日分别为克罗地亚提交诉状和塞尔维亚提交辩诉状的期限。法院又于2000年3月10日和2000年6月27日发出命令，两度延长了这些期限。克罗地亚在后一项命令所延长的期限内提交了诉状。", "122.　2002年9月11日，塞尔维亚在2000年6月27日命令所延长的提交辩诉状期限内，就管辖权和可受理性问题提出了一些初步反对意见。按照《法院规则》第79条，审理案情实质的程序暂时停止。2003年4月25日，克罗地亚在法院设定的期限内提交了书面陈述，表明其对塞尔维亚初步反对意见的看法和意见。", "123.　2008年5月26日至30日，法院就关于管辖权和可受理性的初步反对意见举行了公开听讯(见2007/08年度报告)。", "124.　2008年11月18日，法院对初步反对意见作出判决(见2008/09及其后年度报告)。法院在判决中认定，除其他外，根据其有关被告提出的第二项初步反对意见的声明，根据《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第九条，法院具有受理克罗地亚请求书的管辖权。法院还裁定在本案的情况下，塞尔维亚提出的第二项初步反对意见不完全属于初步性质。之后法院驳回了塞尔维亚提出的第三项初步反对意见。", "125.　法院院长于2009年1月20日发出命令，设定2010年3月22日为塞尔维亚提交辩诉状的期限。包含辩诉状的书状已在规定的时限内提交。法院于2010年2月4日发出命令，指示双方就提交的索赔事项，由克罗地亚提出答辩状，塞尔维亚提出复辩状。并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2010年12月20日和2011年11月4日。", "5. 领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)", "126. 2001年12月6日，尼加拉瓜提交请求书，就其与哥伦比亚两国间存在的与西加勒比“领土和海洋划界有关的一些相关法律问题”的争端，对哥伦比亚提起诉讼。", "127.　尼加拉瓜在请求书中请法院裁定并宣告：", "第一，……尼加拉瓜对普罗维登西亚岛、圣安德烈斯岛和圣卡塔利娜岛及所有附属岛屿和礁群拥有主权，并对(可以实效占有的)龙卡多尔、塞拉纳、塞拉尼亚和基塔苏埃尼奥礁群拥有主权；", "第二，要求法院根据对上文所要求的所有权的裁决，按照公平原则以及适用于划定单一海洋边界的一般国际法所承认的相关情况，在分属尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚的大陆架和专属经济区之间确定单一海洋边界线的走向。", "128.　尼加拉瓜还表示，它“保留就哥伦比亚在没有合法所有权的情况下占有圣安德烈斯岛和普罗维登西亚岛以及直至82度经线以内的礁群和海洋空间而获取的各项不当利益提出索赔的权利”，并且“保留就尼加拉瓜国籍渔船或尼加拉瓜发照的船只受到的干预提出索赔的权利”(见2001/02及其后的年度报告)。", "129.　尼加拉瓜援引尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚都是缔约国的《波哥大公约》第三十一条，以及两国承认法院强制管辖权的声明，作为法院具有管辖权的依据。", "130.　法院于2002年2月26日发出命令，设定2003年4月28日和2004年6月28日分别为尼加拉瓜提交诉状和哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的期限。尼加拉瓜的诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "131.　洪都拉斯、牙买加、智利、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国和哥斯达黎加政府根据《法院规则》第53条第1款，请求获得各书状及其所附文件的副本。法院根据该款的规定，在了解当事双方的意见之后，同意了这些国家的请求。", "132.　2003年7月21日，哥伦比亚在《法院规则》第79条第1款所定的期限之内，对法院的管辖权提出了初步反对意见。", "133.　2003年6月4日至8日，对初步反对意见举行了公开听讯。", "134. 2007年12月13日，法院作出判决，认定就当事双方对除圣安德烈斯岛、普罗维登西亚岛和圣卡塔利娜岛以外的其他海洋地物所主张的主权而言，以及在当事双方的海洋划界方面，尼加拉瓜的请求书可予受理(见2007/08年度报告)。", "135.　法院院长于2008年2月11日发出命令，设定2008年11月11日为哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的期限。辩诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "136.　法院于2008年12月18日发出命令，指示尼加拉瓜提出答辩状、哥伦比亚提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2009年9月18日和2010年6月18日。", "137.　2010年2月25日，哥斯达黎加提交请求书，要求准许参加此案诉讼。哥斯达黎加在请求书中除其他外说：“尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚两国在对双方提出的边界主张中，均对属于哥斯达黎加的海区提出了主张。”哥斯达黎加在请求书中表示想作为非当事方参与诉讼。该请求书被立即传给尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚，法院设定2010年5月26日为两国提交书面意见的期限。两国已在规定的期限内提交书面意见。", "138.　2010年6月10日，洪都拉斯共和国也提交请求书，要求准许参加此案诉讼。洪都拉斯称，对于尼加拉瓜在与哥伦比亚的争端中提出的海洋主张所在的加勒比海地区，洪都拉斯拥有权利和利益。洪都拉斯在请求书中称，其主要目的是作为一当事方参加诉讼。洪都拉斯的请求书被立即传给尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚。法院院长设定2010年9月2日为两国就该请求书提交书面意见的期限。两国已在规定的期限内提交书面意见。", "139. 2010年10月11日至15日，就可否受理哥斯达黎加参加诉讼的请求举行了公开听讯。", "140. 听讯结束时，哥斯达黎加代理人和当事方代理人对法院发表了如下意见。", "哥斯达黎加：", "“谨代表哥斯达黎加共和国在此诉讼中再次要求法院给予补救。我们寻求适用《法院规则》第85条的规定：", "第一款：　应向参加诉讼国提供书状和所附文件副本，参加诉讼国有权在法院设定的时限内提交书面陈述：", "第三款：　在口述程序期间，参加诉讼国有权就参加诉讼的主题提出意见。", "尼加拉瓜：", "根据《法院规则》第60条的规定，并考虑到哥斯达黎加共和国参加诉讼的请求书和口头诉状，尼加拉瓜共和国谨表示，哥斯达黎加共和国提交的申请书未遵守《规约》和《法院规则》的规定，即第62条及第81条第2款(a)项和(b)项的规定。", "哥伦比亚：", "鉴于诉讼中所述因素，我国政府希望重申提交给法院的书面意见，即哥伦比亚认为，哥斯达黎加符合《规约》第六十二条的要求，因此，哥伦比亚不反对哥斯达黎加请求作为非当事方获准参与本案诉讼。", "141. 2011年5月5日，法院就哥斯达黎加参加诉讼的请求可否获准一事作出判决。判决书执行部分内容如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "以9票对7票，", "认定不能核准哥斯达黎加共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求参加诉讼的请求。", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达－阿莫尔法官、努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官；科特专案法官；", "反对：哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、优素福法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官。", "哈苏奈法官和亚伯拉罕法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；基思法官在法院判决书后附上了声明；坎萨多·特林多德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合反对意见；多诺霍法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；加亚专案法官在法院判决书后附上了声明。", "142. 关于是否接受洪都拉斯参加诉讼的请求的公开听讯于2010年10月18日至22日举行。", "143. 听讯结束时，洪都拉斯代理人和当事方代理人对法院发表了如下意见。", "洪都拉斯：", "关于申请和口头诉状，", "请法院允许洪都拉斯：", "⑴ 作为当事方参加诉讼，因为其在加勒比海有关海区的法律利益(请求书第17段)可能会受法院裁决的影响;或", "⑵ 否则，为维护这些利益，作为非当事方参加诉讼。", "尼加拉瓜：", "按照《法院规则》第60条，关于洪都拉斯共和国要求参加诉讼的请求和口头诉状，尼加拉瓜共和国谨表明，洪都拉斯共和国提出的请求是对法院2007年10月8日的判决既判力权威的明显挑战。此外，洪都拉斯未遵守《规约》和《法院规则》的规定，即第62条和第81条第2款(a)项和(b)项的规定，因此，尼加拉瓜⑴ 反对准许这一请求，⑵ 请法院驳回洪都拉斯要求参加诉讼的请求。", "哥伦比亚：", "鉴于在诉讼中所述因素，我国政府希望重申提交给法院的书面意见，即哥伦比亚认为，洪都拉斯符合《规约》第六十二条的要求，因此，哥伦比亚不反对洪都拉斯请求作为非当事方获准参与本案诉讼。关于洪都拉斯请求获准作为当事方参加本案诉讼一事，哥伦比亚同样重申，此事应由法院根据《规约》第六十二条决定。", "144. 2011年5月5日，法院就洪都拉斯参加诉讼的请求可否获准一事作出判决。判决书执行部分内容如下：基于这些原因，", "法院，", "以13票对2票，", "认定不能核准洪都拉斯共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求作为当事方或非当事方参加诉讼的请求。", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、努纳法官，坎萨多·特林多德法官、优素福法官、薛法官；科特法官、加亚专案法官；", "反对：亚伯拉罕法官、多诺霍法官。", "哈苏奈法官在法院判决书后附上了声明；亚伯拉罕法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；法官基思在法院判决书后附上一项声明；坎萨多·特林多德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明；多诺霍法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见。", "6. 法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)", "145.　2002年12月9日，刚果提交请求书，对法国提起诉讼，诉请取消法国司法当局在收到一些团体针对刚果总统德尼·萨苏·恩格索、刚果内政部长皮埃尔·奥巴和包括刚果武装部队监察长诺尔贝特·达比拉将军在内的其他个人提出的指称他们实施危害人类罪和酷刑罪的指控之后所采取的调查和起诉措施。请求书还指出，在那些程序中，莫城高等法院一名负责调查的法官已发出传票，要求刚果总统以证人身份接受询问(见2002/03及其后的年度报告) 。", "146. 2010年11月5日，刚果代理人来函，书记官处当日收到该函。来函提及《法院规则》第89条，告知法院，刚果政府“撤回诉讼请求书“，并请法院“正式发布命令，记录中止诉讼，并指示从总表上去除该案”。来函副本立即转给法国政府，并同时告知法国政府，按照《法院规则》第89条第2款关于时限的规定，现已设定2010年11月12日为法国可表明是否反对中止诉讼的时限。2010年11月8日，法国代理人来函，书记官处当日收到该函。来函告知法院，法国政府“不反对刚果共和国中止诉讼。”2010年11月16日，法院正式记录了刚果诉讼的中止，命令从总表上去除该案。", "7. 海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)", "147.　2008年1月16日，秘鲁向法院提交请求书，对智利提起诉讼，争端涉及“两国在太平洋以海岸名为康科迪亚处为起点……以依照1929年6月3日……条约确定的陆地边界为终点的海区划界问题”，[3] 并涉及承认“被智利认为是公海一部分的海区位于离秘鲁海岸200海里内，因此属于秘鲁”(见2007/08及其后的年度报告)。", "148.　秘鲁“请求法院按照国际法判定两国海区边界的走向……并裁定和宣告秘鲁对在本国海岸200海里界限以内且在智利专属经济区或大陆架以外的海区拥有专属主权权利”。", "149.　秘鲁援引1948年4月30日《波哥大公约》第三十一条作为法院管辖权的依据。两国都是该公约缔约国，而且没有对该公约提出保留。", "150.　法院于2008年3月31日发出命令，设定2009年3月20日和2010年3月9日分别为秘鲁提交诉状和智利提交辩诉状的期限。书状均已在规定的期限内提交。", "151.　多民族玻利维亚国、哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔根据《法院规则》第53条第1款，要求获得案件的这些书状及其所附文件的副本。法院根据该条款在了解当事双方的意见后，同意它们的要求。", "152.　法院于2010年4月27日发出命令，核准秘鲁提出答辩状、智利提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2010年11月9日和2011年7月11日。答辩状和复辩状均在规定的时限内提出。", "8. 空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚)", "153. 2008年3月31日，厄瓜多尔提交请求书，对哥伦比亚提起诉讼，指称哥伦比亚“在靠近、位于和跨越哥伦比亚与厄瓜多尔之间边界的若干地点从空中喷洒有毒除草剂”。", "154.　厄瓜多尔宣称，“喷洒除草剂已对边境厄瓜多尔一边的居民、作物、动物和自然环境造成了严重损害，而且在今后还很可能造成进一步损害”。厄瓜多尔指出，它“一再持续努力通过谈判结束喷药活动”，但“这些谈判都没有取得成功”(见2007/08及其后的年度报告)。", "155.　因此，厄瓜多尔请求法院：", "裁定并宣告：", "(a) 哥伦比亚违背其国际法义务，造成或允许有毒除草剂沉降到厄瓜多尔境内，对人的健康、财产和环境造成了损害；", "(b) 哥伦比亚应为其国际非法行为——即使用除草剂，包括空中喷洒——对厄瓜多尔造成的任何损失或损害作出赔偿，特别是：", "㈠ 使用此类除草剂引起的人员死亡或健康伤害；", "㈡ 此类人员的财产、生计或人权受到的任何损失或损害；", "㈢ 环境损害或自然资源损耗；", "㈣ 进行监测以确定和评估哥伦比亚使用除草剂将来给公众健康、人权和环境带来的危险的费用；", "㈤ 任何其他损失或损害；", "(c) 哥伦比亚应：", "㈠ 尊重厄瓜多尔的主权和领土完整；", "㈡ 立即采取一切必要步骤，制止在其境内任何地方以有可能沉降到厄瓜多尔境内的方式使用任何有毒除草剂；", "㈢ 禁止在厄瓜多尔境内或在任何位于或靠近其与厄瓜多尔之间边界的地方以空中散播的方式使用此类除草剂。", "156.　厄瓜多尔援引1948年4月30日《波哥大公约》第三十一条作为法院管辖权的依据，两国都是该《公约》缔约国。厄瓜多尔还依据1988年《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》第32条。", "157.　厄瓜多尔在请求书中重申，厄瓜多尔反对“非法麻醉品的输出和使用”，但强调指出，厄瓜多尔向法院提出的问题“只涉及哥伦比亚进行铲除古柯和罂粟非法种植场行动的方法和地点，以及这种行动在厄瓜多尔境内造成的有害影响”。", "158.　法院于2008年5月30日发出命令，设定2009年4月29日和2010年3月29日分别为厄瓜多尔提交诉状和哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的期限。这些书状已在规定的期限内提交。", "159.　法院于2010年6月25日发出命令，指示厄瓜多尔提出答辩状、哥伦比亚提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2011年1月31日和2011年12月1日。厄瓜多尔在规定的期限内提交了答辩状。", "9. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)", "160. 格鲁吉亚于2008年8月12日提起对俄罗斯联邦的诉讼，理由是“它在格鲁吉亚境内和周围的行动违反1965年《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》”。格鲁吉亚在其请求书中“还要求确保格鲁吉亚境内所有的人”按照该公约享有的“个人权利得到充分尊重和保护”。", "161. 格鲁吉亚声称，俄罗斯联邦“通过其国家机关、国家人员和行使政府权力的其他人和实体，以及通过在俄罗斯联邦指示、指挥和控制下的南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹分离主义势力及其他代理人，对严重违反该《公约》(包括第2条、第3条、第4条、第5条和第6条)规定的基本义务负有责任”。据格鲁吉亚称，俄罗斯联邦“在1990年到2008年8月期间，在其介入南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹的三个不同时期违反了该《公约》规定的义务”。", "162. 格鲁吉亚请求法院命令“俄罗斯联邦采取一切必要步骤，遵守《公约》规定的义务”。", "163. 格鲁吉亚以《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第22条作为法院管辖权的依据。格鲁吉亚还保留援引《灭绝种族罪公约》第九条作为管辖权另一依据的权利，格鲁吉亚和俄罗斯联邦都是该公约缔约国。", "164. 格鲁吉亚的请求书附有关于指明临时措施的请求，目的是维护它根据《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》“防止其公民遭受俄罗斯武装部队协同分离主义民兵和外国雇佣军采取的歧视性暴力行为所害”的权利（见2008/09年及其后的年度报告）。", "165. 法院于2008年10月8日至10日举行公开听讯，听取当事双方对关于指明临时措施的请求的口头意见。", "166. 2008年10月15日，法院发出命令，指明双方应采取的临时措施（见2008/09 年及其后的年度报告）。", "167. 院长于2008年12月2日发出命令，设定2009年9月2日为格鲁吉亚提交诉状的期限，2010年7月2日为俄罗斯联邦提交辩诉状的期限。格鲁吉亚的诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "168. 俄罗斯联邦按照《法院规则》第79条第1款规定的期限，于2009年12月1日就管辖权提出了初步反对意见。按照《法院规则》第79条第5款，审理案情实质的程序随后暂时停止。", "169. 法院于2009年12月11日发出命令，设定2010年4月1日为格鲁吉亚就俄罗斯联邦关于管辖权的初步反对意见提交载有其意见和呈件的书面陈述的期限。书面陈述已在规定的时限内提交。", "170. 法院于2010年9月13日至17日就初步反对意见举行公开听讯。听讯结束时，当事双方的代理人对法院发表了如下意见：", "俄罗斯联邦：", "“由于在书面初步反对意见中和在口头诉辩时提出的原因，俄罗斯联邦请求法院裁定并宣告，法院对2008年8月12日格鲁吉亚提交法院的请求书中格鲁吉亚对俄罗斯联邦提出的申诉没有管辖权。”", "格鲁吉亚：", "“由于在格鲁吉亚关于初步反对意见的书面陈述中和在口头诉辩时提出的原因，格鲁吉亚敬请法院：", "1. 驳回俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见；", "2. 认定法院拥有听取格鲁吉亚的申诉的管辖权，并可受理这些申诉。”", "171. 2011年4月1日，法院就俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见作出判决。判决书的执行部分内容如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "(1)(a) 以12票对4票，", "驳回俄罗斯联邦提出的第一项初步反对意见；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官；", "反对：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官；", "(b) 以10票对6票，", "赞成俄罗斯联邦提出的第二项初步反对意见；", "赞成：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；", "反对：", "小和田院长；西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官；", "(2) 以10票对6票，", "认定法院没有受理格鲁吉亚2008年8月12日提交的请求书的管辖权。", "赞成：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；", "反对：", "小和田院长；西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官。”", "172. 法院在判决书中回顾说，法院于2008年10月15日发出命令，指明一些临时措施，并指出在作出关于初步反对意见的判决之后，该命令即失效。但法院补充说，该命令中提请当事双方注意它们有责任遵守《公约》规定的义务。", "10. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)", "173. 2008年11月17日，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国向法院提起对希腊的诉讼，指称希腊“悍然违反”双方1995年9月13日签订的《临时协议》“第11条规定的[希腊]的义务”。", "174. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国在请求书中请法院“保护《临时协议》规定的权利，并确保其行使作为独立国家按照国际法行事的权利，包括争取加入相关国际组织的权利”。", "175. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国请法院命令希腊“立即采取一切必要步骤，遵守第11条第1款规定的义务”，“停止并且不再以任何方式直接或间接反对请求国成为北大西洋公约组织和(或)[希腊]也是成员的任何其他‘国际、多边或区域组织和机构’的成员”（见2008/09 年及其后的年度报告）。", "176. 请求书援引1995年9月13日《临时协议》第21条第2款作为法院管辖权的依据，该款规定，“当事双方对本《临时协议》的解释或执行出现的歧见或争端，除第5条第1款所述的歧见之外，可由任一方向国际法院提出”。", "177. 法院于2009年1月20日发出命令，设定2009年7月20日为前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国提交诉状的期限，2010年1月20日为希腊提交辩诉状的期限。这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "178. 2010年3月9日，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国政府表示希望能够通过提交答辩状对希腊的辩诉状作出反应，包括对其中关于管辖权和可受理性的反对意见作出反应，并能够为此设定从辩诉状提出之日起约4个半月的时限。希腊政府对同意这项要求不持异议，前提是希腊可随后提交复辩状，并为此设定相同时限。", "179. 法院于2010年3月12日发出命令，批准前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国提出答辩状、希腊提出复辩状。法院设定2010年6月9日和2010年10月27日分别为递交上述书状的时限。前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国已在规定期限内提交答辩状，希腊已在规定期限内提交复辩状。", "180. 2011年3月21日至30日举行公开听讯。听讯结束时，当事双方在其书状和口头诉辩中提出的证据和法律论据的基础上，发表了最后意见。", "181. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国“请求法院", "㈠ 驳回被告国关于法院管辖权和请求国申诉的可受理性的反对意见；", "㈡ 裁定并宣告被告国通过其国家机构和人员违反《临时协议》第11条第1款规定的义务；及", "㈢ 命令被告国立即采取一切必要步骤，遵守《临时协议》第11条第1款规定的义务，停止并且不再以任何方式直接或间接反对请求国成为北大西洋公约组织和(或)被告国也是成员的任何其他‘国际、多边或区域组织和机构'的成员，但请求国在这种组织或机构中所用的名称须符合联合国安全理事会第817(1993)号决议第2段规定的名称。”", "182. 希腊“请求法院裁定并宣告：", "㈠ 请求国向法院提交的案件不属于法院管辖范围，请求国的申诉不可受理；", "㈡ 请求国的申诉没有根据(如果法院认定法院拥有管辖权，并可受理这些申诉）。”", "183. 法院已经开始评议，将在公开庭上作出判决，开庭日期稍后宣布。", "11. 国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利；希腊参加诉讼)", "184. 2008年12月23日，德国提起对意大利的诉讼，指称“意大利在其司法实践中……已违反并继续违反其按照国际法对德国承担的义务”。", "185. 德国在请求书中指称，“近年来，意大利的司法机构一再无视德国作为一个主权国家的管辖豁免。这种情况发展以2004年3月11日上诉法院对费里尼案的判决达到了临界点，[该法院]宣布，意大利对一个在第二次世界大战期间被驱送到德国被迫为军械工业劳动的人所提出的……索赔具有管辖权。在这项判决作出之后，许多同样在那场武装冲突中遭受伤害的人也向意大利的法院提起对德国的诉讼”。", "186. 请求国指出，意大利已经针对德国在意大利的资产采取了执行措施：对德意文化交流中心Villa Vigoni实施的“司法抵押”已记入土地登记册。除了意大利国民向德国提出的索赔之外，德国还举出了“希腊国民意图在意大利执行在希腊作出的一项事关德国军事部队在1944年撤退时实施的……大屠杀的判决”的例子。", "187. 德国最后在请求书中请求法院裁定并宣告意大利：", "“(1) 允许基于德意志帝国在第二次世界大战从1943年9月至1945年5月期间违反国际人道主义法的行为对德意志联邦共和国提出民事索赔的做法，违反了国际法规定的义务，因为意大利不尊重德意志联邦共和国根据国际法享有的管辖豁免；", "(2) 对德国用于政府非商业性目的的财产‘Villa Vigoni’采取限制措施，也侵犯了德国的管辖豁免；", "(3) 宣布希腊基于发生与以上第1项请求所述类似的情况而作出的判决可以在意大利执行，是另一种侵犯德国管辖豁免的行为。", "因此，德意志联邦共和国恳请法院裁定并宣告：", "(4) 意大利共和国的国际责任必须得到履行；", "(5) 意大利必须以它自己选择的方式，采取一切步骤，确保其法院和其他司法当局所作出的所有侵犯德国主权豁免的裁决都是不可执行的；", "(6) 意大利共和国必须采取一切步骤，确保意大利的法院今后不再受理基于发生以上第1项请求所述的情况而对德国提起的法律行动。”", "188. 德国在请求书中援引1957年4月29日《关于和平解决争端的欧洲公约》第1条作为法院管辖权的依据，意大利和德国分别于1960年1月29日和1961年4月18日批准了该公约（见2008/09年及其后的年度报告)。", "189. 法院于2009年4月29日发出命令，设定2009年6月23日为德国提交诉状的时限，2009年12月23日为意大利提交辩诉状的时限。这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "190. 被告国意大利提出的辩诉状第七章中提及《法院规则》第80条，“对德意志帝国部队严重违反人道主义法行为的意大利受害人应得到的赔偿问题”提出反诉(见2009/10年度报告)。", "191. 在收到当事双方的全部详细书面意见之后，法院判定，法院已经充分了解当事双方就法院可否受理意大利辩诉书中作为反诉提出的申诉所持立场。因此，法院认为无须就这一问题进一步听取当事双方的意见；法院于2010年7月6日就是否受理意大利的反诉发布一项命令。法院在13票对1票通过的命令中认定，“意大利提出的反诉……无法受理，并且不构成现程序的一部分”(见2009/10年度报告)。关于德国提出的申诉，法院随后一致批准由德国提出答辩状、意大利提出复辩状，并设定2010年10月14日和2011年1月14日分别为递交这些书状的时限。德国和意大利分别在规定时限内提交了答辩状和复辩状。", "192. 2011年1月12日,希腊向国际法院书记官处提交请求书，要求获准参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案的诉讼。", "193. 希腊在请求书中首先提出它认为可能受该案裁决影响的法律利益：希腊指出“希腊可能受法院判决影响（即使只是间接影响）的具有法律性质的利益是希腊根据一般国际法享有的主权权利和管辖权”，“希腊的目的是向法院提出并说明其法律权益，并就德国的申诉如何可能影响或可能不影响希腊的法律权益陈述自己的观点”。希腊还指出，希腊的法律利益“源自德国默许（如果不是承认）德国因1941年4月6日德国入侵希腊至1945年5月8日德国无条件投降期间第三帝国的所有作为和不作为对希腊所负的国际责任”。", "194. 希腊在请求书中还提出参加诉讼的确切目的，称希腊的请求有两个目的：", "“第一，以一切现有法律手段保护和维护希腊的法律权利，包括源于德国在第二次世界大战期间的特定行为和一般做法引起的争端的法律权利，以及根据一般国际法享有的法律权利，尤其是在管辖权和国家责任制度方面的权利等等；”", "“第二，让法院了解，鉴于德国对提交法院的这个案件的申诉，法院裁决可能影响希腊法律权益的性质。”", "195. 希腊在2008年12月23日提交的请求书中回顾说，德国请求法院除其他外，裁定并宣告：“(3)通过宣布希腊基于发生与第1项请求所述类似的情况而作出的判决可以在意大利执行，[意大利]进一步侵犯了德国的管辖豁免”。希腊还称，“希腊打算只在与希腊本国(国内)法庭和法院就第二次世界大战期间事件作出并由意大利法院执行的判决有关的程序方面参加诉讼”。", "196. 最后，希腊提出声称希腊和案件当事方之间存在的管辖权依据。希腊称，希腊不寻求“成为案件当事方”，希腊参加诉讼的请求“仅仅而且完全基于《法院规约》第六十二条”。", "197. 按照《法院规则》第83条第1款，书记官长向德国政府和意大利政府转递了希腊参加诉讼的请求书核证副本，告知它们，法院已设定2011年4月1日为两国就该请求书提出其书面意见的时限。两国已在规定的时限内提交书面意见。", "198. 德国在关于希腊请求书的书面意见中提请法院注意，某些考虑因素显示希腊请求书没有达到《法院规约》第六十二条第一项规定的标准，但明确表示德国不“正式反对”受理该请求书。意大利也表示不反对受理请求书。", "199. 按照《法院规则》第84条第2款，并考虑到当事方都未提出反对意见，法院裁定不必就可否同意希腊参加诉讼的请求问题举行听讯，但裁定希腊应有机会就当事方的意见发表评论，并应允许当事方就这些评论提交补充书面意见。法院设定2011年5月6日为希腊就当事方的书面意见提出自己书面意见的时限，2011年6月6日为当事方就希腊书面意见提交补充意见的时限。所有这些意见均在规定的时限内提交。", "200. 为了确定具有法律性质的利益，希腊在书面意见中指出，在请法院就德国和意大利之间案件作出的裁定中，法院将就“希腊法院作出的判决是否能够在意大利境内执行(涉及德国管辖豁免)”的问题作出裁决。在此方面，希腊提到希腊司法机构Livadia初审法院在Distomo案中作出的判决。希腊指出，“希腊司法机构和希腊国民处于意大利执行程序的核心”。希腊称，由此可见，法院关于意大利和希腊的判决可否在意大利执行的裁判直接而且首先涉及希腊利益，可能影响希腊具有法律性质的利益。", "201. 希腊在书面意见中还想让法院了解“希腊对待国家豁免问题和近年来此方面事态发展的态度”。希腊明确指出，希腊提出此要素并非为了说明具有法律性质的利益的存在，而是说明其参加诉讼的请求书的背景。", "202. 德国在补充书面意见中表示，希腊不再声称它在法院必须处理的法律问题中具有一般利益，也未表示希望在法院陈述在第二次世界大战期间发生的事件。因此，德国在关于可否受理希腊的请求书的补充意见中仅仅谈及可否认为一国对其法院所作判决在外国执行具有法律利益的问题。德国阐明了其立场，认为判决在国家境外的执行“完全由准备采取预定限制措施的国家的公共当局负责”，因此不影响法院作出相关司法裁判的国家的法律利益。德国还强调指出，Distomo 案裁决实际上在希腊已被Margello案的判决否决，关于后者的判决维持德国在可比情况中的管辖豁免。德国请法院酌情评估希腊请求书的可受理性。", "203. 意大利在补充书面意见中确认，意大利不反对受理希腊请求书。", "204. 2011年7月4日法院发布命令，准许希腊作为非当事方参加该案诉讼。法院在命令中指出，法院在主要诉讼程序期间作出的判决中，“可能认为有必要根据国家豁免原则，考虑希腊法院在Distomo案中所作的各项裁定，以便就德国呈件中的第三项请求作出认定”。法院的结论是，这足以说明希腊有法律性质的利益，这一利益可能受到主要诉讼程序中的判决的影响。法院指出，“考虑到希腊请求书中具体说明的参加诉讼的范围以及法院已经得出的各项结论……，只要参加诉讼的范围限于希腊法院的上述裁定，就可允许希腊作为非当事方参加诉讼”。", "205. 作为“非当事方”参加诉讼，使希腊能够调阅当事方的书状，并“让法院了解”在主要程序中“法院就德国的申诉所作的裁判可能影响的[希腊]法律权益的性质……”。为此，法院在同一命令中设定2011年8月5日为希腊提交书面陈述的时限，2011年9月5日为德国和意大利就该陈述提交书面意见的时限。随后程序留待进一步裁判。", "206. 《法院规则》第85条特别规定，“在口头诉讼过程中，介入国应有权就介入的主题提出意见”。希腊的非当事方地位使之不能在当事方(德国和意大利)之间的主要诉讼程序中申明自己的权利。法院将就案件实质作出的判决对希腊不具约束力，但对当事方具有约束力，而且不得上诉。", "12. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)", "207.　2009年2月19日，比利时对塞内加尔提起诉讼，理由是“比利时王国与塞内加尔共和国之间对于塞内加尔履行其起诉”乍得前总统侯赛因·哈布雷“或为刑事诉讼目的将他引渡到比利时的义务”存在争端。比利时还提出了指明临时措施的请求，以便在法院就案情实质作出判决之前保护比利时的权利。", "208.　比利时在请求书中指称，哈布雷先生自从1990年流亡国外，一直住在塞内加尔，比利时一再要求塞内加尔即使不将这位乍得前总统引渡到比利时，也应在塞内加尔对他包括酷刑罪和危害人类罪在内的行为进行起诉，但塞内加尔却没有采取任何行动(见2008/09年及其后的年度报告)。", "209.　比利时在其请求书中首先援引了当事双方按照《法院规约》第三十六条第二项于1958年6月17日(比利时)和1985年12月2日(塞内加尔)作出的承认法院强制管辖权的单方面声明作为法院管辖权的依据。", "210.　此外，请求国指出，“两国[自1986年8月21日(塞内加尔)和1999年6月25日(比利时)以来]都是1984年12月10日《联合国禁止酷刑公约》的缔约国”。该公约第30条规定，两个缔约国如果对公约的解释或适用有任何争端，又未能通过谈判或仲裁解决的，可由其中一国提交国际法院。比利时指出，两国之间的谈判“从2005年持续至今没有成果”，比利时于2006年6月20日作出了谈判失败的结论。而且，比利时指出，它在2006年6月20日向塞内加尔建议将争端提交仲裁，但塞内加尔“没有对这一请求作出回应……而比利时则一直以普通照会确认在这个问题上仍然存在争端”。", "211.　在请求书的末尾，比利时请求法院裁定并宣告：", "– 法院具有审理比利时王国和塞内加尔共和国在塞内加尔履行起诉哈布雷先生或为刑事诉讼目的将他引渡到比利时的义务一事上的争端的管辖权；", "塞内加尔共和国有义务对哈布雷先生被指控作为主犯、共同主犯或共犯实施的包括酷刑罪和危害人类罪在内的行为提起刑事诉讼；", "塞内加尔共和国如果不起诉哈布雷先生，就有义务将他引渡到比利时王国，在比利时的法院为这些罪行接受审判。", "212.　比利时的请求书附有一项指明临时措施的请求，其中解释说，虽然“哈布雷先生[目前]在达喀尔受到软禁，……但塞内加尔总统瓦德在接受法国国际电台一次采访时透露，塞内加尔如果找不到它认为必要的预算经费对哈布雷先生进行审判，就可能会解除对他软禁”。请求国说，“在这种情况下，哈布雷先生就很容易离开塞内加尔并逃避任何起诉”。这样，“就会无可弥补地损害国际法赋予比利时的权利……并且也违反塞内加尔必须履行的义务”。", "213.　法院于2009年4月6日至8日举行公开听讯，就比利时提出的指明临时措施的请求听取当事双方口头陈述意见。", "214.　在听讯结束时，比利时请法院指明下列临时措施：“请塞内加尔共和国在其权力范围内采取一切步骤，将侯赛因·哈布雷先生置于塞内加尔当局的控制和监视之下，以便比利时所要求遵守的国际法规则可以得到正确实行”。塞内加尔方面则请法院“拒绝比利时所请求的临时措施”。", "215.　2009年5月28日，法院就比利时关于指明临时措施的请求作出裁定。", "2009年5月28日发出的命令的执行部分内容如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "以13票对1票，", "认定根据法院现时掌握的情况，无须行使《规约》第四十一条所授的指示临时措施的权力。", "赞成：", "小和田院长；史久镛法官、科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；苏尔专案法官、基尔希专案法官；", "反对：", "坎卡多·特林达德法官。”", "科罗马法官和优素福法官在法院命令中附上了一份联合声明；哈苏奈法官和斯科特尼科夫法官在命令中附上了联合个别意见；坎卡多·特林达德法官在命令中附上了反对意见；苏尔专案法官在命令中附上了个别意见。", "216.　法院于2009年7月9日发出命令，设定2010年7月9日为比利时提交诉状的期限，2011年7月11日为塞内加尔提交辩诉状的期限。比利时的诉状已在规定时限内提出。", "217.　2011年7月11日，法院院长将塞内加尔提交辩诉状的期限从2011年7月11日延期到2011年8月29日。他在命令中解释说，书记官处于2011年7月11日收到塞内加尔代理人2011年7月10日的信，信函副本立即提交比利时政府，其中谈及西非国家经济共同体法院于2010年11月18日的决定以及非洲联盟大会2011年7月1日的决定通过前后的发展情况，要求法院将其政府提交辩诉状的期限延至2011年8月29日。院长在同一项命令中解释说，书记官处于2011年7月11日收到比利时政府代理人当日的信函，信中提出了比利时政府对延长时限请求的意见，比利时代理人表示，西非国家经济共同体法院的决定并没有重大改变比利时和塞内加尔争端的实质，非洲联盟大会2011年7月1日的决定只是重申了同一大会在2011年1月通过的决定。此外，比利时代理人认为，塞内加尔请求再延长时限，即使很有必要，时间也太长些。不过，他补充说，比利时请法院就塞内加尔的请求作出裁定。", "13. 民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)", "218.　2009年12月21日，比利时对瑞士提起诉讼，争端涉及“1988年9月16日关于民事和商业事项管辖权和判决的执行问题的《卢加诺公约》的解释和适用……以及关于行使国家权力(特别是在司法领域)的一般国际法规则的适用，[并涉及]瑞士法院裁定不承认比利时法院的裁决，不暂停瑞士后来就同一争端事由所提诉讼”。", "219.　比利时在其请求书中说，这一争端“产生于在比利时和在瑞士”就“现已破产的比航(前比利时航空公司)的主要股东之间”的民事和商事纠纷“平行开展的司法程序”。瑞士的有关股东是SAirGroup(前Swissair)及其所属的SAirLines；比利时的股东是比利时国及其持有股份的三家公司。", "220.　比利时仅引用双方根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项分别于1958年6月17日(比利时)和1948年7月28日(瑞士)作出承认法院强制管辖权的单方面声明作为法院管辖的依据(见2009/10年度报告)。", "221.　法院于2010年2月4日发出命令，设定2010年8月23日为比利时提交诉状的期限，2011年4月25日为瑞士提交辩诉状的期限。", "222.　法院院长于2010年8月10日发出命令，根据比利时政府的要求并征得瑞士政府的意见，将比利时提交诉状和瑞士提交辩诉状的期限分别延到2010年11月23日和2011年10月24日。比利时的诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "223.　2011年2月18日，瑞士对此案中法院的管辖权和请求书的可受理性提出了初步反对意见。", "224.　书记官处于2011年3月21日收到比利时代理人同日的信函，信中提到《法院规约》第八十九条，并告知法院，比利时政府“与欧洲联盟委员会协作”，认为它可以停止 [比利时]对瑞士提起的诉讼”，并请法院“发布命令，记录比利时停止诉讼事宜，同时命令从总表中去除此案”。他在信中特别解释说，比利时在其初步反对意见的第85段指出，“瑞士表示…… [瑞士]联邦最高法院在其2008年9月30日判决中提及比利时未来判决的“不可识别性”，而这并不具有既判案件的效力，对地方县级法院或联邦最高法院本身也不具约束力，因此，一旦比利时作出判决，将没有办法阻止其按照条约适用规定在瑞士得到认可”。比利时代理人的信的副本被立即转交给瑞士代理人。瑞士代理人被告知，按照《法院规则》第89条第2款的规定，瑞士提出其是否反对停止诉讼的时限已定在2011年3月28日星期一。由于瑞士在上述时限内没有反对停止诉讼，法院即记录比利时停止诉讼一事，于2011年4月5日命令从总表上去除此案件。", "14. 南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本)", "225.　2010年5月31日，澳大利亚对日本提起诉讼，指控“日本凭借南极特别许可证以第二阶段日本鲸鱼研究方案(‘JARPA II’)的名义继续推行大规模捕鲸计划的做法，[是]违反了日本根据《国际管制捕鲸公约》承担的义务以及日本在保护海洋哺乳动物和海洋环境方面的其他国际义务”(见2009/10年度报告)。", "226.　澳大利亚在其请求书结尾部分，请法院裁定并宣告“日本在南大洋执行JARPA II方案违反了其国际义务”，并请法院命令日本“(a) 停止JARPA II的执行；(b) 撤销允许开展属于本请求书事由之活动的任何授权、许可或执照；(c) 在这种方案经修订能符合国际法规定的义务之前，提出日本不在JARPA II或任何类似方案下采取进一步行动的保证和担保”。", "227.　作为法院管辖权的依据，请求国援引了《法院规约》第三十六条第二项的规定，同时提到澳大利亚于2002年3月22日和日本于2007年7月9日作出的承认法院管辖权具有强制性的声明。", "228.　法院于2010年7月13日发出命令，设定2011年5月9日为澳大利亚提交诉状的期限，2012年3月9日为日本提交辩诉状的期限。澳大利亚的诉状已在规定时限内提出。", "15. 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔)", "229.　2010年7月20日，布基纳法索和尼日尔向法院联合提交了它们之间的边界争端。两国于2010年5月12日联名写信，于2010年7月20日提交书记官处，通知法院说，两国于2009年2月24日在尼亚美签订了一项特别协定，协定于2009年11月20日生效。根据该《特别协定》第1条的规定，双方同意将它们的边界争端提交法院，并且每一方都将挑选一名专案法官。", "《特别协定》第2条说明争端事由如下：", "“请法院：", "1. 确定两国之间从天文标记Tong Tong(北纬14°25′04″；东经00°12′47″)到Botou弯起始处(北纬12°36′18″；东经01°52′07″)这一段边界的走向；", "2. 将双方就联合技术委员会在划定布基纳法索-尼日尔边界的工作中有关下列各段的结果所达成的共识记录在案：", "(a) 从N’Gouma高地至天文标记Tong Tong段；", "(b) 从Botou弯起始处至梅克鲁河段。", "在第3条第1款中，双方请法院批准以下书面程序：", "(a) 每一方在法院受理后至迟九(9)个月内提交一份诉状；", "(b) 每一方在交换诉状后至迟九(9)个月内提交一份辩诉状；", "(c) 应双方之中任何一方的要求提交任何其他书状都应获得法院批准或指示。”", "《特别协定》题为“法院判决”的第7条内容如下：", "“1.　根据本《特别协定》，双方接受法院判决为具有约束力的终局判决。", "2. 从作出判决之日起，双方将在十八(18)个月的时间内开始划定边界的工作。", "3. 如在执行判决时遇到困难，任何一方均可根据《法院规约》第六十条请求法院予以解释。", "4. 双方请法院在其判决书中提名三(3)位专家协助它们划界。”", "最后，第10条载有以下“特别承诺”：", "“在法院判决之前，双方承诺在两国边境地区民众中保持和平、安全与安宁，不采取任何侵入争议地区的行动，并定期召开行政官员和治安部门会议。", "关于社会经济基础设施的建设，双方承诺在实施之前举行初步协商。”", "除《特别协定》外，两国还于2009年10月29日和11月2日互换照会，以体现就边界地段的选定所达成的协议。", "230.　法院于2010年9月14日发出命令，设定2011年4月20日和2012年1月20日分别为双方提出诉状和辩诉状的期限。诉状均已在规定的期限内提交。", "16. 尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)", "231. 2010年11月18日，哥斯达黎加对尼加拉瓜共和国提起诉讼，称“尼加拉瓜军队入侵、占领和使用哥斯达黎加领土，［据称］违反尼加拉瓜根据若干国际条约和公约对哥斯达黎加应负有的义务”。", "232. 哥斯达黎加在其请求书中称，“尼加拉瓜派遣其武装部队特遣队进入哥斯达黎加领土并建立军营，不仅完全违反了两国之间既定的边界安排，而且违背了联合国的核心基本原则，即领土完整和不得对任何国家进行武力威胁或使用武力的原则……”。", "233. 哥斯达黎加指控尼加拉瓜在两起事件中分别侵占了哥斯达黎加领土，一次涉及兴建一条跨越哥斯达黎加领土连接圣胡安河和波蒂略泻湖(又称港头泻湖)的运河，另一次涉及执行疏浚圣胡安河的某些相关工程。哥斯达黎加表示，“正在和计划进行的疏浚和兴建运河工程将严重影响进入哥斯达黎加科罗拉多河的水流，并会进一步的损害哥斯达黎加领土，包括位于该地区的一些湿地和国家野生生物保护区。”", "234. 请求国称，尼加拉瓜拒不接受所有要求从被占领土撤出其军队的呼吁，也不接受所有谈判方式。哥斯达黎加还指出，尼加拉瓜不打算遵守美洲国家组织常设理事会2010年11月12日的决议，该决议特别要求尼加拉瓜武装部队从边境地区撤出，并要求避免在该地区出现军队或安全部队，以便创造一个有利于两国对话的氛围。", "235. 哥斯达黎加因此“请法院……就尼加拉瓜入侵和占领哥斯达黎加领土，对哥斯达黎加受保护的雨林和湿地造成严重损害，并意图对科罗拉多河、湿地和受保护的生态系统造成损害，以及尼加拉瓜在圣胡安河上进行的疏浚和开挖运河活动……裁定和宣告尼加拉瓜违反其国际义务。哥斯达黎加特别是请求法院裁定并宣告，尼加拉瓜的行为：", "(a) 侵犯了1858年《边界条约》、克利夫兰仲裁裁决以及第一和第二次亚历山大裁决商定和划定的哥斯达黎加共和国领土；", "(b) 违反了《联合国宪章》及《美洲国家组织宪章》规定的领土完整和不得使用武力的基本原则；", "(c) 违反了1858年《边界条约》附件九规定的尼加拉瓜不得使用圣胡安河从事敌对行为的义务；", "(d) 违反了不得损害哥斯达黎加领土的义务；", "(e) 违反了没有哥斯达黎加的同意不得人为将圣胡安河引离其天然水道的义务；", "(f) 违反了不得禁止哥斯达黎加国民在圣胡安河上航行的义务；", "(g) 违反了根据1888年克利夫兰裁决如对哥斯达黎加领土(包括科罗拉多河)造成损害则不得疏浚圣胡安河的义务；", "(h) 违反了《拉姆萨尔湿地公约》规定的义务；", "(i) 违反了不得加剧和扩大争端的义务，对哥斯达黎加采取了各种措施，包括扩大其入侵和占领的哥斯达黎加领土，或采取了有损于国际法规定的哥斯达黎加领土完整的其他措施和行动。", "236. 请求书还请法院确定尼加拉瓜必须做出的赔偿，特别是就上文提到的措施做出赔偿。", "237. 请求国援引通过1948年4月30日《美洲和平解决条约》(《波哥大公约》)第三十一条施行的《法院规约》第三十六条第一项以及哥斯达黎加和尼加拉瓜分别1973年2月20日和1929年9月24日(2001年10月23日修改)根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项发表的接受法院管辖权的声明，作为法院管辖权的依据。", "238. 2010年11月18日，哥斯达黎加还请求指明临时措施。哥斯达黎加在该请求中表示，“本次争端和临时措施请求所涉哥斯达黎加权利，是指哥斯达黎加主权、领土完整以及哥斯达黎加对于圣胡安河、本国土地和本国环境保护区及科罗拉多河的完整和流动的权利不受侵犯之权。”哥斯达黎加还表示保护其权利是当务之急，并指出，“目前确实存在的风险是，如果不指明临时措施，损害哥斯达黎加权利的行为就会继续下去，并在法院得以做出最终裁定前严重改变当地的实际情况。”", "239. 因此，哥斯达黎加“请法院作为紧急事项，在确定案情实质前下令采取以下临时措施，以便纠正当前正在对哥斯达黎加领土完整进行的侵犯，并防止对哥斯达黎加领土造成进一步不可挽回的损害：", "(1) 尼加拉瓜所有部队立即从非法入侵和占领的哥斯达黎加领土无条件地撤出；", "(2) 立即停止兴建横跨哥斯达黎加领土的运河；", "(3) 立即停止在哥斯达黎加境内(包括湿地和森林中)砍伐树木、清除植被和土壤；", "(4) 立即停止在哥斯达黎加境内倾倒泥沙；", "(5) 在确定争端的案情实质前，中止尼加拉瓜旨在占领、淹没和损害哥斯达黎加领土并对科罗拉多河造成严重损害及妨碍该河航行的现行疏浚工程，充分履行克利夫兰裁决；", "(6) 尼加拉瓜不得采取任何可能妨碍哥斯达黎加权利或者可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的本次争端的其他行动。", "240. 2011年1月11日至13日就哥斯达黎加提出的关于指明临时措施的请求举行了公开听讯。", "241. 在口头意见陈述第二轮结束时，哥斯达黎加代理人列出了该国请求的下列临时措施：", "哥斯达黎加请求法院下令采取以下临时措施：", "A. 在确定本案的案情实质前，尼加拉瓜不得在整个波蒂略岛区域，即整个圣胡安河右岸以及波蒂略泻湖(又称港头泻湖)湖岸和陶拉河岸之间(“关联区”)：", "⑴ 派驻任何部队或其他人员；", "⑵ 兴建或扩大运河；", "⑶ 砍伐树木或清除植被或土壤；", "⑷ 倾倒泥沙。", "B. 在确定本案的案情实质前，尼加拉瓜应中止其正在毗邻关联区的圣胡安河上进行的疏浚工程。", "C. 在确定本案的案情实质前，尼加拉瓜不得采取任何可能妨碍哥斯达黎加权利或者可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的本次争端的其他行动。", "242. 在口头意见陈述第二轮结束时，尼加拉瓜代理人代表该国政府提出以下意见：", "“根据《法院规则》第60条，并考虑到哥斯达黎加共和国关于指明临时措施的请求以及该国的口头诉状，尼加拉瓜共和国谨此提出，出于在听讯期间解释过的理由以及法院可能认为适当的其他任何理由，尼加拉瓜共和国请求法院驳回哥斯达黎加共和国关于指明临时措施的请求。”", "243. 2011年3月8日，法院就哥斯达黎加关于指明临时措施的请求做出裁决。法院在命令中指明以下临时措施：", "(1) 一致，", "各方不得向包括caño[尼加拉瓜开挖的运河]在内的争议领土派遣或留驻任何人员，不论是文职人员、警察还是安全人员；", "(2) 以13票对4票，", "虽有上文第(1)点，哥斯达黎加仍可向包括caño在内的争议领土派遣负有保护环境之责的文职人员，但仅以避免对该领土所在的湿地部分造成不可弥补的损害所必要为限；哥斯达黎加应就这些行动与拉姆萨尔公约秘书处协商，事先将行动通知尼加拉瓜，并尽最大努力在这方面同尼加拉瓜找到共同的解决办法；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、多诺霍法官；杜加尔德专案法官；", "反对:", "塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官；", "(3) 一致，", "各方均不得采取任何可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的争端或使其更难以解决的行动；", "(4) 一致，", "各方应向法院通报其遵守以上临时措施的情况。", "科罗马法官和塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官在判决书后附上了个别意见；斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官和薛法官在判决书后附上了声明；纪尧姆专案法官在判决书后附上了声明；杜加尔德专案法官在判决书后附上了声明。", "244. 2011年4月5日，法院下达命令，考虑到各方的意见，分别设定2011年12月5日和2012年8月6日为哥斯达黎加提出诉状和尼加拉瓜提出答辩状的时限。随后的程序留待进一步裁决。", "17. 请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)", "245. 2011年4月28日，柬埔寨向法院书记官处提交申请书，要求法院解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)作出的判决。", "246. 根据《法院规则》第98条的规定，柬埔寨在其请求书中说明了“关于判决书的意义或范围的争议之处”。该国特别指出：", "(1) 柬埔寨认为，[法院1962年作出的]判决的依据是此前存在的一条两国确定和承认的国际边界；", "(2) 柬埔寨认为，这一边界是法院在其判决书第21页提及的地图所标明的边界……这一地图使法院得以认定，柬埔寨对柏威夏寺所在领土的主权直接并自动导致柬埔寨对该寺拥有主权……；", "(3) [柬埔寨]认为，[按照这一判决，]泰国有义务从柬埔寨境内的该寺周边撤出所有军事或其他人员。这是有关柬埔寨在该地区得到法院承认的领土主权的各项声明所规定的一个总体和持续的义务。", "柬埔寨坚称，泰国对这几点均持有异议。", "247. 请求国试图援引《法院规约》第六十条作为法院管辖权的依据。该条规定，“判词之意义或范围发生争端时，经任何当事国之请求后，法院应予解释。”柬埔寨还援引了《法院规则》第98条。", "248. 柬埔寨在请求书中解释说，尽管“泰国并没有争论柬埔寨对该寺(仅对该寺)的主权”，但该国却对1962年的整个判决持有疑问。", "249. 柬埔寨争辩说，“1962年，法院将该寺置于柬埔寨主权之下，原因是该寺所在领土位于边界线的柬埔寨一侧”，而“否认柬埔寨对该寺以外周边地区的主权，等于是对法院表示，其[于1962年]承认的边界线，包括有关柏威夏寺本身，是完全错误的。”", "250. 柬埔寨强调，提出请求的目的，是要法院“在《规约》第六十条的范围内”解释“其判决的意义和范围”。柬埔寨还说，这样的解释，“将对柬埔寨和泰国具有约束力，……可以作为通过谈判或任何其他和平手段最终解决这一争端的依据。”", "251. 关于请求书的相关事实情况，柬埔寨回顾说，柬埔寨于1959年对泰国提起诉讼，1962年法院对案情实质作出判决后产生了一些问题。柬埔寨接下来描述了最近发生的直接导致本次申诉的更多事件(两国旨在就共同解释1962年判决达成一致意见的努力失败；在“联合国教育、科学及文化组织讨论宣布该寺为世界遗产”后两国关系恶化；2011年4月两国发生武装冲突事件)。", "252. 柬埔寨在请求书的结尾请法院裁定并宣告：", "泰国有义务‘撤出驻扎在柏威夏寺或临近地区的柬埔寨领土的军队、警察、警卫或看护人’([法院1962年判决]执行部分第2点)，这一义务是尊重柬埔寨领土完整的总体持续义务的特定结果，而柬埔寨在柏威夏寺及其周边地区的领土已按照[判决书第21页提及的][判决书]所依据的地图上的界线划定。", "253. 同一天，柬埔寨还根据《法院规约》第四十一条和《法院规则》第73条提出了关于指明临时措施的请求。请求国解释说，“自2011年4月22日以来，柏威夏寺地区……及两国边界沿线的若干地点发生了一些恶性事件，造成当地居民伤亡和撤离。”", "柬埔寨指出，“在提出……[解释]请求时，恶性武装事件还在继续发生，泰国对此要负完全的责任。”", "254. 请求国认为，“迫切需要采取措施，以便在法院作出裁决前捍卫柬埔寨的权利，即有关其主权、领土完整和泰国不得干涉的义务的权利，同时也是为了避免争端加剧。”柬埔寨进一步表示，“如请求不幸遭到拒绝，并且如果泰国坚持其行为，这些武装冲突对柏威夏寺的破坏以及不可弥补的生命丧失和人的痛苦就会继续恶化。”", "255. 最后，柬埔寨：", "恭请法院在作出判决前指明以下临时措施：", "– 立即无条件地从柬埔寨位于柏威夏寺地区的领土上撤出所有泰国军队；", "– 禁止泰国在柏威夏寺地区从事任何军事活动；", "– 泰国不得采取任何可能妨碍柬埔寨权利或加剧本诉讼所审争端的行动。", "256. 2011年5月30日和31日就柬埔寨提出的关于指明临时措施的请求举行了公开听讯。", "257. 在口头意见陈述第二轮结束时，柬埔寨重申其关于指明临时措施的请求；泰国代理人则代表本国政府提出了以下意见：“根据《法院规则》第60条，并考虑到柬埔寨王国关于指明临时措施的请求以及该国的口头诉状，泰王国谨请求法院将柬埔寨王国2011年4月28日提出的案件从总表上去除。”", "258. 2011年7月18日，法院就柬埔寨提出的关于指明临时措施的请求作出裁定。该命令的执行部分内容如下：", "基于这些原因，", "法院，", "(A) 一致，", "驳回泰王国关于将柬埔寨王国2011年4月28日提出的案件从法院案件总表上去除的请求；", "(B) 指明以下临时措施：", "(1) 以11票对5票，", "双方均应立即撤出目前在本命令第62段所指临时非军事区的军事人员，不在该区派驻任何军事人员和采取以该区为目标的武装活动；", "赞成：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；纪尧姆专案法官；", "反对：", "小和田院长；哈苏奈法官、薛法官、多诺霍法官；科特专案法官；", "(2) 以15票对1票，", "泰国不得阻碍柬埔寨一方自由进出柏威夏寺或向其在该寺的非军事人员提供补给；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对:", "多诺霍法官；", "(3) 以15票对1票，", "双方均应继续其在东盟框架内开展的合作，允许该组织指派的观察员进入临时非军事区；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对:", "多诺霍法官；", "(4) 以15票对1票，", "双方均不得采取任何可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的争端或使其更难以解决的行动；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对：", "多诺霍法官；", "(C) 以15票对1票，", "裁定各方应向法院通报其遵守以上临时措施的情况；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对:", "多诺霍法官；", "(D) 以15票对1票，", "裁定法院在就关于解释的请求作出判决前，将继续积极审理本命令所针对的事项。", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对：", "多诺霍法官。", "小河田院长在法院命令后附上了反对意见；科罗马法官在法院命令后附上了声明；哈苏奈法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见；坎卡多·特林达德法官在法院命令后附上了个别意见；薛法官和多诺霍在法院命令后附上了反对意见；纪尧姆专案法官在法院命令后附上了声明；科特专案法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见。", "C. 在本报告所述期间待决的咨询事项", "国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金提出的指控所作第2867号判决(请求发表咨询意见)", "259.　法院于2010年4月26日收到农发基金征询咨询意见的请求，其中要求撤销一个行政法庭的一项判决，即国际劳工组织行政法庭(以下称为“法庭”或“劳工组织行政法庭”)的一项判决。", "260.　法庭在2010年2月3日所作的第2867号判决(S-G诉农发基金)中认定，根据其规约第二条规定，法庭有权就S-G女士针对农发基金提出的指控的实质问题做出裁决。S-G女士是《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠公约》全球机制的前工作人员，她曾持有的定期雇佣合同应于2006年3月15日期限届满(见2009/10年度报告)。", "261.　农发基金执行局在法庭规约附件第十二条框架内采取行动，于2010年4月22日第九十九届会议上通过一项决议，决定质疑法庭的上述判决并将该判决是否有效问题提交国际法院，请法院发表咨询意见。", "262.　农发基金执行局总裁于2010年4月23日写信向法院转递要求提供咨询意见的请求，书记官处于4月26日收到该信。", "263.　信中载有下列九个问题：", "一. 劳工组织行政法庭根据其规约第二条是否有权审理《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》(《公约》)全球机制前工作人员A.T.S.G.女士于2008年7月8日对国际农业发展基金(基金)提出的指控？基金仅仅是为《公约》全球机制提供房舍的组织。", "二. 记录显示，劳工组织行政法庭第2867号判决书所涉争议的双方都同意基金与全球机制是两个独立法律实体且原告曾是全球机制的工作人员。有鉴于此，并考虑到所有相关文件、规则和原则，劳工组织行政法庭为支持确认其管辖权的裁决所作的陈述是否超出其管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？劳工组织行政法庭在陈述中指出，“全球机制的全部行政功能都将并入基金各行政单位”且“其效果是，执行董事就全球机制工作人员所作的行政决定在法律上是基金的决定”。", "三. 劳工组织行政法庭为支持确认其管辖权的裁决所作称“全球机制的人员是基金的工作人员”的一般性陈述，是否超出其管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成劳工组织行政法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "四. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权受理原告指控全球机制执行董事滥用职权的诉求。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "五. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权受理原告关于执行董事决定不给原告合同延期构成适用法律之错误的诉求。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "六. 劳工组织行政法庭所作的裁决确认其有权解释《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》缔约方会议与农发基金之间的谅解备忘录(备忘录)、《公约》以及设立农发基金的协定。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "七. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权确定，农发基金总裁履行备忘录所规定的中间人和支助作用，是在代表农发基金行事。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "八. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权用其自己的决定代替全球机制执行董事酌处的决定。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "九. 劳工组织行政法庭在其第2867号判决书中所作裁决是否有效？", "法院书记官长在2010年4月26日的信中，按照《规约》第六十六条第一项规定，将法院收到请其发表咨询意见的要求一事，通知所有有权在法院出庭的国家。", "264.　法院在2010年4月29日的一项命令中：", "(a) 裁定农发基金以及有权在法院出庭的农发基金成员国、有权在法院出庭的《联合国防治荒漠化公约》缔约国、根据劳工组织行政法庭规约第二条第五项规定作出声明确认该法庭管辖权的联合国专门机构很可能能够就提请本法院发表咨询意见的问题提供资料；", "(b) 根据《规约》第六十六条第二项，设定2010年10月29日为就此问题向法院提交书面陈述的截止时限；", "(c) 根据《规约》第六十六条第四项，设定2011年1月31日为已提交书面陈述的国家和组织就其他书面陈述提交书面评论的时限；", "(d) 农发基金总裁应向法院转递原告在劳工组织行政法庭控告农发基金的诉讼过程中所作的且原告可能希望提请法院注意的意见陈述；将2010年10月29日定为作为判决书主体的原告可以向法院提交任何可能陈述的截止日期，并将2011年1月31日定为原告可以提交任何可能评论的截止日期。其后的程序留待进一步裁决。", "265.　2010年10月26日，农发基金的总法律顾问提交了一份基金的书面陈述以及一份载列原告意见的陈述。", "266.　2010年10月28日，多民族玻利维亚国驻荷兰王国大使提交了玻利维亚政府的书面陈述。", "267.　法院院长于2011年1月24日发布命令，根据《规约》第六十六条第四项的规定，将已提交书面陈述的国家和组织就其他书面陈述提交书面评论的时限延长至2011年3月11日，并将基金在法庭被诉案件中的原告可以向法院提交评论的时限也延长到2011年3月11日。延长时限是应农发基金总法律顾问的请求作出的。", "268.　基金和原告均在已延长的时限内提交了书面评论。", "第六章", "访问法院和其他活动", "269.　2010年12月13日，泰王国上议院议长巴索素·汶德先生阁下在上议院议员和其他贵宾的陪同下访问了法院。代表团听取了对法院活动的介绍，并受到法院院长小和田恒法官的接待。", "270.　2011年3月17日，挪威王国议长达格·泰耶·安德森先生阁下访问了法院。陪同安德森先生的有四位议员和挪威驻海牙使馆的三位代表。书记官长菲利普·库弗勒先生接待了该代表团。书记官长安排了关于法院活动的介绍，其间回答了挪威议员提出的问题。", "271.　2011年5月2日，爱尔兰总统玛丽·麦卡利斯女士阁下访问了法院。法院院长小和田恒法官及其夫人小和田由美子女士与书记官长菲利普·库弗勒先生迎接了玛丽·麦卡利斯女士以及陪同她的官方代表团成员，包括她的丈夫马丁·麦卡利斯、儿童和青年事务部部长弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德女士阁下、爱尔兰驻荷兰王国大使玛丽·惠兰女士阁下以及其他高级官员。随后，麦卡利斯总统和代表团主要成员被陪同前往司法大会堂前厅，由小和田院长向他们介绍各位法官及其配偶，书记官长则介绍书记官处各位高级官员。随后在司法大会堂隆重举行会议，出席会议的有各外交使团、荷兰政府的代表以及其他设在海牙的国际机构的高级官员。小和田院长和麦卡利斯总统致辞。", "272.　此外，在本报告所述期间，院长和法官以及书记官长和书记官处官员还在法院所在地迎接了许多贵宾，其中包括政府官员、外交官、议员、司法机构长官和成员以及其他高级官员。", "273.　还有许多研究人员、学者、律师和其他法律专业人员、记者以及其他人员拜访了法院。院长、法官、书记官长或书记官处官员为其中一些来访人员介绍了法院情况。", "274.　一个值得注意的发展态势是，主要的国家和区域法院越来越有兴趣访问法院并交换看法。法院还利用电子手段与其他一些法院和法庭交换信息资料。", "275. 作为与海牙市联合举办的向荷兰公民和外国人介绍该市各大机构的“海牙国际日”活动的组成部分，法院于2010年9月19日(周日)接待了约600名访客。这是法院第三次参加为广大公众举办的这项活动。新闻部在本次公开日活动中以英语和法语放映了新的“机构介绍影片”，回答了访客的问题并分发了关于法院的各种资料手册。", "276.　2011年4月1日，为庆祝法院首次开庭六十五周年，举办了法院司法活动照片和实物展开幕式，小和田院长正式接受了为法院设计的三枚新邮票的首版。这次活动在海牙市政厅正厅举行，是法院书记官处在海牙市协助下举办的庆祝仪式的一部分，法院各位法官、海牙市长、市政委员会委员、各外交使团的代表以及荷兰外交部和海牙各国际组织的高级官员出席了活动。展览在市政厅展出两周，随后在和平宫展出两周，简要回顾了法院及其前身——常设国际法院的历史。照片和其他展品展示了法院作为联合国主要司法机关的作用。", "第七章", "法院的出版物、文件和网站", "277.　法院的出版物向有权在法院出庭的各国政府以及世界各大法律图书馆分发。这些出版物的销售主要由秘书处在纽约的销售和推销科办理。以英文和法文出版的目录免费分发。包含新的13位国际标准书号的修订更新版目录已在2009年中期出版，可在法院网站(www.icj cij.org)“出版物”项下查阅。", "278.　法院的出版物分几个系列，其中每年出版的有3个系列：(1)《判决书、咨询意见和命令汇辑》(以单行本和合订本出版)；(2)《年鉴》；(3) 与法院有关的各种著作和文件的《文献目录》。", "279.　在本报告编写时，《2008年汇辑》的合订本已经印刷完毕。《2009年汇辑》合订本将在2011年下半年之初问世。《2007-2008年年鉴》已在本报告所述期间印刷，《2008-2009年年鉴》正在最后定稿。第55号《国际法院文献目录》也在本报告所述期间印刷完毕。第56、57和58号《国际法院文献目录》将在2011年下半年结束时问世。", "280.　法院还以双语编印向法院提起诉讼案件的文件(提起诉讼的请求书和特别协定)以及要求允许参加诉讼和请法院发表咨询意见的请求。在本报告所述期间，法院收到2份提起诉讼的请求书和1份允许参加诉讼的请求书，均正在印制。", "281.　每个案件结束后，提交给法院的书状和其他文件通常会由法院向公众公开。这些文件会在提起诉讼的文书之后，编成《书状、口头辩论和文件》系列案卷出版。这些案卷现在载有书状的全文，包括其附件，以及公开听讯的逐字记录，让从业人员能够全面了解各当事方所阐述的论点。", "282.　下列案卷已在本报告所述期间印好或即将付印：利吉丹岛和西巴丹岛的主权归属(印度尼西亚/马来西亚)(九卷)；关于航行和有关权利的争端(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)(五卷，将在2011年下半年分发)。", "283.　法院还在《关于法院组织的法令和文件》系列中，出版指导其运作和做法的文书。最新的第六版已全面更新，纳入了法院所通过的各项程序指引，已在2007年出版。2000年12月5日修正的《法院规则》选印本提供了英、法文两种版本。这些文件也可以在法院的网站(www.icj cij.org)“基本文件”项下查阅。法院还以其他几种联合国正式语文以及德文提供《法院规则》的非正式译本，可在法院网站查阅。", "284.　法院分发新闻稿和裁决摘要。", "285.　法院还出版便于人们更好地了解法院的历史、组织、管辖权、程序和案例的手册。该手册的第五版于2006年1月以法院的两种正式语文出版。第六版很快将以这两种语文出版，并将随后译为其他几种联合国正式语文和德文。", "286.　法院还以所有联合国正式语文以及荷兰文制作以问答形式介绍法院概况的小册子。修订版将于2011年下半年印发。", "287.　2006年还特别出版了一本图文并茂的《国际法院图解》。", "288.　2009年12月制作了向公众介绍法院的传单，概括地介绍法院的历史和组成及其任务，即诉讼和咨询管辖。", "289.　2010年，书记官处还制作了关于法院的15分钟纪录电影。该影片可在法院网站在线观看，也在和平宫定期用大银幕上为访客放映。这部电影还提供给联合国电视广播平台等联合国视听广播服务部门。", "290.　由于网站条理分明，书记官处得以在网上张贴多个多媒体文件，供平面和广播媒体使用，并在必要时提供法院公开听讯的现场直播。", "291.　在网站上可以查阅法院自1946年以来的全部判例以及法院前身常设国际法院的判例，还可以查阅所有案件书面和口述程序的主要文件(不包括附件)、法院的全部新闻稿、一些基本文件(《联合国宪章》、《法院规约》和《规则》及程序指引)、承认法院强制管辖权的声明和与强制管辖权有关的条约及其他协定清单、关于法院历史和程序的一般性资料、法官和书记官长的履历和照片、关于书记官处的组织和运作的资料以及出版物目录。", "292.　网站上还有活动和听讯日程表，以及给团体和个人申请出席听讯或参加关于法院活动的演讲会的在线表格。网站上还有一些网页刊登空缺通知和实习机会。", "293. 最后，“新闻室”网页使希望报道法院活动的记者可以在线查阅所有必要服务和信息(特别是在线认可程序)。照片库的数码照片可以免费下载用于非商业用途。网站还以若干种格式(Flash、MPEG2、MP3)提供听讯和宣读判决的音频和视频材料。", "第八章", "法院财务", "A． 经费筹措方法", "294.　根据《法院规约》第三十三条，“法院经费由联合国负担，其负担方法由大会定之。”由于法院的预算是编入联合国预算的，所以会员国依照大会确定的会费分摊比额表，以相同比例参与承付两者的开支。", "295.　根据一项既定规则，工作人员薪金税、出版物的销售(由秘书处销售科处理)、银行利息等所得款项记为联合国收入。", "B. 预算的编制", "296.　根据《关于书记官处的指示》第二十六至第三十条，初步预算草案由书记官长编制。该初步草案先交由法院预算和行政问题委员会审议，再提交法院核准。", "297.　一旦核准，预算草案便转交给秘书处，以纳入联合国预算草案。然后，在行政和预算问题咨询委员会审查后，提交给大会第五委员会。最后，由大会全体会议在就联合国预算作决定的框架中予以通过。", "C. 预算执行", "298.　书记官长负责在财务处协助下执行预算(见上文第82段)。书记官长要确保妥善使用核准的资金，而且必须确保不要承付预算中没有开列的费用。只有书记官长本人有权以法院的名义发生债务，但他可将此权授予他人。按照法院根据合理化问题小组委员会的建议通过的一项决定，书记官长现在须定期向法院的预算和行政委员会提交一份账目报表。", "299.　法院的账目每年由大会任命的审计委员会审计。在每个两年期结束时，向秘书处转交已结清的账目。", "D. 法院2010-2011两年期预算", "300.　关于2010-2011两年期预算，如上次报告所述，法院高兴地注意到，它提出的增设新员额和为翻新举行听讯的司法大会堂拨款的请求已大部分获准(另见本报告第一章)。", "2010-2011两年期预算", "(美元——重计费用后)", "方案", "法院成员", "0311025 各种支出津贴 877 200", "0311023 养恤金 3 886 600", "0393909 职务津贴：专案法官 1 165 100", "2042302 公务差旅 50 800", "0393902 薪酬 7 456 900", "小计 13 436 600", "书记官处", "0110000 常设员额 15 217 700", "0170000 两年期临时员额 1 829 200", "0200000 一般人事费 6 841 500", "1540000 (服务中止后的医疗及连带费用) 346 500", "0211014 出席会议津贴 7 200", "1210000 会议临时人员 1 622 700", "1310000 一般临时人员 295 000", "1410000 咨询人 89 400", "1510000 加班费 128 500", "2042302 公务差旅 47 500", "0454501 招待费 19 900", "小计 26 445 100", "方案支助", "3030000 外包翻译 362 700", "3050000 印刷 361 400", "3070000 数据处理事务 404 000", "4010000 房地租金/维修费 3 301 700", "4030000 家具设备租金 191 500", "4040000 电信费 237 800", "4060000 家具和设备维修费 87 000", "4090000 杂项事务 31 800", "5000000 用品和材料 293 500", "5030000 图书馆书籍和用品 215 700", "6000000 家具和设备 171 500", "6025041 采购办公自动化设备 554 700", "6025042 更换办公自动化设备 510 800", "小计 6 724 100", "共计 46 605 800", "301.　关于法院在本报告所述期间工作的更多综合资料在网站上按案件分列，另见《2010-2011年年鉴》，该年鉴将按时印发。", "国际法院院长", "小和田恒(签名)", "2011年8月1日，海牙", "附件 国际法院：2011年7月31日的组织结构和员额分配", "11-45057 (C) 090911 140911", "*1145057*", "[1] 法院于1997年9月25日对加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)一案作了判决。但是，此案在技术上仍然属于待决案件，原因是斯洛伐克于1998年9月向法院书记官处提出了请法院作出附加判决的请求。匈牙利在法院院长设定的期限1998年12月7日之前提出一份书面陈述，说明它对斯洛伐克请求作出附加判决一事的立场。当事方后来已就1997年判决的执行恢复谈判，并定期向法院通报谈判进展情况。", "法院于2005年12月对刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)一案作了判决。此案在技术上仍然属于待决案件，原因是根据判决规定的权利，如果当事方无法商定赔偿问题，可再次请法院裁定。", "最后，法院于2010年11月30日对艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)一案作了判决。此案也仍留在法院总表上，原因是根据判决规定的权利，如果当事方无法商定刚果民主共和国应得到的赔偿数额，可再次请法院裁定(见本报告第110至114段）。", "[2] 伊朗-美国索赔法庭庭长兼国际法院专案法官克日什托夫·斯库比谢夫斯基教授阁下于2010年2月8日去世。", "[3] 1929年6月3日智利与秘鲁于利马签署的解决塔克纳和阿里卡争端的条约。" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "1 August 2010-31 July 2011", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 4", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 4", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "1 August 2010-31 July 2011", "A/66/4", "ISSN 0251-8473", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[11 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Summary 1II.Organization 8 of the \nCourt \nA.Composition 8B.Privileges 9 and \nimmunities III.Jurisdiction 11 of the \nCourt A.Jurisdiction 11 of the Court in contentious \ncases B.Jurisdiction 11 of the Court in advisory \nproceedings IV.Functioning 13 of the \nCourt A.Committees 13 constituted by the \nCourt \nB.Registry 13\nC.Seat 20\nD.Museum 20V.Judicial 21 work of the \nCourt A.General 21 \noverview B.Pending 22 contentious proceedings during the period under \nreview 1.Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros 22 Project \n(Hungary/Slovakia) 2.Ahmadou 22 Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) 3. Armed 25 Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. \nUganda) 4.Application 26 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. \nSerbia) 5.Territorial 27 and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. \nColombia) 6.Certain 31 Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. \nFrance) 7.Maritime 31 Dispute (Peru v. \nChile) 8.Aerial 32 Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. \nColombia) 9.Application 33 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian \nFederation) 10.Application 36 of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. \nGreece) 11. Jurisdictional 37 Immunities of the State (Germany v. \nItaly) 12. Questions 41 relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. \nSenegal) 13.Jurisdiction 44 and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. \nSwitzerland) 14.Whaling 45 in the Antarctic (Australia v. \nJapan) 15.Frontier 45 Dispute (Burkina \nFaso/Niger) 16.Certain 47 Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. \nNicaragua) 17.Request 50 for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. \nThailand) C.Pending advisory proceedings during the period under \nreview: Judgment 54 No. 2867of theAdministrative Tribunalof theInternationalLabour Organization uponacomplaintfiled against theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (request for advisory \nopinion) VI. Visits 58 to the Court and other \nactivities VII. Publications, 60 documents and website of the \nCourt VIII.Finances 62 of the \nCourt A.Method 62 of covering \nexpenditure B.Drafting 62 of the \nbudget C.Budget 62 \nimplementation D.Budget 62 of the Court for the biennium \n2010-2011 \nAnnex InternationalCourtof 65 Justice:organizationalstructure and post distributionasat31 July \n 2011", "Chapter I", "Summary", "Composition of the Court", "1. The International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, consists of 15 judges elected for a term of nine years by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Every three years, one third of the seats fall vacant. The next elections to fill such vacancies will be held in the last quarter of 2011.", "2. It should, however, be noted that, during the period under review, Judge Thomas Buergenthal resigned with effect from 6 September 2010. A seat having thereby fallen vacant, the General Assembly and the Security Council on 9 September 2010 elected Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America) as a member of the Court with immediate effect. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Statute of the Court, Judge Donoghue will hold office for the remainder of Judge Buergenthal’s term, which will expire on 5 February 2015.", "3. As at 31 July 2011, the composition of the Court was as follows: President, Hisashi Owada (Japan); Vice President, Peter Tomka (Slovakia); and Judges, Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone), Awn Shawkat Al Khasawneh (Jordan), Bruno Simma (Germany), Ronny Abraham (France), Kenneth Keith (New Zealand), Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor (Mexico), Mohamed Bennouna (Morocco), Leonid Skotnikov (Russian Federation), Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil), Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somalia), Christopher Greenwood (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Xue Hanqin (China) and Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America).", "4. The Registrar of the Court is Philippe Couvreur, a national of Belgium. The Deputy Registrar of the Court is Thérèse de Saint Phalle, a national of France and the United States of America.", "5. The number of judges ad hoc chosen by States parties in cases during the period under review was 28; the associated duties were carried out by 18 individuals (the same person is on occasion appointed to sit as judge ad hoc in more than one case).", "Role of the Court", "6. The International Court of Justice is the only international court of a universal character with general jurisdiction. That jurisdiction is twofold.", "7. First, the Court has to decide upon disputes freely submitted to it by States in the exercise of their sovereignty. In this respect, it should be noted that, as at 31 July 2011, 193 States were parties to the Statute of the Court and that 66 of them had deposited with the Secretary-General a declaration of acceptance of the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. Further, some 300 bilateral or multilateral treaties provide for the Court to have jurisdiction in the resolution of disputes arising out of their application or interpretation. The Court’s jurisdiction can also be founded, in the case of a specific dispute, on a special agreement concluded between the States concerned. Finally, a State, when submitting a dispute to the Court, may propose to found the Court’s jurisdiction upon consent yet to be given or manifested by the State against which the application is made, in reliance on article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. If the latter State gives its consent, the Court’s jurisdiction is established on the date on which the consent is given (a situation known as forum prorogatum).", "8. Second, the Court may also be consulted on any legal question by the General Assembly or the Security Council and, on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities, by other organs of the United Nations and agencies so authorized by the General Assembly.", "Cases referred to the Court", "9. During the period under review, two new cases were initiated before the Court. As at 31 July 2011, the number of contentious cases on the Court’s List stood at 14.[1] An advisory proceeding was also pending before the Court as at that date. The aforementioned contentious cases came from all over the world: four were between European States, four between Latin American States, three between African States and one between Asian States, while the remaining two were intercontinental in character. This regional diversity once again illustrates the Court’s universality.", "10. The subject matter of these cases is extremely varied: territorial and maritime delimitation, environmental concerns, jurisdictional immunities of the State, violation of territorial integrity, racial discrimination, violation of human rights, interpretation and application of international conventions and treaties etc.", "11. Cases referred to the Court are growing in factual and legal complexity. In addition, they frequently involve a number of phases as a result of, for example: preliminary objections by respondents to jurisdiction or admissibility; submission of requests for the indication of provisional measures, which have to be dealt with as a matter of urgency; and applications by third States to intervene.", "Main judicial events (in chronological order)", "12. During the reporting period, the Court held public hearings in five contentious cases. It handed down four judgments and six orders. The President of the Court made three orders (see paras. 102-108).", "13. By an order of 16 November 2010, further to a request to such effect from the Congo, the Court removed from its General List the case concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) (see paras. 145 and 146).", "14. On 18 November, Costa Rica instituted proceedings before the Court against Nicaragua on the basis of an “incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragua’s Army of Costa Rican territory as well as breaches of Nicaragua’s obligations towards Costa Rica” under a number of international conventions and treaties (case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)). On the same day, Costa Rica also filed a request for the indication of provisional measures (see paras. 231-244).", "15. On 30 November, the Court delivered its judgment in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo). It found that, in carrying out the arrest, detention and expulsion of Mr. Diallo during the period 1995-1996, the Democratic Republic of the Congo had violated his fundamental rights, but that it had not violated his direct rights as associé in the companies Africom Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire (see paras. 110-114).", "16. On 8 March 2011, the Court delivered its order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica in the case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (see paras. 231-244). In its order, the Court indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) ... Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed territory, including the caño [canal], any personnel, whether civilian, police or security;", "(2) ... Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian personnel charged with the protection of the environment to the disputed territory, including the caño, but only insofar as it is necessary to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the part of the wetland where that territory is situated; Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions with Nicaragua in this respect;", "(3) ... Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "(4) ... Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional measures.", "17. On 1 April, the Court delivered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation in the case concerning the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation). The Court found that it had no jurisdiction to decide the dispute. In its judgment, the Court “(1) (a) ... [r]eject[ed] the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation; (b) ... [u]ph[e]ld the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation; (2) ... [fou]nd that it ha[d] no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by Georgia on 12 August 2008” (see paras. 160-172).", "18. By an order of 5 April 2011, further to a request to that effect from Belgium, the Court removed from its General List the case concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) (see paras. 218-224).", "19. On 28 April, by an application filed in the Registry of the Court, Cambodia made a request for interpretation of the judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand). Cambodia accompanied its request for interpretation with a request for the indication of provisional measures (see paras. 245-258).", "20. On 4 May, the Court delivered its judgment on the admissibility of the application for permission to intervene filed by Costa Rica in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In its judgment, the Court “[fou]nd that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings filed by the Republic of Costa Rica under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court [could] not be granted” (see paras. 126-144).", "21. Also on 4 May, the Court delivered its judgment on the admissibility of the application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In its judgment, the Court “[found] that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings, either as a party or as a non party, filed by the Republic of Honduras under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court [could] not be granted” (see paras. 126-144).", "22. By an order of 4 July, the Court granted Greece permission to intervene as a non-party in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy) (see paras. 184-206).", "23. On 18 July, the Court gave its decision on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia in the case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand). In its order, the Court first rejected request of Thailand that the case be removed from the List. It then indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) ... Both Parties shall immediately withdraw their military personnel currently present in the provisional demilitarized zone, as defined in paragraph 62 of the present order, and refrain from any military presence within that zone and from any armed activity directed at that zone;", "(2) ... Thailand shall not obstruct Cambodia’s free access to the Temple of Preah Vihear or Cambodia’s provision of fresh supplies to its non-military personnel in the Temple;", "(3) ... Both Parties shall continue the cooperation which they have entered into within ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] and, in particular, allow the observers appointed by that organization to have access to the provisional demilitarized zone;", "(4) ... Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.", "The Court decided that each party should inform it as to its compliance with the above provisional measures, and that, until the Court had rendered its judgment on the request for interpretation, it would remain seised of the matters which formed the subject of the order (see paras. 245-258).", "Perspectives on the sustained level of activity of the Court", "24. Just as the judicial year 2010/11 was busy, with four cases under deliberation at the same time, so will the judicial year 2011/12 be very full, owing in particular to the referral to the Court, between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011, of two new contentious cases.", "25. The sustained level of activity on the part of the Court has been made possible thanks to the significant number of steps it has taken over recent years to enhance its efficiency and thereby enable it to cope with the steady increase in its workload. The Court continually re-examines its procedures and working methods, and has updated on a regular basis its practice directions (adopted in 2001) for use by the States appearing before it. Moreover, it sets itself a particularly demanding schedule of hearings and deliberations in order that it may consider several cases at the same time and deal as promptly as possible with the incidental proceedings which are growing in number (requests for the indication of provisional measures, counterclaims, applications for permission to intervene).", "26. The Court has successfully cleared its backlog of cases, and States considering coming to the principal judicial organ of the United Nations can now be confident that, as soon as the written phase of the proceedings has come to a close, the Court will be able to move to the oral proceedings in a timely manner.", "Human resources: establishment of posts", "27. In its budget submission for the 2010-2011 biennium, following a security audit carried out in response to an increase in the anti-terrorism alert level in the Netherlands, the Court had sought the establishment of four additional posts to strengthen its existing security team, which currently comprises just two staff members in the General Service category. The Court thus requested the establishment of a P-3 post for Head of Security and of three more posts in the General Service category for security guards. At the end of 2009, the General Assembly approved the establishment of only one of the additional four posts considered necessary by the Department of Safety and Security of the United Nations Secretariat: one security guard post in the General Service category. While the Court is grateful to the General Assembly for having approved the establishment of the post, it nevertheless reiterates the need for the additional posts requested in order to improve security. In its budget submission for the 2012-2013 biennium, the Court has renewed its request for the establishment of a P-3 post for a security specialist and of one post in the General Service category (Other level) for a security information assistant. The establishment of these posts will in particular enable the Court to strengthen the security team in the performance of its traditional duties and to confront new technical challenges in the area of information systems security. The Court expresses the hope that the General Assembly will give favourable consideration to those requests when it examines the Court’s draft budget for the coming biennium in the second half of 2011.", "28. In its budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court has also requested the establishment of a P-2 post of Associate Legal Officer in the Department of Legal Matters. This post has been made necessary by the growing complexity (both factual and legal) of the cases referred to the Court, the increase in the number of incidental proceedings (in the handling of which the Court’s Department of Legal Matters plays a very substantial role) and the fact that the Court now deliberates on several cases at the same time (meaning that some of the drafting committees, whose work requires assistance from the Department of Legal Matters, are sitting simultaneously). The creation of this post would put the current members of the Department in a better position to cope with the increase in its legal duties relating to cases before the Court, and enable them to provide the Court with timely assistance in its judicial activities. The incumbent of the new post would essentially concentrate on the other legal activities for which the Department is responsible, such as the drafting of diplomatic correspondence and minutes of Court meetings, the selection of documents for publication, and provision of general legal assistance to the other departments and divisions of the Registry, in particular with regard to external contracts and to questions relating to the terms of employment of staff.", "29. In its budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court has also sought the establishment of one post in the General Service category (Other level) for an assistant in the Publications Division. This Division currently consists of three Professional posts: the Head of Division (P-4) and two proofreader/copy preparers (P-3 and P-2), one for each of the official languages of the Court. It has been clear for some time that to ensure a better distribution of the workload and more efficient handling of the growing number of publication requests, there is a need for an administrative and editorial assistant in the General Services category. The incumbent of the new post would provide technical assistance to the professional staff, in particular by preparing electronic versions of texts for publication according to established formats, making a typographical check of texts to ensure that they conform to the Court’s house style and rules and making sure that any additional changes to texts are incorporated into the final print ready files, as well as compiling relevant statistical data for the Division.", "Modernization of the Great Hall of Justice in the Peace Palace", "30. The Court requested and received from the General Assembly, at the end of 2009, an appropriation of a significant amount for the replacement and modernization of the audio-visual equipment in its historic courtroom (the Great Hall of Justice in the Peace Palace) and nearby rooms (including the Press Room), to be spent during the biennium 2010-2011. These areas are to be renovated in cooperation with the Carnegie Foundation, which owns the building. In particular, the appropriation is intended to cover the costs of installing information technology resources on the judges’ bench, resources which all of the international tribunals have adopted in recent years but which are still lacking at the Court. All of the equipment for which funding was approved by the General Assembly will be purchased before the end of 2011.", "Promoting the rule of law", "31. The Court takes the opportunity afforded by the submission of its annual report to the General Assembly to comment on its current role in promoting the rule of law, as it was invited to do once again by the Assembly in resolution 65/32. In February 2008, the Court completed the questionnaire received from the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs to be used in preparing an inventory, and which remains current today. In this connection, it should be kept in mind that the Court, as a court of justice and, moreover, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, occupies a special position. The Court would again recall that everything it does is aimed at promoting the rule of law: it hands down judgments and gives advisory opinions in accordance with its Statute, which is an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations, and thus contributes to promoting and clarifying international law. It also ensures the greatest possible global awareness of its decisions through its publications, its multimedia offerings and its website, which now contains its entire jurisprudence and that of its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice.", "32. Members of the Court and the Registrar, as well as the Information Department and the Department of Legal Matters, give presentations on a regular basis on the functioning of the Court, its procedure and its jurisprudence. What is more, the Court receives a very large number of visitors every year. Finally, it offers an internship programme which enables students from various backgrounds to familiarize themselves with the institution and to further their knowledge of international law.", "33. In conclusion, the International Court of Justice welcomes the reaffirmed confidence that States have shown in its ability to resolve their disputes. The Court will give the same meticulous and impartial attention to present and future cases coming before it in the 2011/12 judicial year as it has during 2010/11.", "Chapter II", "Organization of the Court", "A. Composition", "34. The composition of the Court as at 31 July 2011 is as follows: President, Hisashi Owada; Vice-President, Peter Tomka; Judges, Abdul G. Koroma, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, Bruno Simma, Ronny Abraham, Kenneth Keith, Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor, Mohamed Bennouna, Leonid Skotnikov, Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, Christopher Greenwood, Xue Hanqin and Joan E. Donoghue.", "35. The Registrar of the Court is Philippe Couvreur. The Deputy Registrar is Thérèse de Saint Phalle.", "36. In accordance with Article 29 of its Statute, the Court annually forms a Chamber of Summary Procedure, which is constituted as follows:", "Members", "President Owada", "Vice-President Tomka", "Judges Koroma, Simma and Sepúlveda-Amor", "Substitute members", "Judges Skotnikov and Greenwood.", "37. In the case concerning the Gabčíkovo Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judge Tomka having recused himself under Article 24 of the Statute of the Court, Slovakia chose Krzysztof J. Skubiszewski to sit as judge ad hoc.[2]", "38. In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Guinea chose Ahmed Mahiou and the Democratic Republic of the Congo chose Auguste Mampuya Kanunk’a Tshiabo to sit as judges ad hoc.", "39. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), the Democratic Republic of the Congo chose Joe Verhoeven and Uganda chose James L. Kateka to sit as judges ad hoc.", "40. In the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Croatia chose Budislav Vukas and Serbia chose Milenko Kreća to sit as judges ad hoc.", "41. In the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Nicaragua chose Giorgio Gaja and Colombia chose Yves L. Fortier and, following the latter’s resignation, Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "42. In the case concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), the Congo chose Jean Yves de Cara to sit as judge ad hoc. Judge Abraham having recused himself under Article 24 of the Statute of the Court, France chose Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judge ad hoc.", "43. In the case concerning Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), Peru chose Gilbert Guillaume and Chile chose Francisco Orrego Vicuña to sit as judges ad hoc.", "44. In the case concerning Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia), Ecuador chose Raúl Emilio Vinuesa and Colombia chose Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "45. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Georgia chose Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc.", "46. In the case concerning Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia chose Budislav Vukas and Greece chose Emmanuel Roucounas to sit as judges ad hoc.", "47. In the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Italy chose Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc.", "48. In the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Belgium chose Philippe Kirsch and Senegal chose Serge Sur to sit as judges ad hoc.", "49. In the case concerning Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), Australia chose Hilary Charlesworth to sit as judge ad hoc.", "50. In the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger), Burkina Faso chose Jean-Pierre Cot and the Niger chose Ahmed Mahiou to sit as judges ad hoc.", "51. In the case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Costa Rica chose John Dugard and Nicaragua chose Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judges ad hoc.", "52. In the case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Cambodia chose Gilbert Guillaume and Thailand chose Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "B. Privileges and immunities", "53. Article 19 of the Statute provides: “The members of the Court, when engaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities”.", "54. In the Netherlands, pursuant to an exchange of letters between the President of the Court and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, dated 26 June 1946, the members of the Court enjoy, generally, the same privileges, immunities, facilities and prerogatives as heads of diplomatic missions accredited to Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands (I.C.J. Acts and Documents No. 6, pp. 204 211 and pp. 214 217).", "55. By resolution 90 (I) of 11 December 1946 (ibid., pp. 210-215), the General Assembly approved the agreements concluded with the Government of the Netherlands in June 1946 and recommended that: “if a judge, for the purpose of holding himself permanently at the disposal of the Court, resides in some country other than his own, he should be accorded diplomatic privileges and immunities during the period of his residence there”, and “judges should be accorded every facility for leaving the country where they may happen to be, for entering the country where the Court is sitting, and again for leaving it. On journeys in connection with the exercise of their functions, they should, in all countries through which they may have to pass, enjoy all the privileges, immunities and facilities granted by these countries to diplomatic envoys”.", "56. In the same resolution the General Assembly recommended that the authorities of Members of the United Nations recognize and accept United Nations laissez-passer issued to the judges by the Court. Such laissez-passer have been issued by the Court since 1950. They are similar in form to those issued by the Secretary-General.", "57. Furthermore, Article 32, paragraph 8, of the Statute provides that the “salaries, allowances and compensation” received by judges and the Registrar “shall be free of all taxation”.", "Chapter III", "Jurisdiction of the Court", "A. Jurisdiction of the Court in contentious cases", "58. As at 31 July 2011, the 193 States Members of the United Nations were party to the Statute of the Court.", "59. Sixty-six States have made a declaration (some with reservations) recognizing as compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court, as contemplated by Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 5, of the Statute. They are: Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Japan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Senegal, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay. The texts of the declarations filed by the above States can be found on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "60. Further, some 300 multilateral and bilateral conventions providing for the jurisdiction of the Court are currently in force. A representative list of those treaties and conventions can also be found on the Court’s website, under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "B. Jurisdiction of the Court in advisory proceedings", "61. In addition to United Nations organs (the General Assembly and the Security Council, which are authorized to request advisory opinions of the Court “on any legal question”, and the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Interim Committee of the General Assembly), the following organizations are at present authorized to request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities:", "International Labour Organization", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural", "Organization", "International Civil Aviation Organization", "World Health Organization", "World Bank", "International Finance Corporation", "International Development Association", "International Monetary Fund", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Meteorological Organization", "International Maritime Organization", "World Intellectual Property Organization", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "International Atomic Energy Agency", "62. A list of the international instruments that make provision for the advisory jurisdiction of the Court is available on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "Chapter IV", "Functioning of the Court", "A. Committees constituted by the Court", "63. The committees constituted by the Court to facilitate the performance of its administrative tasks met on a regular basais during the period under review; as at 31 July 2011, their composition was as follows:", "(a) Budgetary and Administrative Committee: President Owada (Chair), Vice President Tomka and Judges Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Yusuf and Greenwood;", "(b) Library Committee: Judge Simma (Chair) and Judges Abraham, Bennouna and Cançado Trindade.", "64. The Rules Committee, constituted by the Court in 1979 as a standing committee, met a number of times during the period under review and, as at 31 July 2011, was composed of Judge Al-Khasawneh (Chair) and Judges Abraham, Keith, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade and Greenwood.", "B. Registry", "65. The Court is the only principal organ of the United Nations to have its own administration (see Art. 98 of the Charter). The Registry is the permanent international secretariat of the Court. Its role is defined by the Statute and the Rules of Court (in particular arts. 22-29 of the Rules). Since the Court is both a judicial body and an international institution, the role of the Registry is both to provide judicial support and to act as a permanent administrative organ. The organization of the Registry is prescribed by the Court on proposals submitted by the Registrar and its duties are set out in detail in instructions drawn up by the Registrar and approved by the Court (see Rules, art. 28, paras. 2 and 3). The Instructions for the Registry were drawn up in October 1946; having become obsolete in many respects, they are in the process of being revised. An organizational chart of the Registry appears in the annex to the present report.", "66. Registry officials are appointed by the Court on proposals by the Registrar or, for General Service staff, by the Registrar with the approval of the President. Short-term staff are appointed by the Registrar. Working conditions are laid down in the Staff Regulations adopted by the Court (see Rules, art. 28). Registry officials enjoy, generally, the same privileges and immunities as members of diplomatic missions in The Hague of comparable rank. They enjoy a status, remuneration and pension rights corresponding to those of Secretariat officials of the equivalent category or grade.", "67. Over the past 20 years, the Registry’s workload, notwithstanding the adoption of new technologies, has grown considerably on account of the substantial increase in the number of cases brought before the Court and their mounting complexity.", "68. The total number of posts at the Registry is at present 114, namely, 58 posts in the Professional category and above (of which 50 are established posts and 8 are biennium posts) and 56 in the General Service category (of which 53 are established posts and 3 are biennium posts).", "69. On 17 March 2011, the Registrar promulgated a number of important amendments to the Staff Regulations for the Registry, so as to render applicable to Registry staff various rules and regulations of the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the United Nations, which had come into force in the Secretariat in July 2009. In addition, the Registrar submitted to the Court a draft revision of the Staff Regulations for the Registry relating to disciplinary measures, with a view to clarifying them and ensuring greater legal security for the staff.", "70. Further to the adoption by the United Nations of a new internal justice system, the specific appeals system for Registry staff members has had to be restructured slightly. In 1998, the Court recognized the jurisdiction of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal which, in the new system, has been replaced by the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. By means of an exchange of letters between the President of the Court and the Secretary-General of the United Nations between 20 April and 10 June 2011, the Court has provisionally recognized the jurisdiction of the Appeals Tribunal to rule on applications by Registry staff members in circumstances similar to those in which it had previously recognized the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal (failure of conciliation proceedings).", "1. Registrar", "71. The Registrar is the regular channel of communications to and from the Court and, in particular, is responsible for all communications, notifications and transmissions of documents required by the Statute or the Rules of Court. The Registrar, inter alia: (a) keeps the General List of all cases, entered and numbered in the order in which the documents instituting proceedings or requesting an advisory opinion are received in the Registry; (b) is present in person, or represented by the Deputy Registrar, at meetings of the Court, Chambers and various committees, provides any assistance required and is responsible for the preparation of reports or minutes of such meetings; (c) makes arrangements for such provision or verification of translations and interpretations into the official languages of the Court (English and French) as the Court may require; (d) signs all judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court, as well as minutes; (e) is responsible for the administration of the Registry and for the work of all its departments and divisions, including the accounts and financial administration in accordance with the financial procedures of the United Nations; (f) maintains relations with the parties to a case, has responsibility for the management of proceedings, attends to all the Court’s external relations, in particular with other organs of the United Nations and with other international organizations and States, and is responsible for information concerning the Court’s activities and for the Court’s publications; and (g) has custody of the seals and stamps of the Court, of its archives and of such other archives as may be entrusted it (including the archives of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal).", "72. Pursuant to the exchange of letters and General Assembly resolution 90 (I) (see paras. 54 and 55 above), the Registrar is accorded the same privileges and immunities as heads of diplomatic missions in The Hague and, on journeys to third States, all privileges, immunities and facilities granted to diplomatic envoys.", "2. Deputy Registrar", "73. The Deputy Registrar assists the Registrar and acts as Registrar in the latter’s absence. Since 1998, the Deputy Registrar has been entrusted with wider administrative responsibilities, including direct supervision of the Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division and the Information and Communications Technology Division.", "3. Substantive divisions and units of the Registry", "Department of Legal Matters", "74. The Department of Legal Matters, composed of eight posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, is responsible, under the direct supervision of the Registrar, for all legal matters within the Registry. In particular, its task is to assist the Court in the exercise of its judicial functions. The Department acts as secretariat to the drafting committees which prepare the Court’s draft decisions. It also acts as secretariat to the Rules Committee. It carries out research in international law, examining judicial and procedural precedents, and prepares studies and notes for the Court and the Registrar as required. It also prepares for signature by the Registrar all correspondence in pending cases and, more generally, diplomatic correspondence relating to the application of the Statute or the Rules of Court. It is also responsible for monitoring the headquarters agreements with the host country. Further, it draws up the minutes of the Court’s meetings. Finally, the Department may be consulted on any legal questions relating to external contracts and to the terms of employment of Registry staff.", "75. In view of the increased workload of the Department of Legal Matters, the Court has requested for the biennium 2012-2013 the establishment of a post of Associate Legal Officer (P-2) in this Department (see para. 28 above).", "Department of Linguistic Matters", "76. The Department of Linguistic Matters, currently composed of 17 posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, is responsible for the translation of documents to and from the Court’s two official languages and provides linguistic support to judges. The Court works equally in its two official languages at all stages of its activity. The documents translated include: case pleadings and other communications from States parties; verbatim records of hearings; draft judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court, together with their various working documents; judges’ notes, and opinions and declarations appended to judgments, advisory opinions and orders; minutes of meetings of the Court and of its subsidiary bodies, including the Budgetary and Administrative Committee and other committees; internal reports, notes, studies, memorandums and directives; speeches by the President and judges to external bodies; and reports and communications to the Secretariat etc. The Department also provides interpretation at private and public meetings of the Court and, as required, at meetings held by the President and members of the Court with agents of the parties and other official visitors.", "77. Following the creation in 2000 of 12 posts in the Department, there was initially a substantial decrease in recourse to external translators. However, in view of the increase in the Court’s workload, the need for external translators has begun to rise again. The Department has nevertheless done its best to make use of home translation (less expensive than bringing freelance translators in to work in the Registry) and remote translation (performed by other language services within the United Nations system). For Court hearings and deliberations, outside interpreters are used. However, to reduce costs, achieve greater flexibility in the event of changes to the Court’s schedule and ensure more effective synergy among the various tasks of the Department, the Department has initiated a programme to train translators as interpreters; one English-to-French translator has already become capable of interpreting at the requisite professional level.", "Information Department", "78. The Information Department, composed of three posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, plays an important part in the Court’s external relations. Its duties consist of replying to requests for information on the Court, preparing all documents containing general information on the Court (in particular the annual report of the Court to the General Assembly, the Yearbook, and handbooks for the general public), and encouraging and assisting the media to report on the work of the Court (e.g. by preparing press releases and developing new communication products, particularly audio-visual). The Department gives presentations on the Court to various interested audiences (diplomats, lawyers, students and others) and is responsible for keeping the Court’s website up to date. Its duties also extend to internal communication.", "79. The Information Department is also responsible for organizing the public sittings of the Court and all other official events, in particular a large number of visits, including those by distinguished guests. On those occasions it serves as a protocol office.", "Administrative and Personnel Division", "80. The Administrative and Personnel Division, currently composed of two posts in the Professional category and 12 in the General Service category, is responsible for various duties related to administration and staff management, including planning and implementation of staff recruitment, appointments, promotions, training and separations from service. In its staff management functions, it ensures observance of the Staff Regulations for the Registry and of those United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules which the Court has determined to be applicable. As part of its recruitment tasks, the Division prepares vacancy announcements, reviews applications, arranges interviews for the selection of candidates, prepares contracts for successful candidates and handles the intake of new staff members. The Division also administers staff entitlements and various benefits, is responsible for follow-up to relevant administrative notices and liaises with the Office of Human Resources Management of the Secretariat and the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund.", "81. The Administrative and Personnel Division is also responsible for procurement, inventory control and, in liaison with the Carnegie Foundation which owns the Peace Palace building, building-related matters. It has certain security responsibilities and also oversees the General Assistance Division which, under the responsibility of a coordinator, provides general assistance to members of the Court and Registry staff in regard to messenger, transport and reception services.", "Finance Division", "82. The Finance Division, composed of one post in the Professional category and two in the General Service category, is responsible for financial matters. Its duties include in particular preparing the draft budget, ensuring that the budget is properly implemented, keeping the financial accounting books, financial reporting, managing vendor payments and payroll, and carrying out payroll-related operations for members of the Court and Registry staff (e.g. various allowances and expense reimbursements). The Finance Division is also responsible for paying the pensions of retired members of the Court, for treasury and banking matters, and for maintaining regular contact with the tax authorities of the host country.", "Publications Division", "83. The Publications Division, composed of three posts in the Professional category, is responsible for the preparation of texts, proofreading and correction of proofs, study of estimates and choice of printing firms in relation to the following official publications of the Court: (a) reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders; (b) pleadings, oral arguments and documents; (c) acts and documents concerning the organization of the Court; (d) bibliographies; and (e) yearbooks. It is also responsible for various other publications, as instructed by the Court or the Registrar. In addition, the Division is responsible for the preparation, conclusion and implementation of contracts with printers, including control of all invoices. In view of the increased workload of the Publications Division, the Court has requested for the biennium 2012-2013 the establishment of a post of Administrative and Editorial Assistant (General Service (Other level)) in this Division, which currently has no assistant posts (see para. 29). (For more information on the Court’s publications, see chap. VII.)", "Documents Division and Library of the Court", "84. The Documents Division, composed of two posts in the Professional category and four in the General Service category, has as its main task acquiring, conserving, classifying and making available the leading works on international law, as well as a significant number of periodicals and other relevant documents. The Division prepares bibliographies on cases brought before the Court, and other bibliographies as required. It also assists the translators with their reference needs. The Division provides access to an increasing number of databases and online resources in partnership with the United Nations System Electronic Information Acquisition Consortium, as well as to a comprehensive collection of electronic documents of relevance for the Court. The Division has acquired integrated software for managing its collection and operations, and will soon launch an online catalogue accessible to all members of the Court and Registry staff. The Division operates in close collaboration with the Peace Palace Library of the Carnegie Foundation.", "85. The Documents Division is also responsible for the archives of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal (including paper documents, gramophone records, films and certain other objects). A project to conserve and digitize these archives is under way.", "Information and Communications Technology Division", "86. The Information and Communications Technology Division, composed of two posts in the Professional category and four in the General Service category, is responsible for the efficient functioning of the information and communications technology at the Court. Its task is to support the judicial work of the members of the Court and the various activities of the Registry by providing appropriate and effective information technology resources. The Division offers personalized assistance to users and ensures information system security.", "87. The Information and Communications Technology Division is charged in particular with the administration and functioning of the Court’s servers, the maintenance and inventory of equipment and the management of the local and wide-area networks, including the communications systems. The Division implements mechanisms to monitor the security of its information system and systematically keeps abreast of technical developments, enabling it to track developing risks. Finally, it advises and trains users in all aspects of information technology and fosters communication between itself and the various departments and divisions of the Registry.", "Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division", "88. The Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division, composed of one post in the Professional category and five in the General Service category, is responsible for indexing, classifying and storing all correspondence and documents received or sent by the Court, and for the subsequent retrieval of any such item on request. The duties of the Division include, in particular, maintaining an up-to-date index of incoming and outgoing correspondence, as well as of all documents, both official and otherwise, held on file. It is also responsible for checking, distributing and filing all internal documents, some of which are strictly confidential. The Division now has a computerized records management system for both internal and external documents.", "89. The Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division also handles the dispatch of the Court’s official publications to Members of the United Nations, as well as to numerous institutions and various individuals.", "Text Processing and Reproduction Division", "90. The Text Processing and Reproduction Division is composed of one post in the Professional category and nine in the General Service category. It carries out all of the typing work of the Registry and, as necessary, the reproduction of documents.", "91. In addition to correspondence proper, the Division is responsible in particular for the typing and reproduction of the Court’s judgments, advisory opinions and orders. It is also responsible for the typing and reproduction of the following documents: translations of written pleadings and annexes; verbatim records of hearings and their translations; translations of judges’ notes and judges’ amendments to draft judgments; and translations of judges’ opinions. In addition, it is responsible for checking documents and references, reviewing and page layout.", "Law clerks and Special Assistant to the President", "92. The President of the Court is aided by a special assistant (P-3) who is administratively attached to the Department of Legal Matters. Since the approval by the General Assembly of six additional associate legal officer (P-2) posts for the biennium 2010-2011, the other members of the Court are now each assisted by a law clerk. The 14 associate legal officers are also officially members of the Registry staff, administratively attached to the Department of Legal Matters.", "93. The law clerks carry out research for the members of the Court and the judges ad hoc, and work under their responsibility. Generally, the work of the law clerks is overseen by a coordination and training committee made up of members of the Court and senior Registry staff.", "Secretaries to judges", "94. The 15 secretaries to judges, working under the authority of a coordinator, undertake manifold duties. In general, the secretaries are responsible for the typing of notes, amendments and opinions, as well as all correspondence of the judges and judges ad hoc. They assist the judges in the management of their work diary and in the preparation of relevant papers for meetings, as well as in dealing with visitors and enquiries.", "Senior Medical Officer", "95. Since 1 May 2009, the Registry has employed a senior medical officer on a quarter-time contract, paid out of the temporary assistance appropriation. The medical officer conducts emergency and periodic medical examinations, and initial medical examinations for new staff. During the period under review, 190 medical consultations were conducted by the Medical Unit, including 16 initial medical examinations for new staff and six periodic medical examinations (security guards and drivers). The senior medical officer advises the Registry administration on health and hygiene matters, work-station ergonomics and working conditions. In total, 19 ergonomic assessments were carried out on work-stations. Finally, the medical officer organizes information, screening, prevention and vaccination campaigns. Between September and November 2010, 62 individuals received influenza vaccinations.", "4. Staff committee", "96. The Registry staff committee was established in 1979 and is governed by article 9 of the Staff Regulations for the Registry. During the period under review, the Committee, with the Registrar’s support, organized an event at the Peace Palace on 18 April, involving the entire Registry staff, to commemorate the sixty-fifth anniversary of the Court. It also organized the first Registry Staff Day, on 22 June, aimed at promoting a sense of team spirit among the staff. The Committee worked in constructive partnership with management, seeking to promote dialogue and a listening attitude within the Registry, and had fruitful exchanges with the staff committees of other international organizations located in The Hague and in Geneva.", "C. Seat", "97. The seat of the Court is established at The Hague; this, however, does not prevent the Court from sitting and exercising its functions elsewhere whenever it considers it desirable to do so (Statute, Art. 22, para. 1; Rules, art. 55). The Court has so far not held sittings outside The Hague.", "98. The Court occupies premises in the Peace Palace at The Hague. An agreement of 21 February 1946 between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation, which is responsible for the administration of the Peace Palace, determines the conditions under which the Court uses these premises and provides, in exchange, for the payment to the Carnegie Foundation of an annual contribution. That contribution was increased pursuant to supplementary agreements approved by the General Assembly in 1951 and 1958, as well as subsequent amendments. The annual contribution by the United Nations to the Carnegie Foundation amounts to €1,236,334 for 2011. Negotiations are under way between United Nations Headquarters and the Carnegie Foundation for a further amendment to the agreement, in particular concerning the extent and quality of the areas reserved for the Court, security of persons and property and the level of services provided by the Carnegie Foundation.", "D. Museum", "99. In 1999, the Secretary General inaugurated the museum of the International Court of Justice in the south wing of the Peace Palace. Plans are currently under way to refurbish and modernize the museum and to facilitate public access to the historical items exhibited inside.", "Chapter V", "Judicial work of the Court", "A. General overview", "100. During the period under review, 17 contentious cases and one advisory procedure were pending; 14 contentious cases and one advisory procedure remain so as at 31 July 2011.", "101. During this period, two new contentious cases were submitted to the Court, in the order shown: Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); and Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "102. During the same period, the Court held public hearings in five cases (shown in chronological order): Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation; Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia): the Court held separate but consecutive hearings on the admission of application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene and on the admission of the application of Honduras for permission to intervene; Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica; Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece); and Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia.", "103. During the period under review, the Court delivered four judgments, in four cases (shown in chronological order): Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo); Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), preliminary objections to jurisdiction raised by the Russian Federation; Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), application of Honduras for permission to intervene; and Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene).", "104. By an order of 4 July 2011, the Court granted Greece permission to intervene as a non-party in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy).", "105. The Court made an order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia in the case concerning the Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "106. The Court also made orders fixing time limits for the filing of written pleadings in two cases (shown in chronological order): Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger); and Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).", "107. Further, it made orders removing two cases from the General List (shown in chronological order): Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France); and Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland).", "108. During the period under review, the President of the Court made three orders extending the time limits for the filing of written pleadings: in the case concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland); in the advisory proceedings initiated by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) on questions concerning Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization upon a complaint filed against the International Fund for Agricultural Development; and in the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal).", "B. Pending contentious proceedings during the period under review", "1. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)", "109. On 2 July 1993, Hungary and Slovakia jointly notified to the Court a special agreement, signed on 7 April 1993, for the submission of certain issues arising out of differences regarding the implementation and the termination of the Budapest Treaty of 16 September 1977 on the construction and operation of the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros barrage system (see annual reports 1992/93 et seq.). In its judgment of 25 September 1997, the Court found that both Hungary and Slovakia had breached their legal obligations. It called upon both States to negotiate in good faith in order to ensure the achievement of the objectives of the 1977 Budapest Treaty, which it declared was still in force, while taking account of the factual situation that had developed since 1989. On 3 September 1998, Slovakia filed in the Registry of the Court a request for an additional judgment in the case. Such an additional judgment was necessary, according to Slovakia, because of the unwillingness of Hungary to implement the judgment delivered by the Court in that case on 25 September 1997. Hungary filed a written statement of its position on the request for an additional judgment made by Slovakia within the time limit of 7 December 1998 fixed by the President of the Court. The parties have subsequently resumed negotiations and have informed the Court on a regular basis of the progress made. The case remains pending.", "2. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "110. On 28 December 1998, Guinea filed in the Registry an application instituting proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo in respect of a dispute concerning “serious breaches of international law” alleged to have been committed “upon the person of a Guinean national”, Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (see annual reports 1998/99 et seq.). Guinea filed its memorial within the time limit, as extended by the Court. On 3 October 2002, within the time limit as extended for the filing of its counter-memorial, the Democratic Republic of the Congo raised a number of preliminary objections in respect of the admissibility of the application. On 24 May 2007, the Court rendered a judgment declaring the application of Guinea to be admissible insofar as it concerned protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual and of his direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, but inadmissible insofar as it concerned protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of the rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. By an order of 27 June 2007, the Court fixed 27 March 2008 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The counter-memorial was filed within the time limit thus fixed. By an order of 5 May 2008, the Court authorized the submission of a reply by Guinea and a rejoinder by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It fixed 19 November 2008 and 5 June 2009 as the respective time limits for the filing of those written pleadings, which were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "111. Public hearings were held from 19 to 29 April 2010. At the conclusion of their oral arguments, the parties presented their final submissions to the Court.", "112. Guinea requested the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(a) that, in carrying out arbitrary arrests of its national, Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, and expelling him; in not at that time respecting his right to the benefit of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations; in submitting him to humiliating and degrading treatment; in depriving him of the exercise of his rights of ownership, oversight and management in respect of the companies which he founded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in which he was the sole associé; in preventing him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numerous debts owed to the said companies both by the Democratic Republic of the Congo itself and by other contractual partners; and in expropriating de facto Mr. Diallo’s property, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has committed internationally wrongful acts which engage its responsibility to the Republic of Guinea;", "(b) that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo or by the Republic of Guinea in the person of its national;", "(c) that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including loss of earnings, and shall also include interest.", "Guinea further requested the Court:", "kindly to authorize it to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it on this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subsequent phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be unable to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months following delivery of the Judgment.", "113. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, “[i]n the light of the arguments [which it made] and of the Court’s Judgment of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, whereby the Court declared the application of Guinea to be inadmissible insofar as it concerned protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, ... respectfully request[ed] the Court to adjudge and declare that: 1. [it] has not committed any internationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s individual personal rights; 2. [it] has not committed any internationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire; 3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in fact and in law and no reparation is due”.", "114. On 30 November 2010, the Court delivered its judgment on the merits, the operative clause of which reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(1) By eight votes to six,", "Finds that the claim of the Republic of Guinea concerning the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 is inadmissible;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice President Tomka; Judges Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "Against:", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(2) Unanimously,", "Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was expelled from Congolese territory on 31 January 1996, the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;", "(3) Unanimously,", "Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995 1996 with a view to his expulsion, the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;", "(4) By thirteen votes to one,", "Finds that, by not informing Mr. Diallo without delay, upon his detention in 1995 1996, of his rights under article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated the obligations incumbent upon it under that subparagraph;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "Against:", "Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "(5) By twelve votes to two,", "Rejects all other submissions by the Republic of Guinea relating to the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995-1996 with a view to his expulsion;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "Against:", "Judge Cançado Trindade; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(6) By nine votes to five,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not violated Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "Against:", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(7) Unanimously,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is under obligation to make appropriate reparation, in the form of compensation, to the Republic of Guinea for the injurious consequences of the violations of international obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) above;", "(8) Unanimously,", "Decides that, failing agreement between the Parties on this matter within six months from the date of this Judgment, the question of compensation due to the Republic of Guinea shall be settled by the Court, and reserves for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case.", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Al-Khasawneh and Yusuf appended a joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Keith and Greenwood appended a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Bennouna appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Mahiou appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Mampuya appended a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court.", "3. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)", "115. On 23 June 1999, the Democratic Republic of the Congo filed an application instituting proceedings against Uganda for “acts of armed aggression perpetrated in flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity” (see annual reports 1998/99 et seq.). Public hearings on the merits of the case were held from 11 to 29 April 2005.", "116. In the judgment which it rendered on 19 December 2005 (see annual report 2005/06), the Court found in particular that the parties were under obligation to one another to make reparation for the injury caused; it decided that, failing agreement between the parties, the question of reparation would be settled by the Court. It reserved for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case. The parties have transmitted to the Court certain information concerning the negotiations they are holding to settle the question of reparation, as referred to in points (6) and (14) of the operative clause of the judgment and paragraphs 260, 261 and 344 of the reasoning in the judgment.", "4. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia)", "117. On 2 July 1999, Croatia instituted proceedings before the Court against Serbia (then known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) with respect to a dispute concerning alleged violations of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide committed between 1991 and 1995.", "118. In its application, Croatia contends, inter alia, that, “[b]y directly controlling the activity of its armed forces, intelligence agents, and various paramilitary detachments, on the territory of ... Croatia, in the Knin region, eastern and western Slavonia, and Dalmatia”, Serbia is liable for “ethnic cleansing” committed against Croatian citizens, “a form of genocide which resulted in large numbers of Croatian citizens being displaced, killed, tortured, or illegally detained, as well as extensive property destruction”.", "119. Accordingly, Croatia requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Serbia has “breached its legal obligations” to Croatia under the Genocide Convention and that it has “an obligation to pay to ... Croatia, in its own right and as parens patriae for its citizens, reparations for damages to persons and property, as well as to the Croatian economy and environment ... in a sum to be determined by the Court” (see annual reports 1998/99 et seq.).", "120. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Croatia invokes article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, to which, it claims, both States are party.", "121. By an order of 14 September 1999, the Court fixed 14 March 2000 and 14 September 2000 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Croatia and a counter-memorial by Serbia. These time limits were twice extended, by orders of 10 March 2000 and 27 June 2000. Croatia filed its memorial within the time limit as extended by the latter order.", "122. On 11 September 2002, within the time limit for the filing of its counter-memorial as extended by the order of 27 June 2000, Serbia raised certain preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction and admissibility. Pursuant to article 79 of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended. Croatia filed a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by Serbia on 25 April 2003, within the time limit fixed by the Court.", "123. Public hearings on the preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction and admissibility were held from 26 to 30 May 2008 (see annual report 2007/08).", "124. On 18 November 2008, the Court rendered its judgment on the preliminary objections (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq). In its judgment, the Court found, inter alia, that, subject to its statement concerning the second preliminary objection raised by the respondent, it had jurisdiction, on the basis of article IX of the Genocide Convention, to entertain the application of Croatia. The Court added that the second preliminary objection raised by Serbia did not, in the circumstances of the case, possess an exclusively preliminary character. It then rejected the third preliminary objection raised by Serbia.", "125. By an order of 20 January 2009, the President of the Court fixed 22 March 2010 as the time limit for the filing of the counter-memorial of Serbia. That pleading, containing counterclaims, was filed within the time limit thus prescribed. By an order of 4 February 2010, the Court directed the submission of a reply by Croatia and a rejoinder by Serbia concerning the claims presented by the parties. It fixed 20 December 2010 and 4 November 2011, respectively, as the time limits for the filing of those written pleadings. The reply of Croatia was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "5. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)", "126. On 6 December 2001, Nicaragua filed an application instituting proceedings against Colombia in respect of a dispute concerning “a group of related legal issues subsisting” between the two States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” in the western Caribbean.", "127. In its application, Nicaragua requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "First, that ... Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of Providencia, San Andrés and Santa Catalina and all the appurtenant islands and keys, and also over the Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño keys (insofar as they are capable of appropriation);", "Second, in the light of the determinations concerning title requested above, the Court is asked further to determine the course of the single maritime boundary between the areas of continental shelf and exclusive economic zone appertaining respectively to Nicaragua and Colombia, in accordance with equitable principles and relevant circumstances recognized by general international law as applicable to such a delimitation of a single maritime boundary.", "128. Nicaragua further indicates that it “reserves the right to claim compensation for elements of unjust enrichment consequent upon Colombian possession of the islands of San Andrés and Providencia as well as the keys and maritime spaces up to the 82 meridian, in the absence of lawful title”. It also “reserves the right to claim compensation for interference with fishing vessels of Nicaraguan nationality or vessels licensed by Nicaragua” (see annual reports 2001/02 et seq.).", "129. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Nicaragua invokes article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, to which both Nicaragua and Colombia are party, as well as the declarations of the two States recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.", "130. By an order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 and 28 June 2004 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Nicaragua and a counter memorial by Colombia. The memorial of Nicaragua was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "131. Copies of the pleadings and documents annexed were requested by the Governments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and Costa Rica by virtue of article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court. Pursuant to that same provision, the Court, after ascertaining the views of the parties, acceded to those requests.", "132. On 21 July 2003, within the time limit set by article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court.", "133. Public hearings on the preliminary objections were held from 4 to 8 June 2007.", "134. On 13 December 2007, the Court rendered a judgment, in which it found that Nicaragua’s application was admissible insofar as it concerned sovereignty over the maritime features claimed by the parties other than the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, and in respect of the maritime delimitation between the parties (see annual report 2007/08).", "135. By an order of 11 February 2008, the President of the Court fixed 11 November 2008 as the time limit for the filing of the counter-memorial of Colombia. The counter-memorial was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "136. By an order of 18 December 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to submit a reply and Colombia a rejoinder, and fixed 18 September 2009 and 18 June 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of those written pleadings, which were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "137. On 25 February 2010, Costa Rica filed an application for permission to intervene in the case. In its application, Costa Rica stated among other things that “[b]oth Nicaragua and Colombia, in their boundary claims against each other, claim maritime area to which Costa Rica is entitled”. It made clear that it was seeking to intervene in the proceedings as a non-party State. The application of Costa Rica was immediately communicated to Nicaragua and Colombia, and the Court fixed 26 May 2010 as the time limit for the filing of written observations by those States. The written observations were filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "138. On 10 June 2010, of Honduras also filed an application for permission to intervene in the case. It asserted in the application that Nicaragua, in its dispute with Colombia, was putting forward maritime claims that lie in an area of the Caribbean Sea in which Honduras had rights and interests. Honduras stated in its application that it was seeking primarily to intervene in the proceedings as a party. The application of Honduras was immediately communicated to Nicaragua and Colombia. The President of the Court fixed 2 September 2010 as the time limit for these two States to furnish written observations. The written observations were filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "139. Public hearings on the admission of the application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene were held from 11 to 15 October 2010.", "140. At the close of the hearings, the agents of Costa Rica and the parties presented the following submissions to the Court:", "For Costa Rica:", "On behalf of the Republic of Costa Rica, I should like to restate the remedy which my Government requests from the Court in this intervention. We seek the application of the provisions of Article 85 of the Rules of Court, namely:", "Paragraph 1: the intervening State shall be supplied with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed and shall be entitled to submit a written statement within a time limit to be fixed by the Court; and", "Paragraph 3: [t]he intervening State shall be entitled, in the course of the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respect to the subject matter of the intervention.", "For Nicaragua:", "In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic of Costa Rica and oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits that the Application filed by the Republic of Costa Rica fails to comply with the requirements established by the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely, Article 62, and paragraph 2 (a) and (b) of Article 81, respectively.", "For Colombia:", "In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, my Government wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombia’s view, Costa Rica has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Costa Rica’s request for permission to intervene in the present case as a non-party.", "141. On 5 May 2011, the Court delivered its judgment on the admission of the application for permission to intervene filed by Costa Rica. The operative part of the judgment reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By nine votes to seven,", "Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings filed by the Republic of Costa Rica under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja.", "Judges Al-Khasawneh and Abraham appended dissenting opinions to the judgment of the Court; Judge Keith appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Gaja appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court.", "142. Public hearings on the admission of the application of Honduras for permission to intervene were held from 18 to 22 October 2010.", "143. At the close of the hearings, the agents of Honduras and the parties presented the following submissions to the Court.", "For Honduras:", "Having regard to the Application and the oral pleadings,", "May it please the Court to permit Honduras:", "(1) to intervene as a party in respect of its interests of a legal nature in the area of concern in the Caribbean Sea (paragraph 17 of the Application) which may be affected by the decision of the Court; or", "(2) in the alternative, to intervene as a non-party with respect of those interests.", "For Nicaragua:", "In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic of Honduras and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits that, [t]he Application filed by the Republic of Honduras is a manifest challenge to the authority of the res judicata of your 8 October 2007 Judgment. Moreover, Honduras has failed to comply with the requirements established by the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely, Article 62, and paragraph 2 (a) and (b) of Article 81 respectively, and therefore Nicaragua (1) opposes the granting of such permission, and (2) requests that the Court dismiss the Application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras.", "For Colombia:", "In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, my Government wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombia’s view, Honduras has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Honduras’s request for permission to intervene in the present case as a non party. As concerns Honduras’s request to be permitted to intervene as a party, Colombia likewise reiterates that it is a matter for the Court to decide in conformity with Article 62 of the Statute.", "144. On 5 May 2011, the Court delivered its judgment on the admission of the application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras. The operative part of the judgment reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By thirteen votes to two,", "Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings, either as a party or as a non party, filed by the Republic of Honduras under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue; Judges ad hoc Cot, Gaja;", "Against:", "Judges Abraham, Donoghue.", "Judge Al-Khasawneh appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judge Abraham appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge Keith appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judge Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court.", "6. Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France)", "145. On 9 December 2002, the Congo filed an application instituting proceedings against France seeking the annulment of the investigation and prosecution measures taken by the French judicial authorities further to a complaint for crimes against humanity and torture filed by various associations against the President of the Congo, Denis Sassou Nguesso, the Minister of the Interior, Pierre Oba, and other individuals, including General Norbert Dabira, Inspector-General of the Congolese Armed Forces. The application further stated that, in connection with those proceedings, an investigating judge of the High Court (Tribunal de grande instance) of Meaux had issued a warrant for the President of the Congo to be examined as witness (see annual reports 2002/03 et seq.).", "146. By a letter dated 5 November 2010 and received in the Registry the same day, the agent of the Congo, referring to article 89 of the Rules of Court, informed the Court that his Government “withdraws its application instituting proceedings” and requested the Court “to make an order officially recording the discontinuance of the proceedings and directing the removal of the case from the List”. A copy of that letter was immediately communicated to the Government of France, which was simultaneously informed that the time limit provided for in article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, within which France might state whether it opposed the discontinuance of the proceedings, had been fixed as 12 November 2010. By a letter dated 8 November 2010 and received in the Registry the same day, the agent of France informed the Court that her Government “has no objection to the discontinuance of the proceedings by the Republic of the Congo”. On 16 November 2010, the Court, placing on record the discontinuance by the Congo of the proceedings, ordered that the case be removed from the List.", "7. Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile)", "147. On 16 January 2008, Peru filed an application instituting proceedings against Chile concerning a dispute in relation to “the delimitation of the boundary between the maritime zones of the two States in the Pacific Ocean, beginning at a point on the coast called Concordia ... the terminal point of the land boundary established pursuant to the Treaty ... of 3 June 1929”,[3] and also to the recognition in favour of Peru of a “maritime zone lying within 200 nautical miles of Peru’s coast, and thus appertaining to Peru, but which Chile considers to be part of the high seas” (see annual reports 2007/08 et seq.).", "148. Peru “requests the Court to determine the course of the boundary between the maritime zones of the two States in accordance with international law ... and to adjudge and declare that Peru possesses exclusive sovereign rights in the maritime area situated within the limit of 200 nautical miles from its coast but outside Chile’s exclusive economic zone or continental shelf”.", "149. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Peru invokes article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá of 30 April 1948, to which both States are party without reservation.", "150. By an order of 31 March 2008, the Court fixed 20 March 2009 and 9 March 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Peru and a counter-memorial by Chile. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "151. The Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador, relying on article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, requested copies of the pleadings and annexed documents produced in the case. In accordance with that provision, the Court, after ascertaining the views of the parties, acceded to those requests.", "152. By an order of 27 April 2010, the Court authorized the submission of a reply by Peru and a rejoinder by Chile. It fixed 9 November 2010 and 11 July 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply and rejoinder were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "8. Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia)", "153. On 31 March 2008, Ecuador filed an application instituting proceedings against Colombia in respect of a dispute concerning the alleged “aerial spraying [by Colombia] of toxic herbicides at locations near, at and across its border with Ecuador”.", "154. Ecuador maintains that “the spraying has already caused serious damage to people, to crops, to animals, and to the natural environment on the Ecuadorian side of the frontier, and poses a grave risk of further damage over time”. It contends that it has made “repeated and sustained efforts to negotiate an end to the fumigations” but that “these negotiations have proved unsuccessful” (see annual reports 2007/08 et seq.).", "155. Ecuador accordingly requests the Court:", "to adjudge and declare that:", "(a) Colombia has violated its obligations under international law by causing or allowing the deposit on the territory of Ecuador of toxic herbicides that have caused damage to human health, property and the environment;", "(b) Colombia shall indemnify Ecuador for any loss or damage caused by its internationally unlawful acts, namely, the use of herbicides, including by aerial dispersion, and in particular:", "(i) death or injury to the health of any person or persons arising from the use of such herbicides; and", "(ii) any loss of or damage to the property or livelihood or human rights of such persons; and", "(iii) environmental damage or the depletion of natural resources; and", "(iv) the costs of monitoring to identify and assess future risks to public health, human rights and the environment resulting from Colombia’s use of herbicides; and", "(v) any other loss or damage; and", "(c) Colombia shall:", "(i) respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ecuador; and", "(ii) forthwith, take all steps necessary to prevent, on any part of its territory, the use of any toxic herbicides in such a way that they could be deposited onto the territory of Ecuador; and", "(iii) prohibit the use, by means of aerial dispersion, of such herbicides in Ecuador, or on or near any part of its border with Ecuador.", "156. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Ecuador invokes article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá of 30 April 1948, to which both States are party. Ecuador also relies on article 32 of the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.", "157. In its application, Ecuador reaffirms its opposition to “the export and consumption of illegal narcotics” but stresses that the issues presented to the Court “relate exclusively to the methods and locations of Colombia’s operations to eradicate illicit coca and poppy plantations — and the harmful effects in Ecuador of such operations”.", "158. By an order of 30 May 2008, the Court fixed 29 April 2009 and 29 March 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Ecuador and a counter-memorial by Colombia. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "159. By an order of 25 June 2010, the Court directed the submission of a reply by Ecuador and a rejoinder by Colombia. It fixed 31 January 2011 and 1 December 2011, respectively, as the time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply of Ecuador was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "9. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation)", "160. On 12 August 2008, Georgia instituted proceedings against the Russian Federation on the grounds of “its actions on and around the territory of Georgia in breach of [the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]”. In its application, Georgia “also seeks to ensure that the individual rights” under the Convention “of all persons on the territory of Georgia are fully respected and protected”.", "161. Georgia claimed that the Russian Federation, “through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and through the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other agents acting on the instructions of, and under the direction and control of the Russian Federation, is responsible for serious violations of its fundamental obligations under [the Convention], including articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6”. According to Georgia, the Russian Federation “violated its obligations under [the Convention] during three distinct phases of its interventions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” during the period from 1990 to August 2008.", "162. Georgia requests the Court to order “the Russian Federation to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under [the Convention]”.", "163. As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, Georgia relies on article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It also reserves its right to invoke, as an additional basis of jurisdiction, article IX of the Genocide Convention, to which Georgia and the Russian Federation are party.", "164. The application of Georgia was accompanied by a request for the indication of provisional measures, in order to preserve its rights under the International Convention “to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by Russian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and foreign mercenaries” (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "165. Public hearings were held from 8 to 10 October 2008 to hear the oral observations of the parties on the request for the indication of provisional measures.", "166. On 15 October 2008, the Court handed down an order in which it indicated provisional measures for both parties (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "167. By an order of 2 December 2008, the President fixed 2 September 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Georgia and 2 July 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by the Russian Federation. The memorial of Georgia was filed within the time limit thus prescribed.", "168. On 1 December 2009, within the time limit set in article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Russian Federation filed preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction. Pursuant to article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were then suspended.", "169. By an order of 11 December 2009, the Court fixed 1 April 2010 as the time limit for the filing by Georgia of a written statement containing its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction raised by the Russian Federation. The written statement was filed by Georgia within the time limit thus prescribed.", "170. Public hearings on the preliminary objections were held from 13 to 17 September 2010. At the end of the hearings, the agents of the parties presented the following submissions to the Court:", "For the Russian Federation:", "For the reasons advanced in the written Preliminary Objections and during the oral pleadings, the Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against the Russian Federation by Georgia, referred to it by the Application of Georgia of 12 August 2008.", "For Georgia:", "For the reasons advanced in the Written Statement of Georgia on Preliminary Objections and during the oral pleadings Georgia respectfully requests the Court:", "1. to dismiss the preliminary objections presented by the Russian Federation;", "2. to hold that the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims presented by Georgia and that these claims are admissible.", "171. On 1 April 2011, the Court delivered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation. The operative part of the judgment reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(1) (a) by twelve votes to four,", "Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja;", "Against:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Skotnikov, Xue;", "(b) by ten votes to six,", "Upholds the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation;", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja;", "(2) by ten votes to six,", "Finds that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by Georgia on 12 August 2008.", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja.", "172. In its judgment, the Court, recalling that, by an order of 15 October 2008, it had indicated certain provisional measures, stated that this order ceased to be operative upon the delivery of the judgment on the preliminary objections. It added, however, that the parties had a duty to comply with their obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, of which they were reminded in the said order.", "10. Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece)", "173. On 17 November 2008, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia instituted proceedings against Greece for what it describes as “a flagrant violation of [Greece’s] obligations under Article 11” of the Interim Accord signed by the parties on 13 September 1995.", "174. In its application, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requests the Court “to protect its rights under the Interim Accord and to ensure that it is allowed to exercise its rights as an independent State acting in accordance with international law, including the right to pursue membership of relevant international organisations”.", "175. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requests the Court to order Greece to “immediately take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1” and “to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and/or of any other ‘international, multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which [Greece] is a member ...” (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "176. The applicant invokes, as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995, which provides that “[a]ny difference or dispute that arises between the Parties concerning the interpretation or implementation of this Interim Accord may be submitted by either of them to the International Court of Justice, except for the differences referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1”.", "177. By an order of 20 January 2009, the Court fixed 20 July 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and 20 January 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a counter memorial by Greece. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "178. On 9 March 2010, the Government of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia indicated that it wished to be able to respond to the counter-memorial of Greece, including the objections to jurisdiction and admissibility contained therein, by means of a reply, and to have available for that purpose a time limit of approximately four and one half months as from the filing of the counter-memorial. The Government of Greece had no objection to the granting of this request, provided that it could in turn submit a rejoinder and have an identical time limit for that purpose.", "179. By an order of 12 March 2010, the Court authorized the submission of a reply by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and a rejoinder by Greece. It fixed 9 June 2010 and 27 October 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the rejoinder of Greece were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "180. Public hearings were held from 21 to 30 March 2011. At the end of those hearings, on the basis of the evidence produced and the legal arguments presented in their written and oral pleadings, the parties presented their final submissions.", "181. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requests the Court:", "(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to thejurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims;", "(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs and Agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord; and", "(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international, multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which the Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be referred to in such organization or institution by the designation provided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993).", "182. Greece requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(i) that the case brought by the Applicant before the Court does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Court and that the Applicant’s claims are inadmissible;", "(ii) in the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction and that the claims are admissible, that the Applicant’s claims are unfounded.", "183. The Court has begun its deliberation and will deliver its judgment at a public sitting on a date to be announced at a subsequent stage.", "11. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy; Greece intervening)", "184. On 23 December 2008, Germany instituted proceedings against the Italy, alleging that “[t]hrough its judicial practice ... Italy has infringed and continues to infringe its obligations towards Germany under international law”.", "185. In its application, Germany contends that “[i]n recent years, Italian judicial bodies have repeatedly disregarded the jurisdictional immunity of Germany as a sovereign State. The critical stage of that development was reached by the judgment of the Corte di Cassazione of 11 March 2004 in the Ferrini case, where [that court] declared that Italy held jurisdiction with regard to a claim ... brought by a person who during World War II had been deported to Germany to perform forced labour in the armaments industry. After this judgment had been rendered, numerous other proceedings were instituted against Germany before Italian courts by persons who had also suffered injury as a consequence of the armed conflict”.", "186. The applicant states that enforcement measures have already been taken against German assets in Italy: a “judicial mortgage” on Villa Vigoni, the German-Italian centre of cultural exchange, has been recorded in the land register. In addition to the claims brought against it by Italian nationals, Germany also cites “attempts by Greek nationals to enforce in Italy a judgment obtained in Greece on account of a ... massacre committed by German military units during their withdrawal in 1944” .", "187. Germany concludes its application by requesting the Court to adjudge and declare that Italy:", "(1) by allowing civil claims based on violations of international humanitarian law by the German Reich during World War II from September 1943 to May 1945 to be brought against the Federal Republic of Germany, committed violations of obligations under international law in that it has failed to respect the jurisdictional immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law;", "(2) by taking measures of constraint against ‘Villa Vigoni’, German State property used for government non commercial purposes, also committed violations of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity;", "(3) by declaring Greek judgments based on occurrences similar to those defined above in request No. 1 enforceable in Italy, committed a further breach of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity.", "Accordingly, the Federal Republic of Germany prays the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "(4) the Italian Republic’s international responsibility is engaged;", "(5) the Italian Republic must, by means of its own choosing, take any and all steps to ensure that all the decisions of its courts and other judicial authorities infringing Germany’s sovereign immunity become unenforceable;", "(6) the Italian Republic must take any and all steps to ensure that in the future Italian courts do not entertain legal actions against Germany founded on the occurrences described in request No. 1 above.", "188. As the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, Germany invokes, in its application, article 1 of the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957, ratified by Italy on 29 January 1960 and by Germany on 18 April 1961 (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "189. By an order of 29 April 2009, the Court fixed 23 June 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Germany and 23 December 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a counter memorial by Italy. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "190. In chapter VII of the counter memorial filed by Italy, the respondent, referring to article 80 of the Rules of Court, made a counterclaim “with respect to the question of the reparation owed to Italian victims of grave violations of international humanitarian law committed by forces of the German Reich” (see annual report 2009/10).", "191. Having received full and detailed written observations from each of the parties, the Court judged that it was sufficiently well informed of the positions they held as to whether the Court could entertain the claim presented as a counterclaim by Italy in its counter-memorial. Accordingly, the Court did not consider it necessary to hear the parties further on the subject and, on 6 July 2010, made an order on the admissibility of the counterclaim of Italy. By that order, the Court, by thirteen votes to one, found “that the counterclaimpresented by Italy ... is inadmissible as such and does not form part of the current proceedings” (see annual report 2009/10). The Court then unanimously authorized the submission of a reply by Germany and a rejoinder by Italy, relating to the claims brought by Germany, and fixed 14 October 2010 and 14 January 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply of Germany and the rejoinder of Italy were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "192. On 12 January 2011, Greece filed in the Registry an application for permission to intervene in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy).", "193. In its application, Greece first set out the legal interest which it considered may be affected by the decision in the case: it indicated that “the interests — even if only indirect — of a legal nature of Greece that may be affected by a judgment of the Court are the sovereign rights and jurisdiction enjoyed by Greece under general international law” and that “[i]t is the purpose of Greece to present and demonstrate its legal rights and interests to the Court and, appropriately, state its views as to how the claims of Germany may or may not affect the legal rights and interests of Greece”. Greece further stated that its legal interest “derives from the fact that Germany has acquiesced to, if not recognised, its international responsibility vis‑à‑vis Greece for all acts and omissions perpetrated by the Third Reich between 6 April 1941, when Germany invaded Greece and the unconditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945”.", "194. In its application, Greece set out the precise object of the intervention. It stated that its request had two objects:", "First, to protect and preserve the legal rights of Greece by all legal means available. These include, inter alia, the ones emanating from disputes created by particular acts and the general practice of Germany during World War II and the ones enjoyed under general international law, especially with respect to jurisdiction and the institution of State responsibility; and", "Secondly, to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights and interests of Greece that could be affected by the Court’s decision in light of the claims advanced by Germany to the case before the Court.", "195. Greece recalled that, in its application filed on 23 December 2008, Germany had requested the Court to adjudge and declare, inter alia, that: “(3) by declaring Greek judgments based on occurrences similar to those defined ... in request No. 1 [in the application] enforceable in Italy, [Italy] committed a further breach of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity”. Greece further stated that “its intention is to solely intervene in the aspects of the procedure relating to judgements rendered by its own (domestic ...) Tribunals and Courts on occurrences during World War II and enforced (exequatur) by the Italian Courts”.", "196. Lastly, Greece set out the basis of jurisdiction claimed to exist as between itself and the parties to the case. It stated that it did not seek “to become a party to the case” and that its request to intervene “is based solely and exhaustively upon Article 62 of the Statute of the Court”.", "197. In accordance with article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted certified copies of the application of Greece for permission to intervene to the German and Italian Governments, and informed them that the Court had fixed 1 April 2011 as the time limit within which they could submit their written observations on the application. These written observations were submitted within the time limit thus fixed.", "198. In its written observations on the application of Greece, Germany, while drawing the Court’s attention to certain considerations which would indicate that the application did not meet the criteria set out in Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, expressly stated that it did not “formally object” to the application being allowed. Italy, for its part, indicated that it did not object to the application being granted.", "199. In the light of article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, and taking into account the fact that neither party had filed an objection, the Court decided that it was not necessary to hold hearings on the question of whether the application of Greece for permission to intervene should be granted. Having nevertheless decided that Greece should be given an opportunity to comment on the observations of the parties and that the parties should be allowed to submit additional written observations on those comments, the Court fixed 6 May 2011 as the time limit for the submission by Greece of its written observations on those of the parties and 6 June 2011 as the time limit for the submission by the parties of additional observations on the written observations of Greece. All of the observations were submitted within the time limits thus fixed.", "200. In its written observations, in order to establish its interest of a legal nature, Greece stated that the Court, in the decision that it would be called upon to render in the case between Germany and Italy, would rule on the question of whether “a judgment handed down by a Greek court can be enforced on Italian territory (having regard to Germany’s jurisdictional immunity)”. Greece, in this regard, referred to the judgment of the Court of First Instance of Livadia, a Greek judicial body, in the Distomo case. It pointed out that “a Greek judicial body and Greek nationals lie at the heart of the Italian enforcement proceedings”. According to Greece, it followed that the decision of the Court as to whether Italian and Greek judgments may be enforced in Italy was directly and primarily of interest to Greece and could affect its interest of a legal nature.", "201. In its written observations, Greece expressed its wish to inform the Court “on Greece’s approach to the issue of State immunity, and to developments in that regard in recent years”. Greece made it clear that it was not presenting this element as indicating the existence of an interest of a legal nature, but rather as providing context for its application for intervention.", "202. In its additional written observations, Germany observed that Greece no longer claimed that it had a general interest in the legal issues which the Court would have to address; neither did it submit that it wished to place before the Court the occurrences of the Second World War. Germany accordingly limited its additional comments as to the granting of the Greek application to a consideration of the question of whether a State could be deemed to have a legal interest in the enforceability, in foreign countries, of the judgments rendered by its courts. Germany expounded its position according to which the execution of a judgment outside national boundaries “is entirely committed to the public authorities of the country where the planned measures of constraint are to be taken” and therefore does not affect the legal interests of the State whose courts handed down the relevant judicial decision. Germany further emphasized that the Distomo decision had in effect been overruled in Greece by the judgment rendered in the Margellos case, which upheld Germany’s jurisdictional immunity in a comparable situation. Germany left it to the Court to assess the admissibility of the Greek application as it saw fit.", "203. Italy, in its additional written observations, confirmed that it did not object to the application of Greece being granted.", "204. By an order dated 4 July 2011, the Court granted Greece permission to intervene as a non party in the case. In its order, the Court stated that, in the judgment that it would render in the principal proceedings, it “might find it necessary to consider the decisions of Greek courts in the Distomo case, in light of the principle of State immunity, for the purposes of making findings with regard to the third request in Germany’s submissions”. The Court concluded that this was sufficient to indicate that Greece had an interest of a legal nature which might be affected by the judgment in the principal proceedings. It pointed out that “in light of the scope of the intervention sought by Greece, as specified in its written observations, and of the conclusions which the Court has reached … Greece may be permitted to intervene as a non-party insofar as this intervention is limited to the decisions of Greek courts as referred to … above”.", "205. Intervening as a non party allows Greece to have access to the written pleadings of the parties and “to inform the Court of the nature of [its] legal rights and interests ... that could be affected by the Court’s decision in light of the claims advanced by Germany” in the principal proceedings. To this end, by the same order, the Court fixed 5 August 2011 as the time limit for the filing of the written statement of Greece, and 5 September 2011 as the time limit for the filing of the written observations of Germany and Italy on that statement. The subsequent procedure was reserved for further decision.", "206. Article 85 of the Rules of Court provides, inter alia, that “[t]he intervening State shall be entitled, in the course of the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respect to the subject matter of the intervention”. Its non-party status denies Greece the possibility of asserting rights of its own in the context of the principal proceedings between the parties (Germany and Italy). The judgment that the Court will render on the merits of the case will not be binding on Greece, whereas it will have binding force and be without appeal for the parties.", "12. Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)", "207. On 19 February 2009, Belgium instituted proceedings against Senegal, on the grounds that a dispute exists “between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Senegal regarding Senegal’s compliance with its obligation to prosecute” the former President of Chad, Hissène Habré, “or to extradite him to Belgium for the purposes of criminal proceedings”. Belgium also submitted a request for the indication of provisional measures, in order to protect its rights pending the Court’s judgment on the merits.", "208. In its application, Belgium maintains that Senegal, where Mr. Habré has been living in exile since 1990, has taken no action on its repeated requests to see the former President of Chad prosecuted in Senegal, failing his extradition to Belgium, for acts characterized as including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "209. To found the Court’s jurisdiction, Belgium in its application first invokes the unilateral declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by the parties pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, on 17 June 1958 (Belgium) and 2 December 1985 (Senegal).", "210. Moreover, the applicant indicates that “[t]he two States have been parties to the United Nations Convention against Torture of 10 December 1984” since 21 August 1986 (Senegal) and 25 June 1999 (Belgium). Article 30 of that Convention provides that any dispute between two States parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which it has not been possible to settle through negotiation or arbitration may be submitted to the International Court of Justice by one of the States. Belgium contends that negotiations between the two States “have continued unsuccessfully since 2005” and that it reached the conclusion on 20 June 2006 that they had failed. Belgium states, moreover, that it suggested recourse to arbitration to Senegal on 20 June 2006 and notes that the latter “failed to respond to that request ... whereas Belgium has persistently confirmed in notes verbales that a dispute on this subject continues to exist”.", "211. At the end of its application, Belgium requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "– the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Senegal regarding Senegal’s compliance with its obligation to prosecute Mr. H. Habré or to extradite him to Belgium for the purposes of criminal proceedings;", "– Belgium’s claim is admissible;", "– the Republic of Senegal is obliged to bring criminal proceedings against Mr. H. Habré for acts including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity which are alleged against him as perpetrator, co perpetrator or accomplice;", "– failing the prosecution of Mr. H. Habré, the Republic of Senegal is obliged to extradite him to the Kingdom of Belgium so that he can answer for these crimes before the Belgian courts.", "212. The application of Belgium was accompanied by a request for the indication of provisional measures. It explains therein that while “Mr. H. Habré is [at present] under house arrest in Dakar ... it transpires from an interview which the President of Senegal, A. Wade, gave to Radio France International that Senegal could lift his house arrest if it fails to find the budget which it regards as necessary in order to hold the trial of Mr. H. Habré”. The applicant states that, “in such an event, it would be easy for Mr. H. Habré to leave Senegal and avoid any prosecution”, which “would cause irreparable prejudice to the rights conferred on Belgium by international law ... and also violate the obligations which Senegal must fulfil”.", "213. Public hearings were held from 6 to 8 April 2009 to hear the oral observations of the parties on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Belgium.", "214. At the close of the hearings, Belgium asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures: “the Republic of Senegal is requested to take all the steps within its power to keep Mr. Hissène Habré under the control and surveillance of the Senegalese authorities so that the rules of international law with which Belgium requests compliance may be correctly applied”. For its part, Senegal asked the Court “to reject the provisional measures requested by Belgium”.", "215. On 28 May 2009, the Court gave its decision on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Belgium. The operative clause of the order of 28 May 2009 reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By thirteen votes to one,", "Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Judges Shi, Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judges ad hoc Sur, Kirsch;", "Against:", "Judge Cançado Trindade.", "Judges Koroma and Yusuf appended a joint declaration to the order of the Court; Judges Al-Khasawneh and Skotnikov appended a joint separate opinion to the order; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a dissenting opinion to the order; Judge ad hoc Sur appended a separate opinion to the order.", "216. By an order of 9 July 2009, the Court fixed 9 July 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and 11 July 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a counter memorial by Senegal. The memorial of Belgium was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "217. By an order of 11 July 2011, the President of the Court extended the time limit for the filing of the counter-memorial of Senegal from 11 July to 29 August 2011. In his order, he explained that, by a letter dated 10 July 2011 and received in the Registry on 11 July 2011, a copy of which was immediately communicated to the Belgian Government, the agent of Senegal, referring to a decision of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States of 18 November 2010 and to the developments prior to and following the adoption, on 1 July 2011, of a decision by the Assembly of the African Union, had asked the Court to extend the time limit for the filing of his Government’s counter memorial until 29 August 2011. In the same order, the President explained that, by a letter dated 11 July 2011 and received in the Registry the same day, containing his Government’s views on the request for an extension of the time limit, the agent of Belgium indicated, inter alia, that the decision rendered by the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States did not drastically alter the substance of the dispute between Belgium and Senegal and that the decision of the Assembly of the African Union of 1 July 2011 merely reiterated the decision adopted by the same Assembly in January 2011. The agent of Belgium asserted, moreover, that the further time limit requested by Senegal, supposing it to be essential, was too long. He nevertheless added that his Government would leave the decision on the request of Senegal to the wisdom of the Court.", "13. Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland)", "218. On 21 December 2009, Belgium initiated proceedings against Switzerland in respect of a dispute concerning “the interpretation and application of the Lugano Convention of 16 September 1988 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters ... and the application of the rules of general international law that govern the exercise of State authority, in particular in the judicial domain, [and relating to] the decision by Swiss courts not to recognize a decision by Belgian courts and not to stay proceedings later initiated in Switzerland on the subject of the same dispute”.", "219. In its application, Belgium stated that the dispute in question “has arisen out of the pursuit of parallel judicial proceedings in Belgium and Switzerland” in respect of the civil and commercial dispute between the “main shareholders in Sabena, the former Belgian airline now in bankruptcy”. The Swiss shareholders in question were SAirGroup (formerly Swissair) and its subsidiary SAirLines; the Belgian shareholders were the Belgian State and three companies in which it held the shares.", "220. To found the jurisdiction of the Court, Belgium cited solely the unilateral declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by the parties pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, on 17 June 1958 (Belgium) and 28 July 1948 (Switzerland) (see annual report 2009/10).", "221. By an order of 4 February 2010, the Court fixed 23 August 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and 25 April 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Switzerland.", "222. By an order of 10 August 2010, the President of the Court, at the request of the Government of Belgium and after having ascertained the views of the Government of Switzerland, extended the time limits for the filing of the memorial of Belgium and the counter-memorial of Switzerland to 23 November 2010 and 24 October 2011, respectively. The memorial of Belgium was filed within the time limit thus prescribed.", "223. On 18 February 2011, Switzerland raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and to the admissibility of the application in this case.", "224. By a letter dated 21 March 2011 and received in the Registry the same day, the agent of Belgium, referring to article 89 of the Rules of Court, informed the Court that his Government “in concert with the Commission of the European Union, considers that it can discontinue the proceedings instituted [by Belgium] against Switzerland” and requested the Court “to make an order recording Belgium’s discontinuance of the proceedings and directing that the case be removed” from the Court’s General List. In his letter, the agent explained in particular that Belgium had taken note that, in paragraph 85 of its preliminary objections, “Switzerland states ... that the reference by the [Swiss] Federal Supreme Court in its 30 September 2008 judgment to the ‘non-recognizability’ of a future Belgian judgment does not have the force of res judicata and does not bind either the lower cantonal courts or the Federal Supreme Court itself, and that there is therefore nothing to prevent a Belgian judgment, once handed down, from being recognized in Switzerland in accordance with the applicable treaty provision”. A copy of the letter from the agent of Belgium was immediately communicated to the agent of Switzerland, who was informed that the time limit provided for in article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, within which Switzerland might state whether it opposed the discontinuance of the proceedings, had been fixed as Monday 28 March 2011. Since Switzerland did not oppose the said discontinuance within the time limit thus fixed, the Court, placing on record the discontinuance by Belgium of the proceedings, ordered that the case be removed from the List on 5 April 2011.", "14. Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan)", "225. On 31 May 2010, Australia instituted proceedings against Japan, alleging that “Japan’s continued pursuit of a large-scale program of whaling under the Second Phase of its Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (‘JARPA II’) [is] in breach of obligations assumed by Japan under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (‘ICRW’), as well as its other international obligations for the preservation of marine mammals and the marine environment” (see annual report 2009/10).", "226. At the end of its application, Australia requests the Court to adjudge and declare that “Japan is in breach of its international obligations in implementing the JARPA II program in the Southern Ocean”, and to order that Japan: “(a) cease implementation of JARPA II; (b) revoke any authorisations, permits or licences allowing the activities which are the subject of this application to be undertaken; and (c) provide assurances and guarantees that it will not take any further action under the JARPA II or any similar program until such program has been brought into conformity with its obligations under international law”.", "227. As the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant invokes the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute, referring to the declarations recognizing the Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory made by Australia on 22 March 2002 and by Japan on 9 July 2007.", "228. By an order of 13 July 2010, the Court fixed 9 May 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Australia and 9 March 2012 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Japan. The memorial of Australia was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "15. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger)", "229. On 20 July 2010, Burkina Faso and the Niger jointly submitted a frontier dispute between them to the Court. By a joint letter dated 12 May 2010 and filed in the Registry on 20 July 2010, the two States notified to the Court a special agreement signed in Niamey on 24 February 2009, which entered into force on 20 November 2009. Under the terms of article 1 of the special agreement, the parties have agreed to submit their frontier dispute to the Court, and that each of them will choose a judge ad hoc. Article 2 of the special agreement indicates the subject of the dispute as follows:", "The Court is requested to:", "1. determine the course of the boundary between the two countries in the sector from the astronomic marker of Tong Tong (latitude 14° 25' 04\" N; longitude 00° 12' 47\" E) to the beginning of the Botou bend (latitude 12° 36' 18\" N; longitude 01° 52' 07\" E);", "2. place on record the Parties’ agreement on the results of the work of the Joint Technical Commission on demarcation of the Burkina Faso-Niger boundary with regard to the following sectors:", "(a) the sector from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong;", "(b) the sector from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River Mekrou.", "In article 3, paragraph 1, the parties request the Court to authorize the following written proceedings:", "(a) a Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine (9) months after the seising of the Court;", "(b) a Counter-Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine (9) months after exchange of the Memorials;", "(c) any other pleading whose filing, at the request of either of the Parties, shall have been authorized or directed by the Court.", "Article 7 of the special agreement, entitled “Judgment of the Court”, reads as follows:", "1. The Parties accept the Judgment of the Court given pursuant to this Special Agreement as final and binding upon them.", "2. From the day on which the Judgment is rendered, the Parties shall have eighteen (18) months in which to commence the work of demarcating the boundary.", "3. In case of difficulty in the implementation of the Judgment, either Party may seise the Court pursuant to Article 60 of its Statute.", "4. The Parties request the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three (3) experts to assist them in the demarcation.", "Lastly, article 10 contains the following “Special undertaking”:", "Pending the Judgment of the Court, the Parties undertake to maintain peace, security and tranquillity among the populations of the two States in the frontier region, refraining from any act of incursion into the disputed areas and organizing regular meetings of administrative officials and the security services.", "With regard to the creation of socio-economic infrastructure, the Parties undertake to hold preliminary consultations prior to implementation.", "The Special Agreement was accompanied by an exchange of notes dated 29 October and 2 November 2009 embodying the agreement between the two States on the delimited sectors of the frontier.", "230. By an order of 14 September 2010, the Court fixed 20 April 2011 and 20 January 2012 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial and a counter-memorial by each of the parties. The memorials were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "16. Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)", "231. On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against Nicaragua in respect of an alleged “incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragua’s Army of Costa Rican territory as well as [alleged] breaches of Nicaragua’s obligations towards Costa Rica” under a number of international treaties and conventions.", "232. In its application, Costa Rica claims that “[b]y sending contingents of its armed forces to Costa Rican territory and establishing military camps therein, Nicaragua is not only acting in outright breach of the established boundary regime between the two States, but also of the core founding principles of the United Nations, namely the principle of territorial integrity and the prohibition of the threat or use of force against any State ...”.", "233. Costa Rica charges Nicaragua with having occupied, in two separate incidents, the territory of Costa Rica in connection with the construction of a canal across Costa Rican territory from the San Juan River to Laguna los Portillos (also known as Harbor Head Lagoon), and with having carried out certain related works of dredging on the San Juan River. Costa Rica states that the “ongoing and planned dredging and the construction of the canal will seriously affect the flow of water to the Colorado River of Costa Rica, and will cause further damage to Costa Rican territory, including the wetlands and national wildlife protected areas located in the region”.", "234. The applicant claims that Nicaragua rejected all calls for withdrawal of its armed forces from the occupied territory and all means of negotiation. Costa Rica states further that Nicaragua does not intend to comply with the resolution of 12 November 2010 of the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States calling, in particular, for the withdrawal of Nicaraguan armed forces from the border region, and requests the avoidance of the presence of military or security forces in the area in order to create a favourable climate for dialogue between the two nations.", "235. Costa Rica accordingly", "requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its international obligations ... as regards the incursion into and occupation of Costa Rican territory, the serious damage inflicted to its protected rainforests and wetlands, and the damage intended to the Colorado River, wetlands and protected ecosystems, as well as the dredging and canalization activities being carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River. In particular, the Court is requested to adjudge and declare that, by its conduct, Nicaragua has breached:", "(a) the territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delimited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award and the first and second Alexander Awards;", "(b) the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and the prohibition of use of force under the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States;", "(c) the obligation imposed upon Nicaragua by Article IX of the 1858 Treaty of Limits not to use the San Juan River to carry out hostile acts;", "(d) the obligation not to damage Costa Rican territory;", "(e) the obligation not to artificially channel the San Juan River away from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica;", "(f) the obligation not to prohibit the navigation on the San Juan River by Costa Rican nationals;", "(g) the obligation not to dredge the San Juan River if this causes damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River), in accordance with the 1888 Cleveland Award;", "(h) the obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands;", "(i) the obligation not to aggravate and extend the dispute by adopting measures against Costa Rica, including the expansion of the invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory or by adopting any further measure or carrying out any further actions that would infringe Costa Rica’s territorial integrity under international law.", "236. The Court is also requested in the application to determine the reparation which must be made by Nicaragua, in particular in relation to any measures of the kind referred to in the paragraph above.", "237. As the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant invokes Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court by virtue of the operation of article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of 30 April 1948 (“Pact of Bogotá”), as well as the declarations of acceptance made by Costa Rica on 20 February 1973 and by Nicaragua on 24 September 1929 (modified on 23 October 2001), pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.", "238. On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica also filed a request for the indication of provisional measures, in which it stated that “Costa Rica’s rights which are subject of the dispute and of this request for provisional measures are its right to sovereignty, to territorial integrity and to non-interference with its rights over the San Juan River, its lands, its environmentally protected areas, as well as the integrity and flow of the Colorado River”. Costa Rica indicated that the protection of its rights was of real urgency and pointed out that “[t]here is a real risk that without a grant of provisional measures, action prejudicial to the rights of Costa Rica will continue and may significantly alter the factual situation on the ground before the Court has the opportunity to render its final decision”.", "239. Costa Rica accordingly", "requests the Court as a matter of urgency to order the following provisional measures so as to rectify the presently ongoing breach of Costa Rica’s territorial integrity and to prevent further irreparable harm to Costa Rica’s territory, pending its determination of this case on the merits:", "(1) the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Nicaraguan troops from the unlawfully invaded and occupied Costa Rican territories;", "(2) the immediate cessation of the construction of a canal across Costa Rican territory;", "(3) the immediate cessation of the felling of trees, removal of vegetation and soil from Costa Rican territory, including its wetlands and forests;", "(4) the immediate cessation of the dumping of sediment in Costa Rican territory;", "(5) the suspension of Nicaragua’s ongoing dredging programme, aimed at the occupation, flooding and damage of Costa Rican territory, as well as at the serious damage to and impairment of the navigation of the Colorado River, giving full effect to the Cleveland Award and pending the determination of the merits of this dispute;", "(6) that Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court.", "240. Public hearings on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica were held from 11 to 13 January 2011.", "241. At the close of its second round of oral observations, the agent of Costa Rica set out the provisional measures requested by that State as follows:", "Costa Rica requests the Court to order the following provisional measures:", "A. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua shall not, in the area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos, that is to say, across the right bank of the San Juan river and between the banks of the Laguna Los Portillos (also known as Harbor Head Lagoon) and the Taura river (“the relevant area”):", "(1) station any of its troops or other personnel;", "(2) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal;", "(3) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil;", "(4) dump sediment.", "B. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua shall suspend its ongoing dredging programme in the River San Juan adjacent to the relevant area.", "C. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court.", "242. At the close of its second round of oral observations, the agent of Nicaragua presented the following submissions on behalf of his Government:", "In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Request for the indication of provisional measures of the Republic of Costa Rica and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits that, [f]or the reasons explained during these hearings and any other reasons the Court might deem appropriate, the Republic of Nicaragua asks the Court to dismiss the Request for provisional measures filed by the Republic of Costa Rica.", "243. On 8 March 2011, the Court delivered its decision on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica. In its order, it indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) Unanimously,", "Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed territory, including the caño [the canal cut by Nicaragua], any personnel, whether civilian, police or security;", "(2) By thirteen votes to four,", "Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian personnel charged with the protection of the environment to the disputed territory, including the caño, but only insofar as it is necessary to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the part of the wetland where that territory is situated; Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions with Nicaragua in this respect;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al‑Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Dugard;", "Against:", "Judges Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;", "(3) Unanimously,", "Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "(4) Unanimously,", "Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional measures.", "Judges Koroma and Sepúlveda-Amor appended separate opinions to the order; Judges Skotnikov, Greenwood and Xue appended declarations to the order; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appended a declaration to the order; Judge ad hoc Dugard appended a separate opinion to the order.", "244. By an order of 5 April 2011, the Court, taking account of the views of the parties, fixed 5 December 2011 and 6 August 2012, respectively, as the time limits for the filing of a memorial by Costa Rica and a counter-memorial by Nicaragua. The subsequent procedure was reserved for further decision.", "17. Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)", "245. On 28 April 2011, Cambodia submitted, by an application filed in the Registry, a request for interpretation of the judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "246. In its application, Cambodia indicates the “points in dispute as to the meaning or scope of the Judgment”, as stipulated by article 98 of the Rules of Court. It states in particular that:", "(1) according to Cambodia, the Judgment [rendered by the Court in 1962] is based on the prior existence of an international boundary established and recognized by both States;", "(2) according to Cambodia, that boundary is defined by the map to which the Court refers on page 21 of its Judgment ... a map which enables the Court to find that Cambodia’s sovereignty over the Temple is a direct and automatic consequence of its sovereignty over the territory on which the Temple is situated ...;", "(3) according to [Cambodia], Thailand is under an obligation [pursuant to the judgment] to withdraw any military or other personnel from the vicinity of the Temple on Cambodian territory. [T]his is a general and continuing obligation deriving from the statements concerning Cambodia’s territorial sovereignty recognized by the Court in that region.", "Cambodia asserts that “Thailand disagrees with all of these points”.", "247. The applicant seeks to base the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 60 of the Statute of the Court, which provides that “[i]n the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon the request of any party”. Cambodia also invokes article 98 of the Rules of Court.", "248. It explains in its application that, while “Thailand does not dispute Cambodia’s sovereignty over the Temple — and only over the Temple itself”, it does, however, call into question the 1962 judgment in its entirety.", "249. Cambodia contends that “in 1962, the Court placed the Temple under Cambodian sovereignty, because the territory on which it is situated is on the Cambodian side of the boundary”, and that “[t]o refuse Cambodia’s sovereignty over the area beyond the Temple as far as its ‘vicinity’ is to say to the Court that the boundary line which it recognized [in 1962] is wholly erroneous, including in respect of the Temple itself”.", "250. Cambodia emphasizes that the purpose of its request is to seek an explanation from the Court regarding the “meaning and ... scope of its Judgment, within the limit laid down by Article 60 of the Statute”. It adds that such an explanation, “which would be binding on Cambodia and Thailand ... could then serve as a basis for a final resolution of this dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means”.", "251. Regarding the facts underlying its application, Cambodia recalls that it instituted proceedings against Thailand in 1959, and that certain problems arose after the Court had given its judgment on the merits of the case in 1962. It goes on to describe the more recent events which directly motivated the present application (failure of endeavours aimed at achieving agreement between the two States on a joint interpretation of the 1962 judgment; deterioration in relations following “discussions within UNESCO [the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] to have the Temple declared a World Heritage Site”; and armed incidents between the two States in April 2011).", "252. At the close of its application, Cambodia asks the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "[t]he obligation incumbent upon Thailand to ‘withdraw any military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory’ (point 2 of the operative clause [of the judgment rendered by the Court in 1962]) is a particular consequence of the general and continuing obligation to respect the integrity of the territory of Cambodia, that territory having been delimited in the area of the Temple and its vicinity by the line on the map [referred to on page 21 of the judgment], on which [the judgment] is based.", "253. On the same day, Cambodia filed a request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute and article 73 of the Rules of Court. The applicant explained that “[s]ince 22 April 2011, serious incidents have occurred in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear ... as well as at several locations along that boundary between the two States, causing fatalities, injuries and the evacuation of local inhabitants”. Cambodia stated that “[s]erious armed incidents are continuing at the time of filing ... [its] request [for interpretation], for which Thailand is entirely responsible”.", "254. According to the applicant, “[m]easures are urgently required, both to safeguard the rights of Cambodia pending the Court’s decision — rights relating to its sovereignty, its territorial integrity and to the duty of non-interference incumbent upon Thailand — and to avoid aggravation of the dispute”. Cambodia further explained that, “in the unfortunate event that its request were to be rejected, and if Thailand persisted in its conduct, the damage to the Temple of Preah Vihear, as well as irremediable losses of life and human suffering as a result of these armed clashes, would become worse”.", "255. In conclusion, Cambodia:", "respectfully requests the Court to indicate the following provisional measures, pending the delivery of its judgment:", "– an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Thai forces from those parts of Cambodian territory situated in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "– a ban on all military activity by Thailand in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "– that Thailand refrain from any act or action which could interfere with the rights of Cambodia or aggravate the dispute in the principal proceedings.", "256. Public hearings on the request for the indication of provisional measures filed by Cambodia were held on 30 and 31 May 2011.", "257. At the close of the second round of oral observations, Cambodia reiterated its request for the indication of provisional measures; the agent of Thailand, for his part, presented the following submissions on behalf of his Government: “[i]n accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Request for the indication of provisional measures of the Kingdom of Cambodia and its oral pleadings, the Kingdom of Thailand respectfully requests the Court to remove the case introduced by the Kingdom of Cambodia on 28 April 2011 from the General List”.", "258. On 18 July 2011, the Court delivered its order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia. The operative part of the order reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(A) Unanimously,", "Rejects the Kingdom of Thailand’s request to remove the case introduced by the Kingdom of Cambodia on 28 April 2011 from the General List of the Court;", "(B) Indicates the following provisional measures:", "(1) By eleven votes to five,", "Both Parties shall immediately withdraw their military personnel currently present in the provisional demilitarized zone, as defined in paragraph 62 of the present Order, and refrain from any military presence within that zone and from any armed activity directed at that zone;", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Xue, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Cot;", "(2) By fifteen votes to one,", "Thailand shall not obstruct Cambodia’s free access to the Temple of Preah Vihear or Cambodia’s provision of fresh supplies to its non-military personnel in the Temple;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al‑Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(3) By fifteen votes to one,", "Both Parties shall continue the cooperation which they have entered into within ASEAN and, in particular, allow the observers appointed by that organization to have access to the provisional demilitarized zone;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al‑Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(4) By fifteen votes to one,", "Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(C) By fifteen votes to one,", "Decides that each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional measures;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(D) By fifteen votes to one,", "Decides that, until the Court has rendered its judgment on the request for interpretation, it shall remain seised of the matters which form the subject of this Order.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue.", "President Owada appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Koroma appended a declaration to the order of the Court; Judge Al-Khasawneh appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a separate opinion to the order of the Court; Judges Xue and Donoghue appended dissenting opinions to the order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appended a declaration to the order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Cot appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court.", "C. Pending advisory proceedings during the period under review", "Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization upon a complaint filed against the International Fund for Agricultural Development (request for advisory opinion)", "259. On 26 April 2010, the Court received a request for an advisory opinion from IFAD, aimed at obtaining the reversal of a judgment rendered by an administrative court, the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization (hereinafter “the Tribunal” or “ILOAT”).", "260. In its Judgment No. 2867 (S-G. v. IFAD), delivered on 3 February 2010, the Tribunal found that it had jurisdiction under the terms of Article II of its Statute to rule on the merits of a complaint against IFAD introduced by Ms S-G., a former staff member of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (hereinafter “the Global Mechanism”). Ms S‑G. held a fixed-term contract of employment which was due to expire on 15 March 2006 (see annual report 2009/10).", "261. The Executive Board of IFAD, by a resolution adopted at its ninety-ninth session on 22 April 2010, acting within the framework of article XII of the annex to the statute of the Tribunal, decided to challenge the above mentioned judgment of the Tribunal and to refer the question of the validity of that judgment to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion.", "262. The request for an advisory opinion was transmitted to the Court by a letter from the President of the Executive Board of IFAD dated 23 April and received in the Registry on 26 April 2010.", "263. The request contains the nine following questions:", "I. Was the ILOAT competent, under article II of its statute, to hear the complaint introduced against the International Fund for Agricultural Development (hereby the Fund) on 8 July 2008 by Ms A.T. S-G., an individual who was a member of the staff of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (hereby the Convention) for which the Fund acts merely as housing organization?", "II. Given that the record shows that the parties to the dispute underlying the ILOAT’s Judgment No. 2867 were in agreement that the Fund and the Global Mechanism are separate legal entities and that the Complainant was a member of the staff of the Global Mechanism, and considering all the relevant documents, rules and principles, was the ILOAT’s statement, made in support of its decision confirming its jurisdiction, that ‘the Global Mechanism is to be assimilated to the various administrative units of the Fund for all administrative purposes’ and that the ‘effect of this is that administrative decisions taken by the Managing Director in relation to staff in the Global Mechanism are, in law, decisions of the Fund’ outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "III. Was the ILOAT’s general statement, made in support of its decision confirming its jurisdiction, that ‘the personnel of the Global Mechanism are staff members of the Fund’ outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "IV. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to entertain the Complainant’s plea alleging an abuse of authority by the Global Mechanism’s Managing Director outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "V. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to entertain the Complainant’s plea that the Managing Director’s decision not to renew the Complainant’s contract constituted an error of law outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "VI. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to interpret the Memorandum of Understanding between the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa and IFAD (hereby the MoU), the Convention, and the Agreement Establishing IFAD beyond its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "VII. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to determine that by discharging an intermediary and supporting role under the MoU, the President was acting on behalf of IFAD outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "VIII. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to substitute the discretionary decision of the Managing Director of the Global Mechanism with its own outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "IX. What is the validity of the decision given by the ILOAT in its Judgment No. 2867?", "By letters dated 26 April 2010, the Registrar of the Court gave notice, pursuant to Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute, of the request for an advisory opinion to all States entitled to appear before the Court.", "264. By an order of 29 April 2010, the Court:", "(a) Decided that the International Fund for Agricultural Development and its member States entitled to appear before the Court, the States parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification entitled to appear before the Court and those specialized agencies of the United Nations which have made a declaration recognizing the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization pursuant to article II, paragraph 5, of the statute of the Tribunal were considered likely to be able to furnish information on the questions submitted to the Court for an advisory opinion;", "(b) Fixed 29 October 2010 as the time limit within which written statements on these questions could be presented to the Court, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 2, of its Statute;", "(c) Fixed 31 January 2011 as the time limit within which States and organizations having presented written statements could submit written comments on the other written statements, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 4, of the Statute;", "(d) Decided that the President of IFAD should transmit to the Court any statement setting forth the views of the complainant in the proceedings against IFAD before the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization which the said complainant may wish to bring to the attention of the Court; and fixed 29 October 2010 as the time limit within which any possible statement by the complainant who is the subject of the judgment could be presented to the Court and 31 January 2011 as the time limit within which any possible comments by the complainant could be presented to the Court. The subsequent procedure has been reserved for further decision.", "265. On 26 October 2010, the General Counsel of IFAD submitted its written statement and a statement setting forth the views of the complainant.", "266. On 28 October 2010, the Ambassador of the Plurinational State of Bolivia to the Netherlands submitted a written statement of the Bolivian Government.", "267. By an order of 24 January 2011, the President of the Court extended to 11 March 2011 the time limit within which States and organizations having presented written statements may submit written comments on the other written statements, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 4, of the Statute, as well as the time limit within which any comments by the complainant in the proceedings against IFAD before the Tribunal may be presented to the Court. The time limits were extended in response to a request to that effect made by the General Counsel of IFAD.", "268. The written comments of the Fund and those of the complainant were presented within the time limit thus extended.", "Chapter VI", "Visits to the Court and other activities", "269. On 13 December 2010, the Court was visited by the President of the Senate of Thailand, H.E. Mr. Prasobsook Boondech, who was accompanied by senators and other dignitaries. The delegation attended a presentation on the activities of the Court and was received by its President, Judge Hisashi Owada.", "270. On 17 March 2011, the Court was paid a visit by the President of the Parliament of Norway, H.E. Mr. Dag Terje Andersen. Mr. Andersen was accompanied by four Members of Parliament and three representatives of the Embassy of Norway in The Hague. The delegation was received by the Registrar of the Court, Philippe Couvreur. The Registry organized a presentation on the activities of the Court, during which it answered the questions put to it by the Norwegian Members of Parliament.", "271. On 2 May, the Court was visited by the President of Ireland, H.E. Ms. Mary McAleese, who was accompanied by an official delegation which included her spouse, and the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs of Ireland, H.E. Ms. Frances Fitzgerald, the Ambassador of Ireland to the Netherlands, H.E. Ms. Mary Whelan, as well as other high-ranking officials. President McAleese was welcomed by the President of the Court, Judge Hisashi Owada, and his spouse, and by the Registrar. President McAleese and principal members of the delegation were then escorted to the ante-chamber of the Great Hall of Justice, where they were introduced by President Owada to members of the Court and their spouses, and by the Registrar to senior Registry officials. At a solemn sitting held afterwards in the Great Hall of Justice and attended by the diplomatic corps, representatives of the Netherlands authorities and senior officials of other international institutions located in The Hague, speeches were made by President Owada and President McAleese.", "272. In addition, during the period under review, the President and members of the Court, as well as the Registrar and Registry officials, welcomed a large number of dignitaries, including members of governments, diplomats, parliamentary representatives, presidents and members of judicial bodies and other senior officials, to the seat of the Court.", "273. There were also many visits by researchers, academics, lawyers and other members of the legal profession, and journalists, among others. Presentations were made during a number of these visits by the President, members of the Court, the Registrar or Registry officials.", "274. A noteworthy development has been the increasing interest on the part of leading national and regional courts in visiting the Court for an exchange of ideas. The Court has also conducted electronic exchanges of information with a number of other courts and tribunals.", "275. On 19 September 2010, the Court welcomed some 600 visitors as part of The Hague International Day, organized in conjunction with the municipality of The Hague, the purpose of which is to introduce the expatriate community and citizens of the Netherlands to the international organizations based in the city. This was the third time that the Court had taken part in this event. During the course of the open day, the Information Department screened its new institutional film in English and in French, and its staff answered visitors’ questions and distributed various brochures containing information on the Court.", "276. On 1 April 2011, to celebrate the sixty fifth anniversary of the Court’s inaugural sitting, an exhibition of photographs and authentic items relating to the judicial activity of the Court was unveiled, and President Owada officially received the first copies of three new postage stamps designed for the Court. This event took place in the Atrium of the City Hall in The Hague, at a ceremony organized by the Court’s Registry, with the help of the municipality, in the presence of members of the Court, the Mayor of The Hague, aldermen, representatives of the diplomatic corps and senior officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and international organizations based in The Hague. The exhibition, which was held in the City Hall for two weeks and then for the following two weeks at the Peace Palace, briefly traced the history of the Court and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice; the various photos and other exhibits illustrated the Court’s role as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.", "Chapter VII", "Publications, documents and website of the Court", "277. The publications of the Court are distributed to the Governments of all States entitled to appear before the Court, and to the world’s major law libraries. The distribution of these publications is handled chiefly by the sales and marketing section of the Secretariat in New York. The catalogue, published in English and French, is distributed free of charge. An updated version of the catalogue, containing the 13-digit ISBN references, was published in mid-2009 and is available on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Publications”.", "278. The publications of the Court consist of several series, three of which are published annually: (a) the Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders (published in separate fascicles and as a bound volume); (b) the Yearbook; and (c) the Bibliography, comprising the works and documents relating to the Court.", "279. At the time of preparation of the present report, the bound volume of Reports 2008 had been printed, and the bound volume of Reports 2009 is to appear early in the second half of 2011. The Yearbook 2007-2008 was printed during the period under review, while the Yearbook 2008-2009 was being finalized. The Bibliography of the International Court of Justice, No. 55, was published during the period under review. The Bibliography of the International Court of Justice, Nos. 56, 57 and 58, is to be published at the end of the second half of 2011.", "280. The Court also publishes bilingual printed versions of the instruments instituting proceedings in the contentious cases referred to it (applications instituting proceedings and special agreements), and of the applications for permission to intervene and requests for advisory opinions that it receives. In the period under review, the Court received two applications instituting proceedings and one application for permission to intervene, which are currently being printed.", "281. The pleadings and other documents submitted to the Court in a case are usually made accessible to the public by the Court once the case is concluded. They are published, after the instruments instituting proceedings, in the series Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents. These volumes, which contain the full texts of the written pleadings, including annexes, as well as the verbatim reports of the public hearings, provide practitioners with a complete overview of the arguments elaborated by the parties.", "282. The following volumes were published during the reporting period or will be published in the near future: Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) (nine volumes); and Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (five volumes, to be issued in the second half of 2011).", "283. In the series Acts and Documents concerning the Organization of the Court, the Court publishes the instruments governing its functioning and practice. The most recent edition, No. 6, which was completely updated and includes the Practice Directions adopted by the Court, was issued in 2007. An offprint of the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 December 2000, is available in English and French. These documents can be found on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Basic Documents”. Unofficial translations of the Rules of Court are also available in the other official languages of the United Nations and in German and may also be found on the Court’s website.", "284. The Court issues press releases and summaries of its decisions.", "285. It also publishes a handbook intended to facilitate a better understanding of the history, organization, jurisdiction, procedures and jurisprudence of the Court. The fifth edition of the handbook was issued in January 2006 in the Court’s two official languages. The sixth edition will be published shortly in those two languages, and will subsequently be translated into the other official languages of the United Nations and into German.", "286. The Court also produces a general information booklet in the form of questions and answers. The booklet is produced in all official languages of the United Nations and in Dutch. A revised version will be released in the second half of 2011.", "287. A special, lavishly illustrated, book, The Illustrated Book of the International Court of Justice, was published in 2006.", "288. A leaflet for the general public about the Court was produced in December 2009. It gives an overview of the history and composition of the Court, as well as its mission (contentious and advisory jurisdiction).", "289. In 2010, the Registry produced a 15-minute documentary film about the Court. The film is available online on the Court’s website and is shown on a regular basis on a big screen to visitors at the Peace Palace. It has also been supplied to United Nations audio-visual broadcasting services, such as UNifeed.", "290. Thanks to its clearly organized website, the Registry is able to post various multimedia files online for the print and broadcast media and, when necessary, to provide live broadcasts of the Court’s public hearings.", "291. The website makes it possible to access the entire jurisprudence of the Court since 1946, as well as that of its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice. It also gives easy access to the principal documents (not including annexes) from the written and oral proceedings of all cases, all of the Court’s press releases, a number of basic documents (Charter of the United Nations, Statute of the Court, Rules of Court and practice directions), declarations recognizing the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction and a list of treaties and conventions providing for that jurisdiction, general information on the Court’s history and procedure, biographies and portraits of the judges and the Registrar, information on the organization and functioning of the Registry and a catalogue of publications.", "292. The site also provides a calendar of hearings and events, and online application forms for groups and individuals wishing to attend hearings or presentations on the activities of the Court. Pages listing vacancy announcements and internship opportunities can also be found on the website.", "293. Finally, the “Press Room” page provides online access to all necessary services and information for reporters wishing to cover the Court’s activities (in particular, the online accreditation procedures). The photo gallery offers them digital photos, which can be downloaded free of charge (for non-commercial use only). Audio and video clips from hearings and readings of the Court’s decisions are also available in several formats (flash, MPEG2, MP3).", "Chapter VIII", "Finances of the Court", "A. Method of covering expenditure", "294. In accordance with Article 33 of the Statute of the Court, “The expenses of the Court shall be borne by the United Nations in such a manner as shall be decided by the General Assembly”. As the budget of the Court has been incorporated in the budget of the United Nations, Member States participate in the expenses of both in the same proportion, in accordance with the scale of assessments determined by the General Assembly.", "295. In accordance with established practice, sums derived from staff assessment, sales of publications (dealt with by the sales sections of the Secretariat), bank interest etc., are recorded as United Nations income.", "B. Drafting of the budget", "296. In accordance with articles 26 to 30 of the Instructions for the Registry, a preliminary draft budget is prepared by the Registrar. This preliminary draft is submitted for the consideration of the Budgetary and Administrative Committee of the Court and then for approval to the Court itself.", "297. Once approved, the draft budget is forwarded to the Secretariat for incorporation in the draft budget of the United Nations. It is then examined by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and is afterwards submitted to the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly. It is finally adopted by the General Assembly in plenary meeting, within the framework of decisions concerning the budget of the United Nations.", "C. Budget implementation", "298. The Registrar is responsible for implementing the budget, with the assistance of the Finance Division (see para. 82 above). The Registrar has to ensure that proper use is made of the funds voted and must see that no expenses are incurred that are not provided for in the budget. The Registrar alone is entitled to incur liabilities in the name of the Court, subject to any possible delegations of authority. In accordance with a decision of the Court, adopted on the recommendation of the Subcommittee on Rationalization, the Registrar communicates, on a regular basis, a statement of accounts to the Budgetary and Administrative Committee of the Court.", "299. The accounts of the Court are audited every year by the Board of Auditors appointed by the General Assembly. At the end of each biennium, the closed accounts are forwarded to the Secretariat.", "D. Budget of the Court for the biennium 2010-2011", "300. Regarding the budget for the 2010-2011 biennium, the Court, as mentioned in its previous report, was pleased to note that its requests for new posts and an appropriation for the modernization of the Great Hall of Justice, where it holds its hearings, were largely granted (see also chap. I).", "Budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "(United States dollars, after recosting)", "Programme \n Members of the Court \n 0311025 Allowances for various expenses 877 200 \n 0311023 Pensions 3 886 600 \n 0393909 Duty allowance: judges ad hoc 1 165 100 \n 2042302 Travel on official business 50 800 \n 0393902 Emoluments 7 456 900 \n Subtotal 13 436 600 \n Registry \n 0110000 Permanent posts 15 217 700 \n 0170000 Temporary posts for the biennium 1 829 200 \n 0200000 Common staff costs 6 841 500 \n1540000 Medical and associated costs, aftersuspension of services\t346 500\n 0211014 Representation allowance 7 200 \n 1210000 Temporary assistance for meetings 1 622 700 \n 1310000 General temporary assistance 295 000 \n 1410000 Consultants 89 400 \n 1510000 Overtime 128 500 \n 2042302 Official travel 47 500 \n 0454501 Hospitality 19 900 \n Subtotal 26 445 100 \n Programme support \n 3030000 External translation 362 700 \n 3050000 Printing 361 400 \n 3070000 Data‑processing services 404 000 \n 4010000 Rental/maintenance of premises 3 301 700 \n 4030000 Rental of furniture and equipment 191 500 \n 4040000 Communications 237 800 \n 4060000 Maintenance of furniture and equipment 87 000 \n 4090000 Miscellaneous services 31 800 \n 5000000 Supplies and materials 293 500 \n 5030000 Library books and supplies 215 700 \n 6000000 Furniture and equipment 171 500 \n 6025041 Acquisition of office automation equipment 554 700 \n 6025042 Replacement of office automation equipment 510 800 \n Subtotal 6 724 100 \n Total 46 605 800", "301. More comprehensive information on the work of the Court during the period under review is available on its website, broken down by case. It will also be found in the Yearbook 2010-2011, to be issued in due course.", "(Signed) Hisashi Owada President of the International Court of Justice", "The Hague, 1 August 2011", "Annex", "International Court of Justice: organizational structure and post distribution as at 31 July 2011", "[TABLE]", "Abbreviations: OL, General Service (Other level); PL, General Service (Principal level); TA, temporary assistance.", "140911", "*1145058*", "[1] The Court delivered its judgment in the case concerning the Gabčikovo Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) on 25 September 1997. The case nevertheless technically remains pending, given that, in September 1998, Slovakia filed in the Registry of the Court a request for an additional judgment. Hungary filed a written statement of its position on the request for an additional judgment made by Slovakia within the time limit of 7 December 1998 fixed by the President of the Court. The parties have subsequently resumed negotiations over implementation of the 1997 judgment and have informed the Court on a regular basis of the progress made. The Court also delivered its judgment in the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) in December 2005. The case also technically remains pending, in the sense that the parties could again turn to the Court, as they are entitled to do under the judgment, to decide the question of reparation if they are unable to agree on this point. Finally, the Court delivered its judgment in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) on 30 November 2010. The case remains on the Court’s General List, in the sense that the parties could again turn to the Court, as they are entitled to do under the judgment, to decide the question of reparation owing by the Democratic Republic of the Congo if they are unable to agree on this point (see paras. 110-114 of the present report).", "[2] H.E. Professor Krzysztof Skubiszewski, President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and judge ad hoc at the Court, passed away on 8 February 2010.", "[3] Treaty between Chile and Peru for the settlement of the dispute regarding Tacna and Arica, signed at Lima on 3 June 1929." ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "1 August 2010-31 July 2011", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 4", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 4", "United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "1 August 2010-31 July 2011", "A/66/4", "Annotations", "ISSN 0251-803", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[11 August 2011]", "Contents", "3. Armed activities in the Congo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v.", "Chapter I", "Summary", "Composition of the Court", "1. The International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council for a term of nine years. One third of the members of the Court are re-elected every three years. The next re-election will take place in the last quarter of 2011.", "2. It should be noted, however, that during the reporting period, Judge Thomas Buergenthal resigned, effective 6 September 2010, resulting in a vacancy. The General Assembly and the Security Council elected Joan Donoghue (United States) as a member of the Court on 9 September 2010, with immediate effect. In accordance with Article 15 of the Statute of the Court, Judge Donoghue will complete the unexpired term of office of Judge Buergenthal until 5 February 2015.", "3. On 31 July 2011, the composition of the Court was as follows: President: Hisashi Owada (Japan); Vice-President: Peter Tomka (Slovakia); Judges: Abdul Koroma (Sierra Leone), Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh (Jordan), Bruno Simma (Germany), Ronny Abraham (France), Kenneth Keith (New Zealand), Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor (Mexico), Mohamed Bennouna (Morocco), Leonid Skotnikov (Russian Federation), Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil), Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somalia), Christopher Greenwood (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Xue Hanqin (China) and Joan Donoghue (United States of America).", "4. The Registrar of the Court is Mr. Philippe Couvreur, a Belgian national. The Deputy Registrar of the Court is Ms. Thérèse de Saint-Falle, a national of France and the United States of America.", "5. During the period under review, 28 judges ad hoc were chosen by the States concerned, while the related responsibilities were exercised by 18 persons (sometimes the same person was assigned to ad hoc judges in more than one case).", "Role of the Court", "6. The International Court of Justice is the only international court of a universal character with general jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of the Court is twofold.", "7. First, the Court is required to rule on disputes freely submitted to it by States in the exercise of their sovereignty. In that connection, it should be noted that, as at 31 July 2011, 193 States were parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, of which 66 had deposited with the Secretary-General a declaration of recognition of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. In addition, some 300 bilateral or multilateral treaties provide for the Court to have jurisdiction in the settlement of disputes arising from their application or interpretation. In specific cases of disputes, the jurisdiction of the Court may also be based on special agreements concluded between the States concerned. Finally, when submitting a dispute to the Court, a State may, in accordance with article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, base its jurisdiction on the consent to be given or expressed by the State against which the application is made. If the latter State gives its consent, the jurisdiction of the court is established at the date of the expression of consent (and thus becomes the court of consent of the parties).", "8. Secondly, the Court may be consulted on any legal question by the General Assembly or the Security Council, and on legal questions arising within the scope of its activities by other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies authorized by the Assembly.", "Cases brought before the Court", "During the reporting period, two new cases were brought before the Court. As at 31 July 2011, there were 14 contentious cases on the Court ' s List. [1] As at that date, there was one advisory procedure pending before the Court. The cases referred to above come from all over the world: four between European States, four between Latin American States, three between African States, one between Asian States and the remaining two of an intercontinental nature. Regional diversity once again demonstrates the universality of the Court.", "10. The issues involved in these cases are extremely diverse: territorial and maritime delimitation, environmental issues, jurisdictional immunities of States, violations of territorial integrity, racial discrimination, violations of human rights, interpretation and application of international conventions and treaties, etc.", "11. The cases brought before the Court are becoming increasingly complex in both factual and legal terms. In addition, these cases are often dealt with in several stages for different reasons, such as preliminary objections by the accused to jurisdiction or admissibility, requests for the indication of provisional measures having to be dealt with as a matter of urgency, requests for intervention by third States, etc.", "Main judicial events (in chronological order)", "12. During the reporting period, the Court held public hearings in five contentious cases. The Court rendered four judgments and six orders. The President of the Court issued three orders (see paras. 102-108).", "13. At the request of the Congo, the Court, on 16 November 2010, ordered the removal from the List of Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) (see paras. 145 and 146).", "On 18 November, the State of Costa Rica commenced proceedings before the Court against Nicaragua on the grounds that “Nicaraguan troops invaded, occupied, used Costa Rican territory and violated Nicaragua's obligations towards Costa Rica under a number of international conventions and treaties” (case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)). On the same date, Costa Rica also requested the indication of provisional measures (see paras. 231-244).", "15. On 30 November, the Court rendered its judgment in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo). The Court found that the arrest, detention and expulsion of Mr. Diallo by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1995-1996 violated his fundamental rights, but did not violate his direct rights as a partner in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire (see paras. 110-114).", "16. On 8 March 2011, the Court issued an Order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica in the case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (see paras. 231-244). In its order, the Court indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) ... Each party shall not send or maintain any personnel, whether civilian, police or security personnel, to the disputed territory, including caño;", "(2) ... Notwithstanding the first point above, Costa Rica may send civilian personnel to protect the environment of the disputed territory, including caño, subject to the need to prevent irreparable damage to the wetlands in which the territory is located; it shall consult with the secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on these actions, notify Nicaragua in advance and make its best efforts to find a common solution with Nicaragua in this regard;", "(3) ... Each Party shall not take any action that might aggravate or make more difficult the resolution of the dispute before the Court;", "(4) ... Each Party shall inform the Court of its compliance with the above provisional measures.", "17. On 1 April, the Court rendered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation in the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation). The Court found that it had no jurisdiction to determine the dispute. In its judgment, the Court “(1)(a) rejected the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation; (b) endorsed the second preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation; and (b) found that the Court was not competent to hear Georgia's application of 12 August 2008” (see paras.", "18. On 5 April 2011, at the request of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Court ordered that the case concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) be removed from the List (see paras. 218-224).", "19. On 28 April, the Kingdom of Cambodia filed an application for interpretation of the Judgment of the Court of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) with the Registry of the Court. Cambodia also requested an indication of provisional measures when requesting an explanation (see paras. 245-258).", "20. On 4 May, the Court rendered its judgment on the admissibility of the Application of Costa Rica in the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In its judgment, the Court “confirmed that it was unable to grant the request of the Republic of Costa Rica to participate in the proceedings pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute of the Court” (see paras.", "21. On 4 May, the Court also rendered its judgment on the admissibility of the Application of Honduras in the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In its judgment, the Court “confirmed that it was unable to grant the request of the Republic of Honduras for participation in the proceedings as a party or as a non-party, in accordance with Article 62 of the Statute of the Court” (see paras.", "22. On 4 July, the Court ordered that Greece be permitted to intervene as a non-party in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy) (see paras. 184-206).", "23. On 18 July, the Court decided on a request for the indication of provisional measures in Cambodia ' s case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand). In its Order, the Court first rejected Thailand ' s request to remove the case from the List and then indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) ... the Parties shall immediately withdraw the existing military personnel from the temporary demilitarized zone as defined in paragraph 62 of this Order, refrain from any military presence in the demilitarized zone and refrain from any armed activities in that zone;", "(2) Thailand shall not obstruct the free access of the Cambodian side to the Temple of Preah Vihear or the supply of new items to non-military personnel in the Temple;", "(3) ... both sides should continue the cooperation they have agreed to within the ASEAN framework, in particular by allowing access to the temporary demilitarized zone for ASEAN-designated observers;", "(4) Neither party may take any action that might aggravate or make more difficult the resolution of the dispute before the Court.", "The Court ruled that each party should inform the Court of its compliance with the above-mentioned provisional measures and that the Court would remain seized of the matters that are the subject of this Order until it has rendered its judgment on the request for interpretation (see paras. 245-258).", "Perspective of the Court ' s continuing workload", "24. The judicial year 2010/11 was a busy one, with four cases being tried at the same time and the judicial year 2011/12 being fully organized, especially since two new contentious cases were brought before the Court between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011.", "25. The Court has been able to cope with such busy activities because of the many steps it has taken in recent years to improve its efficiency and thus to cope with the increasing workload. The Court continuously re-examines its procedures and working methods and regularly updates the procedural guidelines (adopted in 2001) for use by States appearing before it. In addition, the Court has set itself a particularly strict schedule of hearings and deliberations, which allows for the simultaneous consideration of multiple cases and, as expeditiously as possible, the increasing number of incidental proceedings (requests for the indication of provisional measures, counterclaims, requests for intervention).", "26. The Court has successfully cleared its backlog of cases. States considering the use of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations are now confident that the Court will be able to start oral proceedings in a timely manner once the written phase of the proceedings has been completed.", "Human resources: establishment of posts", "27. As a result of the enhanced counter-terrorism alert in the Netherlands, the Court conducted a security audit. To that end, in its budget submission for the biennium 2010-2011, the Court had requested four additional posts to strengthen the existing security capacity, currently comprising only two security staff in the General Service category. The Court requests the establishment of one Security Officer post at the P-3 level and three additional Security Officer posts in the General Service category. At the end of 2009, the General Assembly approved the establishment of only one of the four posts deemed necessary by the Department of Safety and Security of the United Nations Secretariat: one Security Officer post (General Service). While the Court appreciates the General Assembly ' s approval of the establishment of the post, it reiterates the need for additional posts to improve security. In the budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court reiterated its request for one P-3 post of Security Specialist and one General Service (Other level) post of Security Information Assistant. The establishment of these posts would, in particular, enable the Court to strengthen its security capacity and perform its traditional responsibilities, while also addressing new technical challenges in information system security. The Court hopes that the General Assembly will give favourable consideration to these requests when it considers the next draft biennial budget of the Court in the second half of 2011.", "28. In its budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court also requested the establishment of an Associate Legal Officer post at the P-2 level in the Department of Legal Affairs. The post is required because of the increasing complexity of cases brought before the Court (both factually and legally), the increase in the number of ancillary proceedings (the Court ' s Department of Legal Affairs plays a significant role in dealing with ancillary proceedings) and the fact that the Court is now engaged in simultaneous deliberations on multiple cases (which means that some drafting committees requiring the assistance of the Department of Legal Affairs are working simultaneously). The addition of this post would enable the current staff of the Department of Legal Affairs to better respond to the increased legal responsibilities of the Department in relation to cases before the Court and to enable it to assist the Court in its judicial work in a timely manner. The incumbent of the new post would be primarily engaged in other legal activities under the responsibility of the Department, such as the drafting of diplomatic correspondence and minutes of court meetings, the screening of documents for publication and the provision of general legal assistance to other sections of the Registry, in particular in connection with external contracts and the conditions of employment of staff.", "29. In its budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court also sought the establishment of one General Service (Other level) post of Assistant in the Publishing Service. The Publishing Service currently has three Professional posts: one Chief of Service (P-4) and two proofreaders/copy preparers (P-3 and P-2). Each of the two proofreaders/copy preparers is responsible for one of the official languages of the Court. It has been clear for some time that, in order to ensure a better distribution of workload and more efficient handling of the growing number of requests for publications, a post of Administrative and Editorial Assistant in the General Service category is required. The incumbent of the new post would provide technical assistance to Professional staff, in particular the preparation of electronic versions of texts in accordance with the established format, the type-checking of texts, ensuring that they conform to the style and rules of the Court, ensuring that any further changes to the text are incorporated into final hard-copy files and the compilation of relevant statistics for the Publishing Service.", "Modernization of the Justice Hall of the Peace Palace", "30. Following a request by the Court, a significant amount was received from the General Assembly at the end of 2009 for the replacement and upgrading of audio-visual equipment in its historic courtroom (the Justice Hall of the Peace Palace) and adjacent rooms, including the Press Briefing Room, during the biennium 2010-2011. The Court will work with the Carnegie Foundation, which has ownership of the Peace Palace, to renovate those offices. In particular, the General Assembly allocation was made for the installation of information technology devices on the bench. In recent years, all international tribunals have adopted this technology, and only the courts have yet to do so. All equipment for which the General Assembly had approved funding would be acquired by the end of 2011.", "“Promotion of the rule of law”", "The Court's renewed invitation, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/32, provides an opportunity to submit an annual report to the General Assembly “to comment on the current role of the [Court] in promoting the rule of law”. In February 2008, the Court completed the questionnaire sent by the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, which will be used for the preparation of a list, the content of which is still running out of time. In this regard, it should be borne in mind that the International Court of Justice, as a court and as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, occupies a special place. Once again this year, the Court wishes to point out that everything it does is to promote the rule of law: it delivers its judgments and gives its advisory opinions in accordance with the Statute, which is an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations, and ensures, through its publications, multimedia outputs and its website, that its decisions are known to as many people as possible around the globe. The website now contains the full jurisprudence of the Court and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice.", "32. Members of the Court, the Registrar, the Department of Public Information and the Department of Legal Affairs provided regular briefings on the functioning of the Court, its procedures and its jurisprudence. In addition, the Court receives a large number of visitors each year. Finally, the Court has an internship programme to familiarize students from different backgrounds with this institution and to enhance their knowledge of international law.", "33. Lastly, the Court welcomed the reaffirmation by States of their confidence in its ability to resolve disputes. In 2011/12, the Court will, as in 2010/11, treat existing cases and cases to be received with due diligence and impartiality.", "Chapter II", "Organization of the Court", "Composition", "34. On 31 July 2011, the composition of the Court is as follows: President, Hisashi Owada; Vice-President, Peter Tomka; Judges: Abdul Koroma, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, Bruno Simma, Ronny Abraham, Kenneth Keith, Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor, Mohamed Bennouna, Leonid Skotnikov, Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, Christopher Greenwood, Xue Hanqin and Joan Donoghue.", "35. The Registrar of the Court is Philippe Couvreur. The Deputy Registrar is Thérèse de Saint-Falle.", "36. In accordance with Article 29 of the Statute, the Court annually establishes a Chamber of Summary Procedure, composed as follows:", "Members", "Director Owada.", "Vice-President Tomka", "Judges Koroma, Simma and Sepúlveda Amor", "Alternates", "Judges Skotnikov and Greenwood.", "37. In the case concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), because of the disqualification of Judge Tomka under Article 24 of the Statute of the Court, Slovakia chose Krzysztov Skubiševski to sit as judge ad hoc. [2]", "38. In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Guinea chose Ahmed Mahiou and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Auguste Mampuya Kanoka Chiabo to sit as judges ad hoc.", "39. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), the Democratic Republic of the Congo chose Joe Ferhven and Uganda James Kateka to sit as judges ad hoc.", "40. In the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Croatia chose Budislav Vukas and Serbia Milenko Kreća to sit as judges ad hoc.", "41. In the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Nicaragua chose Giorgio Gaja, Colombia Yves Forteau to sit as judge ad hoc, and Jean-Pierre Cott to sit as judge ad hoc following the resignation of Forteau.", "42. In the case concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), the Congo chose Jean Yves de Cara to sit as judge ad hoc. As Judge Abraham recused himself under Article 24 of the Statute of the Court, France chose Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judge ad hoc.", "43. In the case concerning Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), Peru chose Gilbert Guillaume and Chile Francisco Orrego Vicuña to sit as judges ad hoc.", "44. In the case concerning Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia), Ecuador chose Raúl Emilio Binuesa and Colombia Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "45. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Georgia chose Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc.", "46. In the case concerning Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia chose Budislav Vukas and Greece Emmanuel Rukunas to sit as judges ad hoc.", "47. In the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Italy chose Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc.", "48. In the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Belgium chose Philippe Kirsch and Senegal Serge Sur to sit as judges ad hoc.", "49. In the case concerning Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), Australia chose Hilary Charlesworth to sit as judge ad hoc.", "50. In the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Niger), Burkina Faso chose Jean-Pierre Cot and Niger Ahmed Mahiou to sit as judges ad hoc.", "51. In the case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Costa Rica chose John Dugard and Nicaragua Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judges ad hoc.", "52. In the case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 at the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. France), Cambodia chose Gilbert Guillaume and Thailand Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "B. Privileges and immunities", "Article 19 of the Statute provides that: “In the performance of their duties as members of the Court, they shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities”.", "54. By an exchange of letters between the President of the Court and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands on 26 June 1946, the members of the Court generally enjoy in the Netherlands the privileges, immunities, facilities and rights enjoyed by the heads of diplomatic missions accredited to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (I.C.J. Decrees and Documents No. 6, pp. 204-211 and 214-217).", "By its resolution 90 (I) of 11 December 1946 (ibid., pp. 210-215), the General Assembly approved the agreement concluded with the Government of the Netherlands in June 1946 and recommended that “a judge who, for the purpose of holding himself permanently at the service of the Court, resides in a country other than his or her own, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities during the period of his or her stay in that country” and that “a judge shall be accorded all facilities for leaving the country of his or her nationality, for entering and leaving the country where the Court sits”. Judges “shall enjoy all the privileges, immunities and facilities accorded by those States to diplomatic envoys when travelling in connection with the exercise of their functions, irrespective of the country to which they may be required”.", "56. In the same resolution, the General Assembly also recommended that the authorities of States Members of the United Nations recognize and accept the United Nations laissez-passer issued by the Court to the judges. Such laissez-passer have been issued since 1950 and are similar in form to those issued by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "In addition, article 32, paragraph 8, of the Statute provides that “the allowances and honorariums payable to the judges and the Registrar shall be exempt from all taxation”.", "Chapter III", "Jurisdiction of the Court", "A. Jurisdiction of the Court in contentious cases", "58. As at 31 July 2011, 193 States Members of the United Nations were parties to the Statute of the Court.", "59. At present, 66 States have made declarations under Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 5, of the Statute recognizing as compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court (a number of them with reservations). They are: Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Japan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Senegal, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay. The texts of the declarations made by those States are available on the Court's website (www.icj-cij.org) under “Jurisdiction”.", "60. Some 300 multilateral and bilateral conventions in force provide for the jurisdiction of the Court. The directory of these treaties and conventions is also available on the Court's website under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "B. Jurisdiction of the Court in advisory matters", "In addition to organs of the United Nations (the General Assembly and the Security Council, which are entitled to request an advisory opinion from the Court on “any legal question”, as well as the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Interim Committee of the Assembly), the following organizations are currently authorized to request an advisory opinion from the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities:", "International Labour Organization", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "International Civil Aviation Organization", "World Health Organization", "World Bank", "International Finance Corporation", "International Development Association", "International Monetary Fund", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Meteorological Organization", "International Maritime Organization", "World Intellectual Property Organization", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "International Atomic Energy Agency", "A list of international instruments providing for the advisory jurisdiction of the Court is available on the Court's website (www.icj-cij.org) under “Jurisdiction”.", "Chapter IV", "Functioning of the Court", "A. Committees established by the Court", "63. During the period under review, the two committees established by the Court to facilitate its administrative work met regularly; on 31 July 2011, they were composed as follows:", "(a) Budgetary and Administrative Committee: President Owada (Chairman), Vice-President Tomka, Judges Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Yusuf, Greenwood;", "(b) Library Committee: Judge Simma (Chairman), Judge Abraham, Judge Bennouna, Judge Cançado Trindade.", "64. The Rules Committee, a permanent body of the Court established in 1979, also met several times during the reporting period and, on 31 July 2011, was composed of Judges Al-Khasawneh (Chair), Abraham, Keith, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade and Greenwood.", "Registry", "65. The Court is the only principal organ of the United Nations that has its own administration (see Article 98 of the Charter). The Registry is the permanent international secretariat of the Court, whose responsibilities are defined in the Statute and Rules (in particular articles 22 to 29 of the Rules). Since the Court is both a judicial organ and an international institution, the role of the Registry is to provide mutual legal assistance on the one hand and to function as a permanent administrative body on the other. The organization of the Registry is established by the Court on the basis of proposals made by the Registrar, whose responsibilities are determined by instructions drafted in detail by the Registrar and approved by the Court (see article 28, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Rules). The Instructions for the Registry were drawn up in October 1946 and are in many respects outdated and being revised. An organizational chart of the Registry is attached to the present report.", "Registry officials are appointed by the Court on the recommendation of the Registrar; General Service staff are appointed by the Registrar with the approval of the President. Short-term staff are appointed by the Registrar. Conditions of work are set out in the Staff Regulations adopted by the Court (see article 28 of the Rules). As a general rule, Registry officials enjoy the same privileges and immunities as officials of diplomatic missions in The Hague of equivalent rank, with the same status, remuneration and pension rights as Secretariat officials of equivalent category or grade.", "67. Over the past two decades, the Registry ' s workload has increased significantly with the significant increase in the number of cases brought before the Court and the complexity of cases, despite the introduction of new technologies.", "68. There are currently 114 posts in the Registry: 58 in the Professional and higher categories (50 established posts and 8 biennial posts) and 56 in the General Service category (53 established posts and 3 biennial posts).", "69. On 17 March 2011, the Registrar issued several important amendments to the Staff Regulations of the Registry in order to apply to Registry staff the rules and regulations of the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the United Nations, which entered into force in the United Nations Secretariat in July 2009. In addition, the Registrar submitted to the Court a revised draft of the disciplinary measures in the Staff Regulations of the Registry to clarify those measures and ensure greater legal security for staff.", "70. Following the introduction of the new system of administration of justice at the United Nations, the specific appeals system for Registry staff will need to be slightly adjusted. In 1998, the Court had recognized the jurisdiction of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, which in the new system had been replaced by the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. By an exchange of letters between the President of the Court and the Secretary-General of the United Nations between 20 April and 10 June 2011, the Court has provisionally recognized the jurisdiction of the Appeals Tribunal to rule on applications filed by Registry staff in situations similar to those where the Court had previously recognized the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal (failure in conciliation proceedings).", "1. Registrar", "71. The Registrar is the normal channel for the exchange of correspondence of the Court and has special responsibility for the processing of all correspondence, notifications and transmissions of documents as required by the Statute or the Rules. The Registrar ' s mandate includes: (a) to maintain a summary of cases and to register and number them in the order in which the Registry receives the documents instituting proceedings or requesting an advisory opinion; (b) to be present at meetings of the Court, its Chambers and committees, to provide all required assistance and to be responsible for the preparation of reports or records of such meetings, either in person or by the Deputy Registrar; (c) to arrange for the provision or verification of translation and interpretation into the official languages of the Court (French and English) as required by the Court; (d) to sign all judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court and minutes of meetings; (e) to be responsible for the administration of the Registry and the work of the various departments and services, including the management of accounts and finances in accordance with the financial procedures of the United Nations; (f) to maintain contact with the parties to the case, to manage the proceedings and to deal with all external relations of the Court, in particular with other organs of the United Nations, other international organizations and States, and to provide information on the activities of the Court and on its publications; and (g) to maintain the seal of the Court, its archives and other archives entrusted", "72. In accordance with the relevant exchange of letters and General Assembly resolution 90 (I) (see paras. 54 and 55 above), the Registrar enjoys the same privileges and immunities as heads of diplomatic missions in The Hague and all privileges, immunities and facilities accorded to diplomatic envoys when travelling to third countries.", "Deputy Registrar", "73. The Deputy Registrar assists the Registrar and acts as Registrar in his or her absence. Since 1998, the Deputy Registrar has been entrusted with broader administrative responsibilities, including direct supervision of the work of the Archives, Indexing and Distribution Service and the Information and Communications Technology Service.", "3. Substantive branches and units of the Registry", "Department of Legal Affairs", "74. The Department of Legal Affairs has eight posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, under the direct supervision of the Registrar, for all legal matters within the Registry, in particular to assist the Court in the performance of its judicial functions. The Department also acts as the secretariat for the drafting committees that draft court decisions, as well as for the Rules Committee. The Department conducts studies on issues of international law, reviews judicial and procedural precedents and prepares studies and notes for the Court and the Registrar, as required. It also prepares, for signature by the Registrar, all correspondence in pending cases and, more generally, diplomatic correspondence on the application of the Statute or the Rules of Court. The Department is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the headquarters agreements with the host country. In addition, the Department prepares the minutes of the Court ' s meetings. Finally, the Department advises on all legal issues relating to external contracts and the terms of employment of Registry staff.", "75. In view of the increased workload of the Department of Legal Affairs, the Court is requesting the establishment of an Associate Legal Officer post (P-2) in the Department for the biennium 2012-2013 (see para. 28 above).", "Department of Language Services", "76. The Department of Language Services currently has 17 posts in the Professional category and 1 in the General Service category for the translation of Court documents into the two official languages and the provision of language support to judges. The Court uses the same number of its two official languages at all stages of its activities. Documents translated include: case pleadings and other communications from States parties; verbatim records of hearings; draft judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court and its various working papers; transcripts of judges, opinions and statements appended to judgments, advisory opinions and orders; minutes of meetings of the Court and its subsidiary organs, including those of the Budget and Administrative Committee and other committees; internal reports, notes, studies, memorandums and instructions; speeches by the President and judges to outside bodies; reports and communications to the Secretariat, etc. The Department also provides interpretation services for the private and public meetings of the Court and, as required, for meetings of the President and members of the Court with agents of the parties and other official visitors.", "77. With the establishment of 12 new posts in 2000, the recruitment of external translators has been significantly reduced. However, as the workload of the Court increased, the need for external translators began to increase. However, the Department makes maximum use of home translation (which is less expensive than the traditional requirement for freelance translators to work in the Registry) and remote translation (which is done by other language services within the United Nations system). The Court uses external interpreters for its hearings and deliberations; however, in order to reduce costs, to provide greater flexibility in the event of changes in the Court ' s schedule and to ensure more effective coordination of the Department ' s work, the Department has begun a programme of training translators as interpreters. One English-French translator has reached the required level of professional interpretation.", "Department of Public Information", "78. The Department of Public Information, with three posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, plays an important role in the Court ' s external relations. The responsibilities of the Department include responding to queries requesting information on the Court, preparing all documents containing information on the Court in general (in particular the annual report of the Court to the General Assembly, the Yearbook and various handbooks for the general public) and encouraging and assisting media coverage of the work of the Court (for example, through the preparation of press releases and the development of new communications products, in particular audio-visual materials). The Department also held briefings on the Court to interested audiences (diplomatic staff, lawyers, students and others) and was responsible for updating the Court ' s website. The Department ' s responsibilities also include internal communications.", "79. The Department of Public Information is also responsible for organizing the public sittings of the Court and all other official activities, in particular a large number of visits, including visits by dignitaries. In such cases, the Department performs protocol duties.", "Administrative and Personnel Service", "80. The Administrative and Personnel Service currently has two posts in the Professional category and 12 in the General Service category. It is responsible for a variety of administrative and staff management responsibilities, including planning and conducting the recruitment, appointment, promotion, training and separation of staff. In the area of staff management, the Service ensures compliance with the Staff Regulations of the Registry and the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, which the Court determines to be applicable. As part of its recruitment efforts, the Service prepares vacancy announcements, reviews applications, arranges interviews for the selection of candidates, prepares contracts for successful candidates and handles the induction of new staff. The Service also administers staff entitlements and benefits, is responsible for the follow-up of related administrative issuances and liaises with the Office of Human Resources Management of the Secretariat and the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund.", "81. The Administrative and Personnel Service is also responsible for procurement, inventory management and liaison with the Carnegie Foundation, the owner of the Peace Palace, on building-related matters. The Service has certain security responsibilities and also oversees the work of the General Assistant Service. The General Assistance Service, headed by a Coordinator, provides general assistance to members of the Court and Registry staff, such as messenger, transport and reception.", "Treasury", "82. Treasury has one post in the Professional category and two posts in the General Service category for financial matters. The responsibilities of the Service include, inter alia, preparing draft budgets, ensuring proper budget implementation, keeping financial accounting books, conducting financial reports, managing payments and salary payments to vendors and processing work related to salaries of members of the Court and Registry staff (such as allowances and reimbursement of expenses). The Treasury is also responsible for the payment of pensions to retired members of the Court, for treasury and banking matters and for maintaining regular contact with the tax authorities of the host country.", "Publications Service", "83. The Publishing Service has three posts in the Professional category for the preparation, proofreading, sample correction, valuation and selection of printing companies for the following official publications of the Court: (a) Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders; (b) Pleadings, Oral Arguments and Documents; (c) Acts and Documents relating to the Organization of the Court; (d) Bibliography; and (e) Yearbook. The Service is also responsible for various other publications as directed by the Court or the Registrar. In addition, the Service is responsible for the preparation, signing and execution of contracts with printers, including the processing of all invoices. In view of the increased workload of the Service, the Court is requesting the establishment of one post of Administrative and Editorial Assistant (General Service (Other level)) in the Service for the biennium 2012-2013, which currently has no post of Assistant (see para. 29). For more information on the publications of the Court, see chapter VII.", "Documents Service — Library of the Court", "84. The Documentation Branch has two posts in the Professional category and four in the General Service category, the main task of which is to acquire, preserve, classify and make available the principal works of international law, as well as a large number of periodicals and other related documents. It prepares bibliographies on cases brought before the Court and other bibliographies as required. The Service also provides translators with the required reference materials. In cooperation with the Electronic Information Acquisition Consortium of the United Nations system, the Branch provides users with access to an increasing number of databases and online resources, as well as to various electronic documents related to the Court. The Service has acquired integrated software for the management of its collection of information and operations and will shortly launch an online catalogue for use by members of the Court and all Registry staff. It works in close cooperation with the Peace Palace Library of the Carnegie Foundation.", "85. The Service is also responsible for the custody of the archives of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal (including paper documents, audio recordings, films and certain other items). Projects for the protection and digitization of these archives are under way.", "Information and Communications Technology Service", "86. The Information and Communications Technology Service, which has two posts in the Professional category and four in the General Service category, is responsible for the efficient functioning of information and communications technology in the Court. The Service is mandated to support the judicial work of the members of the Court and the activities of the Registry by providing appropriate and effective information technology resources. It also provides customized help to users and ensures the security of information systems.", "87. The Service is responsible, inter alia, for the management and operation of the Court ' s servers, the maintenance and inventory of equipment and the management of local and wide area networks, including the management of communications systems. The Branch implements mechanisms to monitor the security of its information systems and systematically keeps abreast of technological developments to enable it to track emerging risks. Finally, the Service provides advice and training to users on all aspects of information technology and facilitates communication between the Service and the various departments and services of the Registry.", "Archives, Indexing and Distribution Service", "88. The Archives, Indexing and Distribution Service, comprising one post in the Professional category and five posts in the General Service category, is responsible for the indexing, classification and preservation of all correspondence and documents received and sent by the Court and their subsequent retrieval as required. The responsibilities of the Service include, inter alia, the preparation of up-to-date indexes of correspondence, incoming and outgoing correspondence and all official and other documents on file, and the inspection, distribution and archiving of all internal documents, some of which are strictly confidential. The Service now has a computerized recording system for the management of internal and external documents.", "89. The Archives, Indexing and Distribution Service is also responsible for the distribution of the Court ' s official publications to States Members of the United Nations and to many institutions and individuals.", "Text Processing and Reproduction Service", "90. The Text Processing and Reproduction Service, comprising one post in the Professional category and nine posts in the General Service category, is responsible for all typing in the Registry and for the reproduction of documents as required.", "91. In addition to correspondence, the Service has special responsibility for the typing and reproduction of the Court ' s judgments, advisory opinions and orders. It is also responsible for the typing and reproduction of: translations of pleadings and annexes; verbatim records of hearings and their translations; translations of judges ' notes and judges ' amendments to draft judgements; and translations of judges ' opinions. In addition, the Service is responsible for the reconciliation of documents and references, as well as for review and layout.", "Registrar and Special Assistant to the President", "92. The President of the Court is assisted by a Special Assistant (P-3), who is administratively attached to the Department of Legal Affairs. As the General Assembly approved six additional Associate Legal Officer (P-2) posts for the biennium 2010-2011, each of the other members of the Court will be assisted by a Registrar. The 14 Associate Legal Officers are also regular Registry staff and administratively report to the Department of Legal Affairs.", "93. The Registrars work and research for the members of the Court and ad hoc judges within their responsibilities. The work of the Registrar is generally supervised by the Coordination and Training Committee, which consists of members of the Court and senior Registry staff.", "Judge Secretary", "94. The 15 secretaries of the judges are headed by a focal point and perform various functions. In general, the secretaries are responsible for the typing of notes, amendments, opinions and all correspondence of judges and judges ad hoc, assist the judges in the management of their work logs, prepare relevant documentation for meetings and receive visitors and respond to queries.", "Chief Medical Officer", "95. With effect from 1 May 2009, the Registry engaged a Chief Medical Officer (one quarter of his/her time on duty), whose salary was charged to the provision for temporary assistance. Medical officers are responsible for urgent medical examinations, periodic medical examinations and the first medical examination of new staff members. During the reporting period, the Medical Services Unit conducted 190 out-patient visits, including 16 initial medical examinations (new staff) and 6 periodic medical examinations (security officers and drivers). The Chief Medical Officer advises the Registry on health and hygiene issues, workstation mechanics and working conditions. Lastly, medical officers are responsible for organizing information, medical examinations, prevention and vaccination campaigns. Influenza prophylaxis were administered to 62 people between September and November 2010.", "4 Staff Committee", "96. The Staff Committee of the Registry was established in 1979, subject to the provisions of article 9 of the Staff Regulations of the Registry. During the reporting period, the Committee organized, with the support of the Registrar, an event in the Peace Palace on 18 April to commemorate the sixty-fifth anniversary of the Court, in which all Registry staff participated. The Committee also held its first Registry Staff Day on 22 June, aimed at promoting the spirit of the staff group. The Committee worked constructively with management to promote dialogue within the Registry, a spirit of listening and fruitful interaction with staff committees of other international organizations based in The Hague and Geneva.", "C. Seat", "97. The seat of the Court is located at The Hague, but the Court may sit and exercise its functions elsewhere if it deems it appropriate (Statute, Article 22, paragraph 1; Rules, Article 55). To date, the Court has never met outside The Hague.", "98. The Court uses the premises of the Peace Palace at The Hague. On 21 February 1946, an agreement was reached between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation, which is responsible for the administration of the Peace Palace, defining the conditions under which the Court will use the premises and providing for an annual contribution to the Carnegie Foundation for that purpose. The level of contributions has increased in accordance with the supplementary agreements approved by the General Assembly in 1951 and 1958 and subsequent amendments. The annual contribution of the United Nations to the Carnegie Foundation in 2011 amounted to Euro1,236,334. The United Nations is currently negotiating with the Carnegie Foundation to further amend the agreement, in particular with regard to the scope and quality of the Court ' s reserved area, the security of personnel and property and the level of services provided by the Carnegie Foundation.", "Museums", "99. In 1999, the Secretary-General inaugurated the museum opened by the International Court of Justice in the south wing of the Peace Palace that year. Plans are under way to renovate and modernize the museum and facilitate public access to historical exhibits in the museum.", "Chapter V", "Judicial work of the Court", "General", "100. During the reporting period, 17 contentious cases and 1 advisory procedure were pending; 14 contentious cases and 1 advisory procedure remained pending as at 31 July 2011.", "101. During this period, the Court received two new contentious cases in the following order:", "Certain Activities of Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua);", "Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "102. During the same period, the Court held public hearings (in chronological order) in the following five cases:", "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections raised by the Russian Federation;", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia): the Court held separate but consecutive hearings on the admissibility of the Application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene in the case and the Application of Honduras for permission to intervene in the case;", "Certain Activities of Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Request for the indication of provisional measures;", "Application of the Interim Agreement of 13 September 1995 (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece);", "Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Cambodia Request for the indication of provisional measures.", "103. During the period under review, the Court rendered judgments in the following four cases (in chronological order):", "Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo);", "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections to Jurisdiction raised by the Russian Federation;", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Request by Honduras for permission to intervene in the case;", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Request by Costa Rica for permission to intervene in the case.", "104. On 4 July 2011, the Court ordered that Greece be allowed to participate as a non-party in the proceedings in the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy).", "105. In the case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), the Court issued an order concerning Cambodia ' s request for the indication of provisional measures.", "106. The Court also issued an order setting time limits (in chronological order) for the filing of written pleadings in two cases:", "Border dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger);", "Certain Activities of Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).", "107. In addition, the Court ordered that two cases (in chronological order) be removed from the List:", "Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France);", "Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland).", "108. During the period covered by this report, the President of the Court issued three Orders extending the time limit for the filing of pleadings in the following cases: Case concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland); Consultative proceedings initiated by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in respect of Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization concerning allegations against the International Fund for Agricultural Development; and Case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal).", "B. Pending proceedings during the reporting period", "1. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)", "109. On 2 July 1993, Hungary and Slovakia jointly notified the Court that, on 7 April 1993, they had signed a special agreement agreeing to refer to the Court certain issues arising from differences in the implementation and termination of the Budapest Treaty of 16 September 1977 concerning the construction and operation of the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros barrage system (see annual report 1992/93 et seq.). In its judgment of 25 September 1997, the Court found that both Hungary and Slovakia had breached their legal obligations. The Court considered that the 1977 Budapest Treaty remained in force and called on both countries to negotiate in good faith to ensure that the objectives of the Treaty were achieved, taking into account the realities that had arisen since 1989. On 3 September 1998, Slovakia filed a request to the Registry of the Court for an additional judgment in the case. Slovakia stated that an additional judgement was required because Hungary was unwilling to implement the Court ' s judgement of 25 September 1997. Hungary submitted its written statement in response to Slovakia ' s request for an additional judgment by the time limit of 7 December 1998 set by the President of the Court. The parties have since resumed negotiations and have kept the Court regularly informed of progress. The case is still pending.", "2. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "On 28 December 1998, the Republic of Guinea filed an application in the Registry of the Court instituting proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo in respect of a dispute concerning alleged “serious violations of international law” against Guinean nationals, Ahmedou Sadio Diallo (see annual report 1998/99 et seq.). Guinea filed its Memorial within the timelimit as extended by the Court. On 3 October 2002, within the timelimit extended by the Court for the filing of its CounterMemorial, the Democratic Republic of the Congo filed a number of preliminary objections to the admissibility of the application. On 24 May 2007, the Court rendered its judgment declaring admissible the part of Guinea ' s application relating to the protection of Mr. Diallo ' s personal rights and his direct rights as a partner of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, but inadmissible the part relating to the protection afforded to Mr. Diallo in the event of alleged violations of the rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. By an Order of 27 June 2007, the Court fixed 27 March 2008 as the time limit for the filing of a CounterMemorial by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The CounterMemorial was filed within the timelimit thus fixed. By an order of 5 May 2008, the Court authorized the filing of a reply by Guinea and a rejoinder by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and fixed 19 November 2008 and 5 June 2009 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "111. Public hearings were held from 19 to 29 April 2010. At the conclusion of the oral arguments, the parties submitted their final submissions to the Court.", "112. The Republic of Guinea requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(a) The responsibility of the Republic of Guinea for the arbitrary arrest and expulsion of Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a Guinean national, who has not respected his rights under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963, has been subjected to humiliating and degrading treatment, has been denied the right to own, supervise and manage the company created in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as the sole partner, has been prevented from recovering the debt owed to the said company by the Democratic Republic of the Congo itself and other parties under contract, and has in fact expropriated Mr. Diallo ' s property, and has committed an internationally wrongful act against the Democratic Republic of the Congo;", "(b) The Democratic Republic of the Congo must therefore make full reparation for the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo or by the Republic of Guinea through its nationals;", "(c) Such compensation shall cover all injury, including loss of income, caused by the internationally wrongful act of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and shall include interest.", "Guinea also requests the Court:", "In the event that the parties are unable to agree on the amount of compensation within six months of the judgement, Guinea is authorized at a later stage of the proceedings to assess the amount of compensation to be paid to it by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in this regard.", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo “taking into account its defence and the judgment of the Court of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, in which the Court declared inadmissible the request of Guinea in its Application for the protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of the alleged violation of the rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire ... , may request the Court to adjudge and declare that: (i) the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any internationally wrongful act against Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo's personal rights; (ii) the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any internationally wrongful act against Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo's direct rights as a partner of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire; and (iii) therefore, the Application of the Republic of Guinea has no factual and legal basis and thus no reparation”.", "114. On 30 November 2010, the Court rendered its judgment on the merits, the operative part of which reads as follows:", "“For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(1) By eight votes to six,", "Finds inadmissible the allegations of the Republic of Guinea concerning the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo between 1988 and 1989;", "In favour: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Manpua;", "Against: Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(2) Unanimously,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights with regard to the expulsion of Mr. Diallo from Congolese territory on 31 January 1996;", "(3) Unanimously,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights with regard to the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo during 1995 and 1996 for the purpose of his expulsion;", "(4) By thirteen votes to one,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated its obligations under article 36 (1) (b) of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations when Mr. Diallo was detained in 1995-1996 without delay;", "In favour: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "against: Judge ad hoc Manpua;", "(5) By twelve votes to two,", "Rejects all other submissions by the Republic of Guinea concerning the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo during 1995 and 1996;", "In favour: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Manpuya;", "Against: Judge Cançado Trindade; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(6) By nine votes to five,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not violated the direct rights of Mr. Diallo as a partner of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;", "In favour: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Manpoa;", "Against: Judges Al-Khasawneh, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(7) Unanimously,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is under an obligation to make appropriate reparation to the Republic of Guinea for the injury caused by the breach of its international obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) above;", "(8) Unanimously,", "Decides that, in the event that, within six months from the date of this Judgment, the parties to the matter are unable to reach agreement on compensation for the Republic of Guinea, the Court shall rule on the matter, and that it shall retain for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case.", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint statement to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Al-Khasawneh and Yusuf appended a joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Keith and Greenwood appended a joint statement to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Bennouna appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Mahiou appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; and Judge ad hoc Manpua appended a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court.", "Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)", "On 23 June 1999, the Democratic Republic of the Congo filed an Application instituting proceedings against Uganda for “armed aggression in flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of African Unity” (see annual report 1998/99 et seq.). Public hearings on the merits of the case were held from 11 to 29 April 2005.", "116. On 19 December 2005, the Court rendered its judgment (see annual report for 2005/06), in which it found, inter alia, that the parties were under an obligation to make reparation for the damage caused to the other party; it decided that, in the event that the parties were unable to reach an agreement on compensation, the Court would rule. To that end, the Court retained the follow-up procedure in the case. The parties informed the Court of the negotiations to resolve the issue of compensation, as set out in points 6 and 14 of the operative clause of the Judgment and paragraphs 260, 261 and 344 of the statement of reasons for the Judgment.", "4. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia)", "117. On 2 July 1999, Croatia brought proceedings before the Court in respect of its dispute with Serbia (then known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), alleging violations of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide committed between 1991 and 1995.", "In its Application, Croatia alleged, inter alia, that Serbia was responsible for “the direct control of the activities of its armed forces, intelligence agents and various paramilitary detachments in the Knin region, eastern and western Slavonia and Darmatia on the territory of Croatia” and for “ethnic cleansing” of Croatian citizens, “genocide that has led to the displacement, brutal killing, torture or illegal detention of many Croatian citizens and to the destruction of substantial property”.", "In this context, Croatia requested the Court to adjudge and declare that Serbia “has breached its legal obligations [under the Genocide Convention] towards Croatia” and therefore “is under an obligation to submit to ... The amount of compensation to be awarded by Croatia itself and as the Government guardian of its citizens for damage to persons and property and to the Croatian economy and environment as a result of the above-mentioned violations of international law is determined by the Court” (see annual report 1998/99 et seq.).", "120. As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, Croatia invoked article IX of the Genocide Convention and stated that both Croatia and Serbia were parties to the Convention.", "121. By an Order of 14 September 1999, the Court fixed 14 March 2000 and 14 September 2000 as the respective time limits for the filing of a Memorial by Croatia and a CounterMemorial by Serbia. By further Orders of 10 March 2000 and 27 June 2000, the Court extended these periods twice. Croatia filed its Memorial within the time limit extended by the latter order.", "On 11 September 2002, within the time limit for the filing of its CounterMemorial as extended by its Order of 27 June 2000, Serbia raised a number of preliminary objections to jurisdiction and admissibility. Pursuant to rule 79 of the Rules of Court, proceedings on the merits were suspended. On 25 April 2003, within the time limit fixed by the Court, Croatia filed a written statement of its views and observations on the preliminary objections of Serbia.", "123. From 26 to 30 May 2008, the Court held public hearings on preliminary objections to jurisdiction and admissibility (see annual report 2007/08).", "124. On 18 November 2008, the Court rendered its Judgment on the preliminary objections (see annual report 2008/09 et seq.). In its judgment, the Court found, inter alia, that it had jurisdiction to entertain Croatia ' s application under article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in accordance with its declaration on the second preliminary objection raised by the accused. The Court also found that the second preliminary objection raised by Serbia was not entirely preliminary in the circumstances of the case. The Court subsequently rejected the third preliminary objection raised by Serbia.", "125. By an Order of 20 January 2009, the President of the Court fixed 22 March 2010 as the time limit for the filing of Serbia ' s CounterMemorial. The pleadings containing the CounterMemorial were filed within the timelimit thus fixed. By an order of 4 February 2010, the Court directed the parties to file a reply by Croatia and a rejoinder by Serbia in respect of the claims submitted. It also fixed 20 December 2010 and 4 November 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings.", "5. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)", "On 6 December 2001, Nicaragua filed an Application instituting proceedings against Colombia in respect of a dispute between it and Colombia concerning “a number of legal issues relating to territorial and maritime delimitation” in the Western Caribbean.", "127. In its application, Nicaragua requested the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "First, ... Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of Providencia, San Andrés and Santa Catalina and all the dependent islands and reefs, as well as over the Roncador, Serrana, Serrania and Quitasueño keys (which can be effectively occupied);", "Secondly, the Court is required to determine the course of the single maritime boundary between the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Nicaragua and Colombia, respectively, on the basis of the decision on the title claimed above, in accordance with the principle of equity and in accordance with the relevant circumstances recognized by general international law applicable to the establishment of a single maritime boundary.", "Nicaragua also indicated that it “reserves the right to claim compensation for various improper benefits derived from Colombia's taking possession of the islands of San Andrés and Providencia without legal title and from the reefs and maritime spaces up to the 82nd meridian” and “reserves the right to claim compensation for interference with fishing vessels of Nicaraguan nationality or vessels licensed by Nicaragua” (see annual report 2001/02 et seq.).", "129. As basis for the Court ' s jurisdiction, Nicaragua invoked article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, to which both Nicaragua and Colombia are parties, as well as the declarations by which they recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.", "By an order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 and 28 June 2004 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Nicaragua and a counter-memorial by Colombia. The memorial of Nicaragua was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "131. The Governments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and Costa Rica requested copies of the pleadings and the documents annexed thereto, in accordance with article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court. In accordance with that paragraph, the Court, after being aware of the views of the parties, acceded to the requests of those States.", "132. On 21 July 2003, within the time limit set out in article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court.", "133. Public hearings on the preliminary objections were held from 4 to 8 June 2003.", "134. On 13 December 2007, the Court rendered its judgment finding that Nicaragua ' s application was admissible in respect of the sovereignty claimed by the parties over maritime features other than San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and in respect of the maritime delimitation between the parties (see annual report 2007/08).", "135. By an order of 11 February 2008, the President of the Court fixed 11 November 2008 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Colombia. The CounterMemorial was filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "136. By an order of 18 December 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to submit a reply and Colombia a rejoinder and fixed 18 September 2009 and 18 June 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings.", "137. On 25 February 2010, Costa Rica filed an application for leave to intervene in the case. In its Application, Costa Rica stated, inter alia, that “in their claims to the boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia, both countries asserted claims in respect of maritime zones belonging to Costa Rica”. In its application, Costa Rica indicated its intention to intervene as a non-party. The application was transmitted immediately to Nicaragua and Colombia, and the Court fixed 26 May 2010 as the time limit for their written submissions. Both States submitted their written observations within the time limit thus fixed.", "138. On 10 June 2010, the Republic of Honduras also filed an application for leave to intervene in the case. Honduras stated that it had rights and interests in the Caribbean Sea area in which Nicaragua ' s maritime claims in the dispute with Colombia were based. In its application, Honduras stated that its main purpose was to intervene as a party. Honduras ' s request was immediately transmitted to Nicaragua and Colombia. The President of the Court fixed 2 September 2010 as the time limit for the two States to submit written observations on the application. Both States submitted their written observations within the time limit thus fixed.", "139. Public hearings on the admissibility of Costa Rica ' s request to intervene were held from 11 to 15 October 2010.", "140. At the conclusion of the hearing, Costa Rican and party agents made the following observations to the Court.", "Costa Rica:", "“On behalf of the Republic of Costa Rica, I have the honour to reiterate in this proceeding the request for a remedy before the Court. We seek to apply the provisions of Article 85 of the Rules of Court:", "Paragraph 1: A copy of the pleadings and accompanying documents shall be provided to the intervening States, which shall be entitled to submit written statements within such time limits as the Court may set:", "Paragraph 3: During the oral proceedings, the intervening State shall be entitled to make observations on the subject of its intervention.", "Nicaragua:", "In accordance with the provisions of article 60 of the Rules of Court, and taking into account the Application of the Republic of Costa Rica to intervene and the oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua wishes to state that the application submitted by the Republic of Costa Rica does not comply with the provisions of the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely, article 62 and article 81, paragraph 2 (a) and (b).", "Colombia:", "In the light of the factors set out in the proceedings, my Government wishes to reiterate the written observations submitted to the Court that Colombia considers that Costa Rica meets the requirements of article 62 of the Statute and therefore has no objection to Costa Rica ' s request for permission to intervene as a non-party in the case.", "141. On 5 May 2011, the Court rendered its judgment on the admissibility of Costa Rica ' s application to intervene. The operative part of the judgement reads as follows:", "“For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By nine votes to seven,", "Finds that the request of the Republic of Costa Rica for intervention under article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.", "In favour: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Nuna, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against: Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja.", "Judges Al-Khasawneh and Abraham appended dissenting opinions to the judgment of the Court; Judge Keith appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Gaja appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court.", "142. Public hearings on the admissibility of Honduras ' request to intervene were held from 18 to 22 October 2010.", "143. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Honduran and party agents made the following observations to the Court.", "Honduras:", "With regard to the application and oral pleadings,", "The Court is requested to allow Honduras:", "(1) to intervene as a party because its legal interests in the Caribbean Sea in respect of the maritime area (para. 17 of the Application) may be affected by the Court ' s decision; or", "(2) Otherwise, to defend these interests, to intervene as a non-party.", "Nicaragua:", "In accordance with article 60 of the Rules of Court, concerning the request of the Republic of Honduras to intervene and the oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua wishes to state that the request submitted by the Republic of Honduras represents a clear challenge to the res judicata authority of the Court in its judgment of 8 October 2007. In addition, Honduras has failed to comply with the provisions of the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely article 62 and article 81, paragraph 2 (a) and (b), and Nicaragua has therefore (1) objected to granting this request and (2) requested the Court to reject Honduras ' s request to intervene.", "Colombia:", "In view of the factors set out in the proceedings, my Government wishes to reiterate the written observations submitted to the Court that Colombia considers that Honduras meets the requirements of article 62 of the Statute and that, therefore, Colombia has no objection to the request of Honduras to be admitted as a non-party to the proceedings in this case. With regard to the request of Honduras for permission to intervene as a party to the case, Colombia likewise reiterates that the matter should be decided by the Court in accordance with article 62 of the Statute.", "144. On 5 May 2011, the Court rendered its judgment on the admissibility of Honduras ' request to intervene. The operative part of the judgement reads as follows: For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By thirteen votes to two,", "Finds that the request of the Republic of Honduras to intervene as a party or as a non-party cannot be granted in accordance with Article 62 of the Statute of the Court.", "In favour: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Nuna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue; Judge ad hoc Cot, Gaja;", "Against: Judges Abraham, Donoghue.", "Judge Al-Khasawneh appended a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Abraham appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Keith appended a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint statement to the Judgment of the Court; and Judge Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court.", "6. Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France)", "145. On 9 December 2002, the Congo filed an application instituting proceedings against France for annulment of the measures of investigation and prosecution taken by the French judicial authorities following the receipt of allegations by groups against the President of the Congo, Denis Sassou Nguesso, the Minister of the Interior of the Congo, Pierre Oba, and other individuals, including the Inspector-General of the Congolese armed forces, General Norbert Dabira, for crimes against humanity and torture. The application also stated that, in those proceedings, an investigating judge of the Motown High Court had issued a summons to the President of the Congo to be questioned as a witness (see annual report 2002/03 et seq.).", "146. On 5 November 2010, a letter was received by the Registry from the Congolese agent. Referring to article 89 of the Rules of Court, the letter informed the Court that the Government of the Congo “withdraws the Application” and requested the Court “to issue an Order duly recording the stay of the proceedings and directing that the case be removed from the List”. A copy of the letter was immediately transmitted to the Government of France, which was also informed that 12 November 2010 had been set as the time limit within which France could indicate whether it could object to the stay of proceedings, in accordance with the time limit set out in article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. On 8 November 2010, the French agent sent a letter, which was received by the Registry that day. By letter, the Court was informed that the French Government “has no objection to the suspension of the proceedings by the Republic of the Congo”. On 16 November 2010, the Court officially recorded the stay of the Congolese proceedings and ordered that the case be removed from the list.", "Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile)", "On 16 January 2008, Peru filed an Application instituting proceedings against Chile in respect of the dispute concerning “the delimitation of the maritime zone between the two States in the Pacific Ocean, with the coastal name Concordia as the point of departure ... with the end of the land boundary established in accordance with the Treaty of 3 June 1929”,[3] and the recognition that “the maritime zone considered by Chile to be part of the high seas is situated within 200 nautical miles from the coast of Peru and therefore belongs to Peru” (see annual report 2007/08 et seq.).", "Peru “requests the Court to determine, in accordance with international law, the course of the boundary between the maritime zones of the two States ... and to adjudge and declare that Peru has exclusive sovereign rights over maritime areas within the limits of 200 nautical miles from its coast and beyond Chile's exclusive economic zone or continental shelf”.", "149. Peru invoked article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá of 30 April 1948 as the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court. Both States are parties to the Convention and have no reservations to it.", "150. By an Order of 31 March 2008, the Court fixed 20 March 2009 and 9 March 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of a Memorial by Peru and a CounterMemorial by Chile. The pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "151. In accordance with article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia and Ecuador requested copies of the pleadings and the documents accompanying them in the case. In accordance with that provision, the Court, having been aware of the views of the parties, acceded to their request.", "152. By an order of 27 April 2010, the Court authorized the filing of a reply by Peru and a rejoinder by Chile and fixed 9 November 2010 and 11 July 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The Reply and the Rejoinder were filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "8. Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia)", "On 31 March 2008, Ecuador filed an application instituting proceedings against Colombia, alleging that Colombia had “sprayed toxic herbicides from the air at several locations close to, at and across the border between Colombia and Ecuador”.", "Ecuador asserts that “the spraying of herbicides has caused serious damage to the population, crops, animals and the natural environment on the Ecuadorian side of the border and is likely to cause further damage in the future”. Ecuador stated that it “repeated and sustained efforts to negotiate an end to the spraying campaign” but that “the negotiations were not successful” (see annual reports 2007/08 and thereafter).", "155. Ecuador therefore requests the Court:", "Finds and declares:", "(a) Colombia, in breach of its obligations under international law, caused or permitted the sinking of toxic herbicides into Ecuador, causing damage to human health, property and the environment;", "(b) Colombia shall compensate Ecuador for any loss or damage caused by its internationally wrongful act, namely, the use of herbicides, including aerial spraying, and in particular:", "(i) Death or injury to human health caused by the use of such herbicides;", "(ii) Any loss or damage to the property, livelihood or human rights of such persons;", "(iii) Environmental damage or depletion of natural resources;", "(iv) Monitoring to identify and assess the costs of future risks to public health, human rights and the environment from the use of herbicides in Colombia;", "(v) Any other loss or damage;", "(c) Colombia should:", "(i) Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ecuador;", "(ii) To take without delay all necessary steps to prevent the use of any toxic herbicide in any part of its territory in a manner likely to sink into Ecuador;", "(iii) To prohibit the use of such herbicides in Ecuador or in any place located on or near the border with Ecuador, by means of aerial dispersion.", "156. Ecuador invoked as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá of 30 April 1948, to which both States are parties. Ecuador also relies on article 32 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988.", "In its request, Ecuador reiterated its opposition to “the export and use of illicit narcotic drugs”, but stressed that the questions it had raised before the Court “relatedly to the methods and locations of the operations carried out in Colombia to eradicate the illicit cultivation of coca and opium poppy and to the harmful effects of such operations in Ecuador”.", "158. By an Order of 30 May 2008, the Court fixed 29 April 2009 and 29 March 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of a Memorial by Ecuador and a CounterMemorial by Colombia. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "159. By an order of 25 June 2010, the Court directed Ecuador to submit a reply and Colombia to file a rejoinder and fixed 31 January 2011 and 1 December 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. Ecuador filed its reply within the time limit thus fixed.", "9. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation)", "On 12 August 2008, Georgia instituted proceedings against the Russian Federation on the grounds that “its actions in and around Georgia violated the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination”. In its Application, Georgia “also requests to ensure that all persons in the territory of Georgia” have “full respect for and protection of their individual rights” in accordance with the Convention.", "Georgia claims that the Russian Federation “is responsible for serious breaches of the basic obligations under the Convention, including articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, through its State organs, State agents and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, as well as through the separatist forces and other agents of South Ossetia and Abkhazia under the direction, command and control of the Russian Federation”. According to Georgia, “the Russian Federation violated its obligations under the Convention during the three different periods of its involvement in South Ossetia and Abkhazia between 1990 and August 2008.", "Georgia requested the Court to order “the Russian Federation to take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under the Convention”.", "163. Georgia bases the jurisdiction of the Court on article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Georgia also reserves the right to invoke Article IX of the Genocide Convention as another basis of jurisdiction, to which Georgia and the Russian Federation are parties.", "Georgia's request is accompanied by a request for the indication of provisional measures in order to uphold its right under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination “to protect its citizens from acts of discriminatory sexual violence committed by Russian armed forces in coordination with separatist militias and foreign mercenaries” (see annual report 2008/09 et seq.).", "165. The Court held public hearings from 8 to 10 October 2008 to hear the oral submissions of the parties on the request for the indication of provisional measures.", "166. On 15 October 2008, the Court issued an order specifying the provisional measures to be taken by the parties (see annual report for 2008/09 et seq.).", "167. By an Order of 2 December 2008, the President fixed 2 September 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a Memorial by Georgia and 2 July 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a CounterMemorial by the Russian Federation. The Memorial of Georgia was filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "168. The Russian Federation filed preliminary objections to jurisdiction on 1 December 2009, within the time limit set out in article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court. In accordance with article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were subsequently suspended.", "169. By an order of 11 December 2009, the Court fixed 1 April 2010 as the time limit for the filing by Georgia of written submissions containing its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections of the Russian Federation to jurisdiction. The written statement was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "170. Public hearings on preliminary objections were held from 13 to 17 September 2010. At the conclusion of the hearing, the representatives of the parties made the following observations to the Court:", "Russian Federation:", "“For the reasons given in the preliminary objections in writing and in the oral arguments, the Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it has no jurisdiction over the claim against the Russian Federation made by Georgia in its Application to the Court of 12 August 2008.”", "Georgia:", "“For the reasons given in Georgia's written statement on the preliminary objections and in its oral arguments, Georgia respectfully requests the Court:", "1. Rejects the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation;", "Finds that the Court has jurisdiction to hear the complaints of Georgia and is competent to receive them.”", "171. On 1 April 2011, the Court rendered its Judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation. The operative part of the judgement reads as follows:", "“For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(1) (a) By twelve votes to four,", "Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja;", "Against:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Skotnikov, Xue;", "(b) By ten votes to six,", "In favour of the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation;", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja;", "(2) By ten votes to six,", "Finds that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the application filed by Georgia on 12 August 2008.", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja.”", "172. In its judgment, the Court recalled that, on 15 October 2008, it had issued an order specifying provisional measures and that the order would lapse after the judgment on preliminary objections had been rendered. The Court added, however, that the order reminded the parties of their duty to comply with their obligations under the Convention.", "10. Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece)", "On 17 November 2008, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia instituted proceedings against Greece, alleging “a flagrant violation” of the obligations of [Greece] under article 11 of the Interim Accord signed by the parties on 13 September 1995.", "In its Application, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requested the Court “to protect the rights provided for in the Interim Accord and to ensure the exercise of its right to act as an independent State in accordance with international law, including the right to seek membership in relevant international organizations”.", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requested the Court to order Greece “to immediately take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under article 11, paragraph 1” and “to cease and desist from in any way, directly or indirectly, opposing the applicant's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or [Greece] any other `international, multilateral or regional organizations and institutions' that are also members” (see annual report for 2008/09 and thereafter).", "The application invoked as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995, which provided that “[t]he difference or dispute between the parties concerning the interpretation or implementation of this Interim Accord may be brought before the International Court of Justice in either direction, except as provided for in article 5, paragraph 1.", "177. By an order of 20 January 2009, the Court fixed 20 July 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a Memorial by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and 20 January 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a CounterMemorial by Greece. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "178. On 9 March 2010, the Government of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia expressed the hope that it would be able to respond to the CounterMemorial of Greece by way of the filing of a Reply, including its objections to jurisdiction and admissibility, and that a time limit of approximately four and a half months from the date of the filing of the CounterMemorial could be set for that purpose. The Government of Greece has no objection to agreeing to this request, provided that Greece subsequently submits a rejoinder within the same time limit.", "179. By an order of 12 March 2010, the Court authorized the filing of a reply by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and a rejoinder by Greece. The Court fixed 9 June 2010 and 27 October 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia filed its reply within the time limit thus fixed, and Greece filed its rejoinder within the time limit thus fixed.", "180. Public hearings were held from 21 to 30 March 2011. At the end of the hearing, the parties based their final submissions on the evidence and legal arguments presented in their pleadings and oral pleadings.", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia “Requests the Court", "(i) Reject the objections of the respondent State to the jurisdiction of the Court and to the admissibility of the application of the requesting State;", "(ii) Find and declare violations by the respondent State, through its organs and personnel, of its obligations under article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord; and", "(iii) Order the respondent State immediately to take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord and to cease and desist from in any way, directly or indirectly, any objection to the requesting State becoming a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or any other `international, multilateral or regional organization or agencies' of which the respondent State is also a member', provided that the name used by the requesting State in such an organization or agency is consistent with the designation provided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993).”", "Greece “requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(i) The case referred to the Court by the requesting State is outside the jurisdiction of the Court and the claim by the requesting State is inadmissible;", "(ii) The claims of the requesting State are unfounded (if the court finds that the court has jurisdiction and may entertain them).”", "183. The Court has begun its deliberations and will deliver its judgement in a public sitting, the date of which will be announced later.", "11. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy; Greece intervening)", "On 23 December 2008, Germany instituted proceedings against Italy alleging that “Italy, in its judicial practice, has violated and continues to violate its obligations under international law towards Germany”.", "In its Application, Germany alleged that “in recent years the Italian judiciary has repeatedly disregarded Germany's jurisdictional immunities as a sovereign State. This development reached a critical point by the judgment of the Court of Appeal in the Ferrini case of 11 March 2004, [the Court] declaring that Italy had jurisdiction over the claim of a person who had been expelled to Germany during the Second World War for forced labour in the ordnance industry. Following this judgment, many persons who also suffered injuries during the armed conflict also instituted proceedings against Germany before Italian courts”.", "The applicant indicated that Italy had implemented measures against German assets in Italy: the “judicial mortgage” imposed on Villa Vigoni, the German-Italian cultural exchange centre, had been entered in the land register. In addition to the claims made by Italian nationals against Germany, Germany cites the example of “the intention of Greek nationals to enforce in Italy a judgment handed down in Greece concerning the massacre committed by German military forces when they withdrew in 1944”.", "187. In its application, Germany finally requested the Court to adjudge and declare that Italy:", "“(1) Allowing civil claims against the Federal Republic of Germany based on violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Empire during the Second World War from September 1943 to May 1945 is contrary to the obligations of international law, as Italy does not respect the jurisdictional immunity of the Federal Republic of Germany under international law;", "(2) The application of restrictive measures to `Villa Vigoni' of German property used for governmental non-commercial purposes also violates Germany's immunity from jurisdiction;", "(3) Another violation of Germany ' s immunity from jurisdiction is the declaration that the judgment of Greece is enforceable in Italy on the basis of circumstances similar to those described in the first request above.", "The Federal Republic of Germany therefore respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(4) The international responsibility of the Italian Republic must be fulfilled;", "(5) Italy must take all steps, in a manner of its own choosing, to ensure that all decisions of its courts and other judicial authorities that violate German sovereign immunity are not enforceable;", "(6) The Republic of Italy must take all steps to ensure that future legal actions brought against Germany on the basis of the circumstances described in request 1 above are no longer admissible in Italian courts.”", "188. In its Application, Germany invoked as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court article 1 of the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957, which Italy ratified on 29 January 1960 and Germany on 18 April 1961 (see annual report 2008/09 et seq.).", "189. By an order of 29 April 2009, the Court fixed 23 June 2009 as the timelimit for the filing of a Memorial by Germany and 23 December 2009 for the filing of a CounterMemorial by Italy. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "In chapter VII of the CounterMemorial submitted by Italy, reference is made to article 80 of the Rules of Court, which provides for a counter-claim against “the question of compensation to Italian victims of serious violations of humanitarian law committed by the German Reich” (see annual report 2009/10).", "191. Having received all the detailed written observations of the parties, the Court found that it was fully aware of the position of the parties on the admissibility of the claims filed as counterclaims in the Italian defence. Accordingly, the Court did not consider it necessary to hear the parties further on this issue; on 6 July 2010, it issued an order on the admissibility of Italy ' s counterclaim. By an Order adopted by 13 votes to 1, the Court found that “the counterclaims filed by Italy ... are inadmissible and do not form part of the present procedure” (see annual report 2009/10). With regard to the complaint filed by Germany, the Court subsequently unanimously authorized the filing of a reply by Germany and a rejoinder by Italy, and fixed 14 October 2010 and 14 January 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The Reply and the Rejoinder were filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "192. On 12 January 2011, Greece filed an application in the Registry of the International Court of Justice for permission to intervene in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy).", "In its Application, Greece first raised legal interests that it considered might be affected by the decision in the case: Greece stated that “an interest of a legal nature which Greece may be affected by a court decision, even if only indirectly, is a sovereign right and jurisdiction of Greece under general international law” and that “the purpose of Greece is to present to the Court its legal interests and to state its views on how the German claim may or may not affect its legal interests”. Greece further notes that Greece's legal interest “is derived from the acquiescence, if not the acknowledgement, of Germany's international responsibility for all the acts and omissions of the Third Reich during the German invasion of Greece on 6 April 1941 and its unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945”.", "In its Application, Greece also stated the precise purpose of the intervention, stating that the Greek request had two purposes:", "“First, to protect and preserve by all available legal means the legal rights of Greece, including those arising from disputes arising out of specific acts and general practices of Germany during the Second World War, as well as those enjoyed under general international law, in particular with regard to jurisdiction and the regime of State responsibility, etc.”;", "“Second, let the Court know that, in view of the German complaint in this case before it, the Court's decision may affect the nature of Greek legal interests.”", "In its Application filed on 23 December 2008, Greece recalled that Germany had requested the Court to adjudge and declare, inter alia, that “(3) [Italy] had further violated Germany's immunity from jurisdiction by declaring the Greek judgment enforceable in Italy on the basis of circumstances similar to those described in the First Request”. Greece further stated that “Greece intends to intervene only in respect of the procedure relating to the judgments handed down by its own (domestic) courts and courts concerning the events of the Second World War and enforced by Italian courts”.", "196. Finally, Greece argued that there was a basis for jurisdiction between Greece and the parties to the case. Greece stated that it did not seek “to become a party to the case” and that its request to intervene was “only and exclusively based on Article 62 of the Statute of the Court”.", "197. In accordance with article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted to the Governments of Germany and Italy certified copies of Greece ' s application to intervene, informing them that the Court had fixed 1 April 2011 as the time limit for the filing by both States of their written observations on the application. The two States submitted their written observations within the time limit thus fixed.", "In its written observations on the Greek Application, Germany drew the Court's attention to certain considerations that indicated that the Greek Application did not meet the criteria set out in Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, but made it clear that Germany did not “formally object” to the admissibility of the Application. Italy also indicated that it had no objection to the admissibility of the request.", "199. In accordance with article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, and taking into account the absence of objections by the parties, the Court decided that it was not necessary to hold a hearing on the admissibility of Greece ' s request to intervene, but decided that Greece should have an opportunity to comment on the parties ' submissions and that the parties should be allowed to submit additional written comments on those comments. The Court fixed 6 May 2011 as the time limit for Greece to submit its own written observations on the written observations of the parties and 6 June 2011 as the time limit for the parties to submit additional observations on the written observations of Greece. All these observations were submitted within the time limit thus fixed.", "In order to determine an interest of a legal nature, Greece stated in its written observations that, in the decision requested of the Court in the case between Germany and Italy, the Court would rule on the question of whether “judgements rendered by Greek courts are enforceable in Italy (in relation to immunity from German jurisdiction)”. In this regard, Greece refers to the judgement of the Court of First Instance of Livadia, the Greek judiciary, in the Distomo case. Greece noted that “the Greek judiciary and Greek nationals are at the heart of the Italian enforcement process”. According to Greece, it follows that the decision of the Court as to whether the judgments of Italy and Greece can be enforced in Italy directly and first and foremost concerns the interests of Greece and may affect the interests of Greece of a legal nature.", "Greece, in its written observations, also wished to inform the Court of “Greece's approach to the question of State immunity and developments in recent years”. Greece made it clear that it raised this element not in order to indicate the existence of an interest of a legal nature, but in the context of its request to intervene.", "In its additional written observations, Germany indicated that Greece no longer claimed that it had a general interest in the legal issues which the Court had to deal with, nor had it expressed a wish to be heard before the Court about the events that had occurred during the Second World War. Thus, Germany, in its supplementary observations on the admissibility of Greece ' s application, confined itself to the question of whether a State may be considered to have a legal interest in the foreign enforcement of a judgement rendered by its courts. Germany stated its position that the enforcement of sentences outside the national territory “is solely the responsibility of the public authorities of the State which is prepared to impose the intended restrictive measures” and therefore does not affect the legal interests of the State in which the court rendered the relevant judicial decision. Germany also stressed that the Distomo award had in fact been rejected in Greece by the Margello decision, which upheld Germany ' s immunity from jurisdiction in comparable cases. Germany requested the Court to assess, as appropriate, the admissibility of the Greek Application.", "203. In its additional written observations, Italy confirmed that it had no objection to the admissibility of the Greek application.", "204. By an order of 4 July 2011, the Court allowed Greece to intervene as a non-party in the case. In its order, the Court stated that in its judgment rendered during the main proceedings, “it may be considered necessary to take into account, in accordance with the principle of State immunity, the decisions of the Greek courts in the Distomo case in order to make a determination on the third request in the German submission”. The Court concluded that this was sufficient to show that Greece had an interest of a legal nature which might be affected by the judgement in the main proceedings. The Court noted that “taking into account the scope of participation in the proceedings specified in the Greek Application and the conclusions already reached by the Court ... Greece may be permitted to intervene as a non-party as long as the scope of participation is limited to the above-mentioned decision of the Greek Court”.", "Participation as a “non-party” enabled Greece to access the parties' pleadings and “to inform the Court” in the main proceedings “the nature of [Greece's] legal interests that may be affected by the Court's decision on the German application ”. In this connection, by the same order, the Court fixed 5 August 2011 as the time limit for the filing of written statements by Greece and 5 September 2011 as the time limit for the filing of written observations by Germany and Italy on that statement. The subsequent proceedings were left for further decision.", "Article 85 of the Rules of Court provides, inter alia, that “in the course of oral proceedings, the intervening State shall have the right to make observations on the subject of the intervention”. The non-party status of Greece prevents it from asserting its rights in the main proceedings between the parties (Germany and Italy). The judgment of the Court on the merits is not binding on Greece, but is binding on the parties and cannot be appealed.", "12. Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)", "207. On 19 February 2009, Belgium instituted proceedings against Senegal on the grounds that “the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Senegal have complied with their prosecution against Senegal”. There was a dispute between former President Hissène Habré “or the obligation to extradite him to Belgium for the purposes of criminal proceedings”. Belgium also filed a request for the indication of provisional measures in order to protect Belgium ' s rights pending the Court ' s decision on the merits.", "208. In its application, Belgium alleged that Mr. Habré had been living in Senegal since 1990 in exile and that it had repeatedly requested that Senegal prosecute him in Senegal, even if it did not extradite the former President of Chad to Belgium, for acts, including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity (see annual reports for 2008/09 and thereafter).", "209. In its Application, Belgium first invoked as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court unilateral statements recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, made by the parties in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, on 17 June 1958 (Belgium) and 2 December 1985 (Senegal).", "Furthermore, the applicant states that “both States are parties to the United Nations Convention against Torture of 10 December 1984 [since 21 August 1986 (Senegal) and 25 June 1999 (Belgium)]”. Article 30 of the Convention provides that any dispute between two States parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which has not been settled through negotiation or arbitration may be referred by one of them to the International Court of Justice. Belgium noted that the negotiations between the two countries “continuing from 2005 to date have been inconclusive”, and that on 20 June 2006 it concluded that the negotiations had failed. Moreover, Belgium stated that it had proposed to Senegal, on 20 June 2006, to submit the dispute to arbitration, but that Senegal had “not responded to this request ... Belgium, for its part, has consistently confirmed by note verbale that there is still a dispute on this issue”.", "211. At the end of the application, Belgium requested the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "- The Court has jurisdiction to hear disputes between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Senegal concerning the fulfilment by Senegal of its obligation to prosecute Mr. Habré or to extradite him to Belgium for the purpose of criminal proceedings;", "The Republic of Senegal is under an obligation to institute criminal proceedings for acts, including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity, allegedly committed by Mr. Habré as principal, co-principal or accomplice;", "If Mr. Habré is not prosecuted, the Republic of Senegal is obliged to extradite him to the Kingdom of Belgium, where he is tried for these crimes before Belgian courts.", "Belgium's request was accompanied by a request for the indication of provisional measures, which explained that although “Mr. Habré[d] At present] he is under house arrest in Dakar ... But President Wade of Senegal, during an interview with Radio France Internationale, revealed that Senegal might release Mr. Habré from house arrest if it could not find the necessary budgetary resources to try him”. The applicant states that “in such circumstances, Mr. Habré would easily leave Senegal and avoid any prosecution”. Thus, “it would irreparably impair the rights of Belgium under international law ... and would also violate the obligations that Senegal must fulfil”.", "213. The Court held public hearings from 6 to 8 April 2009 to hear oral submissions by the parties on Belgium ' s request for the indication of provisional measures.", "At the end of the hearing, Belgium requested the Court to indicate the following provisional measures: “Requests the Republic of Senegal to take all steps within its power to place Mr. Hissène Habré under the control and surveillance of the Senegalese authorities so that the rules of international law to which Belgium is seeking compliance can be correctly applied”. For its part, Senegal requested the Court “to reject the provisional measures requested by Belgium”.", "215. On 28 May 2009, the Court decided on Belgium ' s request for the indication of provisional measures.", "The operative part of the order issued on 28 May 2009 reads as follows:", "“For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By thirteen votes to one,", "Finds that, in the circumstances at hand with the Court, it is not necessary to exercise its power under Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Judges Shi, Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Sur, Kirsch;", "Against:", "Judge Cançado Trindade.”", "Judges Koroma and Yusuf appended a joint statement to the order; Judges Al-Khasawneh and Skotnikov appended a joint separate opinion to the order; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a dissenting opinion to the order; and Judge ad hoc Sur appended a separate opinion to the order.", "216. By an order of 9 July 2009, the Court fixed 9 July 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and 11 July 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Senegal. The Memorial of Belgium was filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "217. On 11 July 2011, the President of the Court extended the time limit for the filing of Senegal ' s counter-memorial from 11 July 2011 to 29 August 2011. In his order, he explained that on 11 July 2011, the Registry had received a letter dated 10 July 2011 from the representative of Senegal, a copy of which was immediately submitted to the Government of Belgium, referring to developments prior to and following the adoption of the decision of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States of 18 November 2010 and the decision of the Assembly of the African Union of 1 July 2011, requesting the Court to extend the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by its Government until 29 August 2011. By the same order, the President explained that, on 11 July 2011, the Registry had received a letter dated 11 July 2011 from the representative of the Government of Belgium, setting out the views of the Government of Belgium on the request for an extension of the time limit, stating that the decision of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States had not significantly altered the substance of the dispute between Belgium and Senegal and that the decision of the Assembly of the African Union of 1 July 2011 merely reaffirmed the decision adopted by the same Assembly in January 2011. In addition, the Belgian agent considered that Senegal ' s request for an extension of the time limit was too long, if necessary. He added, however, that Belgium had requested the Court to rule on the request of Senegal.", "13. Civil and Commercial Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments (Belgium v. Switzerland)", "On 21 December 2009, Belgium instituted proceedings against Switzerland in relation to “the interpretation and application of the Lugano Convention of 16 September 1988 concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ... and the application of the rules of general international law with respect to the exercise of State power, in particular in the judicial field, [and in relation to] the decision of the Swiss court not to recognize the decision of the Belgian court and not to suspend subsequent Swiss actions on the subject of the same dispute”.", "In its Application, Belgium stated that the dispute was “a result of a parallel judicial proceeding between Belgium and Switzerland” in respect of a civil and commercial dispute “between the main shareholders of the now bankrupt airline (formerly Belgian Airlines)”. The relevant shareholders in Switzerland are SAirGroup (former Swissair) and its affiliated SAirLines; the Belgian shareholders are the Belgian State and its three shareholders.", "Belgium refers only to 17 June 1958, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, respectively. Belgium) and on 28 July 1948 (Switzerland) made unilateral statements recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court as a basis for its jurisdiction (see annual report 2009/10).", "221. By an order of 4 February 2010, the Court fixed 23 August 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and 25 April 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Switzerland.", "222. By an order of 10 August 2010, the President of the Court, at the request of the Government of Belgium and with the advice of the Government of Switzerland, extended the time limits for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and a counter-memorial by Switzerland to 23 November 2010 and 24 October 2011, respectively. The memorial of Belgium was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "223. On 18 February 2011, Switzerland filed preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of the Application in this case.", "On 21 March 2011, the Registry received a letter from the Belgian agent of the same date, referring to article 89 of the Statute of the Court and informing the Court that the Government of Belgium, “in collaboration with the European Commission, considered that it could discontinue the proceedings [in Belgium] against Switzerland” and requested the Court “to make an order recording the suspension of proceedings in Belgium and to remove the case from the List”. In his letter, he explained, inter alia, that Belgium stated in paragraph 85 of its preliminary objections that “Switzerland indicated that [Switzerland], in its judgement of 30 September 2008, the Federal Supreme Court referred to the “unidentity” of future Belgian judgements, which did not have the effect of res judicata, nor was it binding on local county courts or the Federal Supreme Court itself, and that there would therefore be no way to prevent its acceptance in Switzerland in accordance with the provisions of the treaty. A copy of the letter from the Belgian agent was immediately transmitted to the Swiss agent. The Swiss agent was informed that, in accordance with article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the time limit within which Switzerland would object to the cessation of proceedings had been set for Monday, 28 March 2011. Since Switzerland did not object to the cessation of proceedings within the said time limit, the Court recorded the cessation of proceedings in Belgium and ordered that the case be removed from the List on 5 April 2011.", "14. Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan)", "225. On 31 May 2010, Australia filed a lawsuit against Japan alleging that “Japan ' s continuation of the large-scale whaling programme under the Second Phase of Japan ' s Whale Research Program (`JARPA II ' ) under a special Antarctic licence [is] a violation of Japan ' s obligations under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and Japan ' s other international obligations for the protection of marine mammals and the marine environment” (see annual report 2009/10).", "Australia, at the end of its Application, requested the Court to adjudge and declare that “Japan's implementation of the JARPA II programme in the Southern Ocean is in breach of its international obligations”, and requested the Court to order Japan “(a) to cease the implementation of JARPA II; (b) to revoke any authorization, permit or licence to carry out activities that are the subject of this Request; and (c) to provide assurances and guarantees that Japan will not take further action under JARPA II or any similar programme until such a programme is modified to comply with its obligations under international law”.", "227. As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant invoked the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, referring to the declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by Australia on 22 March 2002 and Japan on 9 July 2007.", "228. By an Order of 13 July 2010, the Court fixed 9 May 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a Memorial by Australia and 9 March 2012 as the time limit for the filing of a CounterMemorial by Japan. The Memorial of Australia was filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "Border dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger)", "229. On 20 July 2010, Burkina Faso and the Niger jointly submitted to the Court a border dispute between them. By a joint letter dated 12 May 2010, submitted to the Registry on 20 July 2010, the two countries informed the Court that they had signed a special agreement in Niamey on 24 February 2009, which entered into force on 20 November 2009. In accordance with article 1 of the Special Agreement, the parties agreed to refer their boundary dispute to the Court and each party would select a judge ad hoc.", "Article 2 of the Special Agreement states the subject matter of the dispute as follows:", "“Requests the Court:", "1. To determine the course of the boundary between the two countries from the astronomical mark Tong Tong (14° 25 ' 04 ' N; 00° 12 ' 47 ' E) to the beginning of the Botou bend (12° 36 ' 18 ' N; 01° 52 ' 07 ' E);", "2. To place on record the agreement reached between the parties on the outcome of the work of the Joint Technical Committee on the delimitation of the Burkina Faso-Niger border with regard to the following paragraphs:", "(a) From the N'Gouma Heights to the Tong Tong sector of the astronomical marker;", "(b) From the beginning of the Botou bend to the Mekrou section.", "In article 3, paragraph 1, the parties requested the Court to approve the following written procedure:", "(a) Each party shall submit a Memorial no later than nine (9) months after its appearance before the Court;", "(b) Each party shall submit a counter-memorial no later than nine (9) months after the exchange of pleadings;", "(c) Any further pleadings submitted at the request of either party shall be approved or directed by the Court.”", "Article 7 of the Special Agreement, entitled “Judges of the Court”, reads as follows:", "“1. In accordance with this Special Agreement, the Parties accept the Judgment of the Court as final and binding.", "2. The Parties shall commence demarcation within eighteen (18) months from the date of delivery of their Judgment.", "3. If difficulties are encountered in the enforcement of the Judgment, either party may request an explanation from the Court in accordance with Article 60 of the Statute of the Court.", "The Parties request the Court, in its Judgment, to nominate three (3) experts to assist them in the delimitation of the boundary.”", "Finally, article 10 contains the following “special undertaking”:", "“Pursuant to the judgment of the Court, the parties undertook to maintain peace, security and tranquillity among the population of the border areas of the two countries, to refrain from any act of intrusion into the disputed areas and to convene regular meetings of executive officials and security services.", "With regard to the construction of socio-economic infrastructure, the parties committed themselves to holding preliminary consultations before implementation.”", "In addition to the Special Agreement, the two countries exchanged notes of 29 October and 2 November 2009 to reflect the agreement reached on the selection of the boundary sector.", "230. By an order of 14 September 2010, the Court fixed 20 April 2011 and 20 January 2012 as the respective time limits for the filing of a Memorial and a CounterMemorial by the parties. The Memorial was filed within the timelimit thus fixed.", "16. Certain Activities of Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)", "On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against the Republic of Nicaragua, alleging “an invasion, occupation and use of Costa Rican territory by Nicaraguan forces [allegedly] in violation of Nicaragua's obligations to Costa Rica under several international treaties and conventions”.", "In its request, Costa Rica stated that “Nicaragua's dispatch of its armed forces contingents into Costa Rican territory and the establishment of military barracks are not only a complete violation of the established border arrangements between the two countries, but also a violation of the core fundamental principles of the United Nations, namely, territorial integrity and the inadmissibility of the threat or use of force against any State ...”.", "233. Costa Rica alleged that Nicaragua had invaded Costa Rican territory in two separate incidents, one involving the construction of a canal linking the San Juan River with the Portillo Lagoon (also known as the Port Head Lagoon) across Costa Rican territory, and the other involving the execution of certain related works on the dredging of the San Juan River. Costa Rica states that “the ongoing and planned dredging and canal construction will have a serious impact on the flow of water into the Colorado River in Costa Rica and will cause further damage to Costa Rican territory, including some wetlands and the National Wildlife Reserve located in the area”.", "234. The applicant stated that Nicaragua rejected all calls for the withdrawal of its troops from the occupied territories, as well as all modalities of negotiations. Costa Rica also stated that Nicaragua did not intend to comply with the resolution of the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States of 12 November 2010, which, inter alia, called for the withdrawal of Nicaraguan armed forces from the border area and for the avoidance of the presence of military or security forces in the region in order to create an atmosphere conducive to dialogue between the two countries.", "Costa Rica therefore “requests the Court ... to find and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its international obligations with respect to the invasion and occupation of Costa Rican territory by Nicaragua, which caused serious damage to the protected rainforests and wetlands of Costa Rica and is intended to cause damage to the Colorado River, wetlands and protected ecosystems, as well as to the dredging and canal excavation activities carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River”. In particular, Costa Rica requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua ' s conduct:", "(a) The territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delimited by the 1858 Boundary Treaty, the Cleveland Arbitral Award and the First and Second Alexander Award;", "(b) Violation of the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and non-use of force as set out in the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States;", "(c) The breach of Nicaragua ' s obligation under annex IX to the 1858 Boundary Treaty not to use the San Juan River for hostile acts;", "(d) The breach of an obligation not to prejudice the territory of Costa Rica;", "(e) The obligation not to artificially divert the San Juan River from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica;", "(f) The obligation not to prohibit the navigation of Costa Rican nationals on the San Juan River;", "(g) The obligation not to dreddle the San Juan River if it caused damage to the territory of Costa Rica, including the Colorado River, pursuant to the Cleveland Award of 1888;", "(h) Violations of obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands;", "(i) In violation of the obligation not to aggravate or extend the dispute, various measures were taken against Costa Rica, including the extension of its territory occupied and occupied, or other measures and actions detrimental to the territorial integrity of Costa Rica under international law.", "236. The application also requested the Court to determine the compensation Nicaragua must make, in particular with regard to the measures referred to above.", "237. As basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant invoked Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, which was effected by Article XXXI of the Inter-American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of 30 April 1948 ( \" Pact of Bogotá \" ), and the declarations of acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court made by Costa Rica on 20 February 1973 and by Nicaragua on 24 September 1929 (amended on 23 October 2001) pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.", "238. On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica also requested the indication of provisional measures. In that request, Costa Rica stated that “the Costa Rican rights that are the subject of this dispute and the request for provisional measures are the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of Costa Rica's rights to the integrity and movement of the San Juan River, its land and its environmental protection zone, and the Colorado River”. Costa Rica also stated that the protection of its rights is a matter of urgency and stated that “there is a real risk that, if provisional measures are not specified, the acts that undermine Costa Rica's rights will continue and that the facts on the ground will be substantially altered before the courts can reach a final decision”.", "Costa Rica therefore “requests the Court, as a matter of urgency, to order the following provisional measures, pending the determination of the merits of the case, in order to remedy the ongoing violation of the territorial integrity of Costa Rica and to prevent further irreparable damage to its territory:", "(1) The immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Nicaraguan forces from the territory of Costa Rica that was illegally invaded and occupied;", "(2) The immediate cessation of the construction of the canals that extend over Costa Rican territory;", "(3) The immediate cessation of the logging of trees and the removal of vegetation and soil in Costa Rica, including in wetlands and forests;", "(4) The immediate cessation of the dumping of sediment in Costa Rica;", "(5) To suspend, pending determination of the merits of the dispute, the ongoing dredging works in Nicaragua aimed at occupying, inundating and damaging Costa Rican territory and causing serious damage to the Colorado River and impeding its navigation, and to comply fully with the Cleveland Award;", "(6) Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which may prejudice the rights of Costa Rica or may aggravate or extend the present dispute before the Court.", "240. Public hearings on Costa Rica ' s request for the indication of provisional measures were held from 11 to 13 January 2011.", "241. At the end of the second round of oral submissions, the Costa Rican agent listed the following provisional measures requested by his country:", "Costa Rica requested the Court to order the following provisional measures:", "Until such time as the merits of the case are established, Nicaragua may not, in the entire region of Portillo, i.e. between the right bank of the San Juan River and the banks of the Lagoon (also known as the Port Head Lagoon) and the Torra River (“associated zone”):", "(1) any troop or other presence;", "(2) Construction or expansion of the canal;", "(3) The cutting of trees or the removal of vegetation or soil;", "(4) Dumping of mud.", "Before determining the merits of the case, Nicaragua shall suspend the dredging work that it is carrying out on the San Juan River in the adjacent area.", "C. Nicaragua shall not take any other action that might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica or might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court until the merits of the case have been determined.", "242. At the end of the second round of the oral presentation, the representative of Nicaragua made the following observations on behalf of the Government:", "“In accordance with article 60 of the Rules of Court, and taking into account the request of the Republic of Costa Rica for the indication of provisional measures and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua hereby submits that, for the reasons explained during the hearing and for any other reasons the Court may deem appropriate, the Republic of Nicaragua requests the Court to reject the request of the Republic of Costa Rica for the indication of provisional measures.”", "243. On 8 March 2011, the Court rendered its decision on Costa Rica ' s request for the indication of provisional measures. In its order, the Court indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) Unanimously,", "No personnel, whether civilian, police or security personnel, shall be sent or maintained by the parties to the disputed territory, including caño [the canal opened by Nicaragua];", "(2) By thirteen votes to four,", "Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may send to the disputed territory, including caño, civilian personnel responsible for the protection of the environment, only to the extent necessary to avoid irreparable damage to the part of the wetland in which that territory is situated; Costa Rica shall, in consultation with the secretariat of the Ramsar Convention, notify Nicaragua in advance of such action and make its best efforts to find a common solution with Nicaragua in this regard;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Dugard;", "Against:", "Judges Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;", "(3) Unanimously,", "Each party shall refrain from any action that might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "(4) Unanimously,", "The Parties shall inform the Court of their compliance with the above provisional measures.", "Judges Koroma and Sepúlveda-Amor appended separate opinions to the judgement; Judges Skotnikov, Greenwood and Xue appended statements to the judgement; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appended statements to the judgement; and Judge ad hoc Dugard appended statements to the judgement.", "244. By an order of 5 April 2011, the Court, taking into account the views of the parties, fixed 5 December 2011 and 6 August 2012 as the respective time limits for the filing of a Memorial by Costa Rica and a Reply by Nicaragua. Subsequent proceedings are left for further decision.", "Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)", "245. On 28 April 2011, Cambodia filed an application in the Registry of the Court for interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "In accordance with Article 98 of the Rules of Court, Cambodia stated in its Application “the points of dispute concerning the meaning or scope of the Judgment”. In particular, it noted that:", "(1) Cambodia considers that the [judgement of the Court in 1962] is based on the existence of an international boundary established and recognized by two States prior to that date;", "(2) Cambodia considers that this boundary is the boundary indicated by the map referred to by the Court on page 21 of its Judgment ... This map enables the Court to conclude that Cambodia ' s sovereignty over the territory of the Temple of Preah Vihear is a direct and automatic consequence of Cambodia ' s sovereignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "(3) [Cambodia] considers that Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw all military or other personnel from the vicinity of the Temple in Cambodia [in accordance with this judgment]. This is a general and continuing obligation under various declarations concerning the territorial sovereignty of Cambodia in the area recognized by the Court.", "Cambodia maintains that Thailand disagrees with these points.", "247. The requesting State sought to invoke Article 60 of the Statute of the Court as the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court. It provides that “in the event of a dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall interpret it at the request of any of the parties”. Cambodia also invoked Article 98 of the Rules of Court.", "Cambodia explained in its Application that, although “Thailand does not dispute Cambodia's sovereignty over the Temple (only the Temple), it questions the entire 1962 judgment.", "Cambodia contends that “in 1962, the Court placed the Temple under Cambodian sovereignty because its territory was located on the Cambodian side of the boundary line”, and that “the denial of Cambodia's sovereignty over the surrounding area outside the Temple amounted to a statement to the Court that the boundary line it recognized [in 1962], including the Temple itself, was completely wrong”.", "Cambodia stressed that the purpose of the request was to have the Court interpret “the meaning and scope of its Judgment in the context of Article 60 of the Statute”. Cambodia added that such an interpretation “will be binding on Cambodia and Thailand ... as a basis for a final settlement of the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means”.", "251. With regard to the factual circumstances surrounding the Application, Cambodia recalled that it had instituted proceedings against Thailand in 1959 and that a number of issues had arisen following the Court ' s decision on the merits in 1962. Cambodia goes on to describe more recent events that directly led to the present complaint (the failure of the two countries in their efforts to reach agreement on a joint interpretation of the 1962 judgment; the deterioration of relations between the two countries following the “United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization discussion on declaring the Temple a World Heritage Site”; and the armed conflict between the two countries in April 2011).", "252. At the end of its application, Cambodia requested the Court to adjudge and declare:", "Thailand has an obligation to `withdrawn its troops, police, guards or caretakers stationed in Cambodian territory at or near the Temple of Preah Vihear'. [Op. 2 of the 1962 Judgment of the Court], this obligation is a particular result of Cambodia ' s overall continuing obligation to respect its territorial integrity, and Cambodia ' s territory at the Temple of Preah Vihear and its environs has been delimited along the lines of the map on which [the Judgment referred to at page 21 of the Judgment] [the Judgment] is based.", "253. On the same day, Cambodia also filed a request for the indication of provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 73 of the Rules of Court. The applicant explained that “since 22 April 2011, the Temple of Preah Vihear area ... and a number of locations along the border between the two countries have been the scene of a number of vicious incidents, resulting in casualties and the evacuation of the local population”.", "Cambodia notes that “the vicious armed incident continues to take place at the time of the request [of interpretation], for which Thailand is fully responsible”.", "In the view of the requesting State, “there is an urgent need to take measures to safeguard Cambodia's right to sovereignty, territorial integrity and the obligation of Thailand not to interfere before the Court decides, while at the same time avoiding the exacerbation of the dispute”. Cambodia further stated that “if the request is unfortunately rejected and if Thailand persists in its actions, the destruction of the Temple of Preah Vihear and the irreparable loss of life and human suffering of these armed conflicts will continue to worsen”.", "255. Finally, Cambodia:", "The Court may be requested to indicate the following provisional measures before rendering its judgment:", "– The immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Thai troops from the territory of Cambodia in the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "– Prohibition of any military activity by Thailand in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "- Thailand shall refrain from any action which may prejudice the rights of Cambodia or aggravate the dispute before it.", "256. Public hearings on Cambodia ' s request for the indication of provisional measures were held on 30 and 31 May 2011.", "257. At the conclusion of the second round of oral submissions, Cambodia reiterated its request for the indication of provisional measures, while the representative of Thailand, on behalf of his Government, made the following observation: “In accordance with article 60 of the Rules of Court, and taking into account the request of the Kingdom of Cambodia for the indication of provisional measures and its oral pleadings, the Kingdom of Thailand hereby requests the Court to remove the case filed by the Kingdom of Cambodia on 28 April 2011 from the List.”", "258. On 18 July 2011, the Court decided on a request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia. The operative part of the order reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(A) Unanimously,", "Rejects the request of the Kingdom of Thailand to remove the case filed by the Kingdom of Cambodia on 28 April 2011 from the Court ' s List of Cases;", "(B) Indicate the following provisional measures:", "(1) By eleven votes to five,", "Both parties shall immediately withdraw military personnel currently in the temporary demilitarized zone referred to in paragraph 62 of this Order from any military presence in the zone and from armed activities aimed at it;", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Xue, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Cot;", "(2) By fifteen votes to one,", "Thailand shall not obstruct the free access of the Cambodian side to the Temple of Preah Vihear or the provision of supplies to its civilian personnel at the Temple;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume, Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(3) By fifteen votes to one,", "Both sides should continue their cooperation within the framework of ASEAN and allow observers designated by that organization access to the temporary demilitarized zone;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume, Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(4) By fifteen votes to one,", "Neither party shall take any action that might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume, Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(C) By fifteen votes to one,", "Finds that the parties shall inform the court of their compliance with the above provisional measures;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume, Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(D) By fifteen votes to one,", "It was decided that the Court would remain actively seized of the matter referred to in this Order pending its decision on the request for interpretation.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume, Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue.", "President Owada appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Koroma appended a declaration to the order of the Court; Judge Al-Khasawneh appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a separate opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Xue and Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appended a declaration to the order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Cot appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court.", "C. Pending advisory matters during the reporting period", "Judgement No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization concerning charges against the International Fund for Agricultural Development (request for an advisory opinion)", "On 26 April 2010, the Court received a request for an advisory opinion from IFAD requesting the annulment of a judgement of an administrative tribunal, namely the International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as “the Tribunal” or “the ILO Administrative Tribunal”).", "260. In Judgement No. 2867 (S-G v. IFAD) of 3 February 2010, the Tribunal found that it had jurisdiction, under article 2 of its statute, to rule on the merits of Ms. S-G ' s allegations against IFAD. Ms. S-G, a former staff member of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, held a fixed-term employment contract that was due to expire on 15 March 2006 (see annual report 2009/10).", "261. Acting within the framework of article 12 of the annex to the statute of the Tribunal, the Executive Board of IFAD, at its ninety-ninth session, on 22 April 2010, adopted a resolution by which it decided to challenge the above-mentioned judgement of the Tribunal and to refer the question of its validity to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion.", "262. The request for an advisory opinion was transmitted to the Court by a letter dated 23 April 2010 from the President of the Executive Board of IFAD, which was received by the Registry on 26 April.", "263. The letter contained the following nine questions:", "Is the ILO Administrative Tribunal competent under article 2 of its statute to hear a complaint against the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) filed on 8 July 2008 by Ms. A.T.S.G., a former staff member of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (the Convention)? The Fund is only an organization that provides premises for the Global Mechanism of the Convention.", "II. The records show that both parties to the dispute covered by ILOAT Judgement No. 2867 agreed that the Fund and the GM were two separate legal entities and that the plaintiff had been a staff member of the GM. In view of this, and taking into account all relevant documents, rules and principles, is the statement made by the ILOAT in support of the decision confirming its jurisdiction beyond its jurisdiction and/or does it constitute a material error in the proceedings before the Tribunal? In its presentation, the ILO Administrative Tribunal noted that “the full administrative functions of the Global Mechanism will be integrated into the administrative units of the Fund” and that “the effect of this is that administrative decisions taken by the Executive Director in respect of the staff of the Global Mechanism are legally the decisions of the Fund”.", "Is the general statement of the ILOAT in support of the decision confirming its jurisdiction that “the staff of the Global Mechanism are the staff of the Fund” beyond its jurisdiction and/or does it constitute a material error of procedure by the ILOAT?", "IV. The decision of the ILO Administrative Tribunal confirms its competence to entertain the plaintiff ' s claims against the Managing Director of the Global Mechanism for abuse of authority. Is the decision beyond the jurisdiction of the ILO Administrative Tribunal and/or does it constitute a material error in the proceedings before the Tribunal?", "v. The decision of the ILO Administrative Tribunal confirms its jurisdiction to entertain the plaintiff ' s claim that the executive director ' s decision not to extend the plaintiff ' s contract constituted an error in the applicable law. Is the decision beyond the jurisdiction of the ILO Administrative Tribunal and/or does it constitute a material error in the proceedings before the Tribunal?", "VI. The decision of the ILO Administrative Tribunal confirms its competence to interpret the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa and IFAD, the Convention and the Agreement establishing IFAD. Is the decision outside the jurisdiction of the ILO Administrative Tribunal and/or constitutes a material error in the proceedings before the Tribunal?", "VII. The decision of the ILO Administrative Tribunal confirms its authority to determine that the President of IFAD is acting on behalf of IFAD in fulfilling the intermediary and support roles provided for in the MOU. Is the decision beyond the jurisdiction of the ILO Administrative Tribunal and/or does it constitute a material error in the proceedings before the Tribunal?", "VIII. The decision of the ILO Administrative Tribunal confirms its right to substitute its own decision for that of the Executive Director of the Global Mechanism. Is the decision beyond the jurisdiction of the ILO Administrative Tribunal and/or does it constitute a material error in the proceedings before the Tribunal?", "Is the decision of the ILOAT in its Judgement No. 2867 valid?", "In a letter dated 26 April 2010, the Registrar of the Court, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute, informed all States entitled to appear before the Court of the receipt by the Court of a request for an advisory opinion.", "264. By an order of 29 April 2010, the Court:", "(a) Finds that IFAD and its member States entitled to appear before the Court, States parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification entitled to appear before the Court, and United Nations specialized agencies which have made a declaration recognizing the jurisdiction of the ILO Administrative Tribunal in accordance with article 2, paragraph 5, of its statute, are likely to be in a position to provide information on the question submitted to the Court for an advisory opinion;", "(b) Set 29 October 2010 as the deadline for the submission of written statements to the Court on this question, in accordance with article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute;", "(c) Set 31 January 2011 as the time limit for the submission of written comments on other written statements by States and organizations that have submitted such submissions, in accordance with article 66, paragraph 4, of the Statute;", "(d) The President of IFAD shall transmit to the Court the statements of opinion made by the plaintiff in the proceedings against IFAD before the ILO Administrative Tribunal and which the plaintiff may wish to bring to the attention of the Court; set 29 October 2010 as the deadline by which the plaintiff, the subject of the judgement, may present any possible statement to the Court and 31 January 2011 as the deadline by which the plaintiff may submit any possible comments. Subsequent proceedings were left for further decision.", "265. On 26 October 2010, the General Counsel of IFAD submitted a written statement of the Fund and a statement containing the plaintiff ' s opinion.", "266. On 28 October 2010, the Ambassador of the Plurinational State of Bolivia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands submitted a written statement by the Government of Bolivia.", "267. By an Order of 24 January 2011, the President of the Court extended the time limit for the submission of written comments on other written statements by States and organizations that had submitted written statements to 11 March 2011, in accordance with article 66, paragraph 4, of the Statute, and the time limit for the submission of comments to the Court by plaintiffs in cases brought before the Tribunal by the Fund to 11 March 2011. The extension was made at the request of the General Counsel of IFAD.", "Both the Fund and the plaintiff submitted written comments within the extended time limit.", "Chapter VI", "Visits to the Court and other activities", "269. On 13 December 2010, the Speaker of the House of Lords of the Kingdom of Thailand, H.E. Mr. Basososo Munde, accompanied by members of the House of Lords and other dignitaries, visited the Court. The delegation was briefed on the activities of the Court and was received by the President of the Court, Judge Hisashi Owada.", "270. On 17 March 2011, the President of the Kingdom of Norway, H.E. Mr. Dag Terje Andersen, visited the Court. Mr. Anderson was accompanied by four parliamentarians and three representatives of the Norwegian Embassy in The Hague. The delegation was received by the Registrar, Mr. Philippe Couvreur. The Registrar arranged a briefing on the activities of the Court, during which he responded to questions posed by members of the Norwegian Parliament.", "271. On 2 May 2011, Her Excellency Ms. Mary McCallis, President of Ireland, visited the Court. The President of the Court, Judge Hisashi Owada, and his wife, Ms. Miko Owada, and the Registrar, Mr. Philippe Couvreur, welcomed Ms. Mary McCallis, as well as members of the official delegation accompanying her, including her husband, Martin McCallis, Her Excellency Ms. Francis Fitzgerald, Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, Her Excellency Ms. Mary Whelan, Ambassador of Ireland to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and other senior officials. President McCallis and key members of the delegation were then escorted to the lobby of the General Assembly Hall of Justice, where they were briefed by President Owada on the judges and their spouses, and the Registrar on the senior officials of the Registry. This was followed by a solemn meeting in the General Assembly Hall of Justice, attended by representatives of the diplomatic corps, the Government of the Netherlands and senior officials of other international bodies based in The Hague. Statements were made by President Owada and President McCallis.", "272. In addition, during the period under review, the President and the judges, as well as the Registrar and Registry officials, received many dignitaries at the seat of the Court, including government officials, diplomats, parliamentarians, heads and members of the judiciary and other senior officials.", "273. The Court has also been visited by many researchers, academics, lawyers and other legal professionals, journalists and others. The President, the judges, the Registrar or Registry officials briefed some of the visitors on the Court.", "274. A noteworthy development has been the growing interest of key national and regional courts in visiting the courts and exchanging views. The Court also uses electronic means to exchange information with other courts and tribunals.", "275. As part of the joint presentation to Dutch citizens and foreigners of the International Day of The Hague, held jointly with the City of The Hague, the Court received approximately 600 visitors on 19 September 2010 (Sunday). This is the third time that the Court has participated in this event for the general public. The Department of Public Information screened the new “Institutional Introduction Film” in English and French during the Open Day, answering visitors' questions and distributing various information brochures on the Court.", "276. On 1 April 2011, in celebration of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the Court ' s first session, the opening of a photo and a physical exhibition of the Court ' s judicial activities was held, and President Owada officially accepted the first edition of three new stamps designed for the Court. The event was held in the main hall of the City of The Hague as part of a ceremony organized by the Registry of the Court with the assistance of the City of The Hague and attended by the judges of the Court, the Mayor of The Hague, members of the Council of Municipalities, representatives of diplomatic missions and senior officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and international organizations in The Hague. The exhibition was displayed in the town hall for two weeks, followed by the Peace Palace for two weeks, with a brief review of the history of the Court and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice. Photos and other exhibits illustrate the role of the Court as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.", "Chapter VII", "Publications, documents and website of the Court", "277. The publications of the Court are distributed to Governments entitled to appear before the Court, as well as to the major legal libraries of the world. The sale of these publications is handled mainly by the Sales and Marketing Section of the Secretariat in New York. A catalogue published in English and French is distributed free of charge. A revised and updated version of the catalogue, containing a new 13-digit international standard book number, was published in mid-2009 and is available on the website of the Court (www.icjcij.org) under “Publications”.", "278. The publications of the Court consist of several series, three of which are published annually: (1) Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders (published in separate and consolidated versions); (2) Yearbooks; and (3) Bibliography of various works and documents relating to the Court.", "279. At the time of preparation of the present report, the consolidated version of the 2008 Repertoire had been printed. A consolidated edition of the 2009 Repertoire will be available at the beginning of the second half of 2011. The Yearbook 2007-2008 was printed during the reporting period and the Yearbook 2008-2009 is being finalized. I.C.J. Bibliography No. 55 was also printed during the reporting period. The I.C.J. Bibliography Nos. 56, 57 and 58 will appear at the end of the second half of 2011.", "280. The Court has also produced bilingual documents (applications instituting proceedings and special agreements) and requests for permission to intervene and for an advisory opinion. During the reporting period, the Court received two applications for the initiation of proceedings and one request for permission to intervene, all of which are being printed.", "281. Upon completion of each case, pleadings and other documents submitted to the Court are normally made public by the Court. These documents are published in the series Pleadings, Oral Arguments and Documents, after the instituting of proceedings. These files now contain the full text of the pleadings, including their annexes, and the verbatim records of the public hearings, which provide practitioners with a full picture of the arguments put forward by the parties.", "282. The following files have been printed or are about to be printed during the reporting period: Sovereignty over Ligitan and Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) (nine volumes); Dispute concerning Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (five volumes, to be issued in the second half of 2011).", "283. In the series Acts and Documents Relating to the Organization of the Court, the Court also publishes instruments governing its functioning and practice. The latest version of the sixth edition, which had been fully updated and incorporated the procedural guidelines adopted by the Court, had been published in 2007. Selected copies of the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 December 2000, are available in English and French. These documents are also available on the Court's website (www.icjcij.org) under “Basic documents”. Informal translations of the Rules of Court are also available in several other official languages of the United Nations, as well as in German, and are available on the Court ' s website.", "284. The Court issues press releases and summaries of its decisions.", "285. The Court also publishes manuals to facilitate a better understanding of the Court ' s history, organization, jurisdiction, procedures and cases. The fifth edition of the manual was published in the two official languages of the Court in January 2006. The sixth edition will soon be published in both languages and subsequently translated into the other official languages of the United Nations and German.", "286. The Court also produces a booklet in question-and-answer format in all the official languages of the United Nations, as well as in Dutch. A revised version will be issued in the second half of 2011.", "287. In particular, a graph and graph of the International Court of Justice was published in 2006.", "288. In December 2009, a leaflet was produced to inform the public about the Court, providing an overview of its history and composition and its mandate, i.e. the jurisdiction of the proceedings and the advisory opinion.", "289. In 2010, the Registry also produced a 15-minute documentary film on the Court. The film is available online on the Court ' s website and is regularly shown on the Peace Palace screen for visitors. The film is also available to United Nations audio-visual broadcasting services, such as UNifeed.", "290. As a result of the well-structured website, the Registry was able to post a number of multimedia documents online for use by the print and broadcast media and, where necessary, to provide live coverage of the public hearings of the Court.", "291. The full jurisprudence of the Court since 1946 and the jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the predecessor of the Court, is available on its website, as is the main documents (excluding annexes) of the written and oral proceedings in all cases, all press releases of the Court, some basic documents (the Charter of the United Nations, the Statute and Rules of the Court and procedural guidelines), declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court and a list of treaties and other agreements relating to compulsory jurisdiction, general information on the history and procedure of the Court, curricula vitae and photographs of the judges and the Registrar, information on the organization and functioning of the Registry and a catalogue of publications.", "292. The website also contains a schedule of events and hearings, as well as an online form for groups and individuals applying to attend hearings or to attend lectures on the activities of the Court. There are also web pages on vacancy announcements and internships.", "Finally, the “Press Room” page provides journalists wishing to cover the activities of the Court with online access to all necessary services and information (particularly in connection with the online accreditation process). Digital photographs from the photo library can be downloaded free of charge for non-commercial purposes. The website also provides audio and video material for hearings and delivery of judgements in several formats (Flash, MPEG2, MP3).", "Chapter VIII", "Finance of the Court", "Method of financing", "In accordance with Article 33 of the Statute of the Court, “the expenses of the Court shall be borne by the United Nations in such a manner as the General Assembly may decide”. Since the budget of the Court is budgeted for in the United Nations, Member States participate in the same proportion of the expenses of both, in accordance with the scale of assessments established by the General Assembly.", "295. Under an established rule, amounts derived from staff assessment, sales of publications (dealt with by the Sales Section of the Secretariat), bank interest, etc., are recorded as United Nations income.", "B. Budget preparation", "In accordance with articles 26 to 30 of the Instructions for the Registry, the initial draft budget is prepared by the Registrar. The preliminary draft is submitted to the Committee on Budget and Administrative Questions of the Court for its consideration and approval.", "Once approved, the draft budget is forwarded to the Secretariat for inclusion in the draft budget of the United Nations. It is then reviewed by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and submitted to the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly. Finally, it is adopted by the General Assembly in plenary meeting within the framework of decisions on the United Nations budget.", "C. Budget implementation", "298. The Registrar is responsible for implementing the budget with the assistance of the Treasury (see para. 82 above). The Registrar shall ensure that the approved funds are used properly and that no commitments are incurred for expenses not provided for in the budget. Only the Registrar is entitled to incur obligations in the name of the Court, but he may grant such authority. In accordance with a decision adopted by the Court on the recommendation of the Subcommission on Rationalization, the Registrar is now required to submit regularly to the Budget and Administrative Committee of the Court a statement of accounts.", "299. The accounts of the Court are audited annually by the Board of Auditors appointed by the General Assembly. At the end of each biennium, the closed accounts are forwarded to the Secretariat.", "Budget of the Court for the biennium 2010-2011", "300. With regard to the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, as indicated in its previous report, the Court is pleased to note that its requests for new posts and the provision for the renovation of the Hall of Justice for hearings have been granted for the most part (see also chap. I of the present report).", "Budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "(United States dollars — after recosting)", "Programme", "Members of the Court", "0311025 Allowances for various expenses 877 200", "0311023 Pensions 3 886,600", "033909 Job allowance: ad hoc judges 1 165 100", "2042302 Official travel 50 800", "0393902 Remuneration 7 456 900", "Subtotal 13 436,600", "Registry", "0110,000 Established posts 15 217 700", "Temporary posts for the biennium", "Common staff costs", "1540000 (medical and associated costs after termination of services) 346,500", "0211014 Representation allowance 7,200", "1210,000 Temporary assistance for meetings 1 622,700", "General temporary assistance", "Consultants 89,400", "151,000 Overtime 128 500", "2042302 Official travel 47 500", "0.45401 Hospitality 19 900", "Subtotal 26 445 100", "Programme support", "3030000 External translation 362,700", "305.0000 Printing 361 400", "Data-processing services 404,000", "4010 000 Rental/maintenance of premises", "4030000 Rental of furniture and equipment 191 500", "4040000 Communications 237 800", "4060000 Maintenance of furniture and equipment 87,000", "Miscellaneous services 31 800", "500,000 Supplies and materials 293,500", "5030000 Library books and supplies 215 700", "600,000 Furniture and equipment 171 500", "6025041 Acquisition of office automation equipment 554 700", "6025042 Replacement of office automation equipment 510 800", "Subtotal 6 724 100", "Total 46,605 800", "301. More comprehensive information on the work of the Court during the period under review, by case, is available on the website and can also be found in the Yearbook 2010-2011, which will be issued on time.", "President of the International Court of Justice", "(Signed) Hisashi Owada", "The Hague, 1 August 2011", "I. International Court of Justice: organizational structure and post distribution as at 31 July 2011", "11-45057 (C) 090911 140911", "♪ 1145057*", "[1] On 25 September 1997, the Court rendered its judgment in the case concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia). However, the case remains technically pending because Slovakia filed a request for an additional judgment with the Court in the Registry in September 1998. Hungary filed a written statement of its position on Slovakia ' s request for an additional judgment within the deadline of 7 December 1998 fixed by the President of the Court. The parties have since resumed negotiations on the implementation of the 1997 Judgment and have regularly kept the Court informed of the progress of the negotiations.", "The Court rendered its judgment in the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) in December 2005. This case is still technically pending because, in accordance with the right provided for in the judgement, if the parties are unable to agree on the issue of compensation, they may again request the court to adjudge it.", "Finally, on 30 November 2010, the Court rendered its judgment in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo). The case also remains on the Court ' s List because, in accordance with the right set out in the judgement, the parties may again request the Court to adjudge the amount of compensation due to the Democratic Republic of the Congo if they are unable to agree on it (see paras. 110 to 114 of the present report).", "[2] The President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and Judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice, His Excellency Prof. Krzysztof Skubisevski, died on 8 February 2010.", "[3] Treaty between Chile and Peru for the settlement of the Tacna and Arika dispute, signed at Lima on 3 June 1929." ]

[ "联 合 国", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的 第一次报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第7号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第7号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的 第一次报告", "A/66/7", "说明", "ISSN 0255-1519", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月11日]", "目录", "章次 页次\n序言 viii\n1.一般性评论、意见和建议 1\nA.拟议方案预算的格式和列报 12\nB.方法 15\nC.改革的影响 16\nD.效率的提高 16\nE.人事问题 17\nF.非员额支出用途 28\nG.培训 32\nH.信息和通信技术 32\nI.加强发展支柱的影响 36\nJ.业务连续性 37\nK.其他分摊资源 39\nL.预算外资源 40\nM.同联合国其他机构的合作 41\nN.咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期初步估计数的总体立场 44\n2.关于拟议方案预算的详细建议 45\nA.支出估计数 45第一编 45 \n通盘决策、领导和协调 第1款 45 \n通盘决策、领导和协调 第2款 56 \n大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 第二编 69 \n政治事务 第3款 69 \n政治事务 第4款 82 \n 裁军 第5款 84 \n维持和平行动 第6款 92 \n和平利用外层空间 第三编 95 \n国际司法和国际法 第7款 95 \n国际法院 第8款 99 \n法律事务 \n第四编国际合作促进发展 103\n第9款经济和社会事务 103\n第10款最不发展国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 107\n第11款联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 109\n第12款贸易与发展 111\n第13款国际贸易中心 114\n第14款环境 116\n第15款人类住区 119\n第16款国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 123\n第17款妇女署 135\n第五编区域合作促进发展 139\n第18款非洲经济和社会发展 146\n第18A款区域委员会 146第18B款 150 \n区域委员会纽约办事处 \n第19款亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 151\n第20款欧洲经济发展 156\n第21款拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 159\n第22款西亚经济和社会发展 163\n第23款技术合作经常方案 168\n第六编人权和人道主义事务 172\n第24款人权 172\n第25款对难民的国际保护、持久解决和援助 181\n第26款巴勒斯坦难民 184\n第27款人道主义援助 189\n第七编公共信息 192\n第28款公共信息 192\n第八编共同支助事务 201\n第29款管理和支助事务 201\n第29A款主管管理事务副秘书长办公室 202\n第29B款方案规划、预算和账户厅 206\n第29C款人力资源管理厅 211\n第29D款中央支助事务厅 218第29E款 228 \n行政，日内瓦 第29F款 231 \n行政，维也纳 第29G款 234 \n行政，内罗毕 \n第30款信息和通信技术厅 239\n第九编内部监督 247\n第31款内部监督 247\n第十编共同出资的行政活动和特别费 253\n第32款共同出资的行政活动 253\n国际公务员制度委员会 254\n联合检查组 256\n联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，包括国际公共部门会计准则项目 258\n第33款特别费 261第十一编 264 \n基本建设支出 \n第34款建筑、改建、装修和主要维修 264\n第十二编安全和安保 274\n第35款安全和安保 274第十三编 284 \n发展账户 \n第36款发展账户 284\n第十四编工作人员薪金税 286\n第37款工作人员薪金税 286\n收入估计数 286\n收入第1款工作人员薪金税收入 286收入第2款 287 \n一般收入 收入第3款 287 \n服务公众 \n 附件 \n1.按资金来源和职等开列的员额数 291\nA.维持和平行动以外的员额 291\nB.所有维持和平行动的核定文职员额 292\nC.共同出资员额 293\n2.常设和临时员额拟议变动一览表 295\nA.拟议裁撤员额 295\nB.拟议新设员额 297\n3.拟议从一般临时人员、订约承办事务和预算外供资项下改划的新员额 299\nA.拟议从一般临时人员项下改划的新员额一览表 299\nB.拟议从订约承办事务项下改划的新员额一览表 299\nC.拟议从预算外供资项下改划的新员额一览表 299\n4.拟议改叙员额 3005.截至2011年3月31日以及2012-2013两年期预计将继续由一般临时人员 301 \n项下供资的职位 \n6.大会关于与发展有关的活动的第63/260号决议核定员额的现状 304", "序言", "1. 根据大会1946年2月13日第14(I)号决议的规定，行政和预算问题咨询委员会的主要职能是：", "(a) 审查秘书长向大会提出的预算并提出报告；", "(b) 就交办审查的任何行政和预算事项向大会提出意见；", "(c) 代表大会审查各专门机构的行政预算以及与这些机构间财政安排的建议；", "(d) 审议审计员关于联合国和各专门机构决算的报告并向大会提出报告。", "咨询委员会还就维持和平行动经费筹措以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭经费的筹措提出报告。此外，委员会就行政预算和其他事项向联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)(自愿基金)、联合国环境规划署(环境署)(环境基金)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)、联合国训练研究所(训研所)、联合国大学、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)、联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)的理事机构提出报告。", "2. 根据大会议事规则第156条的规定，咨询委员会的成员不得有两人属同一国籍，成员应具有广泛的地域代表性，根据个人资格和经验选举产生。", "3. 截至2011年7月21日，咨询委员会成员如下：", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(主席)", "亚历杭德罗·托雷斯·莱波里(副主席)", "斯塔福德·尼尔", "穆罕默德·穆斯塔法·塔尔", "农耶·乌多", "彼得·马登斯", "艾舍·阿菲菲", "雷纳塔·阿尔基尼", "弗拉基米尔·约瑟福夫", "亚斯明卡·迪尼奇", "杉山明", "纳姆加尔·坎帕", "理查德·穆恩", "卡洛斯·鲁伊斯·马谢乌", "张万海", "4. 本报告载有咨询委员会在秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算基础上提出的结论和建议。秘书长代表口头或书面提供的补充资料对拟议方案预算作了尽可能的补充。", "主席", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(签名)", "第一章", "一般性评论、意见和建议", "1. 咨询委员会忆及，大会第65/262号决议邀请秘书长在按照2010-2011年订正费率计算的初步估计数5 396 697 200美元的基础上编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算。在同一决议中，大会决定了2012-2013两年期的优先事项，并请秘书长在提出2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时，反映这些优先事项。优先事项如下：", "(a) 根据大会和联合国最近各次会议的有关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展；", "(b) 维持国际和平与安全；", "(c) 非洲发展；", "(d) 促进人权；", "(e) 有效协调人道主义援助工作；", "(f) 促进司法和国际法；", "(g) 裁军；", "(h) 毒品管制、预防犯罪和打击一切形式和表现的国际恐怖主义。", "2. 秘书长为2012-2013两年期提议的方案预算，[1] 支出各款数额为5 343 758 100美元，收入各款数额为611 531 300美元(均按2012-2013年费率计算)。[2] 按净额计算，估计数共计4 732 226 800美元。按照2010-2011年订正费率，2012-2013年提案中的支出各款共计5 196 993 400美元，比2012－2013年核定大纲减少3.7%。", "3. 在下表1内，2012-2013两年期估计数(按2012-2013年初步费率计算)与大会第65/260号决议核准的2010-2011年订正估计数以及2008-2009两年期最后支出和收入作了比较。2012-2013年支出估计数，按2010-2011年订正费率计算减少1.702亿美元，即3.2%。", "表1 2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期收入和支出比较", "[TABLE]", "表2 总预算", "(千美元)", "增(减)", "2010-2011年 2012-2013年 数额 百分比", "经常预算", "支出 5 367 234.7 5 343 758.1 (23 476.6) (0.4)", "一般收入 37 930.8 52 558.0 14 627.2 38.6", "小计 5 329 303.9 5 291 200.1 (38 103.8) (0.7)", "工作人员薪金税收入 555 041.0 558 973.3 3 932.3 0.7", "经常预算净额 4 774 262.9 4 732 226.8 (42 036.1) (0.9)", "其他分摊额^(a)", "支助活动 700 087.9 692 021.8 (8 066.1) (1.2)", "小计 700 087.9 692 021.8 (8 066.1) (1.2)", "预算外", "支助活动 416 858.2 425 019.0 8 160.8 2.0", "实务活动 2 166 360.8 2 538 881.8 372 521.0 17.2", "业务活动 9 066 870.6 9 477 672.9 410 802.3 4.5", "小计 11 650 089.6 12 441 573.7 791 484.1 6.8", "共计 17 124 440.4 17 865 822.3 791 381.9 4.3", "^(a) 反应大会在关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中的决定。", "4. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中指出，2010-2011年设立的248个员额对2012-2013两年期的延迟影响达24 930 300美元(A/66/6(Introduction)，表10)。此外还说明，2012-2013年拟设的99个新员额对2014-2015年的延迟影响按现时费率计算估计为12 010 300美元(同上，表11)。", "5. “其他分摊资源”类别中的估计数总额为823 088 000美元，包括用于基本建设总计划、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭及维持和平行动支助账户的经费(同上，表8)。咨询委员会获悉，在通过关于提高联合国在2011/12年度期间管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的大会第65/290号决议后，订正估计数为692 021 100美元(见表2)。", "6. 2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为12 441 573 700美元(同上，表9)。如上表2所示，总额估计数包括用于支助活动的425 019 000美元、用于实务活动的2 538 881 800美元和用于业务活动的9 477 672 900美元。", "7. 2012-2013两年期经常预算、其他分摊资源和预算外经费供资活动的资源总额估计数为17 865 822 300美元。", "8. 咨询委员会还获悉，2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间，有不同财政期间的维和行动估计数总额约为140亿美元。这一数字不包括联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处、联合国停战监督组织(停战监督组织)、联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组(印巴观察组)和特别政治任务的费用，它们的费用在经常预算下提供。", "9. 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2012-2013两年期拟议预算将在2011年第三季度提交咨询委员会审议。两法庭2010-2011年订正批款总额为毛额578 315 900美元(净额525 414 900美元)(见大会第65/252和65/253号决议)。", "10. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中指出，预算是根据大会第64/229号决议核可的2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)编制的，并遵循会员国制定的优先事项、目标和任务规定。秘书长还指出，在拟订这些提案的过程中，非常严格地审视了各项方案活动及其相关资源。对各项进程进行了广泛、严格的审查，作为减少重叠、着力创新、进一步协同增效并执行工作方案的努力的一部分。尽管拟议方案预算所列数额低于预算大纲核可的数额，但秘书长指出，拟议预算的目标是使本组织有能力充分完成其任务规定(A/66/6(Introduction)，第1和3段)。", "11. 虽然预算总额低于2010-2011年订正批款，但秘书长强调了拟加强的一些领域，即：禁毒办；妇女署；联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)；近东救济工程处；国际减少灾害战略秘书处和内部监督事务厅(监督厅)。秘书长强调了与企业资源规划项目、实施国际公共部门会计准则、信息和通信技术投资及改进达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆提供的服务并使获取服务的途径实现现代化有关的追加经费(同上，第12-14段)。", "12. 咨询委员会获悉，在2011年第二季度，秘书长要求他的高级管理人员在不影响本组织执行其任务或方案的能力的情况下，在比预算大纲核定数额至少低3%的基础上开展工作。秘书长告知委员会，提出这一要求不是基于对方案的深入分析，而是反映了全球金融危机后严峻时期的现实和他本人关于确保本组织以成本效益高的方式执行任务的承诺。秘书长已要求方案主管彻底审查其方案和相关活动，更重要的是彻底审查其业务流程。秘书长指出，向方案主管授予了充分权力，以制定资源的优化组合，同时确保方案的执行。委员会获悉，这个过程是互动的，而且取决于每个领域中共同确定的增效成果，为不同预算款次制订了有区别的目标。", "13. 咨询委员会一贯强调，必须对方案和业务流程进行持续审查，以确保以最有成效和效率的方式执行任务。因此，委员会欢迎秘书长采取举措，要求方案主管进行这样的审查。不过，委员会认为，为方案主管提供的时间不够，无法进行全面的审查。在这方面，委员会认为这一不足在提出的提案中有所反映。特别是，委员会认为，拟议的总体削减既不显著也不具有结构性。因此，委员会认为，拟议削减如获批准，将不大可能在今后的预算中持续。", "14. 因此，在本报告中，咨询委员会突出强调它所关切的提案的若干方面。这些方面包括拟议的员额配置变动的情况和根据关于加强与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议获得追加资源的部门和办事处内的削减可能产生的影响。前者将减少初始职级专业员额的数目。关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算数额，委员会认为，资源的总体数额将受到提交的关于特别政治任务的提议的影响，还将受到就提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期的涉及经费问题的单独报告所作决定的影响。此外，委员会注意到，第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下与编制简要记录和向联合国基金和方案提供会议服务有关的约1 800万美元削减额取决于大会就拟议变动所作决定。", "15. 咨询委员会注意到秘书长表示，提案旨在使本组织能够充分执行其任务。然而，在其听询期间，一些方案主管表示，资源的减少会影响有关部门的运作，即使不直接对任务的执行产生影响。例如，关于亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)，咨询委员会获悉，虽然在方案支助领域作出削减，以免减少工作方案的资源，但向政府间机构提供服务的能力会降低。因此，亚太经社会将不再翻译非立法性文件，不再向不是必须提供翻译的专家机构提供服务(另见第二章，第五.46-五.47段)。", "16. 咨询委员会认为，拟议预算的全部影响只有随着时间的推移才会显现，并将在适当时候由大会通过执行情况报告机制进行审议。然而，委员会期望，将采取步骤以减轻任何意想不到的后果，以便任务的执行不受不利影响，向会员国所提供支持的整体水平没有任何改变。", "17. 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长的提议比2010-2011两年期订正批款少1.702亿美元。与现两年期订正批款相比的资源分配情况列于拟议方案预算导言第17段(见下表3)。七个预算编次以百分比计算的减少额最大－所涉领域为政治事务(8.4%)、通盘决策、领导和协调(5.2%)和新闻(3.0%)。提议为六个预算编次增加资源，增加最多的领域是资本支出(5.9%)、人权和人道主义事务(3.8%)和共同支助事务(1.5%)。", "表3 2012-2013年资源分配情况与2010-2011年订正批款的比较", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年订正批款\t变动 2012-2013年资源 \n (重计费用前)\n预算编次 数额 百分比 \n \n一.\t通盘决策、领导和协调\t756 270.0\t(39345.0)\t(5.2)\t716 925.0\n二.\t政治事务\t1 457 909.0\t(122233.6)\t(8.4)\t1 335675.4\n三.\t国际司法和国际法\t92 002.3\t109.7\t0.1\t92 112.0\n四.\t国际合作促进发展\t428 505.3\t(1828.8)\t(0.4)\t426 676.5\n五.\t区域合作促进发展\t513 210.9\t(9562.7)\t(1.9)\t503 648.2\n六.\t人权和人道主义事务\t298 021.2\t11 384.7\t3.8\t309 405.9\n七.\t新闻\t184 996.6\t(5564.4)\t(3.0)\t179 432.2\n八.\t共同支助事务\t598 091.2\t8 894.0\t1.5\t606 985.2\n九.\t内部监督\t38 925.0\t100.3\t0.3\t39 025.3\n十.\t合资办理的行政活动和特别费\t126 127.5\t(2955.7)\t(2.3)\t123 171.8\n十一.\t资本支出\t60 326.8\t3 589.3\t5.9\t63 916.1\n十二.\t安全和安保\t238 447.7\t298.0\t0.1\t238 745.7\n十三.\t发展账户\t23 651.3\t—\t—\t23 651.3\n十四.\t工作人员薪金税\t550 749.9\t(13127.1)\t(2.4)\t537 622.8\n共计 5 367 234.7\t(170241.3)\t(3.2)\t5 196993.4", "18. 拟议方案预算导言表3汇总了按预算款次开列的拟议预算。咨询委员会注意到，21个预算款的拟议预算与2010-2011年订正批款相比减少，减少的总额为2.063亿美元，4个预算款的资源保持不变，18个预算款的拟议预算增加，增加总额为0.361亿美元。", "19. 如下表4所详述，八个预算款的拟议预算比2010-2011年订正批款增加3%或以上，增加的总额为0.286亿美元。咨询委员会注意到，在某些情况下，拟议的增加反映了呼吁加强有关领域的大会决定，如第16款(国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法)和第26款(巴勒斯坦难民)。另一些增加反映在现两年期核准的新任务，例如第24款(人权)。同时，拟议预算还反映了秘书长对本组织实现现代化的优先重视，预期这将最终导致显著节省。经询问，委员会获悉，由于这种优先重视，秘书长削减3%的要求未适用于信息和通信技术厅(另见下文第32段)。", "表4 拟议预算比2010-2011年订正批款增加3%或以上的预算款", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年批款\t资源增长 重计费用前的2012-2013年资源\n预算款 数额\t百分比 \n13.\t国际贸易中心\t31 793.3\t997.1\t3.1\t32790.4\n16.\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t39 191.1\t1 927.5\t4.9\t41118.6\n17.\t妇女署^(a)\t13 532.5\t1 304.4\t9.6\t14836.9\n24.\t人权\t141191.4\t6 043.5\t4.3\t147234.9\n26.\t巴勒斯坦难民\t43 712.4\t5 000.0\t11.4\t48712.4\n29A.\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t26 126.1\t6 690.0\t25.6\t32816.1\n30.\t信息和通信技术厅^(b)\t72 120.0\t3 000.0\t4.2\t75120.0\n34.\t建筑、改建、装修和主要维修\t60 326.8\t3 589.3\t5.9\t63916.1", "^(a) 妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议于2011年1月1日设立的综合实体。仅为比较和列报目的，本报告中的订正批款数额已作技术调整，以反映两年期数额。", "^(b) 秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(A/66/94)载列了进一步提议，由2012-2013两年期经常预算供资的总额为6 423 400美元。", "20 关于拟议减少所需资源的预算款，有五个预算款的所需资源减少3%或以上，减少的总额为1.69亿美元(见下表5)。", "表5 拟议预算比2010-2011年订正批款减少3%或以上的预算款", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年批款\t资源增长 重计费用前的2012-2013年资源\n预算款 数额\t百分比 \n2.\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t656070.4\t(11958.2)\t(6.4)\t614112.2\n3.\t政治事务\t1 314847.4\t(119734.3)\t(9.1)\t1 195113.1\n10.\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t7 406.1\t(740.6)\t(10.0)\t6665.5\n28.\t新闻\t184996.6\t(5564.4)\t(3.0)\t179432.2\n32.\t合资办理的行政活动\t11 993.4\t(999.6)\t(8.3)\t10993.8", "21. 咨询委员会注意到，与2010-2011年订正批款相比的总体减少额1.702亿美元主要基于两个部分：为特别政治任务编列的经费估计数减少1.208亿美元，其他工作人员费用项下减少0.437亿美元，这主要是由于减少为临时会议助理人员和一般临时人员编列的经费。所需资源减少的其他支出类别包括工作人员薪金税(1 310万美元)、用品和材料(750万美元)、家具和设备(590万美元)、咨询人(200万美元)和工作人员差旅费(100万美元)。这些减少额被下列各项下的增加额部分抵销：员额(1 290万美元)、代表差旅费(290万美元)、房地装修(100万美元)及赠款和捐款(1 080万美元)，主要原因是为企业资源规划项目增加编列660万美元经费。", "22. 如上所述，秘书长指出，方案主管被授予充分权力，以决定确保任务执行所需的资源组合。咨询委员会获悉，没有具体指示以贯穿各领域的方式适用任何特定的增效措施。因此，拟议预算反映了实现削减的各种办法。例如，提议减少13个预算款的员额配置，减少集中在初级专业人员或一般事务及有关职类。在少数情况下，特别是一些区域经济委员会，资源的总体减少大部分是由于员额的裁撤。关于非员额支出领域，委员会注意到正在采取各种措施。这些措施包括保留超出其正常更换周期的家具和设备、减少对咨询人的需要并拟要求所有使用经常预算培训资金进行的旅行乘坐经济舱。", "23. 第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)和第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)下的提案也许最能说明不同方案主管采取的不同办法，这两个机构的规模和任务类似。这两项提案反映了相似的削减数额，分别为280万美元(2.3%)和290万美元(2.6%)。然而，在非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)，所有拟议的削减均在非员额领域，员额配置没有减少。与此相反，在拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)，减少额的大部分是由于裁撤12个员额的提议。", "24. 咨询委员会注意到，根据秘书长关于与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708)于2009年得到加强的所有预算款中，除一个预算款之外，其目前资源水平均拟减少。在第63/260号决议为九个预算款批准的91个新员额中，现提议裁撤六个预算款中的38个员额。裁撤的员额中包括第63/260号决议具体核准的员额中的四个：两个在第9款(经济和社会事务)(P-4、P-3)，两个在第20款(欧洲经济发展)(P-4、P-3)。特别是，委员会注意到，在整个预算中提议裁撤的34个专业职等员额中，20个是来自三个区域经济委员会，即欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、亚太经社会和拉加经委会。", "25. 咨询委员会表示注意到拟议方案预算中提供的资料，这些资料说明根据第63/260号决议核准的新员额对有关部门的工作产生的早期积极影响，其中许多员额仅在2010年期间填补(见下文第126-128段)。虽然认识到预算过程提供了机会，可以审查和重新评估如何最有成效地执行任务，但委员会对某些部门和机构、特别是最近根据第63/260号决议得到加强的部门和机构中拟议员额配置裁减的程度感到关切。委员会认为，这些裁减似乎是质疑关于加强这些部门和机构的最初提议中的一些内容的依据。", "特别政治任务估计数", "26. 如上文第21段指出，拟议方案预算数额减少的主要因素是第3款(政治事务)下特别政治任务预算估计数的减少。估计数为11亿美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少1.208亿美元。经询问，委员会获悉，经费的减少反映了两个因素。首先，作出共计8 580万美元的调整，涉及任务已完成或终止或任务范围出现变化的特别任务，即联合国尼泊尔特派团(联尼特派团)、联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表和联合国布隆迪办事处(联布办事处)。其次，据称其他特别政治任务进一步削减了3 500万美元，依据是预期将以具有成本效益和高效率的方式完成目标和任务。", "27. 咨询委员会指出，该两年期给特别政治任务的供资将取决于大会和(或)安全理事会建立或延长任务的决定。因此，编列的经费可能发生变化。由于特别政治任务2012年资源提议尚未编制，委员会认为，进行中任务估计数的3 500万美元额外减少额目前只能视作初步预测。出于这个原因，并鉴于过去的经验表明无法预测此类任务，委员会认为，秘书长对2012-2013两年期特别政治任务的预测中反映的减少额可能证明是乐观的预测，因此并不一定导致资源的节减。在这方面，委员会认为，秘书长在提出特别政治任务的预算提议时务必有所节制。", "将提交大会的其他报告", "28. 秘书长指出，除大会第六十六届会议期间各主要委员会可能产生的事项外，还有一些变化中的其他问题。将就这些问题向大会提出单独报告。秘书长还指出，这些问题可能对2012-2013两年期工作方案产生重大影响(A/66/6(Introduction)， 第16段)。经询问，咨询委员会获得了关于秘书长预计将提交给大会第六十六届会议主要会期的其他报告的以下信息：", "涉及经费问题的报告", "信息和通信技术战略(第65/259号决议)，企业内容管理、客户关系管理和灾后恢复和业务连续性(第63/262、63/269和64/243号决议)", "联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划(第64/243号决议)", "内部司法(第65/259号决议)", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议可能引起的需求", "可能涉及经费问题的报告", "关于道德操守办公室活动的年度报告", "关于紧急情况管理框架的秘书长报告(第64/260号决议)", "2011年国际公务员制度委员会报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题", "关于联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会报告引起的所涉行政和经费问题的秘书长报告", "其他报告[3]", "海外财产管理和在建项目(第65/259号决议)", "审查特别政治任务的目前供资和支助安排(第65/259号决议)", "联合国总部长期办公房地需要的可行性研究", "关于问责制的报告：第64/259号决议的执行情况", "29. 咨询委员会获悉，上述根据第65/259号决议提出的内部司法报告预计将分为两份单独的报告，分别涵盖正式制度(内部司法办公室和其他办公室)和非正式制度，后者将在关于联合国监察员和调解事务活动的年度报告中述及。", "30. 除上述报告外，咨询委员会还获悉，联合国内罗毕办事处总干事一职设立后，目前正在审查该办事处的支持安排。委员会获悉，对2012-2013年所需资源的任何有关订正将按照惯例向大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议报告。", "31. 咨询委员会回顾，大会在过去两个两年期请秘书长采取必要步骤，避免零敲碎打的预算编制方式，并确保拟议方案预算尽可能充分地反映本组织的所需资源(见第62/236号决议，第9和第64/243号决议，第15段)。在信息和通信技术方面，委员会还回顾，大会第64/243和65/259号决议要求在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中提出有关提议。委员会认识到，可能会出现需在通常的两年期经常预算周期之外解决的未预见需要。然而，委员会认为，在编制拟议方案预算期间预见的问题本可列入秘书长的提议。如果不可能提交关于这些项目的完整提议，委员会本预期最起码将在拟议方案预算中列出所需资源的指示性估计数，以便向会员国提供尽可能最全面的信息。", "32. 在这方面，咨询委员会收到并审议了秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(A/66/94)。委员会注意到，该报告载列数额约为0.428亿美元的2012-2013两年期拟议追加资源，其中6 400万美元是从经常预算请拨。", "33. 尽管上列报告会在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时提交大会，但咨询委员会感到关切的是，这种零敲碎打的方式未能向委员会提供在其审议秘书长提议时需要掌握的全部信息，使其无法就拟议方案预算向大会提出咨询意见。", "改革管理举措", "34. 秘书长指出，在2012-2013年期间，将通过旨在确保本组织更有成效和效率地为会员国及其受益者服务的改革管理进程，继续进行审查并更新本组织工作方式的工作。咨询委员会经询问获悉，已经设立了一个改革管理小组来促进这一进程。该小组将由一名助理秘书长领导，由另外6至8名从其他部/厅借调的工作人员组成，此外还有少量具有改革管理、人力资源及信息和通信技术(信通技术)专长的咨询人。秘书长还指出，该小组的工作将由常务副秘书长监督。", "35. 咨询委员会获悉，改革管理小组将承担以下任务：", "(a) 将工作集中在以下六个类别：方案成效；人力资源；信通技术；采购和共同事务；业务流程的创新；理事机构进程，包括本组织内部以及与会员国的合作战略的设计；", "(b) 评估所有改革提议的可行性和费用；", "(c) 确保实施改革措施的一致性；", "(d) 与其他重要工作流程开展相互得益的交流互动；", "(e) 制定一个有时间表的优先实施计划，供秘书长审议。", "36. 咨询委员会获悉，改革管理小组的首要任务将是分析和评估高级管理人员、工作人员和其他利益攸关方所提出的改革举措，并制定实施计划。预计这项工作将在2011年底前完成，而改革举措自身的实施时间表则各不相同，其中一些举措预计在2011年完成，另一些举措则将持续到2012年或更久之后。委员会还获悉，目前预测改革管理小组的活动对2012-2013两年期所需资源的影响还为时过早。", "37. 咨询委员会还获悉，改革管理举措的范围和影响各不相同，一些举措可能涉及改革秘书长管辖下的内部流程，另一些举措则可能涉及需要大会核准的改革措施。在这方面，据说明，改革管理小组将制定参与战略，以宣传其工作并寻求会员国和适当政府间机构的适当指导。咨询委员会强调，必须就该小组的活动定期开展内部沟通并与各会员国沟通，包括说明其目标、活动时间表以及考虑采取和正在采取的举措。", "38. 在供资方面，咨询委员会获悉，在到2011年12月31日为止的活动期间，改革管理小组的经费预计将通过预算外资源提供。咨询委员会获悉，虽然支持小组的主要方式是借调本组织内各部门工作人员，但预计开展这一举措将需要约700 000美元。咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年7月26日，除了助理秘书长之外，该小组由从监督厅、管理事务部、政治事务部和新闻部借调的四名专业人员组成，还有一名小组成员将从经济和社会事务部借调。此外，关于确定一名代表各机构、基金和方案的新成员的讨论还在进行之中。目前由从维持和平行动部借调的一名一般事务职等工作人员提供行政支助。", "39. 咨询委员会确认，各部厅各级方案主管不断制定并实施了提高效率和成效的举措。不过，咨询委员会认为，迄今为止，没有足够重视查明那些被视为最有效的措施并确保其在整个组织得到有效执行的工作。因此，咨询委员会认为，设立以改革管理措施为重点的临时能力大有裨益。咨询委员会指出，如果早成立一个这样的小组，其工作成果可能已反映在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中。", "40. 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，迄今为止尚未完成任何关于联合国改革管理或改革举措的评价。不过，咨询委员会获悉，改革管理小组将评价以往的这类举措并汲取经验教训。咨询委员会强调，必须对以往所有的举措和改革进行彻底审查，以期总结经验教训，对于这些举措未能产生预期影响的情况尤其如此。", "41. 咨询委员会注意到，改革管理小组预计至2011年底完成其首要任务。委员会期待，这些举措本身的实施及其影响随后将由现行机制负责监督，特别是常务副秘书长主持的执行改革管理措施指导委员会以及管理委员会等其他高级管理论坛，在适当情况下，还包括联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)。", "应急基金", "42. 咨询委员会回顾大会第41/213号和第42/211号决议的规定。委员会还回顾，大会第65/262号决议决定2012-2013两年期应急基金数额应定为40 475 200美元，所需追加资源应从中匀支。", "A. 拟议方案预算的格式和列报", "43. 咨询委员会感到遗憾的是，对2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审议受到拟议方案预算导言和个别预算款次迟交的影响。委员会重申必须确保充分遵守预算程序，包括及时提交委员会所要求的文件和补充资料。", "44. 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算基本保持2010-2011年期间的格式。秘书长指出，根据大会第58/269号决议的规定，方案说明严格按照核可的2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)编制而成，任何不同之处将向方案和协调委员会报告。如拟议方案预算导言第54段所述，由新的和(或)订正的任务规定引起的差异影响到第3款(政治事务)、第15款(人类住区)、第17款(妇女署)和第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)。咨询委员会注意到，秘书长按照第58/269号决议提交了一份关于对两年期方案计划所做变动的综合报告(A/66/82)，供方案和协调委员会审查。", "成果预算框架", "45. 咨询委员会回顾，审计委员会在其关于联合国2008-2009两年期的报告(A/65/5(Vol.I)，第二章)中着重指出逻辑框架列报的一些不足之处。在某些情况下，这些不足之处包括：预期成绩与对应目标之间缺乏清晰的联系，使用的绩效指标与相关预期成绩之间同样如此。更为根本地讲，审计委员会指出，在改变成果预算制的现行设计及执行方式方面，存在一些结构性的、根深蒂固的障碍。因此，审计委员会认为，秘书处实行的程序看来不符合建立成果预算制的决定所依据的种种期望。咨询委员会从其在预算审查进程中的作用的角度出发，表达了与审计委员会类似的关注(见A/64/7，第13至22段)。委员会了解有关方面正在继续努力完善和改进逻辑框架的列报。但是，根据委员会对2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审查，委员会认为这些关切依然有效。在这方面，委员会期待审查根据成果管理制工作队的工作提出的提议，这些提议将提交大会第六十六届会议。", "终止的产出", "46. 秘书长根据《方案规划、预算内方案部分、执行情况监测和评价方法条例和细则》条例5.6和细则105.6报告，根据对2010-2011年交付产出的审查结果，2010-2011年交付的产出中共计1 792项将在2012-2013年终止执行。终止执行的产出在相关的预算款次下予以报告，拟议方案预算导言第23段载有这些产出的总表。咨询委员会重申其观点，即如果预算文件能列明是否拟提议新产出取代有关活动，关于终止的产出的资料将更为有用。此外，委员会仍然认为，如果终止的产出没有被具体的新产出取代，则应设法确定因拟议终止某些活动和产出而可供调用的资源总量(见A/60/7，第15段)。", "47. 咨询委员会回顾其建议，即拟议方案预算应说明政府间机构在多大程度上参与拟定经常预算供资活动的所涉方案(同上，第18段)。在这方面，委员会注意到，作为终止上述产出的程序的一部分，预算第2、3、6、8、9、12、14、15、16、18、19、20、21、22、24和28款的工作方案已经有关机构审查(A/66/6 (Introduction)，附件一)。", "监测与评价", "48. 根据大会第58/269号决议第20段，在拟议方案预算各款中明确列出了用于履行监测和评价职能的资源。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年用于监测和评价的资源将达5 730万美元，比2010-2011两年期估计数增加650万美元，即约13%。经常预算中提供3 350万美元，比2010-2011年增加260万美元，而其他分摊经费和预算外资源分别占430万美元和1 940万美元。各预算款次之间的资源分配如下表6所示。", "表6 监测和评价所需资源估计数", "(千美元)", "预算款次 经常预算 预算外 其他摊款 共计", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 3 191.7 — — 3 191.7", "3. 政治事务 39.3 15.6 — 54.9", "4. 裁军 301.4 20.0 — 321.4", "5. 维持和平行动 — — 1 581.3 1 581.3", "6. 和平利用外层空间 321.3 116.1 — 437.4", "8. 法律事务 970.1 — 172.0 1 142.1", "9. 经济和社会事务 598.1 42.6 — 640.7", "10. 112.4 — — 112.4 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "11. 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 171.7 — — 171.7", "12. 贸易与发展 996.5 374.9 — 1 371.4", "14. 环境 377.6 1 513.2 — 1 890.8", "15. 人类住区 396.5 2 713.3 — 3 109.8", "16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 868.6 2 327.6 — 3 196.2", "17. 妇女署 — 3 735.5 — 3 735.5", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 2 536.3 714.0 — 3 250.3", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 3 616.8 430.2 — 4 047.0", "20. 欧洲经济发展 822.0 6.0 — 828.0", "21. 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 718.4 212.5 — 930.9", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 663.0 148.4 — 811.4", "24. 人权 1 251.9 251.2 — 1 503.1", "25. 难民的国际保护和援助及持久解决办法 1 256.0 2 344.0 — 3 600.0", "26. 巴勒斯坦难民 1 748.8 1 903.0 — 3 651.8", "27. 人道主义援助 401.2 1 389.4 — 1 790.6", "28. 新闻 2 792.0 — — 2 792.0", "29A.主管管理事务副秘书长办公室 109.3 — — 109.3", "29B.方案规划、预算和账户厅 2 234.7 459.3 246.4 2 940.4", "29C.人力资源管理厅 411.1 36.1 42.4 489.6", "29D.中央支助事务厅 1 846.4 34.6 2 044.5 3 925.5", "29E.行政，日内瓦 1 001.8 360.6 — 1 362.4", "29F.行政，维也纳 266.2 270.6 — 536.8", "29G.行政，内罗毕 246.6 5.6 — 252.2", "30. 信息和通信技术厅 41.8 — — 41.8", "31. 内部监督 753.3 — 256.7 1 010.0", "35. 安全和安保 2 449.2 — — 2 449.2", "共计 33 512.0 19 424.3 4 343.3 57 279.6", "49. 咨询委员会注意到，专门用于监测和评价活动的资源数额十分可观而且在持续增长。咨询委员会强调，必须定期监测并评价方案活动，以确定本组织活动的相关性、效率、实效和影响，并认为这些活动是有效管理的一个核心要素。因此，委员会认为应提供更多资料，说明这一领域资源的利用情况以及开展活动取得的成果。", "50. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中说明了所开展的监测和评价活动的类型。咨询委员会注意到，这一领域资源仍主要用于内部评价，只有约2%用于外部评价。内部评价包括自我评价以及在监测和报告方案执行情况时所作的自我评估。外部评价包括法定的或酌情进行的评价(A/66/6(Introduction)，第74和76段)。咨询委员会仍然认为，作为对联合国方案和活动的成就和不足进行客观分析的一个来源，独立评价是无可替代的，而且系统内存在为此目的的机制和办公室。", "51. 咨询委员会还注意到，第31款(内部监督)的估计数反映的仅是内部监督事务厅用于对自身活动进行评价的约100万美元资源(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.12段)。不过，拟议方案预算中提供的估计数不包括监督厅和联合检查组的外部监测和评价活动费用。咨询委员会认为，必须列入关于监督厅和联合检查组可用于评价其他部厅活动的资源的资料，这样可以更准确地列报专门用于整个组织的监测和评价的资源总量。", "52. 咨询委员会继续注意到，秘书处各部厅在监测和评价活动预计支出数额上差异很大。即便是各区域经济委员会等可视为职能性质和范围大致类似的机构，这种情况也很显著。不过委员会还注意到，产生差异的部分原因可能是各部厅使用不同方式来衡量所涉资源。例如，虽然一些部厅有分立的监测和评价能力，设有全职从事此类活动的工作人员，但在许多其他部厅，此类活动由工作人员临时开展，作为其日常职责的一部分。对于后一种情况，拟议方案预算反映了根据工作人员兼职从事此类活动投入的时间所作的估算。这导致一种情况：方法上的一致性、包括在将管理人员责任中的哪些要素确定为明确的监测和评价活动方面，都可能难以实现。因此，咨询委员会认为，预算列报的重点应放在监测和评价活动的性质与结果，而不是仅仅关注其估计费用。", "53. 在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，在编制拟议方案预算时，每个方案主管必须提交一份评价计划，详细说明下一个两年期计划进行的外部和内部评价。虽然每个预算款都包括2012-2013两年期计划评价活动所需资源估计数，但委员会认为，预算文件总体上缺少关于所涉具体活动的资料。咨询委员会要求在今后的方案预算中提供关于各部厅规划的主要评价活动的资料。", "54. 秘书长提供了关于已开展的监测和评价活动产生的种种好处的资料(A/66/6(Introduction)，第79段)。一些个别预算款也不同程度地载有关于此类结果的资料。咨询委员会欢迎列入此类信息，但认为仍须作出更大努力。委员会感到遗憾的是，一些预算款中没有列入关于已开展的监测和评价活动的资料。委员会重申，要求今后的预算列报应当更一贯地着重说明所开展的主要评价活动、如何应用取得的经验改善方案的交付并酌情说明对资源的拟议分配的影响(见A/64/7，第26段)。", "B. 方法", "55. 如拟议预算导言所述，所需经费仍按照现两年期使用并经大会第47/212 A号决议认可的方法编制。拟议预算中，2 500万美元是与2010-2011年核定新员额的延迟影响有关的经费，减去的数额则为该两年期核定的一次性费用6 500万美元(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第46和47段)。列入约11亿美元的资源用于特别政治任务。必要时追加的特别政治任务经费将继续按照大会第41/213号决议的规定处理。", "56. 如拟议预算导言第50段所述，拟对持续性员额统一采用专业人员9.6%、一般事务人员4.0%的空缺率。对于外勤安保人员，提议采用专业人员14%、一般事务人员14.7%的空缺率。这些是大会第64/243号决议核定的2010-2011两年期空缺率。咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年5月31日，专业人员和一般事务人员的平均实际空缺率分别为6.0%和5.1%(另见下文第90段)。", "57. 咨询委员会注意到，拟议专业员额空缺率为9.6%，显著高于目前6.1%的实际空缺率。经询问，委员会获悉，拟议空缺率是沿用大会核定的2010-2011两年期空缺率。委员会还获悉，大会将在审议拟议方案预算时得到重计费用的订正估计数中的最新空缺率。咨询委员会注意到，将适用于专业员额的空缺率降低1%会导致员额费用增长约1 690万美元，工作人员薪金税项下也会增加250万美元。", "C. 改革的影响", "58. 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中表示认为，预算文件应提供更多关于重大管理问题和影响所需资源的结构性变动的信息(A/64/7，第29段)。大会第64/243号决议回顾咨询委员会的报告第29 段，并强调指出，2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算应明确说明已采取哪些改革措施，其所涉预算如何，执行这些措施后效率有何提高，以及评估完成各项目标方面所取得的进展。咨询委员会感到遗憾的是，2012-2013两年期拟议预算中未包括这些资料，并认为这是一个严重疏漏。委员会重申，拟议方案预算导言应载有关于重大改革措施的现状以及结果的资料。", "D. 效率的提高", "59. 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期拟议预算考虑到旨在更有效率、更有成效地执行方案和利用有关资源的措施。在人员编制方面，秘书长表示，拟议预算反映了减少重叠、简化作用与职责的努力，其目的是增强各工作流程的协同增效作用，作为信息和通信技术投资的成果(A/66/6(Introduction)，第26段)。", "60. 咨询委员会欢迎对实现增效所表示的重视，这应对资源数额或分配产生影响。然而，委员会感到遗憾的是，拟议方案预算缺乏将增效措施的影响与所需资源挂钩的具体资料。在这方面，委员会重申，拟议方案预算导言中应包括最重大增效措施的摘要以及关于执行这些措施所实际释放或预期将释放的资源的资料。当预计将来可提高效率时，应提供实现增效的明确时间表。此外，应在提供给咨询委员会的补充资料中列入关于每个部厅的更详细资料(见A/60/7，第102段)。", "61. 咨询委员会经询问后获悉，由于目前没有准确确定每项活动和产出费用的制度，因此无法确定正在开展的举措的确切节余或收益。咨询委员会对该领域的不理想状况及明显未取得任何进展的情况表示关切。在这方面，委员会回顾大会第64/259号决议，其中请秘书长确定说明秘书处工作效率的适当方法和工具。委员会期望，将于大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交的秘书长关于该决议执行情况的报告会反映这一领域的进展。", "62. 咨询委员会经询问后得到因信息技术投资的回报而拟裁撤的员额的资料。按预算款次分列的54个一般事务(其他职等)员额分布情况列于下表7。委员会仍然认为，对信息和通信技术的大量投资应导致在本组织支助职能方面实现可衡量的效益、效率和节省。因此，委员会欣见拟议人员编制反映这种投资对一些领域的影响。但是，委员会注意到，拟议员额裁减仅涉及三个预算款，并认为类似措施应适用于其他部厅。", "表7 因信息和通信技术投资而拟裁撤员额汇总表", "款次\t数目\t职等\t说明 \n2.大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 \n会议和出版服务，纽约\t37\tTC\t裁撤\n 4 GS(OL) 裁撤 \n 拟议裁撤是技术投资的回报和工作流程简化的结果\n 小计 41 \n 28. 新闻 1 P-5 裁撤 \n 1 P-2/1 裁撤 \n 9 GS(OL) 裁撤 \n 拟议裁撤是技术提高和达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆流程修改的结果\n 小计 11 \n 29 E. 行政，日内瓦 \n 图书馆事务 2 GS(OL) 裁撤 \n 拟议裁撤是由于技术提高和电子资源的使用增加(以及重新分配任务和职责、简化流程)\n 共计 54", "E. 人事问题", "63. 大会第65/247号和第65/248号决议核准给予连续任用合同以及国际公务员制度委员会关于统一工作人员服务条件的一些建议。这些决定建立在大会核准新合同框架的第63/250号决议的基础上，是近年来一系列重大人力资源改革的新里程碑。咨询委员会认为，这些改革已建立了一个框架，应使本组织得以以一致的方式解决人力资源管理领域许多长期存在的问题，并期望现在将重点转移到确保其有效实施。委员会还期望今后提交大会的报告载有对所取得成果的分析。", "64. 在审议拟议方案预算时，咨询委员会继续注意到，一些部厅空缺率较高，其中一些员额长时间空缺。此外，一些方案主管也表示希望增加授权，特别是征聘领域的授权。在提高无人任职和任职人数偏低的会员国的代表性以及在实现人员配置性别均等方面，也显然仍须继续努力。咨询委员会期望秘书长在其将提交大会第六十七届会议的下一份关于人力资源管理的报告中全面处理这些问题。因此，委员会在本报告中仅对人事政策问题进行有限讨论，届时将再次更详细地讨论更广泛的人力资源问题。", "65. 咨询委员会注意到，可用于执行本组织工作方案的人员编制包括：常设员额、临时员额、临时人员、订约承办事务、咨询人和特设专家组和加班；其经费来自经常预算、其他分摊资源和预算外经费。", "66. 2012-2013两年期，支出各款下的员额费用估计数为2 369 447 800美元(按2010-2011年费率计算)，其他工作人员费用为219 062 400美元，共计2 588 510 200美元(不包括工作人员薪金税)。加上收入第3款(服务公众)下的员额和其他工作人员费用估计数25 958 100美元后，总额为2 614 468 300美元。预算外员额费用(包括有关的其他工作人员费用)和其他分摊资源供资的员额费用估计数为4 067 800 300美元。因此，2012-2013年由经常预算和其他分摊资源及预算外资源提供经费的合计人事费用估计数为6 682 268 600美元。", "67. 咨询委员会回顾，2009年12月31日终了的两年期联合国财务报表五表明，在4 749 421 000美元经常预算总支出中，薪金和其他人事费约为3 516 845 000美元，约占74.0%(见A/65/5 (Vol. I)，第五章)，比2006-2007两年期的74.6%略有下降。", "经常预算常设员额和临时员额", "68. 在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算支出各款和收入第3款(服务公众)项下，秘书长请设总共10 352个员额。下表8将2012-2013年请设员额与2010-2011年核定人员配置表进行了比较。", "表8 所需员额", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "员额 2010-2011 2012-2013 增(减) 2010-2011 2012-2013 增(减) 2010-2011 2012-2013 增(减)", "常设员额 4 521 4 554 33 5 733 5 689 (44) 10 254 10 243 (11)", "临时员额 55 45 (10) 87 64 (23) 142 109 (33)", "共计^(a) 4 576 4 599 23 5 820 5 753 (67) 10 396 10 352 (44)", "^(a) 包括收入第3款下的89个员额。", "69. 支出各款下的经常预算常设员额和临时员额净减44个，是拟设63个新员额、由一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务改划40个员额和裁撤147个员额的结果。此外，提议将10个临时员额改划为常设员额，还拟改叙55个员额(见A/66/6 (Introduction)，表5及第24至45段)。", "70. 经询问，咨询委员会获得了本报告附件一所载的按资金来源和职等开列的核定及请设员额总数的资料。附件二载列按拟议方案预算款次开列的拟裁撤或新设员额清单。附件三载列关于拟从一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务项下改划的员额的资料。附件四载列拟议改叙的详细情况。", "71. 咨询委员会注意到，拟增加8个预算款的人员配置，同时减少13个款的人员配置(见下表9)。其余包含经常预算供资员额的预算款的整体人员配置水平没有变化。", "表9 人员配置的拟议变化^(a)", "总数\t专业及以上职类\t一般事务及有关职类 \n人员配置增加的预算款 \n7 国际法院 4\t2\t2\n16 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 7\t8\t(1)\n17 妇女署 2\t2\t—\n24 人权 11\t7\t4\n26 巴勒斯坦难民 13\t13\t—\n27 人道主义援助 2\t2\t—\n29D 中央支助事务厅 26\t6\t20\n31 内部监督 7\t7\t—\n 小计 72\t47\t25\n人员配置减少的预算款 \n1\t通盘决策、领导和协调 (2)\t—\t(2)\n2\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 -45\t-4\t-41\n3\t政治事务 -4\t-2\t-2\n9\t经济和社会事务 -10\t-2\t-8\n12\t贸易与发展 -1\t—\t-1\n19\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 -7\t-6\t-1\n20\t欧洲经济发展 -7\t-5\t-2\n21\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 -12\t-8\t-4\n22\t西亚经济和社会发展 -1\t3\t-4\n28\t新闻 -15\t-1\t-14\n29B\t方案规划、预算和账户厅 -1\t—\t-1\n29E\t行政，日内瓦 -3\t—\t-3\n35\t安全和安保 -8\t—\t-8\n\t小计 -116\t-25\t-91\n\t共计 -44\t22\t-66", "^(a) 第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)下提议将一个员额从外勤事务改划为专业人员职等，但是该款人员配置总数没有变动。", "裁撤员额", "72. 16个预算款中拟裁撤员额共计147个，包括113个一般事务及有关职类员额和34个专业职等员额，即4个P-5、7个P-4、9个P-3和14个P-2/1员额，其中29个裁撤员额为临时员额。附件二载列有关拟裁撤员额的详细资料。按款次开列的分配情况列于下表10。", "表10 拟裁撤员额", "预算款次 共计\t专业及以上职类\t一般事务及有关职类 \n 1 通盘决策、领导和协调 2 2 \n2\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t45\t4\t41\n 3 政治事务 6 3 3 \n 5 维持和平行动 2 2 \n 9 经济和社会事务 12 4 8 \n12\t贸易与发展\t1 1\n16\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t1 1\n19\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t8\t7\t1\n20\t欧洲经济发展\t7\t5\t2\n21\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t12\t8\t4\n22\t西亚经济和社会发展\t4 4\n24\t人权\t2\t1\t1\n28\t新闻\t20\t2\t18\n29B\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t1 1\n29E\t行政，日内瓦\t3 3\n35\t安全和安保\t21 21\n 共计 147 34 113", "73. 咨询委员会一贯强调，必须对人员配置组成不断进行审查，以确保人员的人数、职等和地点得到调整，从而确保任务得到最有成效和效率的执行。因此，委员会原则上欢迎方案主管努力在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中这样做。", "74. 对于裁减人员配置，咨询委员会注意到，第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下的业务流程举措提高了效率，因而该款的裁减数量最多。咨询委员会欢迎实现这种效率提高，并鼓励采取类似做法理顺全组织的业务流程。在这方面，委员会注意到，第29款(管理和支助事务)的各个组成部分占人员配置总表的约12.5%，但其下仅拟裁撤4个一般事务员额，而且员额总数拟净增22个。", "75. 如上文第24段所着重指出的那样，咨询委员会注意到，在审议秘书长关于与发展有关活动的报告(A/62/708)后根据第63/260 号决议加强了一些预算款，而目前拟从这些预算款中裁撤38个员额，其中包括当时核定的4个员额。委员会特别注意到，整个预算中拟裁撤的34个专业职等员额中的20个来自三个区域经济委员会。", "76. 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，拟裁撤员额中有许多目前不是空缺员额。委员会还获悉，在一些情况下，各有关部厅中职等适当的空缺员额不足，无法用以消化这些工作人员。咨询委员会期待，将采取适当措施，确保完全按照人力资源的规则和程序处理裁减员额的影响。", "调动", "77. 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期拟在各预算款次间调动62个员额(见表11)。", "表11 各预算款次间员额调动总表", "款次 数目 职等 说明 \n1.通盘决策、领导和协调 \n联合国驻非洲联盟办事处\t(6)\tASG,D-2,P-5,P-4,2GS(OL)\t由于办事处开展的方案涉及和平与安全方面的实务职能，将6个员额调到第3款(政治事务)，作为单独的构成部分\n 小计 (6) \n2.大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 \n会议管理司，日内瓦\t(54)\tD-1,2P-5,P-4,6 P-3,10P-2/1,1GS(PL),33GS(OL)\t作为根据组织报告关系对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将54个员额调动到第29E款(行政，日内瓦，图书馆事务)；还包括拟裁撤的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额\n会议管理司，维也纳\t(2)\tP-3, GS(OL)\t作为根据组织报告关系对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将2个员额调到第29F款(行政，维也纳)下\n 小计 (56) \n 3. 政治事务 \n联合国驻非洲联盟办事处\t6\tASG,D-2,P-5,P-4,2GS(OL)\t从第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)调来6个员额(见上文)\n 小计 6 \n 29E 行政，日内瓦 \n图书馆事务\t54\tD-1,2P-5,P-4,6 P-3,10P-2/1,1GS(PL),33GS(OL)\t作为对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将54个员额调出第2款(见上文) \n 小计 54 \n 29F. 行政，维也纳 \n支助事务\t2\tP-3，GS(OL)\t作为对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将2个员额调出第2款(见上文)\n 小计 2 \n 共计 —", "改叙", "78. 拟改叙的员额共计55个。按预算款次分列的详细提议载于附件四。简言之，拟议改叙包括下列职等变动：", "4个 D-1改叙为D-2", "7个 P-5改叙为D-1", "14个 P-4改叙为P-5", "1个 P-4改叙为P-3", "6个 P-3改叙为P-4", "1个 外勤事务改叙为P-4", "14个 外勤事务改叙为当地雇员", "1个 外勤事务改叙为本国干事", "7个 当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "79. 咨询委员会注意到，改叙提议共计55项，比近年来提出的数字显著增加，是以往三个两年期拟议方案预算总共所载27项提议的一倍多。此外，虽然这些提议包括将一些外勤事务职位改叙为本国员额，还有一个专业员额向下改叙，但咨询委员会注意到，大部分提议继续体现向上改叙的趋势，其中包括25项改叙为P-5或以上职等的提议。", "80. 咨询委员会以往曾评论指出，在改叙方面持续存在向上改叙的偏颇，这导致“等级爬升”——人员配置表的职等架构向上偏移。委员会仍对这种趋势感到关切，当结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算请设员额的整体情况(见下文第86段)来审视这些拟议改叙时，尤其如此。", "81. 第35款(安全和安保)中把8个联合供资的P-4员额向下改叙为P-2/1职等以提供更多初始职级机会的提议虽然不影响经常预算人员配置表，但咨询委员会注意到该提议(A/66/6(Sect.35)，第35.41段)。下文第二章第十二.25段载有关于这项提议的更多资料。咨询委员会欢迎安全和安保部的提议，该提议与经常预算供资的人员配置中初始职级专业员额的拟议总体减少形成反差。", "82. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期拟议的员额改叙的具体意见和建议载于第二章。", "改划", "83. 咨询委员会获得了关于2012-2013年拟将以往由一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务项下供资的职位改划为常设员额的情况摘要。拟改划职位中，共计14个在一般临时人员项下，2个在预算外资源项下，24个在订约承办事务项下(见附件三)。", "84. 咨询委员会注意到第29D款(中央支助事务厅)下将会议工程师和电气维修职位从订约承办事务改划为员额的提议。咨询委员会认为，今后类似的提议应作为设立新员额的请求提出。在一般临时人员项下或由预算外资金供资的职位是根据联合国人力资源政策分类并设立的。因此，在经常预算项下设立此类员额的提议可视为是将该职位改划为一个不同供资来源的员额。委员会不认为有关由一家私营公司开展的职能的提议具有可比性。", "85. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期拟议改划员额的具体意见和建议载于本报告第二章。", "人员配置情况", "86. 人员配置提议将导致一般事务及有关职类员额净减少67个、专业及以上职类员额增加23个，其中包括增加1个助理秘书长、4个D-2、10个D-1、9个P-5和9个P-3员额，减少2个P-4和8个P-2/1员额(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第27段)。咨询委员会注意到减少初始职级P-2/1员额的提议，这与增加高级员额的提议形成反差。委员会对这一趋势表示关切，并认为秘书长应持续审查这一情况。", "87. 下表12介绍10年间的人员配置情况，将2004-2005两年期的核定人员配置与2012-2013两年期的拟议人员配置进行对比。咨询委员会注意到，如果2012-2013年的提议得到核准，在此期间将总体增加725个员额，其中大部分是在专业及以上职类。咨询委员会注意到，自2004-2005两年期以来，核准增加的员额涉及专业职类的所有职等，但认为本应更加重视P-2/1员额。", "88. 咨询委员会认为，提供足够的初始职级员额是有效人力资源管理的基本组成部分。征聘新工作人员担任这些职位也有利于秘书处的重振和复兴。此外，委员会认识到，P-2/1员额是通过青年专业人员方案征聘工作人员的主要途径，也使通过从其他职类转为专业职类的竞争性征聘考试的一般事务人员得以晋升。", "89. 咨询委员会以往曾呼吁降低一般事务及有关职类员额与专业员额的比率。委员会认为，降低这一比率将反映出本组织工作做法的改变，包括信息和通信技术对文书支助需要的影响(见A/58/7，第61和62段)。如上文第62段所示，委员会获悉，在这个类别拟裁撤的113个员额中，54个是因信息技术的投资。如下表12所示，一般事务及有关职类占拟议经常预算员额配置组成部分的55.3%，而在2004-2005两年期核定常设和临时员额中则占58.5%。", "表12 2004-2005年核定人员配置与2012-2013年拟议人员配置的比较", "2004-2005年核定数\t2012-2013年拟议数\t变动\t\n 类别 数量 百分比 \n DSG 1 1 — \n USG 29 33 4 13.8 \n ASG 21 29 8 38.1 \n D-2 86 105 19 22.1 \n D-1 254 287 33 13.0 \n P-5 713 842 129 18.1 \n P-4 1 216 1 419 203 16.7 \n P-3 1 162 1 340 178 15.3 \n P-2/1 481 528 47 9.8 \n 小计 3 963 4 584 621 15.7 \n PL 279 281 2 0.7 \n OL 2 746 2 717 (29) (1.1) \n SS 306 320 14 4.6 \n LL 1 877 2 014 137 7.3 \n FS 147 129 (18) (12.2) \n NO 39 78 39 100.0 \n TC 181 140 (41) (22.7) \n 小计 5 575 5 679 104 1.9 \n 共计 9 538 10 263 725 7.6", "空缺率", "90. 咨询委员会收到了截至2011年5月31日的核定常设和临时经常预算员额最新空缺数据，当时专业员额空缺率为6.0%，一般事务及有关职类员额空缺率为5.1%，总空缺率为5.5%。委员会注意到，相比之下，在其审议2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算之时，专业员额空缺率为8.4%，一般事务及有关职类员额空缺率为3.5%。经询问，委员会获悉，在2006年至2010年的5年期间，专业员额平均空缺率介于7.0%至8.9%之间，一般事务及有关职类员额空缺率则在3.3%和4.2%之间。虽然咨询委员会仍然对一些部厅空缺率持续高企表示关切，但它欢迎专业员额整体空缺率方面的改善，并期待这一趋势将持续下去。但是，委员会对一般事务及有关职类员额整体空缺率增加表示关切。", "91. 咨询委员会注意到，在2010-2011年，所有通常空缺从空缺通知发布之日到确定人选的平均天数估计为210天(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，表29C.11)。在委员会的听询会上，一些方案主管对征聘过程表示失望，指出这是导致高空缺率和长期空缺的一个因素。有一些方案主管还表示希望提高征聘事宜的授权。在这方面，委员会获悉，一个由人力资源管理厅和外勤支助部外勤人事司的代表组成的考绩组已成立，并已确定了征聘过程中需要进一步研究的一些步骤，以确定导致延迟的原因。委员会还获悉，每年高级主管业绩委员会在高级管理人员契约的框架内审查各部厅征聘工作的业绩。咨询委员会期望尽一切努力简化征聘过程。但是，委员会认为，缩短征聘时间还要求方案主管负起责任，对确保就其职权范围内的步骤及时采取行动承担问责，其中包括及时公布空缺通知。", "92. 在审议拟议方案预算时，咨询委员会注意到，一些员额已经长期空缺。咨询委员会重申，应对长期空缺员额的持续必要性不断进行审查，在向大会提出设立新员额的提议之前尤其如此。委员会认为，对于已空缺两年或更久的员额，应在拟议方案预算中重新说明仍然需要这些员额的理由，并解释空缺的原因。", "93. 咨询委员会获悉，空缺员额有时被用来执行大会核准职能之外的职能，这种做法被称为“空缺管理”。虽然委员会认识到这种做法为解决临时需求提供了灵活性，但认为“空缺管理”不应被用来设立长期职位，执行未经核准的职能。此外，委员会注意到，一旦员额被填补后，就不会反映在用于预算目的的空缺率中，不论该员额被用于何种目的。因此，“空缺管理”的做法可能掩盖员额长期未被用于其预期职能的情况。因此，委员会在上文第92段的建议中认为，如果一个员额两年内没有由一个履行其核定职能的工作人员填补，就应要求重新说明理由。咨询委员会还认为，提高关于本组织内利用空缺情况的透明度，将改善这一领域的人力资源管理。", "统一服务条件", "94. 大会第65/248号决议决定，因该决议核准的服务条件变化而增加的费用应由本组织在现有资源内匀支，不得影响业务费用，不得影响已获授权的方案和活动的开展。咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算中仅有两个拟议员额变动是由于大会关于匀支统一服务条件的费用的决定的影响。但是，委员会经询问后获悉，按照该决定，最初确定了37个应裁撤的空缺员额/职位(4个在停战监督组织、33个在各特别政治任务)。此外，指定了64个应改划为本国工作人员职类的空缺外勤事务员额和职位(13个在由经常预算供资的维持和平行动、51个在各特别政治任务)。", "95. 然而，咨询委员会进一步获悉，经与停战监督组织协商，已确定裁撤的4个员额中有2个现拟在第5款(维持和平行动)下裁撤。此外，拟将15个外勤员额改叙为本国工作人员职类(1个来自第3款(政治事务)下联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处、14个来自第5款(维持和平行动)、13个在停战监督组织、1个在印巴观察组)。咨询委员会注意到拟裁撤员额的数量减少。委员会期望，将在关于特别政治任务的提议中作出抵销调整，以确保大会第65/248号决议关于匀支因服务条件变化而产生的费用的规定整体上得到全面执行。", "本国专业干事", "96. 咨询委员会回顾，其关于2006-2007两年期方案预算的第一次报告鼓励继续努力在切合实际和切实可行的情况下，例如在各区域委员会、联合国内罗毕办事处和联合国各新闻中心等机构吸引并聘用本国专业干事(见A/60/7，第70和71段)。", "97. 咨询委员会还回顾了其关于具有区域层面的联合国维持和平行动中的本国专业干事的意见。委员会曾表示，虽然应继续努力，保持大会第49/223号决议中关于本国专业干事的最初构想的完整性，但也应考虑允许有关区域的国民担任本国专业干事职位(A/63/746，第123段)。例如，咨询委员会认为，鉴于其区域任务，区域经济委员会的本国专业干事员额的征聘可对所涵盖区域的会员国的国民开放。委员会建议大会考虑请国际公务员制度委员会研究这一问题。", "借调", "98. 咨询委员会认为，从联合国各机构、基金和方案借调人员对于其任务重点覆盖全系统的经常预算人员配置是一种有益补充。但它承认，借调和预算外资源可能是不可预知的。因为这种资源不能得到保证，所以，咨询委员会认为，完全依靠这些类型的资源来实施核心经常预算方案和活动是不谨慎的。", "99. 咨询委员会在审议拟议方案预算时注意到，为秘书长办公厅法治股增设一个新员额的提议的主要理由是借调安排已经中止(见A/66/6(Sect.1)，第1.147和1.148段)。同样，秘书长指出，建设和平支助办公室在2008-2009年期间受益于八个借调安排，可是，到2011年底，只有四个将继续下去(A/66/6(Sect.3)，表3.34)。委员会获悉，在这两个情况中，有关机构、基金和方案已表示，预算吃紧是借调中止的原因。咨询委员会强调，鉴于这些办公室的工作范围遍及全系统，这种借调安排不仅让秘书处受益，各机构、基金和方案也受益。委员会认为，经常预算不应用于补贴那些更适于共同开展并由预算外资源资助的活动。", "F. 非员额支出用途", "其他工作人员费用", "100. 2012-2013两年期的拟议其他工作人员费用为219 062 400美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少4 370万美元，减幅16.6%。下表13列出这类支出的组成部分。", "表13 2010-2011年(订正批款)和2012-2013年(重计费用前)按照支出用途开列的其他工作人员费用", "(美元)", "变动\n 支出用途 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 数额 百分比 订正批款 拟议数", "会议临时人员 71 010 000 37 965 200 (33 044 800) (46.5)", "一般临时人员 50 102 700 44 429 900 (5 672 800) (11.3)", "加班和夜勤津贴 18 141 000 14 269 300 (3 871 700) (21.3)", "个人服务合同 1 682 700 1 763 200 80 500 4.8", "其他人事相关费用 17 781 500 20 095 500 2 314 000 13.0", "离职后医疗保险 104 031 600 100 539 300 (3 492 300) (3.4)", "共计 262 749 500 219 062 400 (43 687 100) (0.2)", "会议临时人员", "101. 请拨的会议临时人员经费是用于支付短期口译员、笔译员、打字员和其他会议服务人员，减少约3 300万美元。咨询委员会关于会议临时人员的意见载于下文第二章第一部分第2节。", "一般临时人员", "102. 为2012-2013两年期一般临时人员编列44 429 900美元经费。这比2010-2011两年期的订正批款减少5 672 800美元，减幅11.3%。按预算款次开列的详细分配情况载于下表14。咨询委员会注意到，某些款次所需经费的减少，例如在第24款(人权)和第31款(内部监督)项下，部分是因为拟将一般临时人员项下供资的现有职位改划为员额。", "103. 秘书长提供的资料显示，截至2011年3月31日，一般临时人员职位共计302个(见A/66/6(Introduction)，表12)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在2012-2013两年期，估计将继续维持其中的142个(见附件五)。委员会强调，一般临时人员是用于在工作最忙期间提供额外支持，以及替换休产假或长期病假的工作人员。委员会认为，一般临时人员只应用于上述目的，因此，供资提议应有时限。委员会欣见2012-2013两年期一般临时人员经费减少，并希望这一趋势继续下去。", "表14 关于一般临时人员的提议", "预算款次 2010-2011年订正批款\t2012-2013年拟议数 \n1.\t通盘决策、领导和协调\t2 966.0\t2 390.2\n2.\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t2 418.1\t2 418.1\n3.\t政治事务\t910.5\t887.1\n4.\t裁军\t249.2\t244.3\n5.\t维持和平行动\t1 539.8\t288.9\n6.\t和平利用外层空间\t18.7\t18.7\n7.\t国际法院\t284.0\t256.2\n8.\t法律事务\t165.1\t143.5\n9.\t经济和社会事务\t1 119.6\t1 135.6\n10.\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t776.1\t83.2\n11.\t联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系\t153.4\t153.4\n12.\t贸易与发展\t1 350.6\t1 127.2\n14.\t环境\t27.4\t27.4\n15.\t人类住区\t209.5\t209.5\n16.\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t586.2\t472.6\n17.\t妇女署\t26.0\t26.0\n18.\t非洲经济和社会发展\t1 343.5\t1 364.1\n19.\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t468.4\t435.6\n20.\t欧洲经济发展\t239.1\t239.1\n21.\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t1 597.1\t1 610.8\n22.\t西亚经济和社会发展\t769.6\t757.2\n24.\t人权\t6 160.2\t4 822.3\n26.\t巴勒斯坦难民\t13.4\t19.9\n27.\t人道主义援助\t625.1\t625.1\n28.\t新闻\t4 896.5\t4 155.7\n29.\t管理和中央支助事务\t8 964.3\t9 812.0\n29A.\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t174.0\t174.0\n29B.\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t1 125.6\t1 073.2\n29C.\t人力资源管理厅\t2 275.9\t2 257.8\n29D.\t中央支助事务厅\t1 731.1\t1 673.6\n29E.\t行政，日内瓦\t1 968.5\t2 577.4\n29F.\t行政，维也纳\t1 381.6\t1 172.6\n29G.\t行政，内罗毕\t883.4\t883.4\n30.\t信息和通信技术厅\t1 943.4\t5 380.5\n31.\t内部监督\t1 062.1\t262.7\n35.\t安全和安保\t8 644.0\t5 063.0\n 共计 50 102.7 44 429.9", "差旅", "104. 工作人员差旅拟议所需经费37 270 000美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少100万美元，减幅2.7%。咨询委员会对此表示欢迎，希望继续努力，尽可能利用视频会议和其他电子通讯手段。此外，委员会认为应最大限度地利用分配到工作地点或附近区域或次区域办事处的工作人员。委员会认为，这将减少差旅需求，或者在高级官员的差旅必不可少的情况下，减少对陪同人员的需求。", "105. 咨询委员会在审议拟议方案预算期间获悉，秘书长正在修订有关差旅的行政指示，以便规定，今后工作人员参加由人力资源管理厅供资的与培训有关的活动时，不论差旅时间长短，必须乘坐经济舱。委员会欢迎这一举措，并认为，秘书长可以在即将到来的两年期内在差旅领域实施进一步的节省费用措施。", "咨询人、专家和订约承办事务", "106. 咨询委员会回顾，大会第65/247号决议表示关切使用咨询人、尤其是在本组织的核心活动中使用咨询人的情况增多。大会请秘书长尽最大可能使用内部能力。委员会注意到，在整个拟议方案预算中，2012-2013年用于咨询人的拟议资源为10 994 700美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少1 956 600美元，减幅15.1%。其中，减少最多的是方案规划、预算和账户厅(第29B款)，2012-2013两年期该款没有请拨咨询人资源，而2010-2011年的经费为491 400美元。委员会还注意到，在第1款下，现两年期用于咨询服务的核定数额是125 000美元，而2012-2013两年期没有为秘书长办公厅编列此项经费。委员会欢迎这两个部门树立的榜样。委员会注意到，大部分预算款次减少了咨询人经费，在许多情况下需求的减少是因为更多地使用内部能力。委员会欢迎这一趋势，并希望它继续下去。", "107. 咨询委员会在审议第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)期间获悉，雇用了一名咨询人，任务是审查西亚经社会的结构要素，并建议适当的组织安排或结构及其相应的所需人员编制(见第二章，第五.92和五.93段)。委员会重申，编写有关本组织结构和人员编制方面的提案的最终责任应由秘书处运用内部机构知识和可用资源加以承担(见A/65/782，第23段)。", "108. 咨询委员会注意到，订约承办事务项下的拟议资源约1.39亿美元，仅比该领域目前供资水平略微减少480 400美元。委员会还注意到，利用订约承办事务尤为显著的是第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理，2 730万美元)、第29C款(人力资源管理厅，2 560万美元)、第28款(新闻，1 610万美元)和第30款(信息和通信技术厅，1 580万美元)。咨询委员会承认在某些领域使用订约承办事务可能是适当的，但认为应限制其使用，并应最大限度地利用内部能力。", "出版物", "109. 咨询委员会注意到，出版物作为许多部门和办公室工作方案的一部分，是持续审查的对象，在大多数情况下，预算中出现减少。委员会还注意到，在若干情况中，在发行印刷版的同时，增加了对电子出版物的使用。委员会确认，仍有必要使用传统交流手段(即广播和印刷媒体)，在发展中国家尤其如此。然而，它欢迎努力在可行和具有成本效益的情况下，尽量加强对电子出版手段的使用。咨询委员会还重申，使用多种语文印发出版物至关重要，必须确保酌情提供更多语文版本的联合国出版物(见大会第63/306号决议)。", "110. 咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算列报出版物信息的方式不一致。例如，关于环境署，预算文件中提供的信息反映了出版物数量持续下降的趋势(A/66/6(Sect.14)，第14.28段)。然而，委员会询问后获悉，提供的数字不包括只有电子版的出版物。另一方面，在出版物整体数目略有增加的第15款(人类住区)(A/66/6(Sect.15)，第15.14段)中，委员会注意到，所提供的数据还包括只有电子版的出版物。委员会强调，拟议方案预算各个方面的列报必须保持一致。委员会建议，应调整提供出版物信息的格式，以便反映电子出版物使用增加的情况。这些信息不仅应按照当前做法，指明经常性和非经常性出版物，还应区分拟以印刷版、电子版或两种皆有的方式印发的出版物的数量。", "G. 培训", "111. 秘书长表示，拟议方案预算包括培训活动所需经费3 120万美元，其中，集中管理的经费1 790万美元，语言培训经费970万美元，其他培训经费360万美元(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第69-72段)。", "112. 关于培训活动的监测和评价方面，咨询委员会获悉，目前，评价工作主要侧重于评估培训课程参与者认为课程所具有的价值以及这些课程对参与者信心水平的影响。不过，展望未来，委员会获悉，将更加强调评估培训课程的业务影响和本组织投资的最终回报(见第二章，第八.52段)。委员会认识到，必须开展培训，以便建立一支非常胜任工作的员工队伍，能够以最有成效和效率的方式执行本组织的任务。然而，委员会重申，培训方案和目标应与任务执行和组织目标相联系(见A/65/743，第115段)。鉴于大量资源专门用于培训，委员会进一步重申，必须制定评价框架和方法，以评估培训方案及其对于提高工作人员履行职责的能力的影响以及开展此类方案的效率和成效(同上，第137段)。", "113. 审计委员会在其关于联合国2008-2009两年期的报告中强调指出，各部门和办公室的经常预算培训资金在许多情况下以预算外资源作为补充。审计委员会注意到，人力资源管理厅却不知道这类资金的数额或用途。因此，审计委员会建议行政当局评估其培训总支出，不论资金来源如何(A/65/5(Vol.I)，第380-383段)。咨询委员会支持审计委员会的建议，同样认为，必须更完整、清楚地了解整个组织的培训活动和相关资源情况。", "H. 信息和通信技术", "114. 秘书长为2012-2013两年期信通技术请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为255 622 100美元，比2010-2011年订正批款增加3 783 400美元，增幅1.5%。分配给信通技术的资源按预算款次开列的细目载于拟议方案预算的导言部分(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第90段)。秘书长表示，拟议经常预算资源将用于满足持续需求和项目的需要。根据第65/259、64/243、63/269和63/262号决议，提交了另一份报告(A/66/94)，供大会同时审议。该报告包括具有所涉经费问题的四项倡议的提案，涉及实施信息和通信技术战略、企业内容管理、客户关系管理和业务连续性。这些倡议拟议为期四年，从2012年至2015年，在为企业资源规划项目批准的费用分摊安排的基础上供资。[4] 在2012-2013两年期，该四项倡议的所需额外资源为42 822 500美元，其中包括经常预算下的6 423 400美元，维持和平行动支助账户下的26 550 000美元，方案支助费用特别账户下的9 949 100美元(见上文第31段和下文第二章第八.126-八.129段)。", "115. 秘书长关于信通技术战略实施状况的报告(A/65/491)估计，本组织每年用于信通技术的支出已上升到约7.74亿美元(另见下文第119段)。咨询委员会注意到，用于信通技术的资源大部分来自维持和平特派团和维持和平行动支助账户的预算以及方案支助费用特别账户的预算外资源。因此，预算导言中提供的只涉及经常预算的信息只反映用于信通技术的部分资源。此外，几乎没有关于支出组成[5] 或拟议方案预算每个款次下拟议资源的使用情况的解释说明。", "116. 鉴于本组织对信通技术投入了大量资源，并且确保资源利用的整体一致性具有战略重要性，咨询委员会建议，拟议方案预算导言应全面反映信通技术拟议资源的总体情况，并按照预算款次开列资源，对不同的资金来源加以区分。此外，还应提供关于利用拟议资源的信息，包括有关持续业务需求、实施信通技术项目以及为与信息和通信技术厅或其他信通技术服务提供者达成的服务级别协议编列的经费的支出。还必须包括信通技术服务提供者通过服务级别协议可获得的额外费用回收收入的估计数。", "117. 咨询委员会还建议，今后提交的预算不论资金来源如何，应包括针对每个包含实施信通技术项目提议的款次的明确的信通技术计划，以及关于投资于此类项目的预期成果和效益的信息。应按照适用于整个秘书处的信通技术战略制定此类计划。此信息应载于各预算分册的概览部分。", "118. 在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，委员会指出信息和通信技术厅对于监督信通技术全球管理以及审查来自所有资金来源、用于秘书处所有信通技术倡议和业务的预算的作用(A/64/7，第63段；另见A/62/793，第35(b)段以及A/63/487，第21段)。委员会强调，必须确保所有有关信通技术的提议保持一致，并遵循大会第63/262号决议通过的信通技术战略。它重申其建议，即方案规划、预算和账户厅与信息和通信技术厅密切合作，确保制定适当的预算程序，以便开展此类审查，并确保这些程序今后得到充分遵守。", "信息和通信技术战略的实施情况", "119. 大会第63/262号决议认可了秘书处的信息和通信技术战略，并决定设立信息和通信技术厅，于2009年1月生效。根据这一决议，秘书长提交了关于联合国秘书处信通技术战略实施状况的报告(A/65/491)。秘书长还按照要求，在2010年对整个秘书处的70多个信通技术单位进行的结构性审查的基础上，提供了关于整个秘书处信通技术能力的全面资料。该审查的主要结论如下：(a) 考虑到经常预算、维持和平、支助账户和预算外资金来源，每年的信通技术支出估计约为7.74亿美元；(b) 信通技术工作人员总人数估计为4 219人，包括联合国人员、志愿人员、临时工作人员和约聘工作人员；(c) 有1 994个应用程序；(d) 估计有211个服务器机房和数据中心用于支持多服务器环境；(e) 约有131个信通技术服务器台支持多个可变工作站环境并提供电信支持。总之，信通技术环境和流程仍然呈现分散、割断、重复和非标准化的特点；信通技术的界限不明确，导致对什么构成信通技术活动或作用的问题认识不清；信通技术工作说明未能反映信通技术需求和行业最佳实践。这些缺陷对信通技术业务的费用造成不利影响，使本组织无法实现规模经济，导致对行政和方案活动以及及时决策的信通技术支持不足。", "120. 为克服这些缺陷，秘书长提议开展四个结构审查项目(服务台全球化；简化数据中心；信通技术组织合理化；加强信息和通信技术厅)，这些项目自2011年起开展，历时四至五年，总费用约为1.4亿美元。为开展这些项目，拟在经常预算下设立51个员额，其中，2011年设立23个，2012-2013两年期设立28个。提议在为企业资源规划项目核准的费用分摊安排的基础上，为这些结构审查项目供资。³", "121. 咨询委员会在相关报告中，欢迎全面结构审查和从整个组织角度对信通技术资源和信通技术环境作出的列报(A/65/576，第92段)。大会第65/259号决议授权秘书长开展结构审查项目3(信通技术组织合理化)，并决定为结构审查项目4(加强信通厅)提供相当于七个P-4职位的一般临时人员，其中五个在现有资源范围内供资。大会未支持结构审查项目1(服务台全球化)和项目2(简化数据中心)。大会在同一决议中，请秘书长审查其报告(A/65/491)中关于实施信通技术战略的提议，并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交新的和(或)经修订的提议。上文第114段指出，秘书长应此要求，单独提交了一份报告(A/66/94)，咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于2012-2013两年期第30款(信息和通信技术厅)的初步提议时，收到了该报告的预发本。委员会的有关评论和建议将载于其关于2012-2013年拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)中。", "122. 大会还请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议报告对组织安排的深入评估，包括改变为信息和通信技术厅在本组织架构中安排的位置的可能性(见大会第63/262号决议，第1节，第10(c)段)。然而，秘书长在其关于信通技术战略实施进展情况的报告(A/65/491)中，评估了该厅的内部结构，但并未述及其位置问题。大会在第65/259号决议中重申了其先前的要求，即应提交深入评估报告，供第六十八届会议审议。咨询委员会认为，管理和报告安排必须为该厅提供总体指导，并确保本组织信通技术架构的实效、监督和问责。委员会建议，应请秘书长严格审查现行安排，并视需要作出调整，以确保其效力和效率，同时充分响应大会要求，提交深入评估，供大会最迟在第六十八届会议上审议(见下文第二章，第八.145和八.146段)。", "企业资源规划项目(团结项目)", "123. 秘书长在关于企业资源规划项目实施情况的第二次进度报告(A/65/389)中表示，在报告所述期间(2009年10月-2010年8月)，企业资源规划项目小组的主要侧重点是设计阶段。秘书长指出，预期项目将在预计时限内(到2013年底)得到完成和部署，所需资源总额保持不变，为3.158亿美元。咨询委员会在相关报告中，欢迎在完成项目设计阶段方面所取得的进展(A/65/576)。委员会还就若干问题发表了意见，并表示了一些关注，这些问题包括项目小组人员配置出现延误；征聘专题专家的过程耗时很久；项目小组与信息和通信技术厅有必要加强合作，为将被企业资源规划系统取代的系统编目并停用这些系统；项目小组、信息和通信技术厅和外勤支助部有必要加强合作，实施技术活动，建设基础设施；企业资源规划系统和人力资源人才管理系统Inspira之间待开发的接口的复杂性和数量。关于该项目的组织结构和安排，咨询委员会得到的保证是，项目指导委员会(成员包括参与项目或受项目影响的主要部门的负责人)的结构和组成将促进一致性和推动该项目的顺利实施。", "124. 咨询委员会在审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算期间获悉，秘书处预计企业资源规划项目的实施将出现延误，此外，该项目自2011年5月31日起一直在没有主管的情况下运作。鉴于这种情况，项目指导委员会已决定分阶段交付项目，系统的初步释放主要侧重于支持采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)所需的功能。委员会获悉，秘书长将在下一次关于企业资源规划项目的实施进展报告中，阐述项目成果，并提出措施，以减轻延误。委员会在第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下更充分地讨论了这一情况(下文第二章，第八.7-八.13段)。委员会将在另一份报告中，就秘书长的进度报告及其关于项目延续和相关资源的提议作出评论。", "125. 在此阶段，咨询委员会认为，应优先考虑让项目迅速走上正轨，以避免进一步延误、费用超支以及项目资源的浪费。咨询委员会接受秘书长在第一阶段侧重于实行公共部门会计准则的做法，但同时强调，企业资源规划系统是支持本组织的管理改革议程的关键手段，这一议程中包括成果管理、风险管理、加强内部控制框架、改善业绩和问责以及提高效率和成效。这些改进仍然是至关重要的组织目标，秘书长关于项目未来方向的提议不应加以忽视。这方面，委员会指出，会员国作出重大投资的部分理据是，预期该系统将改善管理做法和服务提供以及提高方案管理的效率和成效。咨询委员会还期望秘书长通过高效率地利用项目核定资源、改善项目管理并按照轻重缓急分阶段地开展活动，确保在目前的核定供资额内交付该项目。", "I. 加强发展支柱的影响", "126. 咨询委员会回顾秘书长关于发展相关活动的报告(A/62/708)。大会第62/236号决议要求提交一份全面提案，以提高秘书处发展相关活动任务的执行实效和效率，该报告是按照该决议的要求提交的。秘书长在该报告中就11个预算款次所需资源提出了提议，包括设立150个新员额。在审议这些提议和咨询委员会的相关报告(A/62/7/Add.40)后，大会在第63/260号决议中批准了九个预算款次下的总共91个员额。此外，大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告该决议的执行情况。", "127. 除了第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)，在每一个受影响的预算款次中都载列了信息，说明第63/260号决议批准加强发展活动所带来的影响。各有关部门确认，额外资源改善了其执行任务的能力。委员会收到了关于为亚太经社会核准的员额的影响的补充资料，这些资料反映了类似的积极影响(见第二章，第五.52段)。为了便于参考，下表提供拟议方案预算中的有关文件参考，在这些部分中对大会要求作出了回应。", "表15 关于第63/260号决议执行情况的信息", "经济和社会事务\tA/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.8-9.10段\n最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\tA/66/6(Sect.10)，第10.11段\n 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 A/66/6(Sect.11)，第11.13段\n 贸易与发展 A/66/6(Sect.12)，第12.13段\n非洲经济和社会发展\tA/66/6(Sect.18)，第18A.10段\n 欧洲经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.20)，第20.12段\n 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.21)，第21.13段\n 西亚经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.22)，第22.17段", "128. 经询问，咨询委员会收到了关于第63/260号决议批准的91个新员额的最新征聘情况(见附件六)。如上文第24段所述，咨询委员会注意到，拟裁撤第63/260号决议批准的员额中的四个：第9款(经济和社会事务)下的两个员额(P-4和P-3)以及第20款(欧洲经济发展)下的两个员额(P-4和P-3)。此外，委员会注意到，拟在根据第63/260号决议得到加强的若干次级方案中进一步裁减员额。", "J. 业务连续性", "129. 咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第64/243号决议中决定批款220万美元，用于业务连续性管理，其中包括七个职位所需资源(总部4个，联合国内罗毕办事处2个，非洲经委会1个)。大会还请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。", "130. 虽然没有以综合方式列报信息，但咨询委员会注意到，已经为持续实施业务连续性管理提出提案，包括继续为2010-2011两年期核定的七个职位供资以及一般临时人员和其他非员额项目所需的额外资源。经询问，委员会获悉，正在提出的一些提议，包括为信通技术远程接入能力设备和医疗用品请拨资源的提议，将确保联合国总部、总部以外办事处和区域委员会能有效应对任何扰乱其运作的危急事件。", "131. 咨询委员会还收到了拟议方案预算中业务连续性所需资源的汇总信息。委员会注意到，用于总部各部厅的移动办公(思杰)许可证需要862 400美元。委员会获悉，作为业务连续性规划的一部分，要求各部厅确定其关键职能和流程以及执行工作所需的工作人员数量。委员会进一步获悉，虽然许多工作人员可以从远程地点履行这些职能，但有些工作人员需要访问共享驱动器和一些核心应用程序，因此需要使用移动办公许可证。委员会获悉，目前，各部厅中被视为对业务连续性至关重要的616名工作人员已经获得思杰许可证。下表16列出所涉各部厅的有关详情。鉴于所涉费用不菲，委员会建议，不断审查配备移动办公许可证的工作人员数量，以确保只为促进关键职能和流程的业务连续性的目的提供这些许可证。", "表16 移动办公许可证所需资源估计数", "(美元)", "预算款次\t部/厅\t许可证数量\t2012-2013年拟议数 \n 1. 通盘决策、领导和协调 秘书长办公厅 24 33 600\n2.大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t大会和会议管理部\t125\t175000\n 3. 政治事务 政治事务部 40 56 000\n 4. 裁军 裁军事务厅 12 16 800\n5. 维持和平行动\t维持和平行动部/外勤支助部\t25\t35 000\n 8. 法律事务 法律事务厅 10 14 000\n 9. 经济和社会事务 经济和社会事务部 24 33 600\n10.最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处\t2\t2 800\n 27. 人道主义援助 人道主义事务协调厅 37 51 800\n 28. 新闻 新闻部 46 64 400\n29A.主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t11\t15 400\n29B.方案规划、预算和账户厅\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t35\t49 000\n 29C. 人力资源管理厅 人力资源管理厅 64 89 600\n 29D. 中央支助事务厅 中央支助事务厅 39 54 600\n 30. 信息和通信技术厅 信息和通信技术厅 6 8 400 \n 31. 内部监督 内部监督事务厅 21 29 400\n35. 安全和安保\t安全和安保部\t95\t133000\n共计 616\t862400", "132. 咨询委员会注意到，还为总部以外办事处和区域委员会编列520万美元经费，以满足业务连续性和应急准备的需要，包括远程访问服务、医疗用品和相关基础设施需要。此外，编列了996 000美元经费，用于主管中央支助事务助理秘书长办公室的业务连续性管理股的继续运作(第28D款)。下表17按照款次列出提案细节。", "表17 业务连续性管理所需资源", "(千美元)", "预算款次 2012-2013年拟议资源^(a)", "区域委员会和总部以外办事处", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 1 109.2", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 541.7", "21. 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 465.0", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 384.8", "29E. 行政，日内瓦 895.0", "29F. 行政，维也纳 608.0", "29G. 行政，内罗毕 1 213.4", "小计 5 217.1", "预算款次 2012-2013年拟议资源^(a)", "总部", "29D. 中央支助事务厅^(b) 996.0", "共计 6 213.1", "^(a) 包括为大会第64/243号决议核准的七个职位供资的经常性经费。", "^(b) 不包括第29D款(中央支助事务厅)下为关键工作人员购买移动办公软件许可证的所需资源；该资源列于上表16。", "133　咨询委员会注意到，除拟议方案预算列出的所需资源外，秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(A/66/94)还为建立有复原力的信通技术基础设施的举措编列经费9 827 900美元，其中1 474 200美元来自经常预算。据说明，该举措的目标是精简世界各地的数据中心和建立增强型信通技术灾后恢复及业务连续性环境。委员会关于该提议的意见和建议将载于其有关2012-2013年拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)。", "134　咨询委员会获悉，中央支助事务厅业务连续性管理股向总部、总部以外办事处和区域委员会的所有部门提供了有关业务连续性活动的指导和指示。其中包括关于编制业务连续性计划的咨询意见，具体包括如何确定关键职能和履行这些职能的关键工作人员，以及如何确定与这些职能相关的重要记录和信通技术应用程序。委员会强调，总部在确保以良好协调的方式开展业务连续性活动和在此领域支助各部门及办事处方面具有重要作用。委员会要求在今后拟议方案预算的导言中概要提供业务连续性活动及相关资源需要的综合信息。", "K. 其他分摊资源", "135　咨询委员会注意到，根据大会第64/243号决议第41段的要求，非经常预算资源列报方式已经修改，以便区分自愿捐款和摊款。委员会欢迎这一对列报方式的修改。", "136　“其他分摊资源”这一类别包括基本建设总计划、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭所需的资金，还包括维持和平行动支助账户用于支助各部门和办事处活动的资源。其他分摊资源估计数共达8.231亿美元，列于2012-2013年拟议方案预算导言表1，按预算款次开列的分配情况概列于表8。咨询委员会获悉，大会关于提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的第65/290号决议通过后，订正估计数为692 021 800美元。下表18列出此数额的细目。", "表18", "2012-2013两年期的其他分摊资源", "数额(千美元) 百分比", "支助下列领域的服务：", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭 861.3 0.1", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭 725.6 0.1", "基本建设总计划 850.1 0.1", "维持和平行动^(a) 689 584.8 99.6", "共计 692 021.8 100", "^(a) 根据大会第65/290号决议订正。", "L. 预算外资源", "137　咨询委员会注意到，预算外资源仍占向联合国工作方案提供的支助的很大一部分。如下表19所示，预算外资源的大部分与难民署、近东救济工程处、禁毒办、环境署和人居署有关。", "表19 2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数", "数额 百分比 (千美元)", "A. 单设理事机构的方案", "难民署 254 743.0 2.0", "近东救济工程处 6 558 244.2 52.7", "禁毒办 476 140.5 3.8", "环境署 461 357.0 3.7", "人居署 370 776.5 3.0", "小计 8 121 261.2 65.3", "B. 技术合作基金 2 446 671.9 19.7", "C. 所提供支助和服务的偿还款 313 588.0 2.5", "D. 实务信托基金 1 560 052.6 12.5", "小计 4 320 312.5 34.7", "共计 12 441 573.7 100.0", "138　如拟议方案预算导言所述，因自愿捐款的性质而不能完全精确地确定两年期可获得的预算外资源预计数额和需供资的员额数量。不过，目前估计的2012-2013两年期预算外资源约为124亿美元，比现两年期增加约7.915亿美元，即7%。这些资金预计用于为13 042个员额供资。秘书长指出，增加数额的大部分涉及下列机构的预期业务活动：妇女署(4.959亿美元)、难民署(1.678亿美元)和近东救济工程处(8 870万美元)(A/66/6(Introduction)，第98-101段)。", "139　咨询委员会审查有关行政或支助预算并向表19 A节中提到的各方案提交有关报告(另见序言和下文第141段)。委员会主要在审查拟议方案预算的范围内审查特别账户中的其他预算外资源。委员会每六个月还收到关于信托基金情况的资料。委员会在审议这些方案时，继续特别关注全系统举措，例如成果预算制和执行国际公共部门会计准则。", "140　按照大会第35/217号决议第二节第2段的规定，咨询委员会审查关于由无须接受政府间机构审查的预算外资源供资的所有D-1职等及以上新员额的提议。自提交其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告以来，委员会已审查并赞同秘书长关于改叙或设立以下D-1职等及以上预算外员额的请求：", "(a) 将国际电子计算中心主任员额从D-1改叙至D-2；", "(b) 设立一个D-1人道主义事务协调厅驻海地外地办事处主任员额；", "(c) 设立一个D-1员额，担任负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室相关专家工作队队长；", "(d) 延长主管减少灾害风险助理秘书长员额。", "咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议第39段，其中强调，所有预算外员额应与经常预算员额一样严格管理。", "M. 同联合国其他机构的合作", "141　自其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告(A/64/7)印发以来，咨询委员会向下列联合国机构提交了报告：", "(a) 联合国开发计划署/联合国人口基金/联合国项目事务厅执行局：", "㈠ 人口基金：修订财务条例和细则(DP/FPA/2009/12)；", "㈡ 开发署和联合国妇女发展基金2010-2011两年期预算估计数 (DP/2010/3，DP/2010/7)；", "㈢ 修订开发署财务条例和细则(DP/2011/36)；", "㈣ 开发署2012-2013年机构预算估计数(DP/2011/34)；", "㈤ 项目厅2010-2011两年期预算估计数(DP/2010/9)；", "㈥ 项目厅2012-2013两年期预算估计数(DP/OPS/2011/5)；", "(b) 难民署：高级专员方案执行委员会：", "㈠ 难民署：2010-2011两年期方案预算(A/AC.96/1068)；", "㈡ 难民署：2010-2011两年期方案预算(经修订)(A/AC.96/1087)；", "(c) 粮食计划署执行局：", "㈠ 2010年7月1日至2016年6月30日任期外聘审计员的遴选和任命进程(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/2)(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/1)；", "㈡ 两年期管理计划(2010-2011)(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-A/1)；任命审计委员会成员(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-C/1)；投资政策和准则(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-F/1)；WINGS II项目的最新情况说明(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-G/1)；", "㈢ 遴选和任命外聘审计员(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-A/1)；2008-2009两年期外聘审计员修订服务费(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-B/1)；外聘审计员关于粮食计划署驻乌干达国家办事处战略规划和报告工作的报告以及粮食计划署管理层的回应(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-D/1和Add.1)；外聘审计员关于公共部门会计准则红利：加强财务管理的报告以及秘书处的回应(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1和Add.1)；关于粮食计划署两年期管理计划的最新情况说明(2010-2011)(WFP/EB.1/2010/ 6-F/1)；关于WINGS II项目的最后最新情况说明(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-G/1)；", "㈣ 2009年已审计年度决算(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/1)；粮食计划署2010年7月1日至2016年6月30日任期外聘审计员遴选和任命评估小组的最终报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-B/1)；任命审计委员会成员(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-C/1)；关于粮食计划署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第二次最新情况报告(WFP/EB.A/ 2010/6-D/1)；财务框架审查备选办法(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-E/1)；粮食计划署审计委员会职权范围拟议修正案(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-F/1)；粮食计划署审计委员会年度报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-G/1)；关于外聘审计员建议执行情况的进展报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-H/1)；监察主任的报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/ 6-I/1)；执行主任关于使用捐款和豁免费用的报告(一般规则XII一.4和XIII一.4(g))(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-J/1)；关于粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的调查(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-K/1)；", "㈤ 向成员国披露内部审计报告的政策(WFP/EB.2/2010/4-B/1)；粮食计划署反欺诈和反腐败政策(WFP/EB.2/2010/4-C/1)；财务框架审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/ 5-A/1)；周转资金融资机制审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-B/1)；粮食计划署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第三次最新情况说明(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-C/1)；关于粮食计划署在索马里的管理行动的第二次最新情况说明(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-D/1)；粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-E/1)；", "㈥ 粮食计划署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第四次最新情况说明(WFP/EB.1/ 2011/5-A/1)；外聘审计员关于粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的报告(WFP/EB.1/ 2011/5-B/1)；粮食计划署管理层对外聘审计员关于粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的报告的回应(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1/Add.1)；关于安保管理安排供资的情况说明(WFP/EB.1/2011/12-B)；外聘审计员2010年7月至2011年6月期间工作计划(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-C/1)；", "(d) 妇女署执行局：", "㈠ 支助预算和拟议财务条例及细则；", "㈡ 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署拟议财务条例及细则(UNW/2011/5和Add.1)；", "㈢ 关于经常预算资源用于妇女署规范性支助职能的订正提案(A/65/531)；", "(e) 裁研所董事会：研究所2009年8月至2010年7月期间的活动和2010- 2011年拟议工作方案和预算估计数(A/65/177)；", "(f) 禁毒办2010-2011两年期合并预算(E/CN.7/2009/13-E/CN.15/2009/23)；", "(g) 训研所董事会：", "㈠ 2010-2011年方案预算；", "㈡ 2010-2011两年期方案预算拟议订正；", "(h) 近东救济工程处咨询委员会：2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算；", "(i) 环境署理事会：2012-2013两年期拟议工作方案和预算(UNEP/GC.26/13)；", "(j) 人居署理事会：2012-2013两年期拟议工作方案和预算(HSP/GC/23/5)；", "(k) 联合国伙伴关系办公室：", "㈠ 2010年行政预算(A/CN.1/R.1211)；", "㈡ 2011年行政预算(A/CN.1/R.1212)；", "(l) 儿基会执行局：", "㈠ 财务条例和细则(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.8)；", "㈡ 2012-2013年机构预算(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2)。", "N. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期初步估计数的总体立场", "142　如拟议方案预算导言所示，秘书长的拟议预算在重计费用前比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少大约1.702亿美元(A/66/6(Introduction)，第17段，表格)。咨询委员会对秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议预算进行审议后，在注意到他保证将充分完成任务的情况下，基本上接受秘书长拟议的数额。", "143　在本报告第二章中，咨询委员会就员额和其他支出用途提出若干具体建议。委员会的建议多半对预算总额不产生重大影响。因此，委员会没有为这些建议进行最终费用计算，原因是这些建议一旦被大会接受，就会在秘书处进行重新计算时被考虑在内，并在大会通过预算前提交第五委员会。委员会指出，拟议预算总额及委员会对拟议预算的总体立场只有在秘书长提交若干单独报告并由委员会审议这些报告后才会明确。", "144　咨询委员会指出，2012-2013两年期资源总额将因提交特别政治任务拟议预算和就涉及经费问题的单独报告作出决定而受到影响。这些单独报告将在第六十六届会议主要会期提交给大会。委员会认识到可能出现未预见的资源需求，需要在正常两年期经常预算周期外加以解决，但同时认为，编制拟议方案预算时所预见的问题本可纳入秘书长的拟议预算，或至少可提供指示性估计数。委员会知道，大会在审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时将收到这些附加报告，但担心采用零敲碎打的方式无法提供委员会在审议秘书长的拟议预算时所需的全部信息，使其不能就拟议方案预算向大会提供咨询意见。", "145　咨询委员会一贯强调，不断审查方案和业务流程以确保最有成效和效率地完成任务十分重要。为此，委员会认为，拟议方案预算应更注重成果，不仅包括方案交付中的成果，还包括在提高大会核可资源的使用效率方面的成果。因此，委员会针对该目标提出若干建议。具体而言，委员会认为，今后的拟议方案预算应更多说明重大改革举措的现状和成果、所实施的增效措施的可见影响以及监测和评估活动得出的结论。委员会相信，其建议和意见将有助于实现确保高效率和有成效地使用资源完成本组织的任务这一目标。", "第二章", "关于拟议方案预算的详细建议", "A. 支出估计数", "第一编 通盘决策、领导和协调", "第1款 通盘决策、领导和协调", "[TABLE]", "一.1　秘书长为第1款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为102 812 800美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加2 613 200美元，即2.6%(A/66/6(Sect.1)，表1.2)。", "一.2　表一.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长所提2012-2013年拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表一.1", "人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "2010-2011年核定数 12 1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS (PL)、4个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 12 1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS (PL)、4个GS(OL)", "联合国审计委员会", "2010-2011年核定数 6 1个D-1、1个P-4/3、4个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 6 1个D-1、1个P-4/3、4个GS(OL)", "独立审计咨询委员会", "2010-2011年核定数 2 1个P-5、1个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 2 1个P-5、1个GS(OL)", "秘书长办公厅", "2010-2011年核定数 77 1个DSG、1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、6个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、37个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 75 1个DSG、1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、6个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、35个GS(OL)", "裁撤 2 2个GS(OL)", "联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 18 1个USG、2个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、7个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 18 1个USG、2个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、7个GS(OL)", "联合国维也纳办事处主任办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 9 2个P-5、2个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 9 2个P-5、2个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)", "联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 4 1个USG、2个P-5、1个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 4 1个USG、2个P-5、1个LL", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 10 1个USG、1个P-5、5个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 10 1个USG、1个P-5、5个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 9 1个USG、1个D-1、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、3个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 9 1个USG、1个D-1、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、3个GS(OL)", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 20 1个ASG、2个D-1、7个P-5、2个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)、3个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 20 1个ASG、2个D-1、7个P-5、2个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)、3个LL", "内部司法办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 35 1个D-2、1个D-1、5个P-5、13个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)、2个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 35 1个D-2、1个D-1、5个P-5、13个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)、2个LL", "道德操守办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 9 1个D-2、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 9 1个D-2、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "法治股", "2010-2011年核定数 5 1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 5 1个D-1、3个P-4/3、1个GS(OL)", "改叙 1 1个P-5至D-1", "预算外a", "联合国审计委员会", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 1个GS(OL)", "秘书长办公厅", "2012-2013年拟议数 21 1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、8个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(OL)", "联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室", "2012-2013年拟议数 3 3个GS(OL)", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 1个D-1", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "2012-2013年拟议数 7 3个P-5、2个P-4/3、2个FS", "^(a) 包括由其他分摊资源供资的12个员额和21个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "改叙", "一.3　秘书长提议将一个P-5员额向上改叙到D-1职等，担任法治股股长，原因是该职位要求在本组织内部和对外两方面行使重要的管理和代表职能(A/66/6(Sect.1)，第1.148和1.152段)。经要求，咨询委员会获得秘书长提议的详细理由说明，包括D-1员额职能的完整清单。委员会获悉，如果提议获得核准，现有P-5员额的职能将由该股其他工作人员承担，必要时将减少该股的产出。", "一.4　咨询委员会经询问获得的解释是，上段所述拟议向上改叙的目的是填补中止从开发署借调一个D-2职等工作人员担任该股股长后留下的缺口。在这方面，委员会获悉，该股在2006-2007两年期建立之初完全使用借调人员，即开发署的两个员额(1个D-2和1个P-3)、维持和平行动部的一个P-4员额以及法律事务厅的一个P-5员额。然而，很快就发现这些安排无法长期维持，原因是：提供借调人员的实体没有为这些人员编列预算，并且(或者)相关实体需要这些借调的员额来履行原来设立这些员额时所要履行的职能。因此，在2008-2009两年期拟议方案预算中，秘书长曾请设七个经常预算员额，包括由一个D-2担任该股股长，此后大会核准设立该股人员配置表所列的四个专业人员员额(见第63/263号决议)。虽然大会请秘书长确保继续通过借调提供该股股长的员额，但开发署供资借调D-2员额这一安排于2009年6月结束。2010-2011两年期，为减轻缺少股长对该股工作的不良影响，通过称为“空缺管理”的做法提供一个临时员额(另见上文第一章，第93段)。该员额已于2010年4月1日填补。", "一.5　经询问，咨询委员会进一步获悉，通过从法治协调和资源小组成员实体轮流借调的方式提供该股股长员额可能造成利益冲突，因为该股股长应从信任和中立的立场包括以中立的形象来调解该小组成员之间的争议，而这一点在该股长身为有关实体工作人员的情况下无法做到。此外，短期轮流借调可能削弱该股为其工作制定统一战略远景的能力，以及与会员国和法治领域其他行为体建立和维持伙伴关系的能力，而且可能造成影响该股顺利运作的不必要行政问题。被借调实体所承受的负担也会削弱该小组成员为该股的协调职能提供支助的愿望。", "一.6　咨询委员会认为，就任务以全系统为重点的办公室而言，其经常预算人员配置若能获得各机构、基金和方案借调人员的补充，将可获益。不过，委员会认识到，借调和预算外资源可能无法预测。因此，委员会认为，完全依靠此类资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是轻率的，因为此类资源无法获得保障。出于这些原因，委员会建议核准将一个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等以担任法治股股长的提议。委员会在上文第一章进一步评论了使用借调的问题。", "裁撤", "一.7　提议裁撤秘书长办公厅的两个一般事务(其他职等)员额(A/66/6(Sect.1)， 第1.45段)。咨询委员会在向其提供的补充信息中注意到，通过精简职责和责任、改进工作流程和重新分配办公厅现有人员的工作任务，将使裁撤上述两个员额成为可能。委员会对秘书长拟议的裁撤不持异议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "一.8　2012-2013两年期非员额资源估计数为40 853 200美元，比上一个两年期批款40 989 500美元减少136 300美元，即0.3%。委员会建议核准秘书长所提第1款下拟议非员额资源，但以符合委员会在以下各段中的评论和建议为前提。", "一般性评论和建议", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "一.9　咨询委员会(包括其秘书处在内)2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为8 152 900美元(A/66/6(Sect.1)，表1.9)，比2010-2011年批款减少22 100美元，即0.3%。此减少额全部来自非员额资源项下，其主要原因是根据实际使用情况减少了所需的数据处理服务(同上，第1.17段)。", "一.10　秘书长指出，为2012-2013年请批的资源除其他外将用于向非纽约居民的咨询委员会专家成员提供差旅费及生活津贴，以出席在总部举行的会议(同上，第1.16段)。经询问，委员会获悉，与本国常驻代表团无关联且往返总部的费用由联合国支付的委员会成员(即居住在通勤距离以外者)视为非居民，因此有权获得生活津贴。", "一.11　咨询委员会从向其提供的补充信息中注意到，秘书长估计数的依据是假定在2012-2013两年期委员会将召开总共为期78周的六届会议，其中74周在总部，4周在总部以外。委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议曾根据委员会本身的建议作出决定，将委员会在每个两年期中的会议时间从74周延长到78周。该建议载于委员会关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告，其依据是，分析表明2000-2001两年期以来委员会工作量在数量和复杂性两方面都有所增加(见A/64/7，第1.14-1.19段)。", "一.12　虽然咨询委员会欢迎延长其会期，但委员会担心，仅延长会期可能无法完全解决工作量不断增加所涉的全部问题。这些问题中包括委员会主席将承担更多责任，既要开展更多组织事务，又要花费更多时间主持会议和出席第五委员会会议。在这方面，委员会回顾，委员会自1994年以来一直有一名无报酬的副主席。委员会目前正在编制副主席的职权范围以及可能报酬方式的提案，将在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时提交给大会。", "联合国审计委员会", "一.13　联合国审计委员会(包括其秘书处在内)2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为6 479 400美元，比2010-2011年批款增加925 400美元，即16.7%(A/66/6(Sect.1)，表1.11)。拟议资源用于付给审计委成员的审计费中的经常预算份额、与他们出席审计委和外聘审计团会议有关的费用、审计委秘书处6个员额的续设以及相关的业务费用。此外，该两年期的预计其他分摊资源和预算外资源共计20 507 300美元，来自其他联合国基金、方案和附属机构、进行中特派团和处于清理结束阶段的特派团预算直接支付的审计费，以及对信托基金和技术合作项目的直接收费(同上，第1.25和1.26段)。", "一.14　秘书长指出，非员额资源净增925 400美元，原因是审计费用所需资源增加(891 100美元)以及信息和通信技术厅所提供服务的相关费用增加(42 900美元)，该增加额因通信和办公自动化设备所需费用减少而部分抵消(同上，第1.25段)。", "一.15　经要求，咨询委员会获得了关于审计委员会计算其审计费用的方法的解释。委员会获悉，2012-2013年审计费预计将增加，因为审计委员会将执行若干附加任务，即：审查行政当局执行国际公共部门会计准则的计划和监测相关的进度里程碑；审查行政当局针对国际公共部门会计准则第29号选定的会计政策；以及提供关于预测财务报表及编制模拟报表的咨询意见和指导。", "1.16　关于信息和通信技术厅所提供服务费用增加一事，咨询委员会获悉，审计委员会将与该厅保持和2010-2011年相同的服务级协议(A级)。所需资源增加的原因是网络账户数有所增加：审计委员会预计2012-2013年将需要39个此类账户。经询问，委员会还获悉，需要网络账户的不仅包括审计委员会秘书处，还包括审计委员会成员和巡回审计员。", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会", "1.17　秘书长拟议的联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会经常预算资源为14 013 300美元，包括联合国为联合国合办工作人员养恤基金秘书处费用作出的缴款。在重计费用前，该数额与2010-2011两年期的资源数额相同(同上，表1.12)。但咨询委员会注意到，在秘书长提交2012-2013年拟议方案预算时，养恤基金的预算尚未最后确定(同上，第1.32段)。因此，视乎养恤金联委会关于养恤基金预算的建议和大会采取的任何相关行动，估计数可能被进一步订正。因此，委员会指出，可能需要向大会第六十六届会议提交所涉方案预算问题说明，这也许会导致所需资源增加。", "1.18　关于联委会的会议时间表，秘书长指出，联委会长期以来的模式是奇数年在纽约举行会议，偶数年在其他地点举行会议。然而，由于根据基本建设总计划目前在总部进行的施工，联委会决定自2009年起在总部以外举行所有会议，直到施工完成(同上，第1.27段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，养恤基金议事规则第A.1段授权联委会在联委会或其常设委员会决定的地点开会。因此，联委会第五十六届会议(2009年)在维也纳举行，第五十七届会议(2010年)在伦敦举行，第五十八届会议(2011年)在日内瓦举行。", "秘书长办公厅", "一.19　秘书长办公厅2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为23 327 000美元(同上，表1.19)，与2010-2011年批款相比减少703 200美元，即2.9%。出现减少是由于办公厅拟议裁撤两个员额(见上文第一.7段)，以及所需加班费减少和取消了对咨询人的需要。", "一.20　关于加班费问题，咨询委员会获悉，其他工作人员费用项下减少244 000美元，原因是自觉作出努力，通过错开上下班时间、加强监测和自我评价机制以及采用信息技术工具和软件等新机构安排，减少加班需要。委员会赞扬办公厅采取措施减少加班费。", "一.21　经询问，咨询委员会获悉，秘书长根据以前各两年期获得的经验，决定其办公厅不雇用任何咨询人(减少费用125 000美元)，转而依靠现有内部专门知识。委员会欢迎这一行动，并鼓励其他部门和办事处尽量利用现有的内部专门知识，以学习秘书长办公厅树立的榜样。如节省了任何费用，应在第一次方案预算执行情况报告中说明。委员会在上文第一章进一步评论了使用咨询人的问题。", "一.22　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于此款的拟议预算时，询问了战略规划股的作用和职能。委员会从答复中获悉，该股成立于1997年，负责就关键性全球趋势向秘书长提供咨询意见并提出战略政策方向建议。具体而言，该股组织并向秘书长政策委员会提供秘书处服务；制定秘书长确定的战略优先事项并采取后续行动；监督联合国大学的工作并与各种联合国和非联合国培训及研究机构开展联络活动；编写秘书长关于本组织工作的年度报告。", "一.23　经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，主管政策规划事务助理秘书长/战略规划股股长的职位未列入秘书长办公厅组织结构图，因为该职位不是经常预算人员配置表的一部分。该职位设置于2004年8月，通过称为“空缺管理”的做法和一般临时人员资源为其供资。委员会对继续使用一般临时人员资金来提供高级职位的全部或部分经费感到关切，尤其是因为此种安排意味着委员会和大会均无机会审查该职位的必要性、职等或职能。在这方面，委员会重申对灵活解释一般临时人员批款使用准则感到关切，因为该批款的目的是用于临时替补请长期病假或产假的工作人员或在工作量高峰期雇用更多工作人员，而不是为具有连续性质的、事实上的经常预算员额提供经费(除其他外，见A/50/7/Add.2)。委员会强调，有必要提高使用临时职位方面的透明度。委员会期望秘书长在大会审议秘书长的第1款拟议预算时，向大会说明他打算如何在2012-2013两年期为主管政策规划事务助理秘书长职位和其办公厅任何其他未经政府间机构核准且已存在12月以上的高级职位提供经费。", "联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室、维也纳办事处主任办公室和内罗毕办事处主任办公室", "一.24　联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室、维也纳办事处主任办公室和内罗毕办事处主任办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前分别为6 086 900美元、2 431 700美元和1 526 300美元(同上，表1.20、1.21和1.22)。", "一.25　就联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室具体而言，咨询委员会注意到，所需资源估计数1 526 300美元比2010-2011年订正批款增加258 600美元，即20.4%。秘书长指出，增加的主要原因是自2010年1月1日起设立副秘书长职等办事处主任员额的滞后影响(同上，第1.58段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在设立上述员额后，目前正在审查该办事处的支助安排。根据既定程序，2012-2013年所需资源如因此而调整，将作为订正估计数的一部分提交大会第六十六届会议。", "一.26　广而言之，咨询委员会回顾，其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告曾质疑将联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室、维也纳办事处主任办公室和内罗毕办事处主任办公室置于第1款内的逻辑，并表示以下看法：为了更一致地列报本组织各种活动所需的资源，秘书长应将这些办事处所需资源列入专门讨论这些办事处的具体预算款次中(A/64/7，第一.26段)。经询问，委员会获悉，目前仍在讨论如何适当安排相关所需资源的款次位置。委员会鼓励秘书长尽快结束该讨论，并期待将讨论结果体现在下次提交的预算中。", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "一.27　负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为3 693 100美元(同上，表1.24)，与2010-2011两年期数额相同。咨询委员会注意到，编制该办公室资源估计数的依据是，假定2011年12月31日到期的该办公室任务期限将延长(同上，第1.70段)。委员会还注意到，如果任务有变动，将根据大会议事规则第153条，处理这些变动所涉的任何经费问题。", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "一.28　2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算首次列出负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室所需资源。该办公室根据大会第65/259号决议和安全理事会第1888(2009)号决议于2011年1月1日成立。秘书长指出，该办公室成立后，弥补了在确保与会员国、安全理事会、大会、其他联合国实体、非政府组织、民间社会以及各种高级别对话者进行一致、有效、协调合作方面的重要空白(同上，第1.75段)。预算文件第1.74至1.77段列出了特别代表和办公室的作用和职能。第1.78段中列出了特别代表在2012-2013两年期将开展的活动。", "一.29　秘书长拟议的该办公室经常预算资源为3 321 500美元，比2010-2011年批款增加2 198 000美元，即195.6%(同上，表1.26)。增加的原因主要是自2011年1月1日起设立的九个员额的滞后影响(同上，第1.83段)。", "一.30　咨询委员会从预算文件第1.80段中注意到，除九个经常预算员额外，该办公室还从妇女署借调三名工作人员(1个P-5、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))，由联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动倡议提供经费。该倡议是2006年创建的机构间倡议，将整个联合国系统打击性暴力行为的努力联合在一起。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，这些借调安排将在特别代表担任联合国行动指导委员会主席的整个期间内持续。", "一.31　秘书长提到安全理事会第1888(2009)和第1960(2010)号决议，其中决定在联合国维持和平行动的任务中作出保护妇女和儿童免遭强奸和其他性暴力侵害的具体规定，包括视个案在两性平等问题顾问和保护人权单位中指定妇女保护顾问。秘书长指出，正在制定妇女保护顾问的职权范围(同上，第1.79段)。咨询委员会经询问获得的解释是，妇女保护顾问的职能可能将在维持和平特派团的现有人力资源能力范围内履行，但将为该职能寻找其他资金来源。委员会建议请秘书长在今后的报告中报告任何相关的发展情况。", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "一.32　联合国监察员和调解事务办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为6 398 400美元(同上，表1.28)，与2010-2011年批款相比没有变化。该经费将继续用于提供20个经常预算员额和相关的非员额资源。", "一.33　秘书长指出，2010年该办公室的案件处理数继续增加：从联合国秘书处收到的案件数增至1 206件，较上一年增加70%；监察员综合办公室(负责秘书处、联合国基金和方案以及难民署)2010年处理的案件总数为1 745件，而2009年则为1 287件(同上，第1.89段)。咨询委员会获悉，自2008年1月设立调解事务部门以来，该办公室共收到提供调解服务的请求77件，其中43件已完成调解。2010年是该办公室七个区域办事处开展工作的第一年。在这方面，秘书长强调指出，亲身进行干预有各种好处，而且有必要通过增强人力资源和财务管理方面的协调和监测来协助区域办事处，并确保全组织采取统一的做法和统一贯彻政策。", "一.34　秘书长指出，增强解决冲突的非正式制度，作为化解职场问题的首选初步步骤，证明是一种成功的做法。秘书长提到，工作人员越来越多地与办公室联系，将此作为正式诉讼程序以外的解决办法，而且所收到的案件有79%均获得成功解决(同上，第1.91段)。咨询委员会注意到，2010年12月向正式内部司法系统的利益攸关方提供了解决纠纷移交培训方案，其目的是协助受训者有效识别、处理和移交案件供非正式解决。在这方面，委员会获悉，法庭和行政当局移交给办公室的案件数有所增加，其中包括纪律处分性质的案件。委员会还从预算文件中注意到，在2012-2013年，办公室将继续侧重于查明系统性问题和分析冲突的根源，并定期向秘书长提出报告，包括关于办公室所注意到的政策、程序和做法的评论(同上，第1.95(c)段)。秘书长还指出，根据大会第61/261号决议第32(c)段的规定，办公室正在订正其职权范围，以纳入经大会核准的办公室职能、人员和地点的变动(同上，第1.87段)。委员会获悉，调解司的准则最近已在办公室网站发布。", "一.35　咨询委员会一直强调，应尽可能使用非正式系统来避免诉讼。因此，委员会欢迎监察员办公室所提供的服务得到更多使用。委员会获悉，根据大会第65/251号决议第22段的要求，提交大会第六十六届会议审议的办公室下次年度报告将载列详细提案，用以在2012-2013两年期充分落实监察员上次年度报告(A/65/303)第124至126和128至133段所载关于为工作人员使用监察员办公室解决争议提供激励措施的建议。委员会将在审议下次年度报告时进一步评论办公室的活动。", "内部司法办公室", "一.36　内部司法办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为12 566 800美元，比2010-2011年批款13 252 900美元减少686 100美元，即5.2%(同上，表1.30)。减少的原因是其他工作人员费用和非工作人员报酬项下所需资源减少(分别减少599 900美元和741 800美元)，因为不再需要为争议法庭清理前内部司法系统结转的积压案件而临时任命任期一年的三名审案法官所需的一次性资源。由于2010年1月1日设立五个新员额的滞后影响，所需员额资源增加(661 700美元)，部分抵消了减少额。拟议资源将继续用于提供35个经常预算员额和其他非员额资源。", "一.37　经询问，咨询委员会获得关于前内部司法系统结转的积压案件的最新情况。委员会获悉，前系统向联合国争议法庭移交了313个案件，包括：(a) 2009年7月1日移交联合纪律委员会/联合申诉委员会正审理的169个案件；(b) 2010年1月1日移交争议法庭的144个联合国行政法庭案件。截至2011年5月31日，争议法庭已处理完前系统移交的313个案件中的250个；其余63个仍在审理中。", "一.38　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年预计没有预算外资源，与2010-2011年的估计数46 000美元相比出现减少。2010-2011年的预算外资源是向工作人员法律援助信托基金的捐款。该基金成立于2010年初，目的是增强工作人员法律援助办公室的能力(同上，表1.30)。经询问，委员会获悉，信托基金自成立以来，除联合国日内瓦办事处工作人员协调理事会捐款50 000美元和非洲经委会工作人员工会捐款1 500美元外，仅从工作人员法律援助办公室的个别满意客户处收到少量捐款，例如身为外勤事务工作人员工会会员的约20名外勤工作人员每月捐款255美元。简言之，信托基金基本上未能达到预期目标。", "一.39　咨询委员会获悉，虽然因筹资情况不定而预计2012-2013年没有预算外资源，但仍将继续努力筹资。委员会依然认为，工作人员法律援助的经常预算经费应通过某种形式的工作人员参与加以补充(见A/62/7/Add.7)。大会还曾多次请工作人员代表进一步探讨能否设立工作人员出资的、向工作人员提供法律咨询和支助的机制，并请其酌情与秘书长协商(见第61/261和第62/228号决议)。委员会建议请秘书长与工作人员代表共同加紧努力，寻找可行解决方案，以设立工作人员出资的法律援助机制，在向工作人员提供法律咨询和支助方面提供更多资源。委员会期待秘书长根据大会第65/251号决议第40段，至迟在大会第六十六届会议期间向大会提出关于工作人员出资机制的提案，包括基于工作人员的规定缴款的提案。", "一.40　咨询委员会从预算文件导言中注意到，除2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第1款中的提案外，秘书长将向大会第六十六届会议提出关于内部司法问题的单独报告(A/66/6(Introduction)，第16段)。委员会获悉，鉴于编制2012-2013两年期新内部司法系统预算时尚不知晓全部所需资源，因此上述报告将提出资源请求，以使办公室保持目前工作速度和继续执行所有相关大会任务。委员会期待审议该报告。", "道德操守办公室", "一.41　道德操守办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为3 903 400美元，比2010-2011年批款增加590 800美元，即17.8%(同上，表1.32)。该办公室人员配置保持不变，仍为九个经常预算员额。拟议预算资源增长的主要原因是订约承办事务所需资源增加，用于支付审查财务披露表所需资源中的经常预算份额。该份额根据参与方案的人数确定。咨询委员会从向其提供的补充信息中注意到，2010年参与财务披露方案的秘书处工作人员增至1 314人，占总参与人数的32.2%，高于2010-2011年方案预算估计的20.5%。经常预算资源将获得3 202 200美元其他分摊资源的补充。该笔资源由维持和平行动支助账户提供，用于支付与外勤工作人员有关的所需资源。", "一.42　自设立道德操守办公室以来，咨询委员会曾对财务披露表审查外包安排的费用表示关切。该费用与参与人数直接相关，而且秘书长说预计该费用将因参与人数的自然增长而增加。委员会关于2008-2009年拟议方案预算的第一次报告建议大会请秘书长在2008-2009两年期结束前对内部自行审查与外包安排的孰优孰劣问题，包括费用问题，进行一次深入分析(见A/62/7，第一.17段)。委员会从预算文件第1.131至1.134段中注意到，此项分析由一外部承包人进行，于2010年9月完成，确定了内部审查与外包审查的若干可选方法，包括审查本身和所使用的技术平台两个方面。委员会还注意到，一个高级别咨询小组审查了该研究，而且秘书长将在于第六十六届会议主要会期向大会提交的道德操守办公室年度报告中提出其建议。在这方面，委员会获悉，设想的一个控制费用方案是审查本组织的风险概况和重新评估申报资格标准，以将方案的重点集中于高风险群体。委员会认为，还应努力就外部承包商合同谈判商定更有利条款。委员会期待在审议道德操守办公室下次年度报告时获得关于该审查结果的进一步详情和秘书长的相关提案。", "第2款", "大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "秘书长拟议数 614 112200美元^(a) \n2010-2011年订正批款 656 070400美元^(b) \n预算外资源预计数 25 679200美元 按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。 ______________ ^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)不包括联合国日内瓦图书馆的批款15495900美元和联合国维也纳图书馆的批款1269000美元，以确保此数字是2012-2013两年期的可比基数，因为这两个图书馆的预算现在分别列于第29E款(行政，日内瓦)和第29F款(行政，维也纳)项下。", "一.43　秘书长为第2款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为614 112 200美元，与2010-2011两年期订正批款相比减少41 958 200美元，即6.4%(A/66/6(Sect.2)， 表2.5)。", "一.44　咨询委员会获悉，所需资源的减少是针对秘书长关于所有方案主管都想方设法“以更聪明的方式开展工作”的要求。委员会注意到，秘书长在预算文件第2.17段中指出，2012-2013年所需资源反映出更有效率和成效地利用资源的努力，其目的是应付对会议服务的需求的预计增加，尤其是在日内瓦。", "一.45　据秘书长提供的情况，以下措施将大大有助于资源的总体削减：", "(a) 在整个文件处理链中推行新的文件服务业务模式，这将导致对所需资源进行重新配置。与此同时，大会部提议修订交付和质量控制规则，严格控制和限制所有文件，包括出版物，并认真审查所有客户的法定权利。预计这些措施将使2012-2013两年期费用净减少约1 180万美元；", "(b) 提议将目前用于满足总部设在纽约的联合国各基金和方案会议服务需要的预算资源“交还”给这些基金和方案。该提议将使2012-2013两年期费用减少大约800万美元；", "(c) 在文件编制方面进一步节约和增效估计可节省经费约1 000万美元，包括在所有工作地点中止、限制或推迟编写简要记录；中止编制汇编文件；对所有条约机构和条约机构缔约国报告采用和执行页数限制；一次性清除待处理的积压文件；", "(d) 在总部和日内瓦出版部门引入技术创新，并采取其他增效措施，包括裁撤41个员额和减少印刷用品所需资源，使2012-2013两年期费用减少大约1 060万美元；", "(e) 提高资源和设备利用率，使其他业务费用项下减少190万美元。", "在审议秘书长在第2款项下的提案时，咨询委员会还获悉，为在限制费用的同时应付服务需求的增加，联合国维也纳办事处设计和实行了定额制度，将每个主要客户的使用权限制在总体服务能力的某个百分比内。2012-2013年将继续实行该制度。", "一.46　咨询委员会在以下段落中进一步详细讨论上述一些增效措施。在此阶段，委员会赞扬大会和会议管理部采取积极和创新步骤，通过改造业务流程和利用现有技术，在维持所有产出的同时减少所需预算。", "一.47　下表一.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和共同出资员额，包括临时员额，以及秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额和共同出资员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "一.2", "人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数^(a) 1 883 1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、20个D-1、182个P-5、396个P-4、373个P-3、24个P-2/1、84个GS(PL)、706个GS(OL)、15个LL、76个TC", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 838 1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、20个D-1、191个P-5、383个P-4、373个P-3、24个P-2/1、84个GS(PL)、702个GS(OL)、15个LL、39个TC", "裁撤 41 纽约次级方案4的4个GS(OL)、37个TC", "改叙 11 内罗毕次级方案3的6个P-4至P-5", "内罗毕次级方案4的5个P-4至P-5", "调动 26 纽约1个P-4从次级方案1调至次级方案2", "纽约6个P-4从次级方案3调至次级方案4", "纽约6个P-3从次级方案4调至次级方案3", "纽约13个GS(OL)从次级方案4调至次级方案2", "共同出资预算(维也纳)", "2010-2011年核定数^(b) 174 1个D-1、20个P-5、43个P-4、21个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、80个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 174 1个D-1、20个P-5、43个P-4、21个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、80个GS(OL)", "调动 1 1个P-2从次级方案2调至次级方案3", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 95 1个D-1、2个P-5、8个P-4/3、11个GS(PL)、9个GS(OL)、64个LL", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年不再续设的四个临时员额(2个P-5、2个P-4)。不包括2010-2011两年期列入第2款但拟调至第29E款的日内瓦图书馆事务员额，以便提供2012-2013两年期的可比基数。", "^(b) 不包括拟调至第29F款的图书馆股两个员额(1个P-3和1个GS(OL))，以便提供2012-2013两年期的可比基数。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "改叙", "一.48　秘书长提议将联合国内罗毕办事处的下述11个员额向上改叙：", "(a) 将翻译和编辑科(次级方案3)六个P-4审校员额改叙为P-5高级审校职等(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.104段)；", "(b) 将口译和出版科(次级方案4)五个P-4口译员员额改叙为P-5高级口译员职等(同上，第2.109段)。", "秘书长在预算文件中指出，他是根据大会第65/245号决议提出关于11项改叙的提议。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，该大会决议未就拟议的改叙发表意见；大会仅请秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中重新提交他在会议时地分配办法报告(A/65/122)中提出的提议。", "一.49　秘书长在关于会议时地分配办法的报告中说明的拟将员额向上改叙的理由是，联合国内罗毕办事处工作量增加，并且空缺率居高不下。据秘书长说，高空缺率导致有必要提高该办事处吸引和留住高水平口笔译人员的能力。他还提到了同工同级的原则，而且提到会议委员会承认，为提供优质服务，需要具备充足的职等适当的工作人员。当时，秘书长还指出，由于该办事处40%的翻译量是外包的，因此，必须确保适当的质量控制。秘书长指出，应由一名P-5职等高级审校来履行质量控制职能(同上，第70至75段)。咨询委员会在相关的报告中指出，在收到正式的提议后，将采取委员会认为适当的任何行动(A/65/484，第32段)。", "一.50　咨询委员会经询问后获得了关于拟将员额向上改叙的补充理由。咨询委员会获悉，除口译科科长及笔译和编辑科正副科长外，联合国内罗毕办事处是唯一一个没有P-5职等语文工作人员员额的会议服务工作地点。该办事处在征聘和保留语文工作人员方面仍然面临困难，这体现在语文员额的总体空缺率目前高达21%。关于口译员额的情况，委员会获悉，提高职等的提议将有助于提高工作人员的积极性和口译工作的质量，因为这样该办事处就可以更好地留住口译科有经验的工作人员，降低空缺率，而口译科的空缺率高达34%。鉴于这一情况，为提高联合国内罗毕办事处的口译服务质量，咨询委员会建议核准将5个P-4职等口译员员额向上改叙为P-5高级口译员职等。在这一方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在关于会议时地分配办法的历项决议中请秘书长采取措施，降低内罗毕语文服务部门的空缺率(除其他外见第63/248号、第64/230号和第65/245号决议)。", "一.51　关于笔译员员额，咨询委员会获悉，内罗毕办事处笔译工作量外包比例为43%，而2010-2011两年期原先估计的比例为40%。这意味着，更迫切地需要由高级审校进行适当的质量控制。咨询委员会认识到必须提高联合国内罗毕办事处笔译服务的质量，而且鉴于外包数量极大，尤其是必须确保对外部提供的翻译实行适当的质量控制。由于这些原因，又鉴于大会反复请秘书长采取措施，降低内罗毕语文服务部门的空缺率(见第63/248号、第64/230号和第65/245号等决议)，咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议，将6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5职等高级审校员额。", "调动", "一.52　秘书长提议对纽约的26个员额进行调动，具体情况如下：", "(a) 将裁军与和平事务处(次级方案1)的一个P-4员额调到中央规划和协调处(次级方案2)，以正式建立培训协调职能，以便扩展和提高工作人员的技能，与国际组织进行合作，对大学进行外联活动(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.38和2.42段)；", "(b) 将文件司(次级方案3)翻译处的6个P-4员额(每个语种1个)调到会议和出版司(次级方案4)制版和校对科(2个员额)和逐字记录处(4个员额)，以纠正影响有关各处工作人员配置的长期失衡现象(同上，第2.48段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，失衡现象涉及各个部门的员额职等：就制版和校对科而言，尽管已经正式决定提高员额的叙级，但是在各个语种中现有的较高职等员额的数量不足，而在逐字记录处，尽管各种语言服务的职位说明相类似，但是工作人员人数却不均衡；", "(c) 将会议和出版司(次级方案4)的6个P-3员额(制版和校对科两个，逐字记录处4个)调到文件司(次级方案3)各翻译处(每个语种1个)，以纠正影响有关各处工作人员配置的长期失衡现象(同上；另见上文(b))；", "(d) 将会议和出版司(次级方案4)的13个一般事务(其他职等)员额调到中央规划和协调处(次级方案2)，以加强信息技术管理职能(同上，第2.42段)。", "咨询委员会不反对上述调动提议。咨询委员会尤其期待次级方案3和4之间的12个员额调动将有助于提高服务的质量。", "裁撤", "一.53　秘书长提议裁撤纽约出版科复制股4个一般事务(其他职等)和37个工匠员额(次级方案4)。他表示，拟议的裁撤反映出大会部技术投资的回报和大会部精简工作流程的情况(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.53段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，大会部印刷产出大幅度下滑，原因之一是更多地采用了电子分发方式，而且所使用的技术已经从胶印变为数码，这显著降低了劳动密集度。这些发展消除了对工匠员额的需要，这些员额任职者的任务是操作、监控和维护印刷厂的设备。由于需要处理的纸张和用品的数量一直在减少，因此有理由裁撤一般事务(其他职等)员额。咨询委员会不反对上述裁撤提议。咨询委员会在下文第一.67段将对大会部的印刷业务作进一步评论。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "一.54　2012-2013年所需非员额资源估计数为123 653 800美元，与2010-2011两年期订正批款160 635 500美元相比减少36 981 700美元，即23%。咨询委员会从所获得的补充资料中注意到，非员额资源减少最为显著的是在其他工作人员费用项下。在次级方案2(会议服务规划和协调)项下，包括会议临时人员、一般临时人员和会议支助加班所需经费的其他工作人员费用估计数在纽约将减少22 405 200美元，在日内瓦将减少12 599 400美元。秘书长称，所需经费之所以减少，是因为预计效率会有所提高，实现的途径是对资源进行积极管理和排列优先次序，包括尽量减少征聘非本地临时人员，对会议服务流程进行技术投资，更严格地实行页数限制，更多地采用外包翻译，以及采取与简要记录和向总部基金和方案提供会议服务有关的减少费用措施(另见上文第一.45段)。以咨询委员会在以下各段所作评论和所提建议为限，咨询委员会建议批准秘书长针对第2款项下非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "关于提供简要记录替代方法的提议", "一.55　秘书长表示，他提出的2012-2013两年期估计数中，包括由于拟议终止、限制或推迟所有工作地点的简要记录制作而实现的约1 000万美元(日内瓦300万美元和纽约700万美元)的增效成果(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(c)段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，大会第58/250号决议请秘书长对简要记录进行透彻的成本效益研究，以期评估这类记录的必要性，并探索更有效率和效益地交付简要记录的可能性。针对这一要求，秘书长在2004年关于大会和会议管理部改革问题的报告中提出了5种替代交付方法，即用数字录音来取代简要纪录；减少有权获得简要记录的机构数目；只制作英文简要记录；限制简要记录的长度；只提供原始记录电子副本(而不提供纸质副本)(A/59/172，第53-63段；另见A/60/93)。大会第60/236 B号决议要求进行进一步讨论和分析。", "一.56　咨询委员会经询问获得的解释是，秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中的提议力图利用当前的趋势和可用的技术，大量地节省经费。这意味着继续以原文(英文或法文)制作简要记录，以及采用补充性系统，让会员国几乎可以实时地获取所有正式语文的保密数字录音。数字录音内容还包括列有发言者名单和发言时间的电子会议记录。非原文纸质记录将仅根据要求制作，时限约为四周。", "一.57　咨询委员会经询问还获悉，日内瓦人权理事会四年来一直没有制作简要记录。理事会会议通过网络进行广播并保存为电子文档，通过因特网提供。每次会议网播费用大大低于简要记录的制作费用。在维也纳，和平利用外层空间委员会正在制订提供会议记录的替代办法，将包括电子音频文档，并在可能的情况下配之以上传的参考资料，例如书面发言和(或)会议英文记录誊本。", "一.58　咨询委员会从预算文件第2.17(c)段中注意到，秘书长关于提供简要记录替代方法的提议需要经过大会批准。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，会议委员会将在2011年9月的会议上讨论这一问题。咨询委员会还获悉，如果大会选择以当前的形式保留简要记录，1 000万美元的预测节省额将需重新编入2012-2013两年期预算。咨询委员会注意到大会部正在努力精简业务活动，并以更有成效和效率的方式提供服务，以求节省经费。尽管秘书长关于提供简要记录替代方法的提议好处多多，但是咨询委员会认为，鉴于节省1 000万美元的举措须经大会批准，而且有关政府间机构尚未对此进行审议，因此，将这笔节省下来的费用列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算为时尚早。咨询委员会因此建议大会根据会议委员会的相关审议结果，同时考虑到有权获得简要记录的机构的意见，审议秘书长关于提供简要记录的提议。", "关于修正向各基金和方案提供会议服务的现行安排的提议", "一.59　秘书长表示，如果修正向总部设在纽约的基金和方案(即开发署、儿基会和人口基金)提供会议服务的安排，将可节省约800万美元经费。他还回顾，大会和会议管理部向总部设在纽约的基金和方案提供会议服务的现行安排是根据大会第47/202号决议建立的(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(b)段)。", "一.60　咨询委员会经询问后获悉，目前，各基金和方案文件的翻译经费是在第2款项下由经常预算提供的。秘书长提议与有关基金和方案订立新的安排，由这些基金和方案与大会部直接订立合同，在现收现付的基础上获取翻译服务。咨询委员会还获悉，关于拟议变革的通知已经发送开发署、儿基会和人口基金的行政首脑，大会部将就如何尽量压缩翻译量以减少费用向上述实体提供咨询意见。", "一.61　咨询委员会从预算文件第2.17(b)段中注意到，秘书长关于满足有关基金和方案翻译需要的“现收现付”安排的提议须经大会批准。咨询委员会的理解是，如果大会决定不批准这一提议，预期的800万美元节省额将不得不重新编入2012-2013两年期预算。咨询委员会注意到秘书长的提议有其可取之处，尤其是鉴于咨询委员会一直认为，经常预算活动不应补贴预算外活动(见A/50/7，第115段)。但是，咨询委员会重申其观点，鉴于节省800万美元的举措须经大会批准，而且有关政府间机构尚未对此进行审议，因此，将这笔节省下来的费用列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算为时尚早。因此，咨询委员会建议秘书长将他的提议提交给主管机关，即会议委员会进行讨论。", "对条约机构的报告和缔约国提交条约机构的报告采用和执行页数限制", "一.62　如上文第一.45段所述，大会部提出的在2012-2013两年期期间实现增效和节省的措施之一是，对条约机构的所有报告和缔约国提交条约机构的报告采用和执行页数限制。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，条约机构的文件包括受到页数/字数限制的文件(秘书处和政府间机构提交的文件)和不受页数/字数限制的文件(会员国提交的文件)。对大多数条约机构所在地日内瓦的联合国办事处现有统计数据进行的审查表明，2010年，会员国提交的文件的数量大幅度增加，工作量(需要处理的字数)也相应增加。由于设立了强迫失踪问题委员会，扩大了防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，并提出了其他有待批准的提议，预计工作量将进一步增加。", "一.63　咨询委员会获悉，对会员国提交的文件实行页数限制将减少总工作量，最大限度地减少扰乱文件处理链的过长文件的数量。日内瓦会议管理司随时准备与条约机构秘书处一道，审查其文件需要，确保该司有限的资源用于对条约机构成员而言最为优先的领域。通过这一审查可确定缔约国报告的平均长度，并利用这些数据来商谈页数/字数限制。咨询委员会认识到，条约机构数量的增加加大了大会部的工作量。但是，咨询委员会认为，对缔约国提交条约机构的报告实行页数/字数限制的问题应由大会决定。因此，应请秘书长将这一问题提交给会议委员会。", "更多地利用承包笔译", "一.64　秘书长表示，作为实行新的文件服务业务模式的一部分，大会部预计承包笔译服务的使用将进一步增加(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(a)段)。成果预算框架的有关绩效指标显示，2010-2011年至2012-2013年，纽约承包笔译比例预计将从24%上升到25%(同上，表2.18)，日内瓦将从20%上升到25%(同上，表2.25)，维也纳将从30%上升到32.5%(同上，表2.33)，内罗毕将保持在43%(同上，表2.40)。咨询委员会注意到，尽管承包笔译比例的增加将导致订约承办事务项下的资源增加，但是这一增加额将少于会议临时人员所需经费的相应减少额。", "一.65　咨询委员会经询问后获悉，尽管承包笔译是最廉价的交付方式，但仍需要内部审校和质量控制。在这一方面，咨询委员会回顾，为回应大会关于适当控制外包笔译的关切(见第61/236和62/225等号决议)，在2008-2009两年期在总部和日内瓦共设立了12个P-5职等高级审校员额，在2010-2011两年期又将联合国维也纳办事处的5个P-4职等审校员额升为P-5职等，若获得大会批准，还将在2012-2013两年期将联合国内罗毕办事处的6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5高级审校职等(见上文第一.48至一.51段)。委员会还回顾，为进一步加强质量控制，确保翻译承包人(个人和公司)为自身的业绩承担问责，大会部通用外部承包人名册包含标准的质量控制评价电子模板。2009年商定了将笔译员和文字处理人员列入通用名册和从名册除名及对其进行评价的统一标准(见A/64/136，第80段)。", "一.66　咨询委员会仍然强调，提供最高质量的语文服务至关重要。因此，咨询委员会欣见为提高承包笔译质量控制而采取了各项措施，而且这些措施提供了可能性，以便在承包笔译是最具成本效益的交付方式的情况下进一步提高承包笔译的比例。在这一方面，铭记咨询委员会先前提出的建议，即决不能为了通过更多地采用承包笔译来实现节省和(或)增效而牺牲质量，咨询委员会指出，上述绩效指标规定，只有在承包笔译所形成的最终产品与内部翻译质量相当的情况下，才能提高该交付方式的比例。", "大会部出版业务模式的演变", "一.67　秘书长表示，由于精简了总部和日内瓦的出版业务，大会和会议管理部确定可以节省经费1 060万美元(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(d)段)。除了由于裁撤41个员额预计节省经费680万美元外(见上文第一.53段)，预计在2012-2013两年期印刷用品经费将减少380万美元，原因是印刷产出大幅度下降。秘书长解释称，经过审查硬拷贝印刷业务，出版科将会议文件印页的数量从2009年的3.36亿页减少到2010年的2.20亿页。预计2011年产出的印页将少于1.50亿页。因此，取消了硬拷贝分发夜班，把业务能力重新分配给较早的班次，从而节省了加班费和夜勤津贴，提高了印刷和复制能力的使用成效(同上，第2.11(a)和(e)段)。", "一.68　咨询委员会注意到，通过电子邮件和其他各种在线工具以电子方式向会员国分发资料大大有助于印刷产出的下降(同上，第2.11(g)段)。在这一方面，咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第2款的提议时获悉，大会部最近拟订了无纸化会议的业务模式，在2011年5月首次采用，为非政府组织委员会的一次会议提供服务。咨询委员会赞赏大会部为利用新技术来确保以具有成本效益的方式及时分发文件所采取的步骤。", "全球统筹管理", "一.69　咨询委员会回顾，大会和会议管理部多年以来一直在推行会议服务的全球统筹管理办法，以此来提高大会部活动的效率和成效。秘书长在预算文件中表示，这一办法仍在演变，这体现在所有会议服务工作地点的行政政策、作法和程序的逐步标准化(同上，第2.4段)。", "一.70　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第2款的提议时获悉，2010-2011两年期在执行作为全球统筹管理办法根本性支柱的全球信息技术举措方面取得了重大进展。这一举措包括以下三个项目：", "(a) 题为“g-Data”的项目1：该全球数据仓的目的是在四个工作地点编制标准的执行情况报告和费用计算数据，从而可以借此设定业务基准并进行监测和精简，并进行全球工作量预测和能力规划；", "(b) 题为“g-Meets”的项目2：可以借助该全球会议管理系统安排所有四个工作地点的会议时间，以便以互动方式生成和管理全球会议日历；", "(c) 题为“g-Doc”的项目3：该全球综合文件管理应用系统的目的是用于实时评估全球文件状况，提供文件统计的全球标准化报告，跟踪每个工作地点的文件情况，说明全球工作量分担潜力。", "在2010-2011两年期，在所有四个工作地点都实施了项目1和2。对项目3重新进行了概念设计，在纽约和日内瓦的一个小组正在进行项目拟订。", "一.71　咨询委员会注意到全球统筹管理办法仍在制订之中，并重申支持将该构想作为最大限度地高效率利用资源和提高会议服务总体质量的一种手段。咨询委员会欢迎在这一方面大会部发挥信息技术工具的作用，鼓励大会部尽快完成项目3的制订工作，以便向所有工作地点推出。", "一.72　咨询委员会回顾，全球统筹管理的支柱之一是在四个会议服务工作地点之间分担工作量，进行能力共享，以便应对单个工作地点工作量方面的峰谷情况，进而确保以最有效率和成效的方式使用资源。咨询委员会在提出要求后获得了下列按工作地点分列的笔译工作量信息：", "(千字)", "2008-2009年实数 2010-2011年估计数 2012-2013年估计数", "内部笔译", "纽约 171 083 178 286 187 200", "日内瓦 108 941 118 000 120 000", "维也纳 34 573 37 340 37 320", "内罗毕 8 600 9 824 9 824", "承包笔译", "纽约 53 450 58 664 62 400", "日内瓦 25 815 28 500 41 500", "维也纳 13 183 16 000 15 990", "内罗毕 6 703 7 411 7 411", "咨询委员会从上表所列信息注意到，在2012-2013两年期，纽约和日内瓦两种笔译方式的工作量估计数都将增加，内罗毕将保持不变，维也纳将有所减少。咨询委员会认为，这一情况将为分担工作量创造更多的机会。咨询委员会建议将说明大会部如何利用这些机会的统计数字列入相关的执行情况报告。", "一.73　就与此相关的一个问题，咨询委员会回顾，在监督厅对全球统筹管理方面的进展情况作出评价后(A/64/166)，大会部除其他外得出结论认为，由于主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长就经常预算第2款项下的所有支出承担问责，他也应该能够对人力资源和财政资源的管理和支出行使相应的权力(见A/65/122，第28(a)段)。秘书长在2010年关于会议时地分配办法的报告中表示，只有修改了大会部内的组织结构和等级报告关系，使副秘书长拥有完成大会任务规定所需的权力，才能充分实行全球统筹管理，并随之提高效率和成本效益(同上，第28(c)段)。后来，大会在第65/245号决议中请秘书长评估四个主要工作地点会议管理效率和问责机制，并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。咨询委员会期待对该报告进行审议。秘书长评估结果所导致的行政和(或)财政后果都应反映在下一份预算报告中。", "继任规划", "一.74　咨询委员会认为，继任规划属于管理问题，涉及重大预算问题(见A/64/7，第一.71)，是大会和会议管理部长期以来一直关心的一个问题。根据最新统计数字，到2016年，大会部约20%的语文工作人员将退休(A/65/488，第17段)。秘书长表示，在2012-2013两年期，为满足不断变化的需求，并应对涉及语文工作人员的人员构成情况的变化，大会部将继续对各种培训机会提供持续的支持，以提高工作人员的技能，并与国际组织进行协作，加强对大学的外联工作，将培训方案制度化(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.6段)。相关产出列于预算文件第2.41(b)㈥和第2.59(e)段。在这一方面，咨询委员会注意到，如上文第一.52(a)段所述，秘书长提出将纽约裁军与和平事务处(次级方案1)的1个P-4员额调到中央规划和协调处(次级方案2)，以正式设立培训协调职能，在此之前这一职能一直属于特设性质。", "一.75　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于该款的提议时获悉，在2010-2011两年期，大会部进一步加强了外联活动，以便让语言专业的学生更好地了解联合国的就业机会，扩大语文专业人员的人才库。尤其是，大会部与世界各地的大学签订了更多的谅解备忘录，与联合国建立正式关系的机构总数已经达到19个。按照备忘录的规定，有关大学承诺重设或拟订语文课程，以激发对从事语文工作的需求和兴趣。大会部还继续与语文培训机构协作，制定实习方案。事实证明，该方案是发现、吸引和培训有才的年轻语文专业人员的一条有效途径。2010年接收了57名实习生，2011年截至目前已经接收70人。该方案的几名毕业生已经通过竞争性考试，还有的已经被列入自由应聘口笔译人员和承包笔译人员名册。", "一.76　但是，咨询委员会获悉，由于没有实习方案专项预算经费，可以参与实习方案的实习生人数很快将达到极限。此外，许多可能的实习生无法承担前往纽约、日内瓦或维也纳等城市的旅费和生活费，这限制了实习生人才库的规模，可能导致具有某些语文能力的人员人数不足。为扭转这一局面，已经与阿拉伯国家联盟成员进行初步接触，以了解这些国家是否有意通过大会部设立的信托基金或其他安排资助大会部的阿拉伯文口笔译人员培训活动。咨询委员会赞赏大会部为招揽潜在获聘人所采取的积极措施，期待在2012-2013两年期推行和进一步扩展这些措施。咨询委员会相信，这些努力将有利于扩充通过竞争性语文考试的候选人人数和相应地降低空缺率。但是，咨询委员会感到关切的是，实习方案专项经费的匮乏可能对具备某些不太常见的语文能力的年轻专业人员造成过于不利的影响。在这一方面，咨询委员会欢迎大会部打算与会员国进行接触，以取得支持。咨询委员会建议，应鼓励秘书长更广泛地开展这些努力，以争取预算外资金，资助与所有六种正式语文有关的培训活动。", "一.77　关于竞争性考试问题，咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中指出，此类考试是征聘语文工作人员的唯一手段，但是人力资源管理厅考试和测验科的能力不足以组织所需的足够考试。当时，咨询委员会再次吁请大会和会议管理部和人力资源管理厅紧急商定适当的措施，以确保及时组织和安排必要的语文考试(A/64/7，第一.65至一.66段)。秘书长在预算文件表2.45中指出，根据咨询委员会的建议，大会部对考试工作进行了一项研究，确定了若干加强考试工作的措施，包括调整候选人筛选程序、考试内容和举办以及排期。由大会部和人力资源管理厅代表组成的部际工作组正在监测有关建议的执行情况，一旦这些建议得到充分落实，预计将大幅度缩短从确定考试的必要性到征聘列入名册的候选人的时间。鉴于工作人员人手不足可能大大妨碍高效率和有成效地执行大会部的任务，咨询委员会欢迎大会部为改进竞争性考试工作而采取的各项步骤，并期待今后提交的文件说明所取得的成果。", "监测和评价", "一.78　秘书长指出，按照大会第58/269号决议，确定了2012-2013两年期用于开展监测和评价活动的经常预算资源，共约3 041 000美元。这些资源相当于总共307.6个工作月：专业职等115.6个工作月和一般事务职等192个工作月(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.22段)。", "一.79　咨询委员会回顾，在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，咨询委员会获悉，为响应大会第61/245号决议并按照监督厅的建议，大会部已着手成立一个强有力的监测、评价、风险分析和统计核查职能(A/64/7，第一.73段)。咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于2012-2013年的提议时获悉，已经在总部和日内瓦利用现有资源设立了监测、评价、风险管理和统计核查能力。其工作重点是为进行文件管理从事工作量预测和能力规划及开展重要业绩指标的标准化工作，还负责利用全球数据仓(“g-Data”——见上文第一.70段)，从四个会议服务工作地点的所有关键任务系统提取和编制统计数字，以生成各类报告，包括月度内部管理报告。秘书长指出，通过这些报告可以比较并更好地了解所有工作地点的业务情况，使大会部管理人员能够就资源分配问题作出知情的决定(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.11(h)段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，如资源情况允许，维也纳和内罗毕的监测和评价能力将在中期得到加强。咨询委员会欢迎为将监测和评价职能纳入大会部组织架构而采取的步骤。咨询委员会鼓励秘书长确保监测、评价、风险管理和统计核查实体尽可能充分利用可以利用的新的信息技术工具，以进一步精简大会部的业务，发现潜在的风险领域，说明提高效率的机会。应在下一份预算报告中更详细地提供关于这些实体活动的资料。咨询委员会在上文第一章已经进一步评论了监测和评价活动。", "对大会主席办公室的礼宾服务", "一.80　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第2款的提议时询问，既然礼宾和联络处已经在2008-2009两年期划归大会部，为何没有向大会主席办公室提供礼宾服务。咨询委员会得到的答复是，礼宾和联络处共有十个专职员额。为应付繁重的工作，从大会部的另一个单位又借调了一个员额，并为具体活动或在工作最忙期间征聘临时工作人员。该处没有足够的能力为大会主席办公室提供服务。尽管大会已经讨论过这一问题，但是迄今为止没有表示支持为此目的提供额外的专项资源。鉴于大会主席代表联合国履行高级别职能，咨询委员会认为，应想方设法为主席办公室提供礼宾和联络方面的协助。", "第二编 政治事务", "第3款 政治事务", "秘书长拟议数\t1 195 113100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 1 314 847 400美元\n预算外资源预计数\t49 284200美元^(b)\n秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。 __________________ ^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源15 267600美元，此处修订拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.3))表3.3中的信息，以反映大会第65/290号决议的决定。还包括数额为34016 600美元的预算外资源。", "二.1　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第3款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为1 195 113 100美元，比2010-2011两年期减少119 734 300美元，即9.1%(见A/66/6(Sect.3)，第3.13-3.18段)。拟议资源包括下列经费：政治事务部(82 649 700美元)、特别政治任务(1 083 036 300美元)、联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处(16 949 200美元)、建设和平支助办公室(5 220 500美元)、联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册(5 346 700美元)和联合国驻非洲联盟办事处(1 910 700美元)。", "A. 政治事务部", "二.2　秘书长为政治事务部请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为82 649 700美元，比2010-2011两年期减少438 100美元，即0.5%(同上,表3.3)。出现减少是以下两项的净结果：与2010-2011年核定资源相比，所需员额资源减少647 100美元，而所需非员额资源增加209 000美元。从该方案的总体构成部分来说，减少是以下各项抵消后的净结果：工作方案、特别是次级方案3和4项下的所需资源减少(分别减少927 600美元和493 900美元)、次级方案6下的所需资源增加(703 400美元)和方案支助下的所需资源增加(367 800美元)。", "二.3　下表二.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长所提2012-2013两年期员额。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.1 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 275 1个USG、2个ASG、8个D-2、15个D-1、37个P-5、50个P-4、40个P-3、24个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、93个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 269 1个USG、2个ASG、8个D-2、15个D-1、37个P-5、48个P-4、39个P-3、24个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、91个GS(OL)", "裁撤 6 次级方案3下1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)；次级方案4下1个P-4、1个GS(OL)", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 15 11个P-3、4个GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "二.4　2012-2013两年期拟议员额资源在重计费用前为74 875 600美元，用于上表二.1所列269个员额(174个专业员额和95个一般事务)的经费。减少647 100美元，即0.9%，是以下两项抵消后的净结果：次级方案3和4下裁撤6个员额造成所需资源减少(1 421 500美元)，而2010-2011年核准6个员额的滞后影响导致反恐执行工作队所需资源增加(774 400美元)。", "二.5　作为安理会司人员配置调整的一部分，拟在次级方案3(安全理事会事务)下裁撤4个员额(1个P-4、1个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))，导致有关资源减少927 600美元(同上，第3.52段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在2010年对安全理事会事务司进行审查后，内部监督事务厅提出9条建议，其中4条有关被评定的高风险领域，这些建议涉及改进机构记忆、知识转让、信息共享和正式界定报告关系。咨询委员会进一步获悉，为了改进知识转让和信息共享，该司的数据库(iSCAD)已经过扩大和改造，对工作人员进行了输入数据以及将数据库用作研究工具及信息共享和知识转让手段的培训。此外，在司内所有处对个人责任和报告职能进行了概述和简化。修订报告关系以及在全司范围内增加使用iSCAD，给该司带来了使不同处之间的协同作用合理化、重新确定各方面工作做法的优先次序以及修订各工作人员责任的势头。特别是，工作人员任务重复的减少使其职能得以重新界定。在该司内部重新调整了工作人员责任后，并按照秘书长加强预算纪律的号召，政治事务部现提议调整该司的所需总体人员编制，裁撤上述4个员额。咨询委员会获悉，该司有合理理由相信，它将继续能够充分执行委派给它的任务和工作。咨询委员会欢迎为执行监督厅建议而采取的行动，并期待还将采取行动执行尚未执行的建议。", "二.6　作为非殖民化股人员配置调整的一部分，还拟在次级方案4(非殖民化)下裁撤2个员额(1个P-4、1个一般事务(其他职等))，导致2012-2013两年期所需资源减少439 900美元(同上，第3.57段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，与该部其他部门相比，非殖民化股的工作量和相关活动相当稳定，预期产出大体上可预测。而且，得到该股支持的非殖民化委员会的工作具有周期性，使得可以简化和更好地提前规划其工作。因此，该部拟调整所需人员编制，裁撤1个P-4和1个一般事务员额(第一个目前空缺，第二个临时在任)。经询问，咨询委员会进一步从该部获悉，该部有合理理由相信，该部将继续能够充分执行委派给该股的任务和工作，但有一项谅解，即在工作量高峰期，将根据需要对该股工作人员进行补充。此外，该股与各有关区域司之间将视需要进行合作，以利用其各自工作间的协同作用。", "二.7　咨询委员会对秘书长2012-2013两年期的请设员额和相关员额资源不持异议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.8　非员额资源7 774 100美元，比2010-2011年核定资源增加209 000美元，主要是一般业务费用(181 500美元)和订约承办事务(97 800美元)项下的增加。", "二.9　咨询委员会注意到，一般临时人员和加班所需资源都集中编列在方案支助项下，导致各次级方案项下所需资源减少。方案支助项下用于一般业务费用的资源1 273 100美元中包括通信费用。比2010-2011年核定资源增加230 000美元，原因是电信费的增加(鉴于公务旅行的工作人员的漫游费较高)以及以前编在各次级方案项下的资源的调入。方案支助下的订约承办事务拟议所需资源包括信息和通信技术厅提供的支助服务的费用和作为业务连续性计划一部分的40个关键工作人员移动账户(1 058 500美元)。比上一个两年期增加192 200美元，原因是以往编列在各次级方案下的资源的调动。咨询委员会建议接受政治事务部的拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "安全理事会惯例汇辑", "二.10　咨询委员会回顾，大会第65/31号决议吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇辑》，并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本。咨询委员会获悉，按照允许同时编写两部或更多补编的“双轨”办法，秘书处在过去的一年里，一直着手编写涵盖2004-2007年和2008-2009年期间的第十五和十六号补编。整个第十五号补编已经完成，《汇辑》网站上提供电子预发本。编写第十六号补编的工作也已取得进展，预计这项工作将在2011年底前完成，并已启动关于涵盖2010-2011年的第十七号补编的工作。除此之外，对《汇辑》网站进行了改造，进一步改进了其搜索能力，并提供方便用户的接口，可以更快地查阅《汇辑》。秘书处将力争将该网站的内容翻译成所有正式语文，但这要取决于可用资金的情况。已经张贴了《汇辑》最后敲定的各章和尚待出版的各章的预发本。", "二.11　咨询委员会获悉，对增订《汇辑》信托基金的自愿捐助仍然是维持已取得进展和维护所有6种正式语文网站的重要要素。据说明，预算外资金使得秘书处得以保留临时工作人员以协助编写《汇辑》，并能同时着手编制该出版物的若干卷。据说明，在当前财政吃紧的环境下，对该信托基金的自愿捐助仍然是维持这方面进展的一个重要因素。委员会对迄今所进行的工作表示赞赏，并鼓励政治事务部继续其筹资努力，以便确保维持增订《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面的进展。", "大会关于意外及非常费用的第64/246号决议", "二.12　咨询委员会获得了有关该部开展活动支持秘书长随着最近中东和北非事件的发生而进行的斡旋努力的信息。咨询委员会获悉，不可能在现有资源内支持这些急剧增加的活动。因此，根据大会第64/246号决议规定提供了资金。该决议授权秘书长承付费用，但需经秘书长证明同维持和平与安全有关，总额在2010-2011两年期内任何一年不超过800万美元。", "二.13.经询问，咨询委员会获得了迄今秘书长根据大会关于意外及非常费用的第64/246号决议为2010-2011两年期每一年核准的有关承付款的细目。", "表二.2 秘书长为2010年和2011年核准的承付款", "说明\t数额(美元)\t涵盖期间 \n 2010 \n联合国支助日内瓦国际讨论的安排和联合事件预防和应对机制\t2 079800\t2010年1月1日至12月31日\n负责圭亚那与委内瑞拉之间边界争议问题的秘书长个人代表\t108 400\t2010年3月1日至8月30日\n前往朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的特使\t65 000\t2010年2月5日至2月19日\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题专家小组\t1 438500\t2010年9月1日至12月31日\n2010年5月31日船队遇袭事件调查小组\t1 498400\t2010年8月10日至12月31日\n斯里兰卡问题专家小组\t1 204800\t2010年8月5日至12月31日\n负责援助巴基斯坦的秘书长特使\t106 300\t2010年9月27日至12月31日\n2010年共计\t6 501200 \n 2011 \n2010年5月31日船队遇袭事件调查小组\t318 300\t2011年1月1日至4月30日\n联合国支助日内瓦国际讨论的安排和联合事件预防和应对机制\t215 600\t2011年1月1日至3月31日\n负责援助巴基斯坦的秘书长特使\t762 800\t2011年1月1日至3月31日\n前往阿拉伯利比亚民众国的秘书长特使\t1 513400\t2011年3月至9月(6个月)\n 斯里兰卡问题专家小组 59 700 2011年5月1日至31日 \n联合国对埃及和突尼斯境内的过渡的支助\t364 000\t2011年7月1日至12月31日(6个月)\n2011年共计^(a)\t3 233800", "^(a) 在大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议就有关拟议预算作出决定之前，不包括阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表所临时使用的数额。大会核准了这两项活动的预算，并决定其所需资源将在2010-2011年特别政治任务批款总额内解决(大会第65/288号决议)。", "B. 特别政治任务", "二.14　特别政治任务2012-2013年经费估计数为1 083 036 300美元，而2010-2011两年期的订正批款总额为 1 203 840 800美元(A/66/6(Sect.3)，表三.25)。咨询委员会注意到，这一数额是根据现两年期的支出模式估算的，就其任务已中止或完成的任务作出调整，并就2010-2011年期间建立的新任务的滞后影响作出调整。因此，所需资源估计数反映了联合国尼泊尔特派团和联合国驻伊拉克发展基金国际咨询和监察委员会代表的任务已分别于2011年1月15日和6月30日结束，以及联合国布隆迪综合办事处在2011年1月1日由一个后续特派团即联合国布隆迪办事处替代。如上文第一章所述，这一因素导致所需资源减少8 580万美元；由于预期以更具成本效益和效率的方式实现目标和任务，预计可再减少3 500万美元(另见下文第二.16段)。", "二.15　有关2010-2011年特别政治任务的相关经费，包括任务结束的信息，见下表二.3。", "表二.3 2010-2011年特别政治任务", "组/任务\t批款(千美元)\t任务结束\t备注 \n \n第一专题组：秘书长特使、个人特使、特别顾问和个人代表 \n秘书长缅甸问题特使\t1914.2\t开放\t\n塞浦路斯问题秘书长特别顾问\t6672.3\t15/12/2011\t\n秘书长防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问\t4068.6\t开放\t\n负责西撒哈拉问题的秘书长个人特使\t1097.4\t开放\t\n负责安全理事会第1559(2004)号决议执行情况的秘书长特使\t1279.7\t开放\t\n联合国派驻伊拉克发展基金国际咨询和监察委员会代表\t82.2\t30/6/2011\t\n参加日内瓦国际讨论会的联合国代表\t— 大会第65/288号决议核准1469000美元的预算，将在特别政治任务批款总额12亿美元内解决。\n小计\t15114.4 \n第二专题组：制裁监察队、组和小组 \n索马里问题监察组\t3849.1\t31/07/2011\t\n利比里亚问题专家小组\t1264.8\t16/12/2011\t\n科特迪瓦问题专家组\t2610.0\t30/04/2012\t\n刚果民主共和国问题专家组\t2778.5\t30/11/2011\t\n苏丹问题专家小组\t3521.7\t19/02/2012\t\n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国问题专家小组\t5963.0\t12/06/2012\t\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题专家小组\t3217.7\t09/06/2012\t\n阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组\t—\t31/05/2012\t大会第65/288号决议核准1670400美元的预算，将在特别政治任务批款总额12亿美元内解决。\n安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1526(2004)号决议所设分析支助和制裁监察组\t8231.2\t31/12/2012 \n支持安全理事会关于不扩散所有大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会\t6334.6\t25/04/2012\t\n反恐怖主义委员会执行局\t17290.7\t31/12/2013\t\n小计\t55061.3 \n第三专题组：政治事务处、建设和平支助办事处和综合办事处 \n负责西非问题的秘书长特别代表办事处\t13916.2\t31/12/2013\t\n联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处\t35988.7\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处\t33076.9\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国索马里政治事务处\t32783.5\t开放\t\n联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处\t33456.5\t15/09/2011\t\n联合国支助喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会\t16834.9\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心\t6293.0\t开放\t\n联合国布隆迪综合办事处/联合国布隆迪办事处\t58705.0\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国尼泊尔特派团\t25804.1\t15/01/2010\t\n联合国黎巴嫩问题特别协调员办事处\t17432.1\t31/08/2011\t\n联合国中非办事处\t3505.2\tS/2010/457:安全理事会主席给秘书长的信\t安理会注意到2009年12月11日秘书长的信(S/2009/697)，并认为，拟设办事处初步设立两年比较适宜，18个月之后进行一次任务审查\n小计\t277796.1 \n联合国阿富汗援助团\t497654.1\t23/03/2012\t\n联合国伊拉克援助团\t355063.3\t31/07/2011\t\n小计\t852717.4 \n共计(扣除工作人员薪金税)\t1 200689.2", "二.16　咨询委员会回顾，按照既定程序，特别政治任务资源的使用需在大会或安全理事会设立或延长这些任务时经大会给予单独立法授权和批准。此外，所需资源的详细理由说明将提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议。如上文第一章所述，咨询委员会认为，对进行中的任务再减少3 500万美元(另见上文第二.14段)，此刻只能视为初步预测。咨询委员会认为，秘书长在提出特别政治任务拟议预算时展现出节制很重要。", "二.17　咨询委员会将在审议秘书长提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议的载有大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措估计数的报告时，就员额和非员额提议提出相关评论和建议。", "二.18　咨询委员会又回顾，大会第65/259号决议请秘书长彻底审查特别政治任务的现行供资和支助安排，以确定可能的替代办法。咨询委员会在其关于提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的报告中表示它已获悉，外勤支助部、维持和平行动部、管理事务部和政治事务部正在评估各项备选方案，以便按要求就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(A/65/827，第19段)。如在该文件中所述，咨询委员会期待看到这一审查的结果，它应能对支持特别政治任务所涉及的能力、安排、流程和挑战做出更全面的勾勒和清晰的分析，并为解决已查明的差距提出建议。", "C. 中东和平进程特别协调员办事处", "二.19　2012-2013年的拟议资源在重计费用前为16 949 200美元，比2010-2011年的核定资源增加648 900美元，即4.0%。这主要是由于所需员额资源增加(530 700美元)。", "二.20　下表二.4汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长提议的2012-2013年员额。", "表二.4 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t64\t1个USG、1个D-2、6个P-5、3个P-4、9个P-3、9个FS、6个SS、27个LL\n2012-2013年拟议数\t65\t1个USG、1个D-2、6个P-5、3个P-4、9个P-3、8个FS、6个SS、3个NO、28个LL\n 新员额 1 NO \n 改叙 1 1个外勤事务改叙为当地雇员", "二.21　员额资源比2010-2011年核定数额13 364 000美元增加530 700美元，即4.0%，原因是2010-2011 两年期核准的8个员额产生滞后影响以及区域事务股拟新设一个本国干事员额。如拟议预算所示，该本国干事员额目前由预算外资源供资。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2011年以后这一员额将不再有资金，但有关职能(见A/66/6(Sect.3)，第3.80段)被证明在加强联合国在以色列的外联的有效性方面非常宝贵， 继续需要。此外，在该股内，一名政治事务干事(P-3)被指派担任负责与以色列的政府关系的协调人，另外3名政治事务干事(1个P-5、1个P-4和1个P-3)履行涉及加沙和西岸的巴勒斯坦人的类似职能。咨询委员会建议接受拟设的本国干事员额。", "二.22　拟将在统一服务条件的背景下确定改划的特派团支助部门一个外勤事务员额改叙为当地雇员(同上)。咨询委员会对这一拟议改叙不持异议。", "二.23　非员额项目的拟议数额为3 054 500 美元，比2010-2011两年期的核定资源增加118 200美元。增加主要是由于家具和设备(134 700美元)和用品和材料(47 700美元)项下需要追加资源，原因包括更换目前由两辆装甲车和5辆轻型车组成的车队中已达其使用寿命的一辆装甲车和4辆常规车辆，以及汽油、机油和润滑油的费用增加。 所需追加资源被其他非员额项目拟议所需资源的减少部分抵消。咨询委员会建议接受为特别协调员办事处拟议的非员额资源，同时鼓励在维持其车队方面实行更加严格的管理。", "D. 建设和平支助办公室", "二.24　建设和平支助办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源总额在重计费用前为5 220 500美元，比2010-2011年的核定资源增加677 800美元，即14.9%。所需资源增加是所需员额资源增加额(839 300美元)与所需非员额资源减少额(161 500美元)抵消后的净结果。", "二.25　下表二.5汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长提议的2012-2013年员额。该表还显示2012-2013年的拟议预算外员额。", "表二.5 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t13\t1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个GS(PL)、3个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t13\t1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个GS(PL)、3个GS(OL)\n调动\t1\t一个D-1员额从建设和平委员会支助处调至政策规划和应用处\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t8\t1个D-1、2个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "关于员额的建议", "二.26　2012-2013年拟议所需员额资源为4 329 700美元，比2010-2011年核定资源增加839 300美元，即24.0%。资源的增加反映了2010-2011年核准的6个新员额(2个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))的滞后影响。拟将经常预算员额数保持在与2010-2011年相同的水平。咨询委员会回顾，将建设和平基金的方案和财务管理以及资源调动、跟踪供资情况和分析供资缺口集于一身的建设和平筹资处有8个预算外员额(见表二.5)，这些员额的经费由建设和平基金提供。", "二.27　咨询委员会从提供给它的补充资料中注意到，该办公室拟将建设和平委员会支助处处长员额(D-1)调至政策规划和应用处，以取代开发署以前借调的1个D-1员额。该调动是为了提供所需水平的领导力，以便与同联合国有关部门、机构、基金和方案以及非联合国伙伴密切合作，开展知识管理、政策规划和发展等领域的责任和所期待的高质量产出相称。建设和平委员会支助处处长的职能，将由办公室主任兼副主管(D-2)履行，后者还要履行自身的职责。咨询委员会对这一拟议调动不持异议。", "二.28　咨询委员会回顾，2008年对建设和平支助办公室的职能和作用，包括对建设和平委员会的支助工作进行了审查，并考虑到其头几年运作的经验教训，对该办公室的结构进行了修订(见A/64/7，第二.21至二.30段)。咨询委员会注意到，建设和平委员会议程上的国家数目已从2006年的两个增至2011年的6个：布隆迪、塞拉利昂、几内亚比绍、中非共和国、利比里亚和几内亚，不久的将来可能会有另一个国家加入这一行列。建设和平基金已经演变成一个有50个捐助者、在20个国家运作的信托基金，并第一次在2011-2013年期间业务计划中阐述其战略，其目的是每年筹集、分配和支付1亿美元来支持全球建设和平努力。", "二.29　咨询委员会获悉，建设和平委员会议程上国家数目的增加将实质性影响该办公室的工作量、所需人员配置以及代表和工作人员前往议程上的国家所需差旅费。建设和平支助办公室多年来一直依靠联合国系统的无偿借调和预算外资源，为临时履行支持委员会工作核心职能的职位提供经费。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年7月，建设和平支助办公室有通过联合国系统其他组织和非联合国伙伴的无偿借调提供的5个员额(开发署2个P-5、粮食署1个P-5、世界银行1个P-5 和难民署1个P-4 )。咨询委员会以往曾注意到其中有些员额的更替较快，并强调，必须努力让这些实体作出持续承诺，指派较长期间的借调人员，从而确保职能的稳定(A/64/7，第二.28段)。", "二.30　咨询委员会获悉，尽管已努力确保各实体提供借调或捐助国提供捐款为关键职位供资，但在当前的紧缩环境中这变得越来越难。咨询委员会认为，对于任务以全系统为侧重点的办公室而言，由各机构、基金和方案的借调人员来补充其经常预算人员配置的做法是有益的。然而，委员会认识到，借调和预算外资源可能是不可预测的。因此，咨询委员会认为，完全依靠这些类别的资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是不谨慎的，因为此类资源无法有保证。咨询委员会在上文第一章中对借调问题作出进一步评论。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.31　2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为890 800 美元，比2010-2011年的批款1 052 300美元减少161 500 美元。所需资源减少的主要原因是：由于更加严格控制使用加班，其他工作人员费用项下的经费减少(22 200美元)；咨询人和专家经费减少(54 200美元)，原因是计划利用内部现有专门知识；代表差旅费减少(55 500美元)，原因是旅行的次数减少和在可能时更多地利用视频会议设施；一般业务费用减少(29 600美元)，这是支出模式的反映。咨询委员会建议核准建设和平支助办公室的拟议非员额资源。", "E. 联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册", "二.32　联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册按照大会ES-10/17号决议的规定设立。根据决议的规定，在联合国维也纳办事处设立损失登记册办公室，作为大会的附属机关。2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为5 346 700美元。比2010-2011年的批款5 505 100美元减少158 400美元，即2.9%，这是所需员额资源的增加额(147 600美元)和所需非员额项目资源的减少额(306 000美元)相抵消后的净结果。", "二.33　下表二.6汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长提议的2012-2013年员额。该表还显示2012-2013年的拟议预算外员额。", "表二.6 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t18\t1个D-2、1个P-5、5个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2/1、9个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t19\t1个D-2、1个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2/1、9个GS(OL)\n 新设 1 1个P-3索偿干事 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t13\t1个P-5、12个LL", "二.34　所需员额资源(4 673 800美元)用于在2012-2013年续设上表二.6所示18个临时员额和拟在索赔处理股新设一个索偿干事(P-3)临时员额(因此比2010-2011年核定资源增加147 600美元)。", "二.35　咨询委员会从提供给它的补充资料中注意到，在过去的两年里，收到的索偿表格数与审查和处理的表格数之间的差距扩大。截至2010年底，共收到12 611份索偿，只有2 286份索偿得到审查和处理。据说明，拟增设的临时索偿干事员额(P-3)将有助于根据既定资格标准处理索偿，保留提交和处理的索偿的记录，以便编写案件概要和维护登记册数据库。咨询委员会建议接受拟设的P-3临时员额，并期待该员额将有助于及时处理索偿。", "二.36　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为672 900美元，减少了306 000美元，这是所有支出用途项下的减少引起的。其他工作人员费用项下的减少额(15 200美元)，反映了该办公室努力在现有工作人员资源中重新分配额外的工作。咨询委员会对该办公室这方面的努力表示赞扬。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长为损失登记册办公室拟议的非员额资源。", "F. 联合国驻非洲联盟办事处", "二.37　咨询委员会回顾，依照大会第63/310号决议，对联合国与非洲联盟之间和平与安全伙伴关系的各项职能要求进行了一次全面审查，以便将联合国在亚的斯亚贝巴的和平与安全存在合并为一个单一的联合国办事处(见A/64/762)。委员会这方面的结论和建议(见A/64/792)已获得大会第64/288号决议认可。该决议自2010年7月1日起设立了联合国驻非洲联盟办事处。", "二.38　联合国驻非洲联盟办事处合并了前联合国联络处、非洲联盟维持和平支助组、负责非洲联盟驻索马里特派团的联合国规划小组以及非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动联合支助和协调机制的支助部门。办事处由一名助理秘书长级别的秘书长特别代表领导，特别代表向主管维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部的副秘书长报告，但对办事处的监督主要由政治事务部负责。", "二.39　咨询委员会在其关于办事处拟议预算的报告中指出，要根据结构调整精简总部向非洲联盟提供支持以及与其进行协调的安排，仍有许多工作要做。委员会还对办事处复杂的报告关系表示关切(A/64/792，第16段)。在关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助账户预算的报告中(A/65/827，第86段)，委员会还表示，据秘书长说，鉴于安全理事会和大会要求的现有具体授权和任务不变，办事处需要三个部门提供同样水平的支助，并且因此就与其各自授权有关的事项分别向它们报告。委员会获悉，办事处有效管理了三个独立的报告关系，没有遇到问题；目前正在建立一个部门间机制，促进办事处与三个部门的定期协商和信息共享。委员会预期，随着办事处全面完成合并，关于总部相关部门与办事处之间协调和协商安排的信息将列入下次提交的预算文件。", "二.40　咨询委员会注意到，联合国驻非洲联盟办事处的经常预算资源在2010-2011两年期方案预算第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)中列报，因为成为办事处一部分的联合国联络处自成立以来也一直列在该款下。鉴于办事处所执行的方案职能涉及和平与安全，这些资源现被作为一个单独的构成部分，列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算第3款(政治事务)。", "二.41　2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为1 910 700美元，比2010-2011年批款1 570 700美元增加340 000美元，即21.6%。咨询委员会回顾，办事处还由维持和平行动支助账户提供经费(2012-2013两年期15 267 600美元)，涵盖下表二.7所列57个员额的费用及其相关业务费用。", "二.42　下表二.7汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提案。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.7 拟议人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 6 1 ASG；1 D-2；1 P-5；1 P-4；2 LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 6 1 ASG；1 D-2；1 P-5；1 P-4；2 LL", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 57 2 P-5；20 P-4；3 P-3；11 FS；20 LL；1UNV^(a)", "^(a) 由“其他分摊资源”供资，反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议中的决定。", "二.43　员额资源(1 828 500美元)用于上表二.7所列六个续设员额的费用。增加340 000美元是因为2010-2011年核定的一个员额的延迟影响。82 200美元拟议非员额资源与2010-2011年核定数额相同。", "二.44　咨询委员会注意到，办事处的结构将包括实务部门和支助部门。实务部门将在三个领域向非洲联盟提供支助：政治事务、行动规划和行政规划(A/64/792，第5段)。委员会还注意到，目的是让结构保持灵活，有可能视情况演变扩大或缩小(另见A/66/6 (Sect.3)，第3.118段)。委员会重申其要求，即随着办事处人员齐备开始运作，应不断审查和进一步评估办事处的支助部门(由62个员额中的32个员额组成)，包括由非洲经委会提供支助服务和共享人力资源以便利支助关系的安排(见A/64/792，第22段和A/65/827，第90段)。", "二.45　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于联合国驻非洲联盟办事处员额和非员额资源的提案。", "第4款 裁军", "秘书长拟议数\t22 711800美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 22 134 800美元\n 预算外资源预计数 16 643 000美元\n秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "二.46　秘书长为第4款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为22 711 800美元，比2010-2011两年期增加577 000美元，即2.6%(见A/66/6 (Sect.4)，第4.9段)。增加是因为员额(274 400美元)和非员额(302 600美元)所需资源增加。", "二.47　就方案构成部分而言，增加主要涉及工作方案，特别是次级方案2(大规模毁灭性武器)，原因是按照大会第65/68号决议的规定，为2012-2013年关于外层空间透明度和建立信任措施的特设专家会议增加了所需资源(见下文第二.51段和第二.52段)；以及次级方案5(区域裁军)，原因包括2010-2011年核定的四个员额(2个P-3和2个当地雇员)产生延迟影响，列入亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心和拉丁美洲和加勒比和平、裁军与发展区域中心所需核心业务经费，以及这三个区域中心安保所需经费增加(见下文第二.54段)。", "二.48　2012-2013年预算外资金预计为16 643 000美元，其中包括裁研所信托基金的4 031 300美元，而2010-2011两年期资源估计数为21 446 500美元。减少是因为在2010-2011年为次级方案3下一项具体活动提供的资金，预计不会在2012-2013年继续提供(A/66/6 (Sect.4)，第4.10段)。", "二.49　表二.8汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提案。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.8 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 62 1 USG；2 D-2；3 D-1；13 P-5；9 P-4；7 P-3；4 P-2；4 GS(PL)；15 GS(OL)；4 LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 62 1 USG；2 D-2；3 D-1；13 P-5；9 P-4；7 P-3；4 P-2； 4 GS(PL)；15 GS(OL)；4 LL", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 1 P-5", "关于员额的建议", "二.50　拟议员额资源为17 571 800美元，增加274 400美元，主要原因是2010-2011年在次级方案5(区域裁军)下核定四个员额(2个P-3和2个当地雇员)的延迟影响。如上表二.8所示，人员编制数保持不变。咨询委员会建议接受关于员额资源的提案。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.51　2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为5 140 000美元，比2010-2011年批款净增加302 600美元。用于专家的拟议所需资源为1 759 900美元，比2010-2011年批款增加了366 100美元。这是由于在次级方案2(大规模毁灭性武器)下列入一笔执行大会第65/68号决议规定的经费。该决议请秘书长设立一个政府专家小组，自2012年起，就外层空间透明度和建立信任措施进行一次研究。委员会注意到，大会在该决议第3段中，还请秘书长在现有资源范围内，向专家组提供执行其任务可能需要的任何协助和服务。", "二.52　咨询委员会经询问获悉，用于专家的相关经费366 100美元包括15名专家的差旅费(254 800美元)、每日生活津贴(93 500美元)、机场费用(5 700美元)和一名咨询人的服务费(12 100美元)。委员会注意到，预计2012年将在纽约召开一次为期10天的会议，2013年召开两次为期10天的会议，一次在纽约，另一次在维也纳。", "二.53　拟议赠款和捐款为1 911 400美元，保持在2010-2011两年期的水平。拟议资源包括：次级方案1(军备限制和裁军问题多边谈判)下的1 873 300美元，分别用于研究金方案(1 295 500美元)以及裁研所补助金(577 800美元)，研究金方案依照大会第37/100 G号决议，每年为最多25名研究员提供经费；次级方案5(区域裁军)项下的38 100美元，用于满足三个区域中心的强制性最低运作安保标准。", "二.54　次级方案5的拟议非员额资源为989 300美元，其中其他工作人员费用项下增加了19 400美元，以确保在非洲、亚洲及太平洋和拉丁美洲和加勒比的区域中心完全符合最低运作安保标准。此外，一般业务费用拟议资源为181 000美元，增加了20 200美元，原因是逐步响应大会第62/216、63/74和63/77号决议。这些决议请秘书长编列经费，把三个区域中心的相关业务费用列入经常预算。咨询委员会注意到，拟议资源为非洲(79 800美元)、拉丁美洲和加勒比(53 900美元)和亚洲及太平洋(47 300美元)各区域中心的业务费用提供经费。委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提案。", "一般评论和建议", "二.55　咨询委员会注意到，裁军事务厅将在维也纳开设一个新的办事处，作为应对与政府间组织合作和确保与之有效互动方面日增需求的新举措的一部分(A/66/6 (Sect.4)，第4.23-4.26段)。委员会获悉，将于2011年9月正式成立的这个办事处的所有经费将来自预算外资源，其延续完全依靠感兴趣的捐助者提供必要的捐助。为支持办事处成立了一个特别信托基金，已获得预算外资金，可用于支持一个P-5员额(任职者将领导办事处)，以及一个当地征聘的一般事务员额，最初为期12个月。委员会经询问获悉，办事处的成立不会影响裁军事务厅开展的由预算外资源供资的其他活动。委员会认识到，维也纳办事处的重要作用是确保与政府间组织的合作及互动，以及加强裁军事务厅了解事态发展，特别是核领域事态发展的能力；并期待该厅继续这方面的筹资活动。", "第5款 维持和平行动", "秘书长拟议数\t109 779100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 112 903 800美元\n预算外资源预计数\t536 891900美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 对列入A/66/6(Sect.5)号文件表5.5的资料作出订正，以计入反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议决定的其他分摊资源319178 400美元和预算外资源217 713 500美元。", "二.56　2012-2013两年期拟议资源在重计费用前为109 779 100美元，比2010-2011两年期批款减少3 124 700美元，即2.8%。第5款拟议资源总额包括维持和平行动部(10 644 500美元)和外勤支助部(8 252 500美元)，以及两个维持和平特派团，即联合国停战监督组织(69 672 300美元)和联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组(21 209 800美元)。", "二.57　第5款共减少3 124 700美元，原因是维持和平行动部(2 616 000美元)、外勤支助部(53 300美元)和印巴观察组(1 208 600美元)的经费减少，减少额由停战监督组织经费的增加额(753 200美元)部分抵销。", "二.58　维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的拟议资源不包括所有的所需资源，因为两部开展活动的能力主要取决于由维持和平行动支助账户提供的资源(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.14段)。在这方面，委员会获悉，经常预算资源是维持和平行动部资源总额的约2.7%，是外勤支助部资源总额的4.6%。鉴于关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助账户的大会第65/290号决议的决定，预算分册表5.5所示的2012-2013两年期第5款其他分摊资源数额应订正为319 178 400美元。同样，表5.6所示由其他分摊资源供资的员额总数应订正为852个。", "二.59　咨询委员会回顾，委员会在其关于提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的报告(见A/65/827)中，谈到支助账户人员编制模式的问题。这是若干关于支助账户演变的研究和报告，包括审计委员会和外部咨询人的报告的议题。委员会重申其意见，即人员编制模式或支助账户提案应考虑到所有可用资源，包括参与支助维持和平行动的联合国各实体的支助账户员额、经常预算员额和其他类型人员编制。此外，鉴于参与支助维持和平行动的经常预算员额与支助账户员额之间的联系，委员会重申，应确定什么构成有效管理和支助维和行动所需的核心或基本能力——这与经常预算直接相关，什么构成可针对维持和平活动规模的变化加以伸缩的能力——这与支助账户资源的性质有关。", "A. 维持和平行动部", "二.60　维持和平行动部的经常预算拟议所需资源为10 644 500美元，比2010-2011年批款减少2 616 000美元，即19.7%，原因是所需非员额资源减少2 616 000美元，主要在行政领导和管理项下(2 101 200美元)。", "二.61　2012-2013年预算外资源估计数总额为420 390 700美元，包括反映大会第65/290号决议决定的支助账户资源187 409 600美元。此外，预算外资源还包括：协助地雷行动自愿信托基金项下的预计数额217 713 500美元(包括22个临时员额的资源)、支助维持和平行动部信托基金项下的预计数额7 969 500美元、预算外实务活动方案支助费用特别账户项下的经费734 800美元(包括3个临时员额的资源)。咨询委员会经询问获悉，2012-2013年支助维持和平行动部信托基金的估计数是根据2010-2011年支出模式计算的。截至2010年11月30日，该基金共资助了93个项目，金额为15 984 971美元。虽然项目类型可能与2010-2011年相似，但目前尚不清楚捐助者在2012-2013年可能批准和资助的项目。", "二.62　下表二.9汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议员额。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.9 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 28 1 USG；3 ASG；4 D-2；4 D-1；3 P-5；1 P-4；1 P-3； 2 P-2/1；9 GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 28 1 USG；3 ASG；4 D-2；4 D-1；3 P-5；1 P-4；1 P-3； 2 P-2/1；9 GS(OL)", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员额^(a) 453 5 D-2；10 D-1；45 P-5；189 P-4；95 P-3；10 P-2/1； 2 GS(PL)；97 GS(OL)", "^(a) 包括维持和平行动支助账户供资的428个员额(4个D-2、10个D-1、42个P-5、184个P-4、88个P-3、10个P-2/1、2个一般事务(特等)、88个一般事务(其他职等))，反映大会关于支助账户经费筹措的第65/290号决议的决定。此外，还包括协助地雷行动自愿信托基金项下供资的22个员额(1个D-2、3个P-5、5个P-4、6个P-3、7个一般事务(其他职等))和预算外实务活动方案支助费用特别账户供资的3个员额(1个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等))。", "关于员额的建议", "二.63　2012-2013年维持和平行动部的人员编制包括续设的28个经常预算员额(19个专业员额和9个一般事务员额)以及453个预算外员额(354个专业员额和99个一般事务员额)，其中包括支助账户供资的428个员额(338个专业员额和90个一般事务员额)、协助地雷行动自愿信托基金供资的22个员额(15个专业员额和7个一般事务员额)和支助预算外实务活动特别账户供资的3个员额(1个专业员额和2个一般事务员额)。拟议员额资源9 754 700美元与2010-2011年批款数额相同。咨询委员会对秘书长的员额提案没有异议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.64　非员额资源为889 800美元，比2010-2011年批款3 505 800美元减少2 616 000美元，原因是与秘书长关于维持和平与安全的各项举措有关的意外及非常费用项下的核定非经常性资源减少。这些费用在第一次执行情况报告中报告(A/65/589，第8段和第9段)，并列入2010-2011年订正批款。相关减少额2 101 200美元反映在行政领导和管理项下的非员额支出用途，包括其他工作人员费用、工作人员差旅费、订约承办事务、一般业务费用以及用品和材料。", "二.65　方案支助项下拟议资源为1 071 600美元，减少436 700美元，主要原因是向工作人员提供补偿假而不是支付加班费的做法导致其他工作人员费用所需资源减少(143 800美元)，商业通讯实际使用费的减少导致一般业务费用所需资源减少(132 800美元)，办公室设备的推迟更换导致家具和设备所需资源减少(112 600美元)。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提案。", "B. 外勤支助部", "二.66　外勤支助部的拟议所需资源为8 252 500美元，比2010-2011年核定资源减少53 300美元，即0.6%。减少完全与非员额资源的减少有关。大会第65/290号决议通过后，2012-2013年其他分摊资源估计数为131 768 800美元。", "二.67　下表二.10汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提案。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.10 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 30 1 USG；1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；3 P-5；2 P-4；4 P-3； 6 P-2/1；11 GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 30 1 USG；1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；3 P-5；2 P-4；4 P-3； 6 P-2/1；11 GS(OL)", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员数^(a) 424 3 D-2；8 D-1；37 P-5；87 P-4；113 P-3；5 P-2/1； 21 GS(PL)；150 GS(OL)", "^(a) 涉及反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议的其他分摊资源供资员额。", "二.68　2012-2013年外勤支助部的人员编制包括续设的30个经常预算员额(19个专业员额和11个一般事务员额)以及由支助账户资源供资的424个预算外员额(253个专业员额和171个一般事务员额)。经常预算员额经费在重计费用前为8 192 500美元，与2010-2011年核定员额和相关资源相同。", "二.69　非员额资源减少53 300美元，主要是在工作人员差旅费项下。与2010-2011年核定资源101 100美元相比，所需资源减少46 100美元，因为更多依靠视像会议。", "二.70　咨询委员会建议接受外勤支助部拟议员额和非员额资源。", "一般评论和建议", "外联活动", "二.71　咨询委员会注意到，次级方案5(外勤行政支助)所列的一个产出包括通过参与职业招聘会、在专门网站和专业出版物上刊登有针对性的广告以及向无任职人员和任职人数不足的国家派出招聘团，开展外联活动(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.57(b)段)。委员会索要了更多这方面的信息并获悉，参加招聘会提高了本组织作为首选雇主的知名度，宣传了外勤职业，并为文职人员名册物色了潜在申请人。在德国的这样一次招聘会吸引了20万访问者和来自65个国家的6 500个参展者。在此次招聘会上，约有3 000人对联合国职业生涯表示了兴趣。其中13个职业类的共203个职位说明目前正在总部审议，并鼓励候选人申请。", "二.72　此外，咨询委员会获悉，过去三年来，外联股建立了一个包含专门网站、大学、机构、基金和方案、常驻代表团、专门机构和培训中心等800多个联系点的数据库。这些联系点按职业、区域、妇女和其他团体分列，用于在发布基于名册的通用空缺通知或某一外地特派团需要很专门的职能时，引起对一特定职业的兴趣。最近，在南苏丹，该数据库证明是试图为一个专门职能吸引候选人的一个有效机制，而文职人员名册无法提供这种能力。委员会欢迎外勤人事司开展的外联活动，并鼓励继续和扩展在这方面所做的工作。", "调查活动", "二.73　按照预期在2012-2013两年期执行的产出的清单，主管外勤支助事务副秘书长办公室预计将处理从监督厅和其他维持和平行动调查实体收到的约700项不当行为指控的调查证实报告，以便有关内部和外部实体能够采取纪律行动(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.52(c)段)。", "二.74　咨询委员会获悉，根据所收集的数据，2008年有993项指控经调查属实(195项被归为一类， 798项二类)；2009年指控数量减少到890项(128项一类、762项二类)；2010年，696项经调查属实(91项一类、605项二类)。不过，这些数字不反映进行中调查的结果，这是该期间经证实的指控数目减少的原因。使用现有最新数据，即2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间记录的指控有1 188项(306项一类、882项二类)，并考虑到经调查证明属实并移交供采取纪律行动的指控所占比例的历史趋势，假定在一年之内将移交约314项指控(148项一类、166项二类)，供采取纪律行动。委员会在关于维持和平行动相关跨领域问题的报告中注意到维和人员所涉指控数量减少的普遍积极趋势，并赞扬秘书长与部队和警察派遣国为此作出的共同努力(A/65/743，第103段)。鉴于这个问题的重要性，委员会强调需要在这方面持续努力。", "C. 联合国停战监督组织", "二.75　咨询委员会回顾，停战监督组织是根据安全理事会第50(1948)号决议设立的，目的是监督巴勒斯坦的停战。自那时以来，停战监督组织被委以各种任务，其职能也不时被修改。委员会还回顾，自设立联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国脱离接触观察员部队(观察员部队)以来，派驻以色列-黎巴嫩地区和以色列-阿拉伯叙利亚共和国地区的停战监督组织军事观察员便被置于这两个维持和平特派团部队指挥官的行动指挥之下，协助其执行任务，但这不妨碍停战监督组织在这两支维持和平部队的任务到期未续的情况下，在两个地区继续履行职责(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.66和5.67段)。", "二.76　秘书长提出的2012-2013年停战监督组织拟议资源为69 672 300美元，比2010-2011年批款增加753 200美元，即1.1%。增加额是所需非员额资源增加额(2 645 500美元)被员额资源减少额(1 892 300美元)部分抵销后的净结果。", "二.77　下表二.11汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提案。", "表二.11 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2012年核定数\t266\t1 ASG；2 D-1；1 P-5；2 P-4；2P-3；1 P-2；146 LL；111 FS\n2012-2013年拟议数\t266\t1 ASG；2 D-1；1 P-5；2 P-4；2P-3；1 P-2；1 NO； 160 LL；96 FS\n 新设员额 2 2 LL \n 改叙 13 13 FS改叙为12 LL；1 NO \n 裁撤 2 2 FS", "关于员额的评论和建议", "二.78　拟议员额资源为45 939 800美元，用于266个员额(9个专业及以上、96个外勤事务、160个当地雇员和1个本国干事)，如上表二.11所示。减少额为1 892 300美元，即4.0%，是拟新设2个员额、2010-2011年8个核定员额的延迟影响、改叙12个员额和裁撤2个员额的净结果。2012", "(a) 裁撤2个外勤事务员额，原因是停战监督组织、联黎部队和观察员部队为黎巴嫩观察员小组和戈兰观察员小组提供的支助安排被合并；", "(b) 拟新设2个当地雇员司机员额，其职能迄今由持有效驾驶执照的工作人员行使。他们为履行这些职责领取加班费，但没有被指定为司机，导致工作时间延长，不利于健康工作条件；", "(c) 按照大会第64/269号决议的要求，更多利用本国工作人员，将13个外勤事务员额改叙为12个当地雇员和1个本国干事员额。", "二.79　咨询委员会获悉，如上文所述，拟议裁撤2个外勤事务员额，并将13个外勤事务员额改叙为当地雇员，是为了确保遵守关于匀支统一服务条件费用的大会第65/248号决议的规定(另见上文第一章)。委员会对上文第二.78段所述人员编制变动没有异议，并建议接受关于员额资源的提案。", "二.80　咨询委员会回顾，在2010-2011两年期预算中，拟整合并合并停战监督组织与联黎部队和观察员部队的后勤支助服务，并拟裁撤37个员额(A/64/6 (Sect.5))。大会没有批准这项提案。委员会经询问获悉，截至2011年7月18日，停战监督组织有18个员额空缺，其中两个将在8月底填补；所有空缺员额正在征聘中，预计将于2011年9月填补。委员会还获悉，鉴于整合的提议，一直将一些员额保持空缺。不过，由于这项提议未获批准，该特派团正在研究进一步员额本国化的问题。因此，委员会期待未来预算文件内的提议包括将员额改划为当地雇员员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.81　2012-2013年非员额资源为23 732 500美元。比2010-2011两年期所批资源净增2 645 500美元，主要原因包括：其他工作人员费用项下所需资源增加(1 594 500美元)，因为153名军事观察员的特派任务生活津贴费率提高(1 499 800美元)；家具和设备项下所需资源增加(1 034 400美元)，因为需要按照车龄、里程数和车队状况更换车辆和更换车间设备。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于停战监督组织非员额资源的提案。", "D. 联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组", "二.82　印巴观察组的拟议资源在重计费用前为21 209 800美元，与2010-2011年批款相比减少1 208 600美元，即5.4%。该数额减少的原因是所需非员额资源减少。", "二.83　下表二.12汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期员额。", "表二.12 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n 2010-2011年核定数 76 1D-2；1P-5；1P-4；49LL；24FS \n 2012-2013年拟议数 76 1D-2；1P-5；1P-4；50LL；23FS", "关于员额的建议", "二.84　拟议员额资源10 762 000美元，用于续设表二.12所示的76个员额。该数额比2010-2011年核定资源净增加10 300美元，其原因是：2010-2011年在安保管理订正框架内设立大会第65/259号决议核准的2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员)的延迟影响；根据大会第65/248号决议关于匀支统一服务条件所涉费用的规定(另见上文第一章)，将一个外勤员额改为当地雇员。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于员额的提案。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.85　2012-2013年拟议非员额资源10 447 800美元，净减少1 218 900美元，主要原因是，大会第65/259号决议为安保管理订正框架核准的2010-2011两年期核定非经常资源将终止，因此房地修缮及家具和设备项下分别减少2 592 800和647 900美元，但该减少额大部分被其他工作人员费用和一般业务费用项下所需追加资源(分别为1 083 900美元和1 018 700美元)所抵消。", "二.86　其他工作人员费用拟议资源4 362 200美元，包括所需追加资源1 083 900美元，增加额大部分是因为报销特派团人员驻地安保措施的费用和增加危险工作地点津贴。", "二.87　一般业务费用拟议资源3 126 600美元，用于房地改建、维修事务、公用事业、通信、家具和设备维修以及运输设备，另外还用于运费和相关费用、一般保险以及杂项事务。据说明，增加1 018 700美元的主要原因是翻修现有的伊斯兰堡印巴观察组总部建筑群，这些建筑由预制结构组成，需要将其使用寿命延长到2012年以后。", "二.88　咨询委员会回顾，大会第65/259号决议核准了2010-2011两年期与加强和统一联合国安保管理系统有关的安保管理订正框架内的资源，包括非经常经费。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，截至2011年6月30日，已使用这项资金征聘两个核定新员额的任职人员(一个P-4安保主任和一个当地雇用安保信息助理)，并购置三辆装甲车。另据悉，购置实行安保强化措施所需用品和材料的采购程序已进入后期阶段，计划在2011年完成。这些措施包括加固预制结构的外墙和屋顶，以及强化伊斯兰堡印巴观察组总部建筑群的外围。", "二.89　咨询委员会还获悉，由联合国驻地协调员领导的工作队代表所有驻伊斯兰堡的联合国基金和方案，包括印巴观察组，正在与巴基斯坦政府商讨划拨土地修建“一个联合国村”项目事宜。该项目将为所有驻伊斯兰堡的联合国实体提供一个总部结构，一旦得到划拨土地而且设计方案得到所有有关实体同意和批准，项目的资金将联合筹供。开发署巴基斯坦办事处正在与巴基斯坦政府进行谈判，但该项目的完成时限尚未确定。", "二.90　2012-2013年所需资源估计数861 800美元，是根据在批准置备长期结构之前翻修现有印巴观察组总部的需要列报的。主要费用项目包括：", "(a) 477 000美元用于修建工作间和仓库设施，包括防火系统，以及安装空调和报警器，以便按照外勤支助部的标准保护资产。目前使用已核销的海运集装箱充当这些设施；", "(b) 212 000美元用于建筑工程，包括拆换木地板和胶合天花板以及更换室内电力装置；", "(c) 118 000美元用于加强集装箱的抗震力；", "(d) 47 000美元用于更换门窗；", "(e) 7 800美元用于其他杂项事务。", "二.91　咨询委员会确认，在完成联合国驻伊斯兰堡机构常设办公房地的谈判、土地划拨和修建之前，有必要对现有总部结构进行翻修和维护。咨询委员会希望会尽一切努力确保2012-2013两年期对现有结构的任何翻修投资在长期结构项目完成之后不会损失。在此基础上，咨询委员会建议接受印巴观察组的拟议非员额资源。", "第6款 和平利用外层空间", "秘书长拟议数 8 071 400美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 8 023 000美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 2 013 000美元 \n秘书长拟议的经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "二.92　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第6款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为8 071 400美元，比2010-2011两年期增加48 400美元，即0.6%。", "二.93　下表二.13汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期员额。", "表二.13 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t24\t1D-2；1D-1；2P-5；8P-4；4P-3；3P-2/1；5GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t24\t1D-2；1D-1；2P-5；8P-4；4P-3；3P-2/1；5GS(OL)", "二.94　拟议员额资源6 833 200美元，用于在2012-2013年续设24个员额。咨询委员会注意到，2011年，外层空间事务办公室按照监督厅的建议审查了该办公室的组织结构，合并了空间应用科和联合国灾害管理与应急天基信息平台(天基信息平台)方案(A/66/6(Sect.6)，第6.22段)。", "二.95　据咨询委员会得到的说明以及预算分册中的报告，2011年6月生效的合并是为了用综合协同办法规划和组织各种活动，这些活动涉及这两个单位无法单独应对的问题，例如气候变化、远程保健、搜索和救援以及供水。秘书长还期望通过合并精简业务，去除重叠程序，使该方案能以更具成本效益和效率的方式完成任务。咨询委员会注意到，合并后的新部门将由现有的一名D-1职等主任领导，该主任将负责制定和规划空间应用和天基信息平台方案的目标，包括该方案的区域支助办公室以及与联合国有联系的空间科学和技术教育区域中心的目标。此外，现有一个P-5员额的职能经修改后将包括天基信息平台方案的协调工作，现有一个P-4员额将调至主任办公室协助管理方案。咨询委员会欢迎这项合并，不反对拟议的员额资源。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.96　拟议非员额资源1 238 200美元，与2010-2011年批款相比增加48 400美元。数额增加的主要原因是需要更换老化的信息技术设备，其中有些设备是2005年购置的，已经超过四年标准更换周期，并且需要升级以前购置的成套软件，因此家具和设备项下需要追加资源(33 300美元)。一般业务费用拟议资源也有增加(21 600美元)，原因是工作站服务级协议所定的办公室工作人员计算机和膝上型计算机费率上涨。由于出版物《空间要闻》停止制作，订约承办事务拟议所需资源减少(6 500美元)，部分抵消了上述增加额。咨询委员会建议接受2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "二.97　咨询委员会注意到，预计2012-2013两年期预算外资源数额将(从2010-2011年的1 887 000美元)增加到2 013 000美元。这些预算外资源用于补充经常预算资源资助各种活动，例如技术咨询服务、培训、讲习班、讨论会、实地项目、出版物、编写和分发手册、组织特别活动以及加强国际空间信息处。数额增加的主要原因是：收到捐助方支持天基信息平台方案的承付款；2011年在中国设立办事处；全球导航卫星系统国际委员会的活动。", "二.98　咨询委员会获悉，外层空间事务办公室的外联方案由各种活动组成，包括特别为建设区域能力而举办的培训课程、专家会议和讲习班，向各国派出的技术咨询访问团，以及一般公共信息活动。该办公室每年还在不同国家组织活动，以确保向所有区域提供所需的外联方案。此外，该办公室还通过世界空间周庆祝活动和其他特别活动来宣传空间科学技术的益处。咨询委员会欢迎该办公室开展的外联活动，这些活动应该有助于进一步加强空间科学技术的能力和作用及其应用。", "二.99　向咨询委员会提供的补充资料表明，802 800美元将用作经常预算下的赠款(166 600美元)和个人研究金(636 200美元)。咨询委员会赞赏地注意到为维持该方案所作的努力。", "第三编 国际司法和国际法", "第7款 国际法院", "秘书长拟议数 47 608 500美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 46 605 800美元 \n秘书长拟议的经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "三.1　秘书长为第7款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为47 608 500美元，比2010-2011两年期增加1 002 700美元，即2.2%。数额增加的原因是，与2010-2011年的23 895 600美元核定资源相比，所需员额资源增加1 223 000美元，这主要是由于2010-2011年预算中核定的九个员额(1个P-3、6个P-2、2个一般事务(其他职等))产生延迟影响，并且2012-2013年拟设四个新员额(1个P-3、1个P-2、2个一般事务(其他职等))。与2010-2011年的22 710 200美元批款相比，所需非员额资源减少220 300美元。从各部门来看，数额增加的主要原因是书记官处需要追加资源(997 600美元)。", "三.2　咨询委员会获悉，在它审议拟议预算时，法院有15个待决案件，其中三个正在同时审议。此外，法院总表上的案件数目几年来一直相对稳定，平均15到16个案件，终审裁定的案件数目与提交法院的新案件数目相当。但是，法院认为，这一情况恐怕不能成为评价法院工作量的信息依据，因为真正重要的是：就数量而言，提交案件与已决案件之间的平衡情况不断变化；就质量而言，后者在程序上和实质上较为复杂。咨询委员会还获悉，近期最突出的进展是，提交法院的附带诉讼数量大为增加，需要投入的工作相当于就案情实质做出裁决所需的工作。书记官长在咨询委员会的拟议资源听询会上所作的陈述提供了有益的澄清。咨询委员会认为，今后应将这类资料列入法院的拟议预算。", "三.3　表三.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。", "表三.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t114\t1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；4 P-5；32P-4/3；19 P-2/1；6 GS(PL)；50 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t118\t1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；4 P-5；33P-4/3；20 P-2/1；6 GS(PL)；52 GS(OL)\n 新员额 4 1 P-3,1 P-2和2 GS(OL) \n改划\t10\t2 P-4,6 P-3和2GS(OL)、从临时员额改划为常设员额", "关于员额的评论和建议", "新员额", "三.4　拟设两个员额，分别为安保主管(P-3)和安保信息助理(一般事务(其他职等))(A/66/6(Sect. 7)，第7.15段)。咨询委员会获悉，请设员额的依据是安全和安保部在安全风险评估后提出的建议。拟议新设的安保主管(P-3)将监督法院的安保股，该股由三个现有警卫(一般事务(其他职等))组成。该主管还将协调和管理法院及其法官和工作人员的安保事务，同时确保对保密资料的保护，逐案评价风险，并提出适当的解决办法。拟设的安保信息助理将协助制定和执行解决可靠性和冗余问题的政策和程序，为法院的信息技术系统提供相关支持，并提出适当的建议。咨询委员会得知，目前没有工作人员受任承担这一确切职能。咨询委员会还获悉，迄今为止，法院在举行涉及政治敏感问题的诉讼时，包括在国家元首到访时，一直在很大程度上依靠前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭提供额外安保支助和人员。但是，由于国际法庭缩编，安全和安保部认为法院需要建立自己在这方面的内部能力。咨询委员会建议接受请设的安保主管(P-3)和安保信息助理(一般事务(其他职等))两个员额。", "三.5　鉴于书记官处法律事务部工作量增加，请求在该部设立一个协理法律干事(P-2)员额(A/66/6(Sect.7)，第7.16段)。如拟议预算中所述，增设员额的任职者将协助该部现有工作人员起草来往公文，就东道国关系、雇用及合同事项提供咨询意见，编写会议记录，并起草讲话或说明。咨询委员会回顾，大会关于2008-2009两年期预算的第62/236号决议核准了三个协理法律干事(P-2)员额，大会关于2010-2011两年期预算的第64/243号决议决定增加共用书记官人数，增设六个书记官员额，使书记官总人数达到15人(14个P-2和1个P-3)。咨询委员会仍然认为，共用书记官是确保为应对法院总工作量变化提供有效法律支助的适当途径(见A/62/7，第三.5段；A/64/7，第三.4段)。咨询委员会认为，拟设的协理法律干事的职能应从现有能力范围内提供，因此建议不批准增设该P-2职等员额。", "三.6　由于法院工作量日益增加，尤其是需要处理书状出版工作积压的问题，因此为出版司请设一个一般事务(其他职等)行政和编辑助理员额(A/66/6(Sect.7)，第7.17段)。咨询委员会建议接受拟设的员额，作为临时员额。应在审议2014-2015年拟议方案预算时，根据处理书状出版积压工作的进展情况，审查该员额是否有必要续设。", "改划", "三.7　拟将10个临时员额改划为常设员额，其中包括语文事务部九个员额(2个P-4、6个P-3、1个一般事务(其他职等))，新闻部一个行政助理员额(一般事务(其他职等))(A/66/6(Sect.7)，第7.18段)。咨询委员会获悉，这些员额原于2000年设立，请求改划是由于所承担的职能已证明具有持续性。咨询委员会注意到，改划这些员额不会增加费用。咨询委员会不反对将10个临时员额(2个P-4、6个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等))改划为常设员额的提议。", "一般性评论", "三.8　鉴于成果框架中缺少与性别平等有关的绩效指标，咨询委员会要求就法院在人力资源方面的目标加以澄清。咨询委员会获悉，由于书记官处的员额数量有限，在甄选候选人时，强调征聘那些表现出最高效率、能力和诚信水准的工作人员。虽然没有关于确定目标的正式政策，在审查候选人时仍考虑了性别和地域参数。咨询委员会还获悉，书记官处专业及以上职类工作人员约有58%为女性，书记官处11名股长中有五位女性，六位男性。咨询委员会赞扬法院在这方面的业绩。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "三.9　2012-2013年拟议非员额资源22 489 900美元，与2010-2011年核拨资源相比减少220 300美元。这是家具和设备所需资源减少(833 900美元)的净结果，这项资源减少的原因是2010-2011年预算为翻修司法大会堂编列的一次性费用减少。出现减少还与其他工作人员费用(289 600美元)有关，主要是因为用外聘笔译员代替费用较高的自由应聘笔译员(后者需要每日生活津贴和差旅费)，并且尽可能使用内部工作人员担任口译，因此会议临时人员费用预期将减少。", "三.10　咨询委员会回顾，司法大会堂的翻修由卡内基基金会承担，由荷兰政府提供资金，费用总额约200万美元。法官、当事方和口译员使用的过时技术设备的更换和升级由联合国负责。2010-2011两年期预算为此编列经费880 000美元(见A/64/7，第三.10段)。关于翻修项目的现状，咨询委员会获悉，该项目起初被延迟，原因是法院与卡内基基金会聘用的建筑师意见不一致。咨询委员会还获悉，电子设备的购置取决于项目整体进展情况，但各项未决问题目前已得到解决。翻修工程应于2011年秋季开始，计划于2012年初完工。咨询委员会提醒要避免翻修项目再度延迟，否则会导致费用增加。", "三.11　上文第三.9段所述的所需非员额资源减少额被订约承办事务拟议追加资源部分抵消。与2010-2011年批款1 105 100美元相比，该数额增加593 100美元，其主要原因是：外部印刷请批追加资源254 400美元，以便在2012-2013两年期结束之前完成目前积压的法院出版物工作；数据处理服务拟议资源增加245 900美元，主要用于一个建立网络区域存储的项目，其目的是通过向虚拟环境转移，将服务器和数据合并。有关出版司当前和计划出版物的资料载于预算分册(见A/66/6(Sect.7)，附件，表A.7.1中的工作量指标)。咨询委员会要求在2014-2015年拟议预算中提供资料，说明出版司完成积压工作的状况(另见上文第三.6段)。", "三.12　2012-2013两年期一般业务费用拟议所需资源4 000 500美元，比2010-2011两年期核定资源增加146 700美元。增加的主要原因是：由于目前房地内缺少适用空间，需为法院出版物租用临时储存空间(83 600美元)；影印机合同费用增加(58 500美元)。咨询委员会获悉，对于海牙和平宫供法院使用的设施，由联合国分担的一般业务费用估计数为3 317 900美元。咨询委员会回顾，和平宫的使用是根据1946年联合国与卡内基基金会之间的一项协定。最近的补充协定经大会第62/238号决议批准，于2006年7月1日生效，将于2011年6月底失效。咨询委员会获悉，正在与卡内基基金会进行谈判，秘书处采购司和法律事务厅参与了谈判。据悉将按既定程序向大会提交一份报告，其中列有根据谈判结果对协定所作的任何订正。咨询委员会相信，谈判会达成对联合国最有利的条件。", "三.13　2012-2013年国际法院法官所需资源估计数为13 535 800美元，其中包括法官的酬金和其他应享待遇，以及前任法官和未亡配偶的养恤金。与2010-2011年核定资源相比增加99 200美元，原因是2010年两名法官退休导致养恤金费用增加。", "三.14　咨询委员会建议接受拟议的非员额资源。", "第8款 法律事务", "秘书长拟议数 44 503 500美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 45 396 500美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 15 382 600美元^(b) \n秘书长拟议的经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括：其他分摊资源6 968400美元，此处修正秘书长分册(A/66/6(Sect.8))中表8.5所列资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所作决定；预算外资源8414 200美元。", "三.15　秘书长为第8款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为44 503 500美元，比2010-2011两年期核定资源减少893 000美元，即2.0%。数额减少的主要原因是，与2010-2011年拟议资源7 035 300美元相比，所需非员额资源减少1 019 200美元。", "三.16　表三.2汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2011两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表三.2 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t144\t1 USG；1 ASG；4 D-2；7 D-1；18 P-5；19P-4；21 P-3；14 P-2/1；11 GS(PL)；48GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t144\t1 USG；1 ASG；4 D-2；7 D-1；18 P-5；19P-4；21 P-3；14 P-2/1；11 GS(PL)；48GS(OL)\n调动\t4\t将2个一般事务(特等)从条约科分别调至编纂司和海洋事务和海洋法司\n 将2个一般事务(其他职等)分别从编纂司和海洋事务和海洋法司调至条约科\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t25\t2 D-1；6 P-5；9 P-4/3；2 P-2/1；6GS(OL)^(a)", "^(a) 包括：由其他分摊资源供资的15个员额，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.31)表31.5所列资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所作决定；10个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "三.17　拟议员额资源38 487 400美元，用于支付与续设表三.2所示144个经常预算员额有关的费用。与2010-2011年批款相比增加126 200美元，主要是因为2010-2011年核定的一个员额(P-3)的延迟影响。该数额还反映因工作方案部分内部调动4个员额而作的调整，这些调动符合该厅根据需要和优先次序合理和优化分配工作人员的努力，也顺应了实务领域预期的扩大。拟议将次级方案6(条约科)两个一般事务(特等)员额调出，其中一个调至次级方案3(编纂司)，以帮助满足与联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案有关的日益增多的实务工作需求，另一个调至次级方案4(海洋事务和海洋法司)，以加强对该司的支持和协助，包括开展关于指定的海洋法问题的研究，以及处理专业文件和法律出版物及其他专业资料。作为交换，从次级方案3和次级方案4各调出一个一般事务(其他职等)员额，两个员额都调至次级方案6(条约的保管、登记和出版)。据说明，这一调整是因为需要更多地依靠数字媒体和计算机化工作流程，以加快向会员国交送与条约有关的资料并在因特网上传播这些资料。咨询委员会不反对调动这四个员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "三.18　非员额资源6 016 100美元，与2010-2011年批款7 035 300美元相比，减少1 019 200美元，即14.5%。各项支出用途所需资源均有减少。", "三.19　订约承办事务所需资源在重计费用前为1 805 900美元，与2010-2011年批款相比减少433 500美元，原因是：法律事务厅最近使用的两个应用程序和系统从开发和设计阶段转入维持阶段，所以数据处理服务所需资源减少(211 700美元)；根据过去几年来提出的服务请求次数以及该厅依靠自身人员提供一级支持的内部能力，将办公室自动化设备服务级协议从B级改为C级(减少142 600美元)；海洋事务和海洋法司与地理信息系统有关的工作人员培训所需资源(40 000美元)，这项费用现在与其他部门分担；数据处理支持服务和基础设施费率降低，主要是备份和存储费用减少(39 200美元)。", "三.20　工作人员差旅拟议资源700 900美元，与2010-2011年所批资源相比减少372 200美元，主要原因是：由于联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)的会议将在维也纳举行，而不在维也纳和纽约两地轮流举行，与贸易法委员会相关的工作人员差旅所需资源拟从2010-2011年的290 800美元减少到2012-2013年的16 600美元；由于尽可能更多地用视频会议代替差旅，各次级方案(次级方案2除外)所需资源均有减少。", "三.21　咨询委员会注意到，贸易法委员会第四十四届会议于2011年7月8日结束，该委员会考虑了在维也纳举行所有届会的提案，决定维持在维也纳和纽约两地轮流举行届会的长期做法，而将贸易法委员会及其工作组会议的时间安排从15周缩短为14周。这样可大致实现上文第三.20段所述的节余。按照既定程序，该委员会的决定需要得到大会认可，因此咨询委员会建议，在大会审议秘书长拟议的2012-2013年预算时，向大会提供关于预期节余的最新财务资料。", "三.22　咨询委员会注意到，与国际法委员会工作有关的代表差旅拟议资源为2 019 200美元，增加了119 200美元。这项资源将用于委员会主席(50 000美元)和33名成员(1 969 200美元)的差旅和生活津贴。咨询委员会回顾，按照大会规定的任务，自2000年起，国际法委员会在日内瓦举行10至11周的分期年度会议，除非大会另作决定。", "三.23　咨询委员会获悉，短缺的资金过去可从其他预算领域调拨匀支，但今后不可能如此缓解短缺。咨询委员会经询问后还获悉，每个两年期在日内瓦举行10周分期届会的差旅费和相关费用估计数为2 337 400美元。这一数额的计算是根据约80%的历史与会率记录，并使用日内瓦每日生活津贴标准，加上494美元的40%，以及平均3 400美元的机票费。咨询委员会还获悉，如果届会不采取分期办法，每两年期的相关费用将是1 985 200美元。咨询委员会鼓励法律事务厅与国际法委员会成员协商，以确定是否可用其他办法合理安排费用并实现可能的节余。", "一般性评论和建议", "次级方案4，海洋法和海洋事务", "三.24　咨询委员会在审议秘书长拟议的2012-2013年方案预算时得知，联合国海洋法公约缔约国第二十一次会议通过一项决定，增加大陆架界限委员会会议的周数，以便该委员会更有效地审议所收到的划界案(见2011年6月16日SPLOS/229，第1和第2段)。咨询委员会期望，如果大会随后核准增加该委员会的工作周数，所需的任何相关资源将按既定程序在大会第六十六届会议上审议。", "出版物", "三.25　各次级方案列报内容中提供了关于经常出版物和非经常出版物的资料。咨询委员会注意到，大多数出版物均以印刷形式发行。咨询委员会获悉，该厅越来越多地采用电子形式出版某些产出。该厅还在讨论可否通过在线版本、打印文本和数字视盘获得收入。咨询委员会已在上文第一章中就出版物问题提出评论。咨询委员会欢迎该厅主动探寻通过出版物获得收入的途径，鼓励该厅进一步调整其出版物，使之适合有兴趣的用户，包括为此尽可能使用电子手段。", "法律事务厅在内部司法领域所提供服务的费用分担安排", "三.26　咨询委员会在审议秘书长的第8款提案时获悉，法律事务厅在内部司法领域向各基金和方案所提供服务的费用分担安排尚未最后确定。因此，该厅正在调拨经常预算资金来支付预算外活动产生的费用。咨询委员会期望秘书长与各基金和方案最后确定法律事务厅所提供服务的费用分担安排，依照大会第62/228号决议所核准的办法，按人头分担费用，并期望秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告成果。", "第四编 国际合作促进发展", "第9款 经济和社会事务", "秘书长拟议数\t148 820100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 152 535 500美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 150 878 100美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.1　秘书长为2012-2013两年期请拨的第9款经常预算资源在重计费用前为148 820 100美元，比2010-2011两年期减少3 715 400美元，即2.4%(见A/66/6(Sect.9)，表9.5)。表四.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年的拟议员额。该表还显示2012-2013年的拟议预算外员额。", "表四.1 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t505\t1 USG，2 ASG，9 D-2，31 D-1，64P-5，89  P-4，64 P-3，43 P-2/1，33GS(PL)，169 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t495\t1 USG，2 ASG，9 D-2，31 D-1，63P-5，88 P-4，65 P-3，42 P-2/1，33GS(PL)，161 GS(OL)\n 新员额 2 统计司2个 P-3 \n裁撤\t12\t次级方案1、3、4、5、7、8和10项下的1个P-5、1个P-4、1个 P-3、1个P-2和8个GS(OL)\n调动\t5\t调动三个员额到行政领导和管理(来自次级方案5的1个D-1，来自次级方案8的1个P-4和来自方案支助的1个GS(PL))；两个员额从行政领导和管理调走(1个P-3调到次级方案8和1个GS(OL)调到方案支助)\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t26\t2 P-5，8 P-4/3，2 P-2/1，4 GS(PL)，10GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "四.2　咨询委员会获得了有关2010-2011两年期505个核定经常预算员额的说明 (见A/66/6(Sect.9)，表9.2)；在A/64/6(Sect.9) 号文件中显示同一两年期有 545个经常预算员额。咨询委员会获悉，一开始，秘书长为2010-2011两年期提出 545个经常预算员额 (见A/64/6(Sect.9)，表9.2)。大会在第64/244号决议中核准了秘书长的提议，并在第64/243号决议第77段中决定在2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款下再设立两个员额(1个P-5和1个P-4)，向发展账户提供方案支助，这使员额总数达到 547个。随后，根据大会第 64/289号决议和第65/259号决议的规定，将42个员额从2010-2011两年期方案预算的第9款转到第37款(妇女署)下。因此，拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.9))准确地显示，2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款下的核定经常预算员额为505个。秘书长关于经常预算资源用于联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)规范性支助职能的订正提案的报告(A/65/531)提供了有关资源转移，包括来自2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款的42个员额的详情。", "四.3　咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年4月30日，经济和社会事务部有27个空缺员额(1个D-1，2个P-5，2个P-4，6个P-3，6个P-2/1，1个一般事务(特等)和 9 个一般事务(其他职等))。咨询委员会注意到，这些员额中的很多员额截至该日期已持续空缺达六个月以上。咨询委员会期望迅速填补这些员额。", "新员额", "四.4　拟在次级方案5(统计)下设立两个新的P-3员额，以履行以往根据与国际电子计算中心的合同安排提供的职能。咨询委员会在询问后获悉，通过一个两年期赠款为与该中心的合同安排提供资金。咨询委员会还获悉，在经济和社会事务部将其所有主机应用程序转移至在纽约进行的服务器业务后，最终不再需要在日内瓦进行对主机服务器的技术支持。随着所需服务的减少，从该中心得到的唯一剩余支持是由两名借调的P-3工作人员提供的现场支持。该中心后来确定这一安排不再可行，并决定将终止向经社部提供现场支持的安排。2010年，作为一个临时措施，从赠款和捐款项下为一般临时人员调拨资金，以提供所需支持。该资金调拨使经社部得以迅速征聘两名短期 P-3 职等工作人员，以确保持续提供所需现场技术支持至2011年末。委员会还获悉，由于对现场技术支持的根本需求是长期性的，并且从1970年就得到确立，因此无法再在一般临时人员项下为人员配置安排提供适当资金，应将人员配置安排正规化。", "四.5　咨询委员会经要求，得到了与国际电子计算中心的合同安排2006-2007年和2008-2009年所需经费、2010-2011年所需经费估计数以及2012-2013年和2014-2015年两个P-3员额费用的比较分析，详情如下：", "所需资源 2006-2007年 2008-2009年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2014-2015年", "给国际电子计算中心 712 599美元 798 648美元 908 的付款 000美元^(a)", "两个P-3员额的费用 312 564 400美元^(b) 800美元^(c)", "^(a) 反映合同终止前的所需经费估计数。", "^(b) 新员额。", "^(c) 续设员额。", "四.6　咨询委员会注意到，赠款和捐款项下的减少额超过两个新的P-3员额的费用估计数(见A/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.14(c)㈣段)。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长为统计司设立两个新的P-3员额的提议。", "裁撤", "四.7　如拟议预算中第9.14段所述，拟议裁撤12个员额，以理顺员额架构，情况如下：次级方案1(经济及社会理事会的支助和协调)项下裁撤1个P-4员额；次级方案3(社会政策和发展)项下裁撤2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案4(可持续发展)项下裁撤1个P-5员额；次级方案5(统计)项下裁撤1个P-3、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案7(发展政策和分析)项下裁撤2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)项下裁撤2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案10(发展筹资)项下裁撤1个一般事务(其他职等)员额。咨询委员会在询问后获悉，拟议裁撤的12个员额中的2个员额与以往经大会第63/260号决议核准在其项下设立同职等员额的次级方案对应(次级方案1下的1个P-4员额和次级方案5下的1个P-3员额)。", "四.8　咨询委员会回顾，如拟议预算第9.8段所述，大会在其第63/260号决议中根据经济和社会事务部确定的需要，核准了13个员额，该部认为这些员额对更加有成效、有效率地执行发展活动任务至关重要。13个员额中的5个员额已被转移到新设立的促进性别平等和增强妇女权能的实体——妇女署，其余8个员额分配给该部内各个相关办公室和次级方案。关于在各个办公室和次级方案中分配其余8个员额的资料载于拟议预算的第9.9段和第9.10段。咨询委员会不反对裁撤提议。", "调动", "四.9　拟议调动5个员额：将三个员额调入行政领导和管理(来自次级方案5(统计)的1个D-1员额，来自次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)的1个P-4员额和来自方案支助的1个一般事务(特等)员额)，将两个员额从行政领导和管理项下调出(向次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)调出1个P-3员额和向方案支助调出1个一般事务(其他职等)员额)。", "四.10　如拟议预算中所述，将三个员额调到行政领导和管理项下的目的是加强战略规划股和支助由副秘书长办公室统一领导的整个部的方案管理、监测和评价活动(A/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.14(b)段和第9.43段)。咨询委员会注意到，战略规划股旨在更好和更有效地协助副秘书长开展具体战略规划进程，其目标为以下三个方面：㈠ 开展实务战略优先事项；㈡ 增强各司间合作，推动整个部的战略审查和行动，特别是对于共有问题；㈢ 与会员国及秘书处和联合国系统中的重要战略伙伴等利益攸关方合作(同上，第9.9段)。咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第57/300号决议第24段中，欢迎秘书长为加强秘书处经济和社会事务部的管理能力所作的努力，包括设立政策规划股。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动，包括为战略规划股进行的调动。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.11　2012-2013年的非员额资源估计数为14 651 000 美元，比2010-2011年批款净减1 895 600美元。净减少额反映大多数支出用途项下的减少额，包括咨询人项下的242 800美元，其主要原因是尽可能增加对内部专门知识的使用；专家项下的104 700美元，主要原因是尽可能合并会议或减少专家数量和会议持续时间的协同努力；工作人员差旅项下的121 200美元，其主要原因是增加对视频会议的使用、尽可能合并差旅和(或)减少差旅时间；订约承办事务项下的460 800美元，其主要原因是更多使用电子手段传播出版物；家具和设备项下的111 000美元，原因是通过延长家具和设备的使用时间减少对更换家具和办公设备的需求；以及赠款和捐款项下的781 600美元，其主要原因是终止了与国际电子计算中心的合同。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "出版物", "四.12　拟议预算显示，出版物的数量从2010-2011两年期的483份减至下一个两年期的432份，其原因是尽可能增加使用电子手段印发非经常出版物(A/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.12段)。此外，咨询委员会获悉，该部是2010年设立的由新闻部和大会和会议管理部领导的一个工作组的成员，该工作组负责研究联合国秘书处的整个出版程序，寻找使其更为有效率的途径，其中包括：㈠ 合并出版物；㈡ 分析对出版物的需求；㈢ 更多使用网站出版，以减少印刷出版物。将在工作组建议得到接受后，立即执行这些措施。咨询委员会还获悉，目前正在考虑将按需印刷作为控制印刷费用的一个可行机制，并考虑在具有成本效益和目标受众容易获取的地点开展印刷。与此同时，该部目前使用本组织的采购程序确定最具竞争力的供应商印刷其出版物。咨询委员会欢迎秘书处对探讨减少出版物费用的各种方案的重视。咨询委员会强调，应在秘书处所有工作地点分享印刷出版物方面的最佳做法(另见上文第一章)。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题进一步作出了评论。", "预算外资源", "四.13　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期的预算外资源估计数为150 878 100美元，比2010-2011两年期的163 547 900美元减少约7.7%。预算外资源将补充经常预算资源，为咨询、专家组、差旅、技术咨询服务、培训、讲习班、研讨会和实地项目等各种实务和技术合作活动提供经费。如拟议预算第 9.17段所述，预算外资源减少的原因是：㈠ 2010-2011两年期预算外资源供资项目的结束；㈡ 考虑到目前的全球财政状况，捐助方没有对在2012-2013两年期延长这些供资安排作出承诺。委员会注意到，预算外员额的数量将从现两年期的28个降至2012-2013两年期的26个。鉴于2012-2013两年期预算外资源大幅减少，咨询委员会提醒，该部预算外员额的供资可能得不到保障。该部应采取措施，扩大其捐助群体，这可能有助于增加预算外资源。", "第10款 最不发展国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "秘书长拟议数\t6 665500美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 7 406 100美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 1 486 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.14　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第10款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为6 665 500美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少740 600美元，即10.0%(见A/66/6(Sect.10)，表10.5)。表四.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长为2012-2013两年期拟设的员额。", "表四.2 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n2010-2011年核定数\t18\t1 USG，1 D-2，1 D-1，3 P-5，5 P-4，2P-3，1 P-2，4 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t18\t1 USG，1 D-2，1 D-1，3 P-5，5 P-4，2P-3，1 P-2，4 GS(OL)", "四.15　没有为2012-2013两年期请求增设员额。咨询委员会建议核准拟议人员编制表。", "四.16　大会在其第63/260号决议中为最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处提供三个新增P-4员额。咨询委员会获悉，所有三个新增P-4员额均已填补，截至2011年3月31日，只有一个P-3员额仍空缺。委员会相信，将会迅速填补该空缺。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "四.17　2012-2013年的非员额资源估计数772 300美元比2010-2011年批款净减740 600美元，其原因是：㈠ 因中止为筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议编列的一笔非经常性一般临时人员经费，使所需资源减少692 900美元；㈡ 因中止为向第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议区域筹备会议提供服务的工作人员编列的一笔非经常性差旅费，使工作人员差旅项下的所需资源减少45 700 美元；㈢ 因中止为筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议编列的一笔用于家具和设备的非经常性经费，使家具和设备项下的所需资源减少4 800美元；㈣ 为业务连续性购买Citrix许可证，使订约承办事务项下的所需资源增加2 800美元。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "出版物", "四.18　据估计，将在2012-2013两年期印发的非经常性出版物的数量将从现两年期的1份增至8份(见A/66/6 (Sect.10)，表10.3)。经询问，秘书处澄清说，尽管以前计划在2010-2011两年期印发一份非经常性出版物，但现在预计将印发10份有关第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的非经常性出版物。因此，拟在2012-2013两年期印发的非经常性出版物的数量(8份)与目前预计在2010-2011两年期印发的非经常性出版物的数量(10份)相比，显示出非经常性出版物数量的减少。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题进一步作出评论。", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的成果", "四.19　咨询委员会注意到，下一个两年期该预算款次下的所需资源估计数预计减少，其主要原因是中止为筹备和完成第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议编列的一次性经费。咨询委员会获悉，该会议于2011年5月在伊斯坦布尔召开，通过了一个全面、雄心勃勃和注重成果的十年期《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》和最不发达国家与捐助国、发展中国家、议员、私营部门、民间社会和国际金融和发展机构等发展伙伴共同商定的《伊斯坦布尔宣言》。咨询委员会还获悉，目前正在开展评估，以确定履行会议成果的最有效途径；在该评估结束时，秘书长将就会议成果及其所涉方案预算问题(如有)提交一份报告，供大会审议。咨询委员会相信，秘书长的报告将在即将举行的大会第六十六届会议主要会期期间及时提交。", "高级代表办事处的作用", "四.20　咨询委员会注意到，副秘书长继续负责三项职能：最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表(第10款)；负责联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)工作的代理非洲问题特别顾问(第11款)；在联合国总部举行的高级别会议和活动期间担任驻联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)代表(第12款)。", "四.21　如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.10)，第10.9段)中所述，2008年，秘书长作为一项试验，重组了非洲问题特别顾问办公室及最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处。", "四.22　咨询委员会重申其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第10款的意见，即现有安排(责成高级代表行使三项不同职能)可能会对办事处工作产生不利影响(见A/64/7，第四.27段)。关于这一问题的评论和意见还载于下文第11和12款中。", "第11款 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系", "秘书长拟议数\t12 641000美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 12 641 000美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 1 460 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.23　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第11款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为12 641 000美元，即维持2010-2011两年期订正批款的水平(见A/66/6(Sect.11)，表11.6)。表四.3汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的员额。", "表四.3 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n2010-2011年核定数\t35\t1 USG，1 D-2，2 D-1，4 P-5，7 P-4，10P-3，1 GS(PL)，8 GS(OL)，1 LL\n2012-2013年拟议数\t35\t1 USG，1 D-2，2 D-1，4 P-5，7 P-4，10P-3，1 GS(PL)，8 GS(OL)，1 LL", "四.24　没有请求为2012-2013两年期增设员额。咨询委员会建议核准拟议人员编制表。", "四.25　如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.11)，第11.13段)所示，非洲问题特别顾问办公室填补了根据关于与发展有关活动的大会第63/260号决议为其提供的所有员额(2个P-3和1个P-4)。但是，咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年5月，在该预算款次中有5个空缺，包括1个USG、1个P-4和3个P-3员额，这些员额的出缺时间如下：1个USG员额——2007年5月1日，1个P-4员额——2010年6月22日，1个P-3员额——2011年3月7日，1个P-3员额——2010年4月1日，1个P-3员额——2009年7月1日。咨询委员会有关空缺副秘书长员额的评论和意见载于下文第四.29段和第四.30段。咨询委员会相信将迅速填补剩余的空缺。", "四.26　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长2008-2009两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告(A/64/545)显示预算第11款下的所需资源减少，这部分是由于空缺的副秘书长员额。虽然秘书长报告没有包括有关该空缺的具体资料，但委员会在其报告(A/64/574)表1中注意到该空缺。由于尚未填补空缺，咨询委员会期望在秘书长 2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中纳入有关空缺的详细资料。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.27　没有为2012-2013两年期请求追加非员额资源。咨询委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "监测机制", "四.28　秘书长在拟议预算第11.13段中表示，随着人力资源的增加(见上文第四.25 段)，该办公室更有能力在提交大会第六十五届会议的经改进监测机制下监测非洲的发展需求，特别是实现千年发展目标方面的进展，以及非洲国家和捐助界作出的承诺。在此方面，咨询委员会获悉，会员国请大会主席继续就以现有机制为基础的监测机制的性质、范围、优先事项和机制安排以及秘书长报告中所载的建议开展非正式协商，以在大会第六十六届会议结束前使监测机制投入运作。委员会还获悉，大会主席将任命一个所需政府间谈判的主持者，有可能的话，该主持者将努力使会员国在大会第六十六届会议期间就监测机制的前进方向达成共识。委员会注意到，政策分析和监测股目前负责评估和监测实施新伙伴关系的进展以及国际社会提供的相关支持。虽然咨询委员会期望圆满结束有关监测机制的政府间谈判，但认为应更加关注进一步改善政策分析和监测股有效性的工作，该股目前由一名D-1职等工作人员领导，有9个员额(1个D-1，1个P-5，2个P-4，3个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))。", "非洲问题特别顾问员额", "四.29　如拟议预算第11.8 段所述，秘书长在2008年试验性地开始了对非洲问题特别顾问办公室和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处的重组工作。咨询委员会获悉，秘书长打算提供一个关于该试验影响的评估，供大会第六十六届会议审议(另见A/66/6 (Sect.11)，第11.9段)。委员会期待收到秘书长对此问题的评估。", "四.30　咨询委员会回顾，大会第62/236号决议除其他外呼吁秘书长作为优先事项紧急填补副秘书长兼非洲问题特别顾问职位。大会第63/260号决议除其他外决定不裁撤非洲问题特别顾问员额，大会第64/243号决议重申了该决定。咨询委员会注意到，尽管大会就此问题作出上述决定，但秘书长尚未填补该员额。在此方面，委员会重申其有关2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第 11款的意见，即必须迅速填补非洲问题特别顾问员额(A/64/7，第四.34段)。咨询委员会关于此问题的相关评论和意见还载于第10款和第12款中。", "第12款 贸易与发展", "秘书长拟议数\t135 478600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 136 629 800美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 75 830 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.31　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第12款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为135 478 600美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少1 151 200美元，即0.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.12)，表12.5)。表四.4汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.4 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t400\t1 USG，1 ASG，6 D-2，20 D-1，48P-5，61 P-4，74 P-3，32 P-2/1，12GS(PL)，145 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t399\t1 USG，1 ASG，6 D-2，20 D-1，48P-5，61 P-4，74 P-3，32 P‑2/1，12GS(PL)，144 GS(OL)调动\t16\t由方案支助调动14个员额(1个D-2，3个P-4，2个P-3，2个P-2和6个GS(OL))到行政领导和管理 由次级方案2调动1个P-3到次级方案4 \n 由次级方案4调动1个P-2到次级方案2 \n 裁撤 1 方案支助下的一个GS(OL)员额 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t21\t2 D-1，1 P-5，4 P-4/3，4 P-2/1和10GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "四.32　咨询委员会注意到，拟从方案支助调动14个员额(1个D-2，3个P-4，2个P-3，2个P-2和6个一般事务(其他职等))到行政领导和管理，以便更好调整贸发会议秘书长办公室的职能，从而在全球经济危机爆发并给世界经济特别是发展中国家带来持续影响后，加强对贸发会议5个次级方案的实质性领导和协调 (A/66/6 (Sect.12)，第12.19(b)段)。在此方面，拟将管理司司长的D-2职等员额(以及一个提供秘书支持的一般事务(其他职等)员额)调到贸发会议秘书长办公室，以履行研究、战略政策规划和能力建设协调员的职能。咨询委员会获悉，拟将一个D-2员额调到行政领导和管理，以在管理和协调与研究有关的共同活动方面提供实质性领导。委员会还获悉，方案支助的管理将不会受到D-2员额调动的负面影响，并且关键的监督责任现在交给贸发会议副秘书长。还拟调动通信、宣传和外联科的十个员额(2个P-4，2个P-3，1个P-2和5个一般事务(其他职等))，其职能与在方案支助中履行的职能相同；以及履行评价和监测职能的1个P-4 和 1个P-2。此外，将在次级方案2和4之间互调1个P-2和1个P-3员额，以纠正较早时不经意地使获得授权在2010-2011两年期调动的两个员额被颠倒的疏忽。咨询委员会不反对拟议调动。", "四.33　秘书长还提议裁撤一个方案支助下的一般事务(其他职等)员额。咨询委员会注意到，该提议与其有关持续需要管理司中的一般事务员额的意见相符。咨询委员会注意到，在该司共95个员额中，60个员额属于一般事务职类(见A/64/7，第四.46段)。咨询委员会询问后获悉，在编制2012-2013两年期预算期间研究了该司所有一般事务员额的职能，因此，鉴于所涉一般事务员额的职能属于秘书性质，拟对其进行裁撤。咨询委员会不反对裁撤一个一般事务员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "四．34　2012-2013两年期的非员额资源估计数为12 367 300 美元，比2010-2011两年期的批款净减少914 700美元。大多数支出用途的所需资源减少，包括：其他工作人员费用(一般临时人员)项下减少 229 800美元，其主要原因是更多依赖现有能力来承担任何增加的工作量；一般业务费用项下减少218 800美元，其主要原因是预计国际电信费用稳定并且电信业务量处于稳定至较低的水平，以及因更多使用电子通信使邮件和邮袋所需经费减少；家具和设备项下减少154 000美元，其主要原因是调整更换计划；咨询人项下减少102 800美元，其原因是更多使用内部专门知识；用品和材料项下减少96 300美元，其主要原因是更多使用电子手段导致印刷材料的所需资源减少；赠款和捐款项下减少67 800美元，其主要原因是重新配置通过国际电子计算中心和联合国日内瓦办事处外包的基础设施服务；订约承办事务项下减少33 600美元，其主要原因是更多使用基于网络的产品和无纸化数据处理应用软件、电子模板和电子邮件。", "四.35　咨询委员会欢迎贸发会议在实现效率方面的工作，并建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "四.36　如拟议预算所示(A/66/6(Sect.12)，第12.17段)，秘书长拟将评价和监测股从方案支助项下调回行政领导和管理项下。这样做的目的是重新着重对实务方案交付情况进行监测和评价。咨询委员会获得了关于恢复以往结构、在行政领导和管理项下履行监测和评价职能的理由的更多资料。根据所收到的资料，在2007年重组贸发会议的行政领导和管理职能时，其方案规划和监测和评价职能被并入评价和规划股，并调到方案支助项下，以更好地整合贸发会议秘书处的监督、方案、预算和财务业务管理。", "四.37　咨询委员会还获悉，过去两个两年期的经验显示，虽然方案和预算方面的业务整合以及行政审计和监督是令人满意的，但实务方案交付的评价和监测已成为评价和规划股活动中不太重要的方面。咨询委员会还获悉，与此同时，对实务工作方案的评价在联合国系统内部的重要性有所提高，并获得了会员国和其他利益攸关方的更多关注。因此，拟将评价和监测职能从方案支助调回行政领导和管理项下，以组建一个评价和监测股，旨在确保在机构一级更为有效和全面地履行这一重要方案交付职能。", "四.38　咨询委员会支持拟议变动，并相信评价和监测股将进一步加强贸发会议有效履行其任务的能力。咨询委员会期待在审查2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算时收到有关该调动影响的资料。委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作出进一步评论。", "贸发会议在纽约的代表", "四.39　如上文第10款和第11款中所说明的，秘书长曾指定最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表担任贸发会议驻纽约特别代表(贸发会议纽约联络处归高级代表领导)，兼任与非洲有关的所有经济和社会问题的联合国总部协调人(见A/62/708，第31段)。高级代表还担任代理非洲问题特别顾问。在此方面，咨询委员会注意到，贸发会议纽约办事处包括两名专业人员(1个P-5和1个P-3)以及两名一般事务工作人员。", "四.40　咨询委员会询问后获悉，贸发会议纽约办事处继续协助高级代表在联合国总部履行贸发会议特别代表的职能。委员会还获悉，在贸发会议和高级代表办事处之间没有行政关系，并且这两个部门不共享资源，仅在实务领域和代表职能方面开展合作。", "四.41　尽管获得了以上说明，但咨询委员会重申其意见，即虽然预算第10、11和12款已获授权的工作方案是相互关联的，但现有安排可能会有损于高级别对此的专门重视；而要确保充分宣传和调动国际支助，以满足这些授权所针对的各组会员国的特殊需求，就必须得到这种重视(见A/64/7，第四.49段)。委员会还重申其建议，即秘书长应审查让高级代表在联合国总部兼任贸发会议特别代表的现有安排(同上)(另见上文第四.22和四.30段)。在其审查过程中，秘书长应提出在联合国总部履行贸发会议代表职能的其他措施，供大会审议。", "预算外资源", "四.42　预算外资源预计数达75 830 000美元，比2010-2011两年期减少852 100 美元。如拟议预算所示(见A/66/6(Sect.12)，第12.20段)，预计数的减少反映出，贸发会议的预算外活动几乎完全投入以需求为驱动、资金不确定性较高并具有周期性的国别技术合作项目。咨询委员会认为，贸发会议应采取措施，扩大其捐助群体，这可能会有助于增加预算外资源。", "第13款 国际贸易中心", "四.43　咨询委员会回顾，大会在第59/276号决议第一节中认可秘书长报告(A/59/405)所阐明、咨询委员会建议的国际贸易中心(国贸中心)订正预算编制安排(A/59/543)。根据该决议，应在下一个财政期间前一年第二季度，以符合联合国格式的简化预算文件形式，向大会和世界贸易组织总理事会提交提案，请求这两个机构注意计划请拨的资源额。然后在该年第四季度向大会和总理事会提交一份详细预算。", "四.44　因此，秘书长提出了初步估计数，以便于国贸中心开展2012-2013两年期活动方案(见A/66/6(Sect.13))。国贸中心2012-2013两年期所需经费估计数为76 141 200瑞士法郎(世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和联合国的合并摊款)，该两年期预计收入为500 000瑞士法郎。据此，在2012-2013两年期，世界贸易组织和联合国的摊款将各达38 070 600瑞士法郎。据指出，2012-2013两年期，两个组织重计费用前的拟议摊款额各为32 790 400美元，相比2010-2011年度的批款额31 793 300美元增加了997 100美元，即增加3.14%(按1美元兑换1.085瑞士法郎汇率计算)。", "四.45　2012-2013两年期，第13款拟议所需资源总额为76 141 200瑞士法郎，包括以下部分：", "(a) 59 526 700瑞士法郎是164个员额的经费，其中包括续设162个员额(91个专业职等和71个一般事务职等)，以及将先前由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位(1个P-4和1个P-2)改划为常设员额；", "(b) 909 600瑞士法郎是2010-2011两年期核准的8个专业员额(1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4、2个P-2)产生的滞后影响，172 200瑞士法郎是该两年期先前由一般临时人员项下供资的2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-2)产生的滞后影响；", "(c) 16 032 700瑞士法郎是非员额经费，这项经费因拟议将由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位改划为常设员额而减少了601 700瑞士法郎。", "四.46　咨询委员会获悉，自2008年以来，提供的与贸易有关的技术援助增长了23%，2010年的数额达到4 000万美元，2011年的目标是进一步增加到4 400万美元。国贸中心已完成了为调整组织结构以满足提供援助的要求而开展的变革管理进程；将在详细预算估计中记录这些变革(A/66/6(Sect.13)，第13.6段；另见A/64/7/Add.10，第5段)。在这方面，咨询委员会进一步获悉，国贸中心致力于确保未来的所有项目均有明确目标和理由、经核准的工作计划和预算以及衡量成功的方法，并定期向高级管理当局提交监测报告。", "四.47　咨询委员会还注意到，国贸中心的主要政府间决策机关联合咨询组在2009年12月第四十三次年度会议上批准了国贸中心战略计划(2010-2012年)和2012-2013年期间的战略框架，并根据大会核准的战略框架(A/66/6(Sect.13)，第13.6段)提出了2012-2013年的拟议资源额。联合咨询组还每年审查国贸中心的工作方案。在这方面，咨询委员会获悉，联合咨询组在2010年12月最近一次会议上表示支持将由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位改划为员额的提议。", "四.48　一如初步资源估计数文件所示(A/66/6(Sect.13)，第13.10和13.11段)，将在2011年第四季度向大会和世贸组织总理事会提交国贸中心2012-2013两年期详细拟议预算，其中将提供资料，说明实施公共部门会计准则和企业资源规划系统(“团结”)对国贸中心预算的影响，并将考虑任何必要的进一步调整，以反映最新汇率，确保符合大会第59/276号决议核准的国贸中心的行政安排。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，国贸中心正在与联合国协调开展实施公共部门会计准则和“团结”项目的准备工作。针对公共部门会计准则，国贸中心正在培训工作人员并清理财产和库存记录；并且还在与联合国秘书处讨论在设计“团结”项目时顾及国贸中心将瑞士法郎作为预算货币这一情况的必要性以及因实施该项目而产生的相关费用。因此，在详细拟议预算中将列明所有额外的或增量相关费用。", "四.49　咨询委员会回顾，国贸中心核定预算使用的是瑞士法郎，支出也是以此种货币记录。汇率波动有可能影响现金流，因为联合国的摊款是按美元做预算的，需要在执行报告中做调整。咨询委员会获悉，世贸组织已非正式地表示，鉴于近期美元汇率波动，一旦出现现金流问题，它愿意增加其在国贸中心预算中的份额，并在简化分册中突出说明了这一问题。", "四.50　在不妨碍大会审议国贸中心2012-2013两年期详细拟议方案预算的情况下，咨询委员会建议大会注意到初步预算估计中拟议的资源额，包括关于将目前由一般临时人员项下提供经费的2个职位(1个P-4、1个P-2)改划为常设员额的请求。", "第14款 环境", "秘书长拟议数\t14 124400美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 14 211 300美元 \n 预计预算外资源 475 609 300美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除非另有说明，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.51　秘书长请求的2012-2013两年期第14款重计费用前经常预算资源为14 124 400美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少了86 900美元，即0.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.14)，表14.5)。表四.5概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.5 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t48\t1个USG，3个D-2，1个D-1，8个P-5，11个P-4，5个P-3，2个P-2，1个GS(PL)，5个GS(OL)，11个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t48\t1个USG，3个D-2，1个D-1，8个P-5，11个P-4，5个P-3，2个P-2，1个GS(PL)，5个GS(OL)，11个LL\n调动\t4\t2个P-5、1个P-4和1个LL从“行政领导和管理”调至新的构成部分“方案支助”\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t545\t1个ASG，5个D-2，34个D-1，62个P-5，170个P-4/P-3，24个P-2/1，249个LL", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "四.52　秘书长提议将质量保证科从行政领导和管理转至方案支助，为此需要将4个员额(2个P-5、1个P-4和1个当地雇员)调往方案支助(另见下文第四.61至四.63段)。咨询委员会建议核可拟议的员额调动。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.53　2012-2013年非员额资源拟议估计数为957 100美元，比2010-2011年的批款额净减少232 700美元，原因是下列项目所需资源减少：咨询人(54 200美元)、工作人员差旅(40 000美元)、订约承办事务(6 500美元)、一般业务费用(66 100美元)、招待费(15 600美元)、用品和材料(10 000美元)以及家具和设备(40 300美元)。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性意见", "预算外资源", "四.54　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为461 242 500美元，而2010-2011两年期为433 725 200美元，大约增加了6.3%。预计预算外资源约占环境署2012-2013两年期所需资源总额估计数的97%。如拟议方案预算(A/66/6,(Sect.14))第14.30段所述，2012-2013年所需资源预测的依据是：(a) 会员国对环境署的工作方案表示信任，因此对环境基金的捐款预计会增加；(b) 直接支助环境署工作方案的各信托基金的资源预计会增加；(c) 专用捐款会增加，因为预计该支助领域会正常增长。", "四.55　咨询委员会强调自愿捐款对执行环境署各项活动方案的重要性，欣见环境署管理层打算加大行动力度，争取预算外资源。", "四.56　预算外员额共计545个，比2010-2011两年期总体减少了57个(29个专业和28个当地雇员员额)。咨询委员会注意到预算外员额的减少，除其它外，这印证了咨询委员会关于环境署2010-2011两年期拟议两年期方案和支助预算的报告(UNEP/GC.25/12/Add.1)中提出的意见和评论。", "矩阵管理办法", "四.57　如拟议预算第14.22段所述，根据前一个两年期的经验教训，环境署在2010-2011两年期期间采用了矩阵管理方法来执行2010-2011两年期的工作方案和预算。咨询委员会从拟议预算第14.23段中注意到，监督厅在2010年治理问题审计报告中认为，虽然包括会员国在内的各方普遍欢迎环境署采用矩阵方法来管理方案，但确实需要阐明“参与执行次级方案的各司和工作人员的授权、责任和问责”。有关结论还提到，新矩阵方法中的报告关系很复杂，工作人员尚未学会如何执行一个涉及6个司的方案。", "四.58　秘书长在拟议预算第14.23和14.24段中指出，为确保管理层对6个贯穿各领域的次级方案的执行工作负责，环境署采取了一个新的简化方案问责框架。该框架阐述了各司对2010-2011和2012-2013两年期工作方案规定的成果(预期成绩、绩效指标和产出)承担的责任。此外，还通过方案咨询组和项目审查委员会建立了协商和协调机制。环境署还为每个次级方案任命了协调员，负责在次级方案一级开展统一、协调、方案执行情况监测和报告工作。", "四.59　咨询委员会注意到，方案的组织结构包括环境署评价办公室，直接对执行主任负责，以确保客观评价环境署活动对核定工作方案的相关性、效率、实效和影响。拟议预算第14.44段介绍了该办公室的主要职能，其中包括评价环境署执行工作方案的工作在多大程度上取得了预定成果。它还协调环境署与联合检查组有关的活动。评价办公室根据评价结果提供政策建议，以改善方案规划和执行工作。依照环境署的评价政策，通过执行主任将评价结果提交常驻代表委员会和理事会。", "四.60　咨询委员会相信，监督厅的建议将会得到认真重视，并在下一次预算报告中说明采取的行动。", "方案支助", "四.61　拟议在2012-2013两年期为现两年期设立的行动厅建立一个新的“方案支助”部分。由4个经常预算员额(2个P-5、1个P-4和1个当地雇员)组成的质量保证科以及总体事务科和资源调动科原先列在行政领导和管理项下，现在列入方案支助，由行动厅负责管理、整合和协调。", "四.62　咨询委员会获悉，行动厅这三个科的主要职能如下：㈠ 质量保证科直接负责推动和支持环境署成果管理制改革以及其他总体变革管理进程。它监督环境署的战略规划、方案和项目审查和批准程序、方案分析、业绩监测和报告以及管理政策的制定；㈡ 总体事务科负责环境署预算、财务和人力资源的战略管理和一般行政，包括管理人员配置表和项目组合。总体事务科还负责监测、管理和报告捐款情况和预算执行情况；㈢ 资源调动科负责促进、支持和协调环境署各方案主管开展的资金筹集工作，以便为环境署6个次级方案调集足够的、可预测的经费，尤其是环境基金和各信托基金及专项资金提供的经费。", "四.63　咨询委员会相信，设立行动厅将进一步提高环境署有效执行任务的能力。咨询委员会期待在审查2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算时审查这一新构成部分的实效。", "第15款 人类住区", "秘书长拟议数\t20 201000美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 20 564 700美元 \n 预计预算外资源 370 776 500美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.64　秘书长请求的2012-2013两年期第15款重计费用前经常预算资源为20 201 000美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少了363 700美元，即1.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.15)，表15.5)。表四.6概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.6 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t75\t1个USG，1个D-2，4个D-1，9个P-5，16个P-4，14个P-3，5个P-2/1，2个GS(OL)，23个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t75\t1个USG，1个D-2，4个D-1，9个P-5，16个P-4，14个P-3，5个P-2/1，2个GS(OL)，23个LL\n 调动 8 调入： \n 3个当地雇员员额调入行政领导和管理 5个员额(2个P-4、1个P-3和2个当地雇员)调入方案支助 调出： 从次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展) 调出2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员) \n 从次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)调出6个员额(1个P-4、1个P-2和4个当地雇员)\n预算外2012-2013年拟议员额\t206\t1个ASG，4个D-2，11个D-1，32个P-5，67个P-4/3，11个P-2/1，5个GS(OL)，75个LL", "关于员额的建议", "调动", "四.65　拟议员额调动如下：在行政领导和管理项下，从次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)调入3个当地雇用员额(新闻媒体联络助理、出版物助理以及代表和礼宾助理)；在次级方案1项下(住房和可持续人类住区发展)，将2个员额(1个P-4方案规划和协调干事和1个当地雇用方案助理)调往方案支助；在次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)项下，将3个员额(1个P-4财务管理干事、1个P-3方案管理干事和1个当地雇用行政助理)调往方案支助，并将3个当地雇员员额(新闻和媒体联络助理、出版助理以及代表和礼宾助理)调往行政领导和管理下的对外关系处；在方案支助项下，从次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)调入2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员)，从次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)调入3个员额(1个P-4、1个P-3和1个当地雇员)。", "四.66　如拟议预算第15.15段(b)㈠和㈡分项所述，根据咨询委员会的建议(见A/60/7)，拟将2个员额调往方案支助，3个员额调往行政领导和管理项下的对外关系处。但是，咨询委员会指出，其在第A/60/7号文件第四.51段所提建议专门针对的是联合国人类住区规划署内部的监测和评价职能。预算文件没有清楚说明向对外关系处和方案支助项下调动员额是否会支持这些职能。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，这些员额调整可以支持方案支助司的职能，以确保集中管理与监测和评价有关的活动；将3个当地雇员员额调往对外关系处体现出人居署不断努力根据工作方案调整自身结构。咨询委员会相信，拟议调动这五个员额将有助于进一步加强人居署的监测和评价职能。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题做了进一步评述。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.67　2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为1 923 900美元，比2010-2011年批款净减483 900美元。净额减少是下列因素的综合结果：咨询人项下减少143 300美元，主要是因为采取了内部再培训措施，并且在人力资源规划战略中进行技能组合多元化，从而提高了工作人员的能力；专家项下增加25 700美元，主要原因是次级方案3(区域和技术合作)和次级方案4(为人类住区筹资)项下专家组会议所需经费增加；工作人员差旅项下减少92 600美元，主要是因为采用电视会议和进行差旅方面的业务流程改进，包括提前规划差旅，以及选用更具竞争力的服务供应商/伙伴关系；订约承办事务项下减少118 900美元，主要是因为利用内部编辑和设计资源、扩大采用数字和信息技术，包括分散制作出版物，以便将更多出版物翻译成其他联合国语文；用品和材料项下减少104 400美元，原因是进行了各项业务改进自动化；家具和设备项下减少37 300美元，因为推迟更换信息技术设备。", "四.68　拟议预算第15.18段介绍了人居署管理层为取得或提高效率而采取的举措。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，管理层在编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时考虑到了增效的影响，因而在咨询人、用品和材料、订约承办事务和差旅项下所需资源额大幅减少。咨询委员会赞赏人居署管理层为实现增效所做出的努力。", "四.69　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性意见", "预算外资源", "四.70　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为370 776 500美元，比2010-2011年的334 502 100美元增加了大约10.8%。预计预算外资源约占人居署2012-2013两年期所需资源总额估计数的95%。该数额比现两年期估计增加了3 630万美元，主要是因为执行国家一级的具体技术活动项目，以及开展属于人居署工作方案和任务的具体活动。根据此类预算外资金的现行政府间审查和管理安排，关于使用这类预算外资源的两年期预算须经人居署理事会批准。", "四.71　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期预算外员额的预计数目将从227个减少至206个，即大约减少9.2%。咨询委员会还注意到，一些次级方案项下开展的活动主要是由预算外资源供资。比如，次级方案3(区域和技术合作)由包括1个D-2在内的5个经常预算员额和42个预算外员额负责执行；次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)由21个经常预算员额和包括1个D-2在内的27个预算外员额执行。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，各司D-2员额的供资延续过去的办法，不以各司供资结构为依据。咨询委员会还获悉，人居署在总体拟议预算范围内，努力在经常预算项下为包括高级职等在内的核心工作人员提供所需经费，同时坚持主要由预算外资源为业务性活动、包括人道主义和应急活动及技术合作项目提供资金的原则。咨询委员会还获悉，人居署在筹到必要资金后才会进行预算外员额的征聘工作。咨询委员会赞同这一立场，认为签于人居署依赖预算外资源为其大多数人员供资，须采用审慎办法，以使人员配置与可用资源相匹配。", "培训", "四.72　咨询委员会注意到，在行政领导和管理项下以及人居署2012-2013两年期将要执行的所有4个次级方案项下都列入了培训方案。咨询委员会要求提供更多资料，说明在为拟议培训方案供资方面，经常预算和预算外资源两者之间的关系。根据收到的资料，编列培训所需资源的依据是该组织的培训计划，按照由经常预算和预算外资源供资的工作人员数目分摊；2012-2013年，两者的估计比例分别是27%和73%。拟议培训方案旨在提高工作人员的能力，主要通过预算外资源供资。咨询委员会获悉，培训不仅有助于提高效率，也有利于人居署留住工作人员。如拟议预算第15.34(c)段所述，在由经常预算和预算外资源供资的技术合作活动中，人居署将举办有关成果规划、方案管理、监测和评价方面的综合能力建设方案的培训课、研讨会和讲习班(培训研讨会、辅导和系统的在职学习)，并为记者和高级主管举办城市化问题媒体讲习班。但是，人居署没有说明参加培训的联合国工作人员和非联合国人员的数目。咨询委员会认为，拟议方案预算在列报培训活动时应清楚说明培训活动的两大类目标受众，即本组织的工作人员和参加培训的其他非工作人员。", "组织结构", "四.73　经询问，咨询委员会获得进一步资料，说明人居署方案支助司与联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务司两者在方案支助方面的职能。根据秘书处的解释，这两个司之间不存在责任重叠。联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务司提供后端行政服务，其中包括会计、人力资源管理、信息技术服务和采购等服务，而人居署方案支助司提供方案管理支助，侧重于外地业务项目、人居署方案和项目预算和财务管理、方案规划和协调职能，包括支助方案审查委员会、对与合作伙伴签署的协定进行法律审查、组织方法、风险管理及协调监督事务等。", "第16款 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法", "秘书长拟议数\t41 118600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 39 191 100美元 \n 预计预算外资源 476 140 500美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.74　秘书长请求的第16款重计费用前经常预算资源为41 118 600美元，与2010-2011两年期的订正批款相比增加了1 927 500美元，即4.9%(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，表16.5)。秘书长在报告第16.14段中指出，2012-2013年，除拟议经常预算资源外，还将有自愿捐款补充，其估计数额为476 140 500美元，包括一般用途资金和专用资金。依照大会第61/252号决议，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)2012-2013两年期汇总预算将通过咨询委员会提交麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会2011年12月续会批准。", "四.75　在审议秘书长拟议预算时，咨询委员会铭记大会第65/227号决议第13段，其中请秘书长在其2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中适当注意禁毒办执行其所承担的任务所需资源(另见大会第64/243号决议，第85段)。", "四.76　咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办在2009年与会员国协商后，对业务司和条约事务司进行了内部组织调整，主要目标是统筹规划各项专题方案和区域方案，使制订规范活动和业务活动产生协同效应，改进对专题和区域方案的支助，加强治理制度。通过围绕禁毒办的关键任务成立五个专题组，即打击有组织犯罪和非法贩运、反腐败、预防恐怖主义、司法、预防毒品及卫生，对上述两个司做了结构调整。此外，重新设立了独立评故股，并采取措施，确保战略规划股可持续发挥作用。这一结构调整在2010年春季得到麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的批准，[6] 随后获得经济及社会理事会及大会第65/227号决议核准。在咨询委员会询问后，禁毒办向其提供了在结构调整过程中各次级方案之间员额调动情况一览表，以及按司、处、科和次级方案开列的详细组织结构图，这些图表附在本节末尾。", "四.77　表四.7概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.7 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t122\t1个USG，2个D-2，5个D-1，14个P-5，28个P-4，25个P-3，14个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，30个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t129\t1个USG，2个D-2，7个D-1，15个P-5，33个P-4，25个P-3，14个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，29个GS(OL)\n 　　裁撤 1 GS(OL) \n 新设 8 2个D-1，1个P-5，5个P-4 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t228\t1个D-2，8个D-1，13个P-5，42个P-4/3，3个P-2/1，7个GS(PL)，67个GS(OL)，18个NO，69个LL", "关于员额的评价和建议", "行政领导和管理", "四.78　在独立评估股拟设1个P-4级评价干事员额，负责领导、组织和管理深入评价工作；制订评价政策；管理评价报告的分发工作；确保评价工作的安排与禁毒办的战略方向保持一致；建立禁毒办的自我评价能力(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.58段)。拟设这一新员额是为了在上述结构调整中加强独立评估股(上文第四.76段)。还拟议从次级方案4(司法)调入1个P-3级评价干事。咨询委员会回顾，在大会批准经济及社会理事会2010年实质性会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(见A/65/319；A/65/505；大会第65/259号决议)后，战略规划股股长(P-5)员额被调任独立评估股股长。秘书长在报告(A/65/319，(第12段))中指出，独立评估股的组成是：1个P-4员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额(由自愿捐款供资)，加上2个初级专业干事员额。", "四.79　经询问，咨询委员会获悉，为确保遵守联合国评价小组确定的联合国系统评价工作准则，需要加强禁毒办的评价职能，包括建立外地评价能力、提供评价培训、实施评价建议跟踪系统以及编制最新评价政策和手册。此外，麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会以及各主要捐助方强调，必须确保独立评估股在职能和业务上的独立性。禁毒办指出，在独立评估股增设经常预算员额就是为了确保这样的独立性和公正性，并为目前尚未能开展的制订规范工作提供所需的额外能力。咨询委员会考虑到提供的解释，建议批准秘书长关于独立评估股的拟议预算。咨询委员会希望，如果大会批准增加人力，禁毒办将能够加强评价能力，制订和遵守相关评价规范和标准，开展评价工作，而且，在加强这些能力后，将能够较好地执行方案。咨询委员会在上文第一章就监测和评价问题做了进一步评述。", "次级方案1，打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运，包括毒品贩运", "四.80　根据预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会及大会第65/230号决议提出的打击网络犯罪新任务，拟设1个P-5级高级方案主管员额(新的和正在出现的犯罪问题)，负责管理和指导禁毒办的打击网络犯罪方案。秘书长指出，打击网络犯罪工作目前由一名工作人员兼管，禁毒办需要有一名全职的高级别工作人员才能管理和牵头执行全球行动计划，并动员其他机构和单位采取行动(A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.66段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办的工作重点仍是网络犯罪的犯罪预防和刑事司法方面，而信息和通信技术的技术和安全部分由国际电信联盟(国际电联)负责。在这方面，禁毒办指出，依照与国际电联共同商定的目标和两个组织的互补任务，双方最近签订了协作谅解备忘录。咨询委员会还获悉，近年来，经济及社会理事会和大会就打击网络犯罪问题向禁毒办提出了越来越多的任务要求，其中包括在这些方面向发展中国家提供支助和专业知识(见大会第65/230号决议)。禁毒办还指出，与网络犯罪及新的和正在出现的犯罪有关的挑战在发展中国家越来越严峻，这些国家因特网用户的数量已超过发达国家，而且还在继续增长。根据提供的解释，咨询委员会建议核准设立一个P-5员额，负责管理和指导禁毒办的打击网络犯罪方案。", "四．81　根据经济及社会理事会第2008/33号决议和大会第64/178号和第64/293号决议(该决议通过了《联合国打击贩运人口的全球行动计划》)，拟设1个P-4级预防犯罪和刑事司法干事员额，负责领导和协调打击贩运人口和偷运移民的工作(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.67段)。咨询委员会注意到，还在次级方案6项下请设1个贩运人口方面的数据分析研究管理干事员额(另见下文第四.87段)。", "四.82　在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在关于《联合国打击贩运人口的全球行动计划》的第64/293号决议第7段中请秘书长提出建议，说明如何通过在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算范围内重新分配资源，为有关人员配置和方案所需拨出经费。咨询委员会要求进一步说明拟设新的P-4员额与大会的要求两者之间的一致性。咨询委员会获悉，依照大会第64/293号决议要求，禁毒办认真审查了第16款项下的人员编制结构和所有常设员额。根据审查结果，禁毒办认定，调动任何空缺员额或现有员额来履行与打击贩运人口和偷运移民有关的2个P-4员额(1个预防犯罪和刑事司法干事和1个研究管理干事)的职能，都会对禁毒办的运作产生不良影响。咨询委员会要求进一步说明在结构调整过程中将1个P-4员额从次级方案1调至次级方案4的情况(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.65段)。咨询委员会获悉，被调动的P-4员额的职能不涉及打击贩运人口和偷运移民，而是执行预防犯罪和刑事司法方面的相关标准和规范。", "四.83　咨询委员会还获悉，目前在打击贩运人口方面没有专门的经常预算员额：打击人口贩运和人口走私股由2名协理专家(政府供资)和4名P-2和P-3级项目专业人员(自愿捐款供资)组成。拟设P-4员额的任职者将负责就批准和执行《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击贩运人口和偷运移民的议定书》问题向会员国提供实质性援助，包括为政府间机构提供服务。咨询委员会考虑到提供的解释，不反对在打击人口贩运和人口走私股新设1个P-4级预防犯罪和刑事司法干事员额。", "次级方案3，防止和打击恐怖主义", "四.84　拟设1个P-4级方案干事员额(运输方面的恐怖罪行)，负责就国际反恐法律文书所涵盖与运输相关罪行涉及的法律和刑事司法问题提供专业知识(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.78段)。咨询委员会获悉，拟设这一员额是基于执行大会连续提出的关于支助会员国实施国际反恐法律制度的各项任务的需要(见大会第64/118号、64/177号和60/288号决议)。咨询委员会要求就联合国系统其他实体在多大程度上也开展这些活动做出澄清。咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办已根据各自任务的明确分工和专长领域，与国际民用航空组织和国际海事组织等处理运输和航空问题的专门机构建立了牢固的合作伙伴关系。根据做出的解释，咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议，设立1个新的P-4级方案干事(运输方面的恐怖罪行)。", "次级方案4，司法", "四.85　拟设1个P-4级刑事改革干事员额，负责领导司法科在与囚犯待遇有关的各个领域的工作，包括制订禁毒办的政策和战略，在刑事改革方面提供培训和专门咨询服务，以及支持在冲突后环境中与维持和平行动部和政治事务部联合编制方案(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.84段)。咨询委员会询问禁毒办在这方面的现有能力、拟设员额的职能是否具有持续性，以及由咨询人履行这些职能是否更具成本效益。咨询委员会获悉，大会第65/230号决议授权修订相关联合国标准(囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则)，目前禁毒办没有具备刑事改革方面专门知识的工作人员。虽然咨询委员会认为，至少一部分所需资源是临时性的，但确认有必要发展这一领域的一些内部能力和专门知识。因此，咨询委员会建议核可在司法科设立1个P-4级刑事改革干事员额的请求。", "次级方案5，保健和生计(打击毒品和防治艾滋病毒)", "四.86　拟设1个D-1级预防吸毒和保健处处长员额，负责协助主任的工作。一如禁毒办的说明，2009年3月麻醉药品委员会第五十二届会议高级别部分通过的《关于开展国际合作以综合、平衡战略应对世界毒品问题的政治宣言和行动计划》是这一员额的指导文件(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.90段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，预防吸毒和保健处的人员编制是：禁毒办总部有24个员额和职位，外地有139个。咨询委员会还获悉，预防吸毒和保健处处长的职能目前由一个预算外员额履行，由项目资金和方案支助费用资金联合供资。禁毒办指出，目前的这种安排存在一定风险，因为预防吸毒和保健处处长这样的核心职能不应由用于技术援助活动的项目资金来供资。咨询委员会确认，必须确保预防吸毒和保健处处长职能的可持续性，因而建议核准秘书长关于拟设1个D-1级员额的提议。但是，为了保证透明性，咨询委员会认为，预算文件应清楚说明拟设员额的职能目前是由预算外员额履行的。", "次级方案6，研究和趋势分析", "四.87　拟设1个P-4级研究管理干事员额，以按照大会第64/293号决议要求，领导收集资料、研究和分析国家、区域和国际各级贩运人口的模式和动向，并按规定编写双两年度报告(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.96段)。如上文第四.82段所述，大会在该决议中还要求秘书长通过在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算范围内重新分配资源，为《联合国打击贩运人口活动全球行动计划》划拨经费。咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办无法找到现有员额来履行拟设的P-4级研究管理干事员额的职能。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "次级方案7，政策支助", "四.88　拟设1个D-1级公共事务和政策支助处处长员额，负责管理该处，指导和协调政策支助职能，促进实现对内和对外的一致性(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.102段)。咨询委员会认为，处长的职责似乎与执行主任的一些职责相重叠。咨询委员会获悉，执行主任对禁毒办的对内和对外一致性负有最终责任，但D-1级处长也会通过将理事机构秘书处、捐助者关系和资源调动工作、战略规划及宣传和倡导工作结合起来，协助确保一致性。咨询委员会确认，有必要在禁毒办的多方面任务之间保持协调一致，因而建议核可设立该D-1级员额以管理公共事务和政策支助处。", "四.89　拟议裁撤次级方案7项下1个一般事务(其他职等)员额。该员额的职能将由预算外资源供资(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.101段)。咨询委员会获悉，这是由于该职位的职能发生了变化，需要更积极地在外地现场支助提供技术援助的活动。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "四.90　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源数额为6 139 300美元，比现两年期的批款额7 013 600美元减少了874 300美元。秘书长提议减少大多数非员额支出用途项下的资源，其中包括咨询人(86 600美元，即18.4%)、专家(246 800美元，即17.7%)、工作人员差旅(40 600美元，即5.9%)和订约承办事务(49 300美元，即4.8%)。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性意见和建议", "列报和逻辑框架", "四.91　如上文第四.76段所述，咨询委员会获得了禁毒办按司、处、科和次级方案分列的详细组织结构图，其中按类别和职等列出了现有员额和拟设员额的数目；这些图附在本节末尾。咨询委员会认为，这些详细组织结构图有助于其审议拟议方案预算，特别是在上次提交预算后出现重大组织变革的情况下，比如2010年禁毒办进行的内部结构调整。例如，如果没有这样详细的组织结构图，就不可能从预算文件提供的资料中明确看出支助理事机构的职能及有关员额已从条约事务司司长办公室(次级方案1)调至理事机构秘书处(次级方案7)。为了提高透明性，咨询委员会要求在未来的预算报告中列入详细的组织系统表。", "四.92　咨询委员会认为，第16款的拟议方案预算还应提供资料，说明与现两年期进行的结构调整有关的结构变化。例如，禁毒办应更好地解释将理事机构秘书处(为麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会服务)和国际麻醉品管制局秘书处从条约事务司转至政策分析和公共事务司的理由，尤其是为何调动麻醉药品委员会和国际麻醉品管制局这两个条约机构的秘书处。咨询委员会还注意到，由于进行结构调整，秘书长在当前的2012-2013年拟议预算中，提议设立8个新员额，包括3个高级别员额。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议，但认为应不断审查禁毒办的组织结构，以确保建立高效和有效的业务结构，避免职等膨胀。咨询委员会还强调，需要提供资料，说明此类重大组织变革的执行情况和评估所产生的效益，并详细说明涉及的费用、面临的挑战和汲取的经验教训。因此，咨询委员会建议请秘书长在提交2014-2015年预算时，评估结构调整工作以及在多大程度上实现了预期目标。", "《联合国反腐败公约》审查机制", "四.93　咨询委员会注意到，拟议在次级方案2项下增加资源，用于为2010-2011年核定的禁毒办结构调整所涉及的9个新员额(1个D-1、1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、3个P-2/1和1个一般事务(其他职等))的滞后影响而产生的支出(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.72段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，这9个员额是为《联合国反腐败公约》审查机制拟设的。咨询委员会还获悉，除了上述9个员额所需资源外，2010-2011两年期产生的非员额支出估计数为839 400美元。秘书长还指出，在2009年12月核定2010-2011年的上述资源时，已告知大会每两年期都需要320万美元预算外资源，用于进行国家审查、参与者的差旅、培训和电视会议。2012-2013年拟议预算列入了继续提供这些资源的经费。", "四.94　咨询委员会获悉，第CAC/COSP/IRG/2011/CRP.1号文件载有2010-2011年审查机制估计支出额的详细概述和2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数。禁毒办还表示，将在执行情况检查小组2011年9月续会以及2011年10月缔约国会议第四届会议上提供审查机制第一个完整年度的详细支出数额和2012-2013两年期的更精确估计数。将于2011年11月向大会通报缔约国会议所做决定；如有必要，将编写完整的所涉方案预算问题说明，供咨询委员会和大会审议。", "表四.8 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2009年内部结构调整过程中各次级方案之间员额调动情况一览表", "员额 职衔 调自/调往 背景", "行政领导和管理", "+ 1 P-5 独立评估股，股长 调自次级方案7(战略规划股，前股长) 2010-2011年执行，麻醉药品委员会第52/14号决议和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第18/6号决议，经济及社会理事会第2010/258号决议，大会核准经济及社会理事会订正估计数(A/65/319)", "+ 1 P-3 评价干事 调自次级方案4——司法科 增效3%", "次级方案1，打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运", "次级方案2，反腐败", "+ 1 P-4 方案管理干事 调自次级方案4 禁毒办结构调整", "次级方案4，司法", "+ 1 GS (OL) 行政助理 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-5 司法科，科长 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-4 毒品管制和预防犯罪干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-3 毒品管制和预防犯罪干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-3 预防犯罪和刑事司法干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-2 预防犯罪和刑事司法协理干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "次级方案6，研究和趋势分析", "按司、处、科和次级方案开列的详细组织结构图", "A. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构和员额分布情况^(a)", "缩写：RB，经常预算；XB，普通用途资金和方案支助费用资金；GS(PL)，一般事务(特等)；GS(OL)，一般事务(其他职等)；NO，本国干事；LL，当地雇员", "^(a) 不包括协理专家。", "^(b) 由经常预算第1款(联合国维也纳办事处)项下供资的纽约联络处员额。", "^(c) 不包括由经常预算第22款(技术合作经常方案)项下供资的2个一般临时人员职位(1个L-6和1个L-5)。", "R=调动", "N=新设", "B. 业务司", "缩写：RB，经常预算；XB，普通用途资金和方案支助费用资金；GS(PL)，一般事务(特等)；GS(OL)，一般事务(其他职等)；NO，本国干事；LL，当地雇员", "R=调动", "N=新员额", "C. 条约事务司", "R=调动。", "N=新员额。", "D. 政策分析和公共事务司", "^(a) 包括由经常预算第1款(联合国维也纳办事处)项下供资的2个纽约联络处员额。", "第17款 妇女署", "秘书长拟议数\t14 836900美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t13 532500美元^(b)\n预算外资源预计数\t993 272200美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)按2010-2011年费率计算。除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议于2011年1月1日设立的综合实体。本报告仅为比较和列报目的对订正批款数额进行技术性调整,以反映两年的数字。", "四.95　2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算首次反映了根据大会第64/289号决议于2011年1月1日设立的综合实体——妇女署的所需资源。成立的办法是合并并向妇女署移交四个之前就存在的实体(性别平等问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室、提高妇女地位司、联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)和提高妇女地位国际研究训练所(提高妇女地位国际研训所))的任务和职能(另见A/65/531和A/65/593)。根据同一项决议，妇女署还新增了主导和协调联合国系统关于性别平等和增强妇女权能的工作及促进这方面问责制的作用。妇女署的工作方案取自2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)方案7(经济和社会事务)次级方案2(性别平等问题和提高妇女地位)，但作了修改，以反映上述决议的规定。咨询委员会注意到，按照既定程序，订正战略框架将提交方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议。", "四.96　关于妇女署的供资安排，咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第64/289号决议中决定，妇女署的经费有两个来源：经常预算和自愿捐款。为政府间规范制订工作提供服务所需要的资源由经常预算提供，并由大会批准；为政府间业务性工作和各级业务活动提供服务所需要的资源由自愿捐款供资，并由妇女署执行局批准。妇女署的后一部分资源被称为“支助预算”。随后，大会在其第65/259号决议中核准采用类似于难民署的预算管理所采用的赠款安排，以执行妇女署的经常预算部分。", "四.97　在大会第64/289号决议通过后，性别平等问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室、提高妇女地位司、联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)和提高妇女地位国际研究训练所(提高妇女地位国际研训所)的所有现有任务、职能、资产(包括设施和基础设施)和负债(包括合同义务)都被移交给妇女署，作为2010-2011年期间方案预算第37款处理。原第9款(经济和社会事务)次级方案2(性别平等问题和提高妇女地位)的2011年经常预算批款(6 615 700美元)因此转移到新的第37款，并且大会在第65/259号决议中核准在该款下追加367 800美元，从应急基金中拨付。次级方案2下的2011年预算外资源份额以及提高妇女地位研训所和妇发基金资源的2011年份额也一并转移。咨询委员会注意到，在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中，为方便在两年期基础上比较2010-2011年与2012-2013年之间的资源情况，对妇女署在第9款和第37款下的2011年核定资源进行了合并，并在2010-2011两年期的批款一栏列示，该数字经过技术性调整以反映两年期数字。", "四.98　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第17款请批的2012-2013两年期经常预算资源在重计费用前为14 836 900美元，比2010-2011两年期经过技术性修订的批款增加1 304 400美元，即9.6%(A/66/6(Sect.17)，表17.5)。表四.9汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期的拟议预算外员额，有关经费将通过妇女署支助预算提供。", "表四.9 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t45\t1个USG、1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、6个P-5、7个P-4、5个P-3、5个P-2/1、15个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t47\t1个USG、1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、6个P-5、7个P-4、7个P-3、5个P-2/1、15个GS(OL)\n 新设 2 方案支助项下2个P-3员额 调动\t5\t1个D-1员额和3个P-4员额从次级方案2(b)调至次级方案2(a) \n 1个GS(OL)从次级方案2(b)调至方案支助 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t350\t1个ASG、9个D-2、25个D-1、97个P-5、77个P-4/3、6个P-2/1、19个GS(PL)、42个GS(OL)、74个LL", "关于员额的评论和建议", "新员额", "四.99　秘书长提议在方案支助项下设立两个P-3员额，一个为行政干事，另一个为预算和财务干事(A/66/6(Sect.17)，第17.14段)。拟议员额任职者将提供以前由经济和社会事务部执行办公室在预算编制、规划和报告、财务管理、人力资源管理、采购、信息和通信技术和其他行政事务方面提供的支助。经询问，咨询委员会了解到，妇女署是同时依靠摊款和自愿捐款的一个综合实体，两个请设员额将帮助处理因此产生的复杂的预算、财务、行政和人力资源要求。关于具体行政干事员额，委员会还了解到，其组成实体转给妇女署的经常预算员额没有一个专门负责人力资源管理职能。委员会还了解到，执行两个拟议员额的职能所需能力无法从经济和社会事务部执行办公室转移，因为该办公室目前负责人力资源和财务管理的六个员额已经在为一些部厅的总共559个员额提供方案支助服务。鉴于前述，咨询委员会建议核准设立两个P-3员额。", "调动", "四.100　秘书长还提议以下五个员额调动：", "(a) 从次级方案2(b)(政策和方案活动)调1个D-1性别均等协调人员额、1个P-4人事政策干事员额和2个P-4社会事务干事员额至次级方案2(a)(政府间支助和战略伙伴关系)，以便使主要负责全联合国系统在性别平等主流化和性别均衡问题上的协作和协调的这些员额的职能与相应次级方案的活动相一致(A/66/6(Sect.17)，第17.39段)；", "(b) 从次级方案2(b)(政策和方案活动)调1个一般事务(其他职等)信息技术助理员额至方案支助，以提供与信息技术设备和软件有关的技术支持(同上，第17.48段)。", "咨询委员会不反对这些拟议调动。", "四.101　如表四.8所示，妇女署目前拥有由经常预算供资的45个员额，根据秘书长的介绍，所有这些员额都用于支持政府间进程的职能以及加强支助和业务活动之间的一致性(A/66/6(Sect.17)，第17.13段)。关于妇女署未来的人员编制和确定哪些员额将由经常预算供资、哪些员额将由预算外资源供资的准确标准，咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第65/259号决议中请秘书长具体说明妇女署的活动，包括行政、评价、协调、研究和分析政策等职能，是否支持或可否视为规范性政府间进程；业务性政府间进程和业务活动；或兼而有之。大会还请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中列入因这些信息而产生的必要预算拨款，以确保所需财政资源有适当供资来源，包括高级员额的供资来源。咨询委员会在审议第17款下拟议资源时了解到，秘书长打算在妇女署运作两年后，作为2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算的一部分回应大会的要求。不过，委员会还了解到，急需上文第四.99段提到的两个新员额，其设立不大容易推迟到那个时候。咨询委员会期待审议大会要求提供的信息。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.102　2012-2013两年期所需非员额资源估计数在重计费用前为1 354 400美元，比2010-2011年技术性订正批款1 272 400美元增加了82 000美元，即6.4%。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "监测和评价", "四.103　秘书长在其报告第17.18段中指出，按照大会第58/269号决议的规定，为2012-2013两年期监测和评价工作编列资源共计3 735 500美元。咨询委员会注意到，所有这些资源都将来自预算外资金。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价活动问题作出进一步评论。", "出版物", "四.104　秘书长在预算文件表17.3中说明，2012-2013两年期，妇女署计划发行共计23份出版物(18份经常出版物和5份非经常出版物)，而2010-2011两年期期间共发行19份出版物(15份经常出版物和4份非经常出版物)。咨询委员会从提供给委员会的补充资料附件中注意到，这些出版物中有一半不到将以电子形式出版(2期《联合国系统防止和消除暴力侵害妇女行为的活动清单》和8期题为“付诸行动”的通讯)。为尽可能降低成本，确保尽可能广泛地传播其出版物，咨询委员会鼓励妇女署最大限度地使用电子出版技术。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题作出进一步评论。", "下调自愿捐款预计数", "四.105　秘书长在其拟议方案预算第17款下指出，2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数为993 272 200美元，其中986 498 400美元是妇女署支助预算项下所需资源估计数，其余是执行北京宣言和行动纲要信托基金的资源估计数(A/66/6 (Sect.17)，第17.17段)。不过，咨询委员会在审议秘书长的提议时了解到，在与各利益攸关方协商后，基于对过去趋势、2011年已作承付和会员国未来承付意向的分析，2012-2013两年期自愿捐款预计数现在已经下调至约9亿美元。这一调整将反映在2012-2013年支助预算的编制中，该支助预算将提交咨询委员会，供其在妇女署执行局审议前进行审查。", "第五编 区域合作促进发展", "秘书长拟议数\t503 648200美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t513 210900美元\n预算外资源预计数\t140 204800美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "一般性评论和建议", "五.1　秘书长为第五编请批的资源总额在重计费用前为503 648 200美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少9 562 700美元，即1.9%。拟议资源为五个区域委员会、区域委员会纽约办事处和技术合作经常方案已获授权的活动提供经费(见下文第18-23款)。这些资源由发展账户提供补充(见下文第36款)。咨询委员会在第四编(国际合作促进发展)下对与发展有关活动作出评论。", "五.2　秘书长为五个区域委员会(包括区域委员会纽约办事处)请批的资源总额在重计费用前为451 402 000美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少9 562 700美元，即2.1%。", "表五.1 区域合作促进发展：拟议资源", "(千美元)", "款次\t2010-2011年批款\t资源增长 重计费用前共计\n 数额 百分比 \n18. 非洲经济和社会发展^(a)\t123662.5\t(2815.8)\t(2.3)\t120846.7\n19.亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t98326.8\t(1523.9)\t(1.5)\t96 802.9\n20. 欧洲经济发展\t65547.1\t(1794.3)\t(2.7)\t63 752.8\n21.拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t110129.9\t(2902.9)\t(2.6)\t107227.0\n22. 西亚经济和社会发展\t63298.4\t(525.8)\t(0.8)\t62 772.6\n23. 技术合作经常方案\t52246.2\t—\t—\t52 246.2\n\t513210.9\t(9562.7)\t(1.9)\t503648.2", "^(a) 包括区域委员会纽约办事处。", "五.3　如表五.1所示，各区域委员会拟议资源比当前核定批款有所减少，但咨询委员会注意到，在如何实现这种减少方面存在不同。如第一章所述，秘书长指出，方案主管被授予充分的自由裁量权，可以决定资源的优化组合，同时确保不影响任务执行。只要考察一下第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)和第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)(这两个部门的规模和任务都具有可比性)就可以明显看出，各区域委员会采取了不同的办法。虽然这两款下提议减少的数额相似，分别为280万美元和290万美元，但非洲经委会的拟议减少额都在非员额部分，而人员编制没有减少。与此相反，拉加经委会的大部分所需资源减少额是由于提议裁撤12个员额。同样，第20款(欧洲经济发展)下的拟议减少额也主要是通过裁撤7个员额实现的。", "五.4　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长指出，预算中的提议旨在使本组织能够全面执行其任务(A/66/6(Introduction))。不过，在听询过程中，一些方案主管，包括来自各区域委员会的方案主管指出，资源的减少即使不直接影响到任务的执行，也会影响到有关办事处的运作。如在第一章第16段中指出的，咨询委员会期待将采取措施，以减轻任何意想不到的后果，使任务的执行不受到不利影响，并避免对会员国的总体支持水平有任何变化。", "员额", "五.5　表五.2所示为各区域委员会的拟议人员编制的净影响。总体而言，人员编制提议将使四个区域委员会的员额数目减少共计27个。咨询委员会注意到，各区域委员会下一个两年期员额资源的减少是由于拟议裁撤31个员额，但4个拟议新设员额(3个在西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)(2个D-1和1个P-5)，1个在亚太经社会(D-1))与之部分相抵。", "表五.2 2012-2013两年期各区域委员会的拟议人员编制变化", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 1 (1) 0", "第19款(亚太经社会) (6) (1) (7)", "第20款(欧洲经委会) (5) (2) (7)", "第21款(拉加经委会) (8) (4) (12)", "第22款(西亚经社会) 3 (4) (1)", "共计 (15) (12) (27)", "五.6　咨询委员会已就拟议方案预算中的员额裁撤作了评论，特别是就各区域委员会拟裁撤员额中专业人员员额所占比例较高的情况作了评论(见第一章，第72至76段)。咨询委员会注意到，在各区域委员会提议裁撤的31个员额中，有12个P-2职等和6个P-3职等员额，这是开放给青年专业人员方案候选人的初始职级员额。正如在第一章第88段中所指出的，咨询委员会对拟议裁减初始职级专业人员员额感到关切，认为其评论与各区域委员会尤其相关。", "五.7　咨询委员会回顾，秘书长在其关于2008-2009两年期与发展有关活动的报告(A/62/708)中提议大幅加强一些预算款次，包括提议为各区域委员会新设87个员额。在审议了他的报告后，大会在其第63/260号决议中核准为各区域委员会新设共60个员额(见表五.3)。如上文第五.5段所述，2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中的提议将导致各区域委员会净减少27个员额，包括裁撤第63/260号决议核准的第20款(欧洲经济发展)2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)。咨询委员会在本报告各款中反映了各区域委员会一些方案主管对拟议人员编制减少可能造成的影响的关切，并注意到秘书长关于将全面执行任务的保证(另见第一章，第25段)。", "表五.3 根据第63/260号决议核定的各区域委员会与发展有关活动的员额", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 6 13 19", "第19款(亚太经社会) 9 2 11", "第20款(欧洲经委会) 4 — 4", "第21款(拉加经委会) 18 2 20", "第22款(西亚经社会) 5 1 6", "共计 42 18 60", "五.8　经询问，咨询委员会了解到各区域委员会截至2011年5月31日各类人员的空缺情况，详见表五.4。咨询委员会注意到，四个区域委员会专业人员员额目前的空缺率，特别是非洲经委会的空缺率(20.2%)，明显高于本组织的总体平均空缺率(6.0%)。虽然一般事务及有关员额空缺率普遍低于本组织的平均数5.5%，但是非洲经委会的空缺率14%要比本组织高出很多。咨询委员会在上文第一章第90段中对一些部门的持续高空缺率表示关切。咨询委员会还重申，应当持续审查是否还继续需要长期空缺的员额，特别是在向大会提出拟设新员额之前。委员会仍然对各区域委员会专业人员员额的持续高空缺率感到关切。", "表五.4 截至2011年5月31日各区域委员空缺率", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 20.2 14.0 16.6", "第19款(亚太经社会) 10.9 1.6 5.7", "第20款(欧洲经委会) 7.2 2.7 5.5", "第21款(拉加经委会) 4.6 1.1 2.6", "第22款(西亚经社会) 9.6 2.1 5.4", "非员额资源", "五.9　秘书长提议为第五编2012-2013两年期提供非员额资源129 749 800美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少4 560 600美元，即3.4%。", "五.10　对于五个区域委员会，包括区域委员会纽约办事处，秘书长提议2012-2013两年期非员额资源77 503 600美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少4 560 600美元，即5.6%。咨询委员会注意到，第23款(技术合作经常方案)下2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源没有减少。本节结尾表五.8按支出用途汇总为各区域委员会请批的资源。各区域委员会的所需非员额资源减少，主要是由于下列项下所需资源减少：其他一般业务费用(1 840 800美元)，原因是几个区域委员会的租金费用下降；用品和材料(1 384 500美元)；家具和设备(1 766 200美元)，原因是一些区域委员会推迟更换家具和办公自动化设备。咨询委员会注意到所提议的非员额资源总体有所减少，并欢迎特别是通过延迟更换办公自动化设备所实现的所需经费减少。不过，咨询委员会认为，留用期内应不断进行审查，以确保不发生新增费用，例如，因较高的维护成本而产生的费用。", "五.11　咨询委员会注意到，在有关区域委员会的各款下，提议增加一些支出用途下的资源，包括：咨询人(66 400美元)；工作人员公务差旅(271 300美元)；订约承办事务(79 100美元)。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就差旅问题作了评论。鉴于秘书长要求控制预算，咨询委员会本期待区域委员会的公务差旅所需资源会有所减少。咨询委员会期望将最大限度地使用各委员会次区域办事处的工作人员，以便减少差旅需要，或者在需要一名高级代表进行差旅时，提供必要的支持，从而尽可能减少随行工作人员的差旅需要。此外，咨询委员会还注意到，在技术合作经常方案下，工作人员公务差旅拟议资源增加1 735 900美元，即36.1%。", "监测和评价", "五.12　按照大会第58/269号决议第20段的规定，在各区域委员会的预算款次下提供了关于将专门用于2012-2013两年期监测和评价活动的所需资源估计数的信息。表五.5汇总了这一信息。", "表五.5 各区域委员会监测和评价活动所需资源估计数", "(千美元)", "预算款次 经常预算 预算外 共计", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 2 536.3 714.0 3 250.3", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 3 616.8 430.2 4 047.0", "20. 欧洲经济发展 822.0 6.0 828.0", "21. 718.4 212.5 930.9 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 663.0 148.4 811.4", "共计 8 356.5 1 511.1 9 867.6", "五.13　咨询委员会注意到，用于各区域委员会监测和评价活动的所有资金来源的经费990万美元占整个拟议方案预算为这类活动编列的5 730万美元经费总额的17.2%。鉴于经常性监测和评价方案活动的重要性，咨询委员会欢迎各区域委员会重点关注这一领域。", "五.14　不过，咨询委员会注意到，各区域委员会分配给监测和评价工作的资源水平差异显著。例如，尽管拉加经委会的拟议资源总额超过亚太经社会的拟议资源总额，但是后一区域委员会投入监测和评价活动的资源四倍于前者。", "五.15　咨询委员会注意到，就所有区域委员会而言，预算文件中没有提供关于迄今为止已开展的监测和评价活动或2012-2013两年期计划开展的监测和评价活动的信息。咨询委员会在第一章中对整个拟议方案预算提供监测和评价活动信息的情况表示关切。咨询委员会期望各区域委员会2014-2015两年期拟议预算将列入关于已完成和计划中的监测和评价活动的信息。", "各区域委员会的协调与合作", "五.16　咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第63/260号决议中鼓励秘书长加强对联合国发展系统的协调，以期确保在执行其社会、经济和发展任务的努力中提高协同作用、成效、效率和一致性，并请他在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告决议的执行情况。大会还请秘书长报告和在各区域委员会之间分享在加强非洲经委会次区域办事处以及亚太经社会和欧洲经委会建立新的次区域办事处方面的经验教训，并交流在应对全球经济危机和气候变化等新出现的问题方面的最佳做法。咨询委员会注意到，两个区域委员会在实施所属次区域的联合活动过程中采取了多项措施。咨询委员会鼓励这些努力，并建议大会请秘书长确保各区域委员会深化其相互合作，并与联合国驻地协调员以及酌情与维持和平特派团协调它们的活动。", "行政支助", "五.17　经询问，咨询委员会收到了关于各区域委员会提供行政服务的费用和工作方案的费用与2012-2013两年期总预算相比的信息，详见表五.6。行政服务(包括方案支助、决策机构及行政领导和管理)费用占区域委员会总预算的比例将从2010-2011两年期的45.6%增加到2012-2013两年期的46.7%。咨询委员会注意到，增加的主要原因是行政支助费用，包括联合国日内瓦办事处为欧洲经委会提供的行政支助的估计费用，这笔费用从2010-2011两年期第20款下费用的46.7%增加到52.4%。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年向欧洲经委会提供会议服务的费用估计数将达27 171 300美元，较2010-2011两年期的19 386 000美元增加40.2%。咨询委员会回顾，它曾鼓励各区域委员会继续努力，以通过为工作方案中的实务活动增拨资源改善方案支助费用与工作方案费用之间的比率。由于拟议方案预算中联合国日内瓦办事处提供给欧洲经委会的服务的费用显著增加，咨询委员会认为，应对这些服务费用进行进一步分析。", "表五.6 行政支助费用和工作方案费用在(经常预算)资源总额中的比率", "(千美元)", "区域委员会 非洲经委会 亚太经社会 欧洲经委会 拉加经委会 西亚经社会 共计 纽约办事处", "构成部分 18B 18A 19 20 21 22", "A. 决策机构 — 633.20 1 034.70 — 1 288.80 145.00 3 101.70", "B. 行政领导和管理 — 10 981.70 5 927.40 8 056.50 6 300.40 4 018.10 35 284.10", "C. 工作方案 — 68 815.40 51 310.70 49 073.30 59 848.50 32 253.90 261 301.80", "D. 方案支助 1 895.60 38 520.80 38 530.10 6 623.00 39 789.30 26 355.60 151 714.40", "小计 1 895.60 118 951.10 96 802.90 63 752.80 107 227.00 62 772.60 451 402.00", "E. 39 280.8^(a) 39 280.8 其他办事处提供的方案支助", "共计^(b) 103 033.6 490 682.8", "行政支助(百分比)", "2010-2011 43.4 47.1 46.7 43.6 47.9 45.6", "2012-2013 — 42.2 47 52.4 44 48.6 46.7", "工作方案(百分比)", "2010-2011 56.6 52.9 53.3 56.4 52.1 54.4", "2012-2013 — 57.8 53 47.6 56 51.4 53.3", "^(a) 联合国日内瓦办事处提供的方案支助，包括：第28E款(行政，日内瓦)下用于行政和一般事务的10 823 700美元；第28 E款下用于图书馆事务的1 285 600美元；第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下的27 171 500美元。", "^(b) 构成部分A、B、D和E。", "预算外资源", "五.18　表五.7开列区域委员会在预算外资源下2008-2009两年期的支出以及2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期的估计数。咨询委员会注意到，各区域委员会之间的预算外资源增长趋势不均衡，欧洲经委会和西亚经社会的预算外资源预计将会下降。鉴于预算外资源在补充经常预算对各项活动的供资方面的重要作用，咨询委员会鼓励各区域委员会加紧努力，筹措预算外资源。", "表五.7 各区域委员会的预算外资源", "(千美元)", "2008-2009年实数 2010-2011年估计数 2012-2013年预计数", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 21 525.3 36 002.8 44 773.6", "第19款(亚太经社会) 27 196.8 30 218.2 32 619.0", "第20款(欧洲经委会) 25 651.5 31 736.4 25 012.7", "第21款(拉加经委会) 28 627.0 29 500.0 30 000.0", "第22款(西亚经社会)^(a) 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "共计 108 438.3 137 046.0 140 204.8", "^(a) 在咨询委员会审议第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)时提供给咨询委员会的2010-2011和2012-2013两年期订正预计数。", "表五.8 各区域委员会2010-2011和2012-2013两年期按支出用途分列的资源比较", "(千美元)", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 第18B款 第19款 第20款 第21款 第22款 共计 差额 (区域委员会纽约办事处) (亚太经社会) (欧洲经委会) (拉加经委会) (西亚经社会)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013", "员额 86 041.3 86 124.6 1 784.2 1 784.2 85 304.1 83 677.9 61 076.1 59 488.0 91 891.9 89 762.7 52 802.9 53 061.0 378 900.5 373 898.4 (5 002.1)", "其他工作人员费用 3 428.2 3 445.0 17.8 17.8 1 670.5 1 650.1 250.9 250.9 2 235.7 2 263.6 985.8 973.4 8 588.9 8 600.8 11.9", "咨询人 1 211.0 1 296.7 394.7 440.0 366.3 329.6 723.5 729.5 685.3 651.4 3 380.8 3 447.2 66.4", "专家 2 962.2 2 989.5 563.8 505.3 29.5 29.5 705.1 746.1 1 052.3 1 054.2 5 312.9 5 324.6 11.7", "工作人员差旅费 2 539.3 2 724.3 35.1 35.1 1 430.7 1 460.9 963.3 963.3 1 789.7 1 817.6 615.3 643.5 7 373.4 7 644.7 271.3", "订约承办事务 4 570.6 4 415.7 24.4 24.4 930.4 955.3 652.5 611.3 1 720.1 1 802.1 1 250.5 1 418.8 9 148.5 9 227.6 79.1", "一般业务费用 8 784.9 7 725.3 13.1 13.1 5 374.3 5 338.0 66.9 61.9 8 013.4 7 506.4 3 583.4 3 350.5 25 836.0 23 995.2 (1 840.8)", "招待费 34.8 34.8 1.5 1.5 35.1 35.1 23.0 23.0 33.9 30.7 24.8 24.8 153.1 149.9 (3.2)", "用品和材料 4 162.4 2 981.0 4.9 4.9 927.1 1 033.9 253.9 180.6 1 301.9 1 287.2 885.6 663.7 7 535.8 6 151.3 (1 384.5)", "家具和设备 6 512.2 5 675.5 14.6 14.6 1 689.8 1 700.1 518.3 468.3 1 714.7 1 281.1 1 002.8 546.6 11 452.4 9 686.2 (1 766.2)", "赠款和捐款 1 520.0 1 538.7 6.3 6.3 1 346.4 1 346.4 — — 409.7 384.7 3 282.4 3 276.1 (6.3)", "共计 121 766.9 118 951.1 1 895.6 1 895.6 98 326.8 96 802.9 65 547.1 63 752.8 110 129.9 107 227.0 63 298.4 62 772.6 460 964.7 451 402.0 (9 562.7)", "第18款 非洲经济和社会发展", "第18A款 区域委员会", "秘书长拟议数\t118 951100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 121 766 900美元\n 预算外资源预计数 44 773 600美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.19　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第18A款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为118 951 100美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少2 815 800美元，即2.3%(A/66/6(Sect.18)，第18A.14段)。请批资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户项下资源提供补充(另见下文第23款和第36款)。", "五.20　表五.9汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长所提2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.9 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 553 1个USG、1个D-2、15个D-1、42个P-5、71个P-4、75个P-3、29个P-2/1、304个LL、2个FS、13个NO", "2012-2013年拟议数 553 1个USG、1个D-2、15个D-1、42个P-5、72个P-4、75个P-3、29个P-2/1、303个LL、1个FS、14个NO", "改叙 2 方案支助下1个FS改叙为P-4，1个LL改叙为NO", "调动 22 1个P-5和3个P-3从次级方案10调至次级方案1", "1个P-4和1个LL从次级方案5调至次级方案1", "1个P-5、2个P-3、1个P-2和1个LL从次级方案1调至次级方案5", "1个P-5和1个LL从次级方案4调至次级方案9", "1个P-4从次级方案7(a)调至方案支助", "1个P-4从次级方案4调至方案支助", "2个P-4、1个NO和4个LL从行政领导和管理调至方案支助", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 114 2 D-1、5 P-5、9 P-4、11 P-3、2 P-2/1、83 LL、2 NO", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.21　秘书长提议2012-2013两年期经常方案预算项下续设553个员额。未请求在2012-2013两年期为非洲经委会增设员额。", "改叙", "五.22　提议在方案支助项下，将一个外勤事务员额改叙为P-4职等。该员额任职者将领导电信事务股，负责规划和指导主要的电信项目，确保与其他联合国机构开展有效协调，与外部服务提供商联络，并提出妥善的连接方案。此外，提议将一个当地雇员员额改叙为本国干事职等设施管理干事，负责非洲经委会设施管理方面的技术文件、设计准备和行政支持，并为照明、供暖、通风和空调系统以及建筑相关安装提供所需价值评估工程(同上，第18A.117段)。咨询委员会不反对拟议改叙。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.23　秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为32 826 500美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少2 899 100美元，即8.1%。减少额是一些项目下所需资源增加和另一些项目下所需资源减少这两方面的轧差额。所需资源增加的项目包括：其他工作人员费用(16 800美元)，咨询人(85 700美元)，专家(27 300美元)，工作人员公务差旅(185 000美元)。所需资源减少的项目包括：订约承办事务(154 900美元)，特别是专业服务和语文训练服务；一般业务费用(1 059 600美元)，主要原因是公用事业费用减少1 086 500美元；用品和材料(1 181 400美元)，这是根据以往期间的消耗情况得出的数字；家具和设备(836 700美元)，主要原因是延迟更换家具和设备(670 000美元)和办公自动化设备(763 800美元)，但软件包项下的所需资源增加额(338 700美元)与之部分相抵。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "出版物", "五.24　秘书长指出，在各次级方案下对作为工作方案一部分的出版物进行了深入审查，预计2012-2013两年期将共发行107份经常性和非经常性出版物，而2010-2011两年期共有102份出版物(同上，表18A.3)。咨询委员会了解到，这些出版物将以英文和法文制作。咨询委员会鼓励该委员会考虑在资源允许的情况下，以该地区其他语文发行其出版物，只要这有可能增加这些出版物的影响。", "监测和评价", "五.25　秘书长指出，根据大会第58/269号决议，为开展监测和评价所确定的资源估计数为3 250 300美元，包括来自经常预算的2 536 300美元，相当于该委员会2012-2013年拟议资源总额的2.1%。咨询委员会关于秘书长与五个区域委员会的监测和评价有关的提议的评论和建议载于上文第五.12至第五.15段。咨询委员会注意到非洲经委会专门用于监测和评价活动的大量资源。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。咨询委员会欢迎该委员会继续将工作重点放在这一重要职能上，但同时指出，拟议方案预算并没有提供足够信息，说明迄今为止在非洲经委会开展的监测和评价活动的成果或是将使用这些资源的2012-2013年评价计划。咨询委员会期待2014-2015年拟议方案预算将包含这些信息。", "业务连续性", "五.26　咨询委员会回顾第64/243号决议，其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，委员会注意到，非洲经委会的拟议方案预算中提议编列与业务连续性管理直接有关的预算共计1 109 200美元。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "支助非洲发展新伙伴关系和加强次区域办事处", "五.27　咨询委员会回顾其建议，即应在今后的方案执行情况报告和预算报告中明确确定和报告第11款(联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系))和第18A款(非洲经济和社会发展)之间有哪些互补领域(A/64/7，第五.27段)。秘书长表示，已就这方面在一些领域采取了措施(A/66/6(Sect.18)，第18A.6段)。秘书长还指出，将通过非洲经委会召集的联合国系统机构区域协商会议，加强在非洲工作的这些机构之间的机构间协调与协作，以支持新伙伴关系的优先事项(同上，第18A.8段)。", "五.28　咨询委员会还回顾，它曾建议在2008-2009两年期执行加强非洲经委会次区域办事处的措施之后，在2012-2013两年期预算报告中对加强次区域办事处的有效性作出评估(A/64/7，第五.26段)。秘书长指出，2010年1月对五个次区域办事处进行的独立外部评价的结果证实，2006年启动的加强次区域办事处的措施基本上取得了成功(A/66/6(Sect.18)，表18A.40)。经询问，咨询委员会了解到，独立外部评价是由咨询人进行的，外部评价的建议已由委员会在其第874(XLIII)号决议中认可。咨询委员会欢迎在这项工作中取得的进展，并要求在这方面开展持续影响评估，并在今后的预算报告中报告有关情况(另见下文第五.29和五.30段)。", "委员会重新定位的后续工作", "五.29　秘书长指出，非洲经委会在实现2006年开始的重新定位工作的目标方面继续取得进展，这项工作已加以微调，合并了相关工作领域，并提高各单位之间的协同效应、一致性和互补性(同上，第18A.6段)。尤其是，非洲经委会各个次区域办事处得到加强，与在非洲开展工作的其他主要发展组织之间的伙伴关系得到改进，尤其是与非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行和主要的区域经济共同体之间的伙伴关系得到改进。", "五.30　秘书长表示，改革方案的实施已近5年，通过各种审查和评估得出的经验教训，查明了继续妨碍非洲经委会充分发挥其作为非洲领头发展组织的潜力的若干因素，包括：分析与业务活动之间的衔接不足；在交付龙头产出方面开展的内部协作不足；非洲经委会现有的技能组合和广泛经验未得到最佳利用(同上，第18A.10段)。咨询委员会认为，秘书长强调的因素是非洲经委会内部问题，全面解决这些问题属于其管理层的权限。咨询委员会期待在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提供所采取的补救措施的信息。", "人员征聘和配置", "五.31　咨询委员会了解到，截至2011年5月31日，非洲经委会有48个专业人员员额和45个一般事务员额空缺，空缺率为专业工作人员20.2%和一般事务人员14%。经询问，委员会了解到，正在加紧努力，以降低空缺率，并且有一些员额的征聘工作已经到了最后阶段。因此，委员会还了解到，预计在今后几个月中，空缺率将显著降低。", "五.32　尽管得到了保证，但是咨询委员会仍然对非洲经委会的空缺率居高不下感到关切。非洲经委会目前的空缺率显著高于咨询委员会审议2010-2011两年期方案预算时的空缺率。咨询委员会要求该委员会在人力资源管理厅的支持下，认真处理高空缺率的根源问题，以确保制订可持续战略。咨询委员会关于对长期空缺员额的持续需要的评论和建议载于第一章第92段，委员会认为这些评论和建议也与非洲经委会的情况相关。咨询委员会还要求在大会审议秘书长的2012-2013年拟议方案预算时向大会提供关于现有空缺情况和所采取的补救措施的最新信息。", "预算外资源", "五.33　秘书长指出，在2012-2013两年期，预算外资源预计数44 773 600美元大多将根据非洲经委会与非洲发展方面的全球和区域机构和组织签订的双边协议来筹集。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期，由预算外资源供资的员额数为114个，与2010-2011两年期同类员额数相比减少了15个(A/66/6(Sect.18)，表18A.6)。2012-2013两年期的预算外资源预计数比2010-2011两年期预算外资源增加了8 770 800美元(同上，第18A.16段)。咨询委员会欢迎加大努力筹集预算外资金。", "第18B款 区域委员会纽约办事处", "秘书长拟议数\t1 895600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 1 895 600美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.34 秘书长为第18B款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为1 895 600美元，与2010-2011两年期资源数额相同(A/66/6，表18B.2)。", "五.35 表五.10汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年拟议经常预算员额。", "表五.10 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 6 1个D-1、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 6 1个D-1、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "五.36 咨询委员会建议批准秘书长关于2012-2013两年期区域委员会纽约办事处的提议。", "一般性评论", "成果预算", "五.37 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长提出了2012-2013两年期第18B款(区域委员会纽约办事处)的成果预算框架。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2008-2009和2010-2011两年期绩效指标下的业绩计量相关数据一直由区域委员会纽约办事处维护，尽管在以前的方案预算中没有正式列报。咨询委员会欢迎2012-2013两年期第18B款(区域委员会纽约办事处)采用成果预算框架，这将向大会提供计量业绩的基准。", "第19款 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展", "秘书长拟议数\t96 802900美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 98 326 800美元\n 预算外资源预计数 32 619 000美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.38 秘书长为第19款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为96 802 900美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少1 523 900美元，即1.5%(见A/66/6(Sect.19)，表19.5)。所需资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和36款)。此外，还将利用估计为32 619 000美元的预算外资源。", "五.39 表五.11汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年经常预算员额。", "表五.11 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 440 1个USG、1个D-2、13个D-1、36个P-5、57个P-4、50个P-3、35个P-2/1、244个LL、3个NO", "2012-2013年拟议数 433 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、36个P-5、57个P-4、45个P-3、33个P-2/1、244个LL、2个NO", "新设 1 次级方案8的1个D-1", "裁撤 8 5个P-3、2个P-2、1个NO", "调动 3 1个P-3，从方案支助调到行政领导和管理", "1个P-3，从次级方案5调到次级方案1", "1个 LL，从方案支助调到次级方案8", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 103 2个D-1、3个P-5、14个P-4、14个P-3、3个P-2/1、66个LL、1个NO", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.40 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期在经常预算项下共拟设433个员额，与2010-2011年相比，净减了7个员额。如下文各段进一步所释，秘书长的提议包括设立一个D-1职等的新员额和裁撤8个员额(5个P-3、2个P-2和1个本国干事)。", "新员额", "五.41 秘书长提议为哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图北亚和中亚次区域办事处设立一个D-1职等的办事处主任员额，以加强这一办事处，将其作为次区域合作和国际项目协调的重要机制；确保全面支持关于新设立的亚太经社会东亚和东北亚、北亚和中亚、南亚和西南亚各次区域办事处的政府间特别会议确定的优先领域(A/66/6(Sect.19)，第19.92段)。", "五.42 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，亚太经社会2010年5月第六十六届会议注意到北亚和中亚次区域办事处工作量繁重，还注意到该办事处负责的次区域合作领域，指出各次区域办事处的人员编制须保持一致，以平衡工作量。咨询委员会还获悉，亚太经社会第66/13号决议请亚太经社会执行秘书加强和支持实施中亚经济体特别方案；实施《阿拉木图行动纲领》；协助内陆国家和过境国家促进过境运输的互惠安排；加强北亚和中亚次区域办事处作为次区域合作和协调国际项目重要机制的作用和能力。咨询委员会进一步获悉，中亚经济体特别方案是亚太经社会和欧洲经委会的合作方案，项目工作组侧重的领域是运输和过境、水和能源资源、信息和通信技术促进发展、统计、贸易以及性别平等和经济。", "五.43 咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于增设一个D-1员额的提议。委员会希望，增设这样一个员额将加强亚太经社会和欧洲经委会根据中亚经济体特别方案共同实施的协同发展活动。", "裁撤员额", "五.44 秘书长提出裁撤方案支助项下的8个员额，具体如下：", "(a) 会议和文件处5个P-3笔译/口译员(2个法文、2个俄文和1个中文)(同上，第19.107段)；", "(b) 会议和文件处1个P-2协理图书馆管理员(同上)；", "(c) 方案管理司1个P-2协理方案管理干事(同上)；", "(d) 礼宾处中央支助事务科1个本国干事(同上)。", "五.45 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，拟议裁撤员额是审查了各种方案后的结果，以执行秘书长提出的2012-2013年预算比预算大纲核定数额少3%的要求。委员会还获悉，员额裁撤限于方案支助领域，以免减少亚太经社会的工作方案资源。", "五.46 咨询委员会注意到，拟裁撤员额包括会议管理和文件处5个P-3笔译/口译员员额。经询问，委员会获悉，拟裁撤员额将使现有17个语文工作员额减少30%，这将造成以下负面影响：", "(a) 为立法机构和政府间机构翻译的文件数量减少约30%，或者是取消对其中一些机构的此类服务，以便使亚太经社会和八个亚太经社会委员会等主要机构能够满负荷运作；", "(b) 亚太经社会可能无法翻译非立法文件或者为不是必须提供翻译的专家组会议提供翻译服务；", "(c) 作为本单位审校的各语文单位负责人将必须多做翻译、减少审校，或者让所有工作人员自译自审。", "五.47 咨询委员会注意到，拟裁撤员额对亚太经社会提供笔译和口译服务的能力产生不利影响，而这些服务对政府间机构的运作至关重要。与此同时，委员会注意到，拟议预算没有反映出任何补救措施，如为一般临时人员编列经费，以帮助弥补预期减少的笔译和口译能力。虽然咨询委员会不反对裁撤员额的提议，但建议大会请秘书长采取适当措施，以减轻负面影响，并在2012-2013两年期执行情况报告中报告有关情况，同时考虑到大会关于使用多种语文的有关决议。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.48 咨询委员会在审议秘书长的提议期间得到的信息显示，截至2011年5月31日，亚太经社会有25个空缺员额。经询问，委员会获悉，正在尽一切努力填补员额，且若干员额的征聘正在进展中。在这方面，委员会还获悉，已填补了其中6个员额，正在评估其他8个员额的候选人。委员会进一步获悉，正在审查国家竞争性征聘考试名册，以物色四个空缺P-2员额的候选人。咨询委员会强调，应及时填补空缺员额。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.49 秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为13 125 000美元，与2010-2011年相比，增加102 300美元，即0.8%。所需资源增加主要是由于为业务连续性编列经费，其中用品和材料项下106 800美元，咨询人项下45 300美元，增加额由专家组会议所需资源的减少额(58 500美元)部分抵消。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "业务连续性", "五.50 咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议，其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，委员会注意到，亚太经社会拟议方案预算所载提议总额为541 700美元，直接关系到业务连续性管理。委员会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题进一步作出评论。", "次区域办事处", "五.51 经询问，咨询委员会得到了亚太经社会次区域办事处的工作概览。委员会获悉，亚太经社会副执行秘书全面协调次区域办事处的工作，次区域办事处的任务是加强亚太经社会在次区域一级的存在和战略地位，改善方案的针对性和交付情况，解决次区域成员国的具体主要优先事项。委员会还获悉，办事处提供了一个重要的地域平台，可加强次区域在经济和社会发展重大问题上的合作，确保反映次区域的需求和观点，促进扩大亚洲及太平洋的区域合作。委员会又了解到，次区域办事处的工作包括通过技术合作支持能力发展，其中包括亚太经社会成员国之间的南南合作和三角发展合作。", "五.52 在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，在审议秘书长关于与发展有关活动的报告(A/62/708)后，大会于2009年在第63/260号决议中批准了亚太经社会11个新员额。经询问，委员会得到了关于这11个员额影响亚太经社会方案交付情况的信息。根据所提供的信息，4个员额用于在2011年设立新的南亚和西南亚次区域办事处；3个员额用于设立现已全面投入运作的东亚和东北亚次区域办事处；2个员额用于在2011年后半年设立新的北亚和中亚次区域办事处；2个员额用于加强现有的太平洋次区域办事处-太平洋活动中心。委员会进一步获悉，全面运作的东亚和东北亚次区域办事处对以下方面有重大影响：", "(a) 亚太经社会与次区域成员国的关系，增强彼此的互动与协商；", "(b) 亚太经社会的研究和分析能力；亚太经社会有机会加强与民间社会、次区域组织和学术研究机构等主要利益攸关方的协作，通过协作最终确定了亚太经社会实务工作方案的新重点领域，其侧重点是次区域特有的挑战。", "五.53 至于次区域办事处的东道国安排情况，咨询委员会获悉，预计将在2011年8月完成亚太经社会和大韩民国政府关于东亚和东北亚次区域办事处的《东道国协定》以及《行政和财政协定》。委员会得知，仁川市将提供免租金的办公空间，并且东道国政府将提供年度捐款为业务和方案费用提供资助，为期四年。委员会还获悉，亚太经社会和哈萨克斯坦政府关于北亚和中亚次区域办事处的《东道国协定》于2011年5月签署，《行政和财政协定》预计将在2011年7月敲定。委员会得知，东道国政府将提供免租金的办公空间，提供一次性的捐助用于开办费用，还每年捐款用于运营费用。关于南亚和西南亚次区域办事处，咨询委员会获悉，亚太经社会和印度政府之间的《东道国协定》预计将在2011年7月签署，而有关《行政和财政协定》的协商在委员会审议秘书长的拟议方案预算时还在进展中。东道国政府已认捐一次性的开办费用捐款和用于运营费用的年度捐款。根据秘书长代表提供的情况，太平洋次区域办事处是已经设立的一个亚太经社会办事处，已经签署了《东道国协定》以及《行政和财政协定》。委员会欢迎在设立新的次区域办事处和加强现有次区域办事处方面取得的进展，并对东道国政府提供货币和实物捐助以及作出认捐表示欢迎。委员会重申其先前的意见(A/64/7，第五.14段)，即通过新设办事处取得的经验应在各区域委员会之间分享。", "妇女地位", "五.54 经询问，咨询委员会得到了关于亚洲及太平洋区域妇女所处地位和面临的挑战的资料。这些资料表明，有偏见的宏观经济和体制结构、歧视性法律和习俗及社会态度等因素造成了大多数绝对贫穷人口是妇女的情况。委员会获悉，妇女特别容易遭受剥削、歧视和暴力，所有这些都加剧了妇女所经受的艰辛。除其他问题外，委员会还了解到，实现消除贫穷和饥饿的千年发展目标与促进性别平等和赋予妇女权力是相互依存的。", "五.55 委员会还获悉，亚太经社会作为有关性别平等和妇女赋权的亚太区域协调机制专题工作组的联合主席，在协调联合国系统有关性别平等和妇女赋权的工作方面继续发挥主导作用。亚太经社会指出，它基于多学科侧重点，制订了工作方案，旨在通过把区域和次区域活动相结合加强国家妇女机构的能力，以及建设国家生成性别统计数据和可靠数据的能力。此外，委员会获悉，亚太经社会正在促进把性别平等问题纳入所有实务次级方案的主流。", "五.56 咨询委员会欢迎亚太经社会为应对区域妇女面临的挑战所作的努力，强调在这方面须与妇女署密切合作。", "第20款 欧洲经济发展", "秘书长拟议数\t63 752800美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 65 547 100美元\n 预算外资源预计数 25 012 700美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.57 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第20款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为63 752 800美元，与2010-2011年相比减少1 794 300美元，即2.7%。所需资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和36款)。秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期间，联合国日内瓦办事处提供给欧洲经济委员会用于总务、行政、会议和图书馆服务的资源估计数为39 280 800美元(见A/66/6(Sect.20)，表20.7)。此外，估计数为25 012 700美元的预算外资源将对经常预算资源做出补充(另见下文第五.66段)。", "五.58 咨询委员会获悉，鉴于秘书长提出减少资源，一些欧洲经委会成员国认为，鉴于目前国家一级的预算吃紧，削减资源无可非议，还有一些成员国则对削减资源表示关切。咨询委员会还获悉，2011-2012两年期间，欧洲经委会将彻底审查其优先事项和战略方向，审查结果将于2013年提交给欧洲经委会最后批准，并将用于编制下一个两年期预算周期。", "五.59 表五.12汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.12 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 200 1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、23个P-5、34个P-4、36个P-3、21个P-2/1、6个GS (PL)、69个GS (OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 193 1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、23个P-5、33个P-4、35个P-3、18个P-2/1、6个GS (PL)、67个GS (OL)", "裁撤 7 1个P-4、1个P-3、3个P-2和2个GS(OL)", "调动 6 1个D-1、1个P-3和2个GS(OL)，从方案支助调到行政领导和管理", "1个P-3，从方案支助调到次级方案1", "1个P-2，从方案支助调到次级方案2", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 21 7个P-4、6个P-3、3个P-2/P-1和5个GS (OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.60 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期在经常方案预算下续设193个员额，裁撤7个员额，这使所需员额资源减少1 588 100美元。这7个员额包括行政领导和管理项下的一个P-4员额，在审查执行秘书办公室的结构后确定裁撤；方案支助项下的一个P-3员额，该员额已在2010-2011两年期内调到次级方案1(环境)，分配给新的亚太经社会驻哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图北亚和中亚次区域办事处的欧洲经委会-亚太经社会中亚经济体特别方案联合办公室；次级方案1(环境)下的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案2(运输)下的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案3(统计)下的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案6(贸易)下的1个P-2员额(A/66/6(Sect.20)，第20.15段)。", "五.61 咨询委员会注意到，根据大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议，欧洲经委会总共得到4个员额(2个P-4，2个P-3)。秘书长指出，这些员额使欧洲经委会能够加强支持经济转型国家，尤其是低收入和内陆国家，助其努力实现千年发展目标等国际商定发展目标，并确保欧洲经委会次级方案的规范和业务工作具有更大的协同增效作用和一致性(同上，第20.12段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期拟裁撤员额中的2个员额属于第63/260号决议批准欧洲经委会设立的员额；这两个员额是行政领导和管理项下的发展政策和跨部门协调股1个P-4员额和分配给亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的P-3员额。咨询委员会还获悉，行政领导和管理项下的P-4员额的职能将由分配给该股的其余专业员额承担(1个D-1和2个P-5)，分配给亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的P-3员额的职能将由技术合作经常方案项下供资的区域顾问履行，同时借助与其他国际组织和区域组织以及在阿拉木图有派驻人员的捐助方建立的伙伴关系。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期拟裁撤的7个员额中，有4个员额目前空缺。考虑到秘书长保证不会对任务实施有负面影响，咨询委员会不反对秘书长有关员额的提议，并建议大会不断审查这个问题。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.62 咨询委员会回顾其以往关于欧洲经委会征聘工作的意见，其中，委员会鼓励欧洲经委会作出更大努力，改进及时征聘和安排工作人员的目标(A/64/7，第五.49段)。秘书长在报告中指出，2010年，欧洲经委会审查了征聘和安排过程中的所有步骤，包括涉及联合国日内瓦办事处人力资源管理处的步骤，以便找出现有的瓶颈和问题领域，并审查了执行办公室的结构。由于开展的这些审查，欧洲经委会重组了执行办公室与人力资源相关的方面，并在2012-2013两年期拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.20)，表20.28)中提出若干相关调动。咨询委员会确认，联合国日内瓦办事处人力资源管理处向欧洲经委会提供了支助，以进一步培训征聘主管，解决在征聘和职位安排方面发现的问题。", "空缺率", "五.63 咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年5月31日，欧洲经委会的空缺率在专业职类是7.2%，一般事务职类为2.7%。咨询委员会关于秘书长有关五个区域委员会征聘工作的提议的评论和建议载于上文第五.8段。咨询委员会相信，欧洲经委会采取的内部措施将促进征聘过程。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.64 秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为4 264 800美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少206 200美元，主要是由于以下各项所需资源有所减少：咨询人(36 700美元)；订约承办事务(41 200美元)；一般业务费用(5 000美元)；用品和材料(73 300美元)；家具和设备(50 000美元)，原因是严格审查了信息技术设备的更换情况。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的非员额资源提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "五.65 秘书长指出，根据大会第58/269号决议，确定2012-2013两年期用于开展监测和评价的资源将达到828 000美元(同上，第20.17段)。秘书长还指出，重组秘书处以及随后于2011年1月在执行秘书办公室内设立方案管理股和发展政策和跨部门协调股，将进一步加强欧洲经委会次级方案的规范性和业务工作之间的协同作用和一致性，提高工作成效和效率(同上，第20.12段)。秘书长的报告指出，方案管理股是由方案支助项下的技术合作股及行政领导和管理项下的方案规划、监测和评价股合并而成(同上，第20.27段)，其核心职能是总体协调由经常预算和预算外资源供资的所有欧洲经委会活动的方案规划、方案执行情况评估和评价(同上，第20.23(b)段)。咨询委员会关于秘书长有关五个区域委员会监测和评价工作的提议的评论和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算没有提供欧洲经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动结果的资料，也没有提供请拨资源的2012-2013年评价计划的资料。咨询委员会要求今后提交的方案预算包含这些信息。委员会在上文第一章就监测和评价问题作出进一步评论。", "预算外资源", "五.66 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数为25 012 700美元，这是根据对新项目和持续项目的已知和预计捐助数额计算的。预算外资源将补充经常预算资源，用以资助各项实务和技术合作活动，其中包括培训、讲习班、研讨会和实地项目。咨询委员会注意到，预计2012-2013年预算外资源将比2010-2011年减少6 770 800美元，即21.2%；与2010-2011年相比，预算外资源供资的员额数目将减少3个，即12.5%，减至共21个预算外员额。咨询委员会相信，欧洲经委会将继续与捐助界接触，以扩大其捐助群体。", "第21款 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展", "秘书长拟议数\t107 227000美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 110 129 900美元\n 预算外资源预计数 30 000 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.67 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第21款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为107 227 000美元，与2010-2011年相比减少2 902 900美元，即2.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.21)，第21.15段)。请拨的资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和36款)。此外，还将利用估计数为30 000 000美元的预算外资源(另见下文第五.78段)。", "五.68 秘书长的代表告知咨询委员会，由于削减预算，有必要裁撤员额，因为非员额项目经费的减少已经达到“一个非常危急和危险的边缘”。咨询委员会还获悉，拟在行政项下及行政领导和管理项下的方案支助领域进行大部分削减，同时保持任务和方案交付实务方面的完整性。咨询委员会获悉，拉加经委会在制订预算时努力继续满足成员国的发展政策需要，应对拉丁美洲和加勒比区域在拟议方案预算第21.9段概述的八个优先领域中面临的新出现挑战。", "五.69 表五.13汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.13 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 496 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、29个P-5、63个P-4、59个P-3、49个P-2/1、4个GS(OL)、2个NO、274个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 484 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、29个P-5、62个P-4、59个P-3、42个P-2/1、4个GS(OL)、2个NO、270个LL", "裁撤 12 1个P-4、7个P-2、4个LL", "调动 7 1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3和2个LL，从次级方案3调到次级方案4", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 42 1个D-1、2个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、4个P-2/1、28个LL", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.70 秘书长提出2012-2013两年期在经常预算项下续设484个员额，裁撤12个员额，其中包括7个P-2职等员额，导致所需员额资源减少2 129 200美元。这12个员额包括行政领导和管理项下的一个P-2协理经济事务干事员额；次级方案1(与全球经济的联系、区域一体化及合作)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案2(生产和创新)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案5(社会发展与平等)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案12(墨西哥和中美洲的次区域活动)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案13(加勒比次区域活动)下的1个当地雇员员额；方案支助项下的一个P-4临时员额、一个P-2员额和3个当地雇员员额。咨询委员会关于秘书长削减五个区域委员会预算的提议的评论和建议载于上文第一章和第五.4段。方案支助项下员额的减少是由于拉加经委会采取了增效措施(A/66/6(Sect.21)，第21.125段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议为拉加经委会核定了20个员额(2个P-5、3个P-4、10个P-3、3个P-2、2个当地雇员)，2012-2013两年期拟议裁撤的员额不包括这些员额。然而，咨询委员会注意到，拉加经委会拟议裁撤的4个P-2员额与根据第63/260号决议得到加强的次级方案对应。考虑到秘书长保证不会对任务实施有负面影响，咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于员额的提议，并建议大会不断审查这个问题。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.71 秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为17 464 300美元，与2010-2011年相比减少773 700美元，主要是由于以下几个领域所需资源有所减少：", "(a) 一般业务费用(507 000美元)，其中，秘书长指出，173 300美元是由于与有关政府和房东重新谈判国家办事处合同后租金费用有所减少；264 400美元是由于整个拉加经委会使用更经济的电信和因特网协议电话技术；69 300美元是由于水电瓦斯费和办公自动化设备维修费用有所减少；", "(b) 用品和材料(14 700美元)，原因是减少了印刷材料的使用；", "(c) 家具和设备(433 600美元)，原因是延迟更换信息技术设备。", "五.72 上述非员额资源减少额由其他工作人员费用(27 900美元)、专家(41 000美元)、工作人员差旅(27 900美元)和订约承办事务(82 000美元)等项下的所需资源增加额部分抵销。", "业务连续性", "五.73 咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议，其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，委员会注意到，拉加经委会拟议方案预算所含与业务连续性管理直接相关的提议共计465 000美元。委员会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作出进一步评论。", "五.74 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "五.75 咨询委员会注意到，通过从次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)调入现有资源，拉加经委会拟议方案预算提出了一个新的次级方案4(发展筹资)。秘书长指出，这一次级方案将根据2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)方案17次级方案4下详述的战略实施。这一次级方案的目的是提高拉丁美洲和加勒比决策者的能力，以便制定反周期的国内金融工具和预警系统，防止和减轻金融危机影响，并调动外部资源、收集和分配国内资源，用于生产、社会和环境领域的发展筹资(A/66/6(Sect.21)，表21.18)。经询问，委员会获悉，拟调入这一次级方案的员额(1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3和2个当地雇员)在次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)下一直履行类似职能。新的次级方案下的活动将由发展筹资司实施，该司领导为P-5职等。", "监测和评价", "五.76 根据大会第58/269号决议，确定用于开展监测和评价的资源为930 900美元(同上，第21.17段)。咨询委员会关于五个区域委员会监测和评价工作的评论和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算没有提供拉加经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动结果的资料，也没有提供资料说明将使用这些资源的2012-2013年评价计划。委员会期望，今后提交的预算将包含这一信息。委员会在上文第一章就监测和评价问题进一步作出评论。", "内部监督事务厅对拉加经委会的全面审计", "五.77 经询问，咨询委员会得到了内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对拉加经委会的全面审计的副本(AN2010/730/01)。咨询委员会注意到，拉加经委会接受了监督厅提出的所有建议，还通过了在2010-2011两年期实施建议的计划。咨询委员会相信，所有获得接受的建议会得到及时实施。", "预算外资源", "五.78 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数30 000 000美元将用于研究和技术合作，其中包括向区域各国提供咨询服务、协助和支持，开展关于一体化问题的实地项目，还将为决策者举办培训班，以建设应对贫穷、社会不公平和性别平等问题的机构能力。咨询委员会注意到，与2010-2011年相比，2012-2013年预算外资源预计会增加500 000美元，即1.7%，且预算外资源供资员额也将增加2个，使预算外员额增至总共42个。咨询委员会相信，拉加经委会将继续与捐助界保持接触，以扩大捐助群体。", "第22款", "西亚经济和社会发展", "秘书长拟议数\t62 772600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 63 298 400美元\n预算外资源预计数\t7 799500美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n ^(b) 2011年6月30日更新预计数。", "五.79 秘书长要求为第22款提供的经常预算资源在重计费用前为62 772 600美元，比2010-2011两年期批款减少了525 800美元，即0.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.22),表22.5 (1))。所需资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和第36款)。", "五.80 秘书长拟议预算报告指出，预计将有5 199 500美元的预算外资源(同上，表22.5(2))来补充经常预算资源。经询问，咨询委员会获得了2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期预算外资源的订正估计数，并获悉，2011年6月30日更新的2012-2013两年期估计数已从5 199 500美元增至7 799 500美元(见表五.14)。咨询委员会还获悉，增加的原因是西亚经社会积极实施了新的筹资战略。", "表五.14 所需预算外资源", "(千美元)", "构成部分 2008-2009年支出 2010-2011年估计数 2012-2013年预计数", "A. 决策机关 — — —", "B. 行政领导和管理 30.4 973.5 442.5", "C. 工作方案 5 109.1 7 919.2 6 740.6", "D. 方案支助 298.2 695.9 616.4", "共计 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "五.81 表五.15概述了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额，以及秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。", "表五.15 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t261\t1个USG、1个D-2、7个D-1、24个P-5、35个P-4、29个P-3、18个P-2、2个NO、1个FS、143个LL\n2012-2013年拟议数\t260\t1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、25个P-5、34个P-4、30个P-3、18个P-2、2个NO、1个FS、139个LL\n新设员额\t3\t1个D-1(次级方案6)；1个D-1和1个P-5(次级方案7)\n 改叙 1 1个P-4至P-3(次级方案2) \n 裁撤 4 4个LL \n 调动 1 1个P-3从次级方案1调至次级方案7", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "五.82 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期经常预算拟议员额共计260个，比2010-2011两年期净减一个员额。下文各段补充说明，秘书长的提议包括设立3个新员额(2 个D-1和1个P-5)，裁撤4个当地雇用人员，并将1个P-4员额降级。", "新设员额", "五.83 秘书长提议设立下列员额：", "(a) 一个D-1，为妇女司司长(次级方案6)(A/66/6 (Sect.22)，第22.72段)，以遵循西亚经社会关于将西亚经社会妇女中心提升为司级的决议。这是为了让该部门能够执行以下方面日益增加的职责：成员国对提供咨询服务的要求增加；随着更多的成员国批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，要求在立法改革领域提供援助的次数越来越多；此外也有必要应对该区域由于最近的动乱而新出现的问题(见下文第五.95段)；", "(b) 一个D-1，为新趋势和冲突有关问题司司长(次级方案7)(A/66/6 (Sect.22)，第22.80段)，以遵循西亚经社会关于将该科提升为司级的决议。任职者将负责该次级方案的管理监督，重点是治理、不稳定状况和发展等领域，以及新出现的趋势和减少冲突。据解释，该职能将涉及协调西亚经社会内的工作，并协助执行秘书编制该司减少冲突与发展的工作方案；", "(c) 一个P-5，为治理、不稳定状况与发展科科长(次级方案7)(同上)，以符合秘书长关于将科提升为司的提议，以便重点关注公共部门改革和转型期国家等领域。任职者的职责包括监督工作人员，以确保获得优质产出，以及就转型期阿拉伯国家进行一项完整的研究并撰写两份技术文件；任职者还将针对大大小小的会议组织、设计和协调必要的研究以及同有关实体的合作。", "五.84 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，秘书长的提议源于西亚经社会的两份决议草案(E/ESCWA/RES/L.294 和 E/ESCWA/RES/L.295)，其中要求将新问题和冲突问题科及妇女中心提升为司级，并在资源和行政程序方面给予必要的支持。据进一步解释，除非大会和(或)经济及社会理事会另作不同决定，否则目前的这些决定构成对联合国秘书处的任务规定，秘书长已响应了这一任务，在2012-2013两年期拟议预算中包含了所要求的资源估计数。咨询委员会注意到，经社理事会在其2010年实质性会议上审议了决议草案294和295，但理事会决定，将审议这些决议草案的工作推迟到2011年实质性会议。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，经济及社会理事会已于2011年5月18日通过了西亚经社会的决议草案，成为经社理事会第2011/3和2011/4号决议，只是修改了各份决议的第1段，将“认可”一词改为“表示注意到”。咨询委员会指出，本款次的拟议预算是在假设理事会在2011年就这些决议草案采取行动的基础上编制的。咨询委员会将按照既定程序，重新考虑秘书长的提议。", "五.85 关于拟在次级方案7新设一个P-5员额的问题，咨询委员会指出，拟议的新趋势和冲突有关问题司将有11名工作人员，其中3名是P-5及以上职等。咨询委员会认为，治理、不稳定状况与发展科的预计活动可以在现有的人员编制规模和结构内完成。鉴于以上考虑，咨询委员会建议不采纳秘书长在次级方案7新设一个P-5员额的提议。", "裁撤", "五.86 秘书长提议裁撤以下4个员额：", "(a) 2个当地雇用小组助理员额，经济分析科和区域一体化科各1个，次级方案3(同上，第22.54段)；", "(b) 1个当地雇用小组助理员额，信息和通信技术司司长办公室，次级方案4(同上，第22.60段)；", "(c) 1个当地雇用小组助理员额，行政事务司中央支助事务处，方案支助(同上，第22.86段)。", "五.87 咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。", "改叙", "五.88 秘书长提议，由于员额结构的合理化，拟将次级方案2社会发展司司长办公室1个社会事务干事员额的职等由P-4向下改叙为P-3(同上，第22.48段)。", "五.89 咨询委员会不反对拟议的改叙。", "人员征聘和配置", "五.90 经询问，咨询委员会获得了2011年4月30日列为空缺的14个员额征聘情况的有关信息。所提供的信息表明，此后，1个员额已填补；1个员额拟作调动；1个员额已在Inspira系统公布；2个员额已临时替补；次级方案3经济发展与全球化司的6个员额则仍作为空缺保留，等待目前正在进行的关于改组工作的讨论结果(见下文第五.93段)；余下3个空缺员额中，有2个被选中的候选人拒绝上任。次级方案3如何能在这么多员额空缺的情况下确保履行其任务？经进一步询问，咨询委员会获悉，一些工作人员跨科部署作为过渡，而另一些空缺员额则临时填补，以加强次级方案的人力。经询问，咨询委员会进一步获悉，已征聘了一名区域顾问，负责千年发展目标的工作，工作方案已得到审查并调整了优先事项，以将可用资源重点用在两个旗舰刊物上，即《西亚经社会区域经济和社会发展状况调查》和《阿拉伯千年发展目标报告》。咨询委员会希望尽快填补空缺的员额。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "五.91 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期非员额资源为9 711 600美元，比2010-2011两年期减少783 900美元，即7%。所需非员额资源减少主要是因为以下项目所需资源减少：一般业务费用(232 900美元)；用品和材料(221 900美元)；家具和设备(456 200美元)，减少的主要原因是尚可使用的设备延长了使用期限。上述减少额被订约承办事务所需资源增加额(主要是业务连续性经费)(168 300美元)部分抵销。咨询委员会关于业务连续性的意见见上文第一章。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "改组工作", "五.92 咨询委员会在审议秘书长的报告时获悉，已聘请了一名独立咨询人来审查经济发展与全球化司和执行秘书办公室的任务、职能和职责，并确定现有的组织安排能在多大程度上适当处理该区域的优先问题，促进该方案的有效管理。咨询委员会还获悉，咨询人的任务已经完成，目前正在进行内部讨论，以期落实咨询人建议的行动方案。", "五.93 咨询委员会表示注意到改组及其他举措，如新的方案执行情况评价机制和拟将若干科升级为司的举措。但咨询委员会对所采取的方法明显缺乏一致性感到关切，秘书长提议增设员额，却同时保留6个空缺员额，等待目前正在进行的关于改组工作的讨论结果。咨询委员会注意到为有效和高效地管理该方案而采取的举措，这一举措导致改组工作。咨询委员会希望西亚经社会管理阶层继续把重点放在尽快落实改组工作上，并在有关执行情况报告中汇报所获得的效益。不过，咨询委员会坚持认为，西亚经社会工作方案的监测和评价工作不应要咨询人来承担，而应由管理当局定期进行。", "西亚经社会妇女中心", "五.94 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长的拟议预算包括提升西亚经社会妇女中心级别，使其能够在该方案的授权任务中发挥更大的作用。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，妇女署从全球的角度处理妇女问题，而各区域委员会内与提高妇女地位有关的实体则处理区域和国家的具体问题，并且重点指出需要立即关注的领域。咨询委员会还获悉，西亚经社会妇女中心为妇女署的工作提供区域一级的支持，包括执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》等国际文书及落实千年发展目标。西亚经社会妇女中心还能及时处理国家一级的事态发展。", "五.95 秘书长的代表提供了更多的信息，说明升级后的西亚经社会妇女中心在处理妇女问题方面的作用，秘书长的代表解释说，除目前关于妇女问题的文件所涵盖的领域外，其他的一些研究领域明显尚未得到处理。他们向咨询委员会解释说，这些新的领域包括：国家一级促进性别平等的预算编制和审计；落实安全理事会关于妇女与和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议，特别是有鉴于最近该区域发生了一些抗暴行动；妇女的政治参与，特别是在政党层次上；性别暴力，特别是家庭暴力和贩运人口进行性剥削；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》执行工作的后续行动，因为批准该公约的成员国越来越多；以及全球化和市场趋势对性别分工的影响。此外，咨询委员会还获悉，妇女卷入该区域目前的抗暴行动和政治发展预计将产生新的、额外的业务和咨询需求，有可能导致需要筹集更多的预算外资金，使中心能响应这些需求。秘书长还表示，西亚经社会妇女中心现在还要为其他各司提供支助，帮助以敏感地顾及性别问题的方式拟定和落实方案，这是西亚经社会2010年通过的性别平等主流化战略的一部分(见上文第五.83(a)段)。", "五.96 咨询委员会欢迎为解决该区域妇女面临的挑战而作出的努力，强调有必要同妇女署密切合作，避免任何重复。", "第23款", "技术合作经常方案", "秘书长拟议数\t52 246200美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 52 246 200美元\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.97 秘书长拟议的第23款所需资源为52 246 200美元(重计费用前)，与2010-2011两年期订正批款额度相同。拟议预算表23.2和表23.4提供了有关各构成部分所需资源、支出用途和方案的信息(见A/66/6(Sect.23))。", "五.98 技术合作经常方案的活动分为以下两个部分：", "(a) 部门咨询服务，由经济和社会事务部、贸发会议、禁毒办、人居署、人道主义事务协调厅和人权高专办实施(同上，第23.26至23.33段)。拟议所需资源为22 875 400美元，占2012-2013年该款次请拨资源总数的41.7%，将用于大约772个工作月的服务，而现两年期为792个工作月。拟议预算表23.6提供了按次级方案和实施实体开列的2012-2013年所需资源汇总表，并提供了2008-2009年支出和2010-2011年批款的信息；", "(b) 区域和次区域咨询服务，由五个区域委员会实施(同上，第23.34至23.40段)。咨询服务的拟议所需资源为31 968 100美元，占所需资源总数的58.3%，将用于2012-2013年大约1 114个工作月的服务，而现两年期为1 320个工作月。预算文件表23.13提供了2012-2013年所需资源、2008-2009年支出和2010-2011年批款的汇总表。", "五.99 咨询委员会回顾，技术合作经常方案由大会1946年第58(I)号决议确立。秘书长表示，该方案与联合国系统内其他现行技术合作支助办法的主要差别是，该方案能迅速和灵活地响应发展中国家、最不发达国家、经济转型国家和刚摆脱冲突的国家在能力发展方面的要求，满足它们规模不大但十分紧迫的需要。秘书长表示，尽管该方案继续以相同方式提供援助，但现在更加重视各国家和各区域分享经验和知识，特别是重视通过南南合作和知识网络建设，帮助维持国家间的合作(A/66/6 (Sect.23)，第23.1、23.4和第23.5段)。", "五.100 秘书长还表示，根据大会第2514(XXIV)号决议和经济及社会理事会第1434(XLVII)号决议，本预算款次供资开展的活动继续以短期咨询服务、培训和实地项目为重点，特别强调学习和转让新的知识、技能和技术。大多数干预措施力求有的放矢地解决会员国根据履行国际承诺的需要而提出的具体问题(A/66/6 (Sect.23)，第23.10段)。预算文件第23.11至第23.17段载有有关短期咨询服务、实地项目和培训的信息，以及该方案资源分配的目标、战略和标准。咨询委员会从预算文件注意到，培训活动的目的是增长知识和技能，帮助加强各国制定政策和有效执行国家政策的能力(同上，第23.15段)。咨询委员会相信，该方案将继续通过未来的活动加强国家能力，并在可能时探索利用那些通过技术合作经常方案获得了技能的受惠人担当顾问或专家的可能性。", "五.101 咨询委员会经询问获悉，在技术合作经常方案下，资金是在次级方案一级分配给各实施实体的。咨询委员会获悉，能够说明技术合作经常方案资金编排方式的一个例子是，在向经济和社会事务部分配资金方面，每个业务活动均作为一个独立的项目制定，以便于进行有效的监测、评价和报告。每个项目也得到各相关次级方案主任的认可，并由能力发展办公室代表主管经济和社会事务副秘书长予以批准。其他执行机构也采取同样的做法。另外，该方案的各个项目在整个两年期以分阶段的方式制定，以便针对会员国预料之外的请求最有效地利用资源。此外，各个项目在分配资金的那个两年期执行。", "五.102 关于技术合作经常方案所实施的活动与发展账户(见下文第36款)活动之间的不同和互补之处，咨询委员会经询问获悉，技术合作经常方案下的短期和小规模活动在分配资金的两年期内制定并执行，而发展账户下中等规模的项目则是提前制定然后由大会认可的，其执行周期为四年。与此同时，技术合作经常方案和发展账户均支持协助会员国实现千年发展目标等国际商定发展目标的总体目标。咨询委员会希望继续确保和进一步发展技术合作经常方案与发展账户之间的互补性，尽最大可能发挥两个机制所实施的活动的协同效应。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "第一次进度报告", "五.103 在审议第23款拟议预算时，咨询委员会还获得了技术合作经常方案第一次进度报告的预发版本，该报告概述了该方案的作用和目标、其活动的成果和影响、方案的管理以及遇到的挑战。咨询委员会从进度报告中注意到，该方案的一个基本特色是倍增效应，为方案试点活动提供较多的资金，从而产生较大规模的效应。此外，南南合作是倍增效应得以实现的一个尤其突出的机制。咨询委员会还注意到，进度报告提供了南南合作的例子，包括拉加经委会与世界银行之间的协作以及五个区域委员会之间的跨区域合作。咨询委员会认为，第一次进度报告提供了有关技术合作经常方案详尽而有用的信息，建议在大会审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算时向大会提供这份报告。咨询委员会还希望，在咨询委员会审议技术合作经常方案两年期所需资源时提前向其提供这类资料。", "成果预算编制", "五.104 关于在第23款供资的活动中纳入成果预算编制和成果管理制的问题，咨询委员会回顾，逻辑框架首次在2004-2005两年期确定，并定在款次一级，2006-2007两年期扩大到方案一级，2008-2009两年期进一步扩大到次级方案。因此，各次级方案的每个执行实体直接负责详细说明和确定预期成绩和绩效指标，并最终负责取得成果(A/64/7，第五.72段)。预算文件在每个实施实体的次级方案下，除预期成绩和绩效指标外，还载有有关拟议预算、产出、活动和影响的汇总信息(A/66/6(Sect.23)，第23.26至23.40段)。咨询委员会对拟议方案预算提供的信息表示欢迎，但也鼓励进一步改进汇总信息，特别是有关下一个两年期拟议活动预期影响的信息。", "五.105 咨询委员会回顾，审计委员会在审查了技术合作领域的成果预算编制框架之后表示，由于缺乏明确的目标和有效的指标，很难对所实施的活动进行客观评估，只是叙述进展情况而已。不过审计委员会注意到，整体而言，针对发展账户开展的监测工作与上述审查结果不同，是个例外。因此，审计委员会建议行政当局为其所有技术合作活动建立与发展账户供资项目必须建立的机制相仿的成果计量机制。咨询委员会还回顾，此后，它曾请秘书长提供关于在这方面取得的进展的信息(见A/64/7，第五.73段)。在这方面，咨询委员会从拟议预算中注意到，所有实施实体均已建立监测机制，这有助于对有关各国实施的活动、所取得的成果以及累计获得的效益进行更好的评估和报告(A/66/6，第23.21段)。咨询委员会欢迎为技术合作经常方案下实施的活动建立监测机制，并期待这一机制继续得到加强。", "五.106 咨询委员会在关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中建议，在今后的预算文件中纳入与授予顾问合同及合同期限有关的信息和进展情况(A/64/7，第五.76段)。此外，咨询委员会当时注意到，秘书长没有回应咨询委员会关于探讨如何利用在本国和本区域招聘的专才的建议(同上，第五.74段)。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算第23.12和第23.13段中包含了这方面的信息。秘书长表示，该方案所有执行实体都更新顾问能力，以便适时更换顾问，确保以最好的技能和知识回应成员国不断变化的需求。此外，秘书长还表示，顾问现在的合同上限为5年，而有能力承担任期有限的非常具体、明确的任务的短期顾问则作为补充措施进行招聘。另外，当专家知识是确保提供最相关和最有针对性的支持的关键，特别是在处理那些因国而异的具体问题时，则利用国家和区域专才。咨询委员会欢迎在拟议方案预算中纳入其所要求的相关信息。咨询委员会相信，该方案的所有执行实体都将继续更新其顾问能力，包括利用在本国和本区域征聘的专才，并且相信今后的预算报告将会定期提供这类信息。", "其他问题", "五.107 如2012-2013年拟议预算表23.6所示，部门咨询服务将有19个次级方案。咨询委员会从表中注意到，没有在部门咨询服务项下为有关性别问题和提高妇女地位的次级方案编列经费。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，有关性别问题和提高妇女地位的活动将由妇女署实施。", "第六编", "人权和人道主义事务", "第24款", "人权", "秘书长拟议数\t147 234900美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t141 191400美元\n预算外资源预计数\t254 743000美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.1 2012-2013两年期预算第24款拟议估计数总额中包括联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)所需资源146 054 900美元以及塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会所需资源1 180 000美元(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.18段)。人权高专办2012-2013两年期工作方案包括4个次级方案：人权主流化、发展权、研究与分析；支持人权条约机构；咨询服务、技术合作和外地活动；支持人权理事会及其附属机构和机制。塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会的有关活动由本预算款次的另一个工作方案确定。", "六.2 2012-2013两年期所需资源为147 234 900美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增加6 043 500美元，增幅为4.3%(同上)。人权高专办净增的6 043 500美元包括：(a) 决策机构项下净增2 904 000美元；(b) 行政领导和管理项下净减少255 400美元；(c) 实质性活动净增加总额3 372 500美元；(d) 方案支助项下净增加22 400美元。", "六.3 秘书长表示，第24款拟议估计数没有考虑下列影响2012-2013两年期人权工作方案的因素：大会第六十六届会议可能就以下方面作出决定：人权理事会第十六和第十七届会议通过的决议和决定所涉方案预算问题；大会第65/200号决议要求的关于人权条约监测机构的具体和有针对性的提案，其目的是提高这些监测机构的工作实效；人权理事会特别会议通过的决议和决定(同上，第24.19段)。", "六.4 表六.1概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期的拟议预算外员额。", "表六.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数^(a)\t344\t1个USG，2个ASG，3个D-2，9个D-1，42个P-5，90个P-4，89个P-3，20个P-2/1，4个GS(PL)，79个GS(OL)，4个LL，1个NO\n2012-2013年拟议数\t355\t1个USG，2个ASG，3个D-2，9个D-1，42个P-5，93个P-4，92个P-3，21个P-2/1，4个GS(PL)，83个GS(OL)，4个LL，1个NO\n新设\t9\t1个P-4，2个P-3和2个GS(OL)，次级方案2；1个P-4和1个P-3，次级方案4；2个GS(OL)，行政领导和管理\n改划\t4\t1个P-4，1个P-3，1个P-2，1个GS(OL),次级方案4 调动 4 1个GS(OL)从次级方案2调至行政领导和管理 1个GS(OL)从次级方案4调至行政领导和管理 \n 2个GS(OL)从次级方案2调至次级方案4 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t765\t3个D-1，36个P-5，95个P4，149个P-3，24个P-2/1，2个GS(PL)，324个GS(OL)，132个NO", "^(a) 包括2011年期满的2个非经常性的临时员额(1个P-3和1个GS(OL))。", "六.5 秘书长曾在其2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中表示，大会在第60/1号决议中规定将人权高专办经常预算资源增加一倍的目标已经完成(见A/64/6 (Sect.23)第23.16段)。咨询委员会注意到，秘书长再次表示，在五年时间内加强人权高专办的目标已经实现(A/66/6 (Sect.24)，第24.12段)。然而，秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期拟议增加的某些资金是用来支持新任务或扩大任务的追加资金，其中包括人权理事会自成立以来授权执行的任务(同上，第24.14段)。", "六.6 咨询委员会注意到，在2012-2013两年期，人权高专办将向以下方面提供强化的综合组织支助：人权理事会及其普遍定期审议、特别程序、人权理事会咨询委员会和投诉程序等附属机构和机制，以及联合国其他有关机构。据指出，将加强向人权高专办为之服务的联合国各条约监测机构提供强化的支助和咨询(同上，第24.6段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在过去10年间，人权高专办提供服务的条约机构数量从5个增加到了10个；各条约机构年度会议的次数从11次增加到24次；条约机构每年会议时间从44周增加到73周；条约机构的专家人数也从74人增加到172人。咨询委员会在提出要求后获得了最近几个两年期各决策机构和专家机构支出模式的详细资料(见表六.2)。咨询委员会注意到，表中资料不包括人权高专办为决策机关和专家机构提供支助的工作人员的费用，这些工作人员占用次级方案2和次级方案4拟议的134个经常预算员额，也不包括相关支助费用，这些费用列在经常预算第2款和第28E款下。", "表六.2 用于支助人权高专办决策机关和专家机构的非员额支出", "(千美元)", "2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011年预计数 2012-2013年估计数", "人权委员会 187.7 162.6 205.3 — — — —", "人权理事会 — — — 135.2 127.5 292.9 378.3", "小组委员会/人权咨询委员会 569.4 665.7 815.2 370.1 435.4 540.5 735.4", "人权事务委员会 1 181.5 1 204.0 1 309.6 1 509.3 1 625.6 1 863.3 1 789.3", "调查以色列行为特别委员会 204.2 169.7 229.3 210.1 251.8 271.2 342.4", "经济、社会和文化权利委员会 813.1 613.6 719.7 761.9 958.3 1 160.4 883.2", "儿童权利委员会 551.0 832.4 1 426.0 1 462.4 1 751.7 1 896.3 1 870.2", "禁止酷刑委员会 336.1 365.3 460.1 437.4 528.0 821.1 608.9", "消除种族歧视委员会 522.0 572.1 682.1 735.7 943.6 1 281.0 1 154.8", "各人权机构的主席 44.8 37.4 41.6 49.6 112.9 113.7 114.4", "土著问题常设论坛 — 269.1 — —", "保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会 — — 170.5 184.4 323.7 525.3 542.4", "消除对妇女歧视委员会 — — — 1 888.2 1 559.4 2 119.2", "防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会 — — — 551.6 745.4 1 184.2 2 052.9", "残疾人权利委员会 — — — — 616.2 562.9 1 349.2", "强迫失踪问题委员会 — — — — — 90.0 680.0", "共计 4 409.8 4 891.9 6 059.4 6 407.7 10 308.3 12 162.2 14 620.6", "六.7 秘书长指出，大会正在审查人权理事会的地位，也在审议为开展人权理事会授权的紧急人权活动而筹资的问题(同上，第24.15段)。秘书长还表示，虽然大会核准为人权理事会规定的新任务追加资源，但各人权条约机构和人权理事会及其各机制的要求不断增加，有时并没有为此拨出相应的资源，这影响了人权高专办向人权理事会提供的支持程度(同上，第24.16段)。咨询委员会期待着大会对人权理事会地位问题的审查结果，并且相信，审查为新需求筹资问题提出的建议将包含措施，确保最切实有效地利用人权高专办现有资源。", "组织效力方案", "六.8 秘书长表示，在2012-2013两年期，人权高专办将执行组织效力方案，解决监督厅在其关于人权高专办执行任务效率的报告(A/64/203和Corr.1及Add.1)中指出的弱点，从而巩固在管理和效率方面取得的成果(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.9段)。监督厅建议进行各种改进，以突出战略重点，制定全面的外地战略，通过更系统地落实人权机构的建议改进人权高专办与人权机构的合作，加强伙伴关系，改善内部协调和沟通，查明和记录各工作进程。咨询委员会获悉，在2010年进行调查以了解人权高专办工作人员的意见后，确定了四个关键工作流程进行审查：征聘、战略规划、任务筹备以及文件呈递和交割。人权高专办在规划、预算编制、报告和征聘等领域简化了程序，人权高专办预计最迟将于2011年年底落实组织效力方案的其他所有建议。咨询委员会希望2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算将报告这个方案的实施效果。", "人权高专办纽约办事处", "六.9 咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议核准在2010-2011两年期设立助理秘书长员额担任人权高专办纽约办事处负责人。秘书长在提议设立这一员额时表示，纽约办事处设一助理秘书长级主管，将使人权高专办能以适当级别参加各行政决策委员会，并将确保有代表参加政治层面的活动，有机会参与高级别政策讨论。此外，秘书长还表示，这个助理秘书长员额将增强纽约办事处的决策和外联能力，并提高人权高专办的效率和效力(A/64/6(Sect.23)，第23.53段)。咨询委员会认为，拟议的方案预算对加强人权高专办纽约办事处而获得的效益解释得不够清楚，要求在执行情况报告中列出这方面的信息。此外，咨询委员会还认为，设立助理秘书长员额应使日内瓦和纽约之间公务差旅所需经费减少(见上文第一章第104段和下文第六.20段)", "监测和评价", "六.10　秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期为进行监测和评价编列的资源为1 477 100美元，包括经常预算1 240 700美元和预算外资源236 400美元(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.21段)。据指出，在2012-2013两年期，人权高专办政策、规划、监测和评价科将努力在整个办公室加强和进一步发展监测和评价职能，并支持实施一项人权高专办全系统绩效评价制度(同上，第24.53(e)段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，人权高专办目前正在筹备进行一次重大的内部自我评价，研究在支持各人权机制的后续工作和支持各国履行其义务的能力方面的执行情况，并正在贯彻执行2008-2009两年期三项评价的结果，这三项评价是，监督厅关于人权高专办执行任务效率的外部评价(见上文第六.8段)和关于在国家一级使人权问题成为联合国内部主流的执行情况(2008年4月)以及关于性别平等主流化的执行情况(2009年12月)的两项内部自我评价。", "六.11　咨询委员会还获悉，几次内部自我评价的结论认为，人权高专办应广泛宣传其优先事项；制订、审查或加强各项程序、流程和政策指导；更连贯、更系统地与合作伙伴开展合作；审查各项政策，包括关于性别问题、区域办事处、人权顾问和外地驻留的政策；简化方案拟订流程、指南和关于性别问题的指导方针；改善性别平等方面的能力发展；并加强性别平等方面的问责制。人权高专办运用了一项后续行动计划来系统地确定各项活动，确定实施工作的牵头部门，以及实施评价建议的必要时限。人权高专办定期跟踪实施进展情况，以便进行内部自我评价。咨询委员会还获悉，人权高专办已于2010-2011年度开始实施上述若干建议，实施的方法是加强规划流程，包括确定全球优先事项，为这些优先事项制订实施战略，并确定人权高专办的管理产出。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题提出了其他评论意见。咨询委员会重申方案监测和评价的重要性，尤其重申其下述建议，即：今后编报的预算应当明确说明评价结果如何促进改进交付任务的工作以及如何影响拟议的资源分配(见A/64/7，第26段)。咨询委员会注意到人权高专办为加强监测和评价其工作方案而采取的措施，并期待在2014-2015两年期的预算报告中收到关于进展情况的更详细的资料。", "预算外资金", "六.12　人权高专办2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为254 743 000美元，而2010-2011两年期是258 214 000美元(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.20段)。秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期由预算外资源供资的员额数目为765个，而2010-2011两年期是762个(同上，表24.6)。咨询委员会获悉，2010年，人权高专办为支持预算外活动支出的资金超过所收到的自愿捐助，但预算外资源项下仍有足够的余额应付超支。咨询委员会相信，人权高专办将继续同捐助方开展合作，并在实施由预算外资源供资的活动时小心谨慎，避免由于此类资金短缺而造成中断。", "外地驻留", "六.13　秘书长表示，次级方案3所需员额资源减少，这是因2010年人权高专办设立曼谷区域办事处后，将这3个员额从外勤业务和技术合作司主任办公室调出(同上，第24.89段)。然而，经询问，咨询委员会获悉，曼谷区域办事处实际上从2002年开始就在预算外资源下设立，在设立新的北非区域办事处和南亚区域办事处的努力失败后，这3个经常预算员额于2010年被分配到曼谷区域办事处。咨询委员会认为预算列报对人权高专办外地派驻情况说得不够清楚，咨询委员会重申其以前的建议，即要求将人权高专办在外地、包括在联合国维持和平行动中的能力情况列入下一次拟议方案预算(A/64/7，第六.18段)。在这方面，咨询委员会获得了有关人权高专办外地派驻情况的资料，该资料载于本预算款次最后的表六.3。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "新设员额", "六.14　秘书长拟为行政领导和管理项下文件处理股设立两个新的一般事务(其他职等)员额，以应付增加的工作量，并确保为人权理事会和条约机构提供足够的服务(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.59段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，人权高专办文件处理股是在2002年设立的，目的是简化与文件管理有关的内部流程。自2005年以来，文件处理股处理的人权高专办文件数量已从1 525份增加到了2010年的3 000多份，几乎增加了一倍。咨询委员会不反对设立这两个一般事务(其他职等)员额的提议。", "六.15　秘书长拟在次级方案2项下设立3个员额，以协助强迫失踪问题委员会：1个P-4员额，与请愿人和有关缔约国联系，在个人来文程序中起草决定和意见，并跟踪委员会意见执行情况；1个P-3员额，协助强迫失踪问题委员会审查根据《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第29条提交的国家报告；1个一般事务(其他职等)员额，以便为《公约》的个人来文(第31条)和调查(第33条)提供文秘支助。此外，还拟设立1个新的P-3员额和1个新的一般事务(其他职等)员额，以支持从10个成员增加到25个成员的新的禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会，因为预计小组委员会工作量将会增加，特别是需要组织外地工作团(同上，第24.80段)。咨询委员会获得了人权高专办支助条约机构的员额的详细配置情况。咨询委员会不反对设立这5个员额(1个P-4、2个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))的提议。", "六.16　秘书长拟在次级方案4下设立1个P-4职等的咨商小组秘书员额，领导和督察两名工作人员，管理下述各项工作：公布职位、汇编申请材料以及编制和更新特别报告员和独立专家合格人选的公开名单，并为咨商小组会议准备文件。在公民和政治权利科下新设一个P-3员额，原因是特别程序的工作量增加(同上，第24.104段)。咨询委员会不反对设立这2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)的提议。", "调动", "六.17　秘书长拟将目前分别属于次级方案2和次级方案4的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额调到文件处理股(同上，第24.59段)，并将2个一般事务(其他职等)员额从次级方案2调到次级方案4，这2个员额分配给人权理事会处，但在预算上仍然编在次级方案2下(同上，第24.104段)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "改划", "六.18　秘书长拟将1个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等)一般临时人员职位改划为次级方案4下的临时员额，以支持消除法律和实践中对妇女歧视问题工作组，这是人权理事会第15/23号决议规定的(同上)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的改划。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "六.19　秘书长拟议在2012-2013两年期行政领导和管理及工作方案项下编制的咨询人资源总额为971 200美元，比现两年期减少149 200美元。秘书长拟议在2012-2013两年期决策机构及工作方案项下编制的代表差旅资源总额为19 565 500美元，比2010-2011两年期增加3 261 600美元。拟议在2012-2013两年期决策机构、行政领导和管理、工作方案及方案支助项下编制的工作人员公务差旅资源总额为4 238 800美元，比现两年期增加753 000美元。", "六.20　咨询委员会注意到拟议减少咨询人所需资源，认为最近几个两年期人权高专办人员配置增加，理应促进减少对外部专才的依赖。关于差旅费，咨询委员会承认人权高专办的代表需要定期执行规定的外派任务。但咨询委员会认为，应更多地利用人权高专办外地和区域办事处的工作人员来支持这类任务，从而减少工作人员公务差旅所需要的资源。鉴于有可能实现这样的效益，咨询委员会建议将4 238 800美元拟议工作人员差旅经费减少424 000美元。咨询委员会建议核准有关非员额资源的其他提议。", "塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会", "秘书长拟议数\t1 180000美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t1 180000美元\n^(a)按2010-2011年费率计算。除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.21 塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会是为了通过秘书长的斡旋查明失踪人员下落而建立的，秘书长拟议预算E分节叙述了该委员会的活动。秘书长指出，联合国仅负责失踪人员调查委员会第三名成员及其两名助理的费用以及他们办公室的杂项业务费用，而挖掘、辨认和归还塞浦路斯失踪人员遗骸的项目则由预算外资源供资(同上，第24.117段)。拟为2012-2013两年期提供1 180 000美元，与本两年期核定数额相同，其中包括用于D-1职等的塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会联合国成员(第三名成员)、1名P-4职等的第三名成员助理和2名一般事务人员的一般临时人员费用1 082 500美元，以及其他非员额资源97 500美元。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长为失踪人员调查委员会提出的拟议预算。", "表六.3 截至2011年5月31日人权高专办外地存在", "地点\t设立时间 \n 区域办事处和中心(12个) \n 南部非洲区域办事处 比勒陀利亚 1998 \n 中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心^(a) 雅温得 2001 \n 东非区域办事处 亚的斯亚贝巴 2002 \n 中东区域办事处 贝鲁特 2002 \n 东南亚区域办事处^(a) 曼谷 2002 \n 太平洋区域办事处 苏瓦 2005 \n 中亚区域办事处^(a) 比什凯克 2006 \n 中美洲区域办事处^(a) 巴拿马城 2007 \n 西非区域办事处^(a) 达喀尔 2008 \n 欧洲区域办事处^(a) 布鲁塞尔 2009 \n 西南亚和阿拉伯地区人权培训和文件中心 多哈 2009 \n 南美洲区域办事处^(a) 圣地亚哥 2009 \n 国家和独立办事处(13个) \n 柬埔寨^(a) 金边 1993 \n 巴勒斯坦被占领土 加沙 1996 \n 拉马拉 2000 \n 哥伦比亚 波哥大 1997 \n 科索沃(塞尔维亚) 普里什蒂纳 1998 \n 墨西哥 墨西哥城 2002 \n 危地马拉 危地马拉城 2005 \n 尼泊尔 加德满都 2005 \n 乌干达 坎帕拉 2005 \n 多哥 洛美 2006 \n 多民族玻利维亚国 拉巴斯 2007 \n 几内亚 科纳克里 2009 \n 毛里塔尼亚 努瓦克肖特 2009 \n 突尼斯 突尼斯 2011 \n 人权顾问(18名) \n 斯里兰卡 科伦坡 2004 \n 俄罗斯联邦 莫斯科 2005 \n 南高加索 第比利斯 2006 \n 厄瓜多尔 基多 2007 \n 卢旺达 基加利 2007 \n 塞尔维亚 贝尔格莱德 2007 \n 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 斯科普里 2007 \n 肯尼亚 内罗毕 2008 \n 尼日尔 尼亚美 2008 \n 巴布亚新几内亚 莫尔斯比港 2008 \n 摩尔多瓦共和国 基希讷乌 2008 \n 大湖区 布琼布拉 2009 \n 洪都拉斯 特古西加尔巴 2010 \n 巴拉圭 亚松森 2010 \n 塔吉克斯坦 杜尚别 2010 \n 乍得 恩贾梅纳 2011 \n 马达加斯加 塔那那利佛 2011 \n 乌克兰 基辅 2011 \n 维持和平特派团和特别政治任务的人权部分(14个) \n联合国布隆迪综合办事处(联布综合办)、^(b)联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、^(b)联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)、联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合支助办事处(联几建和办)、联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处(联塞建和办)、联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团)、联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)、联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)、联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团)、联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)、联合国索马里政治事务处(联索政治处) ^(a) 全部或部分由经常预算资源供资。 \n ^(b) 包括人权高专办综合外地存在。", "第25款 对难民的国际保护、持久解决和援助", "秘书长拟议数\t83 717500美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t83 717500美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.22 秘书长要求为第25款提供的经常预算资源在重计费用前为83 717 500美元，与2010-2011两年期的订正批款数额相同(A/66/6(sect.25)，表25.1和第25.13段)。正如拟议方案预算第25.23段所指出的那样，根据联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)《章程》第20段的规定，联合国经常预算只承担与难民署运作有关的行政支出，而与难民署活动有关的所有其他支出均由自愿捐助供资。估计所需预算外资源为6 558 244 200美元，占难民署2012-2013两年期预计资源总额的98.7%(同上，第25.14段)。", "六.23 表六.4概述2010-2011两年期的核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列出2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.4 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 2 1个USG、1个ASG", "2012-2013年拟议员额 2 1个USG、1个ASG", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员额 7870 2个ASG、24个D-2、86个D-1、190个P-5、1 247个P-4/3、205个P-2/1、312个GS(PL)、313个GS(OL)、4 743个LL、43个FS、705个NO", "总付安排", "六.24 2012-2013两年期拟在总付安排下由经常预算供资83 717 500美元，这笔经费涉及下列费用(同上，第25.24段)：", "(a) 高级专员和副高级专员员额的经费(1 232 700美元)；", "(b) 用于支付难民署行政费用的赠款(82 484 800美元)。", "六.25 秘书长指出，2002-2003两年期开始以赠款而不是员额资源和非员额资源的形式从经常预算向难民署提供资金，用于支付该署的行政费用，这种做法旨在简化难民署的预算流程，而且在三个两年期后将对这种做法进行审查(同上，第25.24段)。因此，在大会第六十三届会议上向其汇报了对该总付安排的审查情况以及在三个两年期里获得的经验教训(A/63/537)。大会第63/263号决议根据咨询委员会的建议，认可维持由经常预算为难民署供资的总付安排(A/63/616，第10段)。大会决定将高级专员和副高级专员员额的供资与赠款分开列报(同上，第7段)。", "六.26 秘书长还指出，2012-2013年由经常预算承担的总付款用作相当于220个管理和行政类员额的经费(69 043 700美元)、一般业务费用(8 157 000美元)、用品和材料(170 000美元)以及对合办活动的捐助(6 346 800美元)(A/66/6 (Sect.25)，第25.13段)。难民署每年向联合国总部报告其经常预算项下的支出情况，这些支出分列为员额和非员额资源(A/63/616，第7段)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "六.27 在执行上文第六.25段阐述的总付安排之前，2000-2001两年期包括高级专员和副高级专员员额在内的220个员额由经常预算供资。当时，在难民署归类为管理和行政员额的433个员额中，这220个员额占50.8%(A/63/616，第5段)。咨询委员会指出，2010-2011年当期，难民署的管理和行政类员额有515个，其中由经常预算供资的员额相当于220个，占42.7%。2012-2013两年期将继续由经常预算为这220个管理和行政类员额供资，这些员额中包括高级专员和副高级专员这2个员额，以及由赠款供资的另外218个员额。咨询委员会还从预算文件表25.6中注意到，2012-2013两年期难民署将有7 870个员额由预算外捐助供资，与2010-2011两年期的数字相同。", "六.28 咨询委员会询问了2012-2013年由经常预算赠款供资的218个管理和行政员额的职等问题。咨询委员会获悉，D-2/1和P-4/3职等的员额将各增5个和6个，但P-5员额将减少4个，P-2员额将减少5个，一般事务员额将减少2个。咨询委员会指出，职等较高的员额增加，而职等较低的员额则减少。在这方面，咨询委员会还获悉，自执行总付安排以来，由难民署确定哪些管理和行政员额应与由经常预算赠款供资的218个员额相对应，其余员额则由其自愿捐助供资。此外，为了保持前后一致，难民署曾试图维持各职类在218个员额中所占比例。不过，由于业务上的紧急性和难民署的动态性质，经常无法做到既保持218个员额职等分布不变，又不超过总付的总预算最高限额。", "六.29 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长所提2012-2013年拟议预算。咨询委员会虽然承认难民署的业务性质可能要求人员配置表具有灵活性，但认为，为了确保透明度和问责，应继续在难民署两年期方案预算中说明由经常预算赠款供资的218个员额的详细构成情况。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "布达佩斯服务中心", "六.30 咨询委员会回顾，它在审查2010-2011年拟议方案预算(A/64/7，第六.27段)时获悉，难民署已将某些行政职能调出日内瓦，以便在布达佩斯建立全球服务中心和全球学习中心。当时估计开办和过渡费用约为2 000万美元，并且从2010年起，每年可实现约950万美元的节余。", "六.31 在这方面，咨询委员会从拟议预算表25.4中注意到，2009年已经实现615万美元的年度节余，年度节余订正预测数2010年为1 520万美元，2011年为1 700万美元，2012年和2013年各为1 630万美元。拟议预算指出，表25.4中的估计数字考虑到了匈牙利政府的捐助，即：在布达佩斯中心地区提供免租金房地、办公家具、维护费用和水电瓦斯费以及接待和安保业务费，为期10年(A/66/6(Sect.25)，第25.18段)。", "六.32 咨询委员会获悉，2010年实行成果管理制是难民署采取的改革举措之一，其目的是使该组织更加透明、灵活和顺应需要。经询问，咨询委员会了解到难民署通过采取各种改革措施实现增效的最新情况。咨询委员会获悉，难民署在过去五年实施了广泛的内部改革，包括2007年在布达佩斯建立服务中心，这样做的原因是迫切需要降低总部的行政费用。因此，难民署总部的费用在总支出中所占比例从2006年的13.9%降至2010年的9.1%，工作人员费用在难民署费用总额中所占比例从41.4%降至27.1%。此外，通过改革实现的节余使难民署有了回旋空间，能够将未指定用途的资源捐助分配给资金不足的业务和紧急业务，并启动旨在加强保护和应急能力的倡议。咨询委员会欢迎难民署迄今采取的举措和取得的进展，并期待其进一步实现增效。", "出版物", "六.33 拟议预算表25.3列出经常出版物和非经常出版物总表。拟议预算附件还提供了2012-2013年不再发行的出版物清单。咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期将发行的印刷版和电子版出版物包括：(a)《难民署统计年鉴》年度更新版，其中说明难民署关切的全球人口数目和趋势以及持久的解决办法；(b) 委托编制的关于一系列优先保护专题的研究文件。此外，难民署还将印发电子版出版物，并在其网站和社会媒体上定期报告难民署就难民和所关切其他人口开展的最新工作和遇到的最新问题。咨询委员会在第一章第109段和第110段对出版物问题进一步发表了意见。", "第26款 巴勒斯坦难民", "秘书长拟议数\t48 712400美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t43 712400美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.34 秘书长为第26款提出的经常预算资源重计费用前为48 712 400美元，与2010-2011两年期的批款相比增加了5 000 000美元，即增加11.4%(A/66/6 (Sect.26)，表26.3)。2012-2013年，联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)的经常预算在其两年期预算总额中所占比例约为2.7%，这一比例是根据将需要1 857 300 000美元预算外资源的预测得出的(同上，第26.12和26.13段)。", "六.35 秘书长指出，大会第3331 B(XXIX)号决议决定，在工程处任务期间，原须由自愿捐助项下支出的工程处国际工作人员的薪金，应自1975年1月1日起由联合国经常预算筹供经费(同上，第26.2段)。2012-2013年资源拟增加5 000 000美元，反映出用于以下目的的资源：大会为2010-2011年核定的14个新专业人员员额的滞后效应(2 283 200美元)；拟设13个新员额(2 475 200美元)；改叙5个员额(236 600美元)；非员额资源增加5 000美元(同上，第26.22段；另见下文第六.40和六.48段)。", "六.36 表六.5概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列出2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.5 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 133 1个USG、1个ASG、4个D-2、13个D-1、23个P-5、54个P-4、24个P-3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 146 1个USG、1个ASG、8个D-2、10个D-1、27个P-5、57个P-4、29个P-3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)", "新员额 13 1个D-1、3个P-5、4个P-4、5个P-3", "改叙 5 4个D-1改叙为D-2、1个P-4改叙为P-5", "预算外", "2012-2013两年期拟议员额^(a) 75 2个D-2、2个D-1、7个P-5、54个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、7个GS(OL)", "^(a) 本表中不含近东救济工程处约31 800名当地工作人员(见A/66/6(Sect.26)，表26.4，脚注)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "六.37 秘书长提议为2012-2013年设立如下13个员额(同上，第26.23段)：", "(a) 近东救济工程处争议法庭法官(D-1)和书记官长(P-4)(另见下文第六.41至六.44段)；", "(b) 近东救济工程处总部评价司司长(P-5)和财务信息和系统干事(P-4)；", "(c) 拟设在耶路撒冷的伙伴关系司司长(P-5)(见下文第六.50段)；", "(d) 驻布鲁塞尔高级联络干事(P-4)；哥伦比亚特区华盛顿代表处主管(P-5)和副主管(P-4)(另见下文第六.49段)；", "(e) 西岸、加沙、约旦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和黎巴嫩这五个外地办事处各1名安保干事(5个P-3)。", "六.38 秘书长还提议向上改叙下列5个员额(同上，第26.24段)：", "(a) 近东救济工程处5名外地主任中的3名主任(西岸、黎巴嫩和加沙)从D-1改叙为D-2；", "(b) 财务部主任从D-1改叙为D-2；", "(c) 近东救济工程处总部安全保卫主管从P-4改叙为P-5。", "咨询委员会获悉，自近东救济工程处上一次在1983年对改叙情况进行审查以来，有些职等较高员额的职责和问责范围已大大增加。咨询委员会还获悉，联合国秘书处人力资源管理厅报酬和叙级科近期对这些D-1员额进行了审查，并裁定可将其改叙为D-2职等。", "六.39 根据秘书长提供的理由，咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议，包括拟设13个新员额和改叙5个员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "六.40 关于2012-2013年非员额资源拟增加5 000美元的情况(见上文第六.35段)，咨询委员会获悉，拟增加的数额反映出其他工作人员费用项下的一般临时人员所需资源，这笔经费用于支付顶替休产假或长期病假工作人员所需的费用。要求为2012-2013年提供的非员额资源总额为19 900美元。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长所提非员额资源。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "近东救济工程处争议法庭和新的内部司法系统", "六.41 如上文所示，拟设的新员额中有2个员额(即法官和书记官长员额)与近东救济工程处争议法庭有关。秘书长指出，争议法庭将听取提交给该法庭审议的申诉并就其作出裁决，工程处或其工作人员可依照《联合国上诉法庭规约》的规定，就争议法庭的裁决向上诉法庭提出上诉(同上，第26.23(a)段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，近东救济工程处新的内部司法系统与联合国的二级内部司法系统类似。不过，近东救济工程处选择设立自己的争议法庭，作为其根据按人头分担费用安排参加联合国争议法庭的办法(见大会第63/253号决议，第52段)，鉴于工程处大约有30 000名工作人员，这一做法将使该工程处每年多付800万至900万美元的费用。近东救济工程处还表示，除了拟设的法官和书记官长员额的费用之外，其内部司法系统每年的运作费用将为100万美元，这笔费用由近东救济工程处普通基金供资。", "六.42 咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处将参加联合国内部司法系统的第二级，即联合国上诉法庭。在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，正如大会第63/253号决议核可的那样，《联合国上诉法庭规约》第2.10条规定，如有关组织利用中立的一审程序，则该组织应与秘书长缔结特别协定。咨询委员会获悉，因此，近东救济工程处于2009年12月与秘书长签订了特别协定。根据该协定的规定，近东救济工程处将负责按照每个案件9 600美元的统一收费标准向联合国上诉法庭支付费用。此外，还以《联合国工作人员条例和细则》为范本对《近东救济工程处工作人员条例和细则》进行了修正，修正案于2010年6月1日起生效。", "六.43 关于近东救济工程处争议法庭法官的选聘程序，经询问，咨询委员会获悉，近东救济工程处内部司法委员会选聘了1名独立法官，内部司法委员会由工作人员间联盟会议甄选的1名地区工作人员、国际工作人员选举的1名国际工作人员、人力资源主管、法律顾问和3名知名外部法学家组成。咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处争议法庭自2011年6月1日起开始全面运作，目前由预算外资源为其供资。", "六.44 经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处新的内部司法系统还通过调解等非正式解决争议机制加强了解决争议框架。不过，咨询委员会还了解到，近东救济工程处没有单设监察员办公室，而是利用道德操守干事履行这些职能。在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在建立联合国内部司法系统时确认，非正式解决冲突办法是该制度的一个重要构成部分，并强调应尽可能利用这种办法，以避免不必要的诉讼(见大会第61/261号决议，第11段)。大会在同一决议中决定为秘书处、各基金和方案设立一个监察员办公室，并设立调解司。咨询委员会认为，近东救济工程处的上述安排是不够的。咨询委员会认为，近东救济工程处应确保为其非正式解决冲突程序提供适当的支持。", "财务状况", "六.45 咨询委员会回顾，它曾在审查2010-2011年拟议方案预算时提出近东救济工程处的资金短缺问题(A/64/7，第六.45段)。在这方面，咨询委员会获悉，为近东救济工程处提供的预算外捐助虽然逐年渐增，却没有跟上人口增加和费用上涨的步伐。此外，缺乏足够的资源已导致工程处方案质量下降，并且工程处在解决难民的紧急需要方面遇到了相当大困难。", "六.46 经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，导致近东救济工程处财务状况的主要问题如下：", "(a) 周转资本在过去10年间从8 000万美元持续降至2011年1月1日的4 200万美元，造成周转资本不足；准备金不足以支付每月4 500万至5 000万美元的开支；", "(b) 年收入不足，其依据是预计到2011年年底有6 200万美元的亏空；", "(c) 不利的内部和外部因素，原因是通货膨胀导致加薪(1 200万美元)，工作人员老龄化和支付离职金(400万美元)，以及支付粮食、医疗用品和公用事业费用(400万美元)，导致所需经费增加，而且捐助国国内经济面临严重挑战；", "六.47 在向其地区工作人员支付离职金的问题上，近东救济工程处关切的是，自2012年1月1日起实施《公共部门会计准则》后，离职金付款将作为一项负债列入该工程处的资产负债表。由于近东救济工程处的离职金负债完全没有准备金，到2013年年末其负债总额将超过其资产总额，结果是，报告的资产净值将是负数。近东救济工程处预计，外部审计人员将对其财务维持能力表示严重关切。咨询委员会打算在审议近东救济工程处2012-2013两年期预算时再次审议这一问题。", "六.48 秘书长在拟议预算中表示，大会在第65/272号决议中请他从联合国经常预算中提供财政资源，继续支持加强工程处的体制。据此，秘书长提出为2012-2013年增加500万美元的资源(A/66/6(Sect.26)，第26.11段)。咨询委员会注意到，大会为2010-2011年核准的14个新专业人员员额的滞后效应造成的费用为2 283 200美元，占秘书长拟增加总额的46%。", "改革进程", "六.49 咨询委员会回顾，近东救济工程处启动了一项组织发展计划，以改革和加强管理结构和程序(A/64/7，第六.35段)。在这方面，咨询委员会获悉，组织发展改革进程已结束，并已使近东救济工程处的运作方式得到很大改善，包括制订了由成果规划系统支持的中期战略。此外，近东救济工程处还制订了新的改革方案，即“持续变革”，目的是提高其提供保健和教育服务的成效，以及改进其减缓贫穷的办法。咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处就是在这一背景下请设4个员额开展调动资源活动的，目的是维持并增加自愿供资额(见上文第六.37段(c)和(d))。", "六.50 关于近东救济工程处设想的调动资源活动，咨询委员会获悉，请设伙伴关系司司长这一员额，是因为工程处认识到，为发展和人道主义援助提供资金不仅仅是会员国的职权范围。粮食署和难民署约3.5%的资源来自私营筹资，而近东救济工程处的私营筹资目前只占其资源的0.1%。因此，工程处有很大潜力，可通过与各基金会、私营实体和公众的伙伴关系增加自愿捐助。咨询委员会欢迎近东救济工程处采取举措，加强与非传统捐助者的伙伴关系，以扩大其捐助群体。咨询委员会还鼓励近东救济工程处不断探索其他改革和增效举措。", "第27款 人道主义援助", "秘书长拟议数\t29 741100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 29 399 900美元\n预计预算外资源\t496 114400美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。\t\n^(b)这一数额不包括通过救灾信托基金(2012-2013年估计数额为150000000美元)和通过中央应急基金(2012-2013年估计数额为800000000美元)提供的指定用于非人道主义事务协调厅活动的赠款。", "六.51 秘书长要求在第27款下为2012-2013两年期提供的经常预算资源为29 741 100美元，与2010-2011年相比增加了341 200美元，即1.2%。秘书长报告指出，资源增加反映出秘书长继续致力于逐步加强人道主义事务协调厅的经常预算部分，而且也是回应大会第57/153号决议，其中大会强调，该厅应受益于充分和更可预测的供资(A/66/6(Sect 27)，第27.8段)。", "六.52 表六.6概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列出2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.6 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 70 1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、3个D-1、10个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2、2个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 72 1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、4个D-1、11个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2、2个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)", "新员额 2 次级方案3的1个D-1、次级方案2的1个P-5", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员额 1 879 1个ASG、1个D-2、12个D-1、79个P-5、218个P-4、319个P-3、58个P-2/1、4个GS/PL、161个GS/OL、340个NO、686个LL", "六.53 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期预计预算外资源为496 114 400美元，占人道主义事务协调厅所需资源总额的94%，这些资源将补充经常预算提供的资源，以便为该厅的各种活动供资。2012-2013年拟议预算外资源显示，与2010-2011年相比，资源数额预计会减少23 690 700美元。数额减少的原因是进行了一项工作，使所需资金与预期的捐款数额相一致(同上，第27.10和27.11段)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "新员额", "六.54 秘书长拟在对外关系和支助动员处为次级方案2(协调人道主义行动和应急)设立1个P-5经常预算员额，即联合呼吁程序科科长员额。该员额将负责及时编制联合国机构间人道主义呼吁；领导制订并实施联合呼吁程序和良好人道主义捐助做法方面的机构间政策；管理财务跟踪服务和在线项目系统等新闻工具(同上，第27.34段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，该P-5科长员额已于2010-2011两年期设立，由预算外资源为其供资。咨询委员会不反对在次级方案2下设立该P-5员额，但指出，在列报该项拟议资源时，本应该准确地说明资金来源已从预算外资源变为经常预算。", "六.55 拟在次级方案3(减少自然灾害)下新设1个D-1职等的区域方案和政策制订处处长员额。国际减灾战略的任务规定是充当联合国系统协调减灾活动的协调中心，并确保联合国系统和各区域组织的减灾活动与社会经济和人道主义领域各种活动产生协同效应，秘书长指出，减灾战略各区域办事处在执行这一任务规定方面发挥着重要作用。各区域办事处为区域减少灾害风险合作框架以及为区域一级执行《兵库行动框架》提供支助(同上，第27.41段)。大会在第65/157号决议中确认，对国际减灾战略秘书处的要求日益增多，需要为执行该战略提供更多、及时、稳定和可预测的资源。秘书长指出，减灾战略秘书处目前完全由预算外资源供资，秘书处已采取若干措施，通过扩大捐助群体和增加不指定用途的资金，来提高资金的可预测性；不过，由于预算外资源的性质，这种资源无法保证减灾战略秘书处核心活动和经常活动的供资具有必要的可预测性和稳定性(同上，第27.42段)。大会在第65/157号决议中请秘书长考虑如何最有效地支持减少自然灾害战略的落实工作，咨询委员会注意到，秘书长打算向大会第六十六届会议提交报告，其中载有针对该决议提出的建议(同上)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，关于国际减灾战略的报告所载建议中包括关于在经常预算下设立D-1级区域方案和政策制订处处长员额的提议。咨询委员会不反对在次级方案3下设立该D-1员额。", "关于非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "六.56 秘书长提出的拟议非员额资源总额为7 311 900美元，减少了390 200美元，减少的原因是订约承办事务(202 400美元)、一般业务费用(158 800美元)、咨询人员(14 700美元)和招待费(500美元)项下所需资源减少，减少额因赠款和捐款(36 400美元)、家具和设备费用(23 900美元)、其他工作人员费用(6 700美元)和用品费用(200美元)增加而部分抵消。咨询委员会建议核准拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论和意见", "六.57 秘书长在报告所载表27.21指出，监督厅在审计人道主义事务协调厅对苏丹共同人道主义基金的治理安排时提出了一项建议，2011年将根据该项建议进行可行性审查。监督厅在这次审计中发现，共同人道主义基金执行机构的责任仅限于提交项目执行报告，没有要求在审批项目和分配资金时考虑监测、评价和审计结果(A/65/271(Part I)，第33段)。监督厅建议苏丹人道主义协调员在分配程序中采用执行机构监测、评价和审计结果，以提高共同人道主义基金各项目的总体执行成效和效率(AN2010/590/05，建议4)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，人道主义事务协调厅已对该建议的可行性进行评估，并已决定在2011年制订苏丹共同人道主义基金监测和评价总框架，该框架将成为基金准则的附件。2011年4月为此举办了讲习班，以通过加强监测和评价机制改善对国家集合资金的管理。咨询委员会确认加强对基金各项目问责的重要性，期待迅速完成总框架的制订工作，该框架将成为监测和评价的合理依据。", "第七编 公共信息", "第28款 公共信息", "秘书长拟议数\t179 432200美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t184 996600美元\n预算外资源预计数\t6 339100美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊款资源1 433000美元，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.28)号文件表28.6所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及4906 100美元的预算外资源。", "七.1　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第28款请批经常预算资源在重计费用前为179 432 200美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款少5 564 400美元，即3% (A/66/6(Sect.28)，表28.6)。", "七.2　咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的第28款项下拟议预算时获悉，所需资源总额减少主要是由于新闻部精简了各项活动，特别是采用了更现代化的信息管理技术(另见下文第七.17至七.20段)，更广泛地使用因特网和社交媒体传播信息(另见下文第七.14至七.16段)以及采用多个在线报告和管理工具(A/66/6(Sect.28)第28.5段)。咨询委员会欢迎秘书长为减少第28款下所需费用所做的努力，并特别赞扬他采用了可以视为“推动变化因素”的若干措施，以改变新闻部开展业务的方式，实现长期增效。", "七.3　表七.1概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表七.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t738\t1个USG、4个D-2、20个D-1、37个P-5、75个P-4、89个P-3、58个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、226个GS(OL)、45个NO、174个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t723\t1个USG、4个D-2、20个D-1、36个P-5、75个P-4、89个P-3、58个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、217个GS(OL)、51个NO、163个LL\n 新设 1 次级方案3下1个P-2/1 调动 4 次级方案1内的1个P-5 次级方案2的1个P-4和1个P-2调至次级方案3 \n 次级方案3的1个P-3调至次级方案2 \n 改叙 6 次级方案1的6个LL改叙为NO \n 改划 4 次级方案2的4个GS(OL) \n 裁撤 20 1个 P-5、1个P-2/1、13个GS(OL)、5个LL \n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t14\t3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、10个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额数包括维持和平行动支助账户供资的4个其他摊款员额和10个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "新员额", "七.4　秘书长提议在教育拓展组(次级方案3)设立1个P-2/1员额(A/66/6 (Sect.28)第28.49段)。秘书长在提供给咨询委员会的补充资料中指出，该组目前的编制人数(2个专业员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额)不足以支持2012-2013两年期预计将扩大的活动范围，这一两年期的工作重点将是扩大本组织与学术和教育机构的关系。咨询委员会经询问获悉，由于青年人是该部的主要受众(另见下文第七.13段)，因此教育拓展具有战略必要性。除其他外，拟设员额的任职者将负责协助组织联合国学生会议；就这些会议主题收集信息，开展研究；作为有意与联合国合作的学术机构的联络人；帮助确认并提出外联机会和活动；为鼓励学术机构为执行联合国任务规定作出实质性贡献的联合国学术影响力方案提供支持。咨询委员会建议核可在教育拓展组设立一个P-2/1员额的提议。", "调动", "七.5　拟议调动以下4个员额：", "(a) 1个P-5级联合国外地办事处新闻部门联合国新闻中心主任员额调至内罗毕联合国新闻中心(次级方案1)，以加强后者的人员编制结构，该中心为肯尼亚和东非的联合国小型办事处和方案制定信息战略提供咨询意见和支持，并向媒体和公众传播相关信息，是获取关于联合国在当地、区域和全球所开展工作信息的中心机构(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.33段)；", "(b) 1个P-4级信息干事员额从新闻和媒体司(次级方案2)调到外联事务(次级方案3)，以加强非政府组织关系组的力量(同上，第28.41段)；", "(c) 1个P-3级信息干事从外联事务(次级方案3)调到秘书长发言人办公室(次级方案2)，以确保该办公室的人员编制足以应付所开展工作的复杂性(同上，第28.40段)；", "(d) 1个P-2/1级协理行政干事员额从秘书长发言人办公室(次级方案2)调到外联事务(次级方案3)，以充实外联司的行政支持和监督职能(同上，第28.49段)。", "咨询委员会不反对提出的这些人员调动。通过新设员额，将1个员额调到外联事务以及设立上文第七.4 段提及的P-2/1 员额，咨询委员会希望新闻部将能够进一步扩大外联活动的范围。", "改叙", "七.6　秘书长提议将6个当地雇用人员员额(1个在阿尔及尔的联合国新闻中心，5个在联合国驻白俄罗斯、厄立特里亚、格鲁吉亚、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦的外地办事处)改叙为本国干事职等。拟议改叙这些员额是为了确保员额职等与任职者履行职能的专业性质相符，帮助吸引具有相关专长的合格当地专业人员(同上，第28.33和28.34段)。咨询委员会指出，秘书长的提议符合咨询委员会早前提出的应尽可能广泛使用专业人员职等和一般事务人员职等的本国工作人员的建议(见A/60/7,第70和71段)。咨询委员会建议核可将6个员额从当地职等改叙为本国干事职等的提议。", "改划为常设员额", "七.7　秘书长还提议将目前由一般临时人员项下供资的4个一般事务(其他职等)职位改划为常设员额。之所以拟议将新闻和媒体司网站股这4个职位(次级方案2)改划为常设员额，是因为该部致力于确保六个正式语文之间的平等，同时也是因为这些任职者履行的职能具有连续性(A/66/6(Sect.28)，第28.41段)。咨询委员会铭记大会在第65/107 B号决议中请新闻部进一步改进所采取的行动，力求在联合国网站上实现六种正式语文完全平等，建议核可将4个一般事务(其他职等)职位改划为同一职等的常设员额。", "裁撤", "七.8　拟议裁撤以下20个员额：", "(a) 由于达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆(次级方案3)改进技术和改变流程，裁撤1个P-5级科长、1个P-2级图书管理员和9个一般事务(其他职等)图书馆助理员员额(另见下文第七.20段)(A/66/6(Sect.28),第 28.49段)；", "(b) 由于重新组合资源以提高生产率，裁撤新闻和媒体司(次级方案2)的1个一般事务(其他职等)秘书员额和3个一般事务(其他职等)新闻助理员额(同上，第28.41段)；", "(c) 经过对新闻部各新闻中心需求以及在现有能力范围内执行相关职能的能力的审查，同时考虑到退休和空缺方面的趋势，裁撤布加勒斯特(2个员额)、洛美、利马和西班牙港的5个当地雇员员额(次级方案1)(同上，第28.34段)。", "咨询委员会不反对拟议裁撤这些员额。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "七.9　2012-2013年所需非员额资源估计数为36 574 700美元，与2010-2011年订正批款相比减少3 676 400美元，即9.1%。咨询委员会从获得的补充资料中获悉，秘书长提议减少除代表差旅以外所有支出用途项下的所需资源。咨询委员会建议核可秘书长提出的第28款拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "空缺率", "七.10　咨询委员会经询问获悉，截至2011年4月30日，2010-2011两年期核准的该部738个经常预算员额中36个空缺，空缺率为4.9%。咨询委员会从获得的其他资料中获悉，该部的许多空缺员额都在外地。咨询委员会重视外地的新闻活动，因为通过这些活动可以向各地人民宣传本组织的工作并根据各地区、各国和各地方的具体受众调整资料，使公众更好地了解并支持联合国的目标和活动。(另见下文第七.21至七.24段)。咨询委员会因此促请秘书长尽快填补外地的所有余下空缺。", "监测和评价", "七.11　秘书长在预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.28)/Corr.1)第28.13段指出，根据大会第58/269号决议，确定用于监测和评价的资源共计2 792 000美元，相当于工作人员292个工作月的费用。", "七.12　咨询委员会经询问获悉，负责监测和评价工作的实体，评价和传播研究股设在副秘书长办公室。3个专业职等工作人员和2个一般事务工作人员全职参与监测和评价活动。咨询委员会进一步获悉，在2012-2013两年期，该部将评估：", "(a) 针对相关非政府组织的每周情况通报的覆盖面和效用；", "(b) 非政府组织年度会议和联合国公民大使方案在促进民间社会参与联合国工作方面取得的实效；", "(c) 全球模拟联合国对提高青年人对本组织工作了解的实效；", "(d) 用户对内部通信工具(iSeek和内部网)的满意度；", "(e) 和平使者方案对于促进媒体报道优先问题的有用性；", "(f) 新闻产品的覆盖面和影响力；", "(g) 可持续发展宣传运动对于提高对相关问题认识的有效性；", "(h) 联合国网站(www.un.org)是否便于浏览和使用以及是否能够及时回答用户提问。", "咨询委员会注意到新闻部在2012-2013两年期期间将开展广泛的监测和评估活动。咨询委员会期待在今后提交的报告中看到有关这些活动成果以及开展的任何后续行动的资料，并说明吸取的经验。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题提出了进一步评论意见。", "青年人成为该部工作的战略重点", "七.13　咨询委员会注意到，预算文件第28.2段指出，新闻部已经将青年作为其宣传工作的战略重点。咨询委员会经询问获悉，作为使全世界青年参与与联合国相关重要问题战略的一部分，新闻部启动了若干举措，包括全球模拟联合国、就多个主题举行一系列的全球学生视频会议、联合国学术影响力方案、采取措施确保青年参与非政府组织年度会议以及开展多个外联活动。咨询委员会欢迎新闻部重视在青年人中间宣传联合国的工作。咨询委员会期望秘书长在此方面继续努力，寻找促进青年参与的更多机会。咨询委员会认为，有效使用新媒体(见下文第七.14至七.16段)应成为这些努力的重要部分。", "使用新媒体", "七.14　咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的第28款项下拟议预算期间获悉，技术领域的不断发展和持续的信息革命为加强新闻部提供服务、使服务实现现代化提供了肥沃的土壤。在此方面，咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期若干预期成绩和绩效指标都提及使用因特网和在线社交联网工具，以增进对联合国工作的了解和支持。", "七.15　咨询委员会经询问获悉，联合国目前除了运行自己的网站(www.un.org)外还登陆了包括推特、脸书和优酷在内的多个社交媒介平台。咨询委员会得到了以下表格，其中显示截至2011年6月3日新闻部所管理平台的社交媒体流量：", "平台 脸书 推特 Flick’r YouTube 新浪微博 土豆 优酷", "关注/浏览/订阅数 111 699 400 561 1 121 166 3 362 499 330 865 366 242 2 171 676", "七.16　咨询委员会还获悉，为了使全世界读者更容易获得电子版的联合国出版物，销售和营销组推出了在平板电脑和移动阅读设备上使用的电子书和应用链接(“apps”)。咨询委员会欢迎新闻部努力通过使用因特网和社交联网工具，继续扩大受众。近年来，因特网和社交联网工具日益流行，如果加以有效使用可以帮助树立本组织在状况中、可接触和可及的形象。但与此同时，咨询委员会指出，更传统的宣传手段(例如广播和印刷媒体)依然是确保有效宣传本组织信息，特别是在发展中国家有效宣传本组织信息工作的重要组成部分。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆实现现代化", "七.17　咨询委员会注意到，上文提到的技术领域的不断发展和信息革命也给新闻部提供了使达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆业务实现现代化的机会，以确保其能向联合国工作人员和代表提供更好的服务，而且作为全世界研究人员和普遍大众获得联合国资料的虚拟通道(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.6段)。", "七.18　咨询委员会经询问获悉，在这一款拟议资源中，650 000美元将用于图书馆的现代化。将使用这些资源购买升级和定制当前信息管理系统必需的技术解决方案、转移数据及培训工作人员。这些资源还将用于支付与系统相关的订约承办事务、安装及变革管理措施。咨询委员会进一步获悉，长期而言，还将开展一个单独的项目，审查联合国图书馆的全球活动，以提高政策的连贯性及进一步统一各系统。为此，新闻部将在2011年晚些时候在联合国图书馆现代化和综合管理指导委员会框架内启动审查工作，该委员会是在秘书长发布题为“加强联合国：进一步改革纲领”(A/57/387)的报告后成立的。", "七.19　咨询委员会注意到，前一段概述的各项措施将与当前开展的将1946至1993年期间的联合国会议文件数字化、并将这些文件上载到正式文件系统项目同时执行。咨询委员会经询问获悉，目前共有5名工作人员参与1999年1月启动的这一项目。截至2010年10月31日，已完成约225 000份文件(1 900 000页)的数字化处理并上载到了正式文件系统。还有约3 750 000份1993年以前的文件有待处理，但预计其中仅有25%的文件被归为重要文件，需要进行数字化处理。[7] 咨询委员会进一步获悉，新闻部已经开始就设立一个单独项目、实现联合国文件数字化问题与大会和会议管理部及信息和通信技术厅讨论，通过这一项目使得有可能在5年内使所有1993年以前文件实现数字化。一旦执行该项目，将有机会审查目前开展数字化工作的图书馆工作人员人数。咨询委员会认识到这一项目可以带来的益处，该项目将有可能进一步减少费用，并鼓励有关各部厅尽早结束相关谈判。", "七.20　咨询委员会注意到，将在2012-2013两年期期间进行的技术改进和完善程序将使得图书馆裁撤11个员额(1个P-5、1个P-2和9个一般事务(其他职等)员额)(见上文第七.8段)。咨询委员会欢迎为精简图书馆业务和实现业务现代化所作的努力，预计通过这些努力将减少员额费用，并期望在今后提交的文件中介绍上文概述各项目的最新状况，包括评估项目影响，并指出这些项目是否有助于今后实现节余及吸取的经验。", "联合国新闻中心", "七.21 联合国新闻中心网络2012-2013两年期拟议所需经常预算资源为40 808 400美元，用于维持246个员额(39个专业职等、161个当地职等和46个本国干事) 和相关非员额资源(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.34段)。这些员额分布在全世界53个联合国新闻中心，其中25个新闻中心的主管为新闻部工作人员，余下28个新闻中心的主管为相应的联合国驻地协调员。这些中心作为中心所在国了解联合国系统的主要信息来源，负责增进公众对联合国目标和活动的了解和支持，向世界各地、特别是发展中国家人民传播关于本组织工作的资料 。", "七.22　在此方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在第64/243号决议中核准在罗安达设立一个新的联合国新闻中心。2012-2013两年期拟议预算列入了为该中心设立的6个员额的滞后影响相关资源(A/66/6(Sect.28)，第28.34段)。咨询委员会从回答有关罗安达新闻中心当前状况的问题中获悉，安哥拉政府最近核准调拨资源，用于修建必要的办公场所，而且新闻部正在与法律事务厅一道拟订相关的东道国协定。", "七.23　咨询委员会在审议第28款项下各项提议期间从秘书长代表处获悉，鉴于普遍的经济形势以及本组织很难以合理费用获得适当场所的情况，新闻部已开始重新评估并理顺联合国各新闻中心业务的战略。为降低因采取额外的安全和安保措施以及租金和水电瓦斯费上涨造成的支出增加的影响，新闻部正在通过将图书馆藏书捐给当地大学或与联合国国家工作队其他成员共用办公空间，缩减分配给联合国新闻中心的实地办公空间。如上文第七.8段所示，经过审查需求以及在现有人员编制内重新分配各项职能的可能性，秘书长还提议裁撤4个联合国新闻中心的5个当地职等员额。咨询委员会获悉，长期而言，新闻部的战略是确保各新闻中心能够利用他们向联合国国家工作队及秘书处提供的比较优势，因为他们相当熟悉当地环境和语言，可提供专业的宣传支持和指导。今后，各中心将用更多精力帮助客户获得电子信息资源以及在办公场所以外地点开展外联活动。", "七.24　咨询委员会深信，联合国各新闻中心可发挥作用，传播有关联合国工作的信息，而且以当地受众容易理解的形式传播这种信息，这对于促进人民广泛支持本组织及其目标极为重要，因此，长期以来，咨询委员会一直支持联合国各新闻中心。考虑到新闻中心面临的制约因素和不确定性，咨询委员会认为秘书长应在今后提交的报告中列出详细的行动计划，确保联合国新闻中心网络在中长期能够继续有效地开展业务。", "为提高制图股专业技能所采取各项措施的最新情况", "七.25　咨询委员会回顾，它在关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中促请秘书长向大会提出如何提高制图股专业技能的建议，并将此作为优先事项(A/64/7，第七.12段)。咨询委员会从对有关这些提议目前状态问题的答复中获悉，制图股的大部分设计工作人员(11个工作人员中有6个)都是一般事务职等的制图助理。对于这些工作人员而言，晋升到专业人员职等只能通过一般事务人员晋升专业人员竞争性考试，而且目前没有专门的制图考试，只有网页设计和开发方面的考试。但咨询委员会进一步获悉，该股的工作人员可优先获得提高技能的外部培训机会。鉴于制图股在宣传联合国资料方面的重要性，咨询委员会促请秘书长继续采取各项步骤，提高该股工作人员的专业技能，并为他们提供更多的职业发展机会。", "出版物", "七.26　预算文件表28.3概述新闻部将在2012-2013两年期印发的经常和非经常性出版物。咨询委员会注意到，表格中列出预计出版物的数目将从2010-2011年的71个降至2012-2013年的61个，而且所有61个都是经常性出版物。尽管咨询委员会经询问获悉，若干会员国藏书图书馆请新闻部不要再寄出版物的打印文本，因为这些文本可以从网上下载，但咨询委员会从获得的补充信息中得知，新闻部将印发的所有61份出版物中仅有10份出版物(2版的《联合国年鉴》和8期的《联合国纪事》)有电子格式版本。咨询委员会建议新闻部继续监督出版物方案，以确保能够满足会员国不断变化的需求。咨询委员会在上文第一章对出版物问题提出了进一步评论意见。", "七.27 一个相关的问题是，咨询委员会注意到，审计委员会在关于联合国2009年12月31日终了两年期财务报表的报告中建议行政当局重新检查并在必要时重新分配出版物委员会的任务和活动(A/65/5(Vol. I)，第251段)。秘书长在预算文件表28.26中介绍了根据该建议已采取和预期采取的各项步骤，其中包括成立出版物委员会工作组和出版问题工作组。咨询委员会期待在合适的时候看到有关这一工作成果的资料。", "提高新闻部对本组织需求的反应能力", "七.28　咨询委员会重申，公共信息活动具有至关重要的作用，可影响公众对本组织如何履行其法定责任的看法(另见A/64/7,第七.2段)。但现在主流新闻媒体的相关性受到了非主流渠道日益流行的挑战，新闻传播平台正在迅速扩张，并不断地花样翻新，社交媒介工具也在改变着人们获得和共享信息的方式，因此，咨询委员会试想，现在是否已到新闻部作出以下评估的时候：如何使其新闻活动更好地为本组织需求服务，如何提高其工作的创造力和创新性，如何继续以较贴近世界各地人们日常生活的方式促进联合国工作。咨询委员会注意到这一事项属新闻委员会的工作范畴，因此请秘书长将这一问题转交给该委员会进一步审议。", "第八编 共同支助事务", "第29款 管理和支助事务", "秘书长拟议数\t531 865200美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t525 971200美元\n预算外资源预计数\t462 698600美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊款资源251 005200美元，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.29)号文件表29.1所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及211693 400美元的预算外资源。", "八.1　2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第八编下执行各项活动的总目标是：(a) 加强联合国在财务、人力资源、信息和通信技术和包括采购和基础设施在内的支助事务这四大管理领域管理其资源的效率，并加强问责；(b) 为联合国各种政府间进程提供支持；(c) 为秘书处已获授权的方案和活动取得经费；(d) 支持执行这些方案和活动。2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第八编包括第29款(管理和支助事务)，该款分为7个分款，下文将分别予以讨论，第八编还包括第30款(信息和通信技术厅)。", "八.2　秘书长为第29款(管理和支助事务)请批经常预算资源在重计费用前为531 865 200美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加5 894 000美元，即1.1%。", "第29A款 主管管理事务副秘书长办公室", "秘书长拟议数\t32 816100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 26 126 100美元\n预算外资源预计数\t190 781300美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊款资源160 313800美元，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.29)号文件表29.1所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及30467 500美元的预算外资源。", "八.3　秘书长为第29A款请批经常预算资源在重计费用前为32 816 100美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加6 690 000美元，即25.6%(见A/66/6(Sect. 29A)，表29A.4)。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.10段概述了各项变化。如预算文件所示，资源增加主要涉及企业资源规划项目(“团结”)构成部分，反映了“团结”项目2012-2013两年期所需经常预算经费份额。", "八.4　秘书长在其报告 (A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.11段中指出，还将以其他摊款资源171 165 300美元补充经常预算资源，其中包括企业资源规划项目项下103 191 700美元和维持和平行动支助账户项下67 973 600美元。咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的29A款项下拟议预算时获悉，在大会在关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中做出决定后，该款的其他摊款资源总额降至160 313 800美元，其中包括企业资源规划项目项下94 370 400美元和维持和平行动支助账户项下65 943 400美元。该办公室还有两个来源的预算外资源，估计数为30 467 500美元，一是方案支助收入，这是中央行政机构对预算外活动提供的服务的偿还款，二是技术合作偿还资源，其中包括用于企业资源规划项目的27 702 100美元。", "八.5 预算文件(A/66/6 (Sect.29A))第29A.1至29A.9段概述了管理事务部的主要职责和2012-2013两年期的优先事项。此外，秘书长将提交一份关于问责框架的第64/259号决议执行情况报告和关于企业资源规划项目执行情况的进展报告供大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议(见A/66/6(Sect.29A)，第29A.30段和大会第64/243号决议)。咨询委员会在审议拟议预算期间了解到有关这两个领域目前正在开展的活动最新情况。", "问责系统", "八.6　关于在秘书处发展问责系统，咨询委员会获悉，已开展了各项活动，并已取得进展，特别是在以下方面取得了进展：(a) 在2011年高级主管契约中确认机构和个人问责之间的明确联系；(b) 根据财务和工作人员条例和细则确定明确的角色和职责，确保系统报告和监测授权情况；(c) 根据会员国在大会第63/276号决议中核准的框架制定成果管理概念框架，同时满足本组织特有的规范要求和业务要求；(d) 制定企业风险管理政策和方法，为采用企业风险管理及加强内部控制框架提供指导；(e) 试行绩效管理系统，在全联合国更广泛地采用这一系统后，启动吸取经验教训活动。咨询委员会期望得到更多细节，以了解秘书处在发展问责系统方面取得的进展，并将在审议上述报告时对这一问题提出评论意见。", "企业资源规划项目(“团结”)", "八.7 咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的第29A款拟议预算时获悉，秘书处预计实施企业资源规划项目的工作将延后，而且自2011年5月31日以来该项目一直缺少一个主管。鉴于这一情况，项目指导委员会决定分阶段实施项目，侧重该系统的初期阶段，主要关注支持采用国际公共部门会计准则所需的功能。为此，秘书处与粮食署信息和通信技术小组建立了伙伴关系，对粮食署企业资源规划系统(WINGS II)的现有程序和“团结”中的现有程序进行“匹配-差距”分析。咨询委员会获悉，粮食署已经满足公共部门会计准则的要求，预计联合工作将有助于“团结”的某些解决方案与WINGS II系统的解决方案相一致，而且也可以使联合国借鉴粮食署在向公共部门会计准则过渡过程中吸取的经验教训。", "八.8 预计联合工作将于2011年8月完成，之后，将开展评估并采取接下来的步骤，以加快项目实施。据了解，在“匹配-差距”分析和评估工作完成前，秘书处不能提供有关推迟的程度以及产生的影响的任何具体信息。咨询委员会进一步获悉，秘书长将在下一份关于企业资源规划项目执行进展报告中阐述项目取得的成绩并提出减少延缓的各项措施。", "八.9 在实施国际公共部门会计准则方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在第65/259号决议中请秘书长确保至迟于2014年在联合国完成国际公共部门会计准则的实施工作。咨询委员会指出，联合国的战略是采用公共部门会计准则与采用新的企业资源规划系统同步进行，因为本组织现有的信息技术系统如果不经过广泛、昂贵的调整，无法满足公共部门会计准则的要求。咨询委员会又回顾，之前已经将采用公共部门会计准则从2012年推迟到了2014年，以实施在整个联合国部署企业资源规划系统方面实行“试点先行”的战略(见A/64/380)。", "八.10 咨询委员会很遗憾地得知，预计将推迟实施企业资源规划系统，因为任何滞后都可能会造成费用增加，会对计划于2014年进行的向公共部门会计准则的过渡产生影响，而采用公共部门会计准则已经落后于最初的计划(见上文第八.9段)。咨询委员会在前一份报告(A/65/576,第29段)中强调，秘书长、管理委员会和项目指导委员会必须持续作出承诺，以推动本组织适应采用企业资源规划后带来的变化及得到改进的工作方法。咨询委员会仍然认为并相信，加强承诺对于项目的成功执行至关重要。在这一阶段，咨询委员会相信，应优先关注使项目走上正轨，避免进一步的推迟、成本超支以及对专门用于项目的资源进行无效使用。", "八.11 应在大会第六十六届会议主要会期，在大会审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算之前向大会提交一份关于企业资源规划系统执行情况的进展报告(见上文第八.5段)。报告应全面、透彻分析阻碍项目进展的组织和执行因素以及取得的经验。报告还应提出关于今后行动和如何实现组织目标的明确建议。秘书长在第一阶段重点关注实施公共部门会计准则，咨询委员会对此表示接受(见上文第八.7段)，但咨询委员会强调，会员国进行后续投资的部分原因是，通过企业资源规划系统改进了管理，促进了变革，其中包括实施了成果管理和风险管理，加强了内部控制框架，强化了绩效和问责，提高了效率和效能。这些改进依然是基本组织目标，秘书长关于项目今后方向的各项建议不应忽视这些目标。", "八.12 秘书长还需保证，目前的各项不足不会长期存在，而且保证制定必要的保障措施，包括建立强有力的项目治理和监督机制，这些措施将确保尽早发现问题，将问题提交适当级别处理，并迅速采取补救行动。咨询委员会还期望秘书长竭力通过有效利用为项目核定资源、改进项目管理以及按优先次序分阶段开展各项活动实施项目。在审议上述秘书长进展报告前，咨询委员会无法建议承付根据大会第63/262号决议核准的项目时间表提出的企业资源规划项目拟议资源(见下文第八.17段)。", "八.13 咨询委员会在之前关于企业资源规划系统执行进展情况报告(A/65/576、A/64/7/Add.9和A/63/487)中提出了一些评论意见并对若干问题表示关切，其中包括项目组人员未及时到位，征聘主题专家过程冗长，项目组和信息和通信技术厅在编目和废弃即将由企业资源规划系统替代系统方面需加强合作，项目组有必要和信息和通信技术厅及外勤支助部在开展技术活动和铺设基础设施方面加强合作，以及企业资源规划系统和人力资源管理系统Inspira之间需开发界面的复杂性和界面数。咨询委员会在之前的报告中还强调，有必要不断审查治理和项目管理安排，并酌情根据经验进行调整。咨询委员会相信上述意见仍然具有相关性，并请秘书长在编写关于项目的下一份进展报告和提出继续实施项目的建议时考虑这些意见。", "八.14 表八.1概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.1 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 52 1个ASG、2个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、6个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、22个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 52 1个USG、2个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、6个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、22个GS(OL)", "预算外^(a)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 10 1个D-1、7个P-4/3、2个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额人数包括8个其他摊款员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.29)号文件表29.1所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及2个预算外员额(由方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "八.15 秘书长提议主管管理事务副秘书长办公室续设52个经常预算员额。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的建议。", "八.16 从预算文件表29A.5的注释中注意到，除本报告表八.1中所列其他摊款和预算外资源供资的员额以外，还有大会第64/243号和第65/260号决议核可的企业资源规划项目90个临时员额。这些员额根据企业资源规划项目费用分担公式供资：15%来自经常预算，62%来自维持和平行动支助账户(其他摊款)，23%来自预算外资源。如下文第八.17段所示，咨询委员会将在审议秘书长关于企业资源规划系统的下一份进展报告时再讨论企业资源规划项目承诺资源问题。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.17 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源重计费用前为18 586 900美元，与现两年期批款11 998 700美元相比增加了6 588 200美元。在2012-2013两年期，大部分拟议非员额资源用于企业资源规划项目，将在次级方案2下以赠款和捐款形式一次总付17 806 300美元。鉴于咨询委员会在上文第八.7至八.13段对实施企业资源规划系统的评论意见和建议，咨询委员会将在审议秘书长关于企业资源规划系统的下一份进展报告时对这一拟议预算提出建议。", "八.18 关于余下项目，秘书长提议净减下列项目的经费：订约承办事务(49 000美元，即15.1%)、一般业务费用(4 600美元，即4.3%)和用品和材料(2 200美元，即6.8%)。家具和设备方面用于替换维修已不再合算的办公家具和自动化设备所需经费增加(20 600美元，即101.5%)，因此部分抵消了减少额。建议核可秘书长提出的拟议非员额资源，但关于赠款和捐款项下企业资源规划系统经费的提议除外(见上文第八.17段)。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "八.19 鉴于管理事务部在确保行政程序的效率和效能，促进整个秘书处的规范管理做法方面承担核心责任，咨询委员会相信，副秘书长办公室在此方面地位特殊，应以身作则，并可以做出更大努力，在2012-2013年拟议预算中取得重大增效及提高成本——效益。咨询委员会促请该办公室继续努力，加大行动力度，提高各程序和提供服务工作的效率，并在下一份预算报告中全面报告取得的具体成绩。", "第29B款 方案规划、预算和账户厅", "秘书长拟议数 37 441 900美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 38 552 500美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 61 864 600美元^(b) \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括数额为39 539200美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.29B)表29B.4所载资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第69/290号决议所做决定；还包括数额为22325 400美元的预算外资源。", "八.20 秘书长为29B款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为37 441 900美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少1 110 600美元，即2.9%(见A/66/6(Sect.29B)，表29B.1)。减少主要是由于与执行国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)有关的所需资源减少。", "八.21 此外，数额为61 864 600美元的其他分摊资源和预算外资源将可由该厅用于执行其工作方案。在这一数额中，39 539 200美元涉及到维持和平行动支助账户，19 594 500美元涉及到作为对中央行政为预算外活动、基金和方案所提供服务的偿还款收到的方案支助收入，以及来自其他预算外资源的2 730 900美元。涉及到维持和平资源支助账户的数额39 539 200美元反映了大会第65/290号决议所做决定，从而修正了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29B))第29B.14段和表29B.4中所示数字。", "八.22 方案规划、预算和账户厅的主要职责列于预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29B))第29B.3段。在第29B.5至第29B.10段，秘书长重点介绍了该厅2012-2013两年期的优先事项。委员会注意到，该厅将继续在整个秘书处执行公共部门会计准则以及在加速落实成果管理制的过程中发挥领导作用。该厅还将继续与“团结”项目团队密切协作落实企业资源规划系统，并将除其他外重点加强内部控制、强化风险管理、精简流程和提高其服务效率。", "八.23 咨询委员会注意到，方案规划、预算和账户厅将继续侧重于进一步完善成果预算编制并协助落实成果管理制、改进预算列报、执行定期自我评价和加强与其他部门伙伴在监测和评价方面的合作。该厅还是根据大会第64/259号决议要求所设工作队的共同主席，设立该工作队的目的是就加速执行成果管理制和制订成果管理制概念框架提出提议，有关情况将报告给大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议(见A/66/6(Sect.29B)，第29B.6至第29B.7段)。委员会重申，成果预算编制十分重要，是衡量预算执行情况的一件必要工具。它期待在审议上述报告时审查秘书长为成果管理制提出的提议。", "八.24 表八.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长所提2012-2013年拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.2 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t141\t1个ASG、3个D-2、8个D-1、10个P-5、19个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、66个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t140\t1个ASG、3个D-2、8个D-1、10个P-5、19个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、65个GS(OL)\n 裁撤 1 1个GS(OL) \n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议数\t170\t1个D-2、2个D-1、12个P-5、67个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、12个GS(PL)、73个GS(OL)；", "^(a) 预算外员额数包括95个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和75个预算外员额(通过方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.25 在财务信息业务处，拟裁撤1个一般事务(其他职等)员额，因为根据已订立的服务级协议，信息技术支助职能不再由该处提供，而由信息和通信技术厅提供(见A/66/6(Sect29B)，第29B.53段)。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.26 为2012-2013两年期提议的非员额资源为2 999 600美元，比现两年期批款3 958 900美元减少959 300美元。秘书长提出下列项下的净削减：其他工作人员费用(36 700美元，即2.9%)、咨询人(491 400美元，即100%)、工作人员差旅(42 000美元，即18.4%)和订约承办事务(457 600美元，即30.3%)。这些削减由于以下所需资源的增加被部分抵销：一般业务费用(27 800美元，即11.4%)、用品和材料(3 800美元，即3.2%)以及家具和设备(36 800美元，即37.7%)。如上所示，这些削减主要是由于与执行公共部门会计准则有关的所需资源减少(另见下文第八.27和第八.28段)。委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "国际公共部门会计准则", "八.27 经询问，咨询委员会收到了一份与执行公共部门会计准则有关的费用细目，如表八.3所示。委员会获悉，公共部门会计准则所需资源通过非经常性经费供资，而资源数额依据与公共部门会计准则的分阶段执行和“团结”项目时间表保持一致的两年期工作方案。为努力统一和同步实施公共部门会计准则和“团结”项目，某些活动已从2010-2011年推迟到了2012-2013年期间。", "表八.3 与执行国际公共部门会计准则有关的费用细目", "(美元)", "支出用途 2010-2011年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2012-2013年 订正批款 一次性费用 所需追加资源 拟议预算", "员额 1 177 500 — — 1 177 500", "一般临时人员 662 400 (662 400) 524 300 524 300", "咨询人和专家 491 400 (491 400) — —", "公务差旅 156 500 (156 500) 108 100 108 100", "订约承办事务 609 000 (586 800) 90 700 112 900", "一般业务费用 15 300 (0 400) 4 500 19 400", "用品和材料 4 300 — 4 000 8 300", "家具和设备 4 100 (4 100) 4 200 4 200", "共计 3 120 500 (1 901 735 800 1 954 700 600)^(a)", "^(a) 一次性费用主要涉及到非消耗性财产的数据清理、专门知识咨询所需资源和培训所需资源。", "八.28 2012-2013两年期执行公共部门会计准则的拟议所需资源估计数包括以下款项：", "(a) 行政领导和管理项下1 177 500美元，用于公共部门会计准则执行股续设4个员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3和1个GS/OL)；", "(b) 一般临时人员项下524 300美元，用于4个P-3资产会计职位，以在总部、联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国内罗毕办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和各区域委员会支持非消耗性财产和消耗品的数据准备工作；", "(c) 工作人员差旅项下108 100美元，用于：驻纽约的临时资产会计出差前往联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国内罗毕办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和各区域委员会进行现场访问，与这些地点的财产管理人员和财务干事一道开展工作；会计准则问题工作队2次年会；公共部门会计准则执行小组一名成员参加公共部门会计准则委员会计划在2012-2013年召开的8次会议中的2次的差旅费；", "(d) 订约承办事务项下112 900美元，用以满足公共部门会计准则宣传和概念培训所需资源，其中包括用于约1 300名工作人员以计算机为工具、由教员引导的培训课程，以及用于专门知识的费用。", "八.29 咨询委员会要求说明设于方案规划、预算和账户厅的公共部门会计准则执行小组与设于联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)的联合国全系统公共部门会计准则执行小组之间在职能方面的区别。委员会获悉，行政首长理事会的小组处理共有问题并促进联合国系统各组织分享知识，而联合国的公共部门会计准则小组则专注于确保在秘书处范围内成功执行公共部门会计准则。表八.4汇总每一个小组的核心职能。", "表八.4 行政首长理事会公共部门会计准则执行小组和联合国公共部门会计准则执行小组的核心职能", "全系统公共部门会计准则执行小组(行政首长理事会) 联合国公共部门会计准则执行小组", "监测负责公共部门会计准则的公共部门会计准则委员会的活动，并确保联合国系统的利益在该委员会季度会议上得到适当代表 查明和阐明财务条例和细则中及涵盖秘书处所有业务领域的各项政策中与执行公共部门会计准则有关的变化", "支持管理问题高级别委员会会计准则问题工作队提出联合国系统各组织对公共部门会计准则委员会发布的公共部门会计准则新准则所有咨询文件和讨论稿的书面评论意见 为联合国公共部门会计准则指导委员会服务并支持项目管理员开展所有管理报告和监督工作", "影响公共部门会计准则委员会印发的公共部门会计准则新准则和指导意见的制订", "支持管理问题高级别委员会工作队(a)在必要时为联合国系统各组织印发公共部门会计准则指导文件，以确保整个联合国系统对公共部门会计准则的解释口径一致；(b) 指导整个秘书处努力把新的/修订后的政策转化为标准作业程序 根据公共部门会计准则委员会所发新准则和指导意见的影响更新这些指导文件(目前有60多份)", "与联合国系统各组织外聘审计团技术小组互动，以(a) 重点指出关于整个联合国系统相似会计处理的审计办法和意见的不一致之处；(b) 协助“团结”项目发挥遵守新的/修订后的财务条例和细则、政策和程序所需要的业务功能 积极主动争取它们参与解决联合国系统内部在公共部门会计准则的解释和应用方面的潜在问题", "为行政首长理事会全系统公共部门会计准则指导委员会和管理问题高级别委员会会计准则问题工作队开会提供便利，并就整个联合国系统实行公共部门会计准则的进展情况向管理问题高级别委员会作出报告 指导和协调整个秘书处为执行公共部门会计准则的第一个财政年度努力准备符合公共部门会计准则的(资产和负债)期初余额", "促进联合国系统各组织之间在公共部门会计准则落实之前、期间和之后立即交流信息和经验 领导整个秘书处开展在适应因采用公共部门会计准则而产生的政策和程序变化时所需要的改革管理工作；这包括执行一项沟通计划和一项培训计划", "管理整个秘书处对公共部门会计准则的落实以及在落实完成后向体制化安排的过渡", "八.30 委员会将在审议秘书长下一次关于公共部门会计准则执行进展情况的报告时重新审议这一事项，秘书长的该报告将在大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交大会审议(另见上文第八.7至第八.9段)。", "其他问题", "八.31 经询文，咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年6月初，第29B款下共有8个员额仍然空缺，其中包括D-2职等的副主计长员额和D-1职等的捐款事务主任员额。委员会注意到，离任的副主计长于2011年4月30日退休；在它于2011年6月审议拟议预算时，该员额已空缺超过一个月。委员会已在上文第一章中就空缺员额问题作出评论。委员会重申，应在预计退休前6个月发出空缺通告。委员会认为，填补副主计长员额出现的拖延清楚地说明，在提前计划、征聘和工作人员职位安排的流程中仍然存在缺陷。委员会敦促秘书长积极进行继任规划并及时发出空缺通知，确保避免今后发生这种情况。", "八.32 秘书长指出，方案规划、预算和账户厅继续根据以往两年期对组织结构、人员配置、管理框架和业务的节约性、效率和成效进行审查的结果改进其业务(见A/66/6(Sect.29B)，第29B.5段)。委员会回顾，2006-2007两年期对该厅的组织结构、人员配置、管理框架和业务进行了一次外部审查，发现了信息系统不足和严重依赖人工并耗费时间的薄弱程序等不少问题。委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，要求在下一个2012-2013年拟议方案预算中提供详细资料，说明该厅在这方面采取的具体措施以及这些措施所实现的节约(见A/64/7，第八.16段)。", "八.33 虽然咨询委员会注意到该厅一直并计划作出努力，提高其服务效率，例如实施供应商电子汇款和自动旅行支付卡(A/66/6(Sect.29B)，第29B.9段)，但它认为还需要朝着改进工作方法和精简业务流程的方向作出更持续的努力，以期取得更显著和可衡量的增效成果及提高成本效益。委员会认为，该厅处于独一无二的地位，可在这方面发挥以身作则的带头作用。它敦促该厅继续做出和加强努力，增进其流程和服务交付的效率，并在下次提交预算时作出全面报告。", "第29C款 人力资源管理厅", "秘书长拟议数 73 184 600美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 74 614 600美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 30 928 600美元^(b) \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括数额为22 647400美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.29C)表29C.4所载资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所做决定；还包括数额为8281 200美元的预算外资源。", "八.34 秘书长为第29C款请批的2012-2013两年期经常预算资源在重计费用前为73 184 600美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少1 430 000美元，即1.9%(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，表29C.4)。", "八.35 表八.5汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长为2012-2013两年期提出的经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期的拟议预算外员额。", "表八.5 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t177\t1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、17个P-5、23个P-4、19个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、84个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t177\t1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、17个P-5、23个P-4、19个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、84个GS(OL)\n 调动 2 2个GS(OL)从构成部分2调至构成部分3 \n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议数\t64\t3个P-5、28个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、28个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额数目包括47个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和17个预算外员额(通过方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的建议", "八.36 秘书长拟从战略规划和人员配置司(构成部分2)调动2个一般事务(其他职等)员额至学习、发展和人力资源事务司(构成部分3)，因为将人事记录股从前者转到后者(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，第29C.36段)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.37 2012-2013年所需非员额资源估计数为30 596 900美元，比2010-2011年订正批款32 230 500美元减少1 633 600美元，即5.1%。秘书长拟削减所有非员额支出用途项下的资源。咨询委员会从秘书长代表获悉，将通过精简生产和服务交付实现这些削减，从而尽可能以最少费用提供最佳服务。", "八.38 在这方面，咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，构成部分3(学习、发展和人力资源事务)中订约承办事务经费估计数22 310 900美元比上一个两年期订正批款24 066 800美元减少1 755 900美元，即7.3%。委员会获悉，这一减少主要是由于调整了培训活动的优先事项，包括对咨询人费用进行了审查。作为该次审查的一项结果，支付给学习咨询人的较高特别费率将取消：预计在2012-2013两年期间，将向这些咨询人支付适用于为联合国工作的所有咨询人的标准费率。此外，为进一步实现节约，秘书长正在修订关于学习咨询人差旅费的现行政策。目前，学习咨询人在代表本组织出差时，领取同工作人员一样的每日生活津贴。在新政策下，他们将领取一笔包干费用以支付其差旅和住宿费用，而适用于工作人员的其他差旅政策，包括关于出差住宿标准的规则，都将不再适用。咨询委员会欣见为削减人力资源管理厅咨询费用而采取的步骤。委员会在上文第一章中就咨询人的使用进一步作出评论。", "八.39 关于一个相关事项，咨询委员会在审议秘书长所提本款拟议预算时获悉，为进一步限制非员额支出，秘书长还正在修订与差旅费有关的相关行政指示，以规定今后所有参加人力资源管理厅出资的培训相关活动的工作人员无论旅程长短都须乘坐经济舱。咨询委员会欢迎这一举措，并期待在今后的预算报告中收到关于因此节约费用的资料。", "八.40 咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，在构成部分2(战略规划和人员配置)中，秘书长拟在工作人员差旅所需资源项下减少33 700美元。减少原因是招揽活动出差减少，因为潜在的求职者现在可以通过因特网登录联合国职业门户网站，而且因为将更好地规划和组织招揽出差，例如每次出差涵盖不止一个国家。经询问，委员会获悉，为确保招揽工作不受到资源削减的不利影响，目前正就招揽差旅费供资问题与一些会员国进行讨论。此外，人力资源管理厅继续在无任职人员或任职人数不足或有此危险的国家的常驻代表团开展外联工作。咨询委员会强调，必须尽一切努力确保遵守与公平地域分配和性别均衡有关的组织任务规定，同时欢迎通过引进增效措施和使用网上工具减少招揽差旅所需资源的提议。但与此同时，咨询委员会强调继续现行招揽方法的重要性，这些方法仍是吸引潜在求职者的有效手段。", "八.41 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "人力资源管理改革", "八.42 在预算文件第29C.1段，秘书长指出，人力资源管理厅在支持本组织努力调整人力资源能力以应对新挑战和建立新实体方面发挥着战略性的作用。在实务工作方面，该厅按照大会规定的任务，通过制订政策和建立制度，发展和维持人力资源管理基础设施，提供咨询，监测业绩，并发展秘书处工作人员的技能和潜力。咨询委员会回顾指出，大会第63/250号、第65/247号和第65/248号决议核准了一系列人力资源管理改革举措。正如秘书长在其报告第29C.3段所述，这些决议规定的改革举措涉及到合同安排以及统一服务条件、征聘、人员流动和职业发展。", "八.43 咨询委员会获悉，在现两年期，人力资源管理厅一直致力于确保大会第63/250号和第65/247号决议规定的新合同安排得到执行，并确保在过渡期于2011年7月1日结束时，第65/248号决议核准的外地工作人员统一服务条件将得到充分落实。该厅还推出了一个新的人才管理系统及其被称为Inspira的电子支持工具(另见下文第八.48至第50段)，并继续通过加强学习方案和自愿网络交流倡议(VINEs)重点改善工作人员的发展机会。经询问，委员会还获悉，目前要就新合同安排及统一服务条件所产生的潜在费用节省和(或)效率提高作出结论还为时过早，因为有些改革要素才刚刚落实。委员会期待秘书长在其下次关于人力资源管理的报告中提供资料，说明新合同安排和统一服务条件的益处。", "八.44 人力资源管理厅将在2012-2013两年期开展的一些活动开列于预算文件第29C.4段，其中包括：实行人力资源管理计分卡，以强化问责和增强监测能力；进一步扩大工作人员培训和发展方案；继续发展和加强必要的信息技术工具，以确保有效率地管理本组织人力资源；改进医疗服务并使之现代化，尤其是增进艰苦工作地点人员的健康。", "八.45 咨询委员会在审议秘书长所提本款拟议预算时经询问获悉，人力资源管理是最近设立的改革管理小组将要优先处理的6个问题之一。委员会还获悉，在2010-2011两年期剩余时间里，人力资源管理厅将与该小组密切合作，以确定可以更有效落实人力资源管理改革举措的领域和可以进一步精简的现有活动。两个具体的重点领域将是征聘和工作人员流动。征聘方面包括回应最近的冲突后文职能力独立审查(见A/65/747-S/2011/85)的必要措施。关于工作人员流动，该厅已在就流动政策制订一份将提交大会第六十七届会议的全面提议。委员会强调指出，工作人员配置问题是联合国改革管理努力的核心。委员会还强调指出，改革管理小组和人力资源管理厅各自的活动应当明确、兼容和互补，而不是重复和造成不必要的复杂性。委员会在上文第一章中就改革管理小组的作用和职能作出进一步评论。", "八.46 咨询委员会此前数次强调了人力资源管理改革的重要性(见A/63/526，第5段和A/64/7，第八.29段)。委员会仍然支持人力资源管理厅在落实改革举措方面继续发挥领导作用。", "征聘和人员配置", "八.47 咨询委员会在预算文件表29C.11中注意到，秘书长打算在2012-2013两年期把所有正常空缺从空缺通知发布之日到确定人选之日的平均天数从2010-2011年的估计210天减少到120天。经询问，委员会获悉，为实现120天的目标，人力资源管理厅除其他外大幅度重新设定了其征聘指标，以更准确地反映征聘流程中不同行为体之间的职责划分。新的人力资源管理计分卡正被用于监测人员配置时限11个步骤的遵守情况，其中每个步骤都有一个具体主管以及一个目标时间长度。此外，每一个部、厅和外勤业务单位在征聘方面的业绩每年均在高级管理人员契约的框架内向高级主管业绩委员会报告。", "八.48 在这方面，咨询委员会回顾指出，大会第61/244号决议核准本组织实施新的人才管理系统，包括为电子员额配置建立的新技术基础设施、学习管理系统以及报告和管理数据系统、绩效管理(ePAS)和职业网站(见A/65/305/Add.3，第2段)。如A/65/305/Add.3号文件图二所示，迄今为止，名为Inspira的新系统所需经常预算资源共计290万美元，分布在2008-2009年和2010-2011年两个两年期。", "八.49 不过，咨询委员会还回顾，它在其关于维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间拟议预算的报告中指出，Inspira部署推迟是由于该系统未被证明方便用户使用。因此，秘书处决定重点稳定和加强该系统的现有单元，然后再推出其他单元(A/65/827，第180至第184段)。在对关于提供Inspira实施情况最新资料的要求所作的答复中，委员会获悉，上述报告第182段所述的修订后推出计划，即在2011年下半年完成稳定工作之后开发和推出其余单元的计划，仍在按部就班进行之中。", "八.50 咨询委员会注意到人力资源管理厅正作出努力缩短征聘时限，并期待收到关于所取得成果的资料。关于Inspira的部署，委员会重申其先前的要求，请秘书长确保尽快纠正已发现的缺陷，并请他就取得的进展和总结的经验教训向大会第六十六届会议提供最新资料。", "学习和发展", "八.51 2012-2013两年期构成部分3(学习、发展和人力资源事务)经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为38 406 500美元(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，表29C.4)。如预算文件表29C.3所示，这一构成部分占29C款经常预算资源总额的52.5%。预算文件第29C.35段列出这一构成部分下将交付的产出，其中包括：提供范围广泛的旨在建立和维持本组织领导及管理能力的培训方案；增进方案管理人员和负有行政管理职责的工作人员的人力和财政资源管理专门知识；提高秘书处工作人员的信息技术技能；建立和强化语文能力；支持职业发展和提高实务技能。咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，在2012-2013两年期，本组织提供的培训课程预计将有63 830人参加，费用共计22 310 900美元。经询问，委员会获悉，强制性培训课程的人均费用从大约11美元到5 880美元不等。在线培训课程需要一笔初始启动费，但没有持续的人均费用。", "八.52 经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，为评价其学习和发展活动的影响，人力资源管理厅开展了年度评估以及定期需求评估，以确定培训方案是否满足本组织的要求。新政策和(或)工作做法的出台以及从课程参加者和广大工作人员那里收到的意见，为制订新方案和(或)更新现有方案提供了信息。该厅的评价和监测基本办法以投资收益研究所制订的一个四步框架为指导。目前，评价努力主要集中于该框架的第一和第二步，目的是评估培训课程在参加者心目中的价值和这些课程对参加者信心水平的影响。再往下将更加注重该框架的第三和第四个层次，对培训课程的业务影响以及本组织投资的最终回报进行评估。不过，此类评估为资源较密集型，因为必须在6至9个月期间进行。", "八.53 咨询委员会确认，联合国若要建立一支能以最具成效和效率的方式执行本组织任务的高度胜任员工队伍，人力资源管理厅开展的学习和工作人员发展活动就是必要的。鉴于为这种活动分配了大量资源，委员会强调，必须继续努力实现增效，包括对有关非实务技能的培训方案采取更具取舍性的办法，同时为所有工作人员提供获得培训的机会。", "八.54 咨询委员会还重申其先前的建议，即培训方案和培训目标都应与任务执行和组织目标相联系(A/65/743，第115段)，并强调指出，需要有力的监测和评价机制以评估所提供方案是否满足所确定的需求。在这方面，委员会认为，目前正在加强的业绩管理系统(见A/65/305)应包括为主管人员以及工作人员制订的与培训有关的指标，以确保方案管理人员负责查明技能差距并评估培训活动对本单位业绩的影响。秘书长应在其下一次人力资源管理报告中对培训活动作出更具体的介绍，包括说明2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期为这种活动投入的所有资源。", "应急准备和支助股", "八.55 秘书长在预算文件第29C.13段指出，应急准备和支助股依照大会第64/260号决议设立，以建立专门能力协助恶意行为、自然灾害或其他紧急事件的幸存者和伤亡人员家属。第29C.14段说明了设于主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室的该股的作用和职责。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，该股2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数总额在重计费用前为1 994 700美元，其中包括数额为1 328 200美元的其他工作人员费用，用于续设5个职位(2个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-2和1个GS(OL))，在一般临时人员项下供资，以及数额为666 500美元的其他非员额费用。如预算文件第29C.17段所述，该股所需资源估计数减少211 300美元，原因是中止咨询人及家具和设备方面的一次性经费，以待大会第六十六届会议对该股的所需资源进行审查。该审查将是大会对秘书长关于制订一个综合应急管理框架的提议进行审议的一部分。咨询委员会感到失望的是，秘书长关于综合应急管理框架的提议将不会按照大会第64/260号决议当初的要求在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中得到审议。委员会期望秘书长尽早将他的报告提交给大会。", "“联合国关心”方案", "八.56 在构成部分4(医务)中，秘书长提出在赠款和捐款项下增加350 000美元，作为秘书处对联合国系统题为“联合国关心”的共同方案2012-2013两年期执行计划和预算的捐款(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，第29C.42段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，“联合国关心”方案由秘书长在2008年启动，目的是增强联合国系统在其自身工作场所应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的能力，以期减轻该流行病对联合国人员、其家属和本组织作为一个整体的影响。该方案由共同制度20个组织在自愿基础上供资，核定预算总额约为260万美元。目前的努力集中于通过宣传、开发在线工具和培训在总部和外地建立能力。为此，“联合国关心”小组(总部4名工作人员和5个区域协调员)目前正与在大约125个国家的300多名协调人一道开展工作。", "八.57 关于“联合国关心”小组与处理维持和平行动中与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关问题的工作人员之间的协调，咨询委员会经询问获悉，“联合国关心”自创始以来就一直通过维持和平行动部特派团一级的艾滋病毒/艾滋病顾问和协调人同该部一道开展工作。许多维持和平行动都在用“联合国关心”制订的最低标准指导其工作。不过，委员会获悉，全职的特派团一级艾滋病毒/艾滋病顾问在培训军警人员方面负有具体责任，不能取代“联合国关心”区域协调员。委员会还获悉，联合国分担的按人均计算的“联合国关心”预算并不包括维持和平行动部工作人员的经费，因为该部已有专职人员开展与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的活动。委员会支持在“联合国关心”方案框架中开展的重要工作。秘书长应在今后的预算报告中提供详细资料说明取得的成果。", "开展薪金调查", "八.58 咨询委员会注意到，构成部分1(政策)中所列产出包括开展薪金调查，以确定世界各地为联合国共同制度各组织工作的当地征聘一般事务及有关职类工作人员的薪金、津贴和其他服务条件，以及每年审查、核可并公布根据在168个工作地点进行全面和临时薪金调查过程中所收集数据的分析结果编制的薪金表和津贴(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，第29C.23(c)㈢(c)段)。委员会从收到的资料中还注意到，这种活动由经常预算和预算外资源(维持和平行动支助账户和作为对中央行政所提供服务的偿还款收到的方案支助收入)两方面供资。", "八.59 咨询委员会回顾，在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，它鼓励秘书长继续探讨利用可通过商业渠道获得的数据进行地方薪金调查的可能性，以减少薪金调查的人力和财政资源费用(A/64/7，第八.50段)。经询问，委员会获悉，国际公务员制度委员会已在其最近对一般事务薪金调查方法的审查中研究了这一选项。该委员会已设立了一个工作组对使用供应商提供的薪金调查数据进行评价，并根据评价结果建议在因参与问题而无法对通常的最少20个雇主进行调查时，把这种数据用作完成调查的其余来源。评价了使用供应商数据的数种选项，包括外包数据收集工作和定制现成数据。不过，就类似于一般事务职类的支助级工作而言，供应商数据库一般都没有足够有力的有关数据。此外，数据的定制更加昂贵并会引入程度明显的波动性；供应商数据库并不总是记录目前方法下所包括的津贴和其他福利；且公共/非营利雇主的代表性一般都非常之低。", "第29D款 中央支助事务厅", "秘书长拟议数\t176 844300美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 174 871 100美元\n预算外资源预计数\t105 001300美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 ^(b) 包括总额为28 504 \n800美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正了A/66/6(Sect.29D)号文件表29D.4所载资料，以反映大会在关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中所作决定，以及76496 500美元预算外资源。", "八.60　秘书长提出的第29 D款经常预算资源在重计费用前为176 844 300美元，同2010-2011两年期订正批款相比，增加1 973 200美元，即1.1%(见A/66/6(Sect.29 D)，表29 D.1)。增加净额是员额(360万美元)、通信设备维修(140万美元)、房地租金(150万美元)和其他维修(110万美元)等项下经费增加和订约承办事务(380万美元)和电气维修(190万美元)项下经费减少的综合结果。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))第29 D.8段对此变动做了说明。", "八.61　此外，支助厅可利用估计数为105 001 300美元的其他摊款和预算外经费开展其工作方案。其中，28 504 800美元涉及维持和平行动支助账户，76 496 500美元涉及其他预算外资源，包括支助预算外行政结构和预算外实务活动收取的偿还金、技术合作偿还款、德语翻译信托基金、旅行事务和共同事务以及联合国总部大楼维护费用特别账户。与维持和平经费支助账户有关的28 504 800美元反映大会第65/290号决议所作决定，修正了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))第29 D.9段和表29 D.4中的数字。", "八.62　预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))第29 D.1段至29 D.5段概述了中央支助事务厅的主要责任及2012-2013年优先事项。影响秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议预算的主要因素如下：", "(a) 按照新广播视频系统的业务和技术需要对广播和会议支助科进行结构调整(见下文第八.63至八.66和八.79至八.82段)；", "(b) 在设备工程科建设处理日常电气维修工作的内部能力(见下文第八.67至八.68段)；", "(c) 落实安全性得到提升的通行证制度，以满足国际民用航空组织倡导的旅行证件国际标准；", "(d) 2012年逐步重新启用秘书处楼以及需要恢复提供翻修期间因可用空间缩小而削减的一些服务。", "广播和会议支助科的结构调整", "八.63　根据长期安排，广播视听支助能力完全通过订约承办事务提供。目前，广播和会议支助科的人员编制为86人，由电视、广播/会议和特别活动股的17名联合国工作人员以及负责广播视听服务的69名约聘人员组成。咨询委员会获悉，考虑到在与基本建设总计划相关的活动中即将实施新广播视听系统，2010年3月至6月对该科进行了独立技术评价；该评价断定其目前的能力已不足以或不适合有效管理即将落实的新系统。技术审查的主要结果包括：", "(a) 秘书处在此项核心职能上太依赖订约承办事务，须定期进行合同谈判，使各项服务的持续性变得不可预测；", "(b) 由于将包括技术操作员和主管在内的整个业务外包，约聘人员独立自主，并且基本上是自我管理。因此，他们做出本应由联合国人员所作的重要资源配置决策，如任务分配和完成任务所需时间；", "(c) 现行的、根据特定需求所作的外包安排要求承包人提供技术操作员和主管，从而减少了合同竞标者，原因是市场上的主管并不像技术操作员那样可随时找到；", "(d) 该科的工作流程仍以手工为主，效率低下，而且基本没有记录；", "(e) 联合国现有系统目前的工程和支助能力所依据的是已经过时的广播和会议业务技术，在基本建设总计划相关活动中将很快被新数字系统取代。因此，约聘人员的技能过时，未跟上广播业技术发展；", "(f) 该科为扁平式组织结构，没有中间管理层，向P-5级科长直接汇报的工作人员过多。", "八.64　秘书长指出，独立评估提出的主要建议是，应通过设立员额，提供目前由69名约聘人员中的17名提供的服务来建设提供低层核心管理和工程维修服务的内部能力。摄影师、工作室技术员和视频编辑等技术操作员职能将继续外包给剩余的52名约聘人员。拟设17个员额的任职者将负责记录、保持业务程序方面的最新知识和技术系统配置，负责培训操作员。他们还要确保实施有效的工作方法和流程，充分利用新系统的技术能力。秘书长预计，拟议的结构调整将确保对业务管理的有效控制，建设秘书处的技术队伍和能力，从而确保业务连续性。本组织承受的劳资纠纷或供应商破产的风险也将降到最低点。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，拟议的结构调整完全符合大会关于外包的第54/256号决议确定的指导方针。图八.一是广播和会议支助科的现有组织结构图和拟议组织结构图。", "八.65　秘书长在其报告(A/66/6(Sect. 29 D))第29 D.19段中指出，与现行安排相比，拟议的结构调整将减少持续支出。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，约聘人员每年的费用为2 567 400美元，而按2011年标准以全部成本计算，联合国工作人员所需经费估计数为2 219 800美元。预计，拟议的结构调整每个两年期均可长期、持续地节省约100万美元，其中薪金和加班费减少约70万美元，管理费减少30万美元。由于新员额设立第一年适用空缺率(专业人员为50%，一般事务人员为35%)，第一个两年期的初始费用节约更多，但这只是暂时的。除了这些可直接确定的节省费用外，秘书长预计2014-2015年起将获得更大收益，包括因优化资源配置以及订约承办职能的投标更具竞争性而节省费用。咨询委员会期待今后收到该科结构调整的最新资料，包括对工作方法和流程改善、增效成果、节省费用和其他效益等影响的评估。", "八.66　咨询委员会收到新广播视听系统落实状况的最新信息并获悉，为遵守基本建设总计划时间表，秘书长在大会审议以上提议之前，正在现两年期采取一些措施以便向新组织安排过渡。下文第八.79至八.82段载有委员会对这些过渡措施的评述。", "设备工程科", "八.67　目前本组织电气维修业务完全外包。咨询委员会获悉，现场共配备有19名约聘人员履行该职能。正如预算文件(A/66/6(Sect. 29 D))第29 D.20段指出，2010年上半年对电气维修职能进行的一项独立评价确认，在所有电气活的订单中，70%与例行维护有关。此项工作由常设工作人员承担比约聘人员的费用低。此种内部能力还可对需要紧急处理的问题在第一时间作出更快反应，以此降低关键基础设施供电中断的风险。", "八.68　考虑到独立评估的结果，秘书长建议设立7个工匠级员额，组成内部电气工作坊，履行目前由承包人提供的例行维护职能。将由专业约聘承包人队伍来补充此种内部能力，负责大型的改造和预防性维护工作。秘书长指出，纽约市其他大型机构建筑通常采用此种安排；此举还将减少本组织在不可预测的合同谈判方面的脆弱性。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，预计，秘书长建立大楼服务内部工作坊的建议每两年期均可节省费用约83万美元。表八.7比较现有安排和拟议安排下的支出情况。咨询委员会欢迎建设电气维修职能内部能力的工作。因此，请秘书长在下一次提交的预算中提供增效成果和节省费用的最新资料。", "拟议人员编制", "八.69　表八.6是2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长拟议2012-2013两年期经常预算员额汇总表。该表还显示拟议的2012-2013两年期预算外员额。", "表八.6 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011两年期核定数 319 1个ASG，2个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，12个P-4，10个P-3，8个P-2/1，8个GS(PL)，174个GS(OL)，93个TC；", "2012-2013两年期拟议数 345 1个ASG，2个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，13个P-4，15个P-3，8个P-2/1，13个GS(PL)，182个GS(OL)，100个TC；", "新员额^(a) 26 1个P-4，5个P-3，5个GS(PL)，8个GS(OL)，7个TC；", "预算外^(b)", "2012-2013两年期拟议数 100 1个D-1，4个P-5，41个P-4/3，6个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，42个GS(OL)，3个TC；", "^(a) 包括将从订约承办事务改划的24个员额。", "^(b) 预算外员额数目包括78个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户提供经费)和22个由向预算外行政结构、预算外实务活动提供支助收取的偿还款和技术合作偿还资源出资的员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.70　秘书长拟议增加26个经常预算员额，从现两年期的319个增加到2012-2013两年期的345个，包括1个 P-4、5个P-3、5个一般事务(特等)、8个一般事务(其他职等)和7个工匠。员额增加的主要原因是设立了24个员额，负责履行广播和会议支助科目前通过订约承办事务履行的职能以及设备工程科的电气维修职能。[8] 这些员额所需总经费为61 583 800美元，比2010-2011年57 960 500美元的批款增加了3 623 300美元。增加的经费反映出以下方面的净影响：(a) 2010-2011两年期核定的2个新设专业人员员额(1个P-5和1个P-2)(以加强海外房地产的监督管理)以及2010-2011两年期核定的2个新设一般事务(其他职等)员额(以调整求助服务台功能，使其适应服务请求追踪系统)产生的滞后影响；(b) 拟议设立26个员额，包括24个替代现有订约承办事务职位的员额。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))29 D.8(b)段概述了拟议员额变动。", "八.71　秘书长建议设立17个与广播和会议支助科结构调整有关的员额，包括：", "(a) 4个P-3级主管员额，负责管理生产经营、工作订单分配和工程业务；", "(b) 5个一般事务(特等)级主管助理员额，负责协助管理生产经营，工作订单分配和工程业务；", "(c) 8个一般事务人员(其他职等)级维修技师员额，负责提供必要的工程维修服务。", "在拟议的结构调整中，该科的人员总数不变，仍为86人，但将由34名联合国工作人员和52名约聘人员组成，而不是目前的17名联合国工作人员和69名约聘人员。咨询委员会收到了拟议结构调整的详细资料(见上文第八.63至八.66段)。咨询委员会还获悉拟议结构调整之前，现两年期正在采取的过渡性措施；下文第八.79至八.82段讨论这些措施。根据所做解释，咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的建议。", "八.72　拟议在设备工程科设立7个工匠级电气维修员额，以建立内部的建筑服务工作坊，满足例行维护要求，开展日常检查和小型电气工作，对紧急问题第一时间作出反应。咨询委员会收到了电气维修服务方面新组织安排的理由和预期效益的新信息，上文第八.67至八.68段对此作了重点说明。根据所做解释，咨询委员会建议批准秘书长关于在设备工程科设立7个工匠级员额的建议。", "八.73　拟议在设施管理处设立一个P-4级方案干事员额，负责在设施管理、办公室空间、资产盘存和礼品管理领域审查和拟订政策及程序、监督其落实和建立全秘书处的的合规机制，包括监督和执行审计建议。咨询委员会虽然认可这些职能的重要性，但并不确信有必要增加一个专职工作人员。考虑到该处的现有能力，咨询委员会建议不接受设立P-4级方案干事员额的提议。", "八.74　拟议在旅行和运输科新设一个P-3级旅行证件干事员额，负责协助实施安全性得到提升的联合国通行证系统，包括统一管理发证工作地点(总部、联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处)。咨询委员会获悉，任职者将负责与包括以下各方的各办公室和实体进行协调和联络：信息和通信技术厅，以解决与系统托管有关的问题；供应商，涉及技术事项和设备升级；安全和安保部，涉及周边安全进出管制；“团结”项目工作队，涉及人力资源数据和资产管理；国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)，涉及丢失或被盗的旅行证件数据库；以及国际民用航空组织。秘书长表示，新通行证系统规模大，而且很复杂，需要具备特定技术专长的全职人员提供专门支持，护照和签证小组不具备这种能力。基于所提供的理由，咨询委员会建议批准秘书长的建议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.75　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为115 260 500美元，同现两年期116 910 600美元的批款相比减少了1 650 100美元，即1.4%。秘书长提议减少净额如下：其他工作人员费用，43 500美元；订约承办事务，1 567 400美元；一般业务费用，475 600美元。由于咨询人(74 800美元，即26.5%)、工作人员差旅费(5 500美元，即4.2%)、用品和材料(181 200美元，即8.7%)以及家具和设备(187 300美元，即10.8%)所需经费增加，减少额被部分抵消。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect. 29 D))第29 D.8段按支出类别说明了增加额和减少额的详细情况。", "八.76　咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，订约承办事务项下共减少1 567 400美元，主要是拟议设立17个员额以替代广播和会议支助科通过订约承办事务提供的现有会议工程师职位和拟议设立设备工程科7个电气维修员额，减少了所需经费；但新广播视听系统信息技术服务以及与执行新通行证系统有关的专利软件和印制所需经费增加，部分抵消了上述减少额。", "八.77　咨询委员会还从收到的补充资料中注意到，一般业务费用项下设施管理处房地租金的拟议所需资源将增加1 719 100美元，原因是：为2010-2011年核定的所有总部新员额提供办公场所；为容纳临时工作人员和约聘人员提供额外场地以及联合国各租赁场地的现有租约产生的合同义务。在这方面，咨询委员会收到一张表(见表八.8.)，显示联合国所有租赁房地产的租约到期日、年租金估计数和面积，并在设施管理处签订的长期租约、基本建设总计划周转空间、设施管理处租用的基本建设总计划周转空间和设施管理处为“团结”项目租赁的房地产之间进行了区分。咨询委员会将在审议提交大会第六十六届会议审议的下一个基本建设总计划项目年度进展报告时再讨论此事。", "八.78　咨询委员会建议批准秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "与落实广播和会议支助科结构调整有关的过渡性措施", "八.79　秘书长在其与基本建设总计划有关的连带费用报告中首次提出更换本组织陈旧的广播设备并安装新数字系统的建议。[9] 按照修订的基本建设总计划时间表，原定于2010年采购广播视听系统的计划推迟到2011年。为了确保有效整合及协调各阶段的活动，广播视听系统的采购和管理由基本建设总计划施工管理方采购和管理。[10] 确定了四个主要的广播/视听项目：媒体资产管理系统、常设广播设施、会议管理和同声传译以及视听。咨询委员会获悉，将于下半年，即2011年7月起授予4个广播视听系统合同。图八.二概述落实视听广播系统的时间表。咨询委员会还获悉，授标后将进入工作流程和程序配置设计审查阶段；此项工作应由联合国管理人员和工程师而非约聘人员负责。秘书长指出，有鉴于此，须在设计审查阶段启动前填补拟议从订约承办事务改划为员额的17个职位并对任职者进行新系统培训，而第一个项目的设计审查阶段预计于2011年10月启动。", "八.80　咨询委员会经询问后还获悉，鉴于时间有限，秘书长已决定，在大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审查2012-2013年拟议方案预算之前，将利用2010-2011两年期现有资源内的一般临时人员来履行广播和会议支助科17个拟议员额职能。在这方面，咨询委员会指出，用于上述17个一般临时人员职位的经费可持续到2011年12月31日；只有在大会就秘书长关于广播和会议支助科结构调整的建议作出决定后，这些职位的职能才可延续到2012-2013两年期。咨询委员会还获悉，填补这些临时职位的征聘程序已于2011年初启动，2011年3月和4月确定了工作说明，发布了职位空缺，并于2011年6月17日完成了面试。在咨询委员会审议秘书长的建议时，选拔程序仍在进行。咨询委员会获悉，一旦填补临时职位，将根据合同和标准外包安排条款相应减少外包给承包商的服务；这些条款规定可根据本组织需求灵活增减订约承办事务。", "八.81　咨询委员会确认有必要满足基本建设总计划时间表的要求，因此认可秘书长决定现在启动广播和会议支助科结构调整过渡措施的理由。但咨询委员会依然感到关切的是，该进程在大会有机会审议秘书长建议之前就已启动。咨询委员会提请注意，应尽量限制2010-2011两年期在这方面采取的措施，以避免造成未经大会专门核准而事实上已落实拟议结构调整的情况。咨询委员会要求在大会审议秘书长的拟议预算时，向大会提交广播和会议支助科结构调整情况的全面最新资料。咨询委员会强调，所启动的与广播和会议支助科结构调整有关的行动须遵守大会在这个问题上可能作出的决定。", "八.82　此外，咨询委员会强调，在为广播和会议支助科作出新安排时，秘书长应适当考虑公平对待为本组织工作多年的约聘人员，确保他们能够参与所设临时职位的竞争。咨询委员会还强调确保以公平、公正的方式管理征聘程序的重要性。在这方面，咨询委员会得到保证，开展征聘和选拔程序的方式将完全符合人力资源管理厅确定的指导方针，并将由主管内部审查机构审查。咨询委员会还获悉，选拔过程包括进行由一名专家协助设计的技术能力测试；该专家还为广播业备受尊重的技术培训和认证机构——广播工程师协会——提供类似服务。咨询委员会还强调，必须确保长期服务的约聘人员有机会接受再培训，以便操作基本建设总计划规划的新系统。", "图八.一 广播和会议支助科的现有结构和拟议结构^(a)", "^(a) 广播和会议支助科的现有结构和拟议结构包括一个由基本建设总计划预算供资的一般临时人员职位，系基本建设总计划连带费用。", "表八.7 电气维修合同的当期成本和预计成本", "电气维修合同的当期成本", "(美元)", "承包商费用\n 种类 数量 每单位小时费率 年度费用", "总领班 1 129.44 282 696.96", "办事员 1 40.16 87 709.44", "总领班—轮班 1 110.92 211 968.12", "A级电工 4 117.31 896 717.64", "房舍维修部门电工^(a) ——白班 4 74.26 567 643.44", "房舍维修部门电工——夜班 3 84.57 484 839.81", "房舍维修部门电工——工匠^(b) 5 79.41 758 762.55", "共计 19 3 290 337.96", "^(a) 房舍维修部门电工指承担维修工作和小型改造及扩建的电工。", "^(b) “工匠”指轮班的工人。", "拟议组织安排中电气维修合同的预计成本", "(美元)", "承包商费用\n 种类 数量 每单位小时费率 年度费用", "总领班 1 129.44 247 359.84", "行政助理 1 40.16 76 745.76", "A级电工 5 117.31 1 120 897.05", "共计 7 1 445 002.65", "种类 联合国费用", "总领班(TC 7) 1 115 685.00 115 685.00", "熟练电工(TC 6) 2 108 590.00 217 198.00", "熟练电工助理(TC 5) 3 101 530.00 304 590.00", "电工学徒(TC 4) 4 94 467.00 377 868.00", "共计 10 1 016 341.00", "节约 829 994.31", "表八.8 联合国租赁的房地产", "(截至2011年5月)", "联合国自有房舍\t启用日期\t年租金费用估计数(美元)\t平方英尺 \n\t(S)秘书处\t2012年底\t不适用\t699676\n\t(CB)会议楼\t有待确定 442238\n\t地下室\t不适用 691000\n\t(GA)大会\t不适用 316441\n\t(DHL)达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆\t不适用 116554\n (NL)北草坪 不适用 99 466\n\t(NLB)北草坪会议大楼\t有待确定 165883\n\t(SA)南配楼\t有待确定 39 286\n (U)训研所 连续 28 987\n\t联合国租赁的房地产\t租约到期时间\t年租金费用估计数(美元)\t平方英尺\n基本建设总计划周转办公楼\t(AB)阿尔巴诺大楼\t2017年7月\t9 807 549\t167080\n\t(M)麦迪逊大道380号\t2014年1月\t26 276 876\t486128\n\t(CS)Court广场\t2018年4月\t1 483 060\t42 466\n\t(TB)“教师”大楼\t2013年12月\t3 189 973\t79 599\n\t(基本建设总计划)共计 39 781 447\t\n设施管理处在基本建设总计划周转办公楼内租用\t(M)麦迪逊大道380号\t2014年1月\t3 491 988\t88 814\n\t(CS)Court广场10层\t2018年4月\t881 170\t21 233\n\t(CS)Court广场11层\t2018年4月\t538 270\t16 380\n\t(TB)“教师”大楼\t2013年12月\t3 227 553\t789693\n设施管理处为”团结”项目租赁\t(MB)Mobil大楼\t2013年12月\t1 033 843\t24 321\n设施管理处长期租赁\t(A)美国铝业大楼\t2015年7月\t1 628 532\t90 845\n\t(DC1)DC1大楼\t2020年3月\t6 868 340\t196588\n\t(DC2)DC2大楼\t2020年3月\t12 081 286\t322608\n\t(DHP)达格·哈马舍尔德\t2014年12月 88 641\n\t(DN)每日新闻大楼\t2017年4月\t2 104 594\t31 891\n\t(FAL)法尔基大厦\t2024年9月\t788 198\t60 413\n\t(DRT)Piscataway，新泽西\t2011年12月\t874 699\t3 069\n\t(FF)FF大楼，东第45街304号\t2012年10月\t8 655 698\t141119\n\t(IN)创新大楼，东第42街300号\t2018年9月\t7 747 976\t126979\n\tJFK机场BA场地\t2010年12月\t11 610\t180\n 设施管理处(共计) 47 998 428", "说明：计算中包括可变业务费用。", "图八.二 落实广播视听系统时间表", "第29E款 行政，日内瓦", "秘书长拟议数\t142 828300美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t142 274600美元^(b)\n 预算外资源预计数 33 947 500美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)仅为列报目的包含与日内瓦图书馆事务有关的批款。", "八.83　秘书长提出的第29 E款经常预算资源在重计费用前为142 828 300美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，净增加553 700即0.4%(见A/66/6(Sect.29 E)，第29 E.6段)。数额出现净增加有若干因素，详情见预算文件第29 E.6段的说明。", "八.84　2012-2013两年期，经常预算资源将得到估计为33 947 500美元的预算外资源的补充，比2010-2011两年期增加1 834 300美元。这些资源用于包括延续142个员额以及拟在人力资源管理处增设1个P-3员额。将向设在日内瓦的联合国各组织的预算外行政结构和一些领域的预算外实务活动提供各种有偿服务(见A/66/6(Sect.29 E)，第29 E.8段)。", "八.85　秘书长在拟议方案预算第29 E.5段中表示，联合国日内瓦办事处行政司将在2012-2013两年期内：(a) 协助主管管理事务副秘书长协调和监测日内瓦办事处管理改革的实施情况；(b) 就联合国秘书处21个部厅在日内瓦开展的业务向其提供行政和其他支助服务，并向联合国共同制度各实体提供行政和其他支助服务；(c) 根据总部最低运作安保标准维持和保护联合国在日内瓦的资产和财产，包括新的设施和设备；(d) 与信息和通信技术厅协调，提供和加强联合国日内瓦办事处的信息和通信技术基础设施、知识共享、信息安全和网络；(e) 协调日内瓦实施落实企业资源规划系统和采用国际公共部门会计准则的筹备工作；以及(f) 确保在紧急情况下向联合国日内瓦办事处以及设在日内瓦的秘书处其他部厅和联合国共同制度其他实体提供的行政支助业务的连续性。", "八.86　在设施方面，秘书长表示，制订被称为“战略遗产计划”的万国宫全面翻新和翻修方案的筹备工作仍在继续。但是，秘书长指出，在大会就此作出决定以及基本建设总计划完成之前，不会开始进行战略遗产计划下的翻新工作(A/66/6(Sect.29 E)，第29 E.5(c)段)。在这方面，秘书长表示，该计划构想上的工程研究已经完成。咨询委员会获悉，由于研究延迟完成，研究成果将向大会第六十六届会议报告，而不是按照第64/243号决议要求向第六十五届会议报告。", "八.87　咨询委员会获悉，战略遗产计划包括翻新和翻修万国宫的3间会议室。咨询委员会还获悉，于2001年开始的其余18间会议室的翻新和翻修工作已经完成。尽管如此，秘书长表示其他无法推迟到2014-2015两年期的紧急工作和补救工作必须展开，以处理设施的迅速老化问题。此方面相关所需资源估计数为580万美元，纳入日内瓦的项目提案，在第34款(建筑、改建、装修和主要维修)项下列报。咨询委员会确认有必要实施这些项目，以避免今后更昂贵的维修费用，确保万国宫人员的人身安全。咨询委员会得到保证，这些与健康、安全和安保相关的紧急维修与涉及战略遗产计划的问题无关，未预先判断关于该计划的相关行动或决定。不过，咨询委员会期待这些任务将与预期的战略遗产计划工作保持一致。", "八.88　表八.9汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还显示拟议的2012-2013两年期预算外员额。", "表八.9 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t298\t1个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，15个P-4，12个P-3，12个P-2/1，18个GS(PL)，229个GS(OL)\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t349\t1个D-2，4个D-1，10个P-5，16个P-4，18个P-3，22个P-2/1，19个GS(PL)，259个GS(OL)\n调动\t54\t1个D-1，2个P-5，1个P-4，6个P-3，10个P-2，1个GS(PL)，33个GS(OL)a\n 裁撤 3 3个GS(OL) \n 预算外 \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t143\t3个P-5，29个P-4/3，3个GS(PL)，108个GS(OL)", "^(a) 从第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)调入第29 E款，次级方案7(图书馆事务)。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.89　秘书长提议将54个员额从第2款下的日内瓦会议管理调入第29 E款 (行政，日内瓦)下的次级方案7(图书馆事务)(同上，第29 E.7段)。该提议是为了更好地反映已确定的组织报告关系，并且符合内部监督事务厅在评价大会和会议管理部全球统筹管理举措的报告中提出的建议(见A/64/166)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "八.90　拟议裁撤3个一般事务(其他职等)员额，其中1个是次级方案4下采购和运输科的员额，另2个为次级方案7(图书馆事务)下的员额。咨询委员会获悉，拟议裁撤这些员额是不断分析所需资源的结果，同时还考虑到现有工作方法因更多利用技术而减少了某些领域的办事员职能。咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤(另见上文第一章第62段)。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.91　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为54 632 100美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，增加842 900美元，即1.6%。所需资源增加反映了经费增减相抵的净结果，用品和材料所需资源减少(111 500美元)，以下领域所需资源增加：", "(a) 其他工作人员费用(604 200美元)，主要原因是需增加期限为16个月的P-4级一般临时人员—业务连续性专家经费(215 000美元)，和P-3级一般临时人员经费(360 000美元)，以协助下一个两年期开展的建设项目管理工作；", "(b) 订约承办事务(136 800美元)，主要原因是需增加为人权理事会会议提供支持的音响工程师经费(83 900美元)；", "(c) 一般业务费用(123 700美元)，主要原因是业务连续性和信息技术基础设施更新所需经费增加；", "(d) 家具和设备(79 700美元)，原因是业务连续性所需经费(421 900美元)增加，由其他领域的减少基本抵消；", "(e) 工作人员差旅费(10 000美元)，原因是出席总部业务连续性管理股会议所需差旅费增加。", "八.92　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性评论", "业务连续性", "八.93　咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出建议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到联合国日内瓦办事处的拟议方案预算中，与业务连续性管理直接相关的提议共计895 000美元。咨询委员会在上文第一章进一步评述了业务连续性问题。", "第29款F 行政，维也纳", "秘书长拟议数\t39 553600美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t40 396000美元^(b)\n 预算外资源预计数 12 800 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)仅为列报目的包含与日内瓦图书馆事务有关的批款。", "八.94　秘书长提出的第29 F款经常预算资源(在重计费用前)为39 553 600美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，净减842 400美元，即2.1%(A/66/6(Sect.29 F)，第29 F.12段)。数额出现净减少有若干因素，详情见预算文件第29 F.12段的说明。", "八.95　2012-2013两年期期间，将从联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)的支助预算和方案支助收入中分配估计数为12 800 000美元的预计预算外资源给管理司，作为偿还向预算外活动、基金和方案提供支助服务的费用。这与2010-2011两年期12 756 600 美元的估计数相符，用作维持61个员额的经费。", "八.96　如拟议方案预算所述(同上，第29 F.2-29 F.4段)，联合国维也纳办事处管理司为联合国秘书处设在维也纳的单位提供行政支助，其中包括禁毒办、外层空间事务处、国际贸易法司、联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会秘书处、联合国新闻处、内部监督事务厅和联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册。", "八.97　根据1997年签订的三方谅解备忘录及此后的修正案，该司还以共同事务方式，向设在维也纳国际中心的下列其他国际组织提供某些行政支助：国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会。该司还向联合国难民事务高级专员办事处和联合国环境规划署等其他联合国实体设在维也纳国际中心的办公室以及向设在意大利都灵的联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所提供有偿但有限的行政支助。", "八.98　表八.10.汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013年经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表八.10 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t91\t1个D-2，1个D-1，4个P-5，6个P-4，6个P-3，3个P-2/1，6个GS(PL)，64个GS(OL)\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t93\t1个D-2，1个D-1，4个P-5，6个P-4，7个P-3，3个P-2/1，6个GS(PL)，65个GS(OL)\n调动\t2\t将1个P-3和1个GS(OL)从第2款调到次级方案4(支助事务)\n 预算外 \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t61\t2个D-1，1个P-5，8个P-4/3，6个GS(PL)，44个GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.99　秘书长提议将1个P-3 员额和一个一般事务(其他职等)员额从第2款下的维也纳会议管理调入第29 F款(行政，维也纳)下的次级方案4(支助事务)。该提议是为了更好地反映已确定的组织报告关系，并且符合内部监督事务厅在评价大会和会议管理部全球统筹管理举措的报告中提出的建议(见A/64/166)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.100　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为19 929 900美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，减少842 400美元，即4.2%。所需资源减少反映以下部分所需资源减少：其他工作人员费用(209 000美元)、一般业务费用(828 700美元)、用品和材料(85 300美元)以及家具和设备(124 200美元)。上述减少额被以下所需资源增加额部分抵消：赠款和捐款(254 800美元)、咨询人(60 000美元)、工作人员差旅费(40 000美元)和订约承办事务(50 000美元)。咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务所需经费增加均涉及支持业务连续性管理的活动(见下文第八.104.段)。", "八.101　赠款和捐款项下的经费表明，与2010-2011相比，该办事处分摊的房舍管理费用所需经费增加。拟议所需资源的编列表明，重新启用C楼后分配的可用建筑面积预计将增加。咨询委员会获悉，联合国应付的房舍维修费用数额在2011年末核定工发组织预算后才可确定。秘书长指出，如果联合国维也纳办事处分摊的数额有大幅变动，则将按照既定办法，将此事提请大会注意。(A/66/6(Sect.29 F)，第29 F.37段)。咨询委员会获悉，打算在2010-2011年第二次执行情况报告中讨论现两年期的追加经费。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性评论", "费用分摊安排", "八.102　秘书长指出，2010-2011两年期，维也纳国际中心各组织在分摊费用方面取得了进展。在笔译和口译服务方面，与工发组织和全面核禁试条约组织筹备委员会商定了订正方法。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，以往，笔译费用因取决于是利用内部资源还是使用外部笔译承包人而不同。订正方法的主要变化是确定了按每页译文收费的标准费率。咨询委员会获悉，虽然预计该变化不会直接节省费用，但可减少确定每项笔译工作费用的行政工作量。此外，新方法使利用此种服务的组织的相关费用更可预测。咨询委员会欢迎这一举措，认为行政工作量减少可腾出资源，用于其它工作。咨询委员会鼓励该办事处在可能的情况下确定这一流程变化在其他方面节省的费用，并就此在下次拟议方案预算中报告。关于房舍管理，秘书长指出，工发组织主持的独立外部审查建议改变现行的费用分摊方法；此建议目前正由设在维也纳的各组织审议(同上，第29 F.7段)。", "清除石棉项目", "八.103　关于维也纳国际中心清除石棉的工作，秘书长指出，C楼(主要会议区在此)2012-2013年两年期将重新投入使用。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，虽然大部分清除石棉的工作已接近尾声，该项目还包括在重新投入使用之前的翻修。咨询委员会获悉，预计此项工作将于2013年初完成。咨询委员会注意到，该项目曾预计于2011年中期完成(见A/62/6(Sect.28F)第 28F.8段)。咨询委员会期望尽一切努力确保不再拖延地完成剩余工作，以确保大楼按时重新投入使用。", "业务连续性", "八.104　咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出建议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到联合国维也纳办事处的拟议方案预算包括与业务连续性管理直接相关的提议，共计608 000美元。咨询委员会在上文第一章进一步评述了业务连续性问题。", "第29G款 行政，内罗毕", "秘书长拟议数\t29 196400美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t29 136300美元\n预算外资源预计数\t27 375300美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "八.105 秘书长提出的第29G款经常预算资源在重计费用前为29 196 400美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，增加60 100美元，即0.2%。关于导致出现净增的若干因素，详见预算文件第29F.7段。", "八.106 如预算文件第29G.1段所述，根据与联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)达成的谅解备忘录和具体服务协议，联合国内罗毕办事处向它们提供全面的行政和其他支助服务，所涉领域包括人力资源管理、信息和通信技术服务、会计和采购等。根据各项有关协议，内罗毕办事处还为联合国系统其他组织设在内罗毕的办事处管理共同支助事务。该办事处还负责管理联合国在内罗毕的设施。该办事处的职责列于ST/SGB/2009/3号秘书长公报。", "八.107 2012-2013年两年期，经常预算资源将得到预算外资源的补充，估计为27 375 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加2 064 600美元。这一数额占内罗毕办事处所需资源总额的46.5%。预算外资源涉及内罗毕办事处提供的共同支助服务，资金的主要组成部分来自于对环境署和人居署所提供服务的补偿。此外，秘书长表示，向联合国各基金、方案和专门机构设在内罗毕的办事处提供的共同服务的工作量和相关收入已显著增加，预计这一趋势将继续(A/66/6(Sect.29G)，第29G.8段)。咨询委员会获悉，出现这种增长的部分原因是更多办事处搬到联合国建筑群里，预期下一个两年期提供的公共服务将增长高达20%。", "八.108 表八.11汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.11 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t131\t1个D-2，1个D-1，8个P-5，12个P-4，17个P-3，9个P-2/1，2个本国干事，81个一般事务人员(当地雇员)\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t131\t1个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，10个P-4，17个P-3，9个P-2/1，2个本国干事，81个一般事务人员(当地雇员)\n改叙\t4\t次级方案3和4下，2个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等，2个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等\n调动\t3\t把1个D-1、1个P-2和1个一般事务人员(当地雇员)员额从行政领导和管理项下调到次级方案2\n 预算外 \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t199\t1个P-4/3，2个P-2/1，7个本国干事，189个一般事务人员(当地雇员)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "改叙", "八.109 关于改叙提议，秘书长回顾了人力资源管理厅2008年对联合国内罗毕办事处内部组织以及员额和职等结构进行的审查(同上，第29G.4段)。秘书长指出，这次审查的结论是，与日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处相比，内罗毕办事处的员额和职等结构定得偏低。秘书长表示，有人建议以循序渐进的方式，调整内罗毕办事处的员额和职等结构，使其达到日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处的水平。", "八.110 咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中的提议是实施人力资源管理厅审查的第二个阶段，之前是在2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中改叙四个P-4员额。咨询委员会还获悉，打算在2014-2015年两年期拟议方案预算中提出该审查的其余建议。", "八.111 咨询委员会重申，联合国内罗毕办事处请设员额应当反映该办事处较长期的战略及其业务要求，并且应当明确、客观地把员额职等结构与赋予这些员额的职能相结合(见A/64/7，第八.89段)。", "八.112 2012-213两年期，秘书长建议把两个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等，即人力资源管理处处长和支助事务处处长，并把两个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等，即人力资源管理处人事行政科科长和采购科科长。", "八.113 关于把人力资源管理处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议，咨询委员会获悉，2010年内罗毕办事处管理的人员数量为2 359人，相比之下，维也纳办事处管理人数为1 118人，日内瓦办事处为4 272人。人力资源管理处处长除了监督人事行政科和征聘和叙级科的工作，还要监督员工培训及发展股和联合医务处，后者向所有驻内罗毕的机构、基金和方案提供服务。咨询委员会还获悉，人力资源管理处处长负责监督该处71名工作人员的工作。咨询委员会不反对改叙人力资源管理处处长员额的提议。", "八.114 经查询，咨询委员收到了关于日内瓦和维也纳办事处人力资源管理处人员编制的信息，见表八.12。", "表八.12 人力资源管理处人员编制情况", "日内瓦办事处 维也纳办事处 内罗毕办事处\n 员额职等 经常预算 预算外 经常预算 预算外 经常预算 预算外", "D-1 1 — 1 — 1^(a) —", "P-5 1 2 1 — 3^(a) —", "P-4 3 4 1 1 1 —", "P-3 3 2 2 1 6 —", "P-2 1 — — 2 —", "小计 9 8 5 2 13 —", "GS(PL) 2 2 3 — —", "GS(OL) 20 26 11 10 — —", "N0 — — — — — 5", "LL — — — — 14 40", "小计 22 28 14 10 14 45", "共计 31 36 19 12 27 45", "^(a) 反映2012-2013两年期把P-5改叙为D-1，把P-4改叙为P-5的提议。", "八.115 关于把人事行政科科长员额从P-4改叙为P-5职等的提议，咨询委员会注意到了该办事处管理的工作人员数量。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "八.116 秘书长还建议把支助事务处处长员额从P-5改叙为D-1。咨询委员会获悉，该处负责管理和维护内罗毕联合国建筑群的各楼房，协调当地和国际采购，并运作向建筑群里的所有办事处提供的注册和其他一般服务，包括邮件、邮袋、差旅和航运服务。咨询委员会还获悉，关于把该处处长员额升级为D-1职等的建议符合内部监督事务厅的建议。", "八.117 关于把支助事务处采购科科长员额职等从P-4提至P-5的提议，咨询委员会收到了关于该办事处正在进行的采购活动水平的信息。在2008-2009两年期间，该办事处发出了3 939份订购单，价值9 400万美元，预计2010-2011年的活动水平估计为3 900份订购单，价值1.15亿美元。咨询委员会还获悉，改叙为P-5职等的提议符合内部监督事务厅的建议。", "八.118 根据他们的职责，咨询委员会不反对把支助事务处处长员额职等改叙为D-1以及把采购科科长员额职等改叙为P-5的提议。咨询委员会希望，通过加强该处管理，能够更加迅速有效地支持环境署、人居署和其他办事处客户。咨询委员会要求2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算提供这方面的信息。", "调动", "八.119 提议把三个员额(D-1，P-2和一般事务(当地雇员))从行政领导和管理部门调到次级方案2预算和财务管理处，以反映当前的组织结构(另见下文第八.123段)。咨询委员会不反对该拟议调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.120 2012-2013两年期，拟议非员额资源8 965 500美元，比2010-2011两年期增加了182 100美元，增幅2%。一般业务费用减少了627 900美元，这是由于根据公用事业、楼宇维修和家具和设备租赁所需资源等领域的支出模式，作出了调整。主要在以下领域的业务连续性管理所需资源的增加，部分抵消了上述减少额：", "(a) 家具和设备(202 700美元)，主要用于支付一个前置医疗站以及业务连续性管理相关的信息和通信及技术所需费用；", "(b) 用品和材料(142 100美元)，主要用于医疗疫苗、用品和设备；", "(c) 工作人员差旅费(60 000美元)，用于支付业务连续性管理协调员的差旅，包括出差到肯尼亚的外派办事处培训关键人员。", "八.121 咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出建议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，针对联合国内罗毕办事处的拟议方案预算中直接关系到业务连续性管理的拟议资源总额为1 213 400美元。这项经费包括续设第64/243号决议批准的一般临时人员项下的两个职位。上文第一章载有咨询委员会对业务连续性问题的进一步评论。", "八.122 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性评论和建议", "组织结构", "八.123 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的报告中，强调了一个事实，即ST/SGB/2009/3号秘书长公告规定的联合国内罗毕办事处的组织结构不同于预算文件所载结构(A/64/7(Sect.28G)，第八.88段)。上文第八.119段所述拟议调动就是为了解决这一差异。咨询委员会获悉，有必要修订秘书长的公告，以反映设立联合国内罗毕办事处主任员额的事实。咨询委员会还获悉，该修订还将包括更新该办事处的组织结构图和治理结构。咨询委员会相信，对秘书长公告进行必要修订的工作将及时完成。", "监测与评价", "八.124 秘书长表示，约246 600美元(经常预算)和5 600美元(预算外)资源将用于开展监测和评价活动(A/66/6(Sect.29G)，第29G.9段)。咨询委员会获悉，该办事处没有一个全职工作人员专门开展这些工作，工作人员把所涉工作作为其整体职责的一部分来完成。上文第一章载有咨询委员会关于监测和评价问题的进一步评论。咨询委员会认为，有效地监测和评价方案活动是一项关键的管理职能，希望该办事处确保有足够的资源用于这方面。", "第30款 信息和通信技术厅", "秘书长拟议数\t75 120000美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t72 120000美元\n预算外资源预计数\t40 377400美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有\\说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊派资源20 037200美元，此处修订A/66/6(Sect.30)号文件表30.4所载信息，反映大会第65/290号决议采取的关于维持和平行动支助账户的决定，以及20340 200美元预算外资源。", "八.125 秘书长请求的第30款经常预算资源在重计费用前为75 120 000美元，同2010-2011两年期订正批款相比，增加3 000 000美元，增幅4.2%(见A/66/6(Sect.30)，表30.4；另见下文第八.129段和表八.14)。增加主要是由于为促进和支持2012-2013两年期资源管理服务，次级方案6(信息和通信技术业务)所需非员额资源增加(见A/66/6(Sect.30)，第30.8段)。维持和平支助账户将提供20 037 200美元，其他预算外资源将提供20 340 200美元，以补充办事处可用经常预算资源。维持和平支助账户提供20 037 200美元是大会第65/290号决议作出的决定，这个数字修订了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.9段和表30.4提供的数字。", "八.126 大会第65/259号决议(第十七节，第8段)请秘书长审查其A/65/491号报告所载关于实施信通技术战略的提案，并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中向大会提出新的提案和(或)订正提案。为回应这一要求，秘书长提交了一份题为“联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议”的报告(A/66/94)，供大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议。大会在以前的决议中要求秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交关于实施企业内容管理和客户关系管理方案(第64/243号决议，第125和126段)以及制定信通技术统一灾害恢复计划和业务连续性办法的提议(第63/262号决议、第63/269号决议以及第64/243号决议第127段)，该报告也对这些决议作出了回应。", "八.127 秘书长在报告中提出了四个跨部门、涉及全组织的订正倡议，目的是执行信通技术战略，全面解决机构的信通技术需求，这四个倡议是：(a) “改进企业信通技术管理”；(b) “通过信通技术利用知识”；(c) “强化信通技术服务”；(d) “建设有强大复原能力的信通技术基础设施”。这些倡议将在2012至2015年这四年期间实施，拟议按照企业资源规划项目核定费用分摊安排供资。[11] 2012年-2013年两年期，四项倡议所需资源总额估计数为42 822 500美元，其中包括经常预算下的6 423 400美元，维持和平行动支助账户下的26 550 000美元，方案支助费用特别账户下的9 849 100美元。咨询委员会获悉，因为企业信通技术倡议提案跨越多个财政期，并且拟议由多个资金来源供资，因此，秘书长单独提出了一份报告(A/66/94)。咨询委员会在关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的第二份报告中就四项倡议提供了评论和建议，文件号为A/66/7/Add.1。", "八.128 在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，四项倡议拟议所需资源的经常预算份额没有反映在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第30款下，因此不能完整反映信息和通信技术厅所需经常预算资源总额。咨询委员会获悉，信通厅遇到了一定的时间限制，因为大会于2010年12月24日通过第65/259号决议，在最后期限2010年12月15日之前没有时间编制并向方案规划、预算和账户厅提交订正预算。咨询委员会在上文第一章第31段表示，如果秘书长无法提交一份关于各提议的完整预算文件，至少应在2012-2013年拟议方案预算第30款下反映有关所需资源的指示性估计数。", "八.129 不过，咨询委员会在审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算时，收到了秘书长关于企业信通技术倡议的报告预发本，从而能够审议该两年期的拟议经常预算资源总额和活动。在审议秘书长关于2012-2013年拟议方案预算第30款的提议时，应结合上述关于联合国企业信通技术倡议的报告以及咨询委员会的有关报告(A/66/7和Add.1)。咨询委员会在提出要求后收到了一份最新表格(表八.14)，该表显示2012-2013两年期第30款(信息和通信技术厅)下(A/66/6(Sect.30))以及企业信通技术倡议(A/66/94)下的拟议经常预算资源总额。如表八.14所示，如果计入四个拟议信通技术倡议所需资源6 423 400美元在经常预算中的份额，2012-2013两年期第30款的拟议总额为81 543 375美元，比2010-2011年批款增长13.1%。", "八.130 秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算导言(A/66/6(Introduction))第5段提到他旨在提高本组织效率和实效的变革管理倡议。咨询委员会获悉，这一倡议将检查和更新本组织在信息和通信技术等六个方面的工作方式。特别是，目标是到2015年实现“无纸环境”，重点是电子记录保管、电子签名和知识管理方案。咨询委员会认为，同时推广多个倡议不利于清楚认识秘书长对变革管理采取的整体方式。咨询委员会建议，应要求秘书长确保在这方面设想的活动将补充而不是重复信息和通信技术厅和其他开展类似倡议的部厅的工作，并确保信通厅团队和变革管理倡议团队保持密切协调与合作，因为长期而言，信通技术倡议是由信通厅负责的。", "八.131 咨询委员会收到了关于变革管理倡议的进一步细节，上文第一章讨论了这些细节。咨询委员会获悉，信息和通信技术厅已委任一位改革协调员，负责与变革管理小组、信息和通信技术厅以及高层管理团队密切合作，以确保在信通厅内部开展合作和实施变革建议。此外，信通厅将借调一名工作人员到变革管理团队担任兼职。", "八.132 表八.13汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.13 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t137\t1个ASG，1个D-2，4个D-1，13个P-5，21个P-4，30个P-3，7个P-2/1，11个GS(PL)，48个GS(OL)，1个TC\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t137\t1个ASG，1个D-2，4个D-1，13个P-5，21个P-4，30个P-3，7个P-2/1，11个GS(PL)，48个GS(OL)，1个TC\n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t24\t8个P-4/3，3个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，10个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额数目包括完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资的12个其他摊款员额以及通过电信支助账户供资的12个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.133 秘书长提议续设信息和通信技术厅的137个经常预算员额。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议。", "八.134 秘书长在关于企业信通技术倡议的报告中建议增设14个经常预算员额，以加强信通厅，增设员额分配如下：行政领导和管理2个；次级方案5(信息和通信技术战略管理和协调)8个；次级方案6(信息和通信业务)2个；方案支助2个。如上文所述，咨询委员会在其相关报告A/66/7/Add.1中对这些请求提出了意见和建议。在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在审议秘书长A/65/491号报告所载实施信通技术战略的建议时，决定批准在2011年设立相当于7个P-4职等的一般临时人员职位，其中5个职位由现有资源供资(第65/259决议，第十七部分，第15段)。咨询委员会获悉，尚未找到这5个职位的资金，其余2个职位在2011年获得了一次性供资，不过，2012-2013年拟议预算第30款未提议续设这2个职位。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.135 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为40 196 500美元，与现两年期批款相比，净增3 000 000美元。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.8段总结了变动情况，反映了各支出用途项下拟议增减的综合结果。秘书长提议在行政领导和管理项下净增 289 400美元，用于变革管理相关活动(见下文第八.136段)，在次级方案6(信息通信技术业务)非员额资源下净增3 343 800美元，其中2 758 900美元用于一般临时人员，以应对总部和总部以外办事处日益增加的加强和支持资源管理服务需求。大多数其他非员额用途类别经费减少，部分抵消了上述增加额，经费减少的类别包括：工作人员差旅费(100 900美元，即18.4%)、订约承办事务(91 000美元，即0.6%)、用品和材料(175 600美元，即40.1%)、家具和设备(188 900美元，即17.2%)以及赠款和捐款(63 400美元，即100%)。", "八.136 关于秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.8(a)段提议的为行政领导和管理请求增加的289 400美元，秘书长指出，之所以需要增加资源，是因为订约承办事务项下需要增加资源，以便为实施变革管理提供专业服务，并支持提高对信通技术战略的认识，支持采用该战略。这些服务将包括组织、策划、制定和开展关于实施信通技术倡议和信通技术战略的大型、复杂宣传运动。咨询委员会要求进一步说明支持秘书长请求的理由。咨询委员会认为，应该由清楚了解本组织的工作人员而非外部顾问来开展关于支持信通技术战略并增强相关意识的活动，因此，应培养这方面的内部能力。因此，咨询委员会建议不批准订约承办事务项下拟议增额289 400美元。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的其余提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "格式和列报内容", "八.137 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第二次列报了信息和通信技术厅所需资源，大会第63/262号决议设立信通厅，将其作为在预算中单列一款的独立组织单位。咨询委员会关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一份报告(A/64/7)强调了信通厅拟议预算列报内容需要改进的若干地方。虽然咨询委员会注意到了一些进展，但仍然坚定地认为，其以前的许多意见和建议仍然适用。因此，信通厅在编制下个预算报告时，最好考虑这些意见和建议。咨询委员会建议，信通厅在编制下个预算报告时，应继续努力在逻辑框架内充分反映其工作方案，指出明确目标、预期成果和绩效指标。信通厅还应当提供明确信息，说明信通厅已获授权的活动和法定产出。", "八.138 咨询委员会还指出，预算文件没有充分清晰地显示信通厅开展工作方案的人员编制情况，其中除常设员额，还包括一般临时人员和订约承办事务。例如，预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.26段请求增加330万美元的非员额资源，但是关于一般临时人员、约聘人员或咨询人的拟议所需资源的信息甚少。咨询委员会在询问后收到了拟议资源细目，包括拟议一般临时人员和约聘人员的工作月数和职等以及要求他们提供的服务或履行的职能。咨询委员会还获悉，和其他部厅不同的是，信息和通信技术厅大量依赖订约承办事务，以便灵活增强能力，满足对于一次性信通技术项目的需求，这是一种最佳做法，即：工作人员职位通常保留给需要长期维持机构利益和记忆、针对具体机构的职能和活动。由于大量信通技术服务是通过临时人员和约聘人员提供的，咨询委员会建议，应要求秘书长作为例行公事，向大会通报这些支出类别的用途细目，区分人员费用和其他需求。咨询委员会还敦促秘书长继续努力，使预算文件更加清晰和全面，并提供足够的细节，使大会更好地了解信通厅的活动、人员编制、提供的服务以及拟议的资源利用情况。提高术语的清晰度对于信通厅宣传活动的成功至关重要，在秘书处内部以及与会员国之间都是如此。", "八.139 咨询委员会还注意到在预算文件中以及在向其提供的补充资料中使用技术性很强的术语的倾向。咨询委员会承认，鉴于信通厅活动的性质，使用一些技术术语是不可避免的，但为了提高清晰度和透明度，咨询委员会要求，在编制拟议预算时，应适当注意采用简明易懂的语言，以便非专家阅读，并酌情提供包含所有使用过的技术术语和概念的词汇表。", "信息和通信技术服务的费用", "八.140 咨询委员会在关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一份报告中强调，应以最具成本效益的方式提供信通技术服务，必须准确确定实际费用，此外，应当向各用户部门提供计算这些服务成本的透明信息(A/64/7，第八.122段)。计算产出和服务成本是一个长期问题。大会第56/253号决议第29段强调，计算产出成本制度是有效、透明的决策过程的重要组成部分。最近，大会第63/262号决议(第六节，第4段)请秘书长继续完善支助事务的成本计算方法。", "八.141 咨询委员会获悉，成本回收机制自2000-2001两年期以来就存在，一直作为预算流程的一部分，与方案规划、预算和账户厅协商实施。各方确定，由于信通技术服务需求持续增长并超过供应，中央供资方法已被证明是无效的控制机制，而且需要规管及监察此类服务需求。设立的成本回收机制能让用户部门为其自身使用信通技术服务的情况制定预算并实行监测，还为信息和通信技术厅规划其工作量和支出提供了重要信息。方案规划、预算和账户厅将各部门预算下为服务级协议提供的经费转移到具体支出用途的预算外账户，表八.15列出了这些账户。这些资源在提供服务的有关次级方案下提供给信息和通信技术厅，以支付以下方面的经费：(a) 电话和网络服务、(b) 台式计算机服务和(c) 托管服务。", "八.142 咨询委员会进一步获悉，对固定成本和可变支出作了区隔，前者列在信息和通信技术厅预算下，后者通过成本回收机制供资。固定成本涉及资本支出以及设施和管理、行政人员和培训等共享资源费用，可变成本则包括根据更换周期计算的硬件折旧、软件维护和许可费以及提供信通技术服务的专职内部人员和外包人员成本。关于台式计算机服务，有三个服务级协议计划，提供不同级别的支持：A级为全力支持；B级为次级支持；C级为最低支持。表八.16比较每个计划提供的不同级别的服务和支持。", "八.143 在这方面，咨询委员会询问，这样的安排是否会鼓励各部厅根据信息和通信技术厅制定的规格和标准，向外部供应商采购相同水平的信通技术服务。咨询委员会获悉，虽然规模较小组织的组织单位可以通过外部供应商获得信通技术服务，但对秘书处而言，这种做法不利于实现规模经济，并从长远角度看，将使信通技术能力进一步分散，导致成本增加。", "八.144 目前，信通技术服务级协议经费列入获得服务的部厅预算，出现在第30款概览预算外资源大类下(见A/66/6(Sect.30)，表30.4)。咨询委员会认为，预算文件必须充分透明地提供关于信息和通信技术厅成本回收收入的信息，包括提供信息，说明各部厅和任何其他实体支付的信通技术服务费用金额。还必须提供信息，说明信通厅利用这些资源的情况，包括为信通厅员额供资的情况。在这方面，咨询委员会还认为，信通厅通过成本回收而获得的收入应列为预算款次概览的一个单独类别(见上文第一章，第115-117段)。咨询委员会进一步重申，应向用户部门提供信息，说明这些服务定价和计算成本的依据。", "信息和通信技术厅的组织安排", "八.145 大会第63/262号决议设立信息和通信技术厅，将其定为在预算中单列一款的独立组织单位，由助理秘书长级的首席信息技术干事担任主管。在同一决议中，大会还要求秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议提交关于组织安排的深入评估，包括改变信息和通信技术厅在本组织结构中的位置的可能性。然而，秘书长在关于信通技术战略实施进度的报告(A/65/491)中评估了信通厅的内部结构，但并未讨论信通厅在本组织结构中的位置问题。大会第65/269号决议重申其较早前提出的要求，即要求开展深入评估，向大会第六十八届会议提交相关报告，供其审议。", "八.146 咨询委员会仍然坚定地认为，管理和报告安排必须能为信通厅指出总体方向，确保本组织信通技术结构的有效性，确保能对其进行监督和问责。咨询委员会指出，为确保对信通厅的持续信心，至关重要的是，设立的组织安排在形式上和实质上都切合目的。鉴于正在对信通技术基础设施、系统和服务作出相当大的投资，并且，实施信通技术战略和企业资源规划项目等正在开展的举措具有战略重要性，应要求秘书长严格审查目前的安排，并根据需要作出任何调整，以确保其实效和效率，并充分响应大会关于提交深入评估报告供最迟在第六十八届会议审议的要求。", "更换信息和通信技术设备", "八.147 咨询委员会在审查2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时注意到，若干部厅决定推迟更换信通技术设备的时间，以减少家具和设备项下所需资源。咨询委员会询问信息和通信技术厅，它对这些提议采取什么立场，在当前金融衰退形势中，它是否考虑哪怕是暂时更改标准更换周期，信息和通信技术厅表示，用户部厅如果愿意，可以将更换个人计算机的时间推迟到现行的4年周期之后，而且，如果个人计算机出问题，在采购新计算机之前，可以借个人计算机。信通厅还表示，一般情况，使用四年之后，故障和维修频率显著增加。此外，延长总部个人计算机现行更换周期可能影响最迟于2014年7月转换为Windows 7操作系统的计划，因为现有个人计算机一半以上不具备支持Windows 7的最低条件，必须在2014年7月之前更换。还有人指出，联合国目前使用的Windows XP软件在2014年7月之后将不再受到微软支持。", "表八.14 2012-2013两年期拟议预算第30款(信息和通信技术厅)(A/66/6(Sect.30))的拟议经常预算资源和企业信息和通信技术倡议(A/66/94)的拟议经常预算资源", "(美元)", "2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2012-2013年A/66/94^(b) A/66/6(Sect.30)和A/66/94 资源增长^(c) 批款 A/66/6(Sect.30)^(a)\n 支出用途 数额 百分比", "员额 34 923 500 34 923 500 432 540 35 356 040 432 540 1.2", "其他工作人员费用 1 974 700 5 408 800 278 670 5 687 470 3 712 770 188.0", "咨询人", "工作人员差旅费 549 300 448 400 76 650 525 050 -24 250 -4.4", "订约承办事务 15 890 600 15 799 500 3 904 230 19 703 730 3 813 130 24.0", "一般业务费用 17 182 800 17 368 600 671 490 18 040 090 857 290 5.0", "用品和材料 438 200 262 600 174 915 437 515 -685 -0.2", "家具和设备 1 097 500 908 600 884 880 1 793 480 695 980 63.4", "赠款和捐款 63 400 -63 400 -100.0", "共计 72 120 000 75 120 000 6 423 375 81 543 375 9 423 375 13.1", "^(a) 2012-2013两年期所有数字都是重计费用前的数字。", "^(b) 数字代表经常预算分摊的企业信通技术提议所需资源份额。", "^(c) 与2010-2011两年期批款比较的资源增长。", "表八.15 采取成本回收机制的具体支出用途预算外账户", "账户编码 说明", "307 3709 订约承办事务、支持中心数据处理事务的款项", "307 3710 支持办公室自动化设备的款项", "307 3711 支持中心数据处理基础设施的款项", "405 4304 数据处理设备的租赁和养护", "表八.16 针对台式计算机服务的各服务级协议计划的比较", "A级服务级协议\tB级服务级协议\tC级服务级协议\t\n服务说明\t每年成本(美元) 涵盖的组成部分 \n网络账户\t400\t400\t400\t网络基础设施、许可证、维护、订约承办事务以及建筑物之间的运营商收费\n电子邮件账户\t360\t360\t360\t电子邮件基础设施、许可证、维护和订约承办事务\n中央管理软件\t50\t50\t50\t订约承办事务，以维护和配置台式计算机软件，给每个台式计算机安装防病毒软件，更新操作系统和应用程序\n获得台式计算机许可证\t125\t125\t125\tMicrosoftOffice、ant-SPAM，PDFwriter等软件许可费\n个人内容管理\t40\t40\t40\t1千兆字节的个人数据存储、备份和恢复服务\n服务台事务\t542\t542\t125\t服务台的订约承办事务；危险废物处置、硬件支持、借用设备及远程支持许可证；C级服务级协议仅包括用于诊断问题的信息和通信技术厅有限的服务台订约承办事务\n局域网管理\t645\t0\t0\t局域网管理服务包括完整的用户注册、培训、问题诊断和现场技术支持\n 调整数 (62) (17) 0 \n 共计 2 100 1 500 1 100", "第九编", "内部监督", "第31款 内部监督", "秘书长拟议数 39 025 300美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 38 925 000美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 73 664 400美元^(b) \n秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括数额为57 170200美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.31)号文件表31.4所载资料，以反映大会第69/290号决议中所做的有关维持和平行动支助账户的决定以及16494 200美元的预算外资源。", "九.1 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第31款要求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为39 025 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加100 300美元，即增加0.3%。", "九.2 增加的原因是，员额所需经费比2010-2011年核定资源32 640 900美元增加1 590 400美元，这是2010-2011年核定的3个员额(在次级方案2(检查和评价下))造成的滞后影响；将在行政领导和管理项下拟议设立一个新员额；以及提议将次级方案2在一般临时人员项下出资的6个职位改划为常设员额。非员额资源减少1 490 100美元，部分抵销了上述增加额，非员额资源减少的主要原因，一般临时人员、咨询人、工作人员差旅、订约承办事务、一般业务费用、用品和材料以及赠款和捐款等项下的所需经费减少。就方案构成部分而言，经费增加是以下方面增减相抵后的结果：行政领导和管理以及方案支助项下所需经费分别增加259 000美元和15 000美元，工作方案项下主要与次级方案1(内部审计)和次级方案3(调查)有关的所需经费减少173 700美元。", "九.3 咨询委员会注意到，独立审计咨询委员会根据其职权范围第2(d)段(大会第61/275号决议，附件)，提交了关于内部监督事务厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审查报告(见A/66/85)。在这方面，咨询委员会会晤了独立审计咨询委员会主席，与其交换了意见。", "九.4 表九.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额及秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表九.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t115\t1个USG，3个D-2，5个D-1，13个P-5，28个P-4，20个P-3，12个P-2/1，8个GS(PL)，24个GS(OL)，1个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t122\t1个USG，1个ASG，3个D-2，5个D-1，13个P-5，28个P-4，23个P-3，15个P-2/1，8个GS(PL)，24个GS(OL)，1个LL\n 新设 1 1个ASG \n 改划 6 在一般临时人员项下出资的3个P-3和3个P-2 \n调动\t5\t在调查司内，从内罗毕调动1个P-4员额到纽约，从维也纳调动1个P-2员额到内罗毕，从维也纳调动1个P-3和2个P-2员额到纽约\n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t103^(a)\t1个D-1，12个P-5，39个P-4，24个P-3，16个FS，1个GS(PL)，6个GS(OL)，4LL", "^(a) 员额数包括103个其他摊款项下员额，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.31)号文件表31.5所提供的信息，以反映大会第65/290号决议关于维持和平行动支助账户的决定和46个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "九.5 内部监督事务厅告知咨询委员会，监督厅的整体空缺率已从2010年8月30日的17%降至2011年4月30日的11%，并预计将在2011年8月后进一步降至7.4%。咨询委员会回顾，检查和评价司司长(D-2)和调查司司长(D-2)员额分别从2008年1月1日和2006年8月1日开始出缺。咨询委员会询问后获悉，征聘程序现在已经完成，并且所选定的人选将于2011年8月就职；这些员额的职能在此期间由各司的代理司长履行。咨询委员会注意到监督厅历史上的高空缺率，欢迎降低空缺率，并敦促监督厅加紧努力，填补所有尚待填补的空缺。", "行政领导和管理", "九.6 秘书长要求设立一个助理秘书长员额，支持副秘书长办公室履行其职责(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.18段)。咨询委员会询问后获悉，该员额的职能包括：监督业务活动；指导和管理执行办公室的工作；确保协调各司的工作以及领导司际活动或任务；制订和监督执行监督厅外联方案；就监督厅业务政策问题向副秘书长提供咨询；贯彻落实包括独立审计咨询委员会在内的理事机构的所有决议和决定；根据指派在组织问题上代表监督厅,并在副秘书长不在时管理监督厅。咨询委员会还获悉，助理秘书长员额的设立将使副秘书长能够更集中关注监督厅的战略问题，并与各利益攸关方交流，扩大监督厅的参与能力；加强三个司之间的协调与合作；加强对监督厅结果、影响和资源使用情况的问责，并确保在副秘书长不在或任命前后两任副秘书长的过渡期间领导的连续性。咨询委员会认识到，需要更好地支持副秘书长履行下述责任：确保次级方案间有效协调、领导和管理执行办公室的工作；协助执行监督厅任务。但是，咨询委员会认为，不需要由一个助理秘书长级别的员额履行这些拟议职能。因此，咨询委员会建议核可一个D-2级员额，以提供所需支持。将根据所获得的经验，在2014-2015年拟议方案预算中进一步审查该员额的适当级别。", "次级方案2,检查和评价", "九.7 拟将6个一般临时人员职位(3个P-3和3个P-2)改划为常设员额，支持更加注重检查和评价工作和加强工作方案的执行(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.28段)。咨询委员会回顾，2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算曾提议将９个一般临时人员职位(1个D-2,3个P-3,4个P-2,1个GS(OL))改划为常设员额。咨询委员会建议在检查和评价司对独立审计咨询委员会建议可行性进行评估之前，接受三个职位的改划(1个D-2、1个P-2、1个1GS(OL))，独立审计咨询委员会的建议是采用在次级方案一级进行风险评估的方法，而目前采用的是在方案一级进行风险评估的方法(A/64/7,第九.8至九.10段)。大会在第64/243号决议中核可了咨询委员会的建议。", "九.8 咨询委员会注意到，检查和评价司已得出结论，即由于缺乏次级方案一级12个代用风险指数的数据，在次级方案一级实行风险评估方法不可行(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.29段)。独立审计咨询委员会同意这一看法，但继续强调，方案一级的风险评估对于有效分配资源是必不可少的(A/66/85,第16段)。秘书长指出，再次提出将六个一般临时人员职位进行改划符合大会第62/236号决议，并且这些职位所履行职能的持续性质使改划具有正当理由。有鉴于此，咨询委员会不反对接受检查和评价司六个职位改划为员额(3个P-3，3个P-2)。", "次级方案3,调查", "九.9 在次级方案3项下为2012-2013年拟议的人力资源9 939 600 美元用于续设35个员额(27个专业人员，7个一般事务人员，1个当地雇员)。这比2010-2011年核定资源多出59 900美元，增加的原因是，对与在次级方案内部各个工作地点之间调动5个员额有关的薪金和一般工作人员费用进行了如下调整:", "(a) 由于对内罗毕经常预算项下采购调查的需求减少，从内罗毕调动一个调查员(P-4)员额到纽约，以满足与合并采购问题工作队责任有关的需求，并在采购问题方面为所有办公室提供进一步的支持；", "(b) 并考虑到维也纳的能力超过需求的事实，从维也纳调动一个协理调查员 (P-2)员额到内罗毕，满足已减少的采购调查需求，代替上文第九.9(a)段所述 P-4员额；", "(c) 从维也纳调动两个协理调查员(P-2)员额到纽约的专业作业科，以提供与新的内部司法系统有关的调查支助；", "(d) 从维也纳调动一个调查员(P-3)员额到纽约，以加强设在总部的法医股的工作。", "九.10 咨询委员会回顾，在 2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中有类似请求。对于当时提出的调动7个员额的请求，咨询委员会当时建议核准调动5个(见A/64/7，第九.11段和第九.21段)，这次是再次提出调动这5个员额的请求。咨询委员会还注意到，如预算分册所述，秘书长提议进行这些调动并不是要抢在大会第63/287号决议所决定试点项目的结果可能产生任何需求之前采取行动，而是为了更有效地使用资源，满足经常预算下已确定的调查需求。咨询委员会提到向大会第六十五届会议续会提交的秘书长关于试点项目执行情况的初步报告和审计委员会关于项目执行情况审计的报告(见A/65/782,第29-31段和A/65/827，第 212-214段)。", "九.11 咨询委员会回顾，它已表明观点，即调查工作与审计不同，其性质是反应性的，只有在需要时才进行。因此，有关资源无可避免地会因需求情况而改变(A/64/7,第九.22段)。因此，咨询委员会注意到，如拟议预算所示，关于调查工作量，2010年经常预算下受理的新案件数量分别是，纽约19起、维也纳13起和内罗毕8起(A/66/7,Sect.31,第31.39段)。", "九.12 咨询委员会考虑到其以往表明的观点，建议接受从维也纳调动三个员额 (1个P-3,2个P-2)到纽约、从维也纳调动一个员额(P-2)到内罗毕和从内罗毕调动一个员额(P-4)到纽约的提议，以满足经确定的经常预算调查需求和承担有关工作量。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "九.13 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为4 794 000美元，比2010-2011年核批资源减少1 490 100美元；这主要是因为次级方案2(检查和评价)项下的其他工作人员费用减少(806 200美元)，原因在于拟在2010-2011年把6个一般临时人员职位改划为员额(见上文第九.7段)。", "九.14 拟议用于工作人员差旅的资源为1 857 800美元，比2010-2011年核批资源2 200 600美元减少342 800美元。这主要反映在次级方案2(检查和评价)项下(235 200美元),其原因是对方案一级监测和评价的检查次数减少，导致预计前往总部以外办公室的旅行次数减少，而且由于在外地地点的天数减少，每日生活津贴经费也减少。次级方案3(调查)项下经费减少(102 700美元)，这反映了以往的支出模式以及在使用视频会议和电话会议等替代办法方面所做的努力。", "九.15 拟议用于咨询人的资源为866 100美元，比2010-2011年核批的1 022 200美元减少156 100美元。减少的资源主要反映在：次级方案1(内部审计)项下(103 300美元)，其原因是执行2010-2011年工作计划所需专题专家经费减少；次级方案2(检查和评价)项下(32 000美元)，其原因是计划的旅行持续时间缩短，使咨询人差旅所需经费减少。", "九.16 一般业务费用比2010-2011年核定的441 500美元资源整体减少76 100美元，其主要原因是集中在方案支助项下的总部电话和传真服务标准费率降低(2012-2013年适用的费率为每个工作人员每年420美元，而2010-2011年预算期间为每个工作人员每年1 400美元)。", "九.17 订约承办事务项下的经费比2010-2011年核定的1 149 700美元资源净减60 100美元，反映不再需要经费用于2010-2011年预算期间在行政领导和管理项下购置的软件(减少50 900美元)，以及在次级方案3(调查)项下的所需经费减少，其原因是与2010-2011年购置的案件管理系统有关的费用减少(174 000美元)。关于后者，咨询委员会获悉，在该软件的测试阶段，人们明确认识到该系统技术上的不足将使它成为一个不够完善的方案，特别是对维持和平特派团而言。因此，将不会使用为2010-2011年分配的资金，并且在第二次执行情况报告中将报告未使用余额。已确定购置满足所有无障碍、安保和案件管理要求的一个成本较低的替代系统(130 100美元)，并将其纳入2012-2013两年期拟议预算中。", "九.18 咨询委员会建议接受拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "九.19 咨询委员会注意到，如独立审计咨询委员会报告(A/66/85)所述，在编制审计工作计划和排定2012-2013年审计任务的优先次序方面，内部审计司根据内在风险确定了最大的组织风险、其可能原因以及相关的主要内部控制措施。独立审计咨询委员会对使用以内在风险为基础的风险模式表示关切，因为这种模式不宜用于提出所需资源总额提议。但是，咨询委员会也注意到内部监督事务厅已作出努力，以便最终能够指导监督厅辨明残余风险(见A/66/85第11段和A/65/827第204段)。独立审计咨询委员会承认，拟议对主要控制措施进行的审计应能确定本组织面临的残余风险，因此支持2012-2013年拟议预算所载的内部监督事务厅提议。咨询委员会鼓励内部监督事务厅继续努力改进其风险评估方法。咨询委员会还同意独立审计咨询委员会的建议，即包括内部审计司在内的内部监督事务厅各司通过报告实现的成果，显示向本组织提供服务的价值。", "九.20 关于次级方案2(检查和评价)，咨询委员会注意到，依照大会第65/244号决议，方案评价周期从当前的11至13年减至８年。检查和评价司拟议采取分阶段办法，先将周期减至１0年，再减至８年。因此，该司计划在2012-2013两年期评价５个方案：人道主义事务协调厅、难民署、禁毒办、环境署和非洲经委会。该司注意到上述多数方案由预算外资源提供经费，并考虑到大会的要求和咨询委员会有关不应用经常预算活动资助预算外活动、反之亦然的观点，表示打算从各方案寻求经费(见A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.33段和A/66/85,第18段)。主管内部监督事务副秘书长告知咨询委员会，目前的供资安排过于复杂，需要精简，监督厅正在审议这一问题，并打算向大会提出提议。在此方面，咨询委员会回顾其在关于内部监督事务厅供资安排的报告(A/61/880)中所提出的意见和建议以及大会第61/275号决议(第三部分)，其中大会请秘书长考虑到咨询委员会报告(A/61/880)第31至40段所载的建议，订正秘书长报告(A/61/810)中提出的供资安排。", "第十编", "共同出资的行政活动和特别费", "第32款 共同出资的行政活动", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 37 723 800美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 37 125 400美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 10 993 800美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 11 993 400美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.1 第32款项下所需资源用于以机构间共同出资为基础的联合国三个机构：", "(a) 国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)及其秘书处；", "(b) 联合检查组(联检组)及其秘书处；", "(c) 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)秘书处，包括国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)项目。", "十.2 按照既定安排向大会提交公务员制度委员会和联检组的全额预算，供其审议并核可。提交包括公共部门会计准则项目在内的行政首长协调会全额预算供大会参考，但提交的联合国分担费用部分需要大会核可。", "十.3 在预算文件的附件(A/66/6 (Sect.32),附件)中提供了行政首长协调会成员组织对最初提交的公务员制度委员会和联检组预算的评论意见。秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中指出，公务员制度委员会最初的提议显示0.59%的增长，这得到了提出评论意见的八个成员组织中的五个成员组织的支持；另外三个组织坚持零增长预算。成员组织的评论意见显示，它们普遍反对预算数额增长,并提到了它们所面临的财政限制。咨询委员会注意到补充资料中提到，联检组最初提出的拟议预算显示10.2%的增长。11个提出评论意见的成员组织的共识是，拟议增长在目前的经济环境中无法得到支持。大多数成员组织自身的2012-2013年预算面临零名义增长，而一些成员组织预计其收入将实际减少。", "十.4 咨询委员会询问后，获得了资料，其中显示，10个行政首长协调会成员组织回应对行政首长协调会秘书处拟议预算发表评论意见的要求，提出了评论意见。成员组织一致支持行政首长协调会秘书处的零名义增长预算。", "十.5 咨询委员会获得了显示行政首长协调会管理问题高级别委员会财务和预算网结论的其他资料，管理问题高级别委员会根据这些结论“核准了2012-2013年所有共同出资活动(安全和安保部的共同出资活动、行政首长协调会秘书处、联检组和公务员制度委员会)的零增长预算，并表示“将作出最大努力，通过提高效率吸收任何重计费用后的调整”(CEB/2011/3，第95(e)段)。管理问题高级别委员会在另一个决定中，核准将公共部门会计准则项目小组的工作延长至2013年底，2012-2013年的相应所需资源为1 896 000美元，其战略方向和活动已由财务和预算网核准(同上，第95(b)段)。", "十.6 关于第 32款(共同出资的行政活动)，2012-2013两年期所需全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为37 723 800美元，比2010-2011两年期增加598 400美元，亦即增加1.6%(A/66/6(Sect.32),表32.6)。秘书长为第32款要求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为10 993 800 美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少999 600美元，亦即减少8.3%(同上，表32.5)。", "十.7 咨询委员会注意到本款项下联合国经常预算分担费用出现净减少，这是下述方面增减相抵的综合效应：公务员制度委员会和行政首长协调会两个秘书处所需经费中联合国分担费用减少，而联检组及公共部门会计准则项目所需经费中联合国分担费用则增加。咨询委员会询问后获悉，各个组织费用分担的理由取决于各个实体为联合国组织开展的工作的比例。对公务员制度委员会而言，其工作与工作人员的服务条件有关，人事统计是决定性的衡量标准，而对行政首长协调会秘书处而言，其工作包含全系统问题，费用分担的百分比有50%是基于人员，有50%是基于活动规模，人员和活动规模以经审计的支出水平衡量(另见下文第十.14段)。", "国际公务员制度委员会", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 17 616 900美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 17 714 000美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 5 884 000美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 6 910 900美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.8 国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)所需全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为17 616 900美元，比2010-2011两年期减少97 100美元，亦即减少0.5%(A/66/6(Sect.32)，表32.6)。", "十.9 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长在第32款项下为公务员制度委员会要求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为5 884 000美元，比2010-2011两年期减少1 026 900美元，亦即减少14.9%(同上，表32.5)。拟议资源数额减少是两方面因素的综合结果，一方面，联合国在公务员制度委员会全额预算中分担费用的比例由2010-2011两年期的39%减至2012-2013两年期的33.4%，另一方面，公务员制度委员会的全额预算减少(同上，第32.17段)。表十.1汇总2010-2011两年期共同出资核定员额和秘书长提议的2012-2013年这类员额拟议数。共同出资员额的细节见附件一。", "表十.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 全额预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t47\t1个D-2，3个D-1，4个P-5，9个P-4，3个P-3，4个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，20个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t47\t1个D-2，3个D-1，4个P-5，9个P-4，3个P-3，4个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，20个GS(OL)", "关于员额和非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "十.10 咨询委员会注意到，补充资料显示，拟议预算包括咨询人经费922 700美元，咨询人的活动主要是收集各个工作地点的价格、薪金和住房费用数据。咨询委员会询问后获悉，凡有可能，收集数据活动都由秘书处工作人员进行，有时他们得到共同制度各组织工作人员的协助。咨询委员会还获悉，往往需要咨询人为公务员制度委员会的研究提供在共同制度内常常无法获得的专门知识。关于各外地工作地点使用咨询人而不是联合国系统工作人员收集数据的问题，咨询委员会获悉，使用咨询人可以避免利益冲突。咨询委员会还获悉，在此方面，公务员制度委员会核准的现行方法规定，其秘书处工作人员收集的价格数据仅用于与其他工作地点独立定价人员收集的价格信息进行比较。咨询委员会认为，公务员制度委员会使用的收集数据方法成本较高。咨询委员会建议，公务员制度委员会考虑采取既能保持该程序完整性又具有较高成本效益的替代收集数据方法。", "十.11 咨询委员会不反对秘书长提出的公务员制度委员会2012-2013两年期拟议预算。", "联合检查组", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 12 744 300美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 12 694 300美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 3 007 700美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 2 982 800美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.12 秘书长为联合检查组(联检组)拟议的全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为12 744 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加50 000美元，亦即增加0.4%(同上，表32.6)。", "十.13 咨询委员会注意到，联合国在第32款项下联检组所需经常预算内分担的费用在重计费用前为3 007 700美元，比2010-2011两年期增加24 900美元，亦即增加0.8%(同上，表32.5)。表十.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定的共同出资员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年这类员额拟议数。共同出资员额的细节见附件一。", "表十.2 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 全额预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t20\t1个D-2，2个P-5，7个P-4/3，1个P-2/1，1个GS(PL)，8个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t20\t1个D-2，2个P-5，7个P-4/3，1个P-2/1，1个GS(PL)，8个GS(OL)", "关于员额和非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "十.14 咨询委员会询问后获悉，自1996-1997两年期以来，联检组预算中相关分担费用百分比是通过各参加组织经审计账户中所报告的支出确定的。所做假设是，一个组织活动规模越大，进行的监督规模就越大。活动规模以经审计的支出数字衡量。上述方法说明了联检组预算中联合国分担费用百分比为何从2010-2011两年期使用的23.5%增至2012-2013 两年期使用的23.6%。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "联合检查组建议的执行", "十.15 咨询委员会注意到，联检组建议的接受和执行率在2008-2009 两年期为50%，预计在2010-2011两年期将仅增至53%。咨询委员会讯问后获悉，尽管50%的执行率不够理想，总体上，评价和更为战略性的报告的执行率比审计报告的执行率低很多。更进一步的解释是联检组建议涉及战略问题，这需要在所有参加组织的理事机构一级开展有关进程，并且需要历时多年，这与侧重于合规和与单个组织有关的审计建议不同。尽管如此,咨询委员会建议，联检组应继续制定着重于行动的建议和咨询意见，并在下一次预算中就其执行情况作出报告。", "咨询人", "十.16 咨询委员会注意到，在联检组拟议预算中咨询人的所需资源为170 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加50 000 美元。所需资源包括用于实施网基跟踪系统所需的技术专业知识的147 900 美元和为检查专员提出专门咨询意见和提供技术服务的22 400美元。咨询委员会虽然不反对拟议活动，但建议敦促联检组更多地使用其秘书处和联合国共同制度内的现有专业知识，为检查专员提供此种专门咨询意见和技术服务。因此，咨询委员会建议将2012-2013两年期咨询人所需资源维持在2010-2011两年期的水平 (另见下文第十.17段至第十.20段)。", "网基跟踪系统", "十.17 咨询委员会询问后获悉，正在开发网基系统，以跟踪与联检组建议有关的信息。该系统将跟踪联检组向各参加组织提出的报告、说明和信函或建议的接受、执行和影响状况；管理立法机构审议联检组报告的工作；并提供关于报告、说明和信函所载联检组建议的接受、执行和影响类别的统计资料，这些资料最终在联检组年度报告中提出。", "十.18 咨询委员会获悉，大会第65/270号决议授权秘书长承付71 300美元，这是网基系统302 000美元总开发费用中联合国分担的费用，大会并邀请其他参加组织捐款。咨询委员会还获悉，开发署、儿基会、国际劳工组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织、世贸组织和国际原子能机构等七个组织拒绝捐款；人口基金、项目厅、国际民航组织和世界气象组织等四个组织分别承付7 852美元、11 174美元、3 322美元和1 208美元，共计23 556美元；预计粮食署、国际电联、世界知识产权组织和联合国工业发展组织等四个组织将提供总额为40 770美元的书面确认；预计世界卫生组织、万国邮政联盟和国际海事组织等三个组织将作出回应，其潜在捐款达34 428美元。咨询委员会还获悉，2011年可供开发该系统使用的资金为185 626美元，其中包括大会授权的71 300美元，上述自行决定的捐款以及从2010-2011年预算节余中拨出的50 000美元追加款。咨询委员会还获悉，上述资金以及2012-2013年预算中拟议的147 900美元经费，将足够支付2012年开发和实施该系统的费用。", "十.19 咨询委员会询问后还获悉，维护和运营该系统的估计费用为每两年期466 800美元，并且不含在2012-2013年拟议预算中。这一金额包含两个专业级别工作人员为确保质量控制提供的非全时服务以及培训协调人的费用和经常性维护费用。咨询委员会注意到，开发署和儿基会等若干参加组织拒绝为该项目捐款，原因是它们目前面临资源限制，由于这些限制，成员组织的理事机构决定其预算的增长率为零。咨询委员会还注意到，人口基金对咨询人、差旅和培训项下所需的较多经费提出质疑，对培训提出质疑的理由是，现代网基系统的设计就是要让用户能够直观地指导自己操作。", "十.20 咨询委员会关切的是，成员组织是否有能力和意愿为维持网基跟踪系统的经常性费用供资。咨询委员会注意到成员组织表达的观点。咨询委员会考虑到其在上文第十.16段中的评论意见，认为实施网基跟踪系统的任何额外所需经费均应通过较为合理地使用工作人员差旅和咨询人项下的资源以及获得成员组织的捐款来满足。在不违反上述评论意见的情况下，咨询委员会不反对秘书长为联检组2012-2013两年期拟议的预算。", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，包括国际公共部门会计准则项目", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 7 362 600美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 6 717 100美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 2 102 100美元 \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 2 099 700美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.21 为行政首长协调会请拨的全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为7 362 600美元，比2010-2011两年期增加645 500美元，亦即增加9.6%(A/66/6(Sect.32)，表32.6)。增加的645 500美元包括为行政首长协调会秘书处请拨的 81 000 美元和为公共部门会计准则项目请拨的564 500美元。", "十.22 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长在第32款项下为行政首长协调会请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为2 102 100美元，比2010-2011两年期增加2 400美元，亦即增加0.1%(同上，表32.5)。表十.3汇总2010-2011两年期核定共同出资员额和秘书长就2012-2013年这类员额提出的拟议数。共同出资员额的细节见附件一。", "表十.3 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 全额预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t14\t1个D-2，2个D-1，2个P-5，4个P-4/3，5个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t14\t1个D-2，2个D-1，2个P-5，4个P-4/3，5个GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "十.23 咨询委员会询问后获悉，填补两个空缺员额(一个D-2和一个P-4员额)的程序正在进行。咨询委员会还获悉，D-2级执行主任员额在任职者于2010年11月开始休停薪特别假后一直出缺。在任职者当选另一个国际组织行政首长之前，没有采取填补该员额的行动，现在正在采取措施对空缺职位进行公开征聘。关于P-4级员额，咨询委员会获悉，在2010年12月30日至2011年2月28日期间对该员额进行了公开征聘，目前正在对候选人进行审议。", "十.24 咨询委员会询问后获悉，在2000年对行政首长理事会前身行政协调委员会(行政协调会)进行审查后设立了行政首长理事会，行政协调会由四个委员会组成，每个委员会有一个D-1级干事领导的秘书处。该审查的目的是将行政协调会转变为行政首长理事会，理顺其附属机构，使其成为一个双支柱结构——方案问题高级别委员会和管理问题高级别委员会，由共同出资的单一秘书处向其提供支持，以确保支持和行动的连贯性。咨询委员会获悉，行政首长理事会秘书处之所以有两个地点，是因为要顾及现行做法，即：向日内瓦的附属管理机构提供支持，并且向纽约的高级管理协调机制和作为预备方案机构的方案问题高级别委员会提供支持。秘书处首长和行政首长理事会秘书直接向行政首长理事会主席——秘书长报告。咨询委员会还获悉，2007年对行政首长理事会秘书处的作用和职能进行过审查，该审查没有改变这一双重地点结构，而是肯定了其适当性。尽管如此，咨询委员会质疑行政首长理事会秘书处的结构，并认为在加强管理和财务成效方面有很大空间。咨询委员会敦促秘书长就以成本较低和职能成效较高的方式合并行政首长理事会秘书处提出提议，并在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中作出报告。在不违反上述评论意见的情况下，咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "十.25 咨询委员会注意到，补充资料显示，行政首长理事会秘书处咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务项下拟议经费分别达42 300美元、268 500美元和 312 300美元。在咨询人项下，秘书长拟议的活动包括分析政府间机构关切的新问题。咨询委员会询问后获悉，所需专业知识涵盖一系列领域，显示很难预计具体的咨询服务。关于工作人员差旅，所提供的解释是，拟议活动包括需要机构间代表领域的培训和学习方案。最后，在订约承办事务项下，咨询委员会获悉，拟议活动包括对行政首长理事会秘书处工作人员进行谈判和调解等领域的培训。咨询委员会认为，执行行政首长理事会任务不一定要开展上述活动，咨询委员会指出，行政首长理事会的任务是协调成员组织的政策和方案。因此，咨询委员会建议将咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务项下的拟议预算削减10%，即分别削减4 200美元、26 800美元和31 200美元。", "国际公共部门会计准则项目", "十.26 秘书长称，行政首长理事会管理问题高级别委员会在2011年3月会议上核准将公共部门会计准则项目小组的工作延至2013年底，并核准了其2012-2013年预算。管理问题高级别委员会还决定，是否将该项目持续至2015年将取决于将于2013年底之前进行的审查。", "十.27 咨询委员会注意到，将公共部门会计准则项目的预算增加564 500美元 (或42.4%)是因为下述费用增加：聘用的1名一般事务人员从半职改为专任，三个专业级别职位(1个P-5,2个P-4)的标准费用增加，共达254 000美元；以及新编列316 500美元，用于公共制度内部无法获得专门知识的特定领域的咨询服务(A/66/6(Sect.32),第32.43段)。", "十.28 咨询委员会询问后获悉，专业级别职位负责四项战略活动，即促进和宣传；公共部门会计准则委员会监测和后续活动；不同会计做法的协调；以及指导和支助。咨询人的作用是在内部没有特定专门知识的领域和管理不同会计做法领域对项目小组进行支持或补充。咨询委员会还获悉，预计采用公共部门会计准则后，将极大地加强联合国共同制度各组织财务信息的统一和可比性。鉴于公共部门会计准则以原则为基础，对准则的解释有一定的自由度，因此，各组织在报告方面会有一些不同做法。在此方面，在2010年对公共部门会计准则小组的作用进行了一次外部审查，这次审查建议项目为以下目的使用咨询人和专家:", "(a) 在项目生命周期的关键时期就重大问题达成较高程度的共识；", "(b) 获得联合国系统内部无法提供的特定领域的专门知识,如新问题；公共部门会计准则的新准则和经修改的准则；不同会计政策研究问题；捐助方报告；联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的会计处理办法；有具体指导的金融工具；以及2012年全系统审查程序。", "十.29 咨询委员会鼓励秘书长发展内部工作人员能力，在实施公共部门会计准则后，在提供支持方面减少对外部咨询人的依赖。", "十.30 咨询委员会还获悉，截至2010年底，23个组织中有9个组织已实施公共部门会计准则，另外11个组织正在争取在2012年之前或在2012年实施该准则。所得到的解释是，已经实施公共部门会计准则的组织中，6个组织已经在2010年底前编制了充分合规的财务报表并获得了无保留审计意见。咨询委员会注意到联合国共同制度在充分实施公共部门会计准则方面取得的进展。咨询委员会建议，随着更多组织向公共部门会计准则过渡，应不断审查公共部门会计准则项目小组在行政首长理事会秘书处中的作用。", "第33款 特别费", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 112 178 000美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 114 134 100美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 23 437 500美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.31 秘书长为第33款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为112 178 000美元，比2010-2011两年期减少了1 956 100美元，亦即减少1.7%(见A/66/6(Sect.33)，表33.1)。", "离职后健康保险", "十.32 离职后健康保险项下所需资源为100 649 100美元(重计费用前)，比2010-2011两年期批款减少3 382 500美元(3.3%)。预算外资源23 437 500美元所需经费估计数将用于维持和平行动退休人员和本组织预算外活动。据秘书长称，拟议资源水平反映由于维持和平行动的扩展，大量新工作人员加入保险，因而抑制了保费的增加，但增加部分已计入2010-2011两年期预算估计数。预计参加总部经管保险计划的人数平均增长6.5%，日内瓦平均增长7%，联合国维也纳办事处经管保险计划平均增长7%。", "十．33 秘书长在其报告(A/66/6(Sect.33)(第33.4段)中解释，大会在第61/264号决议中核准修改了2007年7月1日或以后征聘的新工作人员离职后医疗保险规定。该决议规定，退休工作人员，如参加联合国缴费医疗保险计划至少10年，并在离职时也参加联合国医疗保险计划，则有资格获得离职后费用分摊医疗保险。关于2007年7月1日前征聘的工作人员，退休时参加联合国缴费计划至少5年者也具有此种资格，但必须为未满足参加分摊费用保险计划10年规定的期间缴付全额保费。", "十.34 大会在第64/241号决议中请秘书长，除其他外，向大会第六十七届会议报告为减少本组织与医疗保健计划相关的费用而采取的其他措施。据秘书长称，其中的一项此类措施是，在2010-2011两年期内对在美国的计划实施一项新要求，这项要求适用于在2011年1月1日已参加保险、年龄不满75岁并符合医疗保健计划(Medicare)B部分资格的所有离职后医疗保险参加者。预期这项措施将有助于在2012-2013两年期内抑制总部经管保险计划的保费，咨询委员会相信，正在采取一切可能的措施，以减少本组织与医疗保健计划相关的费用。", "一般保险", "十.35 一般保险所需经费为6 772 200美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加1 189 000美元(21.3%)。据秘书长称，这笔经费是依据最近与总部保险商签订的合同规定计算的。所需经费增加是因为一般保险计划费用增加了1 242 900美元，但因恐怖主义行为保险费用减少53 900美元而被部分抵消(同上，第33.17和33.18段)。", "十.36 经询问，咨询委员会获得了资料(见表十.4)，其中显示一般保险所需经费增加的构成情况，主要是由于预计按照基本建设总计划，总部大楼的翻新工程即将竣工而使财产保险费增加了。秘书长解释说，一旦翻新工程完成，保险将从专门针对基本建设总计划的单独的建筑商风险财产保险计划转为财产保险。", "表十.4 一般保险", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年批款 资源增长 2012-2013年估计数 (重计费用前)", "航空旅行^(a) 282.0 38.6 320.6", "外国一般责任险 22.2 (0.1) 22.1", "总部一般责任险 55.4 14.9 70.3", "总部车辆 161.1 39.3 200.4", "支付给JP摩根大通银行的信用证 15.1 (0.1) 15.0", "外聘咨询服务 231.6 (231.6) －", "外聘精算服务 20.1 (0.1) 20.0", "外聘法律服务 40.3 (0.2) 40.1", "航空总保险 25.2 (5.1) 20.1", "财产保险^(b) 2 819.4 1389.3 4 208.7", "自保基金 402.8 (2.0) 400.8", "一般保险 4 075.2 1 242.9 5 318.1", "恐怖主义行为保险 1 508.0 (53.9) 1 454.1", "一般保险费共计 5 583.2 1 189.0 6 772.2", "^(a) 航空旅行保险单涵盖总部、各区域委员会、日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处。", "^(b) 财产保险单涵盖总部、非洲经委会、西亚经社会和拉加经委会。", "赔偿金", "十.37 赔偿金所需经费数额为2 699 400美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加了176 400美元(7.0%)。增加数额是根据《联合国工作人员细则》附录D的规定，按照2006至2009年期间支出趋势计算的。拟议预算不包括与目前对《工作人员细则》附录D进行的机构间审查有关的任何变动，因为这些修改将提交大会审议(同上，第33.11-33.16段)。", "银行手续费", "十.38 银行手续费项下请拨资源为822 200美元，与2010-2011两年期批款相同。所需经费涉及银行账户维护、电子资金转账费用及银行提供的其他服务的费用，依据目前支出模式计算。", "向各位前秘书长支付养恤金", "十.39 向各位前秘书长支付养恤金所需经费数额为1 235 100美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加了61 000美元(5.2%)。这笔所需经费用于三位前秘书长的退休津贴和一位前秘书长遗孀按减半计算的退休津贴，是根据自2010年1月1日起应付最高退休金计算的。", "十.40 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "第十一编 基本建设支出", "第34款 建筑、改建、装修和主要维修", "秘书长拟议数 63 916 100美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 60 326 800美元 \n 预计预算外资源 － \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所列经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额汇总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十一.1 第34款包含用于对联合国世界各地主要房产之现有建筑物和技术设施进行现代化改造基本建设支出项目的经费，这些经费按以下3个部分分类：(a) 改建和装修；(b) 主要维修；(c) 联合国企业网络。用于本款提出的活动之行政和管理的人事费及相关费用列入2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算各主要款次，其中包括纽约、维也纳、日内瓦以及各区域委员会。", "十一.2 秘书长为第34款请拨的所需资源在重计费用前为63 916 100美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增加3 589 300美元(5.9%)(见A/66/6(Sect.34)，表34.3)。这一增加是主要维修项目(15 338 800美元或72.2%)以及联合国企业网络(1 793 800美元或32.4%)两方面所需经费增加和改建和装修项目费用减少(13 543 300美元或40.4%)的综合结果。", "十一.3 关于确定某个项目属于改建和装修或主要维修类别的标准载于拟议预算第34.2和34.3段。预算文件表34.3按照构成部分和地点载列资源分配情况。表34.4显示2012-2013两年期拟议项目的现状。秘书长还区分了新项目、经常项目和多年期项目。在咨询委员会提出要求后，向其提供了这些类别的定义和按照构成部分、地点和类别提出的2012-2013年项目的详细清单(见表十一.4)。", "十一.4 表十一.1是按工作地点分列的用于改建、装修和主要维修项目所需经费总额总表。", "表十一.1 按工作地点开列所需经费总额总表", "2010-2011年批款 2012-2013年拟议数 差异 百分比", "总部 11 937 100 18 872 400 6 935 300 58.1", "日内瓦 10 743 100 17 192 800 6 449 700 60.0", "维也纳 3 726 900 4 147 800 420 900 11.3", "内罗毕 11 344 300 6 302 100 (5 042 200) (44.4)", "亚太经社会 2 418 400 3 703 200 1 284 800 53.1", "拉加经委会 2 108.100 2 670 700 1 307 800 96.0", "非洲经委会 7 946 900 3 246 000 4 700 900 (59.2)", "西亚经社会 4 564 700 450 000 (4 114 700) (90.1)", "评论和意见", "总部", "十一.5 用于总部2012-2013两年期改建、装修或主要维修项目所需经费总额为18 872 400美元，比本两年期批款增加了6 935 300美元(58.1%)。正如预算文件第34.24段所指出，拟议的所需经费考虑到了基本建设总计划于2012年重新启用秘书处和会议大楼的时间表和恢复在翻新期间减少的一些服务的情况。咨询委员会获悉，预计将在2012年下半年至2013年期间腾空周转办公楼，并将要求设施管理处管理这些周转办公楼，直到完成搬迁。北草坪、图书馆、大会大楼以及秘书处大楼地下室地区将维持正常运作。2012-2013年拟议经费还包括4 981 600美元，用于装修信息和通信技术基础设施，以及购置服务器、额外的数据存储和网络容量的经费；另有300万美元，用于更换大院以外办公楼的数据交换机，这些交换器是2002-2003年期间安装的，已接近其使用寿命周期的最后期限。", "联合国日内瓦办事处", "十一.6 咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第64/243号决议(第十一编第133段)核准拨款110万美元，用于2010-2011年进行一项概念工程研究，即根据战略遗产计划，全面装修和翻新联合国日内瓦办事处的工程(另见A/64/7，第十一.12段)。秘书长在预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.34))第34.15段表示，概念工程研究已于2011年初完成，将向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，汇报研究结果，并就战略遗产计划的继续发展步骤提出建议。在大会第64/243号决议(第十一编，第136段)，大会还强调，在大会就战略遗产计划作出决定之前以及在基本建设总计划完成之前，不应开始执行战略遗产计划。咨询委员会同意，应以本组织和会员国能够更好规划支出的方式排列重大项目执行次序。", "十一.7 联合国日内瓦办事处2012-2013年拟议经费为17 192 800美元，比本两年期批款增加了6 449 700美元，或60.0%。正如预算文件第34.28段所指出，增加的主要原因是，为了解决与卫生、安全和安保有关、不能再推迟的紧迫维修，需要580万美元的额外资源。咨询委员会获悉，所设想的主要项目包括：(a) E楼的维修、防水和绝缘；(b) 更换A楼大会堂的玻璃天花板；(c) 更换大会楼的两部乘客电梯。尽管战略遗产计划设想的是以后进行翻修，但咨询委员会认识到，有必要立即执行这些项目，以避免建筑物进一步毁损，导致将来花费更多的维修费，立即执行这些项目还可确保在万国宫的工作人员、代表和其他人员的安全(见上文第八.87段)。", "标准化出入控制项目", "十一.8 拟议2012-2013年增加230万美元，作为在联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和亚太经社会执行标准化进入控制项目第二阶段和最后阶段一次性所需经费。咨询委员会回顾，秘书长根据大会第59/276号决议，提交了一份报告(A/60/695)，其中概述了分两个阶段在本组织所有主要工作地点实施标准化出入控制的拟议范围、概念和订正行动方针。秘书长在他的报告(A/64/532)中叙述了实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段的详细战略，提出了费用估计数，以便加强保护措施，包括实施防入侵保护、视频监控和出入控制。在2010-2011两年期期间，在联合国内罗毕办事处、非洲经委会和西亚经社会执行了标准化出入控制项目第二阶段(见A/64/7/Add.15，第15至20段，以及大会第64/243号决议，第139段)。", "联合国企业网络", "十一.9 在第三构成部分(联合国企业网络)项下拟议开列经费7 331 100美元，在2012-2013两年期期间分阶段执行。经费中有4 133 100美元用于支付在联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国维也纳办事处、亚太经社会、拉加经委会和非洲经委会继续执行因特网协议电话系统的所需经费；2 291 300美元用于支付所有总部以外办事处和区域委员会的综合维修合同，并采取统一供应商方式(见A/66/6 (Sect.34)，第34.56款)。咨询委员会获悉，这种方法有以下益处：(a) 所有地点都有全球范围的大幅度折扣；(b) 能更快确定问题的症结所在，从而最大限度地减少本组织网络意外停机时间；(c) 具备互操作性，减少了事故发生时多个供应商之间相互指责的现象，还可在所有办事处执行共同的最终用户电话程序。", "十一.10 预算文件第34.53至34.56段提供了有关企业网络项目的背景和分阶段实施的信息。正如其所述，该项目采取了一个覆盖整个组织的举措，把传统的电话系统转为因特网协议电话。经询问，咨询委员会获悉每一个工作地点转换因特网协议电话的详细现状，表十一.2概要介绍其现状。咨询委员会获悉，虽然因特网协议电话项目启动时是作为企业网络标准化的一部分实施的，但总部以外的办事处执行特别经费已列入2010-2011两年期预算，并列入了2012-2013两年期拟议预算。该项目预计在2014-2015年将得到充分执行。因特网协议电话项目从2010年至2015年的总费用估计数为17 624 100美元。如果目前的建议获得批准，2014年和2015年余下的所需经费将达到8 650 000美元。表十一.3按工作地点提供费用细目表", "表十一.2 按工作地点开列的因特网协议电话项目执行现状", "工作地点\t所处阶段\t安装日期 \n日内瓦办事处\t阿尔卡特(使用寿命已到期)\t1994\n 朱塞佩·莫塔大楼——因特网协议电话项目安装完毕 2006 \n\t威尔逊宫——因特网协议电话项目已列入本两年期预算所需\t2012-2013\n\t万国宫——因特网协议电话项目计划列入今后预算所需\t2014-2015\n维也纳办事处\t北电网络(使用寿命已到期)\t1994\n 思科系统因特网协议电话项目(第一阶段已经完成) 2006 \n\t第二阶段的需要已列入本两年期预算所需\t2012-2013\n内罗毕办事处\t北电网络(使用寿命已到期)\t1996\n\t因特网协议电话项目第一阶段正在安装中\t2010-2011\n\t因特网协议电话项目第二阶段已列入计划\t2014-2015\n 非洲经委会 爱立信系统(使用寿命在下一两年期到期) 2004 \n\t因特网协议电话项目第一阶段已列入本两年期预算所需\t2012-2013\n 亚太经社会 北电网络(使用寿命已到期) 1996 \n\t因特网协议电话项目第一阶段正在安装中\t2010-2011\n\t因特网协议电话项目第二阶段已列入本预算所需\t2012-2013\n 拉加经委会 北电网络(使用寿命已到期) 1995 \n\t思科系统因特网协议电话项目(第一和第二阶段已完成)\t2010\n\t因特网协议电话项目第二阶段已列入本预算所需\t2012-2013\n 西亚经社会 阿尔卡特(使用寿命已到期) 2000 \n 思科系统因特网协议电话项目安装完毕 2010", "表十一.3 按工作地点开列因特网协议电话项目所需经费总额", "(单位：美元)", "工作地点 2010-2011年提供的资金 2012-2013年请拨的资金 2014-2015年计划的资金", "日内瓦办事处 — 1 525 200 6 994 000", "维也纳办事处 — 112 000 —", "内罗毕办事处 3 400 000 — 1 656 000", "非洲经委会 — 1 484 400 —", "亚太经社会 1 441 000 746 500 —", "拉加经委会 — 265 000 —", "共计 4 841 000 4 133 100 8 650 000", "海外资产管理", "十一.11 基本建设支出资源是根据第34款统一请拨的，以确保以连贯和系统的办法来管理设施、进行主要维修和建筑工程。咨询委员会在其报告(A/65/518)中强调，咨询委员会重视中央支助事务厅在以下方面发挥的中央领导作用，即确保从整个组织的视角，处理有关建设、主要维修和全面管理联合国设施的需要和优先次序。咨询委员会进一步表示，该厅的作用应该得到加强，应建立更加明确的权限和责任(另见A/64/7/Add.11)。大会在第65/259号决议中认可了咨询委员会的结论和建议，秘书长为执行该决议，在设施管理处下设立了海外资产管理股，以便进一步支助和指导总部以外各办事处规划和管理重大建设项目。秘书长表示，这一措施加大了向总部以外办事处和各区域委员会规划、管理和监督其主要建筑项目的工作提供指导、支助和技术意见的力度。(见A/66/6(Sect.34)，第34.7段)。咨询委员会鼓励秘书长继续发挥海外资产管理股的领导和协调作用，使该股成为有效的工具，借以改进对整个联合国中长期需要的预测，提高联合国资产的规划和编制预算效率，并提高其通盘管理效率。", "十一.12 咨询委员会回顾，2009年5月启动了对在总部以外所有办事处设施的战略基本建设审查，以解决与全球设施管理有关的问题，就新设施的开发和现有设施的主要维修的需求和优先次序确定适用全组织的方法，并确保充分支持参与这类工作的工作地点。(见A/65/351，第6-8段)。该项审查的结果将形成为期20年的战略基本建设计划的基础。咨询委员会注意到，中央支助事务厅已开始开展审查进程，正如预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.34))第34.8段所述，审查进程将分三个阶段进行。秘书长预计将在2013年1月完成最后一个阶段，并于2013年年底向大会提交一份报告，其中将报告审查结果，提出联合国秘书处全球房舍20年基本建设方案和优先次序战略。在这方面，咨询委员会强调海外资产管理股的重要作用。咨询委员会还重申，有必要借鉴在规划和执行总部基本建设总计划和联合国内罗毕办事处建设项目方面吸取的教训和积累的专门知识。咨询委员会还着重指出，20年全球战略计划应能提高效率和成本效益，有助于更好地管理联合国设施。", "建议", "十一.13 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长在第34款内的建议。", "表十一.4 按类别开列的拟议项目", "定义：", "• 多年期项目是指非经常性建设、改建或装修项目，由于其规模和复杂性，必须分阶段执行，持续时间超过一个两年期", "• 经常项目涉及每个两年期必须提供的所需经费，以确保建筑物保持良好的工作状态", "• 新项目是新执行的建设、改建或装修项目，其性质是非经常性的，只需要在一个两年期内执行", "(千美元)", "项目 数额 类别 \n 1. 总部 \n 改建和装修 \n警犬股地区修缮\t220.0\t新项目\n改装争议法庭的审判室\t419.5\t新项目\n为支持虚拟机的扩大，增加后备基础设施\t637.6\t经常项目\n实体服务器基础设施升级\t959.0\t经常项目\n中央数据、储存和网络能力\t385.0\t经常项目\n更换建筑群以外的交换器\t3000.0\t多年期项目\n 主要维修 \n供暖、通风、空调和机械加工车间\t4943.3\t经常项目\n电器维修\t990.0\t经常项目\n水暖维修\t50.0\t经常项目\n更换地毯、椅垫和窗帘\t329.6\t经常项目\n木工\t20.0\t经常项目\n油漆粉刷\t367.5\t经常项目\n一般维修\t628.2\t经常项目\n环境质量监测和石棉减排\t200.0\t经常项目\n常规屋顶维修\t250.0\t经常项目\n办公空间的重新配置\t2539.3\t经常项目\n秘书长官邸维修\t116.6\t经常项目\n与安保和安全相关的维修\t2816.8\t经常项目\n 2. 联合国日内瓦办事处 \n 改建和装修 \n为残疾人安装3个厕所设施\t308.7\t新项目\n改装争议法庭审判室\t250.0\t新项目\n扩展城域网\t100.0\t多年期项目\n更换备份架构\t700.0\t新项目\n出入控制项目第二阶段\t1199.5\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n维修B楼防水墙和隔离墙\t3453.0\t新项目\n修缮大会厅A楼的玻璃屋顶\t1600.0\t新项目\n更换13号和15号载客电梯\t645.0\t多年期项目\n维修屋顶飞檐和石外墙\t1055.0\t新项目\n进气口和通气井大修\t1014.0\t新项目\nE楼地下车库板坯翻新\t415.0\t新项目\nC和K楼的屋顶修理和防水\t566.3\t新项目\n砖石和混凝土工程的日常维护\t184.0\t新项目\n主变电站板的维修\t300.0\t多年期项目\n更换秘书处主下水道的第三阶段\t1300.3\t多年期项目\n识别和去除有害物质\t300.0\t经常项目\n更换C楼和D楼的水管和下水道管\t1060.0\t多年期项目\n安保和安全设备的维护\t2742.0\t经常项目\n 3. 联合国维也纳办事处 \n 改建和装修 \n给装修设施和一般基础设施的机构间基金的捐款\t2551.2\t经常项目\n出入控制项目第二阶段\t295.8\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n给主要维修和更换筹资共同基金的捐款\t1300.8\t经常项目\n 4. 内罗毕办事处 \n 改建和装修 \n办公室室内翻新多年期计划最后阶段，推出一项开放计划\t400.0\t多年期项目\n环境管理计划第二阶段\t200.0\t多年期项目\n重新配置和扩大停车设施多年期项目第二阶段\t760.0\t多年期项目\n改装争议法庭的审判室\t389.0\t新项目\n代表休息室的改造和装修\t570.0\t新项目\n安装玻璃幕墙，改善第2、3和4会议室的自然采光\t150.0\t新项目\n第1至4号会议室口译厢升级换代\t350.0\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n电器维修\t1000.0\t经常项目\n一般维修\t550.0\t经常项目\n结构和建筑维修\t600.0\t经常项目\n安保和安全相关的维修\t1333.1\t经常项目\n 5. 非洲经委会 \n 改建和装修 \n非洲大厅装修第一阶段\t437.0\t新项目\n能源管理系统的改进\t485.0\t新项目\n紧急维修通路\t388.0\t多年期项目\n联合国会议中心水管道系统升级换代，并更换地板\t286.0\t新项目\n亚的斯亚贝巴各种安保项目\t333.0\t经常项目\n所有5个次区域办事处的各种安保项目\t250.0\t经常项目\n 主要维修 \n更换电梯\t509.0\t多年期项目\n所有次区域办事处的重大维修工程\t260.0\t经常项目\n与安保和安全相关的维修\t298.0\t经常项目\n 6. 亚太经社会 \n 改建和装修 \n改装供暖、通风和空调(HVAC)系统，以提高效率\t291.0\t新项目\n更换一个冷水机组，以降低高峰负荷\t291.0\t新项目\n安装独立的供暖、通风和空调机和灭火系统，以支持新的因特网协议电话系统\t189.1\t新项目\n会议通风升级换代并改善厨房卫生\t215.3\t新项目\n联合国会议中心同声传译系统更换第二阶段\t291.0\t多年期项目\n加强网络安全基础设施\t222.6\t新项目\n电子存储升级换代\t224.3\t新项目\n联合国会议中心消防安全系统升级换代\t145.5\t新项目\n秘书处和服务大楼安装消防喷头\t219.0\t新项目\n出入控制项目第二阶段\t848.1\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n电力接地\t97.0\t经常项目\n服务大楼电梯电机室屋顶维修\t97.0\t新项目\n会议中心大楼防水卷材\t164.9\t经常项目\n更换亚太经社会大厅现有墙壁\t126.1\t经常项目\n更换备用发电机\t281.3\t新项目\n 7. 拉加经委会 \n 改建和装修 \n更换主体建筑屋顶系统\t110.0\t推迟\n执行“可持续联合国”项目\t130.0\t推迟\n主体建筑入口大厅的改建\t200.0\t推迟\n附楼存储空间\t180.0\t推迟\n残疾人设施升级\t60.0\t多年期项目\n重铺行车路面和破损地区\t270.0\t新项目\n次区域办事处小规模重新配置工作\t15.0\t新项目\n安保和安全的改进\t85.7\t经常项目\n 主要维修 \n会议室供暖、通风和空调系统维修\t260.0\t新项目\n更换一部电梯\t100.0\t新项目\n更换太子港次区域办事处配电板\t180.0\t新项目\n拆卸和更换陈旧电缆和管道\t50.0\t新项目\n更换地下柴油罐\t40.0\t新项目\n灌溉系统升级\t120.0\t新项目\n更换两个主要会议室陈旧破损的地毯\t50.0\t多年期项目\n更换一部过时的发电机\t170.0\t多年期项目\n更换公共场所、停车区、楼内车辆和行人区的照明\t50.0\t多年期项目\n与安保和安全相关的维修\t600.0\t经常项目\n 8. 西亚经社会 \n与安保和安全相关的维修\t450.0\t经常项目\n 9. 企业网络 \n在秘书处非洲经委会、拉加经委会、亚太经社会以及联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处等地继续执行因特网协议电话项目\t4133.1\t多年期项目\n总部以外办事处和各区域委员会的综合维修合同\t2291.3\t经常项目\n在各主要工作地点安装网络压缩装置\t756.7\t新项目\n在7个工作地点维修和更新检查站防火墙软件\t150.0\t经常项目", "第十二编", "安全和安保", "第35款", "安全和安保", "秘书长拟议数(经常预算)\t238 745700美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t238 447700美元\n秘书长拟议数(共同出资预算)\t243 800300美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t243 605700美元\n预算外资源预计数\t13 310100美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源7 603400美元，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.35)表35.6中所列资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所作决定；还包括预算外资源5706 700美元。", "十二.1　秘书长为第35款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为238 745 700美元。与2010-2011两年期相比，净增298 000美元，即0.1%。编列的经费包括共同出资的安全和安保费用中联合国分担的份额。出现净增额有多种原因，详见预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.35))第35.9段的说明。", "十二.2　秘书长表示，由于安全和安保部担负向联合国各主要地点的工作人员、代表、来访者以及向联合国系统外地业务活动提供安全和安保服务的双重职责，因此该部的活动经费一部分来自经常预算，另一部分同外地安保管理系统覆盖的其他组织分担(同上，第35.7段)。", "十二.3　2012-2013两年期，共同出资活动的毛额预算在重计费用前为243 800 300美元。与2010-2011两年期相比，净增194 600美元，或0.1%。出现净增额有多种原因，详见预算文件第35.10段的说明。秘书长表示，每个参与组织的财政责任都是依据其在外地活动的人员所占比例而定的(同上，第35.7段)。咨询委员会获悉，在2012-2013两年期，共同出资活动毛额预算中由联合国分担的份额估计为23.74%，约5 790万美元。", "十二.4　秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期，该款下的经常预算和共同筹措资源将得到以下来源的资金补充：(a) 维持和平行动支助账户；(b) 为联合国各基金及方案提供的安保和安全服务的偿还款；(c) 捐助方指定用于支助亟需的安保措施的资金。2012-2013两年期，其他分摊资源和预算外资源估计数共计13 676 400美元(同上，第35.11段)。", "十二.5　下表十二.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定的经常预算和共同出资员额以及秘书长为2012-2013年拟议的经常预算和共同出资员额。该表还列示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表十二.1", "人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t1 059\t1个USG，1个ASG，1个D-2，2个D-1，10个P-5，20个P-4，21个P‑3，7个P-2/1，8个一般事务(特等)，173个一般事务(其他职等)，314个安保人员，501个当地雇员\n2012-2013年拟议数\t1 072\t1USG，1个ASG，1个D-2，6个D-1，6个P-5，26个P-4，15个P-3，7个P-2/1，8个一般事务(特等)，178个一般事务(其他职等)，314个安保人员，509个当地雇员\n 新设 13 次级方案1^(a)：5个GS(OL)，8个LL 改叙\t10\t行政领导和管理：2个P-5改叙为D-1，4个P-3改叙为P-4 \n 次级方案1：2个P-5改叙为D-1，2个P-3改叙为P-4\n共同出资活动毛额预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t942\t1D-2，2个D-1，35个P-5，205个P-4，115个P-3，6个P-2/1，4个一般事务(特等)，26个一般事务(其他职等)，150个安保人员，398个当地雇员\n2012-2013年拟议数\t960\t1 D-2，11D-1，28个P-5，196个P-4，115个P-3，14个P-2/1，4个一般事务(特等)，26个一般事务(其他职等)，155个安保人员，410个当地雇员 新设 20 5个SS，次级方案1^(a) 次级方案2，构成部分1：10个LL 次级方案2，构成部分2：1个P-4，1个P-3，2个LL \n 次级方案2，构成部分2^(a)：1个P-4 改叙\t20\t次级方案1：1个P-5改叙为D-1，1个P-3改叙为P-4 \n 次级方案2，构成部分1：8个P-5改叙为D-1，2个P-4改叙为P-5，8个P-4改叙为P-2/1\n调动\t2\t1个P-4个和1个P-3，从总部外勤支助处调至内罗毕区域培训中心\n 裁撤 2 2个P-4，次级方案2，构成部分1 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数^(b)\t40\t1个P-5，11个P-4/3，1个P-2/1，15个一般事务(其他职等)，12个安保人员", "^(a) 先前核定为2010-2011两年期临时员额，现拟设为常设员额。", "^(b) 包括由维持和平行动支助账户供资的18个其他分摊员额和22个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "十二.6　主管安全和安保事务副秘书长向咨询委员会说明，该部寻求将人员编制稳定在2010-2011年核定的人数。但咨询委员会获悉，为确保管理结构为世界各地安保业务提供必要的监督和管理，提出了一些重组和调整现有职位的提议。咨询委员会注意到，安全和安保部自成立以来经过了一个持续扩大的时期，仅2010-2011年期间就核准了204个新员额。咨询委员会赞同秘书长稳定安全和安保部现有人员编制的意图。咨询委员会认为，考虑到已有的编制增长，该部应按当前业务需要和优先事项严格审查和评估现有资源，如有必要，应向其认为需要加强的活动或工作地点调动资源。", "行政领导和管理", "经常预算", "改叙", "十二.7　秘书长拟将副秘书长办公室特别助理职位从P-5改叙为D-1职等，以设置一个办公室主任职位。秘书长在提出这一提案时，强调关于安保、人力资源、共同制度和立法问题的部间、部内、机构间和全系统协调的水平。秘书长还指出，该办公室主任将辅助该部领导，并发挥桥梁作用，将战略愿景变为协调一致、指挥得当的行动，使该部、秘书处其他各部以及会员国和联合国系统内外其他行为体了解信息(同上，第35.18至35.19段)。", "十二.8　咨询委员会不建议核准改叙该特别助理员额的提议。在提出这一建议时，咨询委员会考虑到最近任命了助理秘书长。咨询委员会认为，这项任命应该加强该部在拟设办公室主任员额的理由中所强调的若干领域的能力。对这一问题，咨询委员会又回顾，在提议通过改叙已有的D-2职等副手员额设立上述助理秘书长员额时，秘书长曾强调，需要一名高级官员负责该部的日常全面管理并加强内部管理(见A/64/6(Sect.34)Add.1，第34.21段)。", "十二.9　秘书长提议将政策、规划和协调股(为整个安全管理系统发布政策和标准)与合规、评价和监测股(负责合规审查)合并成合规和政策事务处。秘书长说，这两个股的合并将最大程度地利用现有资源，使执行合规督察职能的检查员能够有助于政策的拟订，并使政策拟订人员更多地接触到各种合规问题(A/66/6(Sect.35)，第35.21段)。拟将两股现有P-5员额中的一个改叙为D-1职等，作为新建处的领导。咨询委员会认识到，安全管理方面的政策制定和合规情况审查至关重要，两个领域也需要相互提供信息。因此，咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于将政策、规划和协调股与合规、评价和监测股合并以及将新设处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提案。", "十二.10　秘书长还拟将合规、评价和监测股现有的4个P-3员额改叙为P-4职等。秘书长表示，这些职位的职责是参与制定与合规有关的程序和准则，监测各项战略，并制订和实施该部的评价政策。秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中说，合规检查团的一条经验教训是，无论合规督察干事的个人专业才干如何，在同P-5或资深P-4职等安保主任打交道或向D-2或以上职等指定官员汇报情况时，一个P-3合规督察干事的资历或实地经验都不足以取信。咨询委员会认为，合规督察干事的主要任务是查明该部的政策和程序是否得到充分遵守。咨询委员会认为，P-3职等的叙级不应成为影响其监测和报告这类合规情况的能力的因素。因此，咨询委员会不建议核准将合规、评价和监测股员额改叙为P-4职等的提议。", "次级方案1，安保和安全协调", "经常预算", "新员额", "十二.11　拟在联合国日内瓦办事处安全和安保处新设5个一般事务(其他职等)员额，以组建一个警犬股(同上，第35.28段)。2010-2011两年期曾核准设立这几个临时员额。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于设立这5个一般事务(其他职等)员额的提议。", "十二.12　拟在亚的斯亚贝巴安全和安保处新设八个当地雇员员额。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，请设这些员额是为了各安保控制中心运行安装的周边进出控制系统。它们先前是由2010-2011两年期一次性经费供资的临时员额由。咨询委员会建议核准设立这八个当地雇员员额。", "改叙", "十二.13　秘书长拟将日内瓦和内罗毕两个安保和安全处处长员额从P-5改叙为D-1(同上，第35.28段)。此外，在共同出资活动项下，还拟将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等(见下文第十二.20段)。秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充信息中表示，这些员额需要改叙，以便准确反映这些职位的全面职责范围，包括向这些工作地点联合国房地的工作人员、代表和来访要人提供安全和安保服务的职责。秘书长还表示，各安保处长必须建立和维持一个广泛的工作关系网络，并强调，所涉的对话者包括较高职级的官员。据说明，改叙将使各安保处长能够以适当级别行使相应权力、决策自主和进行对话。", "十二.14　关于日内瓦安全和安保处处长员额的拟议改叙，咨询委员会获悉，该任职者为比利时、法国、摩纳哥和瑞士事务指定官员担任首席安保顾问。就这一问题，咨询委员会还获悉，该处长为在瑞士的40个、在比利时的24个和在法国的11个机构、基金和方案承担安全协调责任。", "十二.15　咨询委员会获悉，内罗毕安全和安保处处长还为肯尼亚事务指定官员担任首席安保顾问。因此，该任职者不仅负责吉吉里大院，还负责肯尼亚各地另外43个联合国办事处的工作人员和家属的安保。咨询委员会还获悉，肯尼亚复杂的威胁环境是拟改叙该员额的一个原因。联合国各机构在目前处于第三安全等级的地区广泛开展业务的情况是这种威胁环境的反映。", "十二.16　咨询委员会回顾，对外交使团的安全保护主要由东道国政府负责，安全和安保部则主要负责联合国房地内的安保。然而，东道国虽然愿意承担这一责任，它们的承担能力在不同工作地点各有差异。为此，咨询委员会以前曾提出，在东道国已建立健全的安保结构和手段的地点，联合国应重点加强与国家和(或)当地执法机构的合作与协调，而在不具备这些条件的地点，则应特别注意加强联合国确保自身安全的能力(A/59/539，第20段)。", "十二.17　咨询委员会认为，日内瓦和内罗毕安保和安全处处长与之互动的对话者的级别并不是提高其员额叙级的一个理由。但咨询委员会认为，具体地点的总体安全环境是影响首席安保顾问职责级别的一个因素。因此，关于内罗毕的这一员额，咨询委员会注意到有关该国部分地区目前安全等级提高以及现存总体威胁程度的说明。考虑到这些因素，咨询委员会建议核准将内罗毕安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议。咨询委员会不建议核准将日内瓦安保和安全处处长改叙为D-1职等。", "十二.18 在内罗毕安保和安全处，拟将现有P-3员额中的一个改叙为P-4职等，以设置副处长职位。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，该干事将负责联合国内罗毕办事处安保和安全业务的日常管理和行政，并负责提供政策咨询意见和制定安保应急计划。咨询委员会获悉，副处长任职者还将负责管理包括行政股、安全风险管理股、安保系统股、培训和发展股以及安全股在内的各股安保和安全支助方案。考虑到所述内罗毕安保和安全处副处长员额的职责，咨询委员会不反对将其改叙为P-4职等的提议。", "十二.19　在总部，秘书长拟将总部安保和安全事务司现有P-3行政干事员额改叙为P-4职等。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，据说明，该员额需要改叙，原因是该职位承担的责任增加，其中包括：协调内部监督事务厅和联合检查组合规情况考察和审计的实施和对其所作的答复；关于总部、总部以外办事处、区域委员会和法庭各安保和安全处的管理报告；监测有关建议的执行情况；起草政策和标准作业程序。咨询委员会认为，目前该员额的职等足以有效履行所述职责，因此，咨询委员会不建议核准拟议改叙。", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.20　拟在维也纳安全和安保处设立五个新的安保干事员额，以组建一个警犬股(同上，第35.32段)。2010-2011两年期曾核准设立这几个临时员额。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于设立这五个安保干事员额的提议。", "改叙", "十二.21　拟将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额职等提高到D-1。咨询委员会获悉，该员额任职者不仅负责维也纳国际中心周边以内工作人员和来访者的安全和安保，还为奥地利、捷克共和国、德国和斯洛伐克事务指定官员担任首席安保顾问。咨询委员会还获悉，该任职者负责监督18个机构、基金和方案的安全和安保。考虑到上文第十二.17段所述因素，咨询委员会不建议核准将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等。秘书长还拟将维也纳安保和安全处一个现有P-3员额改叙为P-4职等，设为副处长职位。所提改叙理由与拟设内罗毕副处长的理由相同(见上文第十二.18段)。咨询委员会不反对将该员额改叙为P-4，设为维也纳安保和安全处副处长。", "次级方案2，区域外勤协调和支助", "构成部分1，区域外勤业务协调", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.22　秘书长拟设立10个新的当地雇员员额。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，拟设这些员额是为了在有需求的工作地点增加本国工作人员，以加强对五个安保信息和行动中心(亚洲及太平洋两个、东非两个、中东一个)的支助。咨询委员会建议核准设立10个新的当地雇员员额。咨询委员会期望采取灵活办法使用这些员额，使各中心的人员配置通过员额调动得到调整，以适应不断变化的业务要求和优先事项。", "改叙", "十二.23　关于外勤业务，秘书长拟将7个首席安保顾问职位从P-5改叙为D-1。如拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.35))第35.40段所述，其中6个职位所在的维和特派团被称为“超大特派团”，分别拥有5 000至25 000名人员，其中包括首席安保顾问直接监督下的160至1 100名安保人员。此外，拟将驻巴基斯坦的首席安保顾问员额改叙为D-1职等，原因是，按照其规模、复杂程度和承担的责任，再加上复杂的人道主义紧急情况，驻巴基斯坦安保管理系统堪比一个大型维持和平行动。秘书长说，这一提案是根据该部对按照复杂程度、业务和规模排列的25个工作地点进行的分析提出的。该提案还考虑到外勤支助部就政治事务部、维持和平行动部或外勤支助部领导的29个外地行动的安保职能进行的基准测定报告(同上，第35.39至35.41段)。", "十二.24　如上文第十二.16段所强调，东道国承担联合国工作人员安保责任的能力在不同工作地点各有差异，联合国开展业务所处安全环境的复杂程度也不尽相同。咨询委员会认为，这些因素综合起来，可成为秘书长拟议将若干地点首席安保顾问员额的职等提高到D-1的理由。同时，咨询委员会也指出，特定工作地点的总体安全环境可能会发生变化。因此，为了使该部有能力适应业务优先事项中的这种变化，咨询委员会建议核准将四个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。咨询委员会期望灵活使用这些员额，以便在某些工作地点最需要相应职等管理人员的时候，能够将这些员额调至这些工作地点。", "十二.25　在外勤业务范围内，秘书长还拟议将八个P-4员额向下改叙为P2/1职等，以提供更多初级职等的机会(同上，第35.41段)。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，这还将有助于精简目前以中等职级专业人员员额(P-3和P-4)为主的外勤人员配置。咨询委员会获悉，将这些员额设为P-2/1职等的实现途径是在现有工作人员之间重新分配职能，由新设的P-2/1员额承担适合其职等的职责。咨询委员会注意到，在目前经常预算和共同出资活动项下合计人员编制中，专业及以上职类核定员额共有427个，其中361个为P-3和P-4职等，只有13个是P2/1职等(同上，表35.7)。咨询委员会看到该部增设初级职等员额的好处，并欢迎通过重新评价现有人员编制来增设这些员额。咨询委员会建议核准将八个P-4员额改叙为P-2/1职等的提议。", "十二.26　秘书长拟将威胁和风险评估股股长的P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。此外，拟将该股一个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等，据补充资料中的说明，改叙该员额是为了提供适当程度的业务连续性。咨询委员会获悉，自2011年1月开始实行新的安保等级制度以来，威胁和风险分析这一概念的重要性已大大增加。在这方面，咨询委员会还获悉，该股在联合国全系统范围承担发现新威胁、确定脆弱领域以及制定缓解战略和措施的主要作用。据信有必要提议改叙该股长员额，以确保总部和外地所需的协调和监督水平，并适当提供分析、评估和危机管理领域必不可少的专家知识和经验。咨询委员会获悉，该股长监督总部8个专业分析员，并为外地19个专业分析员职位以及外勤地点五个安保信息和行动中心的25个分析员提供技术监督。咨询委员会认识到威胁和风险评估在整个安保管理系统中的重要性以及该领域所需判断力的程度。因此，咨询委员会建议核准将威胁和风险评估股股长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议。关于将该股一个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等，咨询委员会认为所提理由不充分，因此不建议核准该提议。", "十二.27　在区域业务司，拟将一个现有P-4员额改叙为P-5职等。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，改叙是为了加强该部内部与外地非政府组织开展联络和协调活动的能力。咨询委员会获悉，该员额任职者将担任区域业务主任办公室非政府联络股股长。咨询委员会认为，目前该员额的职等足以有效履行与非政府组织联络的职能，因此，咨询委员会不建议核准将其改叙为P-5的提议。", "员额的裁撤", "十二.28　秘书长拟裁撤外地两个P-4职位(同上，第35.41段)。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，这样做据说明是为了补偿拟在各安保信息和行动中心新设的10个当地雇员职位(见上文第十二.22段)。咨询委员会不反对该裁撤提案。", "构成部分2，外勤支助", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.29　拟在内罗毕设立4个新的安保培训员员额，包括一个P-4、一个P-3和两个当地雇员，以作为区域化培训服务的一部分，向非洲区域提供支助(A/66/6(Sect.35)，第35.57至35.58段)。咨询委员会获悉，开展区域培训活动被认为是培训非洲各地安保干事的更有实效、更具成本效益的方法。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，该次级方案订约承办事务经费减少了约150 000美元，据说明是因为在内罗毕开展培训活动。咨询委员会欢迎因使用内罗毕区域培训中心而减少订约承办事务。咨询委员会建议核准在该培训中心新设一个P-3员额和两个当地雇员员额。咨询委员会注意到将现有的1个P-4和1个P-3职等员额从总部调至该中心的提议，因此，咨询委员会不建议核准新的P-4员额。", "十二.30　秘书长拟设立一个新的P-4员额，在总部提供航空风险管理能力，协调该部的航空安全活动和方案(同上，第35.58段)。咨询委员会回顾，秘书长曾为现两年期提议设立该员额(A/64/6(Sect.34)/Add.1，第34.81至34.84段)。在审议该请求之后，咨询委员会曾建议设立一个P-4职等临时员额，到2010-2011两年期终了时结束，并说明，今后在为航空风险管理办公室请批任何资源时，都应附有对其活动的评价(A/64/7/Add.16，第70段)。", "十二.31　咨询委员会经询问后获悉，该临时员额的受聘任职者2011年5月才开始工作。因此，提供对该领域活动的所需评价还为时过早。鉴于这些情况，咨询委员会建议2012-2013两年期续设该临时员额，以便继续履行这些职能。咨询委员会重申其要求，即今后该领域的任何提议都应附有对该部航空风险管理活动的评价。", "调动", "十二.32　作为加强区域培训中心的提议的一部分，拟将两个员额(P-4和P-3)从总部培训和发展科调至内罗毕。咨询委员会不反对该调动提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "经常预算", "十二.33　2012-2013两年期经常预算下拟议非员额资源86 119 500美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少4 300 900美元，即4.8%。数额减少的主要原因是以下各类所需资源减少：其他工作人员费用(4 597 800美元)，家具和设备(2 105 900美元)，用品和材料(867 100美元)，一般业务费用(594 000美元)，订约承办事务(510 000美元)。该减少额因赠款和捐款项下增加4 298 800美元而被部分抵消，这项经费用于支付共同出资活动费用中联合国分担的份额(见上文第十二.3段)。该数额增加的原因是联合国外地工作人员增加。", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "十二.34　2012-2013两年期共同出资活动项下拟议非员额资源为60 356 000美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少9 450 000美元，即13.5%。尽管各支出用途项下均有减少，但减少额大部分是在其他工作人员费用项下(5 686 300美元)，原因是恶意行为损害保险在订立新的三年期保单后，保费明显降低，导致所需经费减少5 248 700美元。以下各项所需资源也有所减少：一般业务费用(1 451 600美元)，家具和设备(1 199 500美元)，工作人员差旅(689 700美元)，咨询人(297 800美元)。", "十二.35　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "十二.36　秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期间用于开展监测和评价活动的资源估计数为2 455 900美元。其中包括合规评价和监测股一个P-5、两个P-4、三个P-3和两个一般事务(其他职等)员额的费用及相关支助费用。咨询委员会注意到，没有就迄今开展的监测和评价活动的结果或计划在下一个两年期开展的活动提供任何资料。咨询委员会要求在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提供这些资料。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题作出进一步评论。", "标准化出入控制项目实施情况", "十二.37　咨询委员会回顾，秘书长曾拟在联合国所有主要地点分两个阶段实施标准化出入控制系统。标准化出入控制项目第一阶段旨在确保周边保护和电子出入控制符合总部最低运作安保标准，第二阶段旨在确保周边以内各层界定安保与这些标准相符。", "十二.38　秘书长在其报告A/64/532中拟在八个工作地点实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段。咨询委员会在审议该提议之后建议，应将加强安保工作排定优先次序并分阶段实施，2010-2011两年期应在西亚经社会、联合国内罗毕办事处和非洲经委会实施。咨询委员会还建议，2010-2011两年期应借鉴初期实施工作的经验教训，审查其余工作地点的需要并排定优先次序，并在 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中列报订正所需资源(A/64/7/Add.15，第20段)。这项建议得到大会第64/243号决议认可。", "十二.39　咨询委员会获悉，已决定推迟标准化出入控制项目第二阶段的大部分支出。据说明，标准化出入控制项目第二阶段的很多安保强化和升级项目属于高技术项目，涉及出入控制和证件制作、车辆识别和出入、闭路电视监视系统以及综合通信系统。咨询委员会获悉，这类安保系统的费用正在降低，新技术即将投入使用，无线技术的发展可能会帮助节省基础设施和接线费用。因此，据说明，推迟可能会在未来给联合国带来显著的成本效益。然而，拟议方案又为另外三个工作地点(曼谷、日内瓦和维也纳)实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段编列了230万美元的经费。咨询委员会获悉，在这些地点的实施工作涉及到关键的安保升级，延迟升级可能会导致过时系统构成部分发生故障，造成安保脆弱性。咨询委员会要求在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中载列关于标准化出入控制项目第二阶段现状的最新资料。", "人员配置的地域多样性和性别均等", "十二.40　主管安全和安保事务副秘书长告知咨询委员会，该部一直主要依靠聘用退役军人和退役警察，因此需要扩大人员征聘基础。秘书长在提出该提议时还表示，需要招收一批新的干事。此外还说明，拟将八个P-4员额向下改叙为P-2/1职等，以此扩大征聘范围，从而有助于加强该部的地域多样性和性别均等。", "十二.41　主管安全和安保事务副秘书长还表示，他认识到，安全和安保部在人员配置的地域多样性和性别均等目标方面还需要做出更多努力。咨询委员会回顾，大会在第59/276号决议中设立安全和安保部，并敦促秘书长确保从广泛的地域征聘该部专业及以上职类人员。咨询委员会虽然看到最近任命了主管安全和安保事务助理秘书长，但注意到该部D-1或D-2员额目前均无女性工作人员任职。咨询委员会欢迎对这方面所表示的重视，并期望下一个两年期间该部的人员配置在地域多样性和性别均等方面取得可见进展。", "第十三编", "发展账户", "第36款", "发展账户", "秘书长拟议数 23 651 300美元 \n 2010-2011年订正批款 23 651 300美元", "十三.1 秘书长为2012-2013两年期发展账户请批的经常预算资源为23 651 300美元，与2010-2011两年期的订正批款数持平。拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.36))附录载有2012-2013两年期发展账户拟议供资项目清单。该拟议预算表2汇总了主要支出用途所需资源。", "十三.2 该预算文件概述了设立发展账户的背景以及自设立发展账户以来大会关于重新计算其费用和增加其批款的各项决定(同上，第36.1-36.3段)。根据大会这些决定，目前的23 651 300美元资源数额比大会在1998-1999两年期设立该账户初期核定的13 065 000美元数额增加了10 586 300美元。", "秘书长的第七次进度报告", "十三.3 秘书长在关于发展账户供资项目(A/66/84，表1)执行情况的第七次进度报告中说明，自1998-1999两年期以来，已有204个项目分七个连续档次得到供资，批款总额为127 614 500美元。前四档的所有项目业已完成，第五、第六和第七档的项目仍在实施当中。A/66/84号文件表1概述了截至2011年4月30日的各档情况，包括项目数、批款额、主题和执行率。该报告附件一和二载列了正在实施的项目详情，包括项目名称、实施实体、批款和开支。", "十三.4 发展账户的目标是向联合国发展纲领优先领域建立能力项目提供经费，造福于发展中国家(A/66/6(Sect.36)，第36.5段)。咨询委员会回顾，它在审议2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算时获悉，当时正在开展努力，以清楚地反映在联合国发展系统业务框架内和联合国国家一级发展援助框架内通过这些项目取得的成果(A/64/7，第十三.3段)。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，第七次进度报告第二节和第三节介绍了有关联合国发展工作中发展账户的信息，并概述和评估了关于支持实施千年发展目标等国际商定发展目标的此类项目的成果。秘书长还表示，现在更多项目与联合国发展援助框架挂钩，预计将与联合国国家工作队开展积极协商(A/66/84，第46段)。", "十三.5 第七次进度报告第四节以执行实体的最终报告为基础，分析了第五档项目的执行情况。咨询委员会获悉，在该档供资的40个项目中，项目绩效评估包括2006-2009年期间实施的30个项目，而其余10个项目仍处于实施阶段(同上，表1，脚注a)。秘书长进度报告的结论表示，对第五档项目的审查表明，这些项目旨在产生尽可能广泛的影响，帮助实现所有千年发展目标或针对减贫这一最主要目标。此外，发展账户资助的项目与千年发展目标保持一致，不仅为该帐户提供了有用的战略重点，还为项目的合作伙伴和受援国提供了指导参考(同上，第39段)。", "十三.6 咨询委员会建议大会注意到秘书长的第七次进度报告。", "2012-2013两年期第八档拟议项目", "十三.7 秘书长表示，发展账户第八档项目的总主题是“支持会员国迎接相互关联的多重发展挑战，加快在实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标方面的进展”(A/66/6(Sect.36)，第36.6段)。项目提案包括关于执行机构、背景、目标、预算概要和主要活动的信息，都包含在拟议预算附件中。咨询委员会注意到，发展账户指导委员会在2011年3月会议上认可了第八档拟议供资的40个项目(同上，第36.9段)。在经济和社会事务执行委员会的职权范围内，这些项目将由秘书处10个实体实施，即经济和社会事务部、贸发会议，环境署、禁毒办、人居署和五个区域委员会(同上，第36.7段)。", "十三.8 秘书长还指出，账户自设立以来为204个项目提供了资金，其中150个项目仍在进行之中和(或)需要方案管理支助(同上，第36.10段)。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，为了向发展账户提供方案支持，大会第64/243号决议核准为经济和社会事务部2010-2011两年期增设2个员额(1个P-5和1个P-4)，协助发展账户方案主管提升方案管理水平和扩大方案管理任务的范围(同上，第36.10段)。", "十三.9 秘书长还指出，发展账户的管理更趋复杂，范围也进一步扩大，会员国对于发展账户的方案拟订、监测和评价的期望也有所增加(同上)。咨询委员会回顾，多年来发展账户管理和行政得到了改善和加强，包括规定为期四年的项目实施周期，必须按照全面逻辑框架提交详细项目文件并提交最终评价报告，以及设立指导委员会和能力发展办公室，重新设计网站，改进基于互联网的协调，使各方更容易了解项目信息和扩大影响(A/64/7，第十三.6-十三.7段)。秘书长指出，今后两年，发展账户的管理重点是加强监测和评价，更好地将已经取得的经验教训纳入新项目的方案编制工作中(A/66/84，第38段)。咨询委员会赞同秘书长强调项目监测和评价的重要性，并期待继续适当注意这类活动。咨询委员会建议大会核可秘书长关于发展账户的提议。", "第十四编", "工作人员薪金税", "第37款", "工作人员薪金税", "秘书长拟议数\t537 622800美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t550 749900美元\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十四.1 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第37款请批的经常预算资源重计费用前为537 622 800美元，与2010-2011两年期批款相比减少了13 127 100美元，减幅2.4%。工作人员薪金税拟议资源减少13 127 100美元的原因是，2012-2013两年期与拟议员额费用和其他工作人员费用相关的工作人员薪金税所需资源出现净减，但减少数额被2010-2011两年期248个核定新员额的滞后影响部分抵销(A/66/6(Sect.37)，第37.3段和A/66/6(Introduction)，表10)。", "十四.2 秘书长表示，依照联合国预算编制程序，联合国工作人员薪金和有关薪酬应按照《联合国工作人员条例和工作人员细则》条例3.3内所列薪金税率缴税。为便于同联合国系统其他组织的拟议预算相比较，方案预算各支出款所列工作人员费用减除了工作人员薪金税。因此，本款列出薪酬毛额和净额的总差额。此外，以工作人员薪金税形式预扣的款项视为联合国的收入。因此，本款下请批的款项也将列入收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)(A/66/6(Sect.37)，第37.1-37.2段)。", "收入估计数", "收入第1款", "工作人员薪金税收入", "秘书长拟议数 558 973 300美元 \n 2010-2011年核定估计数 555 041 000美元", "IS1.1 2012-2013年工作人员薪金税总额估计数为558 973 300美元，包括(a) 在第37款项下为方案预算各支出款次所请经费总额(554 561 800美元，重计费用后)，和(b) 收入第3款(服务公众)项下的工作人员薪金税(4 411 500美元)。", "IS1.2 咨询委员会注意到，在拟议预算中，凡未经大会以特定决议另行指定用途的工作人员薪金税项下的收入，一概记入大会1955年12月15日第973 A(X)号决议所设的衡平征税基金，按照有关财政年度适用的经常预算经费分摊比额表记在各会员国名下(A/66/6(Income sect.1)，第IS1.2段)。", "收入第2款", "一般收入", "秘书长拟议数 52 495 800美元 \n 2010-2011年核定估计数 40 487 800美元", "IS2.1 2012-2013 两年期本款收入总额估计数为52 495 800美元，比2010-2011年核定估计数增加12 008 000美元。收入估计数包括房地租金收入、专门机构和其他机构偿付的服务费用、银行利息、出售旧设备、往年支出退款、非会员国缴款、电视和类似服务以及杂项收入。收入第2款表IS2.1显示，2012-2013两年期估计数增加的主要原因是，预计房地租金收入增加(12 417 900美元)，但增加数额被银行利息预计减少额(387 300美元)和杂项收入预计减少额(189 900美元)部分抵销。", "IS2.2 房地租金收入来自若干与联合国活动有关联的专门机构和其他实体为使用联合国在纽约、日内瓦、亚的斯亚贝巴、曼谷、内罗毕和圣地亚哥的房地而支付的租金。表IS2.2开列了上述六个地点中每个地点的2010-2011年核定估计数和2012-2013年预计估计数。咨询委员会注意到，估计净增12 417 900美元主要是由于以下地点租金收入增加：内罗毕(11 000 000美元)、总部(562 300美元)、日内瓦(793 900美元)和曼谷(61 700美元)(A/66/6(Income sect.2)，第IS2.1-IS2.2段)。", "收入第3款", "服务公众", "IS3.1 收入第3款(服务公众)包括：(a) 工作方案，涵盖联合国邮政管理处业务、联合国出版物销售、游客服务、经济和社会事务部的收入服务、礼品销售、报摊业务、停车场业务、餐饮业务和其他商业运作相关活动；(b) 方案支持，提供给方案规划、预算和账户厅的账户司的收入账户股。", "净收入(重计费用后)", "秘书长拟议数 62 200美元 \n 2010-2011年订正估计数 (2 557 000)美元", "IS3.2 拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Income sect.3))表IS3.1显示，2012-2013年净收入估计数为62 200美元，这是重计费用后预计总开支38 782 700美元和预计毛收入38 844 900美元相抵的结果。估计现两年期净亏损2 557 000美元。预算文件表IS3.4按本款下各项活动开列了毛收入和净收入估计数，第IS3.5段作了说明。秘书长表示，2012-2013年拟议预算的假设是，基本建设总计划的实施将继续对总部某些服务产生负面影响。虽然咨询委员会注意到，基本建设总计划将影响总部一些公众服务所产生的收入，但感到鼓舞的是，2012-2013两年期预计将产生净收入62 200美元，咨询委员会相信，有关各方将努力使净收入达到这一最低金额。", "销售联合国出版物", "IS3.3 咨询委员会注意到，在预算文件中，2012-2013年工作方案强调继续开展在现两年期启动、取得初步成功的电子出版方案，其中包括智能手机应用软件；适用于Kindle、iPad和Nook等阅读器的电子书籍；建立联合国电子图书集，作为以订阅为基础的平台，主要面向图书馆等机构(同上，第IS3.30和IS3.31段)。秘书长表示，电子图书和电子出版技术市场的演变为宣传和增加收入带来了无穷的机会。", "IS3.4 在这方面，咨询委员会询问了针对普通民众和年轻受众的印刷书籍、电子书籍以及移动应用软件的销售情况。咨询委员会获悉，每年，《世界人权宣言》印刷本平均售出12 500本，《联合国宪章》14 000本，《联合国概况》3 000本。关于这三本出版物，从2010年6月至2011年5月售出了1 600份针对苹果设备的移动应用软件版本，从2010年8月至2011年5月售出了700份电子版本，其中不包括Nook和索尼电子书的销售，因为暂无相关数据。此外，最近推出了AIDSInfo等三个免费的应用程序，以宣传本组织的活动。此外，计划在2012年推出印刷版和电子版学校工具包，以教育青年受众。咨询委员会欢迎开展这些倡议，以利用新的技术和平台，促进联合国的活动，教育更广泛的受众和年轻人。", "游客服务", "IS3.5 关于总部的导游服务，第IS3.47和IS3.48段显示，下列外部因素将继续影响下个两年期导游业务产生收入的能力：(a) 根据基本建设总计划，关闭会议和大会大楼，进行翻修；(b )安保和安全限制；(c) 当前全球经济衰退，东道市旅游发展趋势波动。鉴于东道市旅游业票价趋于上涨，通常计划每年提高所有类别游客在导游带领下参观的票价。然而，由于基本建设总计划将导致若干场所对游客关闭，2012-2013年收费将维持2010-2011年的水平。因此，导游参观的价格将继续低于东道市的大部分景点。咨询委员会认为，一旦基本建设总计划项目完工，应考虑提高总部导游收费并改善向游客提供的服务。在这方面，可以比较分析东道市的旅游景点收费情况，以便在2014-2015两年期方案预算中，提出关于提高总部导游收费的建议。", "IS3.6 预算文件表IS3.17提供了1993年至2013年期间总部、日内瓦和维也纳实际和估计游客人数信息。2012年，估计的游客人数分别为：总部300 000人，日内瓦95 000人，维也纳52 500人。咨询委员会注意到，由于内罗毕建筑群的建设工作，联合国内罗毕办事处尚未正式开办导游业务。据预计，2012-2013年期间，在正式成立游客服务部门后，游客人数可能达到每年约7 000人。鉴于将启动新业务以及联合国内罗毕办事处所处位置，咨询委员会认为，内罗毕办事处可与当地旅游经营者探索合作机会，以增加内罗毕办事处的游客数量。", "礼品销售", "IS3.7 预算文件显示，根据基本建设总计划目前的安排，将自2012年4月1日起关闭目前由承包商经营的总部礼品店，进行翻新(A/66/6(Income sect.3)，第IS3.70-IS3.72段)。预算文件进一步指出，为筹备大会大楼在2014年重新开放，将努力签订新的礼品中心合同，并建立网上销售平台。咨询委员会了解到秘书长打算在新的礼品中心合同中包含关于网上销售联合国礼品的内容，并欢迎这一举措。", "支出估计数", "秘书长拟议数\t37 604000美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t39 713300美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所列经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "IS3.8 秘书长为收入第3款请批的经常预算资源重计费用前为37 604 000美元，与2010-2011两年期批款相比减少2 109 300美元，即5.3%。拟议减少资源主要是由于员额所需资源减少(924 700美元)和其他工作人员费用所需资源减少(1 180 200美元)。预算文件表IS3.6汇总了各支出用途所需资源。", "IS3.9 下表汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。", "人员编制", "员额资源 员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t89\t2个P-5，6个P-4，4个P-3，3个P-2/1，9个GS(PL)，63个GS(OL)，2个SS\n2012-2013年两年期拟议数\t89\t2个P-5，6个P-4，4个P-3，3个P-2/1，9个GS(PL)，63个GS(OL)，2个SS\n调动\t1\t1个GS(OL)从日内瓦调入纽约联合国出版物销售项下", "关于员额的评论和建议", "暂时冻结员额和调动", "IS3.10 由于维也纳和总部正在进行的翻修项目导致活动减少，秘书长提议在2012-2013两年期暂时冻结以下7个员额：", "(a) 联合国维也纳邮政管理处1个P-4和2个一般事务人员(其他职等)(同上，第IS3.20段)；", "(b) 纽约游客处1个P-3和3个一般事务人员(其他职等)(同上，第IS3.55段)。该预算文件表明，这4个员额在现两年期已被暂时冻结。", "IS3.11 咨询委员会询问冻结员额的做法，并获悉，通常如果预见在一定期限内活动量将减少，但稍后将恢复，则对各收入款次下各种事务的员额采取这种做法。咨询委员会不反对暂时冻结这些员额的建议。", "IS3.12 拟将日内瓦联合国出版物销售部门的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额调至这一业务最近进行了合并的纽约(同上，第IS3.6和IS3.35段)。秘书长指出，日内瓦销售和推销科在2010年关闭，导致总部销售和推销科重组，设立了一个电子出版股，对一些工作人员职位职能进行了调整，以满足新的要求。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，因为总部销售和推销科重组之后，新活动增加，业务需求也增加，为此，拟议调动日内瓦最后一个剩余空缺员额。因此，咨询委员会不反对调动该员额的建议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "IS3.13 预算文件表IS3.6汇总了各支出用途所需资源。2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为18 725 500美元。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "附件一", "按资金来源和职等开列的员额数", "A. 维持和平行动以外的员额", "2010-2011年(核定数) 2012-2013(拟议数)\n 数目 百分比 数目 百分比", "经常预算，支出各款", "USG 34 0.3 34 0.3", "ASG 28 0.3 29 0.3", "D-2 101 1.0 105 1.0", "D-1 277 2.7 287 2.8", "专业职等 4 121 39.6 4 129 39.9", "一般事务及其他职等 5 746 55.3 5 679 54.9", "小计 10 307 99.1 10 263 99.1", "经常预算,收入各款", "专业职等 15 0.1 15 0.1", "一般事务及其他职等 74 0.7 74 0.7", "小计 89 0.9 89 0.9", "共计 10 396 100.0 10 352 100.0", "其他，摊派^(a)", "D-2 8 0.6 8 0.6", "D-1 23 1.7 23 1.8", "专业职等 852 64.6 843 64.8", "一般事务及其他职等 435 33.0 427 32.8", "共计 1 318 100.0 1 301 100.0", "预算外", "ASG 6 0.0 6 0.0", "D-2 44 0.3 48 0.4", "D-1 186 1.4 197 1.5", "专业职等 3 597 27.5 3 577 27.4", "一般事务及其他职等 9 254 70.7 9 214 70.6", "共计 13 087 100.0 13 042 100.0", "各国际法庭^(b)", "USG 2 0.2", "2010-2011年(核定数) 2012-2013(拟议数)\n 数目 百分比 数目 百分比", "ASG 2 0.2", "D-2 2 0.2 不详", "D-1 7 0.6", "专业职等 501 42.9", "一般事务及其他职等 655 56.0", "共计 1 169 100.0", "^(a) 2012-2013两年期员额估计数，已得到大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议核准。", "^(b) 根据2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的开列方式，与各法庭相关的内部监督事务厅2010-2011两年期监督事务核定员额列在“其他，摊派”项下。", "B. 所有维持和平行动的核定文职员额^(a)", "6月30日终了财政期间", "2011年 2012年", "国际工作人员^(b)", "专业及以上职等", "USG 8 8", "ASG 21 20", "D-2 38 38", "D-1 110 110", "P-5 313 311", "P-4 781 748", "P-3 1 259 1 145", "P-2/P-1 363 288", "小计 2 893 2 668", "外勤事务职等 3 788 3 394", "安保事务职等 0 0", "共计,国际工作人员 6 681 6 062", "本国工作人员^(c) 14 870 15 089", "共计 21 551 21 151", "^(a) 所涉时期核定数，不包括支助账户和联合国后勤基地项下供资的员额。", "^(b) 不包括一般临时人员项下的临时职位。", "^(c) 在适用之处，包括本国干事。", "C. 共同出资员额", "2010-2011年(核定数) 2012-2013年(拟议数)\n 预算款次 数目 百分比 数目 百分比", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-1 1 0.6 1 0.6", "专业职等 87 50.0 87 50.0", "一般事务及其他职等 86 49.4 86 49.4", "小计 174 100.0 174^(a) 100.0", "13. 国际贸易中心", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-2 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-1 5 3.1 5 3.0", "专业职等 84 51.9 86 52.4", "一般事务及其他职等 71 43.8 71 43.3", "小计 162 100.0 164^(b) 100.0", "32. 共同出资的行政活动", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 3 3.7 3 3.7", "D-1 5 6.2 5 6.2", "专业职等 36 44.4 36 44.4", "一般事务及其他职等 37 45.7 37 45.7", "小计 81 100.0 81 100.0", "35. 安全和安保", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 1 0.1 1 0.1", "D-1 2 0.2 11 1.1", "专业职等 362 38.0 353 36.8", "一般事务及其他职等 588 61.7 595 62.0", "小计 953 100.0 960 100.0", "共计 1 370^(c) 1 379^(d)", "^(a) 未列入图书馆股2010-2011两年期两个核定员额(1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))，以便构成可与2012-2013两年期工作人员配置情况比较的基础。", "^(b) 根据现行安排，2012-2013两年期详细预算将在2011年第四季度提交大会。", "^(c) 不包括大会在第64/243和第65/260号决议中核准的第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)项下由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的90个执行企业资源规划项目临时员额(1个D-2；8个D-1；21个P-5；37个P-4；9个P-3；1个P-2；1个一般事务(特等)和12个一般事务(其他职等))。", "^(d) 不包括大会在第64/243和第65/260号决议中核准的第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)项下由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的90个执行企业资源规划项目临时员额(1个D-2；8个D-1；21个P-5；37个P-4；9个P-3；1个P-2；1个一般事务(特等)和12个一般事务(其他职等))以及拟议在第30款(信息和通信技术厅)项下设立、由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源出资的14个与信息和技术倡议相关的员额(2个D-2；2个P-5；10个P-4)。", "附件二", "常设和临时员额拟议变动一览表", "A. 拟议裁撤员额(共计：147个)", "第1款 通盘决策、领导和协调", "秘书长办公厅 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "第2款 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "会议和出版服务，纽约 37个工匠，4个一般事务(其他职等)", "文件服务，日内瓦 2个P-5，2个P-4", "第3款 政治事务", "安全理事会事务 1个P-4，1个P-3，2个一般事务(其他职等)", "非殖民化 1个P-4，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第5款 维持和平行动", "联合国停战监督组织 2个外勤事务职等", "第9款 经济和社会事务", "统计 1个P-3，1个P-2/1，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "经济及社会理事会支助协调 1个P-4", "社会政策与发展 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "可持续发展 1个P-5", "发展政策和分析 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "公共行政和发展管理 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "发展筹资 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第12款 贸易与发展", "方案支助 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第16款 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法", "方案支助 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第19款 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展", "方案支助 5个P-3，2个P-2，1个本国干事", "第20款 欧洲经济发展", "行政领导和管理 1个P-4", "环境 1个P-3，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "运输 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "统计 2个P-2", "贸易 1个P-2", "第21款 拉丁美洲经济和社会发展", "行政领导和管理 1个P-2", "与全球经济的联系、区域一体化及合作 1个P-2", "生产和创新 1个P-2", "宏观经济政策和增长 1个P-2", "社会发展与平等 1个P-2", "墨西哥和中美洲的次区域活动 1个P-2", "加勒比次区域的活动 1个当地雇员", "方案支助 1个P-4，1 个P-2，3个当地雇员", "第22款 西亚经济和社会发展", "经济发展和一体化 2个当地雇员", "信息和通信技术推动区域一体化 1个当地雇员", "方案支助 1个当地雇员", "第24款 人权", "支持人权条约机构 1个P-3，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第28款 新闻", "战略传播事务 5个当地雇员", "新闻事务 4个一般事务(其他职等)", "外联和知识共享事务 1个P-5，1个P-2/1，9个一般事务(其他职等)", "第29B款 方案规划、预算和账户厅", "财务信息业务处 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第29E款 行政，日内瓦", "支助服务 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "图书馆服务 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "第35款 安全和安保", "安保和安全组织 10个一般事务(其他职等)，11个当地雇员", "B. 拟议新设员额(共计：63个)", "第3款 政治事务 \n联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册 1 个P-3\n 第5款 维持和平行动 \n 联合国停战监督组织 2个当地雇员 \n 第7款 国际法院 \n书记官处 1个P-3，1个P-2，2个一般事务(其他职等)\n 第9款 经济和社会事务 \n 统计 2个P-3 \n第16款国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 \n 行政领导和管理 1个P-4 \n打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运，包括贩毒 1个P-5，1个P-4\n 预防和打击恐怖主义 1个P-4 \n 司法 1个P-4 \n 保健和生计 1个D-1 \n 研究和趋势分析 1个P-4 \n 政策支助 1个D-1 \n 第17款 妇女署 \n 方案支助 2个P-3 \n 第19款 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 \n 次级方案8，次区域活动促进发展 1个D-1 \n构成部分3，北亚和中亚次区域活动促进发展 \n 第22款 西亚经济和社会发展 \n 提高妇女地位 1个D-1 \n 减轻冲突影响和发展 1个D-1，1个P-5 \n 第24款 人权 \n 行政领导和管理 2个一般事务(其他职等) \n支持人权条约机构 1个P-4，2个P-3，2个一般事务(其他职等)\n 支持人权理事会、其附属机构和机制 1个P-4，1个P-3 \n 第26款 巴勒斯坦难民 \n 争议法庭(安曼) 1个D-1，1个P-4 \n 近东救济工程处总部 2个P-5，1个P-4 \n 布鲁塞尔联络处 1个P-4 \n 华盛顿特区联络处 1个P-5，1个P-4 \n 外地办事处 5个P-3 \n 第27款 人道主义援助 \n 减少自然灾害 1个D-1 \n 第28款 新闻 \n 外联事务 1个P-2 \n 第29D款 中央支助事务厅 \n 设施管理处 1个P-4 \n 旅行和运输科 1个P-3 \n 第31款 内部监督 \n 行政领导和管理 1个ASG \n 第35款 安保 \n安保和安全组织 5个一般事务(其他职等)，8个当地雇员", "附件三", "拟议从一般临时人员、订约承办事务和预算外供资项下改划的新员额", "A. 拟议从一般临时人员项下改划的新员额一览表", "拟议将原先在一般临时人员项下供资的共14个职位改划为常设员额或临时员额，因此，下列款次和方案的人员编制增加：^(a)", "第24款 人权", "支持人权理事会、其附属机构和机制 1个P-4，1个P-3，1个P-2，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第28款 新闻", "新闻事务 4个一般事务(其他职等)", "第31款 内部监督", "检查和评价 3个P-3，3个P-2", "^(a) 此外，还拟议将第7款(国际法院)项下10个专业职等员额(2个P-4，6个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))由临时员额改划为常设员额。拟议改划员额的地位从临时改为常设，对资源的净影响为零。", "B. 拟议从订约承办事务项下改划的新员额一览表", "拟议将共24个员额由订约承办事务改划为常设员额，因此，下列款次和方案的人员编制增加：", "第29 D款 中央支助事务厅", "广播和会议支助科 4个P-3，5个一般事务(特等)，8个一般事务(其他职等)", "设备工程科 7个工匠", "C. 拟议从预算外供资项下改划的新员额一览表", "拟议将原先在预算外资源项下供资的共2个职位改划为常设员额或临时员额，因此，下列款次和方案的人员编制增加:", "第3款 政治事务", "联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处 1个本国干事", "第27款 人道主义援助", "人道主义行动和紧急反应的协调 1个P-5", "附件四", "拟议改叙员额(共计：55个)", "第1款 通盘决策、领导和协调 1个P-5改叙为D-1", "第2款 11个P-4改叙为P-5 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "第3款 政治事务 1个外勤事务职等改叙为当地雇员", "第5款 维持和平行动 13个外勤事务职等改叙为当地雇员", "1个外勤事务职等改叙为本国干事", "第18款 非洲经济和社会发展 1个外勤事务职等改叙为P-4", "1个当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "第22款 西亚经济和社会发展 1个P-4改叙为P-3", "第26款 巴勒斯坦难民 4个D-1改叙为D-2", "1个P-4改叙为P-5", "第28款 新闻 6个当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "第29G款 行政，内罗毕 2个P-5改叙为D-1，2个P-4改叙为P-5", "第35款 安保 4个P-5改叙为D-1，6个P-3改叙为P-4", "附件五", "截至2011年3月31日以及2012-2013两年期预计将继续由一般临时人员项下供资的职位", "编次\t款次\t截至2011年3月31日的职位数\t2012-2013年期间将续设的职位估计数\t2012-2013年期间拟议改划为常设员额的职位数\t职务 \n第一编.通盘决策、领导和协调 \n1\t通盘决策、领导和协调\t9\t4\t—\t大会主席办公厅主任，大会主席办公厅副主任，高级顾问，顾问\n2\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t25\t4\t—\t数据库管理员，人力资源助理，网路开发员\n 小计 34 8 — \n第二编.政治事务 \n3\t政治事务\t4\t3\t—\t财务和预算干事，财务小组助理，人力资源助理\n 4 裁军 2 1 — 小组助理 \n 5 维持和平行动 5 — — \n 小计 11 4 — \n第三编.国际司法和国际法 \n 7 国际法院 3 3 — 主任医官，打字员\n 8 法律事务 4 — — \n 小计 7 3 — \n第四编.国际合作促进发展 \n 9 经济和社会事务 5 1 — 统计员 \n10\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t4\t—\t—\t\n12\t贸易与发展\t6\t—\t—\t\n15\t人类住区\t5\t5\t—\t行政助理，个人助理，方案助理，小组助理\n16\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t2\t—\t—\t\n 小计 22 6 — \n第五编.区域合作促进发展 \n17\t非洲经济和社会发展\t33\t28\t—\t医务干事，房舍事务办事员，木工，清洁工，数据输入操作员，司机，财务助理，库存和供应助理，工人，邮件助理，送信员，小组助理，技术员，电话接线员，电话接待员，运输助理\n18\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t4\t3\t—\t信息系统助理，电信技术员\n19\t欧洲经济发展\t1\t—\t—\t\n20\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t17\t2\t—\t司机，财务助理\n21\t西亚经济和社会发展\t6\t6\t—\t医务干事，信息技术干事，信息系统助理，护士，电信业务员，电信技术员\n 小计 61 39 — \n第六编.人权和人道主义事务 \n23\t人权\t6\t—\t—\t\n25\t巴勒斯坦难民\t1\t—\t—\t\n26\t人道主义援助\t5\t—\t—\t\n 小计 12 — — \n第七编.新闻 \n27\t新闻\t30\t21\t4\t新闻干事,信息干事，无线电节目制作员，信息助理，印刷业务员，新闻助理,网站助理，校对员\n 小计 30 21 4 \n第八编.共同支助事务 \n28A.\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t1\t1\t—\t法律干事\n28B.\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t3\t—\t—\t\n28C.\t人力资源管理厅\t11\t8\t—\t工作人员-管理当局协调委员会第三十二届会议主席,医务干事，行政干事，人力资源助理，办公室助理，工作人员发展助理\n28D.\t中央支助事务厅\t5\t5\t—\t业务连续性管理股股长，业务连续性专家,司机,送信员\n28E.\t行政，日内瓦\t10\t3\t—\t信息系统干事，网站协调员，计算机信息系统助理\n28F.\t行政，维也纳\t3\t—\t—\t\n28G.\t行政，内罗毕\t2\t1\t—\t业务连续性规划协调员\n29\t信息和通信技术厅\t14\t4\t—\t信息系统干事，行政助理，计算机系统助理\n 小计 49 22 — \n第九编.内部监督 \n30\t内部监督\t9\t—\t6\t评价干事，协理评价干事\n 小计 9 — 6 \n第十二编.安全和安保 \n34\t安全和安保\t67\t39\t—\t采购协调员，安保干事，办事员，控制中心助理，信息管理办事员，办公室助理，办公室助理/出入证和身份证助理，项目助理，小组助理，技术员\n 小计 67 39 — \n 共计 302 142 10", "附件六", "大会关于与发展有关的活动的第63/260号决议核定员额的现状", "第63/260号决议 核定员额\n 预算款次和次级方案 Level 截至2011年7月的现状", "9. 经济和社会事务", "行政领导和管理 1个P-5 已于2009年7月1日填补", "1. 经济及社会理事会支助协调 1个P-4 拟议在2012-2013两年期裁撤", "2. 性别平等问题与提高妇女地位 1个P-5 根据大会第64/289和65/259号决议转调妇女署", "2个P-4", "2个P-3", "3. 社会政策与发展 1个P-4 已于2010年11月填补", "4. 可持续发展 1个P-4 已于2009年12月填补", "1个P-3 拟议在2012-2013两年期裁撤", "6. 人口 1个P-4 已于2010年11月填补", "9. 可持续森林管理 1个P-5 已于2010年7月填补", "10. 发展筹资 1个P-4 已于2011年1月填补", "小计 8(2个P-5；3个P-4；1个P-3)", "10. 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "1. 最不发达国家 1个P-4 已于2010年12月填补", "2. 内陆发展中国家 1个P-4 已于2010年5月填补", "3. 小岛屿发展中国家 1个P-4 已于2010年4月填补", "小计^(a) 3个P-4", "11. 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系", "1. 全球宣传和支助非洲发展新伙伴关系的协调 1个P-4 已于2010年4月填补.", "2个P-3 已分别于2010年2月和2010年8月填补", "小计 3(1个P-4, 2个P-3)", "^(a) 不包括转调妇女署的员额。", "第63/260号决议核定员额 \n 预算款次和次级方案 Level 截至2011年7月的现状 \n 12. 贸易与发展 \n1.全球化、相互依存和发展 1个D-1 已填补\n 1个P-5 已填补 \n 2个P-4 已填补。不得已，再次贴出了一个P-4员额的空缺通知，因为面试的候选人中无一人符合该员额要求。在填补之前，该员额被用来聘用临时专家，为一个比较发展中地区区域和货币合作经验项目服务。\n 2个P-3 已填补 \n 2. 投资和企业 1个P-5 已填补 \n 1个P-4 已填补 \n 3. 国际贸易 1个D-1 已填补 \n 1个P-4 已填补 \n5.非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案 1个D-1 已填补\n 1个P-4 已填补 \n小计 12(3个D-1,2个P-5,5个P-4,2个P-3) \n 17. 妇女署 \n2.性别平等问题与提高妇女地位 1个P-5 根据第64/289和65/259号决议，自2011年1月1日起，这些员额从第9款转调到第17款。\n 2个P-4 \n 2个P-3 \n小计 5(1个P-5；2个P-4；2个P-3) \n 18. 非洲经济和社会发展 \n 行政领导和管理 1个本国干事 已填补 \n 7. 次区域活动促进发展 6个本国干事 已填补 \n 4个本国干事 面试中 \n 1个本国干事 第一次征聘活动未产生合适候选人，因此，6月份再次发出了空缺通知\n 9. 统计 2个P-5 已填补 \n 2个P-4 已填补 \n 2个P-3 已填补 \n方案支助 1个本国干事 已在INSPIRA上贴出职位空缺通知，报名截止日尚未到\n小计 19(2个P-5，2个P-4，2个P-3，13个本国干事) \n19.亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 \n 8. 次区域活动促进发展 1个D-1 已于2010年6月1日填补 \n 1个D-1 预计将在2011年9月通过平级调动填补\n 1个P-5 已于2010年8月19日填补 \n 1个P-5 已于2010年5月1日填补 \n 1个P-5 面试和评估以完成。已将最后审查送交中央审查机构\n 1个P-5 已于2011年4月29日填补 \n 1个P-4 已于2010年5月9日填补 \n 1个P-3 在2009年12月22日至2011年3月11日期间，该员额曾填补。目前正在制定替代前面这位任职者的候选人短名单\n 1个P-3 尚未得到评估信息，目前正在制定候选人短名单\n 1个当地雇员 等待完成对与亚洲及太平洋技术转让中心的联合行政支助安排进行的审查。\n 1个本国干事 已于2011年5月24日填补 \n小计 11(2个D-1,4个P-5,1个P-4,2个P-3,1个当地雇员,1个本国干事 \n 20. 欧洲经济发展 \n行政领导和管理 1个P-4 该员额（经济事务干事）现任职者于2010年5月1日获得任命。任职者将于2012年8月退休。现拟议，将自2013年1月1日起，裁撤该员额。\n3. 统计 1个P-3 该员额（统计员）现任职者于2010年8月1日获得任命。\n5. 可持续能源 1个P-4 该员额（经济事务干事）现任职者于2010年8月8日获得任命。\n方案支助 1个P-3 由于设置阿拉木图办事处的工作出现延后，阿拉木图的该员额（经济事务干事）目前空缺。欧洲经济委员会于2010年9月15日才着手贴出该员额通知。但是，现拟议，将自2012年1月1日起，裁撤该员额。\n小计 4(2个P-4,2个P-3) \n21.拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 \n1.与全球经济的联系、区域一体化及合作 1个P-4 已填补\n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 2. 生产和创新 1个P-3 已填补 \n 4. 社会发展和社会公平 1个P-3 已填补 \n5.将两性平等观点纳入区域发展主流 1个P-5 已公布职位空缺\n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 6. 人口与发展 1个P-3 已填补 \n 8. 可持续发展和人类住区 1个P-5 已填补 \n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 1个P-2 已完成征聘，从名册上选出了候选人\n 9. 自然资源和基础设施 1个P-4 已填补 \n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 1个P-2 已填补 \n 1个当地雇员 已填补 \n 10. 统计和经济预测 1个P-3 已填补 \n11.墨西哥和中美洲次区域活动 1个P-4 已填补\n 1个P-3 已公布职位空缺 \n 1个当地雇员 已填补 \n 12. 加勒比次区域活动 2个P-3 已填补 \n小计 20(2个P-5,3个P-4，11个P-3,2个P-2，2个当地雇员) \n 22. 西亚经济和社会发展 \n1.综合管理自然资源促进可持续发展 1个P-4 已于2010年3月1日填补\n2. 综合社会政策 1个P-4 已于2009年4月11日填补。2010年4月，由于任职者提升为P-5，该员额再次空缺。目前已有人临时填补该员额，任期到2011年12月31日止。\n 3. 经济发展和一体化 1个P-4 已于2010年1月12日填补 \n4.信息和通信技术促进区域一体化 1个P-5 已于2009年12月21日填补\n 1个本国干事 选中的候选人退出。职位空缺通知再次发出，并于2011年7月11日截止。\n 5. 循证决策统计 1个P-3 已于2009年3月9日填补 \n小计 6(1个P-5,3个P-4,1个P-3,1个本国干事) \n 共计 91", "––––––––––––––", "11-45064 (C) 280911 290911", "*1145064*", "[]", "[1] 注: 本报告中使用了下列与员额有关的简称：DSG：常务副秘书长；USG：副秘书长；ASG：助理秘书长；GS：一般事务；PL：特等；OL：其他职等；LL：当地雇员；NO：本国干事；FS：外勤事务；SS：安保事务；TC：工匠。", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算载于文件A/66/6(Introduction)、(Sects.1-7)、(Sect.8和Corr.1)、(Sects.9-15)、(Sect.16和Corr.1)、(Sects.17-25)、(Sect.26和 Corr.1)、(Sect.27)、(Sect.28和Corr.1)、(Sects.29 A-E)、(Sect.29F和Corr.1)、(Sect.29G)、(Sects.30-35)、(Sect.36和Corr.1)和(Sect.37)及(Income Sects.1-3)。", "[2] 应注意的是，除非特别标明采用2012-2013年费率，本报告中提到的所有预算资源均采用2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前的标准)。", "[3] 此外，国际贸易中心的详细拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.13)/Add.1)将按照既定程序在2011年第四季度提交给大会和世界贸易组织总理事会。", "[4] 即15%来自经常预算，62%来自维持和平行动支助账户，23%来自方案支助费用特别账户。", "[5] 经询问，委员会获悉，为每个预算款次提供的数字反映了主要用于信通技术的特定支出类别的经费，具体如下：在数据处理设备项下，用于购置和更换硬件和软件以及许可证和在线服务订购的估计数；在用品和材料项下，打印机墨盒、碳粉、彩色墨水、服务器部件、电脑备件和光盘等物项；在订约承办事务项下，为信息技术项目的开发或实施专门聘请的专家和咨询人；在租赁和维修项下；在人力资源项下，可直接确定的专门用于信息技术的员额和培训资源。在这方面，秘书长澄清，由于很多工作人员都花一些时间来处理信通技术有关问题，真正的人力资源构成部分可能超过列报的数字。", "[6] 见E/CN.7/2010/13-E/CN.15/2010/13；E/2010/28,第一章，A；E/2010/30-E/CN.15/2010/20，第一章，A，决议三。", "[7] 咨询委员会经询问获悉，“重要”的联合国文件包括联合国主要机关的正式记录，其中包括决议、会议记录、各委员会及其他主要机构的报告、预算和财务报告以及联合国各次主要会议筹备会议报告。", "[8] 秘书长以提议将订约承办事务改划为员额的方式提出设立这些员额的请求。在上文第一章第84段，咨询委员会进一步评述了这一问题，并表示在今后的拟议预算中，类似提议应作为设立新员额的请求提出。", "[9] A/63/582；另见咨询委员会有关报告(A/63/736)和大会第63/270号决议。", "[10] 见A/65/511/Add.1、A/65/725和大会第65/259号决议。", "[11] 即：15%来自经常预算，62%来自维持和平行动支助账户，23%来自方案支助费用特别账户。" ]

[ "United Nations", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and", "Budgetary Questions", "First report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 7", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 7", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "First report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "A/66/7", "ISSN 0255-1470", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[11 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nPreface viiI.General 1 comments, observations and \nrecommendations A.Format 13 and presentation of the proposed programme \nbudget \nB.Methodology 18C.Effects 18 of \nreform D.Efficiency 19 \ngains E. Personnel 20 \nmatters F.Non-post 32 objects of \nexpenditure \nG.Training 36H.Information 37 and communications \ntechnology I.Impact 41 of the strengthening of the development \npillar J.Business 42 \ncontinuity K. Other 45 assessed \nresources L.Extrabudgetary 46 \nresources M.Cooperation 47 with other United Nations \nbodies N.Overall 50 position of the Advisory Committee on the initial estimates for the biennium \n2012-2013 II.Detailed 51 recommendations on the proposed programme \nbudget Estimatesof 51 \nexpenditure PartI 51 Overallpolicymaking,direction and \ncoordination Section1. 51 Overallpolicymaking,direction and \ncoordination Section2. 63 General Assembly and Economic andSocial Council affairs \nandconferencemanagement PartIIPolitical 78 \naffairs Section3.Political 78 \naffairs Section4. 92 \nDisarmament Section5. 95 \nPeacekeepingoperations Section6. 104 Peaceful \nusesofouterspace PartIIIInternational 106 justice and \n law Section7.InternationalCourtof 106 \nJustice Section8.Legal 110 \naffairs PartIVInternational 114 cooperation for \ndevelopment Section9. 114 Economic andsocial \naffairs Section 119 10.Leastdevelopedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountries \nandsmallislanddevelopingStates Section 121 11.United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s \nDevelopment Section 123 12.Trade and \ndevelopment Section 127 \n13.InternationalTradeCentre Section 129 14. \nEnvironment Section 132 15.Human \nsettlements Section 136 16.International drug control,crime andterrorismprevention and criminal \njustice Section 150 17. \nUN-Women PartV 155 Regional cooperation for \ndevelopment Section 164 18. Economic andsocial \ndevelopmentinAfrica Section 164 18A. \nRegionalcommission Section 168 18B. Regional Commissions New \nYorkOffice Section 169 19. Economic andsocial developmentin Asia and the \nPacific Section 175 20. Economic \ndevelopmentinEurope Section 179 21. Economic andsocial developmentinLatin America and \ntheCaribbean Section 183 22. Economic andsocial developmentin Western \n Asia Section 188 23. Regularprogrammeoftechnical \ncooperation PartVIHumanrights 192 and humanitarian \naffairs Section 192 \n24.Humanrights Section 201 25.International protection, durablesolutions andassistanceto \nrefugees Section 204 26.Palestine \nrefugees Section 209 27. \nHumanitarianassistance PartVIIPublic 213 \ninformation Section 213 28.Public \ninformation PartVIIICommon 223 support \nservices Section 223 29.Management and support \nservices Section 224 29A.Officeof the Under-Secretary-General \nforManagement Section 229 29B.OfficeofProgrammePlanning,Budget and \nAccounts Section 235 \n29C.OfficeofHumanResourcesManagement Section 243 29D.Officeof Central Support \nServices Section 256 29E. \nAdministration,Geneva Section 259 29F. \nAdministration,Vienna Section 262 29G. Administration, \nNairobi Section 267 30.Officeof Information \nandCommunicationsTechnology PartIX 277 \nInternaloversight Section 277 31. \nInternaloversight PartX 283 Jointly financedadministrativeactivities and special \nexpenses Section 283 32. Jointly \nfinancedadministrativeactivities InternationalCivil 284 \nServiceCommission JointInspection 286 \n Unit UnitedNationsSystemChiefExecutivesBoard 288 forCoordination,including theInternationalPublicSectorAccountingStandards \nproject Section 291 33. Special \nexpenses PartXI 295 Capital \nexpenditures Section 295 34.Construction, alteration, improvement andmajor \nmaintenance PartXIISafety 305 and \nsecurity Section 305 35.Safety and \nsecurity PartXIII 317 Development \nAccount Section 317 36. Development \nAccount \nPartXIVStaffassessment 320Section 320 \n37.Staffassessment \nEstimatesofincome 320Incomesection1.Income 320 \nfromstaffassessment Incomesection2. 321 \nGeneralincome Incomesection3. 321 Servicesto \nthepublic \nAnnexes I.Number 326 of posts by source of funds and grade \nlevel A. Posts 326 other than at peacekeeping \noperations B.Authorized 327 civilian posts in all peacekeeping \noperations C.Jointly 328 financed \nposts III.Summary 330 of proposed changes in established and temporary \nposts A. Posts 330 proposed for \nabolition B.Proposed 332 new \nposts IV.Newposts 335 proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, contractual services and extrabudgetary \nfunding A.Summary 335 of new posts proposed for conversion from general temporary \nassistance B.Summary 335 of new posts proposed for conversion from contractual \nservices C.Summary 336 of new posts proposed for conversion from extrabudgetary \nfunding V. Posts 337 proposed for \nreclassification VI.General 338 temporary assistance positions funded as at 31 March 2011 and expected to continue in the biennium \n2012-2013 VII. Status 341 of posts approved by the General Assembly in resolution 63/260, on development-related \nactivities", "Preface", "1. The major functions of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, as defined by the General Assembly in its resolution 14 (I) of 13 February 1946, are:", "(a) To examine and report on the budget submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly;", "(b) To advise the General Assembly concerning any administrative and budgetary matters referred to it;", "(c) To examine on behalf of the General Assembly the administrative budgets of the specialized agencies and proposals for financial arrangements with such agencies;", "(d) To consider and report to the General Assembly on the auditors’ reports on the accounts of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies.", "The Advisory Committee also reports on the financing of peacekeeping operations, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In addition, the Committee reports on administrative budgets and other matters to the governing bodies of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (voluntary funds), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (Environment Fund), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations University (UNU), the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).", "2. Under rule 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the members of the Advisory Committee, no two of whom shall be nationals of the same State, shall be selected on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience.", "3. The Advisory Committee, as at 21 July 2011, had the following membership:", "Collen V. Kelapile (Chair) Alejandro Torres Lépori (Vice-Chair) Stafford Oliver Neil Mohammad Mustafa Tal Nonye Udo Peter Maddens Aicha Afifi Renata Archini Vladimir A. Iosifov Jasminka Dinić Akira Sugiyama Namgya C. Khampa Richard Moon", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu Zhang Wanhai", "4. The present report contains the conclusions and recommendations arrived at by the Advisory Committee on the basis of the Secretary-General’s proposals for the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, supplemented, to the extent possible, by additional information supplied orally or in writing by representatives of the Secretary-General.", "[]", "Collen V. Kelapile Chair", "Chapter I", "General comments, observations and recommendations", "1. The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/262, the General Assembly invited the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of a preliminary estimate of $5,396,697,200 at revised 2010-2011 rates. In the same resolution, the General Assembly decided on the priorities for the biennium 2012-2013 and requested the Secretary-General to reflect them when presenting his proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The priorities are as follows:", "(a) Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations conferences;", "(b) Maintenance of international peace and security;", "(c) Development of Africa;", "(d) Promotion of human rights;", "(e) Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts;", "(f) Promotion of justice and international law;", "(g) Disarmament;", "(h) Drug control, crime prevention and combating international terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "2. The Secretary-General proposes a programme budget[1] for the biennium 2012-2013 amounting to $5,343,758,100 for the expenditure sections and $611,531,300 for the income sections (both at 2012-2013 rates).[2] On a net basis, the estimates total $4,732,226,800. The proposals for 2012-2013 under the expenditure sections total $5,196,993,400 at revised 2010-2011 rates, a decrease of 3.7 per cent as compared with the approved outline for 2012-2013.", "3. In table 1 below, the estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates) are compared with the revised estimates for 2010-2011, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/260, and with final expenditure and income for the biennium 2008-2009. The decrease in the expenditure estimates for 2012-2013 is $170.2 million, or 3.2 per cent, at revised 2010-2011 rates.", "Table 1", "Comparison of income and expenditure for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)\n Estimate Revised Revised 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 rates rates", "Component Actual Revised Revised Preliminary Amount Percentage Amount Percentage 2008-2009 appropriation 2010-2011 2012-2013 (3)-(2) (5)/(2) (4)-(2) (7)/(2) 2010-2011 rates rates", "Expenditure 4 749 420.8 5 367 5 196 5 343 (170 (3.2) (23 (0.4) 234.7 993.4 758.1 241.3) 476.6)", "Income 559 038.1 592 594 611 1 484.7  0.3  18 3.1 971.8 456.5 531.3 559.5", "Net 4 190 382.7 4 774 4 602 4 732 (171 (3.6) (42 (0.9) 262.9 536.9 226.8 726.0) 036.1)", "4. In his introduction to the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General indicates that the delayed impact in the biennium 2012-2013 of the 248 posts established in 2010-2011 amounts to $24,930,300 (A/66/6 (Introduction), table 10). In addition, information is provided on the delayed impact in 2014-2015, at current rates, of the proposals for the establishment of 99 new posts in 2012-2013, which is estimated at $12,010,300 (ibid., table 11).", "5. Estimates in the category “other assessed resources”, comprising funds for the capital master plan, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the support account for peacekeeping operations, total $823,088,000 (ibid., table 8). The Advisory Committee was informed that following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290 on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations for the period 2011/12, the revised estimate was $692,021,100 (see table 2).", "Table 2", "Total budget", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010-2011\t2012-2013 Increase(decrease)\t\n Amount Percentage \n Regular budget Expenditure\t5 367234.7\t5 343758.1\t(23 (0.4) \n 476.6) \nGeneral income\t37 930.8\t52 558.0\t14627.2 38.6\nSubtotal\t5 329303.9\t5 291200.1\t(38103.8) (0.7)\nStaff assessmentincome\t555041.0\t558973.3\t3932.3 0.7\nNet regular budget\t4 774262.9\t4 732226.8\t(42036.1) (0.9)\n Other assessed^(a) \nSupport activities\t700087.9\t692021.8\t(8066.1) (1.2)\nSubtotal\t700087.9\t692021.8\t(8066.1) (1.2) \n Extrabudgetary \nSupport activities\t416858.2\t425019.0\t8160.8 2.0\nSubstantiveactivities\t2 166360.8\t2 538881.8\t372521.0 17.2\nOperationalactivities\t9 066870.6\t9 477672.9\t410802.3 4.5\nSubtotal\t11 650089.6\t12 441573.7\t791484.1 6.8\nTotal\t17 124440.4\t17 865822.3\t791381.9 4.3", "^(a) Reflecting the decision of the General Assembly in resolution 65/290 with respect to the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "6. The level of extrabudgetary resources during the biennium 2012-2013 is estimated at $12,441,573,700 (ibid., table 9). As indicated in table 2 above, the estimated total comprises $425,019,000 for support activities, $2,538,881,800 for substantive activities and $9,477,672,900 for operational activities.", "7. The estimated total for activities funded by the regular budget, other assessed resources and extrabudgetary funds for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $17,865,822,300.", "8. The Advisory Committee was further informed that, for the periods from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 and 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the estimates for peacekeeping operations, which have a different financial period, would total approximately $14 billion. This figure excludes the costs of the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) and special political missions, which are covered under the regular budget.", "9. The proposed budgets for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted for the consideration of the Advisory Committee in the third quarter of 2011. The revised appropriations for the two Tribunals for 2010-2011 total $578,315,900 gross ($525,414,900 net) (see General Assembly resolutions 65/252 and 65/253).", "10. The Secretary-General indicates in the introduction to the proposed programme budget that the budget was prepared in accordance with the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/229, and has been guided by the priorities, objectives and mandates set by Member States. The Secretary-General also states that in formulating the proposals, programme activities and their associated resources were scrutinized. An extensive and rigorous review of processes was undertaken as part of an effort to reduce overlap, embrace innovation, build greater synergies and deliver the programme of work. Although the proposed programme budget is below the approved level of the budget outline, the Secretary-General states that it is aimed at enabling the Organization to deliver its mandates in full (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 1 and 3).", "11. While the overall budget level is lower than the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, the Secretary-General highlights a number of areas that are proposed to be strengthened, namely, UNODC, UN-Women, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNRWA, the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). The Secretary-General highlights additional provisions related to the enterprise resource planning project, the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and investments in information and communications technology and for improving and modernizing access to the services provided by the Dag Hammarskjöld Library (ibid., paras. 12-14).", "12. The Advisory Committee was informed that in the second quarter of 2011, the Secretary-General requested his senior managers to work below the approved level of the budget outline by at least 3 per cent without affecting the Organization’s ability to carry out its mandates or programmes. The Secretary-General informed the Committee that this request had not been made on the basis of an in-depth analysis of programmes, but rather reflected the reality of the austere times that followed the global financial crisis and also his commitment to ensure that the Organization carries out its mandates in a cost-effective manner. The Secretary-General had requested programme managers to conduct a thorough review not only of their programmes and related activities but, more importantly, of their business processes. He said that programme managers had been given full authority to devise the optimal mix of resources while ensuring programme delivery. The Committee was informed that the process was an interactive one and, depending on the mutually identified efficiency gains in each area, differentiated targets had been achieved with regard to the different budget sections.", "13. The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized the importance of the ongoing review of programmes and business processes to ensure the most effective and efficient implementation of mandates. The Committee therefore welcomes the initiative of the Secretary-General in requesting such a review by programme managers. The Committee is of the view, however, that the time frame available to programme managers was insufficient to allow for such a review to be carried out in a comprehensive manner. In this regard, the Committee considers that this shortcoming is reflected in the proposals being put forward. In particular, the Committee is of the view that the overall reductions proposed are neither significant nor structural in nature. As such, it is considered unlikely that the proposed cuts, if approved, would be sustained in future budgets.", "14. In the present report, the Advisory Committee has therefore highlighted a number of aspects of the proposals on which it has concerns. These include the profile of the staffing changes being proposed, which would reduce the number of entry-level Professional posts, and the possible impact of reductions in departments and offices that received additional resources under resolution 63/260 on the strengthening of development-related activities. With regard to the level of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee observes that the overall level of resources will be affected both by the submission of proposals for special political missions and by decisions taken on the separate reports with financial implications, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. In addition, the Committee notes that reductions of approximately $18 million under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, relating to the production of summary records and the provision of conference services to United Nations funds and programmes, are contingent on decisions of the Assembly on the proposed changes.", "15. The Advisory Committee notes the indication by the Secretary-General that the proposals are aimed at enabling the Organization to carry out its mandates in full. During its hearings, however, a number of programme managers indicated that the reduction in resources would have an impact on the functioning of the offices concerned, even if not directly on mandate delivery. For example, with regard to the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Committee was informed that while reductions had been made in the area of programme support so as not to reduce resources for the programme of work, the capability to service intergovernmental bodies would be decreased. As a result, ESCAP would no longer translate non-legislative documentation or service expert bodies where translation was not mandatory (see also chap. II, paras. V.46-V.47).", "16. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the full impact of the budget proposals will become apparent only over time and will be considered, in due course, by the General Assembly through the performance reporting mechanism. The Committee expects, however, that steps will be taken to mitigate any unintended consequences so that mandate delivery is not adversely affected and so that there is no change in the overall level of support provided to Member States.", "17. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposals of the Secretary-General amount to $170.2 million less than the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010‑2011. The distribution of resources compared with the revised appropriation for the current biennium is presented in paragraph 17 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget (see table 3 below). Seven parts of the budget reflect decreases, with the largest reductions in percentage terms being in the areas of political affairs (8.4 per cent), overall policymaking, direction and coordination (5.2 per cent) and public information (3.0 per cent). Increased resources are proposed for six parts, the most significant being in the areas of capital expenditures (5.9 per cent), human rights and humanitarian affairs (3.8 per cent) and common support services (1.5 per cent).", "Table 3 Distribution of resources in 2012-2013 compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands United States dollars)", "2010-2011revisedappropriation Change 2012-2013resources(beforerecosting)\n Amount Percentage \nI.\tOverall policymaking,direction andcoordination\t756270.0\t(39345.0) (5.2)\t716925.0\nII.\tPolitical affairs\t1 457909.0\t(122233.6) (8.4)\t1 335675.4\nIII.\tInternational justiceand law\t92002.3\t109.7 0.1\t92 112.0\nIV.\tInternationalcooperation fordevelopment\t428505.3\t(1828.8) (0.4)\t426676.5\nV.\tRegional cooperationfor development\t513210.9\t(9562.7) (1.9)\t503648.2\nVI.\tHuman rights andhumanitarian affairs\t298021.2\t11384.7 3.8\t309405.9\nVII.\tPublic information\t184996.6\t(5564.4) (3.0)\t179432.2\nVIII.\tCommon support services\t598091.2\t8894.0 1.5\t606985.2\nIX.\tInternal oversight\t38925.0\t100.3 0.3\t39 025.3\nX.\tJointly financedadministrativeactivities and specialexpenses\t126127.5\t(2955.7) (2.3)\t123171.8\nXI.\tCapital expenditures\t60326.8\t3589.3 5.9\t63 916.1\nXII.\tSafety and security\t238447.7\t298.0 0.1\t238745.7\nXIII.\tDevelopment Account\t23651.3\t— —\t23 651.3\nXIV.\tStaff assessment\t550749.9\t(13127.1) (2.4)\t537622.8\nTotal 5 367234.7\t(170241.3) (3.2)\t5 196993.4", "18. A summary of proposals, by budget section, is provided in table 3 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposals for 21 budget sections reflect reductions in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, totalling $206.3 million, while the resources for 4 budget sections remain unchanged and 18 sections reflect increases totalling $36.1 million.", "19. As detailed in table 4 below, proposals are made for eight budget sections that are 3 per cent or more above the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, with the combined increase amounting to $28.6 million. In certain cases, the Advisory Committee notes that the proposed increases reflect General Assembly decisions calling for strengthening in the area concerned, as with section 16, International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice, and section 26, Palestine refugees. Others reflect new mandates approved during the current biennium, for example, in section 24, Human rights. At the same time, the proposals reflect the priority given by the Secretary-General to modernizing the Organization, which is expected to lead eventually to significant savings. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that given this priority, the Secretary-General’s requirement for a 3 per cent cut was not applied to the Office of Information and Communications Technology (see also para. 32 below).", "Table 4 Budget sections reflecting an increase of 3 per cent or greater compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budgetsection 2010-2011appropriation Resourcegrowth 2012-2013resourcesbeforerecosting\n Amount Percentage \n13.\tInternational TradeCentre\t31793.3\t997.1 3.1\t32 790.4\n16.\tInternational drugcontrol, crime andterrorism preventionand criminal justice\t39191.1\t1927.5 4.9\t41 118.6\n17.\tUN-Women^(a)\t13532.5\t1304.4 9.6\t14 836.9\n24.\tHuman rights\t141191.4\t6043.5 4.3\t147 234.9\n26.\tPalestine refugees\t43712.4\t5000.0 11.4\t48 712.4\n29A.\tOffice of theUnder-Secretary-Generalfor Management\t26126.1\t6690.0 25.6\t32 816.1\n30.\tOffice of Informationand CommunicationsTechnology^(b)\t72120.0\t3000.0 4.2\t75 120.0\n34.\tConstruction,alteration,improvement and majormaintenance\t60326.8\t3589.3 5.9\t63 916.1", "^(a) UN-Women was established as a composite entity effective 1 January 2011 in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/289. For comparison and presentation purposes only, in the present report the revised appropriation level has been technically adjusted to reflect the biennial level.", "^(b) The report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94) contains further proposals totalling $6,423,400 from the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "20. With regard to budget sections for which reduced requirements are proposed, five sections reflect decreases of 3 per cent or more and account for $169 million in reduced requirements (see table 5 below).", "Table 5 Budget sections reflecting a reduction of 3 per cent or greater compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resourcegrowth \nBudgetsection 2010-2011appropriation\tAmount\tPercentage\t2012-2013resourcesbeforerecosting \n2.\tGeneral Assembly andEconomic and SocialCouncil affairs andconference management\t656070.4\t(41958.2)\t(6.4)\t614 112.2\n3.\tPolitical affairs\t1 314847.4\t(119734.3)\t(9.1)\t1 195113.1\n10.\tLeast developedcountries, landlockeddeveloping countriesand small islanddeveloping States\t7406.1\t(740.6)\t(10.0)\t6 665.5\n28.\tPublic information\t184996.6\t(5564.4)\t(3.0)\t179 432.2\n32.\tJointly financedadministrativeactivities\t11993.4\t(999.6)\t(8.3)\t10 993.8", "21. The Advisory Committee notes that the overall reduction of $170.2 million in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 is largely based on two elements: a reduction of $120.8 million in the estimated provision for special political missions and a reduction of $43.7 million under other staff costs, due primarily to reductions in the provision for temporary assistance for meetings and general temporary assistance. Other categories of expenditure showing decreased requirements include staff assessment ($13.1 million), supplies and materials ($7.5 million), furniture and equipment ($5.9 million), consultants ($2.0 million) and travel of staff ($1.0 million). Those reductions are partially offset by increases under posts ($12.9 million), travel of representatives ($2.9 million), improvement of premises ($1.0 million) and grants and contributions ($10.8 million), which were due largely to an increased provision of $6.6 million for the enterprise resource planning project.", "22. As noted previously, the Secretary-General stated that programme managers had been given full authority to determine the mix of resources required to ensure that mandates were carried out. The Advisory Committee was informed that no specific direction had been given to apply any particular efficiency measure in a cross-cutting manner. As a result, the proposals reflect a variety of approaches through which reductions were achieved. For instance, reductions in staffing levels are proposed for 13 budget sections, with the decreases being concentrated in the junior Professional or General Service and related categories. In a few cases, notably in a number of the regional economic commissions, the majority of the overall reduction in resources is attributable to the abolition of posts. With regard to non-post areas of expenditure, the Committee notes a range of measures being taken, including the retention of furniture and equipment beyond its normal replacement cycle, the reduction of requirements for consultants and a proposed requirement that economy class be used for all travel undertaken with regular budget training funds.", "23. The disparate approaches being taken by different programme managers may best be illustrated through the proposals under section 18, Economic and social development in Africa, and section 21, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, offices of comparable size and mandate. The proposals reflect reductions of similar levels, $2.8 million (2.3 per cent) and $2.9 million (2.6 per cent), respectively. However, in the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), all reductions are proposed in non-post areas, with no reduction in staffing. In contrast, the majority of the reductions in the Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC) are due to the proposed abolition of 12 posts.", "24. The Advisory Committee notes that reductions in the current level of resources are proposed in all but one of the budget sections strengthened in 2009 on the basis of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). Of the 91 new posts approved in resolution 63/260 for nine budget sections, 38 posts in six sections are now proposed for abolition. The abolitions include four of the posts specifically approved in resolution 63/260: two under section 9, Economic and social affairs (P-4, P-3), and two under section 20, Economic development in Europe (P-4, P-3). In particular, the Committee notes that of the 34 Professional level posts being proposed for abolition in the budget as a whole, 20 come from three regional economic commissions, namely, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), ESCAP and ECLAC.", "25. The Advisory Committee takes note of the information provided in the proposed programme budget of the early positive impact of the new posts approved under resolution 63/260, many of which were encumbered only in 2010, on the work of the offices concerned (see paras. 126-128 below). While recognizing that the budgetary process offers the opportunity to review and reassess how to most effectively deliver on mandates, the Committee is concerned by the extent of the reductions in staffing being proposed for certain departments and offices, especially those recently strengthened under resolution 63/260. The Committee is of the view that the reductions appear to call into question the basis on which elements of the original proposals for strengthening were made.", "Estimates for special political missions", "26. As noted in paragraph 21 above, the main factor in the reduction in the level of the proposed programme budget is the reduced estimate for special political missions under section 3, Political affairs. The estimate provides for an amount of $1.1 billion, reflecting a reduction of $120.8 million compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the reduced provision reflected two elements. First, adjustments totalling $85.8 million were made in respect of missions whose mandates had been completed or discontinued or where there had been changes in the scope of mandates, namely the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN), the United Nations representative to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board and the United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB). Second, it was stated that a further reduction of $35.0 million had been made with respect to other special political missions on the basis of the expected delivery of objectives and mandates in a cost-effective and efficient manner.", "27. The Advisory Committee points out that funding for special political missions during the biennium will be dependent on decisions of the General Assembly and/or the Security Council to establish or renew mandates. As such, the provision is subject to change. Because resource proposals for 2012 for special political missions have yet to be prepared, the Committee is of the opinion that the additional reduction of $35 million in the estimate for ongoing missions can be considered only a preliminary projection at this point. For this reason, and in view of past experience, which indicates an inability to make predictions about such missions, the Committee is of the view that the level of reduction reflected in the Secretary-General’s projections for special political missions during the biennium 2012-2013 may prove optimistic, and therefore does not necessarily amount to savings. In this regard, the Committee believes it is essential that the Secretary-General demonstrate restraint when presenting the budgetary proposals for special political missions.", "Additional reports to be submitted to the General Assembly", "28. The Secretary-General states that in addition to matters that may arise from the Main Committees of the General Assembly during its sixty-sixth session, there are a number of other evolving issues on which separate reports will be submitted to the Assembly and which the Secretary-General indicates may have a significant bearing on the programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 16). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with the following information on additional reports that the Secretary-General expects to submit to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session:", "Reports with financial implications \nInformation and communications technology strategy (resolution65/259), enterprise content management, customer relationshipmanagement and disaster recovery and business continuity(resolutions 63/262, 63/269 and 64/243)\nThe strategic heritage plan at the United Nations Office at Geneva(resolution 64/243)\n Administration of justice (resolution 65/259) \nRequirements that may arise from the Fourth United Nations Conferenceon the Least Developed Countries\n Reports with possible financial implications \n Annual report on the activities of the Ethics Office \nReport of the Secretary-General on the emergency management framework(resolution 64/260)\nAdministrative and financial implications of the decisions andrecommendations contained in the report of the International CivilService Commission for 2011\nReport of the Secretary-General on the administrative and financialimplications arising from the report of the United Nations JointStaff Pension Board\n Other reports[3] \nOverseas property management and construction projects in progress(resolution 65/259)\nReview of current arrangements for funding and backstopping ofspecial political missions (resolution 65/259)\nFeasibility study of long-term United Nations Headquartersaccommodation requirements\n Report on accountability: implementation of resolution 64/259", "29. The Advisory Committee was informed that it is envisaged that the above-mentioned reporting on administration of justice, pursuant to resolution 65/259, will be addressed in two separate reports, covering the formal system (Office of the Administration of Justice and other offices) and the informal system, which will be addressed in the context of the annual report on the activities of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "30. In addition to the reports indicated above, the Advisory Committee was informed that following the establishment of the post of Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, support arrangements in the Office were being reviewed. The Committee was informed that any related revisions to requirements for 2012-2013 would be reported to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, in accordance with established practice.", "31. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly has, for the past two bienniums, requested the Secretary-General to take the steps necessary to avoid a piecemeal approach to the budget process and to ensure that the fullest possible picture of the Organization’s requirements is included in the proposed programme budget (see resolution 62/236, para. 9, and resolution 64/243, para. 15). With regard to information and communications technology, the Committee also recalls that the Assembly requested in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/259 that the proposals be submitted in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Committee recognizes that unforeseen requirements could arise that need to be addressed outside the normal biennial regular budget cycle. The Committee is of the view, however, that issues foreseen during the preparation of the proposed programme budget could have been included in the Secretary-General’s proposals. If a full submission of those items was not possible, the Committee would have expected that indicative estimates of the resource requirements, at a minimum, would have been reflected in the proposed programme budget in order to provide Member States with the most comprehensive information possible at the time.", "32. In this regard, the Advisory Committee received and considered a report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94). The Committee notes that the report contains additional resource proposals amounting to some $42.8 million for the biennium 2012-2013, of which $6.4 million is requested from the regular budget.", "33. Although the reports listed above will be before the General Assembly when it considers the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee is concerned that the piecemeal approach does not provide the Committee with the full information it requires at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals to be able to render advice to the Assembly on the proposed programme budget.", "Change management initiative", "34. The Secretary-General indicates that during 2012-2013 work will continue on examining and updating the way in which the Organization works through a change management process aimed at ensuring that the Organization serves Member States and its beneficiaries more effectively and efficiently. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a change management team had been established to facilitate that process. The team is to be led by an Assistant Secretary-General and consist of six to eight additional staff serving on secondment from their departments or offices together with a small number of consultants with expertise in change management, human resources and information and communications technologies (ICT). It was also indicated that the work of the team would be overseen by the Deputy Secretary-General.", "35. The Advisory Committee was informed that the tasks of the change management team would be:", "(a) To focus its work on six categories: programme effectiveness; human resources; ICT; procurement and common services; innovation in business processes; and governing body processes, including the design of an engagement strategy both internally and with Member States;", "(b) To assess the feasibility and cost of all proposed reforms;", "(c) To ensure consistency in the implementation of reform measures;", "(d) To cross-fertilize efforts with other important work streams;", "(e) To develop a prioritized implementation plan with timelines for the consideration of the Secretary-General.", "36. The Advisory Committee was informed that the primary task of the change management team was to analyse and assess the change initiatives emanating from senior managers, staff and other stakeholders and to formulate an implementation plan. It was expected that the work would be completed by the end of 2011, while implementation of the change initiatives themselves would have different time frames, with some expected to be completed in 2011 and other initiatives continuing into 2012 or longer. The Committee was also informed that it was too early to predict the impact of the activities of the change management team on resource requirements in the biennium 2012-2013.", "37. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the change management initiatives would vary in scope and impact and, while some may involve changes to internal processes under the Secretary-General’s authority, others may involve changes requiring approval of the General Assembly. In this regard, it was stated that the change management team would design an engagement strategy to communicate its work and to seek appropriate guidance from Member States and the appropriate intergovernmental bodies. The Committee underscores the importance of regular communication, both internally and with Member States, on the activities of the team, including with respect to its objectives, the timeline for its activities and the initiatives being considered and undertaken.", "38. With regard to funding, the Advisory Committee was informed that it was envisaged that the change management team would be funded through extrabudgetary resources for the period of its engagement to 31 December 2011. While the main support for the team would be through the secondment of staff from various offices within the Organization, the Committee was informed that it was envisaged that approximately $700,000 would be needed to carry out the initiative. As at 26 July 2011, the Committee was informed that, in addition to the Assistant Secretary-General, the team consisted of four Professional staff on secondment from OIOS, the Department of Management, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Public Information, and another member was due to join from the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. In addition, discussions were ongoing to identify a member to represent the agencies, funds and programmes. Administrative support was being provided by a General Service staff member on secondment from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "39. The Advisory Committee recognizes that initiatives to increase efficiency and effectiveness are developed and implemented on an ongoing basis by programme managers at all levels in various departments and offices. The Committee is of the view, however, that to date there has been insufficient focus on identifying those measures which are found to be most effective and ensuring that they are effectively implemented throughout the Organization as a whole. As such, the Committee sees merit in the creation of temporary capacity focused on such change management initiatives. The Committee points out that had such a team been set up earlier, the results of its work could have been reflected in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "40. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that to date no evaluations of change management or reform initiatives in the United Nations had been completed. The Committee was informed, however, that the change management team would evaluate previous such initiatives and take into account lessons learned. The Committee emphasizes the importance of conducting a thorough review of all previous initiatives and reforms with a view to drawing lessons, particularly in instances where such initiatives have failed to have the desired impact.", "41. The Advisory Committee notes that the change management team is expected to complete its primary task by the end of 2011. The Committee expects that the implementation and impact of the initiatives themselves will thereafter be overseen by the existing mechanisms, notably the Steering Committee on the Implementation of Change Management Measures, chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General, and other senior management forums, such as the Management Committee and, where appropriate, the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB).", "Contingency fund", "42. The Advisory Committee recalls the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. It also recalls that, in its resolution 65/262, the Assembly decided that the level of the contingency fund for the biennium 2012-2013, within which additional requirements should be accommodated, would be $40,475,200.", "A. Format and presentation of the proposed programme budget", "43. The Advisory Committee regrets that its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 was affected by the late submission of the introduction to the proposed programme budget and of a number of the individual budget sections. The Committee reiterates the importance of ensuring that the budgetary process, including the timeliness of the submission of documents and of additional information requested by the Committee, is fully respected.", "44. The format of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 remains basically unchanged from that of 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicated that, in accordance with the terms of General Assembly resolution 58/269, the programme narratives had been strictly formulated on the basis of the approved strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1) and that any differences would be reported to the Committee for Programme and Coordination. As indicated in paragraph 54 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget, differences resulting from new and/or revised mandates affect section 3, Political affairs, section 15, Human settlements, section 17, UN-Women, and section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia. The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has presented a consolidated report on the changes to the biennial programme plan (A/66/82) for review by the Committee for Programme and Coordination in accordance with resolution 58/269.", "Results-based-budgeting framework", "45. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Board of Auditors, in its report on the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. II), highlighted a number of shortcomings in the presentation of the logical frameworks. These included, in certain instances, a lack of clarity in the link between expected accomplishments and the corresponding objective and also between the indicators of achievement used and the related expected accomplishment. More fundamentally, the Board identified a number of structural and deep-rooted obstacles to changing the results-based-budgeting system as currently designed and implemented. As such, the Board expressed the opinion that the expectations behind the decision to develop results-based budgeting did not appear to have been matched by the process as implemented in the Secretariat. From the viewpoint of its role in the budgetary review process, the Committee has raised concerns similar to those articulated by the Board of Auditors (see A/64/7, paras. 13-22). The Committee acknowledges the continued efforts being made to refine and improve the presentation of the logical frameworks. However, on the basis of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee considers that the concerns remain valid. In this regard, the Committee looks forward to reviewing the proposals resulting from the work of a results-based management task force, which are to be presented to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Discontinued outputs", "46. In accordance with regulation 5.6 and rule 105.6 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation, the Secretary-General reports that a total of 1,792 outputs delivered in 2010-2011 will be discontinued in 2012-2013, reflecting the outcome of the review of outputs delivered in 2010-2011. The discontinuation of outputs is reported in the relevant sections of the budget and a summary is provided in the table in paragraph 23 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that the information on discontinued outputs would be more useful if the budget documents identified whether new outputs were being proposed in lieu of the activities concerned. In addition, where discontinued outputs are not being specifically replaced by new outputs, the Committee remains of the view that attempts should be made to identify the totality of resources that would be made available for redeployment as a result of the proposed discontinuation (see A/60/7, para. 15).", "47. The Advisory Committee recalls its recommendation that the proposed programme budget indicate the extent of involvement of the intergovernmental bodies in formulating programmes related to activities funded by the regular budget (ibid., para. 18). In this regard, as part of the process leading to the termination of the outputs referred to above, the Committee notes that the programmes of work for sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 28 have been reviewed by the relevant bodies (A/66/6 (Introduction), annex I).", "Monitoring and evaluation", "48. The proposed programme budget identifies resources related to monitoring and evaluation within each section pursuant to paragraph 20 of General Assembly resolution 58/269. The Advisory Committee notes that for 2012-2013, the resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation would amount to $57.3 million, representing an increase of $6.5 million, or some 13 per cent, over the estimates for the biennium 2010-2011. The regular budget provision is $33.5 million, an increase of $2.6 million as compared to 2010-2011, while other assessed provisions and extrabudgetary resources account for $4.3 million and $19.4 million respectively. The distribution of the resources among budget sections is shown in table 6 below.", "Table 6", "Estimated resource requirements for monitoring and evaluation", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Regular Extrabudgetary Other Total budget assessed", "2. General Assembly and Economic and 3 191.7 — — 3 191.7 Social Council affairs and conference management", "3. Political affairs 39.3 15.6 — 54.9", "4. Disarmament 301.4 20.0 — 321.4", "5. Peacekeeping operations — — 1 581.3 1 581.3", "6. Peaceful uses of outer space 321.3 116.1 — 437.4", "8. Legal affairs 970.1 — 172.0 1 142.1", "9. Economic and social affairs 598.1 42.6 — 640.7", "10. Least developed countries, 112.4 — — 112.4 landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "11. United Nations support for the New 171.7 — — 171.7 Partnership for Africa’s Development", "12. Trade and development 996.5 374.9 — 1 371.4", "14. Environment 377.6 1 513.2 — 1 890.8", "15. Human settlements 396.5 2 713.3 — 3 109.8", "16. International drug control, crime 868.6 2 327.6 — 3 196.2 and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "17. UN-Women — 3 735.5 — 3 735.5", "18. Economic and social development in 2 536.3 714.0 — 3 250.3 Africa", "19. Economic and social development in 3 616.8 430.2 — 4 047.0 Asia and the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe 822.0 6.0 — 828.0", "21. Economic and social development in 718.4 212.5 — 930.9 Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in 663.0 148.4 — 811.4 Western Asia", "24. Human rights 1 251.9 251.2 — 1 503.1", "25. International protection, durable 1 256.0 2 344.0 — 3 600.0 solutions and assistance to refugees", "26. Palestine refugees 1 748.8 1 903.0 — 3 651.8", "27. Humanitarian assistance 401.2 1 389.4 — 1 790.6", "28. Public information 2 792.0 — — 2 792.0", "29A. Office of the 109.3 — — 109.3 Under-Secretary-General for Management", "29B. Office of Programme Planning, 2 234.7 459.3 246.4 2 940.4 Budget and Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources 411.1 36.1 42.4 489.6 Management", "29D. Office of Central Support 1 846.4 34.6 2 044.5 3 925.5 Services", "29E. Administration, Geneva 1 001.8 360.6 — 1 362.4", "29F. Administration, Vienna 266.2 270.6 — 536.8", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 246.6 5.6 — 252.2", "30. Office of Information and 41.8 — — 41.8 Communications Technology", "31. Internal oversight 753.3 — 256.7 1 010.0", "35. Safety and security 2 449.2 — — 2 449.2", "Total 33 512.0 19 424.3 4 343.3 57 279.6", "49. The Advisory Committee observes that the level of resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities is significant and continues to grow. The Committee emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring and evaluation of programme activities to determine the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Organization’s activities and also considers that such activities are a central element of effective management. As such, the Committee is of the view that there should be an increase in the level of information provided on how the resources in this area are utilized and on the results of the activities undertaken.", "50. The Secretary-General provides information on the type of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out in the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the bulk of the resources in this area continue to be directed towards internal evaluations, consisting of self-evaluations as well as the self-assessments carried out in the context of monitoring and programme performance reporting, with only approximately 2 per cent being devoted to mandated or discretionary external evaluations (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 74 and 76). The Committee remains of the view that there is no substitute for independent evaluation as a source of objective analysis of the achievements and shortcomings of United Nations programmes and activities and that mechanisms and offices for that purpose exist within the system.", "51. The Advisory Committee further notes that the estimates in respect of section 31, Internal oversight, reflect only approximately $1 million in resources for the evaluation by the Office of Internal Oversight Services of its own activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.12). The estimates provided in the proposed programme budget do not include, however, the cost of the external monitoring and evaluation activities of OIOS and the Joint Inspection Unit. The Committee is of the view that the inclusion of information on the resources available to OIOS and the Joint Inspection Unit for the evaluation of the activities of other departments and offices is important and would more accurately present the totality of resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation throughout the Organization.", "52. The Advisory Committee continues to note significant variation in the level of projected expenditures for monitoring and evaluation across Secretariat departments and offices. This is notable even when the functions of the offices could be considered as broadly similar in nature and scope, for example, the regional economic commissions. The Committee also notes, however, that the variation may, in part, reflect differences in how the resources involved are measured by different departments and offices. For instance, while a number of departments and offices have discrete monitoring and evaluation capacities, with staff devoted full time to such activities, in many others such activities are carried out, on an ad hoc basis, by staff as part of their ongoing duties. In the latter cases, the proposed programme budget reflects estimates made on the basis of the time devoted by its staff, on a part-time basis, to such activities. This results in a situation where consistency in approach, including as to what elements of a manager’s responsibilities are identified as distinct monitoring and evaluation activities, is likely to be difficult to achieve. The Advisory Committee is thus of the view that the focus in the budget presentation should be on the nature and results of monitoring and evaluation activities rather than just on their estimated cost.", "53. In this regard, the Advisory Committee notes that in the preparation of the proposed programme budget, each programme manager is required to submit an evaluation plan detailing both the external and internal evaluations planned for the next biennium. While each budget section includes an estimate of the resources required for the evaluation activities planned for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee is of the view that the budget document, in general, lacks information on the specific activities involved. The Committee requests that future programme budgets provide information on the main evaluation activities planned by each department or office.", "54. The Secretary-General provides information on a range of benefits from monitoring and evaluation activities that have been undertaken (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 79). Information on such results is also included, in varying degrees, in some individual budget sections. The Advisory Committee welcomes the inclusion of such information but is of the view that greater effort is required. The Committee regrets that information on monitoring and evaluation activities that had been undertaken was not included in a number of budget sections. It reiterates its request that future budget presentations highlight more consistently the major evaluation activities carried out, how the lessons learned were implemented in order to improve programme delivery and, where applicable, any impact on the proposed allocation of resources (see A/64/7, para. 26).", "B. Methodology", "55. As indicated in the introduction to the proposed budget, the methodology used to prepare the financial requirements remains unchanged from that used for the current biennium, as endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/212 A. The proposed budget includes a provision of $25 million related to the delayed impact of new posts approved in 2010-2011 and the deduction of one-time costs of $65 million approved for that biennium (see A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 46 and 47). Resources in the amount of some $1.1 billion are included for special political missions. Additional requirements for special political missions, should they become necessary, would continue to be treated in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 41/213.", "56. As indicated in paragraph 50 of the introduction to the proposed budget, a uniform vacancy rate of 9.6 per cent for Professional staff and 4.0 per cent for General Service staff is proposed for continuing posts. For field security staff, a vacancy rate of 14.0 per cent for Professional staff and 14.7 per cent for General Service staff is proposed. These reflect the rates approved for the biennium 2010-2011 by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243. The Advisory Committee was informed that actual average vacancy rates, as at 31 May 2011, stood at 6.0 per cent for Professional staff and 5.1 per cent for General Service staff (see also para. 90 below).", "57. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed vacancy rate for Professional posts of 9.6 per cent is significantly higher than the current actual vacancy rate of 6.1 per cent. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the rates proposed reflected a continuation of the rates approved by the General Assembly for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee was also informed that at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Assembly would be provided with updated vacancy rates in the revised estimates on recosting. The Committee notes that a 1 per cent decrease in the vacancy rate applied to Professional posts would result in an increase in post costs of approximately $16.9 million, with an additional $2.5 million under staff assessment.", "C. Effects of reform", "58. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee expressed the view that the budget document should contain more information on major management issues and structural changes affecting the resource requirements (A/64/7, para. 29). In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 29 of the report of the Committee and stressed that the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 should provide a clear picture of the reform measures that have been taken, their budgetary implications, the efficiency gains derived from their implementation and an assessment of progress in accomplishing the objectives. The Committee regrets that such information was not included in the proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 and regards this as a serious omission. The Committee reiterates that information on the status and results of major reform measures should be contained in the introduction to proposed programme budgets.", "D. Efficiency gains", "59. The Secretary-General states that the proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 take into account measures aimed at increasing efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of programmes and the related utilization of resources. With regard to staffing resources, the Secretary-General indicates that the proposals reflect efforts to reduce overlap and streamline roles and responsibilities to bring greater synergies in workflows as a result of investments in information and communications technology (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 26).", "60. The Advisory Committee welcomes the stated emphasis on realizing efficiency gains, which should have an impact on the level or distribution of resources. The Committee regrets, however, that the proposed programme budget lacks specific information linking the impact of the efficiency measures to resource requirements. In this regard, the Committee reiterates that a summary of the most significant efficiency measures, together with information on the resources actually or expected to be freed up by their implementation, should be included in the introduction to proposed programme budgets. Where future efficiencies are projected, clear timelines should be provided as to when they would be realized. In addition, more detailed information with regard to each department or office should be included in the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee (see A/60/7, para. 102).", "61. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the exact savings or gains resulting from the initiatives being undertaken could not be determined, as there were no systems in place to accurately determine the cost of each activity and output. The Committee is concerned with this unsatisfactory situation and the apparent lack of any progress in this area. In this regard, the Committee recalls resolution 64/259, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to identify appropriate methods and tools to portray the efficiency with which the Secretariat undertakes its work. The Committee expects that the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of that resolution, which is to be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, will reflect progress in this area.", "62. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on posts proposed for abolition because of a return on investment in information technology. The distribution of the 54 General Service (Other level) posts by budget section is provided in table 7 below. The Committee continues to hold the view that the considerable investment in information and communications technology should lead to measurable benefits, efficiencies and economies in the support functions of the Organization. As such, the Committee welcomes the fact that the staffing proposals reflect the impact of such investment in a number of areas. The Committee observes, however, that the proposed staffing reductions relate to only three budget sections, and it is of the view that similar measures should be applied in other departments and offices.", "Table 7 Summary of posts proposed for abolition owing to investments in information and communications technology", "Section\tNumber\tLevel\tDescription \nSection 2. General Assemblyand Economic and SocialCouncil affairs andconference management \nMeetings and publishingservices, New York\t37\tTC\tAbolition\n\t4\tGS(OL)\tAbolition\n The proposedabolitions reflect areturn on investmentin technology andstreamlining ofworkflow processes\n Subtotal 41 \n 28. Public information \n\t1\tP-5\tAbolition\n\t1\tP-2/1\tAbolition\n\t9\tGS(OL)\tAbolition\n The proposedabolitions result fromimprovements intechnology andmodified processes inthe Dag HammarskjöldLibrary\n Subtotal 11 \n 29E. Administration, Geneva \nLibrary services\t2\tGS(OL)\tAbolition\n The proposedabolitions result fromimprovements intechnology andincreased use ofelectronic resources(as well as theredistribution oftasks andresponsibilities andthe streamlining ofprocesses)\n Total 54", "E. Personnel matters", "63. In its resolutions 65/247 and 65/248, the General Assembly approved the granting of continuing contracts and a number of recommendations of the International Civil Service Commission relating to the harmonization of the conditions of service of staff. Those decisions, which were built on resolution 63/250, by which the Assembly approved a new contractual framework, were further milestones in a series of major human resources reforms in recent years. The Advisory Committee is of the view that those reforms have established a framework that should allow the Organization to address many persistent problems in the area of human resources management in a coherent manner and expects that the focus will now shift to ensuring their effective implementation. The Committee further expects that future reports submitted to the Assembly will include an analysis of the results achieved.", "64. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee continues to note high vacancy rates in a number of departments and offices, including posts that had been left vacant for a long period of time. In addition, a number of programme managers expressed a desire for increased delegation of authority, particularly in the area of recruitment. It was also apparent that continued efforts were necessary with regard to improving the representation of unrepresented and underrepresented Member States and achieving the goal of gender parity in staffing. The Committee expects that those issues will be comprehensively addressed in the next report of the Secretary-General on human resources management, which is to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. As such, in the present report, the Committee has limited its discussion of personnel policy matters, and it will revert to broader human resources issues in greater detail at that time.", "65. The Advisory Committee notes that the staffing resources available for carrying out the work programme of the Organization include established posts, temporary posts, temporary assistance, contractual services, consultants and ad hoc expert groups and overtime, which are financed from the regular budget, other assessed resources and extrabudgetary funds.", "66. For the biennium 2012-2013, the cost of posts is estimated at $2,369,447,800 (at 2010-2011 rates) and other staff costs at $219,062,400, for a total of $2,588,510,200 (excluding staff assessment) under the expenditure sections. If the estimate under income section 3, Services to the public, of $25,958,100 for posts and other staff costs is added, the total amounts to $2,614,468,300. The cost of extrabudgetary posts (including related other staff costs) and posts funded under other assessed resources are estimated at $4,067,800,300. The combined personnel costs to be financed from the regular budget and other assessed and extrabudgetary resources in 2012-2013 are therefore estimated to amount to $6,682,268,600.", "67. The Advisory Committee recalls that financial statement V of the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009 indicated that out of total regular budget expenditure of $4,749,421,000, some $3,516,845,000, or approximately 74.0 per cent, related to salaries and other personnel costs (see A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. V). This reflected a slight reduction compared with the 74.6 per cent such charges represented in the biennium 2006-2007.", "Regular budget established and temporary posts", "68. Under the expenditure sections and income section 3, Services to the public, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General requests a total of 10,352 posts. In table 8 below, the request for 2012-2013 is compared with the authorized staffing table for 2010-2011.", "Table 8 Post requirements", "Professional General Total category and Service and above related categories\n Posts 2010-2011 2012-2013 Increase 2010-2011 2012-2013 Increase 2010-2011 2012-2013 Increase (decrease) (decrease) (decrease)", "Established 4 521 4 554 33  5 733 5 689 (44) 10 254 10 243 (11)", "Temporary 55 45 (10) 87 64 (23) 142 109 (33)", "Total^(a) 4 576 4 599 23  5 820 5 753 (67) 10 396 10 352 (44)", "^(a) Including 89 posts under Income section 3.", "69. The net decrease of 44 regular budget established and temporary posts under the expenditure sections is the result of proposals for 63 new posts, 40 conversions from general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services and 147 abolitions. In addition, 10 temporary posts are proposed to be converted to established posts. A further 55 posts are proposed for reclassification (see A/66/6 (Introduction), table 5 and paras. 24-45).", "70. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the total number of approved and proposed posts by source of funds and grade level, which is contained in annex I to the present report. Annex II contains a list of proposals for the abolition or creation of posts by section of the proposed programme budget. Information on posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary funding or contractual services is provided in annex III. Details of proposed reclassifications are outlined in annex IV.", "71. The Advisory Committee notes that proposals are made for an increase in staffing levels for 8 budget sections, while decreases are proposed for 13 sections (see table 9 below). The remaining budget sections that contain posts funded by the regular budget reflect no change in overall staffing levels.", "Table 9 Proposed changes in staffing levels^(a)", "Overall\tProfessionalandhigher\tGeneralServiceandrelated \nBudgetsectionsreflectingincreasesinstaffinglevels \n7. International Court ofJustice\t4\t2 2\n16. International drugcontrol, crime andterrorism preventionand criminal justice\t7\t8 (1)\n17. UN-Women\t2\t2 \n24. Human rights\t11\t7 4\n26. Palestine refugees\t13\t13 \n27. Humanitarian assistance\t2\t2 \n29D. Office of CentralSupport Services\t26\t6 20\n31. Internal oversight\t7\t7 \nSubtotal 72\t47 25\nBudgetsectionsreflectingdecreasesinstaffinglevels 1. Overall (2) (2) policymaking, direction and \n coordination 2. General (45)\t(4) (41) Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference \n management 3. Political (4)\t(2) (2) \n affairs 9. Economic (10)\t(2) (8) and social \n affairs 12. Trade (1) (1) and \n development 19. Economic (7)\t(6) (1) and social development in Asia and the \n Pacific 20. Economic (7)\t(5) (2) development in \n Europe 21. Economic (12)\t(8) (4) and social development in Latin America and the \n Caribbean 22. Economic (1)\t3 (4) and social development in Western \n Asia 28.\tPublic (15)\t(1) (14) \n\tinformation 29B.\tOffice (1) (1) of Programme Planning, Budget and \n\tAccounts 29E.\tAdministration, (3) (3) \n\tGeneva 35.\tSafety (8) (8) and \n\tsecurity \nSubtotal (116)\t(25) (91)\nTotal (44)\t22 (66)", "^(a) Section 18, Economic and social development in Africa contains a proposal for the reclassification of a post from the Field Service to the Professional level, but there is no change in the overall staffing level of the section.", "Abolition of posts", "72. Proposals are made in 16 budget sections to abolish 147 posts. These consist of 113 posts in the General Service and related categories and 34 Professional level posts, namely, 4 P-5, 7 P-4, 9 P-3 and 14 P-2/1 posts. Of those, 29 abolitions relate to temporary posts. Detailed information with respect to the posts proposed for abolition is provided in annex II. The distribution by budget section is summarized in table 10 below.", "Table 10 Proposals for the abolition of posts", "Budgetsection Total\tProfessionalandhigher\tGeneralServiceandrelated \n1.\tOverall policymaking,direction andcoordination\t2 2\n2.\tGeneral Assembly andEconomic and SocialCouncil affairs andconference management\t45\t4 41\n3.\tPolitical affairs\t6\t3 3\n5.\tPeacekeeping operations\t2 2\n9.\tEconomic and socialaffairs\t12\t4 8\n12.\tTrade and development\t1 1\n16.\tInternational drugcontrol, crime andterrorism prevention andcriminal justice\t1 1\n19.\tEconomic and socialdevelopment in Asia andthe Pacific\t8\t7 1\n20.\tEconomic development inEurope\t7\t5 2\n21.\tEconomic and socialdevelopment in LatinAmerica and theCaribbean\t12\t8 4\n22.\tEconomic and socialdevelopment in WesternAsia\t4 4\n24.\tHuman rights\t2\t1 1\n28.\tPublic information\t20\t2 18\n29B.\tOffice of ProgrammingPlanning, Budget andAccounts\t1 1\n29E.\tAdministration, Geneva\t3 3\n35.\tSafety and security\t21 21 147 34 113 \nTotal", "73. The Advisory Committee has consistently highlighted the need for an ongoing review of staffing components to ensure that the number, level and location of personnel is adjusted to ensure the most effective and efficient implementation of mandates. As such, in principle, the Committee welcomes the efforts of programme managers to do so in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "74. In terms of reductions in staffing, the Advisory Committee notes that the largest single component relates to efficiencies attributed to the impact of initiatives related to business processes under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management. The Committee welcomes the realization of such efficiencies and encourages similar efforts to rationalize business processes throughout the Organization as a whole. In this regard, the Committee notes that under the various components of section 29, Management and support services, which account for some 12.5 per cent of the overall staffing table, only 4 General Service posts were proposed for abolition and, overall, a net increase of 22 posts is proposed.", "75. As highlighted in paragraph 24 above, the Advisory Committee notes that 38 posts are proposed for abolition from budget sections that were strengthened under resolution 63/260 following consideration of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). These include four posts approved at that time. The Committee notes in particular that 20 of the 34 Professional level posts being proposed for abolition in the budget as a whole are from three regional economic commissions.", "76. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that many of the posts being proposed for abolition were not currently vacant. The Committee was also informed that in a number of instances there was an insufficient numbering of vacant posts at the proper level in the departments or offices concerned by which to absorb the staff. The Committee expects that appropriate measures will be taken to ensure that the impact of post reductions is dealt with in full accordance with human resources rules and procedures.", "Redeployments", "77. The Advisory Committee notes that 62 posts are proposed for redeployment among budget sections for the biennium 2012-2013 (see table 11).", "Table 11 Summary of posts redeployed across sections", "Section\tNumber Level\tDescription \n1. Overall policymaking,direction and coordination United Nations Office tothe African Union\t(6)\tASG,D-2, 6 posts redeployed tosection 3, PoliticalAffairs as a separatecomponent given thatprogrammatically theOffice carries outsubstantive functionsrelated to peace andsecurity. P-5, P-4, 2GS \n (OL) \n Subtotal (6) \n2. General Assembly andEconomic Social affairs andconference management Division of ConferenceManagement, Geneva\t(54)\tD-1,2P-5, Redeployment of 54posts to section 29E,Administration,Geneva, Libraryservices, as part ofthe realignment oflibrary servicesaccording toorganizationalreporting lines; alsoincludes 2 GeneralService (Other level)posts proposed forabolition P-4, 6P-3, 10P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 33GS \n (OL) \nDivision of ConferenceManagement, Vienna\t(2)\tP-3,GS(OL) Redeployment of 2posts to section 29F,Administration,Vienna, as part ofthe realignment oflibrary servicesaccording toorganizationalreporting lines\nSubtotal\t(56) \n 3. Political affairs United Nations Office tothe African Union\t6\tASG, 6 posts redeployedfrom section 1,Overall policymaking,direction andcoordination (seeabove) D-2, P-5, P-4, 2GS \n (OL) \n Subtotal 6 \n 29E. Administration, Geneva Library services\t54\tD-1, Redeployment of 54posts from section 2as part of therealignment oflibrary services (seeabove) 2 P-5, P-4, 6 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 33 GS \n (OL) \n Subtotal 54 \n 29F. Administration, Vienna Support services\t2\tP-3, Redeployment of 2posts from section 2as part of therealignment oflibrary services (seeabove) \n GS(OL) \n Subtotal 2 \n Total —", "Reclassifications", "78. A total of 55 posts are proposed for reclassification. Details of the proposals, by budget section, are contained in annex IV. In summary, the proposed reclassifications consist of the following changes in levels:", "4 D-1 to D-2", "7 P-5 to D-1", "14 P-4 to P-5", "1 P-4 to P-3", "6 P-3 to P-4", "1 Field Service to P-4", "14 Field Service to Local level", "1 Field Service to National Officer", "7 Local level to National Officer", "79. The Advisory Committee notes that the total of 55 proposals for reclassification represents a significant increase in comparison with the number put forward in recent years and is more than double the 27 proposals contained in the proposed programme budgets for the past three bienniums combined. Furthermore, while the proposals include the nationalization of a number of Field Service positions and the downward reclassification of one Professional post, the Committee notes that the majority of the proposals continue to reflect an upward trend, including 25 proposals for reclassification to P-5 level or above.", "80. The Advisory Committee has previously commented on the consistent upward bias in reclassifications, which contributes to “grade creep” — an upward shift in the grade structure of the staffing table. The Committee remains concerned by this trend, particularly when the proposed reclassifications are viewed in conjunction with the overall profile of the staffing proposals being made in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see para. 86 below).", "81. Although they do not have an impact on the regular budget staffing table, the Advisory Committee notes the proposal in section 35, Safety and security, for the downward reclassification of eight P-4 jointly financed posts to the P-2/1 level to provide additional entry-level opportunities (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), para. 35.41). Further information in respect of this proposal is outlined in chapter II, paragraph XII.25, below. The Committee welcomes the proposal of the Department of Safety and Security, which contrasts with the overall reduction in entry-level Professional posts being proposed in staffing financed by the regular budget.", "82. The Advisory Committee’s specific observations and recommendations regarding the proposals for the reclassification of posts for the biennium 2012‑2013 are contained in chapter II.", "Conversions", "83. The Advisory Committee was provided with a summary of the proposed conversion for 2012-2013 of positions previously funded under general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services to established posts. A total of 14 positions are proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance funding, 2 from extrabudgetary resources and 24 from contractual services (see annex III).", "84. The Advisory Committee notes the proposals under section 29D, Office of Central Support Services, for the conversion of conference engineer and electrical maintenance positions from contractual services to posts. The Committee is of the view that similar proposals should, in future, be presented as requests for new posts. Positions funded under general temporary assistance or by extrabudgetary funds are classified and created in accordance with United Nations human resources policies. As such, proposals to establish such posts under the regular budget can be viewed as a conversion to a different funding source. The Committee does not consider proposals related to functions being carried out by a private company to be analogous.", "85. The Advisory Committee’s observations and recommendations regarding proposed conversions for the biennium 2012-2013 are contained in chapter II of the present report.", "Staffing profile", "86. The staffing proposals being made would result in a net decrease of 67 posts in the General Service and related categories and an increase of 23 posts in the Professional and higher categories, including an increase of 1 Assistant Secretary-General, 4 D-2, 10 D-1, 9 P-5 and 9 P-3 posts and a reduction of 2 P-4 and 8 P-2/1 posts (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 27, graph). The Advisory Committee notes the proposed reduction in entry-level P-2/1 posts, which contrasts with the increases in senior posts being put forward. The Committee has concerns about this trend and is of the view that this situation should be kept under review by the Secretary-General.", "87. In table 12 below, information is provided on staffing levels for a 10-year period, with authorized staffing in the biennium 2004-2005 being compared with the proposed staffing for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that, should the proposals for 2012-2013 be approved, there would be an overall increase of 725 posts during the period, the majority of which would be in the Professional and higher categories. The Advisory Committee notes that since the biennium 2004-2005, additional posts have been approved for all levels in the Professional category but is of the opinion that greater emphasis should have been placed on P-2/1 posts.", "88. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the provision of sufficient entry-level posts is a fundamental component of effective human resources management. The recruitment of new staff into such positions also contributes to the rejuvenation and revitalization of the Secretariat. In addition, the Committee is aware that P-2/1 posts are the primary avenue for the recruitment of staff through the young professionals programme and also allow for the advancement of General Service staff who are successful in the competitive examination for recruitment to the Professional category of staff members from other categories.", "89. The Advisory Committee has previously called for reductions in the ratio of posts in the General Service and related categories to Professional posts. In the view of the Committee, such reductions would reflect changing work practices in the Organization, including the impact of information and communications technology on the requirement for clerical support (see A/58/7, paras. 61 and 62). As indicated in paragraph 62 above, the Committee was informed that of the 113 post abolitions proposed in this category, 54 were attributable to investments in information technology. As shown in table 12 below, the General Service and related categories account for 55.3 per cent of the proposed regular budget staffing component, compared with 58.5 per cent of authorized established and temporary posts in 2004-2005.", "Table 12 Comparison of authorized staff for 2004-2005 with proposed staffing for 2012-2013", "Category Approved Proposed Change 2004-2005 2012-2013\n Number Percentage", "DSG 1 1 —", "USG 29 33 4 13.8", "ASG 21 29 8 38.1", "D-2 86 105 19 22.1", "D-1 254 287 33 13.0", "P-5 713 842 129 18.1", "P-4 1 216 1 419 203 16.7", "P-3 1 162 1 340 178 15.3", "P-2/1 481 528 47 9.8", "Subtotal 3 963 4 584 621 15.7", "PL 279 281 2 0.7", "OL 2 746 2 717 (29) (1.1)", "SS 306 320 14 4.6", "LL 1 877 2 014 137 7.3", "FS 147 129 (18) (12.2)", "NO 39 78 39 100.0", "TC 181 140 (41) (22.7)", "Subtotal 5 575 5 679 104 1.9", "Total 9 538 10 263 725 7.6", "Vacancy rates", "90. The Advisory Committee was provided with updated vacancy statistics for authorized established and temporary regular budget posts as at 31 May 2011, at which point the vacancy rates were 6.0 per cent for Professional posts and 5.1 per cent for General Service and related categories, with the overall vacancy rate being 5.5 per cent. The Committee notes that this compares with rates of 8.4 per cent for Professional posts and 3.5 per cent for posts in the General Service and related categories at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the average vacancy rate during the five years from 2006 to 2010 ranged from 7.0 to 8.9 per cent for Professional posts and 3.3 and 4.2 per cent for posts in the General Service and related categories. Although it remains concerned by the persistent high vacancy rates in a number of departments and offices, the Committee welcomes the improvement in the overall vacancy rate for Professional posts and expects that this trend will continue. The Committee is, however, concerned with the increase in the overall vacancy rates for posts at the General Service and related categories.", "91. The Advisory Committee notes that the average amount of time from the date of issuance of vacancy announcements to the date of selection for all regular vacancies in 2010-2011 was estimated at 210 days (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.11). During the Committee’s hearings, a number of programme managers expressed frustration with the recruitment process, citing it as a factor contributing to high vacancy rates and long-standing vacancies. On occasion, the desire was also expressed for a greater level of delegation of authority on recruitment matters. In this regard, the Committee was informed that a performance review group, composed of representatives of the Office of Human Resources Management and the Field Personnel Division of the Department of Field Support, had been established and that it had identified a number of steps in the recruitment process that required further study to determine the cause of delays. The Committee was further informed that the performance of each department and office with regard to recruitment was reviewed by the Management Performance Board on an annual basis within the framework of the senior managers’ compacts. The Committee expects that every effort will be made to streamline the recruitment process. It is of the view, however, that reducing recruitment timelines requires, in addition, that programme managers be responsible and held accountable for ensuring that timely action is taken on those steps that are within their purview, including with regard to the timely issuance of vacancy announcements.", "92. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee noted a number of instances in which posts had been vacant for a long period of time. The Committee reiterates that the continuing need for long-vacant posts should be reviewed on an ongoing basis and, in particular, before proposals for new posts are put forward to the General Assembly. The Committee is of the view that the continued need for posts that have been vacant for two years or longer should be rejustified in the context of the proposed programme budget, together with an explanation for the vacancy.", "93. The Advisory Committee was informed that, on occasion, vacant posts were utilized for functions other than those approved by the General Assembly, a practice referred to as “vacancy management”. Although recognizing the flexibility that this provides to address temporary requirements, the Committee is of the view that “vacancy management” should not be used to establish positions on a longer-term basis to carry out functions for which no approval has been given. In addition, the Committee notes that, once a post is encumbered, it would not be reflected in the vacancy rates used for budgetary purposes, irrespective of the use to which it is being put. The practice of “vacancy management” may therefore mask situations where, for long periods, posts are not used for their intended functions. As such, in the context of its recommendation in paragraph 92 above, the Committee is of the view that rejustification should be required if, for a two-year period, a post has not been encumbered by a staff member carrying out the approved functions of the post. The Committee further considers that the management of this area of human resources would be enhanced through greater transparency on how vacancies are being utilized throughout the Organization.", "Harmonization of conditions of service", "94. In its resolution 65/248, the General Assembly decided that additional costs arising from the changes in the conditions of service approved in that resolution were to be absorbed by the Organization from within existing resources, without affecting operational costs or undermining the implementation of mandated programmes and activities. The Advisory Committee notes that in the proposed programme budget only two proposed post changes were attributed to the impact of the decision of the Assembly on the absorption of the costs of the harmonization of conditions of service. Upon enquiry, however, the Committee was informed that initially 37 vacant posts/positions (4 in UNTSO and 33 under special political missions) had been identified for abolition in the context of that decision. In addition, 64 vacant Field Service posts and positions (13 in regular budget-funded peacekeeping operations and 51 in special political missions) had been earmarked for conversion to the National Staff category.", "95. The Advisory Committee was further informed, however, that following consultation with UNTSO, two of the four posts identified for abolition were proposed for abolition under section 5, Peacekeeping operations. In addition, 15 Field Service posts were proposed for reclassification to the National Staff category (1 from section 3, Political affairs, in the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for Middle East Peace process; 14 from section 5, Peacekeeping operations; 13 in UNTSO; and 1 in UNMOGIP). The Committee notes the reduction in the number of posts being proposed for abolition. The Committee expects that offsetting adjustments will be made in proposals for special political missions to ensure that overall, the provision of General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of costs arising from the changes in the conditions of service is fully implemented.", "National Professional Officers", "96. The Advisory Committee recalls that in its first report on the programme budget for the biennium 2006-2007, it encouraged a sustained effort to attract and employ National Professional Officers wherever practical and feasible, such as in the regional commissions, the United Nations Office at Nairobi and in the United Nations information centres (see A/60/7, paras. 70 and 71).", "97. The Advisory Committee also recalls its observations on National Professional Officers in the context of the United Nations peacekeeping operations that have a regional dimension. The Committee expressed the opinion that, while efforts to maintain the integrity of the original concept of National Professional Officers, as set out in General Assembly resolution 49/223, should continue, consideration should be given to allowing nationals from the concerned region to be offered National Professional Officer positions (A/63/746, para. 123). For example, given their regional mandate, the Committee considers that recruitment to National Professional Officer posts in the regional economic commissions could be open to nationals of Member States of the region they cover. The Committee recommends that the Assembly consider requesting the International Civil Service Commission to examine this issue.", "Secondments", "98. The Advisory Committee believes that it is beneficial for the regular budget staffing of offices whose mandates have a system-wide focus to be complemented by secondments from United Nations agencies, funds and programmes. It nevertheless recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources can be unpredictable. The Committee is of the view, therefore, that relying exclusively on these types of resources to implement core regular budget programmes and activities is imprudent, since such resources cannot be guaranteed.", "99. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee noted that a proposal for a new post in the Rule of Law Unit in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General was justified primarily by the fact that a secondment arrangement had been discontinued (see A/66/6 (Sect. 1), paras. 1.147 and 1.148). Similarly, the Secretary-General indicates that while the Peacebuilding Support Office had benefited from eight secondments during 2008-2009, only four would be continued by the end of 2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 3, table 3.34). The Committee was informed that, in both cases, the agencies, funds and programmes concerned had indicated that budgetary constraints were the reason for the discontinuation of the secondments. Given the system-wide scope of these offices, the Committee emphasizes that such secondment arrangements are of benefit not only to the Secretariat but also to the agencies, funds and programmes. The Committee is of the view that the regular budget should not be used to subsidize activities that would more appropriately be undertaken jointly and funded from extrabudgetary resources.", "F. Non-post objects of expenditure", "Other staff costs", "100. The proposals for other staff costs for the biennium 2012-2013 of $219,062,400 reflect a decrease of $43.7 million, or 16.6 per cent, in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. Information on the components of this category of expenditure is provided in table 13 below.", "Table 13 Other staff costs by object of expenditure for 2010-2011 (revised appropriation) and 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "(United States dollars)", "Revised Proposed Change appropriation 2012-2013 2010-2011\n Object of expenditure Amount Percentage", "Temporary assistance for 71 010 000 37 965 200 (33 044 (46.5) meetings 800)", "General temporary 50 102 700 44 429 900 (5 672 (11.3) assistance 800)", "Overtime and night 18 141 000 14 269 300 (3 871 (21.3) differential 700)", "Personal service contracts 1 682 700 1 763 200 80 500 4.8", "Other personnel related 17 781 500 20 095 500 2 314 13.0 costs 000", "After-service health 104 031 600 100 539 300 (3 492 (3.4) insurance 300)", "Total 262 749 500 219 062 400 (43 687 (0.2) 100)", "Temporary assistance for meetings", "101. The provision under temporary assistance for meetings, which reflects a reduction of approximately $33 million, is requested for short-term interpreters, translators, typists and other conference-servicing staff. The observations of the Advisory Committee on temporary assistance for meetings are contained in chapter II, part I, section 2 below.", "General temporary assistance", "102. A provision of $44,429,900 is made for general temporary assistance for the biennium 2012-2013. This represents a reduction of $5,672,800, or 11.3 per cent, as compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The distribution by budget section is detailed in table 14 below. The Advisory Committee notes that the reductions in certain sections, for example in section 24, Human rights, and section 31, Internal oversight, reflect in part the proposed conversion of existing positions funded under general temporary assistance to posts.", "103. The Secretary-General provides information on the number of general temporary assistance positions as at 31 March 2011, which totalled 302 (see A/66/6 (Introduction), table 12). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, of those positions, 142 were estimated to continue in the biennium 2012-2013 (see annex V). The Committee emphasizes that general temporary assistance is intended for additional support during periods of peak workload as well as the replacement of staff on maternity leave or prolonged sick leave. The Committee considers that it should be used solely for those purposes and, therefore, proposals for funding should be time limited. The Committee welcomes the reduction in the provision for general temporary assistance for the biennium 2012-2013 and expects that this trend will continue.", "Table 14 Proposals for general temporary assistance", "Budget Revised Proposed section appropriation 2012-2013 2010-2011", "1. Overall policymaking, direction and 2 966.0 2 390.2 coordination", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social 2 418.1 2 418.1 Council affairs and conference management", "3. Political affairs 910.5 887.1", "4. Disarmament 249.2 244.3", "5. Peacekeeping operations 1 539.8 288.9", "6. Peaceful uses of outer space 18.7 18.7", "7. International Court of Justice 284.0 256.2", "8. Legal affairs 165.1 143.5", "9. Economic and social affairs 1 119.6 1 135.6", "10. Least developed countries, landlocked 776.1 83.2 developing countries and small island developing States", "11. United Nations support for the New 153.4 153.4 Partnership for Africa’s Development", "12. Trade and development 1 350.6 1 127.2", "14. Environment 27.4 27.4", "15. Human settlements 209.5 209.5", "16. International drug control, crime and 586.2 472.6 terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "17. UN-Women 26.0 26.0", "18. Economic and social development in Africa 1 343.5 1 364.1", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and 468.4 435.6 the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe 239.1 239.1", "21. Economic and social development in Latin 1 597.1 1 610.8 America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western 769.6 757.2 Asia", "24. Human rights 6 160.2 4 822.3", "26. Palestine refugees 13.4 19.9", "27. Humanitarian assistance 625.1 625.1", "28. Public information 4 896.5 4 155.7", "29. Management and central support services 9 540.1 9 812.0", "29A. Office of the Under-Secretary-General for 174.0 174.0 Management", "29B. Office of Programme Planning, Budget and 1 125.6 1 073.2 Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources Management 2 275.9 2 257.8", "29D. Office of Central Support Services 1 731.1 1 673.6", "29E. Administration, Geneva 1 968.5 2 577.4", "29F. Administration, Vienna 1 381.6 1 172.6", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 883.4 883.4", "30. Office of Information and Communications 1 943.4 5 380.5 Technology", "31. Internal oversight 1 062.1 262.7", "35. Safety and security 8 644.0 5 063.0", "Total 50 102.7 44 429.9", "Travel", "104. The proposed requirements for travel of staff, $37,270,000, reflect a reduction of $1 million, or 2.7 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee welcomes this reduction and expects that continued efforts will be made to utilize videoconferencing and other electronic means of communication where possible. In addition, the Committee believes that maximum use should be made of staff assigned to the duty stations or to nearby regional or subregional offices. The Committee considers that this would reduce the need for travel or, should the travel of a senior official be required, reduce the requirement for accompanying staff.", "105. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General was in the process of revising the relevant administrative instruction pertaining to travel to require that, in future, staff participating in training-related activities funded by the Office of Human Resources Management travel in economy class, irrespective of the duration of the travel. The Committee welcomes this initiative and is of the view that further cost-saving measures in the area of travel could be implemented by the Secretary-General in the forthcoming biennium.", "Consultants, experts and contractual services", "106. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/247, expressed concern over the increase in the use of consultants, especially in the core activities of the Organization. It requested the Secretary-General to make the greatest possible use of in-house capacity. The Committee notes that for the proposed programme budget as a whole, the resource proposals for consultants of $10,994,700 for 2012-2013 reflect a reduction of $1,956,600, or 15.1 per cent, in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The largest single contributor to the decrease is the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts (sect. 29B), for which no resources for consultants are sought, although the provision for 2010-2011 is $491,400. The Committee also notes that in section 1, no provision for consultancy services is made for the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, although $125,000 was approved for the current biennium. The Committee welcomes the example being set by both of those offices. The Committee notes decreases in the provision for consultants in the majority of budget sections, with the reduced requirements being attributed in many cases to an increased reliance on in-house capacity. The Committee welcomes this trend and expects that it will continue.", "107. During its consideration of section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia, the Advisory Committee was informed that a consultant had been engaged to review elements of the structure of ESCWA and to recommend adequate organizational arrangements or structures and their corresponding staffing requirements (see chap. II, paras. V.92 and V.93). The Committee reiterates its view that the ultimate responsibility for developing proposals with regard to the structure and staffing of the Organization rests with the Secretariat, using in‑house institutional knowledge and available resources (see A/65/782, para. 23).", "108. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed resources, under contractual services, some $139 million, reflect only a minor reduction of $480,400 on current funding levels in this area. The Committee also notes that the utilization of contractual services is particularly significant in section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management ($27.3 million), section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management ($25.6 million), section 28, Public information ($16.1 million), and section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology ($15.8 million). While recognizing that the use of contractual services may be appropriate in certain areas, the Committee is of the view that their use should be limited and that the maximum use should be made of in-house capacity.", "Publications", "109. The Advisory Committee notes that publications as part of the programme of work in many departments and offices were the subject of continued review and in most cases reductions were reflected in the budget. The Committee also notes an increased use of electronic publications, in several cases in conjunction with the issuance of a print version. The Committee recognizes the continued need for the use of traditional means of communication (i.e. radio and printed media), particularly in developing countries. It welcomes, however, efforts to increase the use of electronic means of publication, whenever it is considered feasible and cost-effective. The Committee also reiterates the importance of multilingualism in the context of the issuance of publications and the need to ensure that United Nations publications are available in more language versions, as appropriate (see General Assembly resolution 63/306).", "110. The Advisory Committee notes inconsistencies in the manner in which information on publications was presented in the proposed programme budget. For example, with respect to UNEP, the information provided in the budget document reflected a continued downward trend in the number of publications (A/66/6 (Sect. 14), para. 14.28). However, upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the numbers provided did not include publications that were published only electronically. On the other hand, in section 15, Human settlements, where the overall level of publications reflected a small increase (A/66/6 (Sect. 15), para. 15.14), the Committee notes that the data provided also include solely electronic publications. The Committee underscores the need for consistency in the presentation of all aspects of the proposed programme budget. The Committee recommends that the format in which information is provided on publications should be adjusted to reflect the increased usage of electronic publications. Information should indicate not only recurrent and non-recurrent publications, as is currently the practice, but should also differentiate between the number of publications proposed to be issued in print version, electronic version or both.", "G. Training", "111. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed programme budget includes an amount of $31.2 million for training activities, consisting of centrally managed provisions of $17.9 million, language training provisions of $9.7 million and other provisions of $3.6 million (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 69-72).", "112. With regard to the monitoring and evaluation of training activities, the Advisory Committee was informed that, at present, evaluation efforts focused primarily on assessing the perceived value to participants of training courses and the effect of those courses on participants’ confidence levels. Going forward, however, the Committee was informed that greater emphasis would be placed on assessing the business impact of training courses and the eventual return on investment for the Organization (see chap. II, para. VIII.52). The Committee recognizes the importance of training in building a highly competent workforce capable of implementing the Organization’s mandates in the most effective and efficient manner. The Committee reiterates, however, that training programmes and objectives should be linked to mandate implementation and organizational goals (see A/65/743, para. 115). Given the significant level of resources devoted to training, the Committee further reiterates the importance of developing a framework and methodology for the evaluation of training programmes and their impact on enhancing the ability of staff members to discharge their duties, as well as on the efficiency and effectiveness with which such programmes are conducted (ibid., para. 137).", "113. As highlighted by the Board of Auditors in its report on the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009, regular budget training funds for departments and offices are in many cases supplemented by extrabudgetary resources. The Board noted that the Office of Human Resources Management was, however, not aware of the extent of such funding or its uses. As a result, the Board recommended that the Administration assess its total training expenditure, irrespective of the funding source (A/65/5 (Vol. I), paras. 380-383). The Advisory Committee supports the recommendation of the Board of Auditors and shares the view that a more complete and transparent picture of training activities and the related resources throughout the Organization is required.", "H. Information and communications technology", "114. Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for ICT for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $255,622,100 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $3,783,400, or 1.5 per cent, over the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. A breakdown of the resources allocated to ICT by budget section is provided in the introduction to the proposed programme budget (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 90). The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed regular budget resources would address ongoing requirements and projects. A separate report is submitted for concurrent consideration by the General Assembly pursuant to resolutions 65/259, 64/243, 63/269 and 63/262 (A/66/94). That report includes proposals for four initiatives, with financial implications, in relation to the implementation of the ICT strategy, enterprise content management, customer relationship management and business continuity. The initiatives are proposed to be carried out over a four-year period, from 2012 to 2015, and are to be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangement approved for the enterprise resource planning project.[4] For the biennium 2012-2013, the additional requirement for the four initiatives amounts to $42,822,500, comprising $6,423,400 under the regular budget, $26,550,000 under the support account for peacekeeping operations and $9,949,100 under the special accounts for programme support costs (see para. 31 above and chap. II, paras. VIII.126-VIII.129 below).", "115. In his report on the status of the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491), the Secretary-General estimated that annual ICT expenditures of the Organization had risen to approximately $774 million (see also para. 119 below). The Advisory Committee notes that a major portion of the resources allocated for ICT are provided from the budgets of peacekeeping missions and the support account for peacekeeping operations, as well as the extrabudgetary special accounts for programme support costs. The information provided in the introduction to the budget, which relates to the regular budget only, therefore provides only a partial picture of the overall resources allocated for ICT. Furthermore, little explanation is provided on the composition of the expenditures[5] or the utilization of the resources proposed under each section of the proposed programme budget.", "116. Given the magnitude of the resources the Organization spends on ICT and the strategic importance of ensuring overall coherence in the utilization of resources, the Advisory Committee recommends that a comprehensive picture of the totality of the resources proposed for ICT be reflected in the introduction to the proposed programme budget, with a breakdown of the resources by budget section, distinguishing between different sources of funding. In addition, information on the utilization of the proposed resources should be provided, including expenditures related to ongoing operational requirements, the implementation of ICT projects and the provisions made for service-level agreements with the Office of Information and Communications Technology or other providers of ICT services. The estimates of the additional cost-recovery income available to the provider of ICT services through service-level agreements must also be included.", "117. The Advisory Committee further recommends that future budget submissions include, regardless of the source of funding, a clear ICT plan for each section containing proposals for the implementation of ICT projects, together with information on the expected results and benefits of investing in such projects. Such plans should be prepared in accordance with the ICT strategy for the Secretariat as a whole. This information should be provided in the overview section of the respective budget fascicles.", "118. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it noted the role of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in overseeing the global management of ICT and in reviewing budgets from all funding sources for all ICT initiatives and operations of the Secretariat (A/64/7, para. 63; see also A/62/793, para. 35 (b) and A/63/487, para. 21). The Committee emphasizes the need to ensure that all ICT‑related proposals are coherent and in line with the ICT strategy adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262. It reiterates its recommendation that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts and the Office of Information and Communications Technology work closely to ensure that appropriate budgetary procedures are established that would allow such a review and that the procedures are fully complied with in the future.", "Implementation of the information and communications technology strategy", "119. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/262, in which the Assembly endorsed the ICT strategy for the Secretariat and decided to establish, effective January 2009, the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the Secretary-General submitted a report on the status of the implementation of the ICT strategy for the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/491). As requested, the Secretary-General also provided a comprehensive inventory of ICT capacities across the Secretariat, based on a structural review conducted in 2010 of more than 70 ICT units Secretariat-wide. The main findings of the review were as follows: (a) annual ICT expenditures were estimated at some $774 million, taking into account regular budget, peacekeeping, support account and extrabudgetary funding sources; (b) the total ICT staff count was estimated at 4,219, including United Nations personnel, volunteers and temporary and contractual staff; (c) there were 1,994 application programmes; (d) there were an estimated 211 server rooms and data centres supporting multiple server environments; and (e) there were approximately 131 ICT server desks supporting multiple variable workstation environments and providing telecommunications support. In short, the ICT environment and processes remained decentralized, fragmented, duplicative and non-standardized; ICT boundaries were not well defined, resulting in a lack of clarity as to what constitutes an ICT activity or role; and ICT job descriptions did not reflect ICT demands and industry best practices. Those weaknesses had a negative impact on the costs of ICT operations, prevented the Organization from realizing economies of scale and resulted in inadequate ICT support for administrative and programmatic activities and timely decision-making.", "120. To address those weaknesses, the Secretary-General proposed four structural review projects (globalizing service desks; streamlining data centres; rationalizing ICT organization; and strengthening the Office of Information and Communications Technology) to be undertaken over a four- to five-year period starting in 2011 at an overall cost of approximately $140 million. Those projects involved the proposed establishment of 51 posts under the regular budget, of which 23 were to be established in 2011 and 28 in the biennium 2012-2013. The structural review projects were proposed to be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangement approved for the enterprise resource planning project.³", "121. In its related report, the Advisory Committee welcomed the comprehensive structural review and the presentation of an Organization-wide perspective on ICT resources and the ICT environment (A/65/576, para. 92). In its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to proceed with structural review project 3 (rationalization of ICT organization), and also decided to provide general temporary assistance equivalent to seven P-4 positions for structural review project 4, on strengthening OICT, of which five were to be funded from within existing resources. The Assembly did not support structural review projects 1, on globalizing service desks, and 2, on streamlining data centres. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals on the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report (A/65/491) and to submit new and/or revised proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. As indicated in paragraph 114 above, the Secretary-General has submitted a separate report (A/66/94) in response to that request, an advance copy of which was made available to the Committee at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s initial proposals for section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee’s related comments and recommendations will be provided in its second report on the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/7/Add.1).", "122. The Secretary-General was also requested to report to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangement, including the possibility of changing the placement of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the structure of the Organization (see General Assembly resolution 63/262, sect. 1, para. 10 (c)). However, in the context of his progress report on the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491), the Secretary-General assessed the internal structure of the Office but did not address the question of its placement. In its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly reiterated its earlier request that the in-depth assessment be submitted for its consideration at the sixty-eighth session. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the management and reporting arrangements must provide overall direction for the Office and ensure the effectiveness, supervision and accountability of the Organization’s ICT structures. It recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to rigorously examine current arrangements and to make any adjustments, as required, to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency, and to respond fully to the General Assembly’s request for an in-depth assessment for consideration no later than at its sixty-eighth session (see chap. II, paras. VIII.145 and VIII.146 below).", "Enterprise resource planning project (Umoja)", "123. In his second progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project (A/65/389), the Secretary-General indicated that the main focus of the enterprise resource planning project team during the reporting period (October 2009-August 2010) was the design phase. The Secretary-General stated that he expected the project to be completed and deployed within the projected time frame, by the end of 2013, and that the overall resource requirements remained unchanged, at $315.8 million. In its related report, the Advisory Committee welcomed the progress made towards completion of the design phase of the project (A/65/576). It also made observations and expressed some concerns on a number of issues, including delays in the staffing of the project team; the lengthy process of recruiting subject-matter experts; the need for closer cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology in cataloguing and decommissioning the systems to be replaced by the enterprise resource planning system; the need for closer cooperation between the project team, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the Department of Field Support in implementing technical activities and establishing infrastructure; and the complexity and number of the interfaces to be developed between the enterprise resource planning system and the human resources talent management system, Inspira. As regards the organizational structure and arrangements for the project, the Committee was assured that the structure and composition of the project steering committee, whose membership included the heads of the major departments involved in or affected by the project, would promote coherence and facilitate the smooth implementation of the project.", "124. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretariat was anticipating delays in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project and, furthermore, that the project had been functioning without a Director since 31 May 2011. In view of that situation, the project steering committee had decided to deliver the project in phases, with the initial release of the system focusing primarily on the functionality needed to support the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Committee was informed that the Secretary-General would elaborate on the project achievements and propose measures to mitigate delays in the context of his next progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project. The Committee discusses this situation more fully under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management (chap. II, paras. VIII.7-VIII.13 below). It will provide its comments on the Secretary-General’s progress report and his proposals for the continuation of the project and the related resources in a separate report.", "125. At this stage, the Advisory Committee believes that priority should be given to setting the project on the right track quickly so as to avoid further slippage, cost overruns and unproductive use of the resources dedicated to the project. While the Committee accepts the Secretary-General’s focus on the implementation of IPSAS in the first phase, it emphasizes that the enterprise resource planning system is the key enabler underpinning the Organization’s management reform agenda, including results-based management, risk management, a strengthened internal control framework and enhanced performance and accountability, as well as greater efficiency and effectiveness. These improvements remain essential organizational goals that should not be neglected in the Secretary-General’s proposals for the future direction of the project. In this connection, the Committee points out that the consequential investment made by Member States was justified, in part, on the basis of the expected improvements to management practices and service delivery as well as the enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in programme management that the system would allow. The Committee also expects that the Secretary-General will ensure that the project is delivered at its currently approved level of funding, through efficient utilization of the resources approved for the project, improved project management and prioritization and phasing of activities.", "I. Impact of the strengthening of the development pillar", "126. The Advisory Committee recalls the report submitted by the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708) pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/236, which called for a comprehensive proposal with a view to improving the effective and efficient delivery of the mandates of the development-related activities of the Secretariat. In that report, the Secretary-General made proposals for resources for 11 budget sections, including the establishment of 150 new posts. Following its consideration of those proposals and the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/62/7/Add.40), the Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved a total of 91 posts under nine budget sections. In addition, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "127. With the exception of section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific, information on the impact of the strengthening approved under resolution 63/260 is contained in each of the affected budget sections. All departments and offices concerned confirmed that the additional resources had improved their capacity to implement their mandates. The Committee was provided with additional information with regard to the impact of the posts approved for ESCAP, which reflected a similar positive impact (see chap. II, para. V.52). For ease of reference, the following table provides the relevant document reference from the proposed programme budget where the responses to the request of the General Assembly are provided.", "Table 15 Information on the implementation of resolution 63/260", "Economic and social affairs\tA/66/6 (Sect. 9),paras. 9.8-9.10\nLeast developed countries, landlockeddeveloping countries and small islanddeveloping States\tA/66/6 (Sect. 10),para. 10.11\nUnited Nations support for the NewPartnership for Africa’s Development\tA/66/6 (Sect. 11),para. 11.13\nTrade and development\tA/66/6 (Sect. 12),para. 12.13\nEconomic and social development inAfrica\tA/66/6 (Sect. 18),para. 18A.10\nEconomic and social development inEurope\tA/66/6 (Sect. 20),para. 20.12\nEconomic and social development in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean\tA/66/6 (Sect. 21),para. 21.13\nEconomic and social development inWestern Asia\tA/66/6 (Sect. 22),para. 22.17", "128. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update of the recruitment status relating to the 91 new posts approved under resolution 63/260 (see annex VI). The Committee notes that, as indicated in paragraph 24 above, proposals are made to abolish four of the posts approved in resolution 63/260: two under section 9, Economic and social affairs (P-4 and P-3), and two under section 20, Economic development in Europe (P-4 and P-3). In addition, the Committee notes that further post reductions are proposed for a number of subprogrammes strengthened under resolution 63/260.", "J. Business continuity", "129. The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly decided to appropriate an amount of $2.2 million for business continuity management, which covered resources for seven positions (4 at Headquarters, 2 at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and 1 at ECA). The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "130. While information was not presented in a consolidated manner, the Advisory Committee notes that proposals have been put forward for the ongoing implementation of business continuity management, including continued funding for the seven positions approved in the biennium 2010-2011 as well as additional requirements under general temporary assistance and other non-post items. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the proposals being made, which include requests for ICT equipment for remote access capability and medical supplies, would ensure that United Nations Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions could effectively respond to any critical incidents that disrupt their operations.", "131. The Advisory Committee was also provided with information summarizing the requirements for business continuity in the proposed programme budget. The Committee notes that for departments and offices at headquarters, an amount of $862,400 is included for mobile office (Citrix) licences. The Committee was informed that as part of business continuity planning, departments and offices were required to identify their critical functions and processes and the number of staff needed to carry them out. The Committee was further informed that many staff could perform those functions from remote locations, but some required access to shared drives and certain core applications, which required the use of mobile office licences. The Committee was informed that at present, 616 staff across departments and offices who were deemed critical for business continuity purposes had been provided with Citrix licences. Details on the departments and offices concerned are provided in table 16 below. Given the costs involved, the Committee recommends that the number of staff assigned mobile office licences be kept under review to ensure that they are provided only to facilitate business continuity of critical functions and processes.", "Table 16", "Estimated requirements for mobile office licences", "(United States dollars)", "Budget Department/Office Number Proposed, section of 2012-2013 licences", "1. Overall policymaking, Executive Office of the 24 33 600 direction and Secretary-General coordination", "2. General Assembly and Department for General 125 175 000 Economic and Social Assembly and Conference Council affairs and Management conference management", "3. Political affairs Department of Political 40 56 000 Affairs", "4. Disarmament Office for Disarmament 12 16 800 Affairs", "5. Peacekeeping operations Department of Peacekeeping 25 35 000 Operations/Department of Field Support", "8. Legal affairs Office of Legal Affairs 10 14 000", "9. Economic and social Department of Economic and 24 33 600 affairs Social Affairs", "10. Least developed Office of the High 2 2 800 countries, landlocked Representative for the developing countries and Least Developed Countries, small island developing Landlocked Developing States Countries and Small Island Developing States", "27. Humanitarian assistance Office for the Coordination 37 51 800 of Humanitarian Affairs", "28. Public information Department of Public 46 64 400 Information", "29A. Office of the Office of the 11 15 400 Under-Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General for for Management Management", "29B. Office of Programme Office of Programme 35 49 000 Planning, Budget and Planning, Budget and Accounts Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources Office of Human Resources 64 89 600 Management Management", "29D. Office of Central Support Office of Central Support 39 54 600 Services Services", "30. Office of Information and Office of Information and 6 8 400 Communications Technology Communications Technology", "31. Internal oversight Office of Internal 21 29 400 Oversight Services", "35. Safety and security Department of Safety and 95 133 000 Security", "Total 616 862 400", "132. The Advisory Committee notes that for offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions, a further provision of $5.2 million is made to cover business continuity and emergency preparedness requirements, including remote access services, medical supplies and related infrastructure requirements. In addition, a provision of $996,000 is made for the continued functioning of the Business Continuity Management Unit in the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Central Support Services (sect. 28D). The details of the proposals, by section, are outlined in table 17 below.", "Table 17 Requirements for business continuity management", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Proposed resources, 2012-2013^(a)", "Regional commissions and offices away from Headquarters", "18. Economic and social development in Africa 1 109.2", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific 541.7", "21. Economic and social development in Latin America and the 465.0 Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western Asia 384.8", "29E. Administration, Geneva 895.0", "29F. Administration, Vienna 608.0", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 1 213.4", "Subtotal 5 217.1", "Headquarters", "29D. Office of Central Support Services^(b) 996.0", "Total 6 213.1", "^(a) Includes recurrent provision for the funding of seven positions approved in General Assembly resolution 64/243.", "^(b) Does not include requirements for the funding of the mobile office licences for critical staff under section 29D, Office of Central Support Services, which are included under table 16 above.", "133. The Advisory Committee notes that in addition to the requirements set out in the proposed programme budget, the report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94) contains a provision of $9,827,900, including $1,474,200 from the regular budget, under an initiative to create a resilient ICT infrastructure. This initiative is described as seeking to streamline data centres worldwide and to establish an enhanced ICT disaster recovery and business continuity environment. The Committee’s observations and recommendations with respect to this proposal will be included in its second report on the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/7/Add.1).", "134. The Advisory Committee was informed that guidance and direction with respect to business continuity activities was provided to all departments at Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions by the Business Continuity Management Unit, Office of Central Support Services. This included advice on the development of business continuity plans, including on the identification of critical functions and critical staff responsible for the performance of those functions, as well as the identification of the vital records and ICT applications linked to those functions. The Committee emphasizes the importance of the role of Headquarters in ensuring a well-coordinated approach to business continuity activities and in supporting departments and offices in this area. The Committee requests that information on business continuity activities and the related resource requirements be outlined in the introduction to future proposed programme budgets in a consolidated manner.", "K. Other assessed resources", "135. The Advisory Committee notes that, in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in paragraph 41 of its resolution 64/243, the presentation of non‑regular budget resources has been modified in order to make a distinction between voluntary and assessed contributions. The Committee welcomes this change in presentation.", "136. The category “other assessed resources” includes funds for the capital master plan, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and resources available to support the activities of departments and offices under the support account for peacekeeping operations. Estimates of other assessed resources, totalling $823.1 million, are set out in table 1 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, with the distribution, by budget section, outlined in table 8. The Advisory Committee was informed that, following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290 on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations, the revised estimate was $692,021,800. A breakdown of this amount is provided in table 18 below.", "Table 18 Other assessed resources for the biennium 2012-2013", "Amount Percentage (thousands of United States dollars)", "Services in support of:", "International Criminal Tribunal for 861.3 0.1 Rwanda", "International Tribunal for the Former 725.6 0.1 Yugoslavia", "Capital master plan 850.1 0.1", "Peacekeeping operations^(a) 689 584.8 99.6", "Total 692 021.8 100", "^(a) Revised pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/290.", "L. Extrabudgetary resources", "137. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources continue to account for a significant portion of the support provided for the United Nations programme of work. As shown in table 19 below, the bulk of extrabudgetary resources are related to UNHCR, UNRWA, UNODC, UNEP and UN-Habitat.", "Table 19 Extrabudgetary resources estimated for the biennium 2012-2013", "Amount Percentage (thousands of United States dollars)", "A. Programmes with separate governing bodies", "UNHCR 254 743.0 2.0", "UNRWA 6 558 244.2 52.7", "UNODC 476 140.5 3.8", "UNEP 461 357.0 3.7", "UN-Habitat 370 776.5 3.0", "Subtotal 8 121 261.2 65.3", "B. Technical cooperation funds 2 446 671.9 19.7", "C. Reimbursement for support and services 313 588.0 2.5 provided", "D. Substantive trust funds 1 560 052.6 12.5", "Subtotal 4 320 312.5 34.7", "Total 12 441 573.7 100.0", "138. As outlined in the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the level of extrabudgetary resources projected to be available during a biennium and the number of posts to be funded cannot be determined with complete precision owing to the nature of voluntary contributions. At present, however, the estimated level of extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 is some $12.4 billion, which would represent an increase of approximately $791.5 million, or 7 per cent, as compared with the current biennium. These funds are expected to finance 13,042 posts. The Secretary-General indicates that the bulk of the increase relates to the projected operations of UN-Women ($495.9 million), UNHCR ($167.8 million) and UNRWA ($88.7 million) (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 98-101).", "139. The Advisory Committee reviews and submits reports on administrative or support budgets to the various programmes mentioned in section A of table 19 (see also Preface and para. 141 below). For the most part, the Committee examines other extrabudgetary resources maintained in special accounts in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget. The Committee also receives information biannually on the status of trust funds. In its consideration of those programmes, the Committee continues to pay particular attention to system-wide initiatives such as results-based budgeting and the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "140. Under the terms of section II, paragraph 2, of General Assembly resolution 35/217, the Advisory Committee reviews proposals for all new posts at the D-1 level and above funded through extrabudgetary sources that are not otherwise subject to scrutiny by an intergovernmental body. Since submitting its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Committee has reviewed and concurred with the requests of the Secretary-General to reclassify or establish the following extrabudgetary posts at the D-1 level and above:", "(a) Reclassification of the post of the Director of the International Computing Centre from D-1 to D-2;", "(b) Establishment of a D-1 post for the head of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Field Office in Haiti;", "(c) Establishment of a D-1 post for a team leader of the team of experts relating to the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict;", "(d) Extension of the post of Assistant Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "The Advisory Committee recalls paragraph 39 of General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly stressed that all extrabudgetary posts must be administered and managed with the same rigour as regular budget posts.", "M. Cooperation with other United Nations bodies", "141. Since the issuance of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/64/7), the Advisory Committee has submitted reports to the following United Nations bodies:", "(a) The Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme/ United Nations Population Fund/United Nations Office for Project Services:", "(i) UNFPA: Revision of financial regulations and rules (DP/FPA/2009/12);", "(ii) UNDP and United Nations Development Fund for Women budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (DP/2010/3, DP/2010/7);", "(iii) Revision of the UNDP financial regulations and rules (DP/2011/36);", "(iv) UNDP institutional budget estimates for 2012-2013 (DP/2011/34);", "(v) UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (DP/2010/9);", "(vi) UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (DP/OPS/2011/5);", "(b) UNHCR: Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme:", "(i) UNHCR: biennial programme budget 2010-2011 (A/AC.96/1068);", "(ii) UNHCR: biennial programme budget 2010-2011 (revised) (A/AC.96/1087);", "(c) Executive Board of WFP:", "(i) Process for the selection and appointment of the external auditor for the term from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2016 (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/2) (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/1);", "(ii) Biennial management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-A/1); appointment of members to the Audit Committee (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-C/1); investment policy and guidelines (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-F/1); update on the WINGS II project (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-G/1);", "(iii) Selection and appointment of the external auditor (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-A/1); revised fee for the external auditor for the biennium 2008-2009 (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-B/1); report of the external auditor on the strategic planning and reporting at a WFP country office — Uganda and WFP management response (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-D/1 and Add.1); report of the external auditor on the IPSAS dividend: strengthening financial management and response of the secretariat (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1 and Add.1); update on the WFP biennial management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-F/1); final update on the WINGS II project (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-G/1);", "(iv) Audited annual accounts, 2009 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/1); final report of the Evaluation Panel on the selection and appointment of the WFP external auditor for the term 1 July 2010-30 June 2016 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-B/1); appointment of members to the Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-C/1); second update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-D/1); financial framework review options (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-E/1); proposed amendments to the terms of reference of the WFP Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-F/1); annual report of the WFP Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-G/1); progress report on the implementation of the external auditor recommendations (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-H/1); report of the Inspector General (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-I/1); report of the Executive Director on the utilization of contributions and waivers of costs (General Rules XII.4 and XIII.4 (g)) (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-J/1); investigation on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-K/1);", "(v) Policy for disclosure of internal audit reports to Member States (WFP/EB.2/2010/4-B/1); WFP anti-fraud and anti-corruption policy (WFP/EB.2/2010/4-C/1); financial framework review (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-A/1); review of the Working Capital Financing Facility (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-B/1); third update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-C/1); second update on WFP management actions in Somalia (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-D/1); review of WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-E/1);", "(vi) Fourth update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-A/1); report of the external auditor on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1); WFP management response to the report of the external auditor on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1/Add.1); information note on funding of security management arrangements (WFP/EB.1/2011/12-B); workplan of the external auditor for the period July 2010 to June 2011 (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-C/1);", "(d) The Executive Board of UN-Women:", "(i) Support budget and Proposed Financial Regulations and Rules;", "(ii) Proposed financial regulations and rules for the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UNW/2011/5 and Add.1);", "(iii) Revised proposal for the use of regular budget resources for the normative support functions of UN-Women (A/65/531);", "(e) Board of Trustees of UNIDIR: activities of the Institute for the period from August 2009 to July 2010 and the proposed programme of work and estimated budget for 2010-2011 (A/65/177);", "(f) Consolidated budget for the biennium 2010-2011 for UNODC (E/CN.7/ 2009/13-E/CN.15/2009/23);", "(g) Board of Trustees of UNITAR:", "(i) Programme budget for 2010-2011;", "(ii) Proposed revision to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(h) Advisory Commission of UNRWA: proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(i) Governing Council of UNEP: proposed biennial programme of work and budget for 2012-2013 (UNEP/GC.26/13);", "(j) Governing Council of UN-Habitat: proposed work programme and budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (HSP/GC/23/5);", "(k) United Nations Office for Partnerships:", "(i) Administrative budget for 2010 (A/CN.1/R.1211);", "(ii) Administrative budget for 2011 (A/CN.1/R.1212);", "(l) Executive Board of UNICEF:", "(i) Financial rules and regulations (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.8);", "(ii) Institutional budget for 2012-2013 (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2).", "N. Overall position of the Advisory Committee on the initial estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "142. As highlighted in the Introduction to the proposed programme budget, the proposals of the Secretary-General reflect a reduction, before recosting, of some $170.2 million compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 17, table). Having considered the proposals of the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013, and noting his assurance that mandates would be delivered in full, the Advisory Committee accepts, by and large, the level proposed by the Secretary-General.", "143. The Advisory Committee, in chapter II of the present report, makes a number of specific recommendations regarding posts and other objects of expenditure. For the most part, the Committee’s recommendations do not significantly affect the overall level of the budget. Accordingly, the Committee has refrained from providing a final costing for those recommendations since, if accepted by the General Assembly, they will be taken into account in the recalculation done by the Secretariat and furnished to the Fifth Committee before the adoption of the budget by the Assembly. The Committee notes that the overall proposed budget level, and its position on the proposals as a whole, will become apparent only after the submission by the Secretary-General of a number of separate reports and their consideration by the Committee.", "144. The Advisory Committee notes that the overall level of resources for the biennium 2012-2013 will be affected both by the submission of proposals for special political missions and by decisions to be taken on the separate reports with financial implications, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. While recognizing that unforeseen requirements could arise that need to be addressed outside the normal biennial regular budget cycle, the Committee is of the view that issues foreseen during the preparation of the proposed programme budget could have been included in the Secretary-General’s proposals or, at a minimum, that indicative estimates could have been provided. While recognizing that the additional reports will be before the Assembly when it considers the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee is concerned that a piecemeal approach does not provide it with the full information it requires at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals to be able to render advice to the Assembly on the proposed programme budget.", "145. The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized the importance of the ongoing review of programmes and business processes to ensure the most effective and efficient delivery of mandates. In this regard, the Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget should reflect an increased emphasis on results, not only in programme delivery, but also with regard to the efficiency with which the resources approved by the General Assembly are utilized. As such, the Committee has made a number of recommendations with that objective in mind. In particular, the Committee is of the view that future proposed programme budgets should include more information on the status and results of major reform initiatives, the demonstrable impact of efficiency measures being undertaken and the conclusions drawn from monitoring and evaluation activities. The Committee trusts that its recommendations and observations will contribute to the goal of ensuring that resources are efficiently and effectively used to deliver on the mandates of the Organization.", "Chapter II", "Detailed recommendations on the proposed programme budget", "Estimates of expenditure", "Part I", "Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "Section 1", "Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $102,812,800^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $100,199,600 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $56,105,300^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e., before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $13,358,600, amending theinformation contained in table 1.2 of A/66/6(Sect. 1) to reflect the decision taken by theGeneral Assembly in its resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$42,746,900.", "I.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 1 amount to $102,812,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $2,613,200, or 2.6 per cent, over the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.2).", "I.2 Table I.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table I.1", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nAdvisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions \nApproved for 2010-2011\t12\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS(PL), 4 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t12\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS(PL), 4 GS (OL)\nUnited Nations Boardof Auditors \n Approved for 2010-2011 6 1 D-1, 1 P-4/3, 4 GS (OL) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 6 1 D-1, 1 P-4/3, 4 GS (OL) \nIndependent AuditAdvisory Committee \n Approved for 2010-2011 2 1 P-5, 1 GS (OL) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 2 1 P-5, 1 GS (OL) \nExecutive Office ofthe Secretary-General \nApproved for 2010-2011\t77\t1 DSG, 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 6 D-1,8 P-5,11 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 37 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t75\t1 DSG, 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 6 D-1,8 P-5,11 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 35 GS(OL)\n Abolitions 2 2 GS (OL) \nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Geneva \nApproved for 2010-2011\t18\t1 USG, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 7 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t18\t1 USG, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 7 GS (OL)\nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Vienna \nApproved for 2010-2011\t9\t2 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t9\t2 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS(OL)\nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Nairobi \n Approved for 2010-2011 4 1 USG, 2 P-5, 1 LL \n Proposed for 2012-2013 4 1 USG, 2 P-5, 1 LL \nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General forChildrenand Armed Conflict \nApproved for 2010-2011\t10\t1 USG, 1 P-5, 5 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 2GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t10\t1 USG, 1 P-5, 5 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 2GS (OL)\nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General onSexual Violence inConflict \nApproved for 2010-2011\t9\t1 USG, 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 3 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t9\t1 USG, 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 3 GS(OL)\nOffice of the UnitedNations Ombudsman andMediation Services \nApproved for 2010-2011\t20\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL), 3 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t20\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL), 3 LL\nOffice ofAdministration ofJustice \nApproved for 2010-2011\t35\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 5 P-5, 13 P-4/3, 2P-2/1, 11 GS (OL),2 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t35\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 5 P-5, 13 P-4/3, 2P-2/1, 11 GS (OL),2 LL\n Ethics Office \nApproved for 2010-2011\t9\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t9\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)\n Rule of Law Unit \n Approved for 2010-2011 5 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (OL) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 5 1 D-1, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (OL) \n Reclassification 1 1 P-5 to D-1 \n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nUnited Nations Boardof Auditors \n Proposed for 2012-2013 1 1 GS (OL) \nExecutive Office ofthe Secretary-General \nProposed for 2012-2013\t21\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 2P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)\nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Geneva \n Proposed for 2012-2013 3 3 GS (OL) \nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General onSexual Violence inConflict \n Proposed for 2012-2013 1 1 D-1 \nOffice of the UnitedNations Ombudsman andMediation Services \n Proposed for 2012-2013 7 3 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 2 FS", "^(a) Including 12 posts financed by other assessed resources, and 21 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassification", "I.3 In the Rule of Law Unit, the Secretary-General is proposing the upward reclassification of a P-5 post to the D-1 level to head the Rule of Law Unit, owing to the significant managerial and representational functions required of the position, both within the Organization and externally (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), paras. 1.148 and 1.152). Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with a detailed justification of the Secretary-General’s proposal, including a full list of the functions of the D-1 post. The Committee was informed that, should the proposal be approved, the functions of the existing P-5 post would be absorbed by the remaining staff of the Unit and, if necessary, the Unit’s outputs would be scaled back.", "I.4 It was explained to the Advisory Committee, upon enquiry, that the proposed upward reclassification described in the preceding paragraph was designed to fill the gap left by the discontinuation of the secondment from UNDP of a staff member at the D-2 level to head the Unit. In that connection, the Committee was informed that, when the Unit was established, during the biennium 2006-2007, it was staffed exclusively through secondments: two posts (1 D-2 and 1 P-3) from UNDP, one P-4 post from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and one P-5 post from the Office of Legal Affairs. It had quickly become apparent, however, that those arrangements could not be sustained in the longer term because the seconding entities had not budgeted for them and/or the seconded posts were needed by the entities concerned to perform the functions for which they had originally been established. Accordingly, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009, the Secretary-General had submitted a request for seven regular budget posts, including a D-2 for the Head of Unit, and the General Assembly had subsequently approved the establishment of the four Professional posts that were reflected in the Unit’s staffing table (see resolution 63/263). Despite the Assembly’s request that the Secretary-General ensure that the post of Director of the Unit continue to be provided through secondment, the UNDP-funded secondment of a D-2 post had come to an end in June 2009. During the biennium 2010-2011, in order to mitigate the negative effects of the absence of a head of Unit on the latter’s functioning, a temporary post had been made available through a practice referred to as “vacancy management” (see also chap. I, para. 93, above). That post had been filled on 1 April 2010.", "I.5 The Advisory Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that providing a post for a head of the Unit through rotational secondments from the member entities of the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group could create a conflict of interest, since the head of Unit was expected to mediate in disputes between members of that Group from a position of trust and neutrality, including the perception of neutrality, which would not be possible if he or she was a staff member of one of the entities concerned. In addition, short-term rotational secondments could hamper the Unit’s ability to develop a coherent strategic vision for its work and to establish and maintain partnerships with Member States and other actors working in the rule of law field, and might create undue administrative issues that could affect the Unit’s smooth functioning. The burden on the seconding entities could also undermine the desire of Group members to support the Unit’s coordination function.", "I.6 The Advisory Committee believes that it is beneficial for the regular budget staffing of offices whose mandates have a system-wide focus to be complemented by secondments from agencies, funds and programmes. It nevertheless recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources can be unpredictable. The Committee is of the view, therefore, that relying exclusively on these types of resources to implement core regular budget programmes and activities is imprudent, since such resources cannot be guaranteed. For those reasons, the Committee recommends approval of the proposal to reclassify a P‑5 post to the D-1 level to head the Rule of Law Unit. The Committee has commented further on the use of secondments in chapter I above.", "Abolitions", "I.7 It is proposed that two General Service (Other level) posts be abolished in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), para. 1.45). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the streamlining of roles and responsibilities, the improvement of workflows and the redistribution of tasks among the existing staffing complement of the Office would make it possible to abolish the two posts in question. The Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "I.8 Estimated non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,853,200, a decrease of $136,300, or 0.3 per cent, as compared with the appropriation of $40,989,500 for the preceding biennium. Subject to the comments and recommendations in the following paragraphs, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources under section 1.", "General comments and recommendations", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "I.9 Proposed regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Advisory Committee, including its secretariat, amount to $8,152,900 before recosting (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.9), reflecting a decrease of $22,100, or 0.3 per cent, as compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease, all of which is under non-post resources, is attributable mainly to a reduction in requirements for data-processing services based on actual usage (ibid., para. 1.17).", "I.10 The Secretary-General indicates that the resources requested for 2012-2013 would provide, inter alia, for the travel and subsistence allowance of expert members of the Advisory Committee who are non-residents of New York for meetings held at Headquarters (ibid., para. 1.16). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that members of the Committee who were not associated with their permanent missions and whose travel expenses to and from Headquarters were met by the United Nations (i.e. those who lived outside commuting distance) were considered non-resident and were therefore entitled to subsistence allowance.", "I.11 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Secretary-General’s estimates are based on the assumption that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee will hold six sessions totalling 78 weeks, including 74 weeks at Headquarters and 4 weeks away from Headquarters. The Committee recalls that the decision to extend the Committee’s meeting time from 74 weeks to 78 weeks per biennium was taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243, in response to the Committee’s own recommendation. That recommendation, contained in the Committee’s first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, was based on an analysis of the Committee’s workload, which had increased in terms of both volume and complexity since the biennium 2000-2001 (see A/64/7, paras. 1.14-1.19).", "I.12 While the Advisory Committee welcomes the extension of the meeting time available to it, it is concerned that the extension alone may not fully address all the implications of its constantly increasing workload, which, inter alia, creates additional responsibilities for its Chair, both from an organizational perspective and in terms of time spent chairing meetings and attending meetings of the Fifth Committee. In this connection, the Committee recalls that, since 1994, it has had a Vice-Chair, who is not remunerated. The Committee is currently working on proposed terms of reference for its Vice-Chair, as well as suggested modalities for possible remuneration, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "United Nations Board of Auditors", "I.13 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the United Nations Board of Auditors, including its secretariat, amount to $6,479,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $925,400, or 16.7 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010‑2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.11). The proposed resources provide for the regular budget share of audit fees to be paid to the members of the Board, the costs associated with their attendance at meetings of the Board and of the Panel of External Auditors, the continuation of six posts for the secretariat of the Board and related operational costs. In addition, a total of $20,507,300 in other assessed and extrabudgetary resources is projected for the biennium, derived from audit fees paid directly from the budgets of other United Nations funds, programmes and affiliated bodies, ongoing missions and missions in liquidation, as well as from direct charges to trust funds and technical cooperation projects (ibid., paras. 1.25 and 1.26).", "I.14 The Secretary-General indicates that the net increase of $925,400 under non‑post resources is attributable to additional requirements for audit costs ($891,100) and to higher costs associated with the services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology ($42,900), partially offset by reduced requirements for the cost of communications and office automation equipment (ibid., para. 1.25).", "I.15 Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with an explanation of the methodology used by the Board for calculating its audit costs. The Committee was informed that fees were projected to increase in 2012-2013 because the Board would be performing a number of additional tasks, namely: reviewing the Administration’s plan for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and monitoring the related milestones; reviewing accounting policies selected by the Administration in respect of the 29 IPSAS standards; and providing advice and guidance on the pro forma financial statements and carrying out dry runs of those statements.", "I.16 With regard to the higher costs associated with the services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Board would retain the same service-level agreement (level A) with the Office as it had in 2010-2011. The additional requirements were due to an increase in the number of network accounts: the Board anticipated that it would need 39 such accounts in 2012-2013. The Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that network accounts were required not only for the secretariat of the Board but also for Board members and visiting auditors.", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "I.17 The Secretary-General is proposing regular budget resources in the amount of $14,013,300 for the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, including the United Nations contribution to the costs of the secretariat of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. Before recosting, that amount reflects the same level of resources as for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.12). The Advisory Committee notes, however, that when the Secretary-General submitted his proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the budget of the Pension Fund had not yet been finalized (ibid., para. 1.32). Accordingly, depending on the recommendations of the Pension Board on the budget of the Fund and any related action taken by the General Assembly, the estimates may be subject to further revision. The Committee points out, therefore, that a statement of programme budget implications might need to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, which might result in additional resource requirements.", "I.18 With regard to the Board’s meeting schedule, the Secretary-General indicates that it has been a long-standing pattern of the Board to alternate between meeting in New York during odd-numbered years and in other locations during even-numbered years. However, owing to the ongoing construction at Headquarters in connection with the capital master plan, the Board decided that, as from 2009, all of its meetings would be held away from Headquarters until construction was completed (ibid., para. 1.27). The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that paragraph A.1 of the rules of procedure of the Fund authorized the Board to meet in a place decided by the Board or its Standing Committee. Accordingly, the fifty-sixth session of the Board (2009) was held in Vienna, the fifty-seventh (2010) in London and the fifty-eighth (2011) in Geneva.", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "I.19 Proposed regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Executive Office of the Secretary-General amount to $23,327,000 before recosting (ibid., table 1.19), a decrease of $703,200, or 2.9 per cent, as compared with the appropriation for 2010‑2011. The decrease is attributable to the proposed abolition of two posts in the Office (see para. I.7 above), as well as to reduced requirements for overtime and the elimination of requirements for consultants.", "I.20 With regard to overtime, the Advisory Committee was informed that the reduction of $244,000 under other staff costs reflected a conscious effort to reduce the need for overtime through the adoption of new institutional arrangements, such as staggered working hours, better monitoring and self-evaluation mechanisms and the introduction of information technology tools and software. The Committee commends the Office for the measures taken to reduce overtime payments.", "I.21 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, on the basis of experience gained during previous bienniums, the Secretary-General had decided to eliminate all requirements for consultants in his Executive Office (amounting to a reduction of $125,000) and to rely instead on existing in-house expertise. The Committee welcomes this development and encourages other departments and offices to make maximum use of available in-house expertise with a view to following the example set by the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Any savings realized should be described in the context of the first performance report on the programme budget. The Committee comments further on the use of consultants in chapter I above.", "I.22 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee enquired as to the role and functions of the Strategic Planning Unit. In response, the Committee was informed that the Unit, which had been established in 1997, was responsible for advising the Secretary-General on critical global trends and recommending strategic policy directions. More specifically, the Unit organized and provided secretariat services to the Secretary-General’s Policy Committee; developed and followed up on the strategic priorities identified by the Secretary-General; oversaw the work of the United Nations University and liaised with various United Nations and non-United Nations training and research institutes; and prepared the Secretary-General’s annual report on the work of the Organization.", "I.23 The Advisory Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that the position of Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Planning/Head of the Strategic Planning Unit did not appear in the organization chart of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General because it was not part of the regular budget staffing table. The position had been created in August 2004 and was funded through the practice referred to as “vacancy management” and through general temporary assistance resources. The Committee is concerned about the continued use of general temporary assistance funds to finance, in full or in part, a senior-level position, particularly because this arrangement means that neither the Committee nor the General Assembly has had an opportunity to review the need for the position concerned, its level or its functions. In this connection, the Committee reiterates its concern about the flexible interpretation of the guidelines for the use of funds appropriated for general temporary assistance, which are intended to be used for the temporary replacement of staff on extended sick leave or maternity leave or the engagement of additional staff during peak workload periods, and not to finance de facto regular budget posts that are of a continuing nature (see, inter alia, A/50/7/Add.2). The Committee stresses that there is a need for greater transparency in the use of temporary positions. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will clarify to the Assembly, at the time of its consideration of his proposals under section 1, how he intends to fund the position of Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Planning and any other senior-level positions in his Executive Office that have existed for more than 12 months without intergovernmental approval, during the biennium 2012-2013.", "Offices of the Directors-General, United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi", "I.24 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Offices of the Directors-General at the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi amount to $6,086,900, $2,431,700 and $1,526,300 before recosting, respectively (ibid., tables 1.20, 1.21 and 1.22).", "I.25 With specific reference to the Office of the Director-General at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the Advisory Committee notes that the estimated resource requirements of $1,526,300 reflect an increase of $258,600, or 20.4 per cent, over the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicates that the increase is due primarily to the delayed impact of the establishment, effective 1 January 2010, of a post at the Under-Secretary-General level for the Director-General of the Office (ibid., para. 1.58). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, consequent to the establishment of that post, the support arrangements in the Office were being reviewed. In accordance with established procedures, any resulting adjustments to the requirements for 2012-2013 would be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session in the context of revised estimates.", "I.26 On a more general note, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it questioned the logic behind the placement of the Offices of the Directors-General of the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi in section 1, expressing the view that, in order to present a more coherent overview of the resources required for the various activities of the Organization, the Secretary-General should include the resource requirements of those Offices in the specific sections of the budget dedicated to them (A/64/7, para. I.26). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that discussions regarding the appropriate placement of the relevant resource requirements were still ongoing. The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to conclude those discussions as soon as possible and expects that their outcome will be reflected in the next budget submission.", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "I.27 The regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict amount to $3,693,100 before recosting (ibid., table 1.24), the same level as for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimates for the Office have been prepared on the assumption that its mandate, which is due to expire on 31 December 2011, will be renewed (ibid., para. 1.70). The Committee also notes that, should there be changes to the mandate, any related financial implications will be addressed in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly.", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict", "I.28 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects, for the first time, the requirements for the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, which was established effective 1 January 2011 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/259 and Security Council resolution 1888 (2009). The Secretary-General indicates that the establishment of the Office fills the critical gap that has existed in terms of ensuring concerted and effective coordinated engagement with Member States, the Security Council, the General Assembly, other United Nations entities, non-governmental organizations, civil society and a diverse cross-section of high-level interlocutors (ibid., para. 1.75). The role and functions of the Special Representative and the Office are set out in paragraphs 1.74 to 1.77 of the budget document, and activities to be carried out by the Special Representative during the biennium 2012-2013 are enumerated in paragraph 1.78.", "I.29 The Secretary-General is proposing regular budget resources in the amount of $3,321,500 for the Office, reflecting an increase of $2,198,000, or 195.6 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.26). The increase is attributable primarily to the delayed impact of the nine posts established effective 1 January 2011 (ibid., para. 1.83).", "I.30 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 1.80 of the budget document that, as well as nine regular budget posts, the Office has three staff members (1 P-5, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) seconded from UN-Women and funded by the United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict initiative, an inter‑agency initiative created in 2006 to unite efforts across the United Nations system to combat sexual violence. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the secondments would continue for as long as the Special Representative served as the Chair of the United Nations Action Steering Committee.", "I.31 The Secretary-General alludes to Security Council resolutions 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), in which the Council decided to include specific provisions for the protection of women and children from rape and other sexual violence in the mandates of United Nations peacekeeping operations, including, on a case-by-case basis, the identification of women’s protection advisers in gender adviser and human rights protection units. He indicates that terms of reference for the women’s protection advisers were being developed (ibid., para. 1.79). It was explained to the Advisory Committee, upon enquiry, that the functions of the women’s protection advisers would probably be carried out within the existing human resources capacity of peacekeeping missions, but that additional sources of funding for that function would be explored. The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to report on any relevant developments in a future submission.", "Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "I.32 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services amount to $6,398,400 before recosting (ibid., table 1.28), remaining unchanged as compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The provision would continue to provide for 20 regular budget posts and related non-post resources.", "I.33 The Secretary-General indicates that the Office continued to see an increase in its case workload in 2010: the number of cases received from the United Nations Secretariat rose to 1,206, reflecting a 70 per cent increase over the preceding year, and the integrated Office of the Ombudsman, which covers the Secretariat, the United Nations funds and UNHCR, handled a total of 1,745 cases in 2010 as compared with 1,287 in 2009 (ibid., para. 1.89). The Advisory Committee was informed that, since the establishment of the Mediation Services component in January 2008, the Office had received a total of 77 requests for mediation services; 43 of those cases had been fully mediated. The year 2010 had marked the first year of operation of the seven regional branches of the Office. In this regard, the Secretary-General highlighted the advantages of in-person intervention, as well as the need to assist the regional offices through improved coordination and monitoring in the area of human resources and financial management and to ensure consistent practices and application of policies across the Organization.", "I.34 The Secretary-General states that the strengthening of the informal conflict resolution system as a preferred first step in resolving workplace issues has proven to be successful, pointing to the greater number of staff members contacting the Office as an alternative to formal proceedings, as well as the successful resolution of 79 per cent of the cases received (ibid., para. 1.91). The Advisory Committee notes that a dispute resolution referral training programme, designed to assist participants in effectively identifying, handling and referring cases for informal resolution, was offered to stakeholders in the formal system of administration of justice in December 2010. In this regard, the Committee was informed that the number of cases referred to the Office from the Tribunals and the Administration had increased, including those of a disciplinary nature. The Committee also notes from the budget document that, in 2012-2013, the Office will continue to focus on identifying systemic issues and analysing the root causes of conflicts and will provide regular reports to the Secretary-General, including comments on policies, procedures and practices that have come to its attention (ibid., para. 1.95 (c)). The Secretary-General also indicates that, in response to paragraph 32 (c) of General Assembly resolution 61/261, the Office was in the process of revising its terms of reference to incorporate changes to the functions, presence and locations of the Office that were approved by the Assembly (ibid., para. 1.87). The Committee was informed that the guidelines of the Mediation Division had recently been published on the Office’s website.", "I.35 The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized that the informal system should be used wherever possible in order to avoid contentious litigation. It therefore welcomes the increase in the utilization of the services offered by the Office of the Ombudsman. The Committee was informed that, pursuant to paragraph 22 of General Assembly resolution 65/251, the next annual report of the Office, which would be submitted for consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, would contain detailed proposals for the full implementation in the biennium 2012-2013 of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 124 to 126 and 128 to 133 of the previous annual report of the Ombudsman (A/65/303) concerning the provision of incentives for staff to make use of the Office to resolve disputes. The Committee will comment further on the activities of the Office in the context of its consideration of the next annual report.", "Office of the Administration of Justice", "I.36 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Office of the Administration of Justice amount to $12,566,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $686,100, or 5.2 per cent, as compared with the appropriation of $13,252,900 for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.30). The decrease is attributable to lower requirements under other staff costs ($599,900) and non-staff compensation ($741,800) because the one-time requirement for the temporary appointment of three ad litem judges for a period of one year to enable the Dispute Tribunal to clear the backlog of cases carried over from the previous system of administration of justice is no longer needed. The decrease would be partially offset by additional requirements under posts ($661,700) related to the delayed impact of five new posts established effective 1 January 2010. The proposed resources would continue to provide for 35 regular budget posts and other non-post requirements.", "I.37 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on the status of the backlog of cases carried over from the previous system of administration of justice. It was informed that 313 cases had been transferred from the previous system to the United Nations Dispute Tribunal, including: (a) 169 cases pending before the Joint Disciplinary Committee/Joint Appeals Board that were transferred on 1 July 2009; and (b) 144 cases of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, which had been transferred to the Dispute Tribunal on 1 January 2010. As at 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal had disposed of 250 of the 313 cases transferred from the previous system; the remaining 63 cases were still pending.", "I.38 The Advisory Committee notes that no extrabudgetary resources are projected for 2012-2013, reflecting a reduction as compared with the estimated amount of $46,000 available during 2010-2011. The extrabudgetary resources for 2010-2011 reflect contributions to the Trust Fund for Staff Legal Assistance, which was created in early 2010 with a view to augmenting the capacity of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance (ibid., table 1.30). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, since its inception, apart from contributions of $50,000 from the Staff Coordinating Council at the United Nations Office at Geneva and $1,500 from the Staff Union at ECA, the trust fund had received only small contributions from individual satisfied clients of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, such as a $255 monthly contribution from approximately 20 field-based staff who were members of the Field Staff Union. In short, the trust fund has largely failed to meet its expectations.", "I.39 The Advisory Committee was informed that, while no extrabudgetary resources were projected for 2012-2013 given the uncertain funding situation, efforts to raise funds would continue. The Committee continues to believe that the regular budget provision for staff legal assistance should be complemented by some form of staff participation (see A/62/7/Add.7). The General Assembly has also, on numerous occasions, invited staff representatives to explore further the possibility of establishing a staff-funded scheme that would provide legal advice and support to staff, and to consult with the Secretary-General as deemed appropriate (see resolutions 61/261 and 62/228). The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested, in cooperation with staff representatives, to intensify efforts to seek viable solutions for a staff-funded legal assistance scheme that would make additional resources available for providing legal advice and support to staff. The Committee expects that, in accordance with paragraph 40 of Assembly resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General will submit proposals for a staff-funded scheme, including proposals that are based on a mandatory contribution from staff, to the Assembly no later than at its sixty-sixth session.", "I.40 The Advisory Committee notes from the introduction to the budget that, in addition to the proposals set out in section 1 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General will be presenting a separate report on administration of justice to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 16). The Committee was informed that, since the budget for the new system of administration of justice for the biennium 2012-2013 had been developed before the full requirements were known, the aforementioned report would contain requests for resources that would allow the Office to maintain the current pace of work and continue to implement all relevant Assembly mandates. The Committee looks forward to considering that report.", "Ethics Office", "I.41 Proposed regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Ethics Office amount to $3,903,400 before recosting, representing an increase of $590,800, or 17.8 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010-2011 (ibid., (Sect. 1), table 1.32). The staffing of the Office would remain unchanged, with nine regular budget posts. The proposed increase in resources is attributable essentially to higher requirements under contractual services to provide for the regular budget share of the review of the financial disclosure statements, which is determined on the basis of the number of participants in the programme. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the number of Secretariat staff participating in the financial disclosure programme rose to 1,314 in 2010, representing 32.2 per cent of the total number of participants, an increase from the estimated 20.5 per cent provided for in the programme budget for 2010-2011. The regular budget resources would be complemented by other assessed resources in the amount of $3,202,200, provided from the support account for peacekeeping operations to cover requirements for staff in the field.", "I.42 Since the establishment of the Ethics Office, the Advisory Committee has expressed its concern as to the cost of the outsourcing arrangements for the review of the financial disclosure statements, which is linked directly to the number of participants and, according to the Secretary-General, is expected to increase owing to the natural growth of the participant base. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2008-2009, the Committee recommended that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to conduct an in-depth analysis, by the end of the biennium 2008-2009, of the relative advantages or disadvantages, including costs, of conducting the review in-house as opposed to outsourcing arrangements (see A/62/7, para. I.17). The Committee notes from paragraphs 1.131 to 1.134 of the budget document that such an analysis was undertaken and completed in September 2010 by an external contractor and that a number of options were identified for conducting the review in-house or outsourcing it, in terms of both the review and the technological platform used. The Committee further notes that the study was reviewed by a high-level advisory group and that the Secretary-General will present his recommendation as part of the annual report of the Ethics Office that will be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. In this connection, the Committee was informed that one option envisaged for containing costs was to review the risk profiles of the Organization and to reassess the filing eligibility criteria, with a view to concentrating the focus of the programme on higher-risk groups. The Committee considers that efforts should also be directed towards negotiating more favourable terms for the contract with the external contractor. It looks forward to receiving further details on the outcome of that review and the Secretary-General’s related proposals in the context of its consideration of the next annual report of the Ethics Office.", "Section 2 General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $614,112,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $656,070,400^(b) \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $25,679,200  \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Excluding an amount of $15,495,900 forthe United Nations Library in Geneva and anamount of $1,269,000 for the United NationsLibrary — Vienna to ensure that this figureconstitutes a comparable base with thebiennium 2012-2013, as the two libraries arenow budgeted for under section 29E,Administration, Geneva, and section 29F,Administration, Vienna, respectively.", "I.43 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 2 amount to $614,112,200 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $41,958,200, or 6.4 per cent, as compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), table 2.5).", "I.44 The Advisory Committee was informed that the decrease in requirements responded to the Secretary-General’s request that all programme managers find ways to “work smarter”. The Committee notes that, in paragraph 2.17 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the requirements for 2012-2013 reflect efforts to use resources more efficiently and effectively in order to cope with the projected increase in demand for conference services, particularly in Geneva.", "I.45 According to the Secretary-General, the following measures would contribute substantially to the overall reduction in resources:", "(a) The implementation of a new business model for delivering documentation services along the whole documents-processing chain, which will entail a reconfiguration of resource requirements. In parallel, the Department is proposing to revise delivery and quality control protocols, strictly control and limit all documentation, including publications, and carefully review all clients’ mandated entitlements. These measures are expected to lead to a net cost reduction of approximately $11.8 million during the biennium;", "(b) The proposed “handing back” to United Nations funds and programmes headquartered in New York of the resources currently budgeted for their conference-servicing needs. This proposal would lead to a reduction of approximately $8 million during the biennium 2012-2013;", "(c) Additional savings and efficiencies, estimated at around $10 million, relating to the production of documentation, including the discontinuation, limitation or deferral of the production of summary records at all duty stations; the discontinuation of the production of compilation documents; the introduction and enforcement of page limits for all reports of treaty bodies and reports of States parties to treaty bodies; and the one-time elimination of the backlog of documents awaiting processing;", "(d) The introduction of technological innovations and other efficiency measures, including the abolition of 41 posts and reduced requirements for printing supplies in the publishing services at Headquarters and in Geneva, resulting in a reduction of approximately $10.6 million during the biennium;", "(e) Improved utilization of resources and equipment leading to a reduction of $1.9 million under other operating costs.", "During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to cope with the growing demand for services while at the same time limiting costs, the United Nations Office at Vienna had devised and implemented a quota system under which the entitlements of each of its main clients had been capped at a certain percentage of overall capacity. That system would continue to be implemented in 2012-2013.", "I.46 The Advisory Committee discusses some of the above-mentioned efficiency measures in more detail in the paragraphs below. At this stage, the Advisory Committee commends the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for taking proactive and innovative steps to reduce its budgetary requirements through the re-engineering of business processes and the use of available technologies while maintaining all of its outputs.", "I.47 Table I.2 below summarizes the regular budget and jointly financed posts, including temporary posts, approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget and jointly financed posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium.", "Table I.2 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011^(a)\t1883\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 20 D-1, 182 P-5,396 P-4, 373 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 84 GS (PL),706 GS (OL), 15 LL, 76 TC\nProposed for2012-2013\t1838\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 20 D-1, 191 P-5,383 P-4, 373 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 84 GS (PL),702 GS (OL), 15 LL, 39 TC\nAbolitions\t41\t4 GS (OL), 37 TC in New York undersubprogramme 4\nReclassifications\t11\t6 P-4 to P-5 in Nairobi undersubprogramme 3\n 5 P-4 to P-5 in Nairobi undersubprogramme 4\nRedeployments\t26\t1 P-4 in New York from subprogramme 1to subprogramme 2\n 6 P-4 in New York from subprogramme 3to subprogramme 4\n 6 P-3 in New York from subprogramme 4to subprogramme 3\n 13 GS (OL) in New York fromsubprogramme 4 to subprogramme 2\nJointly financedbudget (Vienna) \nApproved for2010-2011^(b)\t174\t1 D-1, 20 P-5, 43 P-4, 21 P-3, 3 P-2/1,6 GS (PL), 80 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t174\t1 D-1, 20 P-5, 43 P-4, 21 P-3, 3 P-2/1,6 GS (PL), 80 GS (OL)\nRedeployment\t1\t1 P-2 from subprogramme 2 tosubprogramme 3\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t95\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 11 GS (PL), 9 GS(OL), 64 LL", "^(a) Including four temporary posts (2 P-5, 2 P-4) that are not continued in 2012-2013. Posts under Library Services, Geneva, under section 2 in the biennium 2010-2011, which are proposed for redeployment to section 29E, have been excluded to provide a comparable base with the biennium 2012-2013.", "^(b) Two posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) under the Library Unit, which are proposed for redeployment to section 29F, have been excluded to provide a comparable base with the biennium 2012-2013.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassifications", "I.48 The Secretary-General is proposing the upward reclassification of the following 11 posts at the United Nations Office at Nairobi:", "(a) In the Translation and Editorial Section (subprogramme 3), six P-4 posts of Reviser to the P-5 Senior Reviser level (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.104);", "(b) In the Interpretation and Publishing Section (subprogramme 4), five P-4 posts of Interpreter to the P-5 Senior Interpreter level (ibid., para. 2.109).", "In the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that he is submitting the proposal for 11 reclassifications pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/245. The Advisory Committee notes, in this connection, that in that resolution the Assembly did not pronounce itself on the proposed reclassifications; it merely requested the Secretary-General to resubmit the proposals he had made in his report on the pattern of conferences (A/65/122) in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "I.49 In the report on the pattern of conferences, the Secretary-General justified the proposed upward reclassifications on the basis of the increased workload at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, coupled with the persistently high vacancy rate, which, according to the Secretary-General, made it necessary to enhance the capacity of the Office to attract and retain high-quality interpreters and translators. He also referred to the principle of equal grade for equal work and the acknowledgement by the Committee on Conferences that quality service required adequate staff at the appropriate level. At that time, the Secretary-General also indicated that, since 40 per cent of the Office’s translation workload was contracted out, appropriate quality control had to be ensured. According to the Secretary-General, quality control functions should be performed by a Senior Reviser at the P‑5 level (ibid., paras. 70-75). In its related report, the Advisory Committee stated that it would take any action it deemed appropriate when a formal proposal was submitted (A/65/484, para. 32).", "I.50 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with additional justification for the proposed upward reclassifications. The Committee was informed that the United Nations Office at Nairobi was the only conference-servicing duty station that did not have any P-5 posts for language staff, apart from the Chief of the Interpretation Section and the Chief and Deputy Chief of the Translation and Editorial Section. The Office continued to have difficulty recruiting and retaining language staff, as evidenced by the fact that its overall vacancy rate for language posts currently stood at 21 per cent. With specific reference to the interpreter posts, the Committee was informed that the proposed upgrades would improve staff morale and enhance the quality of interpretation provided, since the Office would be better placed to retain experienced staff and reduce the vacancy rate in the Interpretation Section, which stood at 34 per cent. In view of that situation, and with the aim of enhancing the quality of interpretation services provided at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the Committee recommends approval of the upward reclassification of five P-4 posts of Interpreter to the P-5 Senior Interpreter level. The Committee recalls, in this regard, that the General Assembly, in successive resolutions on the pattern of conferences, has requested the Secretary-General to take measures aimed at decreasing vacancy rates in the language services in Nairobi (see, inter alia, resolutions 63/248, 64/230 and 65/245).", "I.51 With regard to the translator posts, the Advisory Committee was informed that contractual translation accounted for 43 per cent of the Office’s translation workload, as compared with the original estimate of 40 per cent for the biennium 2010-2011. This meant that Senior Revisers were even more urgently needed to provide an appropriate level of quality control. The Committee recognizes the need to improve the quality of translation services provided at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and, in particular, given the extremely high level of outsourcing, to ensure appropriate quality control of translation done externally. For those reasons, and in view of the General Assembly’s repeated requests that the Secretary-General take measures aimed at decreasing vacancy rates in the language services in Nairobi (see, inter alia, resolutions 63/248, 64/230 and 65/245), it recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal to reclassify six P-4 posts of Reviser to the P-5 Senior Reviser level.", "Redeployments", "I.52 The Secretary-General is proposing the redeployment of 26 posts in New York, as follows:", "(a) One P-4 post from the Disarmament and Peace Affairs Branch (subprogramme 1) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) in order to formally establish the training coordination function with a view to expanding and upgrading staff members’ skills, collaborating with international organizations and building outreach to universities (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), paras. 2.38 and 2.42);", "(b) Six P-4 posts from the translation services (one from each language) of the Documentation Division (subprogramme 3) to the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section (2 posts) and the Verbatim Reporting Service (4 posts) of the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) in order to correct long-standing imbalances affecting the staffing of the services concerned (ibid., para. 2.48). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the imbalances in question related to the grade levels of posts in the various services: in the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section, despite a formal decision to classify posts at a higher level, there was an insufficient number of higher-level posts available in all languages, while in the Verbatim Reporting Service there was an uneven number of staff across the language services, despite similar job profiles;", "(c) Six P-3 posts (2 from the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section and 4 from the Verbatim Reporting Service) from the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to the translation services (one to each language) of the Documentation Division (subprogramme 3) in order to correct long-standing imbalances affecting the staffing of the services concerned (ibid.; see also (b) above);", "(d) Thirteen General Service (Other level) posts from the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) to strengthen information technology management functions (ibid., para. 2.42).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. The Committee expects, in particular, that the 12 redeployments between subprogrammes 3 and 4 will enhance the quality of services provided.", "Abolitions", "I.53 The Secretary-General is proposing to abolish 4 General Service (Other level) and 37 Trades and Crafts posts in the Reproduction Unit of the Publishing Section (subprogramme 4) in New York. He indicates that the proposed abolitions reflect a return on the Department’s investment in technology and the streamlining of its workflow (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.53). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department’s printing output had dropped significantly as a result of, inter alia, the increased use of electronic distribution, and that the technology used had changed from offset to digital, which was considerably less labour intensive. Those developments obviated the need for the Trades and Crafts posts, the incumbents of which were responsible for operating, monitoring and maintaining the equipment in the reproduction plant. The ongoing decrease in the quantity of paper and supplies to be handled justified the abolition of the General Service (Other level) posts. The Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions. The Committee comments further on the Department’s printing operations in paragraph I.67 below.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "I.54 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $123,653,800, representing a decrease of $36,981,700, or 23 per cent, as compared with the revised appropriation of $160,635,500 for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the most significant reductions in non-post resources are under other staff costs. Under subprogramme 2, Planning and coordination of conference services, the estimated provision for other staff costs, which covers requirements for temporary assistance for meetings, general temporary assistance and overtime in support of meetings, will decrease by $22,405,200 in New York and $12,599,400 in Geneva. According to the Secretary-General, the decrease is due to anticipated efficiencies arising from the proactive management and prioritization of resources, including through minimizing the non-local recruitment of temporary staff, technological investment in conference-servicing processes, stricter enforcement of page limits and increased use of contractual translation, as well as cost-reduction measures related to summary records and the provision of conference services to funds and programmes at Headquarters (see also para. I.45 above). Subject to its comments and recommendations in the following paragraphs, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources under section 2.", "General comments and recommendations", "Proposal for alternative methods of delivery of summary records", "I.55 The Secretary-General indicates that his estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 include efficiencies amounting to around $10 million ($3 million in Geneva and $7 million in New York) as a result of the proposed discontinuation, limitation or deferral of the production of summary records at all duty stations (A/66/16 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (c)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that in its resolution 58/250, the General Assembly had requested the Secretary-General to conduct a thorough cost-benefit study of summary records with a view to assessing the need for them and to explore the possibility of delivering them in a more efficient and effective manner. In response to that request, the Secretary-General, in his report in 2004 on the reform of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, suggested five alternative methods of delivery, namely, replacing summary records with digital recordings; reducing the number of bodies entitled to summary records; producing summary records in English only; restricting their length; and providing only electronic (rather than paper) copies of the original records (A/59/172, paras. 53-63; see also A/60/93). In its resolution 60/236 B, the Assembly called for further discussion and analysis.", "I.56 It was explained to the Advisory Committee, upon enquiry, that the proposal put forward by the Secretary-General in his proposed programme budget for 2012‑2013 sought to take advantage of recent trends and available technology in order to achieve significant savings. It would entail the continued production of summary records in their original language (English or French), as well as the introduction of supplemental systems that would allow Member States to access secure digital recordings in all official languages almost in real time. The digital recordings would also include an electronic meeting log, showing the list of speakers and the times at which they spoke. Printed versions of the records in languages other than the original would be produced only upon request, within a time frame of around four weeks.", "I.57 The Advisory Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that the Human Rights Council in Geneva had done without summary records for four years. Its meetings were webcast and saved to electronic files that were accessible over the Internet. The per meeting cost of webcasting was much lower than the cost of producing summary records. In Vienna, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was developing an alternative delivery method for its meeting records, which would consist of digital sound files supplemented, where available, with uploaded reference materials such as written statements and/or an English transcript of the meeting.", "I.58 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 2.17 (c) of the budget document that the Secretary-General’s proposal for alternative methods of delivery of summary records requires the approval of the General Assembly. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the question would be discussed by the Committee on Conferences at its September 2011 session. The Committee was further informed that, should the Assembly choose to retain summary records in their current form, the projected $10 million in savings would have to be reprogrammed into the budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes the Department’s efforts to achieve savings by streamlining its operations and delivering services in a more effective and efficient manner. Notwithstanding the merits of the Secretary-General’s proposal for alternative methods of delivery of summary records, however, the Committee considers that it is premature to include savings of $10 million in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 when the initiative from which they are to be derived is subject to General Assembly approval and has yet to be considered by the relevant intergovernmental body. The Committee therefore recommends that the Assembly consider the Secretary-General’s proposal for the delivery of summary records in the light of the outcome of the relevant deliberations of the Committee on Conferences, also taking into account the views of the bodies entitled to summary records.", "Proposal to amend the current arrangements for the provision of conference services to funds and programmes", "I.59 The Secretary-General indicates that around $8 million in savings could be achieved by amending the arrangements for the provision of conference services to funds and programmes headquartered in New York (namely, UNDP, UNICEF and UNFPA). He also recalls that the current arrangements, whereby the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management provides conference services to funds and programmes headquartered in New York, were put in place pursuant to General Assembly resolution 47/202 (A/66/6 (Sect. 2) para. 2.17 (b)).", "I.60 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the resources for translating documents originating from the funds and programmes were currently provided from the regular budget under section 2. The Secretary-General was proposing to enter into a new arrangement with the funds and programmes concerned whereby they would contract directly with the Department for translation services on a “pay-as-you-go” basis. The Committee was further informed that notification of the proposed change had been sent to the Executive Heads of UNDP, UNICEF and UNFPA, and that the Department would be advising those entities on how to minimize their translation volume to reduce costs.", "I.61 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 2.17 (b) of the budget document that the Secretary-General’s proposal for a “pay-as-you-go” arrangement to meet the translation needs of the funds and programmes requires the approval of the General Assembly. It is the Committee’s understanding that, should the Assembly decide not to approve the proposal, the projected $8 million in savings would have to be reprogrammed into the budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee sees merit in the Secretary-General’s proposal, particularly given its long-standing view that regular budget activities should not subsidize extrabudgetary ones (see A/50/7, para. 115). The Committee repeats its view, however, that it is premature to include savings of $8 million in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 when the initiative from which they are to be derived is subject to General Assembly approval and has yet to be considered by the relevant intergovernmental body. The Committee therefore recommends that the Secretary-General refer his proposal to the competent body, namely the Committee on Conferences, for discussion.", "Introduction and enforcement of page limits for reports of treaty bodies and reports of States parties to treaty bodies", "I.62 As indicated in paragraph I.45 above, one of the measures proposed by the Department to generate efficiencies and savings during the biennium 2012-2013 is the introduction and enforcement of page limits for all reports of treaty bodies and reports of States parties to treaty bodies. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that treaty body documentation included documents that were subject to page/word limits (submissions originating from the Secretariat and intergovernmental bodies) and those that were not (submissions from Member States). A review of available statistics at the United Nations Office at Geneva, where the majority of the treaty bodies are based, revealed that there had been a significant increase in the number of documents submitted by Member States in 2010, with a commensurate increase in the workload volume (number of words to be processed). Further increases were expected as a result of the establishment of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, the expansion of the Subcommittee on the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and other pending proposals.", "I.63 The Advisory Committee was informed that imposing page limits on Member State submissions would reduce the overall workload volume and minimize the number of excessively long documents that disrupted the processing chain. The Division of Conference Management in Geneva stood ready to work with treaty body secretariats to review their documentation requirements in order to ensure that the limited resources at its disposal were deployed to the areas of highest priority to the membership of the treaty bodies. Such a review could entail determining the average length of State party reports and using those data to negotiate a page/word limit. The Committee recognizes that the increase in the number of treaty bodies has resulted in additional work for the Department. The Committee considers, however, that the imposition of page/word limits on reports of States parties to treaty bodies is a matter to be decided by the General Assembly. The Secretary-General should therefore be requested to refer this question to the Committee on Conferences.", "Increased use of contractual translation", "I.64 The Secretary-General indicates that, as part of the introduction of a new business model for the delivery of documentation services, the Department anticipates a further increase in the use of contractual translation services (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (a)). The related indicators of achievement in the results-based-budgeting frameworks show that between 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, the proportion of translation done contractually is expected to increase from 24 per cent to 25 per cent in New York (ibid., table 2.18), from 20 per cent to 25 per cent in Geneva (ibid., table 2.25), from 30 per cent to 32.5 per cent in Vienna (ibid., table 2.33) and to remain at 43 per cent in Nairobi (ibid., table 2.40). The Advisory Committee notes that while the increase in the proportion of translation done contractually will entail an increase in resources under contractual services, that increase will be more than offset by the corresponding decrease in requirements for temporary assistance for meetings.", "I.65 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, while contractual translation was the cheapest mode of delivery, it required in-house revision and quality control. In this connection, the Committee recalls that, in order to respond to the General Assembly’s concerns regarding appropriate control of external translation (see, inter alia, resolutions 61/236 and 62/225), a total of 12 P-5 Senior Reviser posts were established at Headquarters and in Geneva during the biennium 2008-2009, a further 5 P-4 Reviser posts at the United Nations Office at Vienna were upgraded to the P-5 level during the biennium 2010-2011, and, subject to the approval of the General Assembly, a further six P-4 Reviser posts at the United Nations Office at Nairobi will be reclassified to the P-5 Senior Reviser level during the biennium 2012-2013 (see paras. I.48-I.51 above). The Committee also recalls that, in order to further strengthen quality control and to ensure that translation contractors (both individuals and firms) are held accountable for their performance, the Department’s common roster of external contractors includes a standardized electronic template for quality control evaluations. Unified criteria for the inclusion of translators and text-processors in and their removal from the common roster as well as their evaluation were agreed upon in 2009 (see A/64/136, para. 80).", "I.66 The Advisory Committee continues to emphasize the paramount importance of providing language services of the highest quality. The Committee therefore welcomes the measures taken to enhance quality control of contractual translation and the possibility offered by those measures to increase further the proportion of translation done contractually, where that mode of delivery is the most cost-effective. In that connection, and bearing in mind its earlier recommendation that any savings and/or efficiencies arising from the increased use of contractual translation must not come at the expense of quality, the Committee points out that the above-mentioned indicators of achievement provide for an increase in the proportion of translation done contractually only where that mode of delivery yields a final product that is of comparable quality to translation done in-house.", "Evolution of the Department’s business model for publishing", "I.67 The Secretary-General indicates that the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management has identified savings in the order of $10.6 million as a result of streamlining the operations of the publishing services at Headquarters and in Geneva (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (d)). In addition to the savings of $6.8 million anticipated as a result of the abolition of 41 posts (see para. I.53 above), a reduction of $3.8 million for printing supplies is expected during the biennium 2012-2013 owing to the significant drop in printing output. The Secretary-General explains that, following a review of hard-copy printing, the Publishing Section had reduced the number of page impressions of parliamentary documents from 336 million in 2009 to 220 million in 2010. It is anticipated that fewer than 150 million page impressions will be produced in 2011. As a result, the night shift for hard-copy distribution has been eliminated and capacity has been reallocated to earlier shifts, leading to savings in overtime and night differential payments and the more effective use of printing and reproduction capacity (ibid., paras. 2.11 (a) and (e)).", "I.68 The Advisory Committee notes that the electronic distribution of information to Member States, by means of e-mail and various other online tools, has contributed significantly to the drop in the printing output (ibid., para. 2.11 (g)). In that connection, during its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Committee was informed that the Department had recently developed a business model for paperless meetings, which had been used for the first time in May 2011 to service a meeting of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations. The Committee commends the Department for the steps it has taken to capitalize on new technologies in order to ensure the timely and cost‑effective distribution of documents.", "Integrated global management", "I.69 The Advisory Committee recalls that the integrated global management approach to conference services has been pursued by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for many years as a way of enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of its activities. In the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the approach is continuing to evolve, as evidenced by the progressive standardization of administrative policies, practices and procedures across all conference-servicing duty stations (ibid., para. 2.4).", "I.70 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee was informed that, during the biennium 2010-2011, significant progress had been made in the implementation of the global information technology initiative, which was a fundamental pillar of the integrated global management approach. The initiative consisted of the following three projects:", "(a) Project 1, entitled “gData”: a global data warehouse designed to produce standardized performance reports and costing data across the four duty stations that would allow for the benchmarking, monitoring and streamlining of operations and enable global workload forecasting and capacity planning;", "(b) Project 2, entitled “gMeets”: a global meetings management system that would allow for the scheduling of meetings at all four duty stations with a view to generating and managing the global calendar of meetings interactively;", "(c) Project 3, entitled “gDoc”: an integrated global document management application, designed to allow for the real-time assessment of the global status of documentation, the standardized global reporting of document statistics, the tracking of documents at any duty station and an indication of global workload-sharing potential.", "Projects 1 and 2 had been implemented at all four duty stations during the biennium 2010-2011. Project 3 had been reconceptualized and was under development by a team operating in New York and Geneva.", "I.71 The Advisory Committee notes the continued development of the integrated global management approach and reiterates its support for that concept as a means of maximizing the efficient use of resources and improving the overall quality of conference services. The Committee welcomes the Department’s use of information technology tools in this regard and encourages the Department to finalize the development of project 3 as soon as possible so that it can be rolled out to all duty stations.", "I.72 The Advisory Committee recalls that one of the pillars of integrated global management is workload-sharing among the four conference-servicing duty stations, whereby capacity is shared in order to address peaks and valleys in the workload at individual duty stations, thereby ensuring the most efficient and effective use of resources. Upon request, the Committee was provided with the following information on the translation workload by duty station.", "(Thousands of words)", "2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 actual estimated estimated", "In-house translation", "New York 171 083 178 286 187 200", "Geneva 108 941 118 000 120 000", "Vienna 34 573 37 340 37 320", "Nairobi 8 600 9 824 9 824", "Contractual translation", "New York 53 450 58 664 62 400", "Geneva 25 815 28 500 41 500", "Vienna 13 183 16 000 15 990", "Nairobi 6 703 7 411 7 411", "The Advisory Committee observes from the information in the table that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the estimated volume of both modes of translation will increase in New York and Geneva, whereas the estimated volume in Nairobi will remain the same and the estimated volume in Vienna will decrease. In the view of the Committee, this situation will create greater opportunities for workload-sharing. The Committee recommends that statistics illustrating how the Department has taken advantage of those opportunities be included in the relevant performance report.", "I.73 On a related matter, the Advisory Committee recalls that, following the evaluation of the progress achieved in integrated global management conducted by OIOS (A/64/166), the Department concluded, inter alia, that since the Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management is accountable for all expenditure under section 2 of the regular budget, he should also be able to exercise the corresponding authority in the management and disbursement of resources, both human and financial (see A/65/122, para. 28 (a)). In his 2010 report on the pattern of conferences, the Secretary-General indicated that the full implementation of integrated global management and the ensuing gains in efficiency and cost-effectiveness could be achieved only if the organizational structure and hierarchical reporting lines within the Department were revised in order to afford the Under-Secretary-General the authority required to fulfil General Assembly mandates (ibid., para. 28 (c)). Subsequently, the Assembly, in its resolution 65/245, requested the Secretary-General to assess the conference management efficiency and accountability mechanisms across the four main duty stations and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Advisory Committee looks forward to considering the report. Any administrative and/or financial consequences of the findings of the Secretary-General should be reflected in the next budget submission.", "Succession planning", "I.74 Succession planning, which, in the view of the Advisory Committee, is a management issue with significant budgetary implications (see A/64/7, para. I.71), has been a long-standing concern of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. According to the latest statistics, approximately 20 per cent of the Department’s language staff will have retired by 2016 (A/65/488, para. 17). During the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General indicates that, in order to meet changing needs and address the demographic transition affecting language staff, the Department will continue to offer sustained support for training opportunities designed to upgrade staff members’ skills, collaborate with international organizations and strengthen outreach to universities to institutionalize training programmes (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.6). The relevant outputs are enumerated in paragraphs 2.41 (b) (vi) and 2.59 (e) of the budget document. In this connection, the Committee notes that, as indicated in paragraph I.52 (a) above, the Secretary-General is proposing the redeployment of one P-4 post from the Disarmament and Peace Affairs Branch (subprogramme 1) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) in New York in order to formally establish the training coordination function, which has hitherto existed on an ad hoc basis.", "I.75 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed that, during the biennium 2010-2011, the Department had further strengthened its outreach activities with a view to raising language students’ awareness of employment opportunities at the United Nations and expanding the potential pool of language professionals. In particular, the Department has concluded additional memorandums of understanding with universities around the globe, bringing the total number of institutions having a formal relationship with the Organization to 19. Under the terms of those memorandums, universities promised to re-establish or develop language programmes in order to stimulate demand and interest in pursuing language careers. The Department had also continued to collaborate with language training institutions in order to develop its internship programme, which had proven to be an effective way of identifying, attracting and training talented young language professionals. Fifty-seven interns have been hosted in 2010 and 70 to date in 2011. Several graduates of the programme had passed competitive examinations and some had also been added to the rosters of freelance translators/interpreters and contractual translators.", "I.76 The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that since there were no dedicated budgetary resources for the internship programme, it would soon reach its limit in terms of the number of interns who could participate. In addition, many potential interns could not afford the cost of travelling to and living in cities such as New York, Geneva or Vienna, which limited the pool of interns and could lead to individuals with certain language combinations being underrepresented. To address that situation, preliminary approaches had been made to members of the League of Arab States to ascertain their interest in contributing to the Department’s training efforts for Arabic language translators and interpreters through a trust fund or other arrangement to be put in place by the Department. The Committee commends the Department for the proactive measures it has taken to reach out to potential recruits and expects that they will be pursued and further expanded during the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee trusts that those efforts will lead to a greater number of candidates successfully passing the competitive language examination and a corresponding decrease in vacancy rates. The Committee is concerned, however, that the lack of dedicated resources for the internship programme may have a disproportionately negative impact on young professionals with certain, less-common, language combinations. In this connection, the Committee welcomes the Department’s intention to approach Member States for support. The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be encouraged to broaden those efforts with a view to securing extrabudgetary funding for training activities related to all six official languages.", "I.77 On the question of competitive examinations, the Advisory Committee noted in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 that such examinations were the only means of recruitment for language staff but that the capacity of the Examinations and Tests Section of the Office of Human Resources Management was insufficient to organize the number of examinations needed. At that time, the Committee once again called upon the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management and the Office of Human Resources Management to agree, as a matter of urgency, on adequate measures to ensure the prompt organization and scheduling of the necessary language examinations (A/64/7, paras. I.65-I.66). In table 2.45 of the budget document, the Secretary-General states that, in follow-up to the Committee’s recommendation, the Department conducted a study of the examination process and identified a number of actions designed to strengthen it, including adjustments to candidate-screening procedures, examination content and delivery, as well as scheduling. An interdepartmental working group composed of representatives of the Department and the Office of Human Resources Management is monitoring the implementation of the recommendations, which, when fully implemented, are expected to reduce considerably the time between the identification of a need for an examination and the recruitment of successful candidates from the roster. Given that staff shortages could significantly hinder the efficient and effective implementation of the Department’s mandate, the Committee welcomes the steps taken by the Department to improve the competitive examination process and looks forward to receiving information on the results achieved in a future submission.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "I.78 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, regular budget resources totalling approximately $3,041,000 have been identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities during the biennium 2012-2013. Those resources are equivalent to a total of 307.6 work-months, 115.6 at the Professional level and 192 at the General Service level (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.22).", "I.79 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it was informed that, in response to General Assembly resolution 61/245 and as recommended by OIOS, the Department had begun work on the establishment of a robust monitoring, evaluation, risk analysis and statistical verification function (see A/64/7, para. I.73). During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013, the Committee was informed that a monitoring, evaluation, risk management and statistical verification capacity had been established, within existing resources, at Headquarters and in Geneva. It was focusing on workload forecasting and capacity planning for documents management and on the standardization of key performance indicators, and was also responsible for extracting and compiling statistics from all mission-critical systems at the four conference-servicing duty stations in order to produce various types of reports, including monthly internal management reports, using the global data warehouse (“gData” — see para. I.70 above). According to the Secretary-General, those reports allow for the comparison and better understanding of the operations at all duty stations, and made it possible for the Department’s managers to take informed decisions regarding the allocation of resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.11 (h)). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, resources permitting, the monitoring and evaluation capacity in Vienna and Nairobi would be strengthened in the medium term. The Committee welcomes the steps taken to integrate monitoring and evaluation functions into the Department’s organizational structure. The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to ensure that the monitoring, evaluation, risk management and statistical verification entities make the best possible use of the new information technology tools at their disposal to further streamline the Department’s operations, identify potential areas of risk and highlight opportunities for efficiencies. More detailed information on their activities should be provided in the next budget submission. The Committee has commented further on monitoring and evaluation activities in chapter I above.", "Protocol services for the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "I.80 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee enquired as to why the Protocol and Liaison Service, which had been transferred to the Department as of the biennium 2008-2009, did not provide protocol services for the Office of the President of the General Assembly. The Committee was informed, in response, that the Protocol and Liaison Service had 10 dedicated posts. In order to cope with the heavy workload, one additional post was on loan to the Service from another unit of the Department, and temporary staff were recruited for specific events or during peak periods. The Service did not have sufficient capacity to provide services to the Office of the President of the General Assembly and, while the General Assembly had discussed the issue, to date it had not been supportive of providing additional dedicated resources for that purpose. In view of the high-level functions discharged by the President of the General Assembly on behalf of the Organization, the Committee is of the view that every effort should be made to assist the Office of the President with protocol and liaison services.", "Part II", "Political affairs", "Section 3", "Political affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$1,195,113,100^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,314,847,400 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $49,284,200^(b) \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts iscontained in table 5 of the introduction tothe budget. A summary of the total number ofposts by source of funds and grade level iscontained in annex I to the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resources in theamount of $15,267,600, amending the informationin table 3.3 of the proposed budget (A/66/6(Sect. 3)) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290, andextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$34,016,600.", "II.1 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 3, before recosting, amount to $1,195,113,100, representing a decrease of $119,734,300, or 9.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 3), paras. 3.13-3.18). The resources proposed include the requirements for the Department of Political Affairs ($82,649,700), special political missions ($1,083,036,300), the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process ($16,949,200), the Peacebuilding Support Office ($5,220,500), the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory ($5,346,700) and the United Nations Office to the African Union ($1,910,700).", "A. Department of Political Affairs", "II.2 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the Department of Political Affairs of $82,649,700, before recosting, represent a decrease of $438,100, or 0.5 per cent, compared with the 2010-2011 biennium (ibid., table 3.3). The decrease is the net result of a reduction in the requirements for posts in the amount of $647,100 and an increase in non-post resources in the amount of $209,000, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. In terms of the overall components of the programme, the decrease is the net result of reductions in the programme of work, in particular subprogrammes 3 and 4 ($927,600 and $493,900, respectively), offset by an increase under subprogramme 6 ($703,400) and programme support ($367,800).", "II.3 Table II.1 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t275\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 8 D-2, 15 D-1, 37P-5, 50 P-4, 40 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 5 GS(PL), 93 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t269\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 8 D-2, 15 D-1, 37P-5, 48 P-4, 39 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 5 GS(PL), 91 GS (OL)\nAbolitions\t6\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL) undersubprogramme 3, 1 P-4, 1 GS (OL)under subprogramme 4\n Extrabudgetary \n Proposed for 2012-2013 15 11 P-3, 4 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "II.4 The resources proposed for posts for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $74,875,600, before recosting, provide for 269 posts (174 Professional and 95 General Service) shown in table II.1 above. The decrease of $647,100, or 0.9 per cent, is the net result of a decrease in resources related to the abolition of six posts under subprogrammes 3 and 4 ($1,421,500), offset by an increase in the requirements for the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force ($774,400), reflecting the delayed impact of six posts approved in 2010-2011.", "II.5 Four posts (1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level)) are proposed to be abolished under subprogramme 3, Security Council affairs, as part of the staffing adjustments within the Division, resulting in a reduction in the related resources of $927,600 (ibid., para. 3.52). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, subsequent to a review undertaken in 2010 of the Security Council Affairs Division, the Office of Internal Oversight Services had made nine recommendations, four of them in areas rated as high risk, concerning improving institutional memory, knowledge transfer, information-sharing and the formal definition of reporting lines. The Committee was further informed that, in order to improve knowledge transfer and information-sharing, the Division’s database (iSCAD) had been expanded and revamped and staff members had been trained to enter data and to use the database as a research tool and as a means of sharing information and transferring knowledge. In addition, individual responsibilities and reporting functions were outlined and streamlined in all branches of the Division. The revised reporting lines, as well as the increased Division-wide use of iSCAD, provided the Division with the impetus to rationalize synergies among the different branches, reprioritize working practices across the board and amend individual staff members’ responsibilities. In particular, the reduction in the duplication of tasks by staff members has led to a redefinition of their functions. Following an internal restructuring of the duties of staff within the Division and in line with the Secretary-General’s call for increased budgetary discipline, the Department of Political Affairs is proposing to adjust the overall staffing requirements of the Division by abolishing the four posts indicated above. The Committee was informed that the Division was reasonably confident that it would continue to be in a position to fully implement the mandates and tasks assigned to it. The Committee welcomes the action taken to implement the recommendations of OIOS and expects that action will also be taken to implement the pending recommendations.", "II.6 Two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Other level)) are also proposed to be abolished under subprogramme 4, Decolonization, as part of the staffing adjustments of the Unit, resulting in a reduction of $439,900 for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 3.57). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the workload and related activities of the Decolonization Unit, in comparison with other parts of the Department, was fairly steady, with largely predictable expected outputs. Furthermore, the work of the Decolonization Committee, supported by the Unit, is cyclical, allowing for streamlining and better advance planning of its work. The Department is therefore proposing to adjust the staffing requirement by abolishing one P-4 and one General Service post (the first one being currently vacant and the second one temporarily encumbered). Upon enquiry, the Committee was further informed by the Department that it was reasonably confident that it would continue to be in a position to fully implement the mandates and tasks assigned to the Unit, with the understanding that the Unit’s staff would be supplemented at peak times, as required. In addition, there would be cooperation between the Unit and the relevant regional divisions, as necessary, to utilize the synergies in their respective work.", "II.7 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s staffing proposals and the related post resources for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.8 The non-post resources of $7,774,100 reflect an increase of $209,000 compared to the resources approved for 2010-2011, which is reflected mainly under general operating expenses ($181,500) and contractual services ($97,800).", "II.9 The Advisory Committee notes that the requirements for general temporary assistance and overtime are budgeted centrally under programme support, resulting in decreases under the subprogrammes. The resources for general operating expenses of $1,273,100 under programme support include communications costs. The increase of $230,000 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 relates to additional telecommunications charges, given the high roaming costs for staff on official travel, and the inward redeployment of resources previously budgeted under the various subprogrammes. The resources proposed for contractual services under programme support include the costs for support services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology and 40 mobile accounts for critical staff as part of the business continuity plan ($1,058,500). The increase of $192,200 compared with the previous biennium reflects the redeployment of resources previously budgeted under the subprogrammes. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the Department of Political Affairs.", "General comments and recommendations", "Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "II.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue to update the Repertoire and to make it available electronically in all of its language versions. The Committee was informed that, in line with the “two-track” approach that allows the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, the Secretariat, over the past year, has worked on the fifteenth and sixteenth Supplements, covering the periods 2004-2007 and 2008-2009. The entire fifteenth Supplement has been completed and is available electronically on the Repertoire website in an advance version. Progress has also been made in the preparation of the sixteenth Supplement, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2011, and work has been initiated on the seventeenth Supplement, covering 2010-2011. In addition, the Repertoire website has been overhauled, further enhancing its search capabilities and providing a user-friendly interface that allows for quicker access. Depending on the level of available funds, the Secretariat will seek to have the website translated into all of the official languages. The finalized chapters of the Repertoire and those awaiting publication have been posted in an advance version.", "II.11 The Advisory Committee was informed that voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire remained an important element for sustaining progress attained and maintaining the website in all six official languages. It was indicated that the extrabudgetary funds have enabled the Secretariat to retain the services of temporary staff assisting in the preparation of the Repertoire and to work simultaneously on several volumes of the publication. In the current environment of financial constraint, it was stated that the voluntary contributions to the trust fund remained an important element for sustaining progress in that regard. The Committee appreciates the work done to date and encourages the Department of Political Affairs to continue its fund-raising efforts in order to ensure that progress in updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council is maintained.", "General Assembly resolution 64/246 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses", "II.12 The Advisory Committee was provided with information on the activities undertaken by the Department in support of the Secretary-General’s good offices efforts, as events have unfolded in the recent past in the Middle East and North Africa. The Committee was informed that it was not possible to support such surge activities from within existing resources. Funding has therefore been provided under the provisions of General Assembly resolution 64/246, by which the Secretary-General is authorized to enter into commitments up to a maximum of $8 million in any one year of the biennium 2010-2011 as he certifies relate to the maintenance of peace and security.", "II.13 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of the related commitments authorized so far by the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/246 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for each year of the biennium 2010-2011, which is included in table II.2 below.", "Table II.2", "Commitments authorized by the Secretary-General for 2010 and 2011", "Description\tAmount(UnitedStatesdollars)\tPeriod covered \n 2010 \nUnited Nations arrangement insupport of the Geneva InternationalDiscussions and the Joint IncidentPrevention and Response Mechanism\t2 079800\t1 January-31December 2010\nPersonal Representative of theSecretary-General on the BorderControversy between Guyana andVenezuela\t108400\t1 March-30 August2010\nSpecial Envoy to the DemocraticPeople’s Republic of Korea\t65 000\t5 February-19February 2010\nPanel of Experts on the IslamicRepublic of Iran\t1 438500\t1 September-31December 2010\nPanel of Inquiry on the flotillaincident of 31 May 2010\t1 498400\t10 August-31December 2010\nPanel of Experts on Sri Lanka\t1 204800\t5 August-31December 2010\nSpecial Envoy of theSecretary-General for Assistance toPakistan\t106300\t27 September-31December 2010\nTotal 2010\t6 501200\t\n 2011 \nPanel of Inquiry on the flotillaincident of 31 May 2010\t318300\t1 January-30 April2011\nUnited Nations arrangement insupport of the Geneva InternationalDiscussions and the Joint IncidentPrevention and Response Mechanism\t215600\t1 January-31 March2011\nSpecial Envoy for Assistance toPakistan\t762800\t1 January-31 March2011\nSpecial Envoy to the Libyan ArabJamahiriya\t1 513400\tMarch-September2011 (6 months)\n Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka 59 700 1-31 May 2011 \nUnited Nations Support to theTransition in Egypt and Tunisia\t364000\t1 July-31 December2011(6 months)\nTotal 2011^(a)\t3 233800", "^(a) Not including the amounts used, in the interim, for the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions, pending the decision of the General Assembly on their budget proposals at the second part of its resumed sixty-fifth session. The Assembly has approved the budgets for these two operations and decided that their requirements would be met from the overall appropriations for special political missions for 2010-2011 (General Assembly resolution 65/288).", "B. Special political missions", "II.14 The provision for special political missions for 2012-2013 is estimated at $1,083,036,300, compared with the overall level of the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 amounting to $1,203,840,800 (A/66/6 (Sect. 3), table 3.25). The Advisory Committee notes that the amount is estimated on the basis of the pattern of expenditure for the current biennium, adjusted for missions whose mandates have been discontinued or completed, as well as for the delayed impact of new missions established during 2010-2011. The estimated resources therefore reflect the end of the mandates of the United Nations Mission in Nepal and the United Nations Representative on the International Advisory and Monitoring Board of the Development Fund for Iraq on 15 January and 30 June 2011, respectively, and the replacement of the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi by a follow-on mission, the United Nations Office in Burundi, on 1 January 2011. As indicated in chapter I above, this element relates to a reduction of $85.8 million; a further reduction of $35 million is anticipated as a result of the expected delivery of objectives and mandates in a more cost-effective and efficient manner (see also para. II.16 below).", "II.15 Information on the related provision under special political missions for 2010-2011, including the end of mandates, is shown in table II.3 below.", "Table II.3", "Special political missions, 2010-2011", "Cluster/mission\tAppropriation(thousandsofUnitedStatesdollars)\tMandateending\tRemarks \nThematic cluster I:special and personalenvoys, special advisersand personalrepresentatives of theSecretary-General \nSpecial Envoy of theSecretary-General forMyanmar\t1914.2\tOpen\t\nSpecial Adviser to theSecretary-General inCyprus\t6672.3\t15/12/2011\t\nSpecial Adviser to theSecretary-General on thePrevention of Genocide\t4068.6\tOpen\t\nPersonal Envoy of theSecretary-General forWestern Sahara\t1097.4\tOpen\t\nSpecial Envoy of theSecretary-General for theImplementation of SecurityCouncil resolution 1559(2004)\t1279.7\tOpen\t\nUnited NationsRepresentative on theInternational Advisory andMonitoring Board of theDevelopment Fund for Iraq\t82.2\t30/6/2011\t\nUnited NationsRepresentative to theGeneva InternationalDiscussions\t— The GeneralAssembly, in itsresolution65/288, approvedthe budget of$1,469,000 to bemet from withinthe overallappropriation of$1.2 billion forspecial politicalmissions\nSubtotal\t15114.4 \nThematic cluster II:sanctions monitoringteams, groups and panels \nMonitoring Group onSomalia\t3849.1\t31/7/2011\t\nPanel of Experts onLiberia\t1264.8\t16/12/2011\t\nGroup of Expertsconcerning Côte d’Ivoire\t2610.0\t30/4/2012\t\nGroup of Experts on theDemocratic Republic of theCongo\t2778.5\t30/11/2011\t\nPanel of Experts on theSudan\t3521.7\t19/2/2012\t\nPanel of Experts on theDemocratic People’sRepublic of Korea\t5963.0\t12/6/2012\t\nPanel of Experts on theIslamic Republic of Iran\t3217.7\t9/6/2012\t\nPanel of Experts on LibyanArab Jamahiriya\t—\t31/5/2012\tThe GeneralAssembly, in itsresolution65/288, approvedthe budget of$1,670,400 to bemet from withinthe overallappropriation of$1.2 billion forspecial politicalmissions\nAnalytical Support andSanctions Monitoring Teamestablished pursuant toSecurity Councilresolution 1526 (2004)concerning Al-Qaida andthe Taliban and associatedindividuals and entities\t8231.2\t31/12/2012\t\nSupport to the SecurityCouncil Committeeestablished pursuant toresolution 1540 (2004) onnon-proliferation of allweapons of massdestruction\t6334.6\t25/4/2021\t\nCounter-TerrorismCommittee ExecutiveDirectorate\t17290.7\t31/12/2013\t\nSubtotal\t55061.3 \nThematic cluster III:political offices,peacebuilding supportoffices andintegrated offices \nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General for WestAfrica\t13916.2\t31/12/2013\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedPeacebuilding Office inthe Central AfricanRepublic\t35988.7\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedPeacebuilding Office inGuinea-Bissau\t33076.9\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations PoliticalOffice for Somalia\t32783.5\tOpen\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedPeacebuilding Office inSierra Leone\t33456.5\t15/9/2011\t\nUnited Nations support forthe Cameroon-Nigeria MixedCommission\t16834.9\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations RegionalCentre for PreventiveDiplomacy for Central Asia\t6293.0\tOpen\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedOffice in Burundi/United Nations Office inBurundi\t58705.0\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations Mission inNepal\t25804.1\t15/1/2010\t\nOffice of the UnitedNations SpecialCoordinator for Lebanon\t17432.1\t31/8/2011\t\nUnited Nations Office inCentral Africa\t3505.2\tS/2010/457:letterfromthePresidentof theSecurityCouncilto theSecretary-General\tThe Council tooknote of theletter from theSecretary-Generaldated 11 December2009 (S/2009/697)and believes itappropriate forthe proposedoffice to beestablished foran initial periodof two years,with a review ofits mandate after18 months\nSubtotal\t277796.1 \nUnited Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan\t497654.1\t23/3/2012\t\nUnited Nations AssistanceMission for Iraq\t355063.3\t31/7/2011\t\nSubtotal\t852717.4 \nTotal (net of staffassessment)\t1 200689.2", "II.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in accordance with established procedures, the utilization of the resources for special political missions is subject to individual legislative mandates and approval by the General Assembly, as the Assembly or the Security Council establishes or renews such mandates. Furthermore, a detailed justification of resource requirements will be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. As indicated in chapter I above, the Committee is of the opinion that the additional reduction of $35 million (see also para. II.14 above), made for ongoing missions, can be considered only a preliminary projection at this point. The Committee believes that it is essential that the Secretary-General demonstrate restraint when presenting the budgetary proposals for special political missions.", "II.17 The Advisory Committee will make its relevant comments and recommendations as regards the staffing and non-staffing proposals in the context of the report of the Secretary-General containing the estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council to be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session.", "II.18 The Advisory Committee also recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, requested the Secretary-General to conduct a thorough review of the current funding and backstopping arrangements for the special political missions with a view to identifying possible alternatives. In its report on strengthening the capacity to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations, the Committee indicated that it had been informed that the Department of Field Support, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Management and the Department of Political Affairs had been assessing options in order to report on this issue to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, as requested (A/65/827, para. 19). As stated therein, the Advisory Committee looks forward to the results of the review, which should provide a fuller picture and a clear analysis of the capacities, arrangements, processes and challenges involved in supporting special political missions, as well as recommendations for addressing any gaps identified.", "C. Office of the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process", "II.19 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 in the amount of $16,949,200, before recosting, reflect an increase of $648,900 or 4.0 per cent, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is due mostly to additional requirements for posts ($530,700).", "II.20 Table II.4 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.4", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t64\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 6 P-5, 3 P-4, 9 P-3,9 FS, 2 NO, 6 SS, 27 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t65\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 6 P-5, 3 P-4, 9 P-3,8 FS, 6 SS, 3 NO, 28 LL\n New 1 NO \n Reclassifications 1 1 Field Service to Local level", "II.21 The increase of $530,700, or 4.0 per cent, over the post resources approved for 2010-2011 of $13,364,000 reflects the delayed impact of eight posts approved in the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed establishment of one new post for a National Officer in the Regional Affairs Unit. As indicated in the proposed budget, the National Officer post is currently funded under extrabudgetary resources. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that funding would no longer be available beyond 2011 for this post, but that the functions (see A/66/6 (Sect. 3), para. 3.80) had proven invaluable in strengthening the effectiveness of United Nations outreach in Israel and would continue to be required. Furthermore, within the Unit, one Political Affairs Officer (P-3) is assigned the functions of focal point for governmental relations with Israel, while three Political Affairs Officers (1 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 P-3) perform similar functions in relation to the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. The Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed National Officer post.", "II.22 A Field Service post within Mission Support, identified for conversion in the context of the harmonization of conditions of service, is proposed to be reclassified to the Local level (ibid.). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification.", "II.23 The amount proposed for non-post items of $3,054,500 represents an increase of $118,200 compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is due mostly to additional requirements under furniture and equipment ($134,700) and supplies and materials ($47,700), which relate to the replacement of one armoured and four regular vehicles that have reached the end of their useful lives, out of a current fleet comprising two armoured and five light vehicles, as well as the increased cost of petrol, oil and lubricants. The additional requirements are offset by decreases in the resources proposed for other non-post items. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the Office of the Special Coordinator, while encouraging more rigorous management in the maintenance of its vehicle fleet.", "D. Peacebuilding Support Office", "II.24 The overall regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Peacebuilding Support Office of $5,220,500, before recosting, reflect an increase of $677,800, or 14.9 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is the net result of additional requirements for posts ($839,300), offset by a reduction in non-post requirements ($161,500).", "II.25 Table II.5 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.5", "Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t13\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 2 P-4, 1P-3, 1 GS (PL), 3 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t13\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 2 P-4, 1P-3, 1 GS (PL), 3 GS (OL)\nRedeployments\t1\tD-1 post from the PeacebuildingCommission Support Branch to thePolicy Planning and ApplicationsBranch\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t8\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS(OL)", "Recommendations on posts", "II.26 The post requirements of $4,329,700 proposed for 2012-2013 represent an increase of $839,300, or 24.0 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase in the resources reflects the delayed impact of six new posts approved in 2010-2011 (2 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)). The number of regular budget posts is proposed to remain at the same level as for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Financing for Peacebuilding Branch, which combines the programmatic and financial stewardship of the Peacebuilding Fund, as well as resource mobilization, tracking of funding and analysis of funding gaps, is staffed with eight extrabudgetary posts (see table II.5), which are charged to the Peacebuilding Fund.", "II.27 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Office proposes to redeploy the post of Chief, Peacebuilding Commission Support Branch (D-1), to the Policy Planning and Applications Branch to replace a D-1 post previously seconded by UNDP. The redeployment is intended to provide the required level of leadership, commensurate with the responsibilities and high-quality outputs expected in the areas of knowledge management, policy planning and development, in close collaboration with relevant United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes, as well as non-United Nations partners. The functions of the Chief, Peacebuilding Commission Support Branch, will be performed by the Director and Deputy Head of the Office (D-2), in addition to the duties and responsibilities of that post. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "II.28 The Advisory Committee recalls that a review of the functions and role of the Peacebuilding Support Office, including support for the Peacebuilding Commission, was undertaken in 2008 and that the structure of the Office was revised, taking into account lessons learned from the first years of operation (see A/64/7, paras. II.21-II.30). The Committee notes that the number of countries on the agenda of the Peacebuilding Commission has increased from two in 2006 to six in 2011: Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Liberia and Guinea, with the possibility of another one coming on board in the near future. The Peacebuilding Fund has evolved into a 50-donor trust fund operating in 20 countries, articulating its strategy, for the first time, in a business plan for the period 2011-2013, by which it aims to raise, allocate and disburse $100 million per year in support of peacebuilding efforts globally.", "II.29 The Advisory Committee was informed that an increase in the number of countries on the Peacebuilding Commission agenda would have a substantial impact on the workload of the Office, as well as on its staffing needs and the travel requirements of representatives and staff to the countries on the agenda. The Peacebuilding Support Office has relied over the years on non-reimbursable secondments from the United Nations system and extrabudgetary resources to fund positions temporarily performing core functions in support of the work of the Commission. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as of July 2011, the Peacebuilding Support Office had five posts provided through non-reimbursable secondment by other United Nations system organizations and non-United Nations partners (2 P-5 from UNDP, 1 P-5 from WFP, 1 P-5 from the World Bank and 1 P-4 from UNHCR). The Committee has previously noted that some of those posts are subject to a quick turnover and has stressed the importance of making efforts to obtain the sustained commitment of those entities to provide assignments of seconded personnel of longer duration, in order to ensure stability of functions (A/64/7, para. II.28).", "II.30 The Advisory Committee was informed that, in spite of efforts made to secure secondments from entities or contributions from donor countries to fund critical positions, it was becoming increasingly difficult in the current climate of austerity. The Committee believes that it is beneficial for the regular budget staffing of offices whose mandates have a system-wide focus to be complemented by secondments from agencies, funds and programmes. It nevertheless recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources can be unpredictable. The Committee is of the view, therefore, that relying exclusively on these types of resources to implement core regular budget programmes and activities is imprudent, since such resources cannot be guaranteed. The Committee has commented further on the issue of secondments in chapter I above.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.31 The non-post resources of $890,800 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $161,500 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,052,300. The decrease in the requirements is due mostly to reductions in the provision under other staff costs ($22,200), owing to tighter control on the use of overtime; the provision for consultants and experts ($54,200) reflecting the planned utilization of available in-house expertise; travel of representatives ($55,500), reflecting the frequency of travel and greater use of videoconferencing facilities where possible; and general operating expenses ($29,600), reflecting the expenditure pattern. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed for the Peacebuilding Support Office.", "E. United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "II.32 The United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory was established under the provisions of General Assembly resolution ES-10/17. In accordance with that resolution, the Office of the Register of Damage was set up at the United Nations Office at Vienna, as a subsidiary organ of the Assembly. The resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $5,346,700 before recosting. The decrease of $158,400, or 2.9 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $5,505,100, is the net result of additional resources for posts ($147,600) and reduced requirements for non-post items ($306,000).", "II.33 Table II.6 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.6", "Staffing resources", "Posts Level", "Regular budget", "Approved for 2010-2011 18 1 D-2; 1 P-5; 5 P-4; 1 P-3; 1 P-2/1; 9 GS (OL)", "Proposed for 2012-2013 19 1 D-2; 1 P-5; 5 P-4; 2 P-3; 1 P-2/1; 9 GS (OL)", "New 1 1 P-3 Claims Officer", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed for 2012-2013 13 1 P-5; 12 LL", "II.34 The requirements for posts ($4,673,800) provide for the continuation in 2012-2013 of 18 temporary posts shown in table II.6 above and the proposed establishment of one new temporary post for a Claims Officer (P-3) in the Claims Processing Unit (a related increase of $147,600 over the resources approved for 2010-2011).", "II.35 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that, over the past two years, the gap between the number of claim forms collected and those reviewed and processed has grown. At the end of 2010, a total of 12,611 claims had been collected, while only 2,286 had been reviewed and processed. It is indicated that the proposed additional temporary Claims Officer post (P-3) would facilitate the processing of claims in accordance with the established eligibility criteria, keeping records of claims submitted and processed for preparing case summaries and maintaining the Register’s database. The Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed temporary P-3 post and expects that it will facilitate the timely processing of claims.", "II.36 The decrease of $306,000 in the non-post resources of $672,900 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 relates to reductions under all objects of expenditure. The reduction under other staff costs ($15,200) reflects the Office’s efforts to redistribute additional work among the existing staff resources. The Committee commends the Office for its efforts in this regard. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding non-post resources for the Office of the Register of Damage.", "F. United Nations Office to the African Union", "II.37 The Advisory Committee recalls that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/310, a comprehensive review was undertaken in connection with the functional requirements for the peace and security partnership between the United Nations and the African Union, with a view to integrating the United Nations peace and security presence in Addis Ababa under a single United Nations office (see A/64/762). The Committee’s conclusions and recommendations in this regard (see A/64/792) were endorsed in General Assembly resolution 64/288, which established the United Nations Office to the African Union effective 1 July 2010.", "II.38 The Office integrated the former United Nations Liaison Office, the African Union Peacekeeping Support Team, the United Nations Planning Team for the African Union Mission in Somalia and the support elements of the Joint Support and Coordination Mechanism of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur. The Office is headed by a Special Representative of the Secretary-General at the Assistant Secretary-General level, who reports to the Under-Secretaries-General of the Departments of Peacekeeping Operations, Field Support and Political Affairs, but the Department of Political Affairs is primarily responsible for oversight of the Office.", "II.39 In its report on the proposed budget for the Office, the Advisory Committee pointed out that much remained to be done to streamline the arrangements at Headquarters for backstopping support provided to, and coordination with, the African Union, in line with the restructuring; it also expressed its concern about the complex reporting lines of the Office (A/64/792, para. 16). In its report on the support account budget for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/827, para. 86), the Committee also indicated that, according to the Secretary-General, given that the existing specific mandates and tasks requested by the Security Council and the General Assembly remain unchanged, the Office required the same level of support from the three departments and therefore reported separately to them on matters related to their respective mandates. The Committee was informed that the Office had effectively managed the three separate reporting lines without encountering problems and that a process of setting up an interdepartmental mechanism for regular consultation and information-sharing between the Office and the three departments was under way. The Committee expects that, as it fully completes its integration, information on the coordination and consultation arrangements between the relevant Headquarters departments and the Office will be included in the context of the next budget submission.", "II.40 The Advisory Committee notes that regular budget resources for the Office had been presented in section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, since the United Nations Liaison Office, which became part of the United Nations Office to the African Union, had also been placed under the same section since its establishment. Given the programmatic functions carried out by the Office, which relate to peace and security, they have been included as a separate component under section 3, Political affairs, of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "II.41 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 of $1,910,700 before recosting reflect an increase of $340,000, or 21.6 per cent, over the amount of $1,570,700 appropriated for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Office is also funded under the support account for peacekeeping operations ($15,267,600 for the biennium 2012-2013), which covers the cost of 57 posts, shown in table II.7 below, and their related operational costs.", "II.42 Table II.7 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.7 Proposed staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t6\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t6\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 LL\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t57\t2 P-5, 20 P-4, 3 P-3, 11 FS, 20LL, 1 UNV^(a)", "^(a) Financed under “other assessed resources”, reflecting the decision by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 with respect to the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.43 The requirements for posts ($1,828,500) provide for the costs of the six continuing posts indicated in table II.7 above. The increase of $340,000 reflects the delayed impact of one post approved in 2010-2011. The non-post resources of $82,200 proposed are maintained at the level approved for 2010-2011.", "II.44 The Advisory Committee had noted that the structure of the Office would consist of a substantive component, providing support to the African Union in three areas, political affairs, operational planning and administrative planning, and a support component (A/64/792, para. 5). The Committee also noted that the structure was intended to be flexible, with the possibility for scaling up or down as the situation evolved (see also A/66/6 (Sect. 3), para. 3.118). The Committee reiterates its request that the support component of the Office, consisting of 32 posts out of 62, be kept under review and further assessed as the Office becomes fully staffed and operational, including arrangements for sourcing support services from ECA and sharing human resources to facilitate the support relationship (see A/64/792, para. 22 and A/65/827, para. 90).", "II.45 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s post and non-post resources proposed for the United Nations Office to the African Union.", "Section 4 Disarmament", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$22,711,800^(a)\t\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $22,134,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $16,643,000 \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts iscontained in table 5 of the introduction tothe budget. A summary of the total number ofposts by source of funds and grade level iscontained in annex I to the present report. \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e., before recosting).", "II.46 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 4, before recosting, amount to $22,711,800, representing an increase of $577,000, or 2.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 4), para. 4.9). The increase is related to additional requirements for posts ($274,400) and non-post resources ($302,600).", "II.47 In terms of the components of the programme, the increase is related mostly to the programme of work, in particular subprogramme 2, Weapons of mass destruction, resulting from increased requirements for ad hoc expert meetings in 2012-2013 on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures, as defined in General Assembly resolution 65/68 (see paras. II.51 and II.52 below); as well as to subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, resulting from the delayed impact of four posts (2 P-3 and 2 Local level) approved in 2010-2011, the inclusion of the core operational requirements for the Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, and additional security requirements for the three regional centres (see para. II.54 below).", "II.48 The extrabudgetary funds for 2012-2013 are projected at $16,643,000, including $4,031,300 for the Trust Fund for UNIDIR, as compared with the estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 of $21,446,500. The decrease is related to funding provided in 2010-2011 for a specific activity under subprogramme 3, which is not expected to continue in 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 4), para. 4.10).", "II.49 Table II.8 summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.8 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t62\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 13 P-5, 9 P-4,7 P-3, 4 P-2, 4 GS (PL), 15 GS(OL), 4 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t62\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 13 P-5, 9 P-4,7 P-3, 4 P-2, 4 GS (PL), 15 GS(OL), 4 LL\n Extrabudgetary \n Proposed for 2012-2013 1 1 P-5", "Recommendations on posts", "II.50 The resources proposed for posts in the amount of $17,571,800 reflect an increase of $274,400, owing mostly to the delayed impact of four posts approved in 2010-2011 under subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament (2 P-3 and 2 Local level). As shown in table II.8 above, the staffing level remains unchanged. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the resources proposed for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.51 The estimate of $5,140,000 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net increase of $302,600 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. The requirements proposed for experts of $1,759,900 reflect an increase of $366,100 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is due to the inclusion of a provision under subprogramme 2, Weapons of mass destruction, for implementation of the terms of General Assembly resolution 65/68, in which the Secretary-General was requested to establish a group of governmental experts to conduct a study, commencing in 2012, on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures. The Committee notes that the Assembly, in paragraph 3 of the resolution, also requested the Secretary-General to provide the group of experts with any assistance and services, within existing resources, that may be required for the discharge of its tasks.", "II.52 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the related provision for experts of $366,100 included costs for the travel of 15 experts ($254,800), daily subsistence allowance ($93,500), terminal expenses ($5,700) and the services of one consultant ($12,100). The Committee notes that it is foreseen that one 10-day session will be held in 2012 in New York and two 10-day sessions will be held in 2013, one in New York and the other in Vienna.", "II.53 The proposal for grants and contributions is maintained at the same level as for the biennium 2010-2011, at $1,911,400. The resources proposed include an amount of $1,873,300 under subprogramme 1, multilateral negotiations on arms limitation and disarmament, for the fellowship programme ($1,295,500), which provides for up to 25 fellows per year, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 37/100 G, and for the subvention for UNIDIR ($577,800); as well as an amount of $38,100 under subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, for mandatory minimum operating security standards of the three regional centres.", "II.54 The non-post resources proposed for subprogramme 5 in the amount of $989,300 also include an increase of $19,400 under other staff costs in order to ensure that the regional centres in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean are fully compliant with minimum operating security standards. In addition, the resources proposed for general operating expenses of $181,000 reflect an increase of $20,200, owing to the progressive response to General Assembly resolutions 62/216, 63/74 and 63/77, in which the Secretary-General was requested to make provisions for the inclusion of the operational costs related to the three regional centres in the regular budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed resources provide for the operating costs of the regional centres in Africa ($79,800), in Latin America and the Caribbean ($53,900) and in Asia and the Pacific ($47,300). The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "II.55 The Advisory Committee notes that a new office of the Office of Disarmament Affairs will open in Vienna, as part of new initiative to respond to the growing need to cooperate and ensure effective interaction with intergovernmental organizations (A/66/6 (Sect. 4), paras. 4.23-4.26). The Committee was informed that the office, which would be inaugurated in September 2011, would be fully funded from extrabudgetary resources and that its continuation was entirely dependent on the availability of the necessary contributions from interested donors. A special trust fund has been established to support the office, and extrabudgetary funds have been secured and are available to support one P-5 post, the incumbent of which would head the Office, as well as one locally recruited General Service post for an initial period of 12 months. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the establishment of the office would not come at the expense of other activities funded from extrabudgetary resources that are carried out by the Office of Disarmament Affairs. The Committee recognizes the importance of the office in Vienna in ensuring cooperation and interaction with intergovernmental organizations, as well as enhancing the ability of the Office of Disarmament Affairs to keep abreast of developments, in particular in the nuclear field, and expects that the Office will continue its fund-raising activities in this regard.", "Section 5 Peacekeeping operations", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $109,779,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $112,903,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $536,891,900^(b) \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts by budgetsection is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. ^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Revises the information included intable 5.5 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 5) toinclude other assessed resources in theamount of $319,178,400, reflecting thedecision in General Assembly resolution65/290 with regard to the support account forpeacekeeping operations and extrabudgetaryresources in the amount of $217,713,500.", "II.56 The resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 of $109,779,100 before recosting represent a decrease of $3,124,700, or 2.8 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The overall resources proposed for section 5 include the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ($10,644,500) and the Department of Field Support ($8,252,500), as well as two peacekeeping missions, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ($69,672,300) and the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ($21,209,800).", "II.57 The overall decrease of $3,124,700 for section 5 reflects reductions in the provisions for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ($2,616,000), the Department of Field Support ($53,300) and UNMOGIP ($1,208,600), offset by an increase in the provision for UNTSO ($753,200).", "II.58 The resources proposed for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support do not represent the full requirements, as the ability of both Departments to carry out their activities depend primarily on the provision of resources provided from the support account for peacekeeping operations (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.14). In this connection, the Committee was informed that the regular budget resources represented approximately 2.7 per cent of the overall resources of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and 4.6 per cent of the overall resources of the Department of Field Support. In view of the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 with regard to the support account for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the amount of other assessed resources for section 5, indicated in table 5.5 of the budget fascicle, would need to be revised to $319,178,400 for the biennium 2012-2013. Similarly, the total number of posts funded by other assessed resources indicated in table 5.6 should be revised to 852.", "II.59 The Advisory Committee recalls that in its report on strengthening the capacity to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations (see A/65/827), it referred to the issue of a staffing model for the support account, which has been the subject of several studies and reports on the evolution of the support account, including reports of the Board of Auditors and external consultants. The Committee reiterates its view that staffing models or support account proposals should take into account the totality of resources available, including support account posts, regular budget posts and other types of staffing designations in United Nations entities involved in backstopping peacekeeping operations. Furthermore, given the interconnection of regular budget posts and support account posts involved in supporting peacekeeping operations, the Committee reiterates that there should be a determination of what constitutes a core or basic capacity necessary to effectively manage and backstop peacekeeping operations, which is directly linked to the regular budget, and what constitutes a scalable capacity that responds to changes in the level of peacekeeping activity, which is related to the nature of support account resources.", "A. Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "II.60 The regular budget resource requirements proposed for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of $10,644,500 represent a decrease of $2,616,000, or 19.7 per cent compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, resulting from reductions in non-post requirements in the amount of $2,616,000, mainly under executive direction and management ($2,101,200).", "II.61 The overall estimated extrabudgetary resources for 2012-2013 amount to $420,390,700, including support account resources of $187,409,600, reflecting the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290. In addition, the extrabudgetary resources include a projected amount of $217,713,500 under the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (including resources for 22 temporary posts), a projected amount of $7,969,500 under the Trust Fund in Support of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and a provision for $734,800 (including resources for 3 temporary posts) under the special account for programme support costs of extrabudgetary substantive activities. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the estimates for 2012-2013 for the Trust Fund in Support of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations were based on the pattern of expenditure for 2010-2011, which, as at 30 November 2010, had funded a total of 93 projects in the amount of $15,984,971. While the types of projects may be similar to those undertaken in 2010-2011, there is little knowledge of the projects that might be approved and financed by donors in 2012-2013.", "II.62 Table II.9 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.9 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t28\t1 USG, 3 ASG, 4 D-2, 4 D-1, 3 P-5,1 P-4, 1 P-3,2 P-2/1, 9 GS (OL)\nProposed 2012-2013\t28\t1 USG, 3 ASG, 4 D-2, 4 D-1, 3 P-5,1 P-4, 1 P-3,2 P-2/1, 9 GS (OL)\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed posts for2012-2013^(a)\t453\t5 D-2, 10 D-1, 45 P-5, 189 P-4, 95P-3, 10 P-2/1,2 GS (PL), 97 GS (OL)", "^(a) Including 428 posts funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations (4 D-2, 10 D-1, 42 P-5, 184 P-4, 88 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 88 GS (OL), reflecting the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 with regard to the financing of the support account, and 22 posts funded under the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (1 D-2, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 6 P-3, 7 GS (OL) and 3 posts funded from the special account for programme support costs of extrabudgetary substantive activities (1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)).", "Recommendations on posts", "II.63 The staffing complement of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for 2012-2013 includes the continuation of 28 regular budget posts (19 Professional and 9 General Service) as well as 453 extrabudgetary posts (354 Professional and 99 General Service), including 428 posts funded from the support account (338 Professional and 90 General Service), 22 posts funded from the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (15 Professional and 7 General Service) and 3 posts funded from the special account in support of extrabudgetary substantive activities (1 Professional and 2 General Service). The resources for posts of $9,754,700 are proposed at the same level appropriated for 2010-2011, as the number of posts remains unchanged. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.64 Non-post resources of $889,800 reflect a decrease of $2,616,000 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011 of $3,505,800. The decrease reflects the reduction of the non-recurrent resources approved under unforeseen and extraordinary expenses relating to the initiatives of the Secretary-General with respect to the maintenance of peace and security, as reported in the first performance report (A/65/589, paras. 8 and 9) and included in the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The related reduction, which amounts to $2,101,200, is reflected in the context of the non-post objects of expenditure under executive direction and management, including other staff costs, travel of staff, contractual services, general operating expenses and supplies and materials.", "II.65 The resources proposed under programme support, in the amount of $1,071,600, reflect a decrease of $436,700, which is due mostly to a reduction in the requirements for other staff costs ($143,800) based on the provision of compensatory time to staff in lieu of payment of overtime, general operating expenses ($132,800) reflecting the reduction in the actual user charges for commercial communications, and furniture and equipment ($112,600) as a result of the postponement of office equipment replacement. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "B. Department of Field Support", "II.66 The resource requirements proposed for the Department of Field Support of $8,252,500 reflect a decrease of $53,300, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The decrease is related entirely to a reduction in non-post resources. Other assessed resources for 2012-2013 are estimated at $131,768,800, following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290.", "II.67 Table II.10 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.10 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t30\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5,2 P-4, 4 P-3,6 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t30\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5,2 P-4, 4 P-3,6 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013^(a)\t424\t3 D-2, 8 D-1, 37 P-5, 87 P-4, 113P-3, 5 P-2/1,21 GS (PL), 150 GS (OL)", "^(a) Relating to posts funded from other assessed resources reflecting General Assembly resolution 65/290 with respect to the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.68 The staffing complement of the Department of Field Support for 2012-2013 includes the continuation of 30 regular budget posts (19 Professional and 11 General Service), as well as 424 extrabudgetary posts (253 Professional and 171 General Service) funded from support account resources. The regular budget provision for posts of $8,192,500, before recosting, reflects the same level of posts and related resources approved for 2010-2011.", "II.69 The decrease in non-post resources of $53,300 is reflected mainly under travel of staff. The requirements are reduced by $46,100 compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011 of $101,100, in view of greater reliance on videoconferencing.", "II.70 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the post and non-post resources proposed for the Department of Field Support.", "General comments and recommendations", "Outreach activities", "II.71 The Advisory Committee notes that one of the outputs listed for subprogramme 5, Field administrative support, includes outreach activities through participation in career and job fairs, targeted advertising on dedicated websites and professional publications, and recruitment missions to unrepresented and underrepresented countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.57 (b)). The Committee sought additional information in this regard and was informed that attending job fairs raised the profile of the Organization as an employer of choice, promoted careers in the field and identified potential applicants for civilian rosters. At one such job fair in Germany, which attracted 200,000 visitors and 6,500 exhibitors from 65 countries, approximately 3,000 persons showed interest in a United Nations career. Of those, a total of 203 profiles, across 13 occupational groups, are now under consideration at Headquarters, and the candidates are being encouraged to apply.", "II.72 In addition, the Advisory Committee was informed that, over the past three years, the Outreach Unit had built a database of more than 800 contacts, including dedicated websites, universities, agencies, funds and programmes, permanent missions, specialized institutions and training centres. These are organized by occupational, regional, women’s and other groups and are used to generate interest in a specific occupation when a roster-based generic vacancy announcement is advertised or when very specialized functions are required by a particular field mission. Recently, in South Sudan, the database proved to be an effective mechanism in trying to attract candidates for a specialized function, where civilian rosters could not offer such capacity. The Committee welcomes the outreach activities carried out by the Field Personnel Division and encourages the continuation and expansion of the work done in this regard.", "Investigative activities", "II.73 According to the list of outputs expected to be delivered during the biennium 2012-2013, the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support expects to process reports on investigations substantiating approximately 700 allegations of misconduct received from OIOS and other investigative entities in peacekeeping operations to enable disciplinary action by relevant internal and external entities (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.52 (c)).", "II.74 The Advisory Committee was informed that, according to data collected, 993 allegations were substantiated through investigations in 2008 (195 classified as category I and 798 as category II); in 2009, the number of allegations was reduced to 890 (128 category I and 762 category II); and in 2010, 696 allegations were substantiated through investigations (91 category I and 605 category II). Those figures, however, do not reflect the outcome of ongoing investigations, explaining the decreasing number of substantiated allegations over the period. Using the latest data available indicating 1,188 allegations recorded for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (306 category I and 882 category II) and taking into account historical trends on the percentage of allegations substantiated through investigations and referred for disciplinary action, it is assumed that approximately 314 allegations (148 category I and 166 category II) would be referred for disciplinary action in one year. In its report on cross-cutting issues related to peacekeeping operations, the Committee noted the generally positive trend in the reduction of the number of allegations involving peacekeeping personnel and commended the joint efforts of the Secretary-General and troop- and police-contributing countries that brought this about (A/65/743, para. 103). Given the importance of the issue, the Committee emphasizes the need for sustained efforts in this regard.", "C. United Nations Truce Supervision Organization", "II.75 The Advisory Committee recalls that UNTSO was established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 50 (1948) for the purpose of supervising the truce in Palestine. Since then, it has been entrusted with a variety of tasks, and its functions have been modified from time to time. The Committee also recalls that UNTSO military observers assigned to the Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Syrian Arab Republic sectors have been placed under the operational control of the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) to assist them in the fulfilment of their tasks, since the establishment of the two peacekeeping missions; this is without prejudice to the continued functioning of UNTSO in the two sectors should the mandates of the peacekeeping forces lapse (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), paras. 5.66 and 5.67).", "II.76 The resources proposed by the Secretary-General for UNTSO for 2012-2013 amounting to $69,672,300 reflect an increase of $753,200, or 1.1 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The increase is the net result of additional non‑post requirements ($2,645,500), offset by a reduction in the resources for posts ($1,892,300).", "II.77 Table II.11 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.11 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \nApproved for2010-2012\t266\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1P-2, 146 LL, 111 FS\nProposed for2012-2013\t266\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1P-2, 1 NO, 160 LL, 96 FS\n New posts 2 2 LL \nReclassifications\t13\t13 FS to 12 LL and 1 NO\n Abolitions 2 2 FS", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "II.78 The resources proposed for posts of $45,939,800 would provide for 266 posts (9 Professional and above, 96 Field Service, 160 Local level and 1 National Officer), as shown in table II.11 above. The decrease of $1,892,300, or 4.0 per cent, reflects the net effect of the proposed establishment of 2 new posts, the delayed impact of 8 posts approved in 2010-2011, the reclassification of 12 posts and the abolition of 2 posts. The staffing changes proposed for 2012-2013 are as follows:", "(a) The abolition of 2 Field Service posts resulting from the consolidation of the support arrangements between UNTSO, UNIFIL and UNDOF for Observer Group Lebanon and Observer Group Golan;", "(b) The establishment of 2 new Local level posts proposed for drivers, whose functions were until now provided by staff with valid permits who were paid overtime to perform the functions but were not designated as drivers, leading to extended working hours not conducive to healthy working conditions;", "(c) The reclassification of 13 Field Service posts to 12 Local level and 1 National Officer post, identified in line with General Assembly resolution 64/269, which calls for greater use of national staff.", "II.79 The Advisory Committee was informed that the abolition of 2 Field Service posts and the reclassification of 13 Field Service posts to the Local level described above are proposed to ensure that the provision of General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of the costs of the harmonization of conditions of service, is adhered to (see also chap. I above). The Committee has no objection to the staffing changes indicated in paragraph II.78 above and recommends acceptance of the proposed post resources.", "II.80 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in the context of the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, proposals were made to integrate and consolidate UNTSO logistical support services with UNIFIL and UNDOF and that 37 posts were proposed to be eliminated (A/64/6 (Sect. 5)). The General Assembly did not approve the proposal. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as at 18 July 2011, 18 posts were vacant at UNTSO, of which two would be filled by the end of August; all vacant posts were under recruitment and were expected to be filled in September 2011. The Committee was further informed that a number of posts had been kept vacant in view of the proposal made for integration. As the proposal was not approved, however, the mission is now looking into further post nationalizations. The Committee therefore expects that proposals in future budget submissions will include conversions into Local level posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.81 The provision for non-post resources for 2012-2013 amounts to $23,732,500. The net increase of $2,645,500 over the resources appropriated for the biennium 2010-2011 is due mostly to additional requirements under other staff costs ($1,594,500) owing to the increase in the rate of mission subsistence allowance for the 153 military observers ($1,499,800) and under furniture and equipment ($1,034,400), owing to the required replacement of vehicles and workshop equipment on the basis of age, mileage and condition of the fleet. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources for UNTSO.", "D. United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan", "II.82 The amount proposed for UNMOGIP, before recosting, of $21,209,800, represents a decrease of $1,208,600, or 5.4 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is attributable to reduced non-post requirements.", "II.83 Table II.12 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.12 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t76\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 49 LL, 24FS\nProposed for 2012-2013\t76\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 50 LL, 23FS", "Recommendations on posts", "II.84 The resources proposed for posts in the amount of $10,762,000 provide for the continuation of 76 posts shown in table II.12. The net increase of $10,300 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 reflects the delayed impact of two posts (1 P‑4 and 1 Local level) established in 2010-2011 in the context of the revised security management framework approved in General Assembly resolution 65/259, as well as the reclassification of a Field Service post to the Local level, in accordance with the provision in General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of the costs of harmonization of conditions of services (see also chap. I above). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.85 The provision for non-post resources for 2012-2013 amounts to $10,447,800. The net decrease of $1,218,900 is due mainly to the discontinuation of non-recurrent resources approved for the biennium 2010-2011 in the context of the revised security management framework approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/259, which amounts to a reduction of $2,592,800 under improvement of premises and $647,900 under furniture and equipment. The decreases are mostly offset by additional requirements under other staff costs ($1,083,900) and general operating expenses ($1,018,700).", "II.86 The resources for other staff costs of $4,362,200 include additional requirements in the amount of $1,083,900 that are related mostly to reimbursement to mission personnel for residential security measures and the increase in the hazardous duty station allowance.", "II.87 The resources for general operating expenses of $3,126,600 provide for alteration of premises, maintenance services, utilities, communications, maintenance of furniture and equipment and transport equipment, as well as freight and related costs, general insurance and miscellaneous services. It is stated that the increase of $1,018,700 is related mainly to the refurbishment of the existing UNMOGIP headquarters complex in Islamabad, which consists of prefabricated structures requiring extension of their useful life beyond 2012.", "II.88 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, approved resources, including non-recurrent provisions, for the biennium 2010-2011, in the context of the revised security management framework relating to a strengthened and unified security management system for the United Nations. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as at 30 June 2011, the funds had been utilized for the recruitment of staff for the two new approved posts (a P-4 Chief Security Officer and a Local level Security Information Assistant) and the acquisition of three armoured vehicles. In addition, it was informed that the procurement process for the acquisition of supplies and materials required to undertake security enhancement measures, including strengthening the exterior walls and roofs of prefabricated structures, as well as fortifying the external perimeter of the UNMOGIP Islamabad headquarters complex, was in an advanced stage, with completion planned in 2011.", "II.89 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the United Nations resident coordinator-led task force was in discussions with the Government of Pakistan for the allocation of land for the construction of the “One United Nations Village” project on behalf of all the United Nations funds and programmes with a presence in Islamabad, including UNMOGIP. The project, which would provide a headquarters structure for all the United Nations entities in Islamabad, was expected to be jointly funded once the land had been allocated and the design agreed and approved by all entities concerned. The negotiations between the UNDP office in Pakistan and the Government of Pakistan were ongoing, but there was no confirmed timeline for the completion of the project.", "II.90 The estimated requirements of $861,800 included for 2012-2013 are based on the need to refurbish the existing UNMOGIP headquarters until the acquisition of a more permanent structure is approved The major cost items include:", "(a) $477,000 for the construction of workshop and warehousing facilities, including a fire-protection system, and the installation of air-conditioning and alarms to safeguard assets in accordance with Department of Field Support standards. The facilities are currently housed in sea containers that have already been written off;", "(b) $212,000 for building works, including the removal and replacement of wooden floors and plywood ceilings and the replacement of internal electrical fittings;", "(c) $118,000 for reinforcing the earthquake-resistant elements of the containers;", "(d) $47,000 for the replacement of doors and windows;", "(e) $7,800 for other miscellaneous services.", "II.91 The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to proceed with the refurbishment and maintenance of the existing headquarters structures pending the completion of the negotiations, the allocation of land and the construction of permanent office accommodation for the United Nations presence in Islamabad. The Committee would expect that every effort will be made to ensure that any investment in the refurbishment of the existing structure during the biennium 2012-2013 will not be lost once the project for a more permanent structure is completed. On this basis, the Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for UNMOGIP.", "Section 6 Peaceful uses of outer space", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $8,071,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $8,023,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $2,013,000 \nA summary of the Secretary-General’s proposalsfor regular budget posts is contained in table5 of the introduction to the budget. A summaryof the total number of posts by source offunds and grade level is contained in annex Ito the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "II.92 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 6, before recosting, amount to $8,071,400, representing an increase of $48,400, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011.", "II.93 Table II.13 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table II.13 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t24\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4, 4P-3, 3 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t24\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4, 4P-3, 3 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)", "II.94 The resources proposed for posts of $6,833,200 provide for the continuation of 24 posts for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2011, the Office of Outer Space Affairs undertook a review of its organizational structure and consolidated the Space Applications Section and the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN‑SPIDER) programme, in line with a recommendation of OIOS (A/66/6, (Sect. 6), para. 6.22).", "II.95 As indicated to the Advisory Committee and reported in the budget fascicle, the consolidation, effective from June 2011, is intended to result in an integrated concerted approach to planning and organizing activities related to issues that transcend the two units, such as climate change, tele-health, search and rescue, and water. The Secretary-General also expects that it will streamline operations, eliminate duplicative processes and allow the programme to deliver its mandate in a more cost-effective and efficient manner. The Committee notes that the consolidation will allow the new section to be headed by an existing Chief at the D‑1 level, who will be responsible for developing and planning the objectives of the programme on space applications and UN-SPIDER, including its regional support offices and United Nations-affiliated regional centres for space science and technology education. In addition, the functions of an existing P-5 post will be revised to include coordination of the UN-SPIDER programme, and an existing P-4 post will be redeployed to the Office of the Director to assist in the management of the programme. The Committee welcomes the consolidation undertaken and has no objection to the resources proposed for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.96 The proposed non-post resources of $1,238,200 reflect an increase of $48,400 compared with the 2010-2011 appropriation. The increase is due mostly to additional requirements for furniture and equipment ($33,300), owing to the need to replace ageing information technology equipment, some of which, having been acquired in 2005, has outlived the standard replacement cycle of four years, and to upgrade previously acquired software packages. Resources proposed for general operating expenses also reflect an increase ($21,600), owing to the rise in the workstation service-level agreement rates for office staff computers and laptops. The increases are offset by a reduction in the requirements proposed for contractual services ($6,500), given the termination of the production of the publication Highlights in Space. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments", "II.97 The Advisory Committee notes that the level of extrabudgetary resources, which complement resources from the regular budget in financing various activities, such as technical advisory services, training, workshops, seminars, field projects, publications, the preparation and distribution of booklets, the organization of special events and the enhancement of the International Space Information Service, is anticipated to increase to $2,013,000 for 2012-2013 (from a level of $1,887,000 for 2010-2011). This is related mainly to commitments received from donors in support of the UN-SPIDER programme, the setting up of an office in China in 2011 and activities of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems.", "II.98 The Advisory Committee was informed that the outreach programme of the Office for Outer Space Affairs comprised a variety of activities, including training courses, expert meetings and workshops designed especially for building capacity on a regional basis, technical advisory missions conducted on a national basis and general public information events. Furthermore, the Office organizes its activities in different countries every year, ensuring that all regions are provided with the outreach programmes they need. In addition, the Office promotes the benefits of space science and technology through World Space Week celebrations and other special events. The Committee welcomes the outreach activities carried out by the Office, which should lead to further strengthening of the capacity and use of space science and technology and their applications.", "II.99 The supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee indicates that resources in the amount of $802,800 will provide for grants ($166,600) and individual fellowships ($636,200) under the regular budget. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts to sustain the programme.", "Part III International justice and law", "Section 7 International Court of Justice", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $47,608,500^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $46,605,800 \nA summary of the Secretary-General’s proposalsfor regular budget posts is contained in table5 of the introduction to the budget. A summaryof the total number of posts by source offunds and grade level is contained in annex Ito the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "III.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 7, before recosting, amount to $47,608,500, representing an increase of $1,002,700, or 2.2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is due to additional requirements for posts in the amount of $1,223,000 over the resources of $23,895,600 approved for 2010-2011, owing mostly to the delayed impact of nine posts approved in the 2010-2011 budget (1 P-3, 6 P-2, 2 General Service (Other level)) and four new posts proposed for 2012-2013 (1 P-3, 1 P-2, 2 General Service (Other level)). The non-post resources reflect a decrease of $220,300 compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $22,710,200. In terms of the components, the increase is mostly related to additional requirements for the Registry ($997,600).", "III.2 The Advisory Committee was informed that, at the time of its consideration of the proposed budget, there were 15 cases pending before the Court, of which three were being deliberated upon simultaneously. Furthermore, the number of cases on the Court’s list had remained relatively stable for several years, at an average of 15 to 16 cases, while the number of cases finally decided was comparable to the number of new cases submitted to it. However, according to the Court, this is considered somewhat uninformative in terms of evaluating the Court’s workload, as what really counts, in quantitative terms, is the varying balance between cases filed and cases decided and, in qualitative terms, the latter’s procedural and substantive complexity. The Committee was also informed that the most notable recent development was the significant increase in the number of incidental proceedings brought before the Court, which require comparable work to that required for the preparation of a decision on the merits of a case. The statement presented by the Registrar, at the time of the Committee’s hearings on the resources proposed, provided useful clarification. The Committee is of the view that, in future, such information should be incorporated in the budget proposals for the Court.", "III.3 Table III.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table III.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t114\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 32 P-4/3, 19P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 50 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t118\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 33 P-4/3, 20P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 52 GS (OL)\n New 4 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 2 GS (OL) \nConversions\t10\t2 P-4, 6 P-3 and 2 GS (OL) fromtemporary to established posts", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "III.4 The establishment of two posts for a Head of Security (P-3) and a Security Information Assistant (General Service (Other level)) is proposed (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.15). The Advisory Committee was informed that the request was made on the basis of recommendations by the Department of Safety and Security, following a security risk assessment. The proposed new Head of Security (P-3) would supervise the Court’s Security Unit, which comprises three existing security guards (General Service (Other level)), and would coordinate and manage the security operations of the Court, its members and staff, as well as ensure the protection of confidential information, evaluate risks on a case-by-case basis and propose appropriate solutions. The proposed Security Information Assistant would help develop and implement policies and procedures to address reliability and redundancy issues, provide support in connection with the Court’s information technology systems and make appropriate recommendations. It was indicated to the Committee that no staff member is currently entrusted with this precise function. The Committee was further informed that the Court has, so far, relied heavily on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to provide additional security support and personnel when holding proceedings on politically sensitive issues, including when Heads of State have visited. However, in the light of the downsizing of the International Tribunal, the Department of Safety and Security considers that the Court needs to develop its own in-house capacity in this area. The Committee recommends acceptance of the two posts requested for a Head of Security (P-3) and a Security Information Assistant (General Service (Other level)).", "III.5 The establishment of an Associate Legal Officer (P-2) post in the Registry’s Department of Legal Matters is requested, given the growth in the Department’s workload (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.16). As indicated in the proposed budget, the incumbent of the additional post would assist the existing staff of the Department in drafting correspondence, providing advice related to relations with the host country, employment and contractual matters, and in preparing minutes and drafting speeches or notes. The Advisory Committee recalls that, by its resolution 62/236 on the budget for the biennium 2008-2009, the General Assembly approved three Associate Legal Officer (P-2) posts; in its resolution 64/243 on the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it decided to increase the pool of law clerks by six additional posts, bringing the total number of law clerks to 15 (14 P-2 and 1 P-3). The Committee continues to hold the view that the pool of law clerks is the appropriate way to ensure effective legal support in response to changes in the overall workload of the Court (see A/62/7, para. III.5 and A/64/7, para. III.4). The Committee is of the opinion that the functions of the proposed Associate Legal Officer should be provided from within existing capacity and therefore recommends against approval of the additional P-2-level post.", "III.6 A General Service (Other level) post for an Administrative and Editorial Assistant is requested for the Publications Division (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.17), in view of the increasing workload of the Court and the need to address, in particular, the backlog of pleadings publications. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the post proposed on a temporary basis. The continued need for this post should be reviewed in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015, taking into account the progress made in clearing the backlog.", "Conversions", "III.7 The conversion of 10 temporary posts to established posts, consisting of nine posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3, 1 General Service (Other level)) in the Department of Linguistic Matters and one post of Administrative Assistant (General Service (Other level)) in the Department of Information, is proposed (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.18). The Advisory Committee was informed that the conversion of these posts, originally provided in 2000, is requested in view of the demonstrated continuing nature of the functions performed. The Committee notes that the conversions would not involve additional costs. The Committee has no objection to the proposed conversion of the 10 temporary posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level)) to established posts.", "General comments", "III.8 The Advisory Committee requested clarification as to the Court’s targets with regard to human resources, given the absence of indicators of achievement relating to gender in its results-based framework. The Committee was informed that given the limited size of the Registry in terms of posts, emphasis in selecting candidates is put on recruiting staff demonstrating the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. Although there is no formal policy for defined targets, gender and geographical parameters are taken into account when reviewing candidates. The Committee was also informed that approximately 58 per cent of the Registry staff in the Professional and higher categories were female and that, of the 11 heads of unit in the Registry, five were female and six male. The Committee commends the Court’s performance in this regard.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "III.9 The non-post resources of $22,489,900 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $220,300 compared to the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is the net result of a decrease in the requirements for furniture and equipment ($833,900) due to the reduction of the one-time costs provided for in the 2010-2011 budget for the renovation of the Great Hall of Justice. The decrease also relates to other staff costs ($289,600), owing mostly to anticipated reduced costs for temporary assistance for meetings, in view of the use of external translators in place of costlier free-lance translators (for whom daily subsistence allowance and travel costs are required), as well as the use of internal staff for interpretation, whenever possible.", "III.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that the renovation of the Great Hall of Justice was to be undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation, with the financial participation of the Government of the Netherlands, at a total cost of approximately $2 million. The replacement and upgrade of outdated technical equipment used by the judges, parties and interpreters would be the responsibility of the Organization. A provision of $880,000 was included for this purpose in the budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/64/7, para. III.10). As to the status of the renovation project, the Committee was informed that the project had been initially delayed because of differences of opinion between the Court and the architects hired by the Carnegie Foundation. The Committee was also informed that, while the acquisition of the electronic equipment depends on the progress of the project as a whole, outstanding issues have now been settled. The renovation work is due to start in the fall of 2011 and planned to be finished in early 2012. The Committee cautions against further delays in the renovation project, which could lead to cost escalation.", "III.11 The reductions in non-post requirements indicated in paragraph III.9 above are offset by additional resources proposed under contractual services, in the amount of $593,100 over the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,105,100. This is mostly due to additional resources requested for external printing, including an increase of $254,400 in order to clear the existing backlog in the Court’s publications by the end of the biennium 2012-2013; as well as additional resources proposed for data-processing services, representing an increase of $245,900 primarily for a project to create network area storage for the purpose of consolidating servers and data by moving to a virtual environment. Information relating to current and planned publications of the Publications Division is included in the budget fascicle (see workload indicators in A/66/6 (Sect. 7), annex, table A.7.1). The Advisory Committee requests that information be provided in the context of the proposed budget for 2014-2015 on the clearance of the backlog of the Publications Division (see also para. III.6 above).", "III.12 The requirements proposed for general operating expenses for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $4,000,500, reflecting an increase of $146,700 over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase mostly relates to the rental of temporary storage space for the Court’s publications ($83,600) due to the lack of available suitable space within the current premises, and the increased contractual cost of photocopiers ($58,500). The Advisory Committee was informed that the United Nations share of the general operating expenses for the facilities provided for the Court in the Peace Palace at The Hague was estimated at $3,317,900. The Committee recalls that the use of the Peace Palace is governed by a 1946 agreement between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation. The most recent supplementary agreement, which became effective on 1 July 2006, was approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/238 and was due to expire at the end of June 2011. The Committee was informed that negotiations were ongoing with the Carnegie Foundation, with the participation of the Procurement Division and the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat. It is indicated that a report, including any revisions to the agreement reflecting the result of the negotiations, would be submitted to the General Assembly, in accordance with established procedures. The Committee trusts that the negotiations will lead to the most favourable terms for the Organization.", "III.13 The estimated requirements relating to the members of the Court amount to $13,535,800 for 2012-2013, covering honorariums and other entitlements of the judges, as well as pensions of former judges and surviving spouses. The increase of $99,200, as compared to the resources approved for 2010-2011, reflects increased pension costs associated with the retirement of two judges in 2010.", "III.14 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed.", "Section 8 Legal affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $44,503,500^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $45,396,500 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $15,382,600^(b)\nA summary of the Secretary-General’s proposalsfor regular budget posts is contained in table5 of the introduction to the budget. A summaryof the total number of posts by source offunds and grade level is contained in annex Ito the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Includes other assessed resources in theamount of $6,968,400, amending the informationincluded in table 8.5 of theSecretary-General’s fascicle (A/66/6 (Sect.8)) to reflect the decision taken by theGeneral Assembly in its resolution 65/290 onthe support account for peacekeepingoperations, as well as extrabudgetaryresources in the amount of $8,414,200.", "III.15 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 8, before recosting, amount to $44,503,500, representing a decrease of $893,000, or 2.0 per cent, as compared to the resources approved for the 2010-2011 biennium. The decrease is mostly related to non-post requirements, reflecting a reduction in the amount of $1,019,200 as compared to the resources proposed for 2010-2011 of $7,035,300.", "III.16 Table III.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table III.2 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t144\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 7 D-1, 18 P-5,19 P-4, 21 P-3,14 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL), 48 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t144\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 7 D-1, 18 P-5,19 P-4, 21 P-3,14 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL), 48 GS (OL)Redeployments\t4\t2 GS (PL) from the Treaty Section,one each to the Codification Divisionand to the Division for Ocean Affairsand the Law of the Sea \n 2 GS (OL) to the Treaty Section, onefrom the Codification Division andone from the Division for OceanAffairs and the Law of the Sea\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t25\t2 D-1, 6 P-5, 9 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 6 GS(OL)^(a)", "^(a) Including 15 posts funded under other assessed resources, amending the information included in table 31.5 of A/66/6 (Sect. 31) to reflect the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations, and 10 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "III.17 The resources proposed for posts of $38,487,400 would cover the costs relating to the continuation of 144 regular budget posts shown in table III.2. The increase of $126,200, compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011, primarily relates to the delayed impact of one post (P-3) approved in 2010-2011. The resources also reflect adjustments resulting from the redeployment of four posts within the programme of work component, in line with the Office’s efforts to rationalize and optimize staff distribution according to needs and priorities, as well as the anticipated expansion in substantive areas. Two General Service (Principal level) posts are proposed to be transferred from the Treaty Section under subprogramme 6, one each to the Codification Division under subprogramme 3, to help meet the substantive and increasing work demands in connection with the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law, and to the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea under subprogramme 4, to increase support and assistance to the Division, including in the conduct of research on assigned law of the sea issues, and for specialized documentation and legal publications and other specialized material. In exchange, two General Service (Other level) posts would be transferred, one each from subprogramme 3 and subprogramme 4, to subprogramme 6, Custody, registration and publication of treaties. It is stated that the realignment reflects greater reliance on the digital media and computerized work processes required to expedite the delivery of treaty-related information to Member States and its dissemination on the Internet. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed four redeployments.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "III.18 The non-post resources of $6,016,100 reflect a decrease of $1,019,200 or 14.5 per cent, which is distributed among all objects of expenditure, compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $7,035,300.", "III.19 Requirements for contractual services amount to $1,805,900, before recosting, reflecting a reduction of $433,500 compared to the 2010-2011 appropriation. This is due to decreases in the resources for data-processing services ($211,700) attributable to the transition from the development and design phase to the maintenance phase of two recent applications and systems in use in the Office of Legal Affairs; a change in the service-level agreement for office automation equipment from level B to C (a reduction of $142,600), on the basis of the number of service calls made over the past years and the internal capability of the Office to rely on its own capacity for first-level support; training requirements for staff in the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea ($40,000) relating to Geographic Information Systems, the costs of which are now shared with other departments; and reduced rates for supporting data-processing services and infrastructure, primarily with respect to back-up and storage costs ($39,200).", "III.20 The resources of $700,900 proposed for travel of staff reflect a decrease of $372,200 compared to the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is mostly due to the proposed reduction in resources for travel of staff in relation to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) from $290,800 in 2010-2011 to $16,600 for 2012-2013, on the basis that UNICTRAL would hold its meetings in Vienna, instead of alternately in Vienna and New York; as well as reductions under all subprogrammes, with the exception of subprogramme 2, as a result of greater use of video-conferencing as an alternative to travel, whenever possible.", "III.21 The Advisory Committee notes that the Commission, which concluded its forty-fourth session on 8 July 2011, considered the proposal to hold all its sessions in Vienna and decided to maintain the long-standing practice of holding sessions alternately in Vienna and New York, while reducing the time budgeted for meetings of UNCITRAL and its working groups from 15 to 14 weeks. This reduction would roughly achieve the savings indicated in paragraph III.20 above. Since the decision of the Commission requires endorsement by the General Assembly, in accordance with established procedure, the Advisory Committee recommends that updated financial information on the anticipated savings be provided to the Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed budget for 2012-2013.", "III.22 The Advisory Committee notes that the resources in the amount of $2,019,200 proposed for travel of representatives in relation to the work of the International Law Commission reflect an increase of $119,200. The resources would cover the travel and subsistence allowance of the Chairman ($50,000) and the 33 members of the Commission ($1,969,200). The Committee recalls that, as from the year 2000, as mandated by the General Assembly and unless decided otherwise by the Assembly, the Commission holds 10 to 11-week split annual sessions in Geneva.", "III.23 The Advisory Committee was informed that while, in the past, it had been possible to absorb funding shortfalls through redeployment from other areas of the budget, there was no scope to alleviate any such shortfall in the future. Upon enquiry, the Committee was also informed that the estimates for travel and related costs for 10-week split sessions in Geneva amount to $2,337,400 per biennium. The calculation is based on historical attendance records of around 80 per cent and using the Geneva daily subsistence allowance rate, plus 40 per cent of $494, and an average airfare of $3,400. The Committee was further informed that, should the sessions not be split, the associated costs per biennium would amount to $1, 985,200. The Committee encourages the Office of Legal Affairs to consult with the members of the International Law Commission to determine if there are alternative ways to rationalize costs and achieve possible savings.", "General comments and recommendations", "Subprogramme 4, Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs", "III.24 At the time of the Advisory Committee’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the Committee learned that the Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea had adopted a decision, at its twenty-first meeting, increasing the number of weeks of meetings of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, in order to allow more effective consideration of submissions received (see SPLOS/229 of 16 June 2011, paras. 1 and 2). The Committee expects that, should the General Assembly subsequently approve any increase in the work-weeks of the Commission, any related resources required will be dealt with by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, in accordance with established procedure.", "Publications", "III.25 Information on recurrent and non-recurrent publications is provided in the presentation for each subprogramme. The Advisory Committee notes that most of the publications are issued in printed form. The Committee was informed that the Office was increasingly resorting to electronic form for the publication for some of its outputs. It was also discussing the possibility of generating revenue for online versions, hard copies and DVDs. The Committee has commented on the issue of publications in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee welcomes the Office’s initiative to look at means for generating revenue for its publications and encourages it to further adapt and tailor its publications to interested users, including through the use of electronic means, whenever possible.", "Cost-sharing arrangements for services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs in the area of the administration of justice", "III.26 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 8, the Advisory Committee was informed that the arrangements for sharing the costs of services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs to the funds and programmes in the area of the administration of justice had yet to be finalized. As a result, the Office was diverting regular budget funds to meet costs arising from extrabudgetary activities. The Advisory Committee expects that the Secretary-General will finalize a cost-sharing arrangement with the funds and programmes for the services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs on a headcount basis, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/228, and that he will report on the outcome to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Part IV International cooperation for development", "Section 9 Economic and social affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $148,820,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $152,535,500 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $150,878,100 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 9 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $148,820,100 before recosting, representing a decrease of $3,715,400, or 2.4 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.5). Table IV.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t505\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 9 D-2, 31 D-1, 64 P-5, 89P-4, 64 P 3,43 P-2/1, 33 GS (PL), 169 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t495\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 9 D-2, 31 D-1, 63 P-5, 88P-4, 65 P 3,42 P-2/1, 33 GS (PL), 161 GS (OL)\n New posts 2 2 P-3, Statistics Division \nAbolitions\t12\t1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3. 1 P-2 and 8 GS (OL)under subprogrammes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and10\nRedeployments\t5\tThree posts to executive direction andmanagement (1 D-1 from subprogramme 5, 1P-4 from subprogramme 8, and 1 GS (PL)from programme support)\n Two posts from executive direction andmanagement (1 P-3 to subprogramme 8 and1 GS (OL) to programme support)\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t26\t2 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 10GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.2 The Advisory Committee was provided with clarification concerning the number of 505 regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.2), whereas 545 regular budget posts were reflected for the same biennium in document A/64/6 (Sect. 9). The Committee was informed that, initially, the Secretary-General proposed 545 regular budget posts for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/64/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.2). The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/244, approved the Secretary-General’s proposal and, in paragraph 77 of resolution 64/243, the Assembly decided to establish two additional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-4) under section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 to provide programme support to the Development Account, making a total of 547 posts. Subsequently, under the terms of Assembly resolutions 64/289 and 65/259, 42 posts were transferred from section 9 to section 37, UN-Women, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. Thus, the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 9)) correctly indicates the number of 505 as the approved level of regular budget posts under section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The report of the Secretary-General on the revised proposal for the use of regular budget resources for the normative support functions of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) (A/65/531) provides details on the transfer of resources, including the 42 posts from section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011.", "IV.3 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as of 30 April 2011, there were 27 vacant posts in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 2 P-4, 6 P-3, 6 P-2/1, 1 General Service (Other level) and 9 General Service (Principal level)). The Committee notes that a significant number of these posts had remained vacant for a period of over six months by that date. The Committee expects that the vacancies will be filled expeditiously.", "New posts", "IV.4 The establishment of two new P-3 posts is proposed under subprogramme 5, Statistics, in connection with the functions previously provided under a contractual arrangement with the International Computing Centre. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that funding for the contractual arrangement with the Centre was made available through a biennial grant. The Committee was also informed that the need for Geneva-based technical support for mainframe servers was eventually eliminated when the Department of Economic and Social Affairs moved all of its mainframe applications to New York-based server operations. With this reduced level of service requirements, the only remaining support received from the Centre was on-site support provided by its two seconded P-3 staff. The Centre then decided that this arrangement was no longer practical and that it would terminate the arrangement for on-site support to the Department. In 2010, as an interim measure, funds were redeployed from grants and contributions to general temporary assistance to provide the required support. The redeployment allowed the Department to quickly recruit two short-term staff members at the P-3 level to ensure continuity of the required on-site technical support until the end of 2011. It was also indicated to the Committee that the staffing arrangement could no longer be appropriately funded under general temporary assistance and should be regularized, as the underlying requirement for the on-site technical support was long-term in nature and had been established since 1970.", "IV.5 The Advisory Committee was provided, upon request, with a comparative analysis of the requirements associated with the contractual arrangements with the International Computing Centre for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, estimates for 2010‑2011, and the cost of two P-3 posts for 2012-2013 and 2014-2015, as follows:", "Requirements 2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015", "Payments to the $712 599 $798 648 $908 International Computing 000^(a) Centre", "Cost of 2 P-3 posts $312 $564 400^(b) 800^(c)", "^(a) Reflecting estimated requirement prior to the termination of the contract.", "^(b) New posts.", "^(c) Continuing posts.", "IV.6 The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated cost of two new P-3 posts would be more than offset by a reduction under grants and contributions (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), para. 9.14 (c) (iv)). The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal to establish two new P-3 posts for the Statistics Division.", "Abolitions", "IV.7 As indicated in para. 9.14 of the proposed budget, 12 posts are proposed for abolition, as the result of an effort to rationalize the post structure, as follows: 1 P-4 post under subprogramme 1, Economic and Social Council support and coordination; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 3, Social policy and development; 1 P-5 post under subprogramme 4, Sustainable development; 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 5, Statistics; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 7, Development policy and analysis; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management; and 1 General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 10, Financing for development. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that two of the 12 posts proposed for abolition correspond to subprogrammes where the establishment of posts at the same level was previously approved by the General Assembly in resolution 63/260 (1 P-4 post under subprogramme 1 and 1 P-3 post under subprogramme 5).", "IV.8 The Advisory Committee recalls that, as indicated in paragraph 9.8 of the proposed budget, the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved 13 posts in response to requirements identified by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs as being critical to improving the effective and efficient delivery of the mandates of development-related activities. Five of the 13 posts have been transferred to the newly established entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women, UN-Women, and the remaining eight posts have been assigned to their respective offices and subprogrammes within the Department. Information on the distribution of the remaining eight posts between offices and subprogrammes is contained in paragraphs 9.9 and 9.10 of the proposed budget. The Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Redeployments", "IV.9 The redeployment of five posts is proposed: the inward redeployment of three posts to executive direction and management (1 D-1 post from subprogramme 5, Statistics, 1 P-4 post from subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management, and 1 General Service (Principal level) post from programme support) and the outward redeployment of two posts from executive direction and management (1 P-3 post to subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management, and 1 General Service (Other level) post to programme support).", "IV.10 As indicated in the proposed budget, the redeployment of three posts to executive direction and management is intended to strengthen the Strategic Planning Unit and to support the Department-wide programme management, monitoring and evaluation activities overseen centrally by the Office of the Under-Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 9), paras. 9.14 (b) and 9.43). The Advisory Committee notes that the Strategic Planning Unit aims to better and more effectively assist the Under-Secretary-General in specific strategic planning processes, targeting three areas: (i) pursuing substantive strategic priorities; (ii) enhancing interdivisional cooperation and enabling Department-wide strategic reviews and actions, particularly on cross-cutting issues; and (iii) engaging stakeholders, including Member States and key strategic partners in the Secretariat and United Nations system (ibid., para. 9.9). The Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in paragraph 24 of its resolution 57/300, welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to strengthen the management capacity of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, inter alia by establishing a policy planning unit. The Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments, including those for the Strategic Planning Unit.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.11 The estimate of $14,651,000 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $1,895,600 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The net decrease reflects reductions under most objects of expenditure, including $242,800 under consultants, mainly as a consequence of the increased use of in-house expertise, where possible; $104,700 under experts, resulting mainly from concerted efforts to combine meetings or reduce the number of experts and the duration of meetings, whenever possible; $121,200 under travel of staff, mainly attributable to increased utilization of video conferencing, combining trips and/or reducing the duration of travel as much as possible; $460,800 under contractual services, primarily owing to increased utilization of electronic means of disseminating publications; $111,000 under furniture and equipment, reflecting reduced requirements for the replacement of furniture and office equipment resulting from extending the lifespan of furniture and equipment; and $781,600 under grants and contributions, mainly owing to the termination of the contract with the International Computing Centre. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Publications", "IV.12 The proposed budget indicates that the reduction in the number of publications from 483 during the biennium 2010-2011 to 432 for the next biennium results from the increased utilization of electronic means, whenever possible for the issuance of non-recurrent publications (A/66/6 (Sect. 9), para. 9.12). Additionally, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department is a member of a working group headed by the Department of Public Information and the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, established in 2010 to examine the entire publishing process in the United Nations Secretariat and to find ways to make it more efficient by: (i) combining publications; (ii) conducting an analysis of the need for a publication; and (iii) increased use of website publishing, with a view to reducing printed publications. These measures will be implemented out as soon as the recommendations of the working group have been accepted. It was also explained to the Committee that while consideration is being given to printing on demand as a viable mechanism for controlling printing costs, and to printing in locations that are cost-effective and easily accessible by target audiences, the Department currently uses the Organization’s procurement process to identify the most competitive vendors to print its publications. The Committee welcomes the emphasis being placed by the Secretariat on exploring various options for reducing the cost of publications. The Committee stresses that best practices in the printing of publications should be shared across all duty stations of the Secretariat (see also chap. I above). The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.13 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $150,878,100, as compared to $163,547,900 for 2010-2011, a decrease of approximately 7.7 per cent. The extrabudgetary resources will supplement regular budget resources to finance substantive and technical cooperation activities, including consultancies, expert groups, travel, technical advisory services, training, workshops, seminars and field projects. As indicated in paragraph 9.17 of the proposed budget, the decrease in extrabudgetary resources results from: (i) the conclusion of extrabudgetary-funded projects in the biennium 2010-2011; and (ii) lack of commitments on the part of donors to extend funding arrangements in the biennium 2012-2013, in view of the current global financial situation. The Committee notes that the number of extrabudgetary posts will decrease from 28, during the current biennium, to 26 for the biennium 2012-2013. In view of the significant reduction in extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee cautions that funding for the extrabudgetary posts of the Department may not be assured. The Department should take measures to broaden its donor base, which may contribute to increasing extrabudgetary resources.", "Section 10 Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $6,665,500^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $7,406,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $1,486,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "IV.14 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 10 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $6,665,500 before recosting, representing a decrease of $740,600, or 10.0 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 10), table 10.5). Table IV.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.2 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \nApproved for2010-2011\t18\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 2P-3, 1 P-2, 4 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t18\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 2P-3, 1 P-2, 4 GS (OL)", "IV.15 No additional posts are being requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed staffing table.", "IV.16 The General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, provided the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States with three additional P-4 posts. The Advisory Committee was informed that all three additional P-4 posts had been filled and, as of 31 March 2011, there was only one P-3 post vacant. The Committee trusts that the vacancy will be filled expeditiously.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.17 The estimate of $772,300 for non-post resources for 2012-2013, which reflects a net decrease of $740,600 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, is attributable to: (i) a reduction of $692,900 as a result of the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for general temporary assistance for the preparation of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; (ii) a reduction of $45,700 under travel of staff, due to the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for travel of staff to service the regional preparatory meetings for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; (iii) a reduction of $4,800 under furniture and equipment, resulting from the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for furniture and equipment for the preparation of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; and (iv) an increase of $2,800 under contractual services for Citrix licences for business continuity. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Publications", "IV.18 It is estimated that the number of non-recurrent publications to be issued during the biennium 2012-2013 will increase from one for the current biennium to eight (see A/66/6 (Sect. 10), table 10.3). Upon enquiry, the Secretariat clarified that although one non-recurrent publication had been previously planned for the biennium 2010-2011, 10 non-recurrent publications are now envisaged to be issued in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. Thus, the number of proposed non-recurrent publications (8) to be issued for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects a decrease in non-recurrent publications, when compared to the number of non-recurrent publications (10) envisaged currently for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Outcome of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "IV.19 The Advisory Committee notes that the projected decrease in the estimated requirements for the next biennium under this budget section is mainly attributable to the discontinuation of the one-time provision for the preparation and completion of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. The Committee was informed that the Conference, which was held in Istanbul in May 2011, adopted a comprehensive, ambitious and results-oriented 10-year Istanbul Programme of Action and the Istanbul Declaration that was mutually agreed upon by the least developed countries and development partners, including donor countries, developing countries, parliamentarians, the private sector, civil society and international financial and development institutions. The Committee was further informed that assessment is currently under way in order to determine the most effective means of addressing the outcome of the Conference; when the assessment is complete, the Secretary-General will submit a report on the outcome of the Conference and the related programme budget implication, if any, for consideration by the General Assembly. The Committee trusts that the report of the Secretary-General will be submitted in a timely manner during the main part of the forthcoming sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "Role of the Office of the High Representative", "IV.20 The Advisory Committee notes that the Under-Secretary-General continues to be responsible for three functions: High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (sect. 10); acting Special Adviser on Africa for United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) (sect. 11); and representative to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (sect. 12) at high-level meetings and functions taking place at United Nations Headquarters.", "IV.21 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 10), para. 10.9), in 2008, the Secretary-General realigned, on an experimental basis, the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States.", "IV.22 The Advisory Committee reiterates its observations on section 10 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the current arrangements, whereby the High Representative is given the responsibility of handling three separate functions, could adversely affect the work of the Office (see A/64/7, para. IV.27). The related comments and observations on this matter are also contained in sections 11 and 12 below.", "Section 11 United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $12,641,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $12,641,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $1,460,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.23 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 11 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $12,641,000, i.e. at the maintenance level of the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 11), table 11.6). Table IV.3 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.3 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \nApproved for2010-2011\t35\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 4 P-5, 7 P-4,10 P-3, 1 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 1 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t35\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 4 P-5, 7 P-4,10 P-3, 1 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 1 LL", "IV.24 No additional posts are being requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed staffing table.", "IV.25 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.13), the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa has filled all the posts (2 P-3 and 1 P-4) provided to it under the terms of General Assembly resolution 63/260, on development-related activities. The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that there were five vacancies in this budget section as of May 2011, comprising 1 USG, 1 P-4 and 3 P-3 posts, which became vacant as follows: 1 USG post as of 1 May 2007, 1 P-4 post as of 22 June 2010, 1 P-3 post as of 7 March 2011, 1 P-3 post as of 1 April 2010, 1 P-3 post as of 1 July 2009. The Committee’s comments and observations with regard to the vacant USG post are contained in paras. IV.29 and IV.30 below. The Committee trusts that the remaining vacancies will be filled expeditiously.", "IV.26 The Advisory Committee notes that the second performance report of the Secretary-General on the programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/64/545) reflects a reduction in requirements under section 11 of the budget which is due, in part, to the vacant USG post. While the report of the Secretary-General did not include specific information on the vacancy, the Committee noted the vacancy in table 1 of its report (A/64/574). Since the vacancy has not yet been filled, the Committee expects that detailed information on the vacancy will be included in the second performance report of the Secretary-General for the biennium 2010‑2011.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.27 No additional non-post resources are being requested for the biennium 2012‑2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments", "Monitoring mechanism", "IV.28 The Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 11.13 of the proposed budget that, with the increased human resources (see para. IV.25 above), the Office has been better placed to monitor Africa’s development needs and, in particular, progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and the commitments made by both African countries and the donor community, in the context of the improved monitoring mechanism that was submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session. The Advisory Committee was informed, in this connection, that Member States had requested the President of the General Assembly to continue informal consultations on the nature, scope, priorities and institutional arrangements for a monitoring mechanism that builds on existing mechanisms, as well as on the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General, with a view to making the monitoring mechanism operational by the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The Committee was further informed that the President of the General Assembly was about to appoint a facilitator for the necessary intergovernmental negotiations who will seek to bring Member States to a consensus on the way forward with regard to the monitoring mechanism, possibly during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The Committee notes that the Policy Analysis and Monitoring Unit is currently responsible for assessing and monitoring progress in implementing NEPAD and the related support provided by the international community. While the Committee looks forward to a successful completion of the intergovernmental negotiations on a monitoring mechanism, it is of the view that increased attention should be paid to further improving the effectiveness of the Policy Analysis and Monitoring Unit, which is currently headed by a D-1 staff member and has nine posts (1 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 3 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)).", "Post of Special Adviser on Africa", "IV.29 As indicated in paragraph 11.8 of the proposed budget, the Secretary-General initiated in 2008, on an experimental basis, the realignment of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General intends to provide an assessment of the impact of the experiment for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (see also A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.9). The Committee looks forward to receiving the Secretary-General’s assessment on this issue.", "IV.30 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/236, inter alia called upon the Secretary-General to urgently fill the position of Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa as a matter of priority. In its resolution 63/260, the Assembly, inter alia decided not to abolish the post of Special Adviser on Africa, a decision it reaffirmed in its resolution 64/243. The Committee notes that, despite the above-mentioned decision of the General Assembly on this matter, the Secretary-General has not yet filled the post. In this regard, the Committee reiterates its observation on section 11 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the post of Special Adviser on Africa must be filled expeditiously (A/64/7, para. IV.34). Related comments and observations of the Committee on this issue are also contained in sections 10 and 12.", "Section 12 Trade and development", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$135,478,600^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $136,629,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $75,830,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "IV.31 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 12 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $135,478,600 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,151,200, or 0.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 12), table 12.5). Table IV.4 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.4 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t400\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 6 D-2, 20 D-1, 48 P-5,61 P-4, 74 P-3, 32 P-2/1, 12 GS(PL), 145 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t399\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 6 D-2, 20 D-1, 48 P-5,61 P-4, 74 P-3, 32 P-2/1, 12 GS(PL), 144 GS (OL)Redeployments\t16\t14 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-2and 6 GS (OL)) from programmesupport to executive direction andmanagement 1 P-3 from subprogramme 2 tosubprogramme 4 \n 1 P-2 from subprogramme 4 tosubprogramme 2\nAbolitions\t1\t1 GS (OL) post under programmesupport\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t21\t2 D-1, 1 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 4 P-2/1 and10 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.32 The Advisory Committee notes that the redeployment of 14 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-2 and 6 GS (OL)) from programme support to executive direction and management is proposed in order to better align the functions of the Office of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD and thus enhance the substantive direction and coordination of the five subprogrammes of UNCTAD in the aftermath of the global economic crisis and its continuing impact on the world economy and on developing countries in particular (A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.19 (b)). In this context, it is proposed to redeploy the D-2 post of the Director, Division of Management to the Office of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD in the capacity of Coordinator on Research, Strategic Policy Planning and Capacity-Building, together with one General Service (Other level) post providing secretarial support. The Committee was informed that the redeployment of a D-2 post to executive direction and management is proposed to provide substantive leadership in management and coordination of the cross-cutting activities related to research. It was also indicated to the Committee that the management of programme support would not be adversely affected by the redeployment of a D-2 post and that key oversight responsibilities are now entrusted to the Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD. It is also proposed to redeploy 10 posts (2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1 P-2 and 5 General Service (Other level)) comprising the Communications, Information and Outreach Section, with the same functions as in programme support; and 1 P-4 and 1 P-2 post for the performance of evaluation and monitoring functions. In addition, 1 P-2 and 1 P-3 post would be redeployed between subprogrammes 2 and 4, to correct an earlier oversight whereby two posts authorized for redeployment during the biennium 2010-2011 were inadvertently inverted. The Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "IV.33 The Secretary-General also proposes the abolition of one General Service (Other level) post under programme support. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposal is in line with its observation in respect of the continuing need for General Service posts in the Division of Management. The Committee noted that, out of the total 95 posts of the Division, 60 posts were in the General Service category (see A/64/7, para. IV.46). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the functions of all General Service posts in the Division were examined during the preparation of the budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013 and, as a result, given that the functions of the concerned General Service post are of a secretarial nature, it is proposed for abolition. The Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition of one General Service post.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.34 The estimate of $12,367,300 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 represents a net decrease of $914,700 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. Most objects of expenditure reflect reductions in resource requirements, including: $229,800 under other staff costs (general temporary assistance), mainly due to increased reliance on existing capacity to undertake any additional workload; $218,800 under general operating expenses, mainly resulting from expected stable international telecommunications costs in conjunction with stable to lower volume, as well as reduced mail and pouch requirements due to wider use of electronic communications; $154,000 under furniture and equipment, mainly due to the efforts to adjust replacement plans; $102,800 under consultants, as a result of increased utilization of in-house expertise; $96,300 under supplies and materials, relating mainly to reduced requirements for printed material, as a result of increased use of electronic means; $67,800 under grants and contributions, mainly due to the reconfiguration of infrastructure services outsourced through the International Computing Centre and the United Nations Office at Geneva, and $33,600 under contractual services, resulting mainly from the increased use of web-based products and of paperless data processing applications, electronic templates and e-mail.", "IV.35 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts of UNCTAD to achieve efficiencies and recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "IV.36 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.17), the Secretary-General proposes the redeployment of the Evaluation and Monitoring Unit from programme support back to executive direction and management. This is intended to restore the focus of monitoring and evaluation on substantive programme delivery. The Advisory Committee was provided with additional information on the rationale for reverting to the previous structure, where monitoring and evaluation functions were implemented under executive direction and management. According to the information received, when the executive direction and management of UNCTAD was restructured in 2007, its programme planning and monitoring and evaluation functions were combined into the Evaluation and Planning Unit and redeployed to programme support in order to achieve better integration of the oversight, programmatic, budgetary and financial operational management of the UNCTAD secretariat.", "IV.37 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the experience of the last two bienniums showed that while operational integration of programmatic and budgetary aspects, as well as administrative audits and oversight, was satisfactory, the evaluation and monitoring of substantive programme delivery had become a less important aspect of the activities of the Evaluation and Planning Unit. It was also indicated to the Committee that, at the same time, the evaluation of the substantive programme of work had gained prominence within the United Nations system and was also attracting increasing attention from Member States and other stakeholders. Consequently, the evaluation and monitoring functions are proposed for redeployment from programme support back to executive direction and management to form an Evaluation and Monitoring Unit aimed at ensuring a more effective and holistic performance of this essential programme delivery function at the institutional level.", "IV.38 The Advisory Committee supports the proposed change and trusts that the Evaluation and Monitoring Unit will further enhance the capacity of UNCTAD to deliver effectively on its mandates. The Committee looks forward to receiving information on the impact of the redeployment in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "UNCTAD representation in New York", "IV.39 As noted above under sections 10 and 11, the Secretary-General previously designated the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States to serve both as Special Representative of UNCTAD in New York, with the UNCTAD New York Liaison Office placed under the High Representative’s leadership, and as a focal point at United Nations Headquarters for all economic and social issues relating to Africa (see A/62/708, para. 31). The High Representative also serves as acting Special Adviser on Africa. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the UNCTAD New York Office consists of two Professional staff (1 P-5 and 1 P-3) and two General Service staff.", "IV.40 The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the UNCTAD New York Office continues to assist the High Representative in the discharge of his functions as Special Representative to UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters. It was also indicated to the Committee that there was no administrative relationship between UNCTAD and the Office of the High Representative and that resources were not shared between the two offices, with cooperation extending only to substantive areas and representational functions.", "IV.41 Notwithstanding the explanation provided, the Advisory Committee reiterates its observation that, while the mandated work programmes of budget sections 10, 11 and 12 are interlinked, the current arrangements could undermine the dedicated high-level attention necessary to ensure adequate advocacy and mobilization of international support to address the special needs of the groups of Member States served by those mandates (see A/64/7, para. IV.49). The Committee also reiterates its recommendation that the Secretary-General should review the current arrangement of having the High Representative serve also as Special Representative to UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters (ibid.) (see also paras. IV.22 and IV.30 above). In the course of his review, the Secretary-General should propose for consideration by the General Assembly alternative measures for the exercise of representational functions to UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.42 The projected extrabudgetary resources amounting to $75,830,000 represent a decrease of $852,100 in comparison with the biennium 2010-2011. As indicated in the proposed budget (see A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.20), the projected decrease reflects the fact that the extrabudgetary activities of UNCTAD are almost exclusively devoted to country-specific technical cooperation projects that are demand driven and subject to higher funding uncertainty, as well as being cyclical. The Advisory Committee is of the view that UNCTAD should take measures to broaden its donor base, which may contribute to increasing extrabudgetary resources.", "Section 13 International Trade Centre", "IV.43 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in section I of its resolution 59/276, endorsed revised arrangements for preparing the budget of the International Trade Centre (ITC) as set out in the report of the Secretary-General (A/59/405) and recommended by the Committee (A/59/543). Pursuant to that resolution, a proposal in the form of a simplified budget document, in United Nations format, is submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of the World Trade Organization in the second quarter of the year preceding the forthcoming financial period, with a request that both bodies take note of the planned level of resources to be requested. A detailed budget is then submitted to the Assembly and the General Council in the fourth quarter of the same year.", "IV.44 Accordingly, the Secretary-General has submitted a preliminary estimate to accommodate the programme of activities of ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 13)). The estimated requirements for ITC for 2012-2013 amount to SwF 76,141,200 (combined shares of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations), with projected income of SwF 500,000 for the biennium. On that basis, the contribution from the World Trade Organization and the United Nations would amount to SwF 38,070,600 each for the biennium 2012-2013. It is indicated that the proposed contribution of each organization for the biennium 2012-2013, amounting to $32,790,400 before recosting, represents an increase of $997,100, or 3.14 per cent, over the 2010-2011 appropriation of $31,793,300 (at an exchange rate of SwF 1.085 to 1 United States dollar).", "IV.45 The proposed overall requirements for section 13 for the biennium 2012-2013, amounting to SwF 76,141,200, would comprise:", "(a) An amount of SwF 59,526,700 for 164 posts, including the continuation of 162 posts (91 Professional and 71 General Service) and the conversion of two positions (1 P-4 and 1 P-2) previously funded under general temporary assistance to established posts;", "(b) An amount of SwF 909,600 for the delayed impact of eight Professional posts (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-2) approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and an amount of SwF 172,200 for the delayed impact of two posts (1 P-4, 1 P-2) previously funded under general temporary assistance in the same biennium;", "(c) An amount of SwF 16,032,700 for non-post requirements, reflecting a decrease of SwF 601,700 for the two positions funded under general temporary assistance proposed for conversion to established posts.", "IV.46 The Advisory Committee was informed that the delivery of trade-related technical assistance had grown by 23 per cent since 2008, reaching $40 million in 2011, with a further increase to $44 million being the target for 2011. ITC has completed the process of change management undertaken to realign its organizational structure to meet delivery requirements; changes will be documented in the detailed budget estimates (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), para. 13.6; see also A/64/7/Add.10, para. 5). In this connection, the Committee was further informed that ITC is committed to ensuring that all future projects have clear goals and rationale, approved workplans and budgets, and methods of measuring success, and that monitoring reports will be submitted regularly to senior management.", "IV.47 The Advisory Committee also notes that the Joint Advisory Group, which is the main intergovernmental policymaking organ of the Centre, endorsed the ITC strategic plan (2010-2012) and the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, at its forty-third annual meeting, in December 2009, and that the proposed level of resources for 2012-2013 has been formulated on the basis of the strategic framework approved by the General Assembly (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), para. 13.6). The Joint Advisory Group also reviews the programme of work of ITC annually. In this connection, the Committee was informed that, at its most recent meeting, in December 2010, the Joint Advisory Group expressed its support for the proposal to convert the two positions provided under general temporary assistance funding to posts.", "IV.48 As indicated in the initial resource estimates (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), paras. 13.10 and 13.11), a detailed proposal for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted to the General Assembly and to the General Council of WTO in the fourth quarter of 2011. This will include information on the budgetary implications for ITC related to the implementation of IPSAS and the enterprise resource planning system (Umoja) and take into account any further adjustments deemed necessary to reflect the latest exchange rates to ensure consistency with the administrative arrangements for ITC, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 59/276. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the preparation for implementation of IPSAS and Umoja was proceeding in coordination with the United Nations. With regard to IPSAS, ITC is progressing with the training of staff and the cleaning up of property and inventory records; discussions are also currently ongoing with the United Nations Secretariat as to the need to accommodate the use of the Swiss franc as the ITC budget currency in the design of Umoja, and the resulting costs associated with its implementation. Any additional or incremental associated costs will therefore be included in the detailed proposal.", "IV.49 The Advisory Committee recalls that the ITC budget is approved in Swiss francs and that expenditure is recorded in the same currency. Currency fluctuations can affect cash flow since the United Nations share is budgeted in United States dollars and is subject to adjustment in performance reports. The Committee was informed that WTO has informally indicated that it is prepared to advance its share of the ITC budget in the event of cash flow problems and that the issue is highlighted in the simplified fascicle, given the recent fluctuations in the United States dollar exchange rates.", "IV.50 Without prejudice to its consideration of the detailed proposed programme budget for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly take note of the resources proposed in the preliminary budget estimate, including the request for conversion of the two positions (1 P-4, 1 P-2) currently funded under general temporary assistance to established posts.", "Section 14 Environment", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $14,124,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $14,211,300 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $475,609,300 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.51 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 14 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $14,124,400 before recosting, representing a decrease of $86,900, or 0.6 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 14), table 14.5). Table IV.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.5 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t48\t1 USG, 3 D-2, 1 D-1, 8 P-5, 11 P-4, 5P-3, 2 P‑2, 1 GS (PL), 5 GS (OL), 11 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t48\t1 USG, 3 D-2, 1 D-1, 8 P-5, 11 P-4, 5P-3, 2 P‑2, 1 GS (PL), 5 GS (OL), 11 LL\nRedeployments\t4\t2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 LL from “Executivedirection and management” to the newcomponent “Programme support”\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t545\t1 ASG, 5 D-2, 34 D-1, 62 P-5, 170 P-4/3,24 P-2/1, 249 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.52 The Secretary-General proposes the transfer of the Quality Assurance Section from executive direction and management to programme support, which entails the redeployment of four posts (2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 Local level) to programme support (see also paras. IV.61 to IV.63 below). The Committee recommends approval of the proposed redeployments.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.53 The proposed estimate of $957,100 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $232,700 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is attributable to reduced requirements for consultants ($54,200), travel of staff ($40,000), contractual services ($6,500), general operating expenses ($66,100), hospitality ($15,600), supplies and materials ($10,000), as well as furniture and equipment ($40,300). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.54 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $461,242,500, as compared to $433,725,200 for 2010-2011, an increase of approximately 6.3 per cent. The projected extrabudgetary resources represent approximately 97 per cent of the overall estimated resource requirements of UNEP for the biennium 2012-2013. As indicated in paragraph 14.30 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 14)), the projected resource requirements for 2012-2013 are based on: (a) the confidence expressed by Member States in the UNEP programme of work, and hence the expectation of an increase in the contribution to the Environment Fund; (b) the projected increase in trust funds directly supporting the UNEP programme of work; and (c) the increase in earmarked contributions as a result of the expected normal growth in that area of support.", "IV.55 The Advisory Committee emphasizes the importance of voluntary contributions for the implementation of programmes of activity of UNEP and welcomes the intention of the management of the Programme to increase its efforts to generate extrabudgetary resources.", "IV.56 A total of 545 extrabudgetary posts represents an overall decrease of 57 posts (29 Professional and 28 Local level posts) compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes the reduction in extrabudgetary posts, which reflects, inter alia, the Committee’s observation and comments included in its report on the proposed biennial programme and support budget for UNEP for the biennium 2010-2011 (UNEP/GC.25/12/Add.1).", "Matrix management approach", "IV.57 As indicated in paragraph 14.22 of the proposed budget, in response to lessons learned during previous bienniums, UNEP introduced, during the biennium 2010-2011, a matrix management approach to the implementation of its programme of work and budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 14.23 of the budget proposal that OIOS found in its 2010 audit of governance that, while the UNEP matrix approach to programme management had generally been welcomed, including by Member States, there was a real need for clarity as regards the “assigning of authority, responsibility and accountability of the various divisions and staff members involved in the implementation of subprogrammes”. The findings also included the observation that reporting lines in the new matrix approach were complex and staff members had yet to learn how to implement a single programme cutting across the six divisions.", "IV.58 The Secretary-General indicates in paragraphs 14.23 and 14.24 of the proposed budget that, in order to ensure management accountability for the delivery of its six cross-cutting subprogrammes, UNEP has adopted a new and simplified Programme Accountability Framework which describes the responsibilities of divisions with respect to the results required under the programmes of work for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and outputs). Furthermore, consultation and coordination mechanisms were also established through a Programme Advisory Group and a Project Review Committee. UNEP has also appointed coordinators for each subprogramme, who are responsible for ensuring coherence, coordination, programme performance monitoring and reporting at the subprogramme level.", "IV.59 The Advisory Committee notes that the organizational structure of the Programme includes the UNEP Evaluation Office, which reports directly to the Executive Director in order to ensure objective evaluation of the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the activities of UNEP in relation to its approved programme of work. Paragraph 14.44 of the proposed budget describes the main functions of the Office, which include evaluating the extent to which the implementation by UNEP of its programme of work has achieved the planned results. The Office also coordinates UNEP activities related to the Joint Inspection Unit. On the basis of the evaluation findings, the Evaluation Office provides policy advice for improved programme planning and implementation. The findings are communicated through the Executive Director to the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the Governing Council, in accordance with the UNEP evaluation policy.", "IV.60 The Advisory Committee trusts that careful attention will be given to the OIOS recommendations and that information on the action taken will be provided in the next budget submission.", "Programme support", "IV.61 A new component, “programme support”, is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 for the Office for Operations established during the current biennium. The Quality Assurance Section, comprising four regular budget posts (2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 LL posts), the Corporate Services Section and the Resource Mobilization Section, previously included under executive direction and management, are now included under programme support, to be managed, integrated and coordinated by the Office for Operations.", "IV.62 The Advisory Committee was informed that the main functions of the three sections of the Office for Operations are as follows: (i) the Quality Assurance Section is directly responsible for driving and supporting UNEP results-based management reforms and other corporate change-management processes. The section oversees the performance of UNEP strategic planning, programme and project review and approval processes, programme analysis, performance monitoring and reporting and management policy development; (ii) the Corporate Services Section is responsible for the strategic management of the Programme’s budgetary, financial and personnel resources and general administration, including the management of the staffing table and the project portfolio. The section is also responsible for monitoring, management and reporting on the status of contributions and budget performance; and (iii) the Resource Mobilization Section is responsible for facilitating, supporting and coordinating the resource mobilization efforts undertaken by UNEP programme managers, with the aim of securing adequate and predictable funding for the six UNEP subprogrammes, in particular through the Environment Fund and trust funds and earmarked contributions.", "IV.63 The Advisory Committee trusts that the establishment of the Office for Operations will further enhance the capacity of the Programme to deliver effectively on its mandates. The Committee looks forward to reviewing the effectiveness of the new component in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Section 15 Human settlements", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $20,201,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $20,564,700 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $370,776,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "IV.64 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 15 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $20,201,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $363,700, or 1.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 15), table 15.5). Table IV.6 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.6 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t75\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 16 P-4,14 P-3, 5 P-2/1, 2 GS (OL), 23 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t75\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 16 P-4,14 P-3, 5 P-2/1, 2 GS (OL), 23 LL Redeployments 8 Inward redeployments: 3 LL posts to executive directionand management 5 posts (2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 2 LL) toprogramme support Outward redeployments: 2 posts (1 P-4 and 1 LL) fromsubprogramme 1, Shelter andsustainable human settlementsdevelopment \n 6 posts (1 P-4, 1 P-2 and 4 LL) fromsubprogramme 2, Monitoring theHabitat Agenda\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t206\t1 ASG, 4 D-2, 11 D-1, 32 P-5, 67P-4/3, 11 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL), 75 LL", "Recommendations on posts", "Redeployments", "IV.65 The proposed redeployments are the following: under executive direction and management, inward redeployment of three posts at the Local level (Press and Media Liaison Assistant, Publications Assistant, and Representation and Protocol Assistant) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda; under subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, outward redeployment of two posts to programme support (1 P-4 Programme Planning and Coordination Officer and 1 Local level Programme Assistant); under subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda, outward redeployment of three posts to programme support (1 P-4 Finance Management Officer, 1 P-3 Programme Management Officer and 1 Local level Administrative Assistant) and three Local level posts to the Office of External Relations under executive direction and management (Press and Media Liaison Assistant, Publications Assistant, and Representation and Protocol Assistant); and, under programme support, inward redeployment of two posts (1 P-4 and 1 LL post) from subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, and three posts (1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 LL posts) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda.", "IV.66 As indicated in paragraph 15.15 (b) (i) and (ii) of the proposed budget, the outward redeployment of two posts to programme support and three posts to the Office of External Relations under executive direction and management is proposed, in line with the Advisory Committee’s recommendations (see A/60/7). The Committee points out, however, that its recommendation in paragraph IV.51 of document A/60/7 deals specifically with monitoring and evaluation functions within UN-Habitat. It is not clear from the budget document whether the redeployment of posts to the Office of External Relations and to programme support will support those functions. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the alignment of posts supports the functions of the Programme Support Division to ensure that activities related to monitoring and evaluation are centrally managed, and that the redeployment of three Local level posts to the Office of External Relations is reflective of the continuous efforts of UN-Habitat to realign its structure with the work programme. The Committee trusts that the proposed redeployment of these five posts will contribute to further strengthening of the monitoring and evaluation functions at UN-Habitat. The Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.67 The proposed estimate of $1,923,900 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $483,900 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The net decrease reflects the combined effect of a reduction of $143,300 under consultants, mainly resulting from improved staff competences from in-house retraining measures as well as a diversification in skill sets as part of the human resource planning strategy; an increase of $25,700 under experts, mainly due to requirements for expert group meetings under subprogramme 3, Regional and technical cooperation, and subprogramme 4, Human settlements financing; a reduction of $92,600 under travel of staff, mainly due to the use of videoconferencing and business process improvements linked to travel, including advance travel planning, as well as the pursuit of more competitive service providers/partnerships; a reduction of $118,900 under contractual services, mainly resulting from the use of in-house editing and design resources, greater use of digital and information technology, including decentralizing the production of publications to enable more publications to be translated into other United Nations languages; a reduction of $104,400 under supplies and materials, due to the automation of various business improvements; and a reduction of $37,300 under furniture and equipment, resulting from delayed replacement of information technology equipment.", "IV.68 Paragraph 15.18 of the proposed budget deals with the initiatives of the UN‑Habitat management to gain or improve efficiency. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that in preparing the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the impact of the efficiency gains was taken into consideration, which results in a substantial decrease in resources for consultants, supplies and materials, contractual services and travel. The Committee commends the efforts of the UN-Habitat management to achieve efficiencies.", "IV.69 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.70 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $370,776,500, as compared to $334,502,100 for 2010‑2011, an increase of approximately 10.8 per cent. The projected extrabudgetary resources represent approximately 95 per cent of the overall estimated resource requirements of UN-Habitat for the biennium 2012-2013. The estimated increase of $36.3 million over the current biennium is attributable mainly to project execution of specific technical country-level activities and to specific activities that are part of the work programme and the mandate of UN-Habitat. The existing arrangements for intergovernmental review and management of those extrabudgetary funds provide for the UN-Habitat Governing Council to approve biennial budgets governing the use of such extrabudgetary resources.", "IV.71 The Advisory Committee notes that the number of extrabudgetary posts projected for the biennium 2012-2013 will be reduced from 227 to 206, or by approximately 9.2 per cent. The Committee also notes that activities implemented under some subprogrammes are funded substantially from extrabudgetary resources. For example, subprogramme 3, Regional and technical cooperation, is implemented by five regular budget posts, including 1 D-2, and by 42 extrabudgetary posts; subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, is implemented by 21 regular budget posts and by 27 extrabudgetary posts, including 1 D-2 post. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the funding of the D‑2 posts in the respective divisions is historical in nature and is not based on the funding structure of the divisions. The Committee was further informed that, in the overall context of the budget proposals, efforts are made to fund core staffing requirements, including those at senior levels, under the regular budget, while maintaining the principle that activities which are operational in nature, including humanitarian and emergency activities and technical cooperation projects, are primarily funded by extrabudgetary funds. The Committee was also informed that recruitment against extrabudgetary posts would not take place until the necessary funding had been secured. The Committee concurs with that position and is of the view that, given the reliance of UN-Habitat on the receipt of extrabudgetary funding to finance the majority of its personnel, a prudent approach should be taken so that staffing is in alignment with the availability of resources.", "Training", "IV.72 The Advisory Committee notes that training programmes are included under executive direction and management as well as under all four subprogrammes to be implemented by UN-Habitat during the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee sought additional information concerning the relationship between the regular budget and extrabudgetary funding of the proposed training programmes. According to the information received, the resource requirements for training are based on the organization’s training plan and are apportioned in line with the number of staff funded from the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources, with the ratio being estimated at 27 per cent and 73 per cent respectively for 2012-2013. The proposed training programme, which is aimed at strengthening staff competencies, is funded primarily through extrabudgetary resources. The Committee was informed that training not only helps to increase efficiency but is also useful in retaining staff at UN-Habitat. As indicated in paragraph 15.34 (c) of the proposed budget, as part of technical cooperation activities funded by both the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources, training courses, seminars and workshops will be provided on an integrated capacity-building programme in results-based planning, programme management, monitoring and evaluation (training seminars, mentoring and systematic on-the-job learning), as well as a media workshop on urbanization for journalists and senior managers. However, no information was provided with regard to the number of United Nations staff and non-United Nations staff participating in training. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the presentation of training activities in the proposed programme budget should clearly indicate two broad categories of targeted audience for training, i.e. staff of the organization and other, non‑staff participants.", "Organizational structure", "IV.73 The Advisory Committee was provided, upon enquiry, with additional information on the programme support functions of the Programme Support Division of UN-Habitat and those undertaken by the Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi. According to the Secretariat, there is no duplication of responsibilities between these two divisions. While the Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi provides the back-end administrative services, inter alia accounting, human resource administration, information technology services, and procurement, the Programme Support Division of UN-Habitat provides the programme management support, focusing on operational field projects, budgetary and financial management for UN‑Habitat programme and project budgets, programme planning and coordination functions, including support to the programme review committee, legal review of agreements with partners, organizational methods, risk management and coordination of the oversight services, among other functions.", "Section 16 International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $41,118,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $39,191,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $476,140,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.74 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 16 amount to $41,118,600 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,927,500, or 4.9 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), table 16.5). The Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 16.14 of his report that the proposed regular budget resources will be complemented by voluntary contributions estimated at $476,140,500 for 2012-2013, comprising general purpose and earmarked funds. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 61/252, the consolidated budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) will be submitted, through the Advisory Committee, to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice for approval at their reconvened sessions in December 2011.", "IV.75 In considering the Secretary-General’s proposals, the Advisory Committee bore in mind paragraph 13 of General Assembly resolution 65/227, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, to devote due attention to the resource requirements for meeting the mandates entrusted to the Office (see also General Assembly resolution 64/243, para. 85).", "IV.76 The Advisory Committee was informed that, following consultations with Member States in 2009, UNODC undertook an internal organizational realignment of the Division for Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs, with the key goals of enabling integrated planning across thematic and regional programmes, achieving synergies between normative and operational activities, improving support for thematic and regional programmes, and strengthening the system of governance. The two divisions were realigned through the establishment of five thematic clusters around the key mandates of the Office: organized crime and illicit trafficking; corruption; terrorism prevention; justice; and drug prevention and health. In addition, the Independent Evaluation Unit was re-established and measures were taken to ensure the sustainability of the Strategic Planning Unit. The organizational realignment was approved by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in the spring of 2010[6] and subsequently approved by the Economic and Social Council and by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/227. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with a summary of the posts redeployed among subprogrammes in the context of the realignment exercise, as well as detailed organization charts by division, branch, section and subprogramme, which are attached at the end of this section.", "IV.77 Table IV.7 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table IV.7 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t122\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 5 D-1, 14 P-5, 28P-4, 25 P-3,14 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 30 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t129\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 7 D-1, 15 P-5, 33P-4, 25 P-3,14 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 29 GS (OL)\n Abolition 1 1 GS (OL) \n New 8 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 5 P-4 \n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t228\t1 D-2, 8 D-1, 13 P-5, 42 P-4/3, 3P-2/1, 7 GS (PL), 67 GS (OL), 18NO, 69 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Executive direction and management", "IV.78 The establishment of a P-4 post is proposed for an Evaluation Officer in the Independent Evaluation Unit to lead, organize and manage in-depth evaluations; develop evaluation policy; manage the dissemination of evaluation reports; align the evaluation portfolio with the strategic direction of UNODC; and develop the capacity of UNODC for self-evaluation (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.58). The proposal for the new post is related to the strengthening of the Independent Evaluation Unit in the context of the above-mentioned realignment exercise (see para. IV.76 above). It is also proposed to redeploy one P-3 Evaluation Officer from subprogramme 4, Justice. The Committee recalls that the P-5 post of the Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit was redeployed to head the Independent Evaluation Unit upon approval by the General Assembly of the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2010 (see A/65/319; A/65/505; General Assembly resolution 65/259). In his report (A/65/319, para. 12), the Secretary-General indicated that the Independent Evaluation Unit was composed of one P-4 and one General Service (Other level) post funded from voluntary contributions, and two Junior Professional Officer posts.", "IV.79 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the evaluation function of UNODC needed to be strengthened in order to ensure adherence to the norms established by the United Nations Evaluation Group for evaluation in the United Nations system, including through building evaluation capacity in the field, providing evaluation training, implementing a tracking system for evaluation recommendations and developing an up-to-date evaluation policy and handbook. Furthermore, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, as well as major donors, had emphasized the need to ensure the Unit’s functional and operational independence. The Office indicated that the addition of regular budget posts in the Independent Evaluation Unit was intended to provide such independence and impartiality, as well as the additional capacity required for normative work which could not yet be undertaken. In the light of the explanations provided, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for the Independent Evaluation Unit. The Committee expects that, should the additional capacity be approved by the General Assembly, it will allow UNODC to enhance its evaluation capabilities in terms of the development of and adherence to relevant norms and standards as well as in the conduct of evaluations and, furthermore, that these enhancements will translate into improved programme implementation. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Subprogramme 1, Countering transnational organized crime and illicit trafficking, including drug trafficking", "IV.80 One P-5 post is proposed for a Senior Programme Manager, New and Emerging Crimes to manage and direct the UNODC cybercrime programme pursuant to additional mandates on cybercrime emanating from the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and General Assembly resolution 65/230. The Secretary-General indicates that cybercrime is currently covered by one staff member on a part-time basis and that a full-time senior staff member is required for UNODC to manage and take the lead in implementing the global plan of action and mobilizing other agencies and institutions to take action (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.66). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Office remained focused on the crime prevention and criminal justice aspects of cybercrime, whereas the technical and security elements of information and communications technology were covered by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). In this connection, UNODC indicated that it had recently concluded with ITU a memorandum of understanding on collaboration, in accordance with commonly agreed goals and the complementary mandates of the two organizations. The Committee was further informed that UNODC had received an increasing number of mandates related to cybercrime from the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly in recent years, including with regard to the provision of support and expertise in this area to developing countries (see General Assembly resolution 65/230). The Office also indicated that the challenges relating to cybercrime and new and emerging crimes were increasingly being faced by developing countries, where the number of Internet users had already surpassed that of the developed nations and was continuing to grow. On the basis of the clarifications provided, the Committee recommends approval of the establishment of a P-5 post to manage and direct the UNODC cybercrime programme.", "IV.81 One P-4 post is proposed for a Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer to lead and coordinate anti-human trafficking work and work on migrant smuggling, pursuant to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008/33 and General Assembly resolution 64/178 and resolution 64/293, by which the Assembly adopted the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.67). The Committee notes that a post for a Research Management Officer for data analysis in relation to trafficking in persons is also requested under subprogramme 6 (see also para. IV.87 below).", "IV.82 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that in paragraph 7 of resolution 64/293 on the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to present proposals to finance the related staffing and programmatic requirements through a reallocation of resources in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee requested further clarification as to the consistency between the proposal for a new P-4 post and the General Assembly’s request. It was informed that, in response to General Assembly resolution 64/293, UNODC had undertaken a careful review of the staffing structure and all established posts under section 16. On the basis of the review, the Office had determined that no vacant or encumbered posts could be redeployed to cover the functions of the two P-4 posts proposed in relation to combating human trafficking and migrant smuggling (one Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer and one Research Management Officer) without adversely affecting the functioning of UNODC. The Committee requested further clarification on the redeployment of one P-4 post from subprogramme 1 to subprogramme 4 in the context of the realignment exercise (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.65). It was informed that the functions of the redeployed P-4 post are not related to the area of human trafficking and migrant smuggling, but to the implementation of the relevant standards and norms in the area of crime prevention and criminal justice.", "IV.83 The Advisory Committee was further informed that, at present, there are no regular budget posts devoted to the area of human trafficking: the Anti-Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Unit consists of two Associate Experts funded by Governments and four Professional project staff at the P-2 and P-3 levels, funded through voluntary contributions. The incumbent of the proposed P-4 post would lead the provision of substantive assistance to Member States in ratifying and implementing the Trafficking and Smuggling Protocols to the Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, including the servicing of intergovernmental bodies. In the light of the explanations provided, the Committee does not object to the new P-4 post for a Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer for the Anti-Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Unit.", "Subprogramme 3, Terrorism prevention and combating", "IV.84 One P-4 post for a Programme Officer, Transport Terrorist Offences is proposed to provide specialized expertise on the legal and criminal justice aspects of transport-related offences covered by the international legal instruments against terrorism (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.78). The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposal was based on the need to respond to successive General Assembly mandates on the provision of support to Member States for the implementation of the international legal regime against terrorism (see General Assembly resolutions 64/118, 64/177 and 60/288). The Committee requested clarification as to the extent to which the activities in question are also carried out by other entities of the United Nations system. It was informed that UNODC has established strong partnerships with specialized agencies dealing with transportation and aviation issues, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, based on a clear division of labour along the lines of their respective mandates and areas of expertise. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for a new P-4 Programme Officer, Transport Terrorist Offences.", "Subprogramme 4, Justice", "IV.85 One P-4 post is proposed for a Penal Reform Officer to lead the efforts of the Justice Section in a variety of areas relating to the treatment of prisoners, including the development of UNODC policies and strategies, and the delivery of training and special advisory services on penal reform, as well as the provision of support to joint programming with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs in post-conflict settings (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.84). The Advisory Committee enquired as to the existing capacity of UNODC in this area, as well as the continuing nature of the functions of the proposed post and whether those functions could be performed more cost effectively by a consultant. It was informed that the revision of the relevant United Nations standards (the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners) was mandated by General Assembly resolution 65/230 and that there is currently no staff member at UNODC with specialized expertise in penal reform. While the Committee is of the view that at least a part of the requirement is of a temporary nature, it recognizes the need for developing some in-house capacity and expertise in this area. It therefore recommends approval of the request for a P-4 Penal Reform Officer in the Justice Section.", "Subprogramme 5, Health and livelihoods (Combating drugs and HIV)", "IV.86 One D-1 post is proposed for a Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch to assist the Director of the Branch. As indicated, the Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem, which was adopted at the high-level segment of the fifty-second session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, in March 2009, serves as the guiding document for this post (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.90). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Drug Prevention and Health Branch had a staffing component of 24 posts and positions at UNODC headquarters and 139 in the field. The Committee was further informed that the functions of Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch were currently provided through an extrabudgetary post funded from a combination of project funds and programme support cost funds. UNODC indicated that those current arrangements presented some risks, since a core function such as that of the Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch ought not to be financed through project funds, which were intended for technical assistance activities. The Committee recognizes the need to ensure the sustainability of the functions of the Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch and recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for a D-1 post. However, in the interest of transparency, the Committee considers that the budget document should have clearly indicated that the functions of the proposed post are currently provided through an extrabudgetary post.", "Subprogramme 6, Research and trend analysis", "IV.87 One P-4 post is proposed for a Research Management Officer to lead the development of data collection, research and analysis of the patterns of trafficking in persons and flows at the national, regional and international levels, and the preparation of the requested biennial report, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/293 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.96). As indicated in paragraph IV.82 above, in that resolution the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to cover requirements for the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons through a reallocation of resources in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee was informed that UNODC was not able to identify existing posts to carry out the functions of the proposed P-4 Research Management Officer post. The Advisory Committee does not object to the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Subprogramme 7, Policy support", "IV.88 One D-1 post is proposed for a Chief, Public Affairs and Policy Support Branch, to manage the Branch, direct and coordinate the policy support functions, and facilitate internal and external coherence (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.102). The Advisory Committee was of the view that the duties of the Chief of Branch appeared to overlap with some of those of the Executive Director. It was informed that, while the Executive Director was ultimately responsible for internal and external coherence of UNODC, the D-1 Chief of Branch would also contribute to ensuring coherence by linking together the Secretariat of the Governing Bodies, donor relations and resource mobilization, strategic planning, and communication and advocacy. The Committee recognizes the need to provide coherence among the multifaceted mandates of UNODC and recommends approval of the D-1 post proposed to manage the Branch.", "IV.89 It is proposed to abolish one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 7. The functions of the post would be provided through extrabudgetary funding (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.101). The Advisory Committee was informed that this was due to a change in the functions of the position that required more active, hands-on support to technical assistance delivery in the field. The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.90 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $6,139,300, representing a decrease of $874,300 as compared to the appropriation of $7,013,600 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General is proposing reductions under most non-post objects of expenditure, including consultants ($86,600, or 18.4 per cent), experts ($246,800, or 17.7 per cent), travel of staff ($40,600, or 5.9 per cent) and contractual services ($49,300, or 4.8 per cent). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Presentation and logical framework", "IV.91 As indicated in paragraph IV.76 above, the Advisory Committee was provided with detailed organization charts of UNODC by division, branch, section and subprogramme, showing the number of existing and proposed posts by category and grade level; they are attached at the end of the present section. The Committee considers that such detailed organization charts facilitate its consideration of the proposed programme budget, particularly in instances where significant organizational changes, such as the internal realignment of UNODC in 2010, have been introduced since the previous budget submission. For example, in the absence of such detailed organization charts, it was not possible to ascertain from the information provided in the budget document that the functions for supporting the governing bodies, and the related posts, had been redeployed from the Office of the Director, Division for Treaty Affairs (subprogramme 1) to the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies (subprogramme 7). With a view to enhancing transparency, the Committee requests that detailed organization charts be included in future budget submissions.", "IV.92 In the view of the Advisory Committee, the proposed programme budget for section 16 should also have provided more information on the structural changes related to the realignment exercise that took place during the current biennium. For example, UNODC could have better explained the rationale for transferring the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies (servicing the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice) and the Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board from the Division for Treaty Affairs to the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, particularly with regard to the secretariats of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the International Narcotics Control Board, which are treaty bodies. The Committee also notes that, consequent upon the realignment exercise, in his current proposals for 2012-2013, the Secretary-General has proposed the establishment of eight new posts, including three senior-level posts. While the Committee has not objected to the Secretary-General’s proposals, it is of the view that the organizational structure of UNODC should be kept under review, with a view to ensuring an efficient and effective operational structure, as well as avoiding grade inflation. The Committee also emphasizes the need to provide information on the implementation of such significant organizational changes and an assessment of the resulting benefits, as well as details of the costs incurred, challenges faced and lessons learned. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to provide, in the context of the budget submission for 2014-2015, an assessment of the realignment exercise and the extent to which the intended goals were achieved.", "Mechanism for the Review of the United Nations Convention against Corruption", "IV.93 The Advisory Committee notes that additional resources are proposed under subprogramme 2 to cover expenditure resulting from the delayed impact of nine new posts (1 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 1 General Service (Other level)) approved for 2010-2011 in relation to the UNODC realignment (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.72). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the nine posts related to the Mechanism for the Review of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It was further informed that, in addition to the requirements for the above-mentioned nine posts, non-post expenditure incurred in the biennium 2010-2011 was estimated at $839,400. The Secretary-General also indicated that, at the time of the approval of those resources for 2010-2011 in December 2009, the General Assembly had been informed that $3.2 million in extrabudgetary resources would be required per biennium for country reviews, travel of participants, training and videoconferences. A provision for the continuation of those resources is included in the budget proposals for 2012-2013.", "IV.94 The Advisory Committee was informed that a detailed outline of estimated expenditure for the review mechanism in 2010-2011 and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013 was contained in document CAC/COSP/IRG/2011/CRP.1. UNODC also indicated that detailed expenditure for the complete first year of the review mechanism, as well as more accurate estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, will be provided at the reconvened session of the Implementation Review Group in September 2011 and at the fourth session of the Conference of States Parties in October 2011. The decision taken by the Conference of States Parties will be communicated to the General Assembly in November 2011 and, if required, a full statement of programme budget implications will be prepared for consideration by the Committee and the General Assembly.", "Table IV.8 Summary of the posts redeployed among subprogrammes in the context of the 2009 internal realignment of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Post\tTitle Redeployed from/to\tContext \nEXECUTIVEDIRECTIONANDMANAGEMENT \n+ 1P-5\tChief,IndependentEvaluationUnit Redeployed fromsubprogramme 7(ex-Chief, StrategicPlanning Unit)\tImplemented in2010-2011,Commission onNarcotic Drugsresolution52/14 andCommission onCrimePrevention andCriminalJusticeresolution 18/6Economic andSocial Councilresolution2010/258,GeneralAssemblyapproval ofEconomic andSocial Councilrevisedestimates(A/65/319)\n+ 1P-3\tEvaluationOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 4 —Justice Section\t3% efficiencysavings\nSUBPROGRAMME1,Transnationalandorganizedcrimeandillicittrafficking \n- 1GS(OL)\tAdministrativeAssistant Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-5\tChief,JusticeSection Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-3\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-3\tCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-2\tAssociateCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-4\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\nSUBPROGRAMME2,Counteringcorruption \n+ 1P-4\tProgrammeManagementOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\nSUBPROGRAMME4,Justice \n+ 1GS(OL) AdministrativeAssistant\tRedeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-5\tChief,JusticeSection Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-4\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-3\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-3\tCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-2\tAssociateCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-4\tProgrammeManagementOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 2\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-3\tEvaluationOfficer Redeployed to theIndependentEvaluation Unit\t3% efficiencysavings\nSUBPROGRAMME6,Researchandtrendanalysis \n- 1P-5\tChief,StrategicPlanningUnit Redeployed to theIndependentEvaluation Unit asChief of the unit\tImplemented in2010-2011", "Detailed organization charts by division, branch, section and subprogramme", "A. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "[] Organizational structure and post distribution^(a)", "Abbreviations: RB, regular budget; XB, general purpose funds and programme support cost funds; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level); NO, National Officer; LL, Local level.", "^(a) Does not include Associate Experts.", "^(b) NYLO post funded from RB section 1, United Nations Office at Vienna.", "^(c) Does not include 2 general temporary assistance positions (1 L-6 and 1 L-5) funded from RB section 22, Regular programme of technical cooperation.", "R = Redeployment", "N = New", "B. Division for Operations", "Abbreviations: RB, regular budget; XB, general purpose funds and programme support cost funds; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level); NO, National Officer; LL, Local level.", "R = Redeployment", "N = New", "C. Division for Treaty Affairs", "[]", "D. Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "[]", "Section 17 UN-Women", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $14,836,900^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $13,532,500^(b) \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $993,272,200 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) At 2010-2011 rates. Figures in thepresent report, unless otherwise noted, are atrevised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting). \n^(b) UN-Women was established as a compositeentity effective 1 January 2011 in accordancewith General Assembly resolution 64/289. Forcomparison and presentation purposes only, inthe present report the revised appropriationlevel has been technically adjusted to reflectthe biennial level.", "IV.95 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects, for the first time, the requirements of UN-Women, which was established as a composite entity effective 1 January 2011 in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/289 by consolidating and transferring to it the mandates and functions of four pre-existing entities, namely the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) (see also A/65/531 and A/65/593). In accordance with the same resolution, UN-Women has the additional role of leading, coordinating and promoting the accountability of the United Nations system in its work on gender equality and the empowerment of women. The programme of work of UN-Women is drawn from subprogramme 2, Gender issues and advancement of women, of programme 7, Economic and social affairs, of the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), but has been modified to reflect the provisions of the above-mentioned resolution. The Advisory Committee noted that, in accordance with established procedures, the revised strategic framework would be submitted to the Committee for Programme and Coordination at its fifty-first session.", "IV.96 With regard to the funding arrangements for UN-Women, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/289, the General Assembly decided that UN-Women would be funded from two sources: the regular budget and voluntary contributions. The resources required to service the normative intergovernmental processes are to be funded from the regular budget and approved by the General Assembly, while the resources required to service the operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities at all levels are to be funded from voluntary contributions and approved by the Executive Board of UN-Women. The latter portion of the resources of UN-Women is known as the “support budget”. Subsequently, in its resolution 65/259, the Assembly approved the use of a grant arrangement, similar to that used to administer the budgets of UNHCR, for the implementation of the regular budget portion of UN-Women.", "IV.97 Upon the adoption of General Assembly resolution 64/289, all the existing mandates, functions, assets, including facilities and infrastructure, and liabilities, including contractual obligations, of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) were transferred to UN-Women, which was treated as section 37 of the programme budget for 2010-2011. The initial regular budget appropriation for 2011 for subprogramme 2, Gender issues and advancement of women, of section 9, Economic and social affairs ($6,615,700), was therefore transferred to the new section 37 and, in resolution 65/259, the General Assembly approved an additional amount of $367,800 under that section, to represent a charge against the contingency fund. The 2011 share of extrabudgetary resources under subprogramme 2 and the 2011 portion of the resources of INSTRAW and UNIFEM were also transferred. The Advisory Committee notes that, in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, to facilitate comparison on a biennial basis between resources in 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, the resources approved in 2011 for UN-Women under sections 9 and 37 have been consolidated and are presented in the 2010-2011 appropriation column as a technical figure adjusted to reflect the biennial position.", "IV.98 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 17 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $14,836,900 before recosting, representing an increase of $1,304,400, or 9.6 per cent, over the technical revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), table 17.5). Table IV.8 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, which are to be funded through the UN-Women support budget.", "Table IV.9", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t45\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 6 P-5,7 P-4, 5 P-3,5 P-2/1, 15 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t47\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 6 P-5,7 P-4, 7 P-3,5 P-2/1, 15 GS (OL)\n New 2 2 P-3 posts under programme supportRedeployments\t5\t1 D-1 post and 3 P-4 posts fromsubprogramme 2 (b) to subprogramme2 (a) \n 1 GS (OL) from subprogramme 2 (b)to programme support\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for 2012-2013\t350\t1 ASG, 9 D-2, 25 D-1, 97 P-5, 77P-4/3, 6 P-2/1,19 GS (PL), 42 GS (OL), 74 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "IV.99 The Secretary-General is proposing the establishment of two P-3 posts under programme support, one for an Administrative Officer and one for a Budget and Finance Officer (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.14). The incumbents of the proposed posts would provide support in the areas of budget preparation, planning and reporting, financial and human resources management, procurement, information and communications technology and other administrative services that was previously provided by the Executive Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the two posts requested would help to address the complex budgetary, financial, administrative and human resources requirements deriving from the status of UN‑Women as a composite entity relying on both assessed and voluntary contributions. With specific reference to the Administrative Officer post, the Committee was further informed that none of the regular budget posts transferred to UN-Women from its constituent entities was dedicated to human resources management functions. The Committee was also informed that the capacity required to perform the functions of the two proposed posts could not be transferred from the Executive Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs because the six posts in that Office that were currently dedicated to human resources and financial management were already providing programme support services to a combined total of 559 posts in a number of departments and offices. In view of the foregoing, the Committee recommends approval of the establishment of the two P-3 posts.", "Redeployments", "IV.100 The Secretary-General is also proposing the following five redeployments:", "(a) One D-1 post of Focal Point for Gender Parity, one P-4 post of Personnel Policies Officer and two P-4 posts of Social Affairs Officer from subprogramme 2 (b), Policy and programme activities, to subprogramme 2 (a), Intergovernmental support and strategic partnerships, in order to align the functions of the posts, which relate primarily to collaboration and coordination across the United Nations system on the issues of gender mainstreaming and gender balance, with the activities of the appropriate subprogramme (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.39);", "(b) One General Service (Other level) post of Information Technology Assistant from subprogramme 2 (b), Policy and programme activities, to programme support in order to provide technical support related to information technology equipment and software (ibid., para. 17.48).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments", "IV.101 As indicated in table IV.8, UN-Women currently has 45 posts funded from the regular budget, all of which, according to the Secretary-General, support the functions of the intergovernmental processes and enhance coherence between such support and operational activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.13). With regard to the future staffing complement of UN-Women and the precise criteria for determining which posts will be funded from the regular budget and which from extrabudgetary resources, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to specify whether the activities of UN-Women, including administrative, evaluation, coordination, research and analytical policy functions, would support or be considered normative intergovernmental processes; operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities; or a combination thereof. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to reflect, in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the necessary budget allocation resulting from that information so as to ensure an appropriate source of funding of the financial resources required, including the funding of senior-level posts. During its consideration of the resource proposals under section 17, the Committee was informed that the Secretary-General intended to respond to the Assembly’s request as part of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015, once UN-Women had been operational for two years. The Committee was also informed, however, that the two new posts referred to in paragraph IV.99 above were urgently needed and their establishment could not easily be deferred until that time. The Committee looks forward to considering the information requested by the General Assembly.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "IV.102 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $1,354,400 before recosting, representing an increase of $82,000, or 6.4 per cent, over the technical revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,272,400. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non‑post resources.", "General comments", "Monitoring and evaluation", "IV.103 In paragraph 17.18 of his report, the Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources amounting to $3,735,500 have been identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that all those resources will come from extrabudgetary funds. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation activities in chapter I above.", "Publications", "IV.104 In table 17.3 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that, for the biennium 2012-2013, UN-Women plans to issue a total of 23 publications (18 recurrent and 5 non-recurrent), as compared to 19 (15 recurrent and 4 non-recurrent) during the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the annex to the supplementary information provided to it that less than half of those publications (two issues of the “Inventory of United Nations system activities to prevent and eliminate violence against women” and eight issues of the newsletter entitled “Words to action”) will be issued electronically. In order to minimize costs and ensure the widest possible dissemination of its publications, the Committee encourages UN-Women to make maximum use of electronic publishing techniques. The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Downward revision of projected voluntary contributions", "IV.105 In his proposed programme budget under section 17, the Secretary-General indicates that extrabudgetary funds in the amount of $993,272,200 are projected for the biennium 2012-2013, of which $986,498,400 represents the estimated requirements under the support budget for UN-Women and the remainder represents the estimated resources under the Trust Fund for the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.17). However, during its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following consultations with stakeholders and based on an analysis of past trends, commitments already made in 2011 and indications from Member States regarding future commitments, the projection for voluntary contributions for the biennium 2012-2013 had now been revised downwards to approximately $900 million. That adjustment would be reflected in the preparation of the 2012-2013 support budget, which would be submitted to the Committee for its review prior to its consideration by the Executive Board of UN‑Women.", "Part V Regional cooperation for development", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $503,648,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $513,210,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $140,204,800 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "General comments and recommendations", "V.1 The overall resources requested by the Secretary-General for part V amount to $503,648,200 before recosting, representing a decrease of $9,562,700, or 1.9 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The proposed resources provide for the mandated activities of the five regional commissions, the Regional Commissions New York Office and the regular programme of technical cooperation (see sects. 18-23 below). Those resources are supplemented by the Development Account (see sect. 36 below). The Advisory Committee has commented on development-related activities under part IV, International cooperation for development.", "V.2 The overall resources requested by the Secretary-General for the five regional commissions, including the Regional Commissions New York Office, amount to $451,402,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $9,562,700, or 2.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table V.1 Regional cooperation for development: proposed resources", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 Resource Total before appropriation growth recosting\n Section Amount Percentage", "18. Economic and social development 123 662.5 (2 815.8) (2.3) 120 846.7 in Africa^(a)", "19. Economic and social development 98 326.8 (1 523.9) (1.5) 96 802.9 in Asia and the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe 65 547.1 (1 794.3) (2.7) 63 752.8", "21. Economic and social development 110 129.9 (2 902.9) (2.6) 107 227.0 in Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development 63 298.4 (525.8) (0.8) 62 772.6 in Western Asia", "23. Regular programme of technical 52 246.2 — — 52 246.2 cooperation", "513 210.9 (9 562.7) (1.9) 503 648.2", "^(a) Including the Regional Commissions New York Office.", "V.3 As highlighted in table V.1, while the proposals for each of the regional commissions reflect decreases compared to current approved funding, the Advisory Committee noted differences in how such reductions were achieved. As noted in chapter I, the Secretary-General stated that programme managers were given full discretion to devise the optimal mix of resources while ensuring no impact on mandate delivery. The disparate approaches taken by the regional commissions is apparent from a review of section 18, Economic and social development in Africa and section 21, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, in relation to offices of comparable size and mandate. While the two proposals reflect reductions of similar levels, $2.8 million and $2.9 million respectively, at ECA all reductions are proposed in non-post areas, with no reduction in staffing being made. In contrast, the majority of the reduced requirements at ECLAC are due to the proposed abolition of 12 posts. Similarly, the proposed reductions under section 20, Economic development in Europe, are achieved mostly through the abolition of seven posts.", "V.4 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General indicates that the proposals in the budget are aimed at enabling the Organization to deliver its mandates in full (A/66/6 (Introduction)). During its hearings, however, a number of programme managers, including from among the regional commissions, indicated that the reduction in resources would have an impact on the functioning of the offices concerned, even if not directly on mandate delivery. As highlighted in chapter I, paragraph 16, the Committee expects that steps will be taken to mitigate any unintended consequences, so that mandate delivery is not adversely affected and also that any change in the overall level of support to Member States is avoided.", "Posts", "V.5 The net effect of the staffing proposals being made with regard to the regional commissions is outlined in table V.2. Overall, the proposals would reduce the number of posts by a total of 27 posts from four of the regional commissions. The Advisory Committee notes that the decrease in post resources for the regional commissions in the next biennium results from the proposed abolition of 31 posts, which is partly offset by proposals for four new posts, three at the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2 D-1 and 1 P-5) and one at ESCAP (D-1).", "Table V.2 Proposed staffing changes in 2012-2013 at the regional commissions", "Professional GS and related Total and above", "Section 18A, ECA 1 (1) 0", "Section 19, ESCAP (6) (1) (7)", "Section 20, ECE (5) (2) (7)", "Section 21, ECLAC (8) (4) (12)", "Section 22, ESCWA 3 (4) (1)", "Total (15) (12) (27)", "V.6 The Advisory Committee has commented on the abolition of posts in the proposed programme budget, and specifically on the high proportion of Professional posts that are proposed for abolition at the regional commissions (see chap. I, paras. 72-76). The Committee notes that of the 31 posts proposed for abolition at the regional commissions, 12 are at the P-2 level and 6 are at the P-3 level, entry-level posts open to candidates from the young professionals programme. As highlighted in chapter I, paragraph 88, the Committee has concerns with the proposed reduction of entry-level Professional posts and considers that its comments are of particular relevance to the regional commissions.", "V.7 The Advisory Committee recalls that in his report on development-related activities relating to the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/708) the Secretary-General proposed a significant strengthening of a number of budget sections, including proposals for 87 new posts for the regional commissions. Following consideration of his report, the General Assembly approved a total of 60 new posts for the regional commissions in its resolution 63/260 (see table V.3). As noted in paragraph V.5 above, the proposals being put forward in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 would result in a net reduction of 27 posts for the regional commissions, including the abolition of two posts approved under resolution 63/260 for section 20, Economic development in Europe (1 P-4 and 1 P-3). The Committee has reflected concerns expressed by some programme managers of the regional commissions regarding the possible impact of the proposed staffing reductions in the individual sections in the present report and has noted the assurances of the Secretary-General that mandates will be delivered in full (see also chap. I, para. 25).", "Table V.3 Posts approved for the regional commissions for development-related activities under General Assembly resolution 63/260", "Professional and General Service Total above and related", "Section 18A, ECA 6 13 19", "Section 19, ESCAP 9 2 11", "Section 20, ECE 4 — 4", "Section 21, ECLAC 18 2 20", "Section 22, ESCWA 5 1 6", "Total 42 18 60", "V.8 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with the status of vacancies for all categories of personnel at the regional commissions as of 31 May 2011, which is presented in table V.4. The Committee notes that the current vacancy rates for Professional posts at four of the regional commissions, and in particular ECA (20.2 per cent), are significantly higher than the average vacancy rate for the Organization as a whole (6.0 per cent). While the vacancy rates for General Service and related posts were generally lower than the Organizational average of 5.5 per cent, the rate of 14 per cent at ECA was significantly higher. The Committee has expressed its concerns in chapter I, paragraph 90 above with regard to the persistent high vacancy rates in a number of offices. The Committee has also reiterated its view that the continuing need for long-vacant posts should be reviewed on an ongoing basis and, in particular, before proposals for new posts are put forward to the General Assembly. The Committee remains concerned at the continuing high vacancy rates for Professional posts at the regional commissions.", "Table V.4", "Vacancy rates at the regional commissions as at 31 May 2011", "Professional and General service Total above and related", "Section 18A, ECA 20.2 14.0 16.6", "Section 19, ESCAP 10.9 1.6 5.7", "Section 20, ECE 7.2 2.7 5.5", "Section 21, ECLAC 4.6 1.1 2.6", "Section 22, ESCWA 9.6 2.1 5.4", "Non-post resources", "V.9 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources in the amount of $129,749,800 under part V for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $4,560,600, or 3.4 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011.", "V.10 For the five regional commissions, including the Regional Commissions New York Office, the Secretary-General proposes non-post resources in the amount of $77,503,600 for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $4,560,600, or 5.6 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that no decrease is proposed in the non-post resources under section 23, Regular programme of technical cooperation in the biennium 2012-2013. The resources requested for the regional commissions, by object of expenditure, are summarized in table V.8 at the end of the present section. The decreased requirement for non-post resources at the regional commissions is due mainly to reduced requirements under: other general operating expenses ($1,840,800) attributable to lower rental costs at several regional commissions; supplies and materials ($1,384,500); and furniture and equipment ($1,766,200) attributable to the delayed replacement of furniture and office automation equipment at a number of regional commissions. The Committee notes the overall decrease in non-post resources that is proposed and welcomes the reductions achieved, in particular through the delayed replacement of office automation equipment. The Committee is of the view, however, that the period of retention should be kept under review to ensure that additional costs are not incurred, for example, through higher maintenance costs.", "V.11 The Advisory Committee notes that resources are proposed to increase under a number of objects of expenditure in the sections pertaining to the regional commissions, including consultants (by $66,400); official travel of staff (by $271,300); and contractual services (by $79,100). The Committee has commented on the issue of travel in chapter I above. Given the Secretary-General’s call for budgetary restraint, the Committee would have expected the requirement of the regional commissions for official travel to decrease. The Committee expects that the maximum use of staff from the subregional offices of the commissions would be made, either to reduce the need for travel or, where the travel of a senior representative is required, to provide the necessary support and thereby minimize the need for the travel of accompanying staff. In addition, the Committee notes that under the regular programme of technical cooperation, the level of resources for the official travel of staff is proposed to be increased by $1,735,900, or 36.1 per cent.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.12 In accordance with paragraph 20 of General Assembly resolution 58/269, information is provided in the budget section of each regional commission on the estimated resources which will be devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities in the biennium 2012-2013. This information is summarized in table V.5.", "Table V.5", "Estimated resource requirements of the regional commissions for monitoring and evaluation activities", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Regular Extrabudgetary Total budget", "18, Economic and social development in Africa 2 536.3 714.0 3 250.3", "19, Economic and social development in Asia 3 616.8 430.2 4 047.0 and the Pacific", "20, Economic development in Europe 822.0 6.0 828.0", "21, Economic and social development in Latin 718.4 212.5 930.9 America and the Caribbean", "22, Economic and social development in 663.0 148.4 811.4 Western Asia", "Total 8 356.5 1 511.1 9 867.6", "V.13 The Advisory Committee notes that the provision of $9.9 million for monitoring and evaluation activities of the regional commissions under all sources of funding represents 17.2 per cent of the total provision of $57.3 million for such activities in the overall proposed programme budget. Given the importance of regular monitoring and evaluation of programme activities, the Advisory Committee welcomes the focus on this area by the regional commissions.", "V.14 The Advisory Committee notes, however, a significant variation between the regional commissions in the level of resources assigned for monitoring and evaluation. For example, although the overall level of proposed resources for ECLAC exceeds that of ESCAP, the latter regional commission is indicated as devoting four times the level of resources to monitoring and evaluation activities.", "V.15 The Advisory Committee notes that, in the case of all the regional commissions, no information was provided in the budget document on either the monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date or the planned activities for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee has expressed its concerns in chapter I with regard to the information provided on monitoring and evaluation activities in the proposed programme budget as a whole. The Committee expects that information on both completed and planned monitoring and evaluation activities will be included in the proposals for each regional commission for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Coordination and cooperation among the regional commissions", "V.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, encouraged the Secretary-General to enhance the coordination of the United Nations development system with a view to ensuring greater synergies, effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of efforts in the delivery of its social, economic and development mandates and requested him to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to report on and to share among the regional commissions the lessons learned through the strengthening of the subregional offices of ECA and the establishment of new subregional offices by ESCAP and ECE, and to exchange best practices in coping with emerging issues, such as the global economic crisis and climate change. The Committee notes that a number of initiatives were undertaken to implement joint activities in subregions served by two regional commissions. The Committee encourages these efforts and recommends that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to ensure that the regional commissions deepen their mutual cooperation and coordinate their activities with United Nations resident coordinators and, where applicable, with peacekeeping missions.", "Administrative support", "V.17 The Advisory Committee was provided, upon enquiry, with information on the cost of the provision of administrative services and of the programme of work in comparison with the total budget for 2012-2013 for each of the regional commissions. This information is set out in table V.6. The proportion of the cost of administrative services, comprising programme support, policymaking organs and executive direction and management, of the total budget for the regional commissions will increase from 45.6 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011 to 46.7 per cent in the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that the increase is due mainly to the cost of administrative support, inclusive of the estimated cost of the administrative support provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva for ECE, which reflects an increase from 46.7 per cent of the total cost of section 20 in the biennium 2010-2011 to 52.4 per cent. The Committee notes that conference services estimated to be provided to ECE in 2012-2013 will amount to $27,171,300, as compared to $19,386,000 in the biennium 2010-2011, an increase of 40.2 per cent. The Committee recalls that it had encouraged the regional commissions to continue their efforts to improve the ratio between programme support costs and programme of work costs by allocating more resources to the substantive activities of the programme of work. Given the significant increase in the cost of services provided to ECE by the United Nations Office at Geneva reflected in the proposed programme budget, the Committee considers that the cost of those services should be further analysed.", "Table V.6", "Ratio of administrative support costs and programme of work costs to total resources (regular budget)", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component\tRegionalCommissionsNewYorkOffice\tECA\tESCAP\tECE\tECLAC\tESCWA\tTotal\n 18B 18A 19 20 21 22 \nA.Policymakingorgans\t—\t633.20\t1034.70\t—\t1288.80\t145.00\t3101.70\nB. Executivedirectionandmanagement\t—\t10981.70\t5927.40\t8056.50\t6300.40\t4018.10\t35284.10\nC. Programmeof work\t—\t68815.40\t51310.70\t49073.30\t59848.50\t32253.90\t261301.80\nD. Programmesupport\t1895.60\t38520.80\t38530.10\t6623.00\t39789.30\t26355.60\t151714.40\nSubtotal\t1895.60\t118951.10\t96802.90\t63752.80\t107227.00\t62772.60\t451402.00\nE. Programmesupportprovided byotheroffices 39280.8^(a) 39280.8\nTotal^(b) 103033.6 490682.8\nAdministrativesupport(percentage) \n 2010-2011 43.4 47.1 46.7 43.6 47.9 45.6 \n 2012-2013 — 42.2 47 52.4 44 48.6 46.7 \nProgramme ofwork(percentage) \n 2010-2011 56.6 52.9 53.3 56.4 52.1 54.4 \n 2012-2013 — 57.8 53 47.6 56 51.4 53.3", "^(a) Programme support provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva, including $10,823,700 under section 28E, Administration, Geneva, for administration and general services, $1,285,600, also under section 28E, for library services and $27,171,500 under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management.", "^(b) Components A, B, D and E.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.18 The expenditure for 2008-2009 and the estimates for 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 under extrabudgetary resources for the regional commissions are provided in table V.7. The Advisory Committee notes that the trend of growth in extrabudgetary resources is uneven among the regional commissions and that, for ECE and ESCWA, it is anticipated that extrabudgetary resources will decline. Given the importance of extrabudgetary resources in complementing the financing of activities by the regular budget, the Committee encourages the regional commissions to intensify their efforts to raise extrabudgetary resources.", "Table V.7", "Extrabudgetary resources of the regional commissions", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 actual estimated projected", "Section 18A, ECA 21 525.3 36 002.8 44 773.6", "Section 19, ESCAP 27 196.8 30 218.2 32 619.0", "Section 20, ECE 25 651.5 31 736.4 25 012.7", "Section 21, ECLAC 28 627.0 29 500.0 30 000.0", "Section 22, ESCWA^(a) 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "Total 108 438.3 137 046.0 140 204.8", "^(a) Revised projection for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 provided to the Advisory Committee during its consideration of section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia.", "Table V.8 Comparison of resources for the regional commissions by object of expenditure, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Section Section 18B, Section 19, Section 20, Section 21, Section 22, Total 18A, ECA Regional ESCAP ECE ECLAC ESCWA Commissions New York Office\n 2010- 2012- 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010- 2012- Difference 2011 2013 2011 2013", "Posts 86 041.3 86 1 784.2 1 784.2 85 304.1 83 677.9 61 076.1 59 488.0 91 891.9 89 762.7 52 802.9 53 061.0 378 373 (5 002.1) 124.6 900.5 898.4", "Other staff 3 428.2 3 445.0 17.8 17.8 1 670.5 1 650.1 250.9 250.9 2 235.7 2 263.6 985.8 973.4 8 588.9 8 600.8 11.9 costs", "Consultants 1 211.0 1 296.7 —  —  394.7 440.0 366.3 329.6 723.5 729.5 685.3 651.4 3 380.8 3 447.2 66.4", "Experts 2 962.2 2 989.5 —  —  563.8 505.3 29.5 29.5 705.1 746.1 1 052.3 1 054.2 5 312.9 5 324.6 11.7", "Travel of staff 2 539.3 2 724.3 35.1 35.1 1 430.7 1 460.9 963.3 963.3 1 789.7 1 817.6 615.3 643.5 7 373.4 7 644.7 271.3", "Contractual 4 570.6 4 415.7 24.4 24.4 930.4 955.3 652.5 611.3 1 720.1 1 802.1 1 250.5 1 418.8 9 148.5 9 227.6 79.1 services", "General 8 784.9 7 725.3 13.1 13.1 5 374.3 5 338.0 66.9 61.9 8 013.4 7 506.4 3 583.4 3 350.5 25 23 (1 840.8) operating 836.0 995.2 expenses", "Hospitality 34.8 34.8 1.5 1.5 35.1 35.1 23.0 23.0 33.9 30.7 24.8 24.8 153.1 149.9 (3.2)", "Supplies and 4 162.4 2 981.0 4.9 4.9 927.1 1 033.9 253.9 180.6 1 301.9 1 287.2 885.6 663.7 7 535.8 6 151.3 (1 384.5) materials", "Furniture and 6 512.2 5 675.5 14.6 14.6 1 689.8 1 700.1 518.3 468.3 1 714.7 1 281.1 1 002.8 546.6 11 9 686.2 (1 766.2) equipment 452.4", "Grants and 1 520.0 1 538.7 —  —  6.3 6.3 1 346.4 1 346.4 — — 409.7 384.7 3 282.4 3 276.1 (6.3) contributions", "Total 121 766.9 118 1 895.6 1 895.6 98 326.8 96 802.9 65 547.1 63 752.8 110 129.9 107 227.0 63 298.4 62 772.6 460 451 (9 562.7) 951.1 964.7 402.0", "Section 18 Economic and social development in Africa", "Section 18A Regional commission", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $118,951,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $121,766,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $44,773,600 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "V.19 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 18A for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $118,951,100, before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,815,800, or 2.3 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), para. 18A.14). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below).", "V.20 Table V.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.9 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t553\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 15 D-1, 42 P-5, 71 P-4, 75P-3, 29 P-2/1, 304 LL, 2 FS, 13 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t553\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 15 D-1, 42 P-5, 72 P-4, 75P-3, 29 P-2/1, 303 LL, 1 FS, 14 NO\nReclassification\t2\t1 FS to P-4 and 1 LL to NO underprogramme support\nRedeployments\t22\t1 P-5 and 3 P-3 to subprogramme 1 fromsubprogramme 10\n 1 P-4 and 1 LL to subprogramme 1 fromsubprogramme 5\n 1 P-5, 2 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 LL tosubprogramme 5 from subprogramme 1\n 1 P-5 and 1 LL to subprogramme 9 fromsubprogramme 4\n 1 P-4 to programme support fromsubprogramme 7 (a)\n 1 P-4 to programme support fromsubprogramme 4\n 2 P-4, 1 NO and 4 LL to programmesupport from executive direction andmanagements\nExtrabudgetary 2 D-1, 5 P-5, 9 P-4, 11 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 83LL, 2 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t114\t2 D-1, 5 P-5, 9 P-4, 11 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 83LL, 2 NO", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.21 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 553 posts under the regular programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. No additional posts are being requested for ECA for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Reclassifications", "V.22 Under programme support, it is proposed to reclassify one Field Service post to the P-4 level. The incumbent of this post would head the Telecommunications Services Unit with responsibility for planning and directing major telecommunications projects, ensuring effective coordination with other United Nations agencies, liaising with external service providers and proposing appropriate connectivity solutions. In addition, it is proposed to reclassify one Local level post to the National Officer level for a Facilities Management Officer to provide technical documentation, design preparation and administrative support in the management of ECA facilities, and to provide the required value engineering for the lighting, the heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and architectural-related installations (ibid., para. 18A.117). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassifications.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.23 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $32,826,500, reflecting a decrease of $2,899,100, or 8.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease reflects the net effect of increases under other staff costs ($16,800), consultants ($85,700), experts ($27,300) and official travel of staff ($185,000), and decreased requirements under contractual services ($154,900), in particular specialized services and language training services; general operating expenses ($1,059,600), mainly attributable to a reduction of $1,086,500 in utility costs; supplies and materials ($1,181,400), based on the consumption pattern of previous periods; furniture and equipment ($836,700), due mainly to the delayed replacement of furniture and equipment ($670,000) and office automation equipment ($763,800), offset in part by additional requirements for software packages ($338,700). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Publications", "V.24 The Secretary-General indicates that an in-depth review of publications as a part of the programme of work was undertaken in the context of each subprogramme, and that it was anticipated that a total of 107 recurrent and non-recurrent publications would be issued in the biennium 2012-2013, as compared to 102 in 2010-2011 (ibid., table 18A.3). The Advisory Committee was informed that the publications would be produced in English and in French. The Committee encourages the Commission to consider the issuance of its publications in other languages of the region, if this is deemed likely to increase their impact, as resources permit.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.25 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation are estimated at $3,250,300, including $2,536,300 from the regular budget, equivalent to 2.1 per cent of the total resources proposed for the Commission for 2012-2013. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to monitoring and evaluation at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Committee notes the significant resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities at ECA. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. While welcoming the Commission’s continued focus on this important function, the Committee points out, however, that the proposed programme budget does not provide sufficient information on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date at ECA or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which these resources will be utilized. The Committee expects that the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015 will contain such information.", "Business continuity", "V.26 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in resolution 64/243, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECA contains proposals totalling $1,109,200 which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Support to the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and strengthening of subregional offices", "V.27 The Advisory Committee recalls its recommendation that the areas in which complementarities exist between section 11, United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and section 18A, Economic and social development in Africa, should be clearly identified and reported in future programme performance reports and budget submissions (A/64/7, para. V.27). The Secretary-General indicates that measures have been taken in a number of areas in this regard (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), para. 18A.6). The Secretary-General also states that inter-agency coordination and collaboration among United Nations system agencies working in Africa will be strengthened through the regional consultation meetings of those agencies convened by ECA in support of the priorities of NEPAD (ibid., para. 18A.8).", "V.28 The Advisory Committee also recalls that it recommended that an assessment of the effectiveness of the strengthening of the subregional offices should be provided in the 2012-2013 budget submission, following measures implemented to strengthen ECA subregional offices in the biennium 2008-2009 (A/64/7, para. V.26). The Secretary-General states that the results of an independent external evaluation of the five subregional offices conducted in January 2010 confirmed that the strengthening of the subregional offices initiated in 2006 had largely succeeded (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), table 18A.40). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the independent external evaluation had been undertaken by consultants and that the recommendations of the external evaluation had been endorsed by the Commission in its resolution 874(XLIII). The Committee welcomes the progress made in this process and requests that continuous impact assessments be carried out in this regard and reported in future budget submissions (see also paras. V.29 and V.30 below).", "Follow-up on the repositioning of the Commission", "V.29 The Secretary-General indicates that ECA continues to make progress in achieving the objectives of the repositioning exercise begun in 2006, which has been fine-tuned through the clustering together of related areas of work and the development of enhanced synergies, coherence and complementarities between the respective units (ibid., para. 18A.6). In particular, ECA subregional offices have been strengthened and partnerships with other key development organizations operating in Africa improved, notably with the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank and major regional economic communities.", "V.30 The Secretary-General indicates that after nearly five years of implementation of the reform programme, lessons drawn from various reviews and assessments have identified a number of factors that continue to prevent ECA from realizing its full potential as a leading development organization in Africa, including: inadequate linkages between analytical and operational activities; inadequate internal collaboration in delivering flagship outputs; and the non-optimal utilization of the skill mix and broad range of experience available in the Commission (ibid., para. 18A.10). The Advisory Committee considers that the factors highlighted by the Secretary-General are internal to ECA itself and it is within the purview of its management to address them fully. The Committee expects that information on the remedial measures taken will be provided in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.31 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 31 May 2011, 48 Professional posts and 45 General Service posts were vacant at ECA, representing a vacancy rate of 20.2 per cent for Professional staff and 14 per cent for General Service staff. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that intensive efforts were being made to reduce those rates and that recruitment was in its final stage for a number of posts. As a result, the Committee was also informed, it was expected that the vacancy rate would be significantly reduced in the forthcoming months.", "V.32 Notwithstanding the assurances provided, the Advisory Committee remains concerned at the persistently high vacancy rates at ECA. The current level of vacancies there is significantly higher than at the time of the Committee’s consideration of the programme budget for the biennium 2010‑2011. The Committee requests that the root causes of the high vacancy rates be seriously addressed by the Commission, with the support of the Office of Human Resources Management, with a view to ensuring that sustainable strategies are put in place. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the continuing need for long-vacant posts are contained in chapter I, paragraph 92, which it finds relevant in the case of ECA. The Committee further requests that the General Assembly be provided with updated information on the current status of existing vacancies and remedial action taken at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.33 The Secretary-General indicates that the projected extrabudgetary resources $44,773,600 in the biennium 2012-2013 will be mobilized mostly from bilateral sources under agreements between ECA and global and regional institutions and organizations concerned with African development. The Advisory Committee notes that the number of posts to be financed from extrabudgetary resources in 2012-2013 is given as 114, a reduction of 15 compared with the number of posts so financed in the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), table 18A.6). The amount of projected extrabudgetary resources in the biennium 2012-2013 represents an increase of $8,770,800 over the level of such resources for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., para. 18A.16). The Committee welcomes the increased efforts to mobilize extrabudgetary funds.", "Section 18B", "Regional Commissions New York Office", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$1,895,600^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,895,600 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting).", "V.34 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 18B amount to $1,895,600 before recosting, the same level of resources as in the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6, table 18B.2).", "V.35 Table V.10 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.10", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t6\t1 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t6\t1 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)", "V.36 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposal of the Secretary-General for the Regional Commissions New York Office for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments", "Results-based budgeting", "V.37 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has introduced a results-based-budgeting framework for section 18B, Regional Commissions New York Office, for the biennium 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the relevant data for the performance measures under the indicators of achievement for the bienniums 2008-2009 and 2010-2011 had been maintained by the Regional Commissions New York Office, though not formally presented in previous programme budgets. The Committee welcomes the introduction of the results-based-budgeting framework for section 18B, Regional Commissions New York Office, for the biennium 2012-2013, which will provide the General Assembly with benchmarks against which to measure performance.", "Section 19", "Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$96,802,900^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $98,326,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $32,619,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting).", "V.38 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 19 amount to $96,802,900 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,523,900, or 1.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 19), table 19.5). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $32,619,000 will be utilized.", "V.39 Table V.11 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.11", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t440\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 13 D-1, 36 P-5, 57 P-4,50 P-3, 35 P-2/1, 244 LL, 3 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t433\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 36 P-5, 57 P-4,45 P-3, 33 P-2/1, 244 LL, 2 NO\n New 1 1 D-1 for subprogramme 8 \n Abolitions 8 5 P-3, 2 P-2, 1 NO Redeployments\t3\t1 P-3 to executive direction andmanagement from programme support 1 P-3 to subprogramme 1 fromsubprogramme 5 \n 1 LL to subprogramme 8 from programmesupport\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t103\t2 D-1, 3 P-5, 14 P-4, 14 P-3, 3 P-2/1,66 LL, 1 NO", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.40 The Advisory Committee notes that a total of 433 posts is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the regular budget, reflecting a net decrease of seven posts compared with 2010-2011. As further explained in the paragraphs below, the Secretary-General’s proposals include the establishment of one new post at the D-1 level and the abolition of eight posts (5 P-3, 2 P-2 and 1 National Officer).", "New post", "V.41 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one D-1 post of Head of Office for the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan, in order to strengthen that office as an important mechanism for subregional cooperation and the coordination of international projects; and to ensure that the priority areas identified by the Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Meeting on the New ESCAP Subregional Offices for East and North-East Asia, North and Central Asia, and South and South-West Asia are fully supported (A/66/6 (Sect. 19), para. 19.92).", "V.42 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Commission, at its sixty-sixth session, in May 2010, had noted the heavy workload of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia and the areas of subregional cooperation under its responsibility, as well as the need for consistency in staffing levels among the subregional offices in order to balance the workload. The Committee was also informed that the Commission, in its resolution 66/13, had requested the Executive Secretary of ESCAP to strengthen and support the implementation of the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia; to implement the Almaty Programme of Action; to assist landlocked countries and transit countries in promoting reciprocal arrangements for transit transport; and to strengthen the role and capacity of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia as an important mechanism for subregional cooperation and the coordination of international projects. The Committee was further informed that the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia was a collaborative programme of ESCAP and ECE, with project working groups focused on the areas of transport and border crossing; water and energy resources; information and communications technology for development; statistics; trade; and gender and economy.", "V.43 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposal for the establishment of a new D-1 post. The Committee expects that the establishment of such a post would strengthen the collaborative development activities jointly implemented by ESCAP and ECE under the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia.", "Abolitions", "V.44 The Secretary-General proposes the abolition of eight posts under programme support, as follows:", "(a) Five P-3 Translators/Interpreters (two French, two Russian and one Chinese) in the Conference and Documentation Service (ibid., para. 19.107);", "(b) One P-2 Associate Librarian in the Conference and Documentation Service (ibid.);", "(c) One P-2 Associate Programme Management Officer in the Programme Management Division (ibid.);", "(d) One National Officer in the Central Support Services Section, Protocol Office (ibid.).", "V.45 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed abolitions had resulted from a review of various options in order to implement the Secretary-General’s request for a 2012-2013 budget that was 3 per cent below the approved level of the budget outline. The Committee was also informed that the abolitions had been restricted to the area of programme support so as not to reduce the resources for the ESCAP programme of work.", "V.46 The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed abolitions include five P-3 posts of Translator/Interpreter in the Conference Management and Documentation Service. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the proposed abolitions would amount to a 30 per cent reduction in the 17 existing language posts, which would have the following negative consequences:", "(a) A reduction of approximately 30 per cent in the volume of documents translated for the legislative and intergovernmental bodies, or a withdrawal of such services from some of the bodies to enable the major ones, such as the ESCAP Commission and the eight ESCAP committees, to function at full capacity;", "(b) ESCAP may not be able to translate non-legislative documents or provide translation services for expert group meetings for which translation is not mandatory;", "(c) The Chiefs of the language units, who are the unit revisers, would have to do more translation and less revision or alternatively allow all their staff to be self-revising translators.", "V.47 The Advisory Committee notes the adverse impact of the proposed post abolitions on the capacity of ESCAP to deliver translation and interpretation services, which are essential for the functioning of the intergovernmental bodies. At the same time, the Committee notes that the proposed budget does not reflect any remedial measures, such as a provision for general temporary assistance, to help offset the anticipated reductions in translation and interpretation capacity. While the Committee does not object to the proposed abolition of posts, it recommends that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to take appropriate measures to mitigate any negative impact and to report thereon in the performance reports for the biennium 2012-2013, taking into account the relevant General Assembly resolutions on multilingualism.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.48 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals, the Advisory Committee was provided with information showing that there were 25 vacant posts at ESCAP as at 31 May 2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that every effort was being made to fill the posts and that recruitment for a number of those posts was in progress. In that regard, the Committee was also informed that six of the posts had already been filled and that candidates were under evaluation for eight other posts. It was further explained that the National Competitive Recruitment Examination roster was being reviewed to identify candidates for four vacant P-2 posts. The Committee emphasizes that vacant posts should be filled in a timely manner.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.49 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012‑2013 in the amount of $13,125,000, reflecting an increase of $102,300 or 0.8 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. The increase is mainly due to provisions for business continuity under supplies and materials ($106,800) and consultants ($45,300), partially offset by reduced requirements for expert group meetings ($58,500). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Business continuity", "V.50 The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ESCAP contains proposals totalling $541,700 which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Subregional offices", "V.51 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an overview of the work of the ESCAP subregional offices. The Committee was informed that the work of the subregional offices is under the overall coordination of the Deputy Executive Secretary of ESCAP, and that they have a mandate to strengthen the presence and strategic position of ESCAP at the subregional level, enabling better targeting and delivery of programmes that address specific key priorities of member States in the subregions. The Committee was further informed that the offices provide an important geographical platform for strengthening subregional cooperation on key economic and social development issues, ensuring a reflection of subregional needs and perspectives in the promotion of broader regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific. It was also explained that the work of the subregional offices extends to supporting capacity development through technical cooperation, including South‑South cooperation and triangular development cooperation among ESCAP member States.", "V.52 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that in 2009 the General Assembly approved 11 new posts for ESCAP by its resolution 63/260, following consideration of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with information on the impact of those 11 posts on ESCAP programme delivery. According to the information provided, four posts were intended for the establishment, in 2011, of the new Subregional Office for South and South-West Asia; three posts for establishing the now fully operational Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia; two posts for the establishment, later in 2011, of the new Subregional Office for North and Central Asia; and two posts for strengthening the already existing subregional office for the Pacific, the Pacific Operations Centre. The Committee was further informed that a fully operational Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia had demonstrated a significant impact on:", "(a) ESCAP relations with member States in the subregion, through intensified interaction and consultation;", "(b) The research and analytical capacity of ESCAP, as well as opportunities for ESCAP to intensify collaboration with major stakeholders, including civil society, subregional organizations and academic research institutes, which has led to the identification of new focus areas for the ESCAP substantive programme of work, with emphasis on subregion-specific challenges.", "V.53 With regard to the status of the host country arrangements for the subregional offices, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Host Country Agreement, as well as the Administrative and Financial Agreement, between ESCAP and the Government of the Republic of Korea for the Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia were expected to be finalized in August 2011. It was indicated that the City of Incheon would provide rent-free office space and that the host Government would provide an annual contribution to finance operational and programme costs for a period of four years. The Committee was also informed that the Host Country Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of Kazakhstan for the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia had been signed in May 2011 and that the Administrative and Financial Agreement was expected to be finalized in July 2011. It was stated that the host Government would provide rent-free office space, a one-time contribution for set-up costs, as well as an annual contribution for operational costs. Regarding the Subregional Office for South and South-West Asia, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Host Country Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of India was expected to be signed in July 2011, while consultations regarding the Administrative and Financial Agreement were in progress at the time of the Committee’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed programme budget. A one-time contribution for set-up costs and an annual contribution for operational costs have been pledged by the host Government. According to the representatives of the Secretary-General, the subregional office for the Pacific is an established ESCAP office, already having a Host Country Agreement, and an Administrative and Financial Agreement. The Committee welcomes the progress made in the establishment of new and the strengthening of existing subregional offices, as well as the monetary and in kind contributions and pledges by the host Governments. The Committee reiterates its earlier opinion (A/64/7, para. V.14) that the lessons learned through the establishment of new offices should be shared among the regional commissions.", "Status of women", "V.54 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the status of and challenges facing women in the Asian and Pacific region indicating that factors such as biased macroeconomic and institutional structures, discriminatory laws and customs, and societal attitudes have contributed to the majority of the absolute poor being women. The Committee was informed that women are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, discrimination and violence, all of which exacerbate their experience of hardship. Among other issues, it was explained that the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals of the elimination of poverty and hunger, and the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment were interdependent.", "V.55 The Committee was further informed that ESCAP continues to play a leading role in the coordination of the United Nations system’s work on gender equality and women’s empowerment, as co-chair of the Asia-Pacific Regional Coordination Mechanism Thematic Working Group on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. ESCAP stated that, with its multidisciplinary focus, it had developed a programme of work aimed at strengthening the capacity of national women’s institutions through a combination of regional and subregional activities, as well as building national capacity to generate gender statistics and reliable data. Furthermore, the Committee was informed that ESCAP was facilitating the mainstreaming of gender concerns across all of its substantive subprogrammes.", "V.56 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts being made by ESCAP to address the challenges faced by women in the region and emphasizes the importance of close cooperation with UN-Women in this regard.", "Section 20", "Economic development in Europe", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $63,752,800^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $65,547,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $25,012,700 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "V.57 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 20 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $63,752,800 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,794,300, or 2.7 per cent, compared to 2010-2011. The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). The Secretary-General indicates that the estimated resources to be provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva to the Economic Commission for Europe for general, administrative, conference and library services during the biennium 2012‑2013 amount to $39,280,800 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 20), table 20.7). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $25,012,700 will complement regular budget resources (see also para. V.66 below.)", "V.58 The Advisory Committee was informed that, in the light of the Secretary-General’s request that resources be reduced, some of the member States of ECE felt that the cuts were legitimate, given the current budgetary constraints at the country level, while others had expressed their concerns about the cuts. The Committee was also informed that ECE will undertake a thorough review of its priorities and strategic direction in the course of the biennium 2011-2012, the results of which will be submitted to the Commission in 2013 for final approval and will feed into the preparation of the next biennial budget cycle.", "V.59 Table V.12 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.12", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t200\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 23 P-5, 34 P-4,36 P-3, 21 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 69 GS(OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t193\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 23 P-5, 33 P-4,35 P-3, 18 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 67 GS(OL)\n Abolitions 7 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 3 P-2 and 2 GS (OL) Redeployments\t6\t1 D-1, 1 P-3 and 2 GS (OL) toexecutive direction and managementfrom programme support 1 P-3 to subprogramme 1 fromprogramme support \n 1 P-2 to subprogramme 2 fromprogramme support\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t21\t7 P-4, 6 P-3, 3 P-2/1 and 5 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.60 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 193 posts under the regular programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and the abolition of seven posts, resulting in a reduction in the requirement for post resources of $1,588,100. These seven posts comprise one P-4 post under executive direction and management, identified for abolition following a review of the structure of the Office of the Executive Secretary; one P-3 post under programme support, which had been redeployed internally to subprogramme 1, Environment, in the biennium 2010-2011 and assigned to the Joint ECE-ESCAP Office for the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia in the new ESCAP Subregional Office for North and Central Asia in Almaty, Kazakhstan, as well as one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 1, Environment; one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 2, Transport; two General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 3, Statistics; and one P-2 under subprogramme 6, Trade (A/66/6 (Sect. 20), para. 20.15).", "V.61 The Advisory Committee notes that ECE had received a total of four posts (2 P-4 and 2 P-3) under General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities, which, the Secretary-General indicates, has enabled ECE to strengthen support to countries with economies in transition, in particular low‑income and landlocked countries, in their efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to ensure greater synergies and coherence between the normative and operational work of ECE subprogrammes (ibid., para. 20.12). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that two of the posts proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013 were among those approved for ECE under resolution 63/260; they consisted of one P-4 post in the Development Policies and Cross-Sectoral Coordination Unit under executive direction and management and the P-3 post assigned to the ESCAP Subregional Office for North and Central Asia. The Committee was further informed that the functions of the P-4 post under executive direction and management would be absorbed by the remaining Professional posts assigned to the Unit (1 D-1 and 2 P-5) and that the functions of the P-3 post assigned to the ESCAP Subregional Office for North and Central Asia would be carried out by regional advisers financed under the regular programme of technical cooperation and through partnerships with other international and regional organizations, and with donors having a presence in Almaty. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that of the seven posts proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013 four are currently vacant. Taking into account the Secretary-General’s assurances that there would be no negative impact on the implementation of mandates, the Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts and recommends that the General Assembly keep this matter under review.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.62 The Advisory Committee recalls its previous observations on recruitment at ECE in which it encouraged ECE to make greater efforts to improve its target for the timely recruitment and placement of staff (A/64/7, para. V.49). The Secretary-General indicates in his report that, in 2010, ECE undertook a review of all steps of its recruitment and placement process, including those steps involving the Human Resources Management Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva, in order to identify existing bottlenecks and problem areas, as well as a review of the structure of its Executive Office. As a result of these reviews, ECE has restructured the human resource-related side of its Executive Office and has proposed a number of related redeployments in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 20), table 20.28). The Committee recognizes the support that the Human Resources Management Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva has provided to ECE in terms of the further training of its hiring managers to address problems identified in recruitment and placement.", "Vacancy rates", "V.63 The Advisory Committee was informed that the vacancy rate at ECE as of 31 May 2011 was 7.2 per cent in respect of the Professional category and 2.7 per cent in respect of the General Service category. The comments and recommendations of the Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to recruitment at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraph V.8 above. The Committee trusts that the internal measures taken by ECE will facilitate the recruitment process.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.64 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $4,264,800, reflecting a decrease of $206,200 compared to the 2010-2011 biennium, due mainly to decreased requirements under consultants ($36,700); contractual services ($41,200); general operating expenses ($5,000); supplies and materials ($73,300); and furniture and equipment ($50,000), related to efforts to critically review the replacement of information technology equipment. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.65 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation will amount to $828,000 in the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 20.17). The Secretary-General further indicates that the restructuring of the secretariat and subsequent establishment of the Programme Management Unit and the Development Policies and Cross-Sectoral Coordination Unit in the Office of the Executive Secretary in January 2011 will further enhance synergies and coherence between the normative and operational work of ECE subprogrammes and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its work (ibid., para. 20.12). It is stated in the Secretary-General’s report that the Programme Management Unit resulted from the merger of the Technical Cooperation Unit under programme support and the Programme Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit under executive direction and management (ibid., para. 20.27), and that its core function is to provide overall coordination of the programme planning, programme performance assessment and evaluation of all ECE activities funded from the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources (ibid., para. 20.23 (b)). The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to monitoring and evaluation at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Committee notes that the proposed programme budget does not provide information either on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date at ECE, or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which the resources are requested. The Committee requests that future programme budget submissions contain such information. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.66 The Secretary-General indicates that the projected extrabudgetary resources of $25,012,700 in the biennium 2012-2013, based on known and projected levels of contributions for new and continuing projects, will complement resources from the regular budget to finance various substantive and technical cooperation activities, including training, workshops, seminars and field projects. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are projected to decrease in 2012-2013 by $6,770,800, or 21.2 per cent, compared to 2010-2011, and that the number of posts financed from extrabudgetary sources will decrease by three posts, or 12.5 per cent, to a total of 21 extrabudgetary posts, compared to 2010-2011. The Committee trusts that ECE will continue to engage with the donor community to broaden its donor base.", "Section 21", "Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$107,227,000^(a)\t\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $110,129,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $30,000,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "V.67 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 21 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $107,227,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,902,900, or 2.6 per cent, compared to 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 21), para. 21.15). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $30,000,000 will be utilized (see also para. V.78 below).", "V.68 The representatives of the Secretary-General informed the Advisory Committee that the reductions in the budget necessitated the abolition of posts, as decreases in non-post items had reached “a very delicate and risky edge”. The Committee was further informed that it was proposed to accommodate the majority of the reductions within the programme support area under administration and under executive direction and management, while preserving the integrity of mandates and programme delivery on the substantive side. The Committee was informed that ECLAC, in formulating the budget, had strived to continue to be responsive to member States’ development policy needs and the emerging challenges of the Latin American and Caribbean region in the eight priority areas outlined in paragraph 21.9 of the proposed programme budget.", "V.69 Table V.13 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.13", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t496\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 29 P-5, 63 P-4,59 P-3, 49 P-2/1, 4 GS (OL), 2 NO, 274LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t484\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 29 P-5, 62 P-4,59 P-3, 42 P-2/1, 4 GS (OL), 2 NO, 270LL\n Abolitions 12 1 P-4, 7 P-2, 4 LL \nRedeployments\t7\t1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 LL tosubprogramme 4 from subprogramme 3\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t42\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 5 P-4, 2 P-3, 4 P-2/1,28 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.70 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 484 posts under the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and the abolition of 12 posts, including seven posts at the P-2 level, resulting in a reduction in the requirement for post resources in the amount of $2,129,200. These 12 posts comprise one P-2 post of Associate Economic Affairs Officer under executive direction and management; one P-2 post under subprogramme 1, Linkages with the global economy, regional integration and cooperation; one P-2 post under subprogramme 2, Production and innovation; one P-2 post under subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policies and growth; one P-2 post under subprogramme 5, Social development and equality; one P-2 post under subprogramme 12, Subregional activities in Mexico and Central America; one Local level post under subprogramme 13, Subregional activities in the Caribbean; and one P-4 temporary post, one P-2 post and three Local level posts under programme support. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General to effect budgetary reductions at the five regional commissions are contained in chapter I and in paragraph V.4 above. The post reductions under programme support are attributed to efficiency measures undertaken by ECLAC (A/66/6 (Sect. 21), para. 21.125). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that none of the 20 posts (2 P-5, 3 P-4, 10 P-3, 3 P-2, 2 Local level) authorized for ECLAC under General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities has been proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013. However, the Committee notes that four P-2 posts proposed for abolition at ECLAC correspond to subprogrammes that were strengthened under resolution 63/260. Taking into account the Secretary-General’s assurances that there would be no negative impact on the implementation of mandates, the Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts and recommends that the General Assembly keep this matter under review.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.71 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $17,464,300, reflecting a decrease of $773,700 as compared to 2010-2011, due primarily to decreased requirements in the following areas:", "(a) General operating expenses ($507,000), of which, the Secretary-General indicates, $173,300 pertains to reduced rental costs following the renegotiation of contracts for the national offices with the Governments concerned and with landlords, $264,400 pertains to the use of more economical telecommunications and Internet Protocol telephony technology throughout ECLAC and $69,300 relates to reduced costs for utilities and the maintenance of office automation equipment;", "(b) Supplies and materials ($14,700), due to the decreased use of printed materials;", "(c) Furniture and equipment ($433,600), related to the delayed replacement of information technology equipment.", "V.72 The above decreases in non-post resources are offset, in part, by increases in requirements under, inter alia, other staff costs ($27,900), experts ($41,000), travel of staff ($27,900) and contractual services ($82,000).", "Business continuity", "V.73 The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECLAC contains proposals totalling $465,000 which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "V.74 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "V.75 The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECLAC introduces a new subprogramme 4, Financing for development, through the inward redeployment of existing resources from subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policies and growth. The Secretary-General indicates that the subprogramme will be implemented in accordance with the strategy detailed under subprogramme 4 of programme 17 of the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1). The subprogramme is intended to improve the capacity of Latin American and Caribbean policymakers to develop counter-cyclical domestic financial instruments and early warning systems to prevent and mitigate the effects of financial crises, and to mobilize foreign resources, and generate and allocate domestic resources for financing for development in the productive, social and environmental areas (A/66/6 (Sect. 21), table 21.18). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the posts proposed for redeployment to this subprogramme (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 Local level) had been concerned with similar functions under subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policies and growth. The activities under the new subprogramme will be carried out by the Financing for Development Division, to be headed at the P-5 level.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.76 Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation would amount to $930,900 (ibid., para. 21.17). The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on monitoring and evaluation at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Committee notes that the proposed programme budget does not provide information either on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date at ECLAC or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which those resources will be utilized. The Committee expects that future budget submissions will contain this information. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Comprehensive audit of ECLAC by the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "V.77 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a copy of the comprehensive audit of ECLAC by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) (AN2010/730/01). The Committee notes that ECLAC accepted all the recommendations of OIOS and adopted a plan to implement them during the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee trusts that all the accepted recommendations will be implemented in a timely manner.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.78 The Secretary-General indicates that the projected extrabudgetary resources of $30,000,000 in the biennium 2012-2013 will be used for studies and for technical cooperation, including advisory services, assistance and support to the countries of the region and field projects on integration issues, and training courses for policymakers to build up institutional capacity to address poverty, social inequity and gender issues. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are projected to increase in 2012-2013 by $500,000, or 1.7 per cent, compared to 2010-2011, and that the number of posts financed from extrabudgetary sources will also increase by 2 posts to a total of 42 extrabudgetary posts. The Committee trusts that ECLAC will continue to engage with the donor community to broaden its donor base.", "Section 22", "Economic and social development in Western Asia", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $62,772,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $63,298,400 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $7,799,500^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. ^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n ^(b) Updated projection as at 30 June 2011.", "V.79 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 22 amount to $62,772,600 before recosting, representing a decrease of $525,800, or 0.8 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 22), table 22.5 (1)). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below).", "V.80 The Secretary-General’s report on the proposed budget indicates that extrabudgetary resources estimated at $5,199,500 (ibid., table 22.5 (2)) are expected to supplement the resources from the regular budget. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with revised estimates for extrabudgetary resources in the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, and was informed that the estimates for 2012-2013, updated as at 30 June 2011, had increased from $5,199,500 to $7,799,500 (see table V.14). The Committee was also informed that the increase was a result of the re-energized fund-raising strategy of ESCWA.", "Table V.14", "Extrabudgetary resource requirements", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 expenditure estimate projection", "A. Policymaking organs — — —", "B. Executive direction and 30.4 973.5 442.5 management", "C. Programme of work 5 109.1 7 919.2 6 740.6", "D. Programme support 298.2 695.9 616.4", "Total 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "V.81 Table V.15 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.15", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t261\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 7 D-1, 24 P-5, 35P-4, 29 P-3, 18 P-2, 2 NO, 1 FS,143 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t260\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 25 P-5, 34P-4, 30 P-3, 18 P-2, 2 NO, 1 FS,139 LL\nNew posts\t3\t1 D-1 for subprogramme 6; 1 D-1 and1 P-5 for subprogramme 7\n Reclassification 1 1 P-4 to P-3 in subprogramme 2 \n Abolitions 4 4 LL \nRedeployment\t1\t1 P-3 to subprogramme 7 fromsubprogramme 1", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.82 The Advisory Committee notes that a total of 260 posts is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the regular budget, reflecting a net decrease of one post compared with 2010-2011. As further explained in the following paragraphs, the Secretary-General’s proposals include the establishment of three new posts (2 D-1 and 1 P-5), the abolition of four Local level posts and the downward reclassification of one P-4 post.", "New posts", "V.83 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of the following posts:", "(a) One D-1, Chief of the Division for Women, subprogramme 6 (A/66/6 (Sect. 22), para. 22.72), in line with the Commission’s resolution on upgrading the ESCWA Centre for Women to the level of a division in order to meet its increased responsibilities in terms of the number of requests for advisory services from member States; the growing number of requests for assistance in the area of legislative reform as more member States ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; and the need to respond to emerging issues arising from the recent uprisings in the region (see also para. V.95 below).", "(b) One D-1, Chief of the Emerging Trends and Conflict-related Issues Division, subprogramme 7 (A/66/6 (Sect. 22), para. 22.80), in line with the Commission’s resolution on upgrading the Section to a division. The incumbent will be responsible for managerial oversight of the subprogramme, with a focus on the areas of governance, instability and development, as well as emerging trends and conflict mitigation. It was explained that the function will involve the coordination of work within ESCWA, as well as assisting the Executive Secretary in preparing the conflict mitigation and development work programme of the Division.", "(c) One P-5, Chief of the Governance, Instability and Development Section, subprogramme 7 (ibid.), in line with the Secretary-General’s proposal to upgrade the Section to a division in order to focus on the areas of public sector reform and countries in transition. The incumbent’s role will include the oversight of staff to ensure quality outputs, as well as the production of a full study and two technical papers on Arab countries in transition; the incumbent will also organize, design and coordinate the necessary research and cooperation with relevant entities in relation to various meetings and conferences.", "V.84 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General’s proposals originated from draft resolutions of the Commission (E/ESCWA/RES/L.294 and E/ESCWA/RES/L.295) in which it requested the upgrading of the Section for Emerging and Conflict-related Issues and of the Centre for Women to the level of divisions, and for the necessary support in terms of resources and administrative procedures. It was further explained that, unless decided otherwise by the General Assembly and/or the Economic and Social Council, the decisions constitute a mandate for the United Nations Secretariat, which the Secretary-General has addressed by including the required resource estimates in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that draft resolutions 294 and 295 were considered by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session in 2010, but the Council decided to defer further consideration of the draft resolutions to its substantive session in 2011. Upon further enquiry, the Committee was informed that the draft resolutions of ESCWA had been adopted by the Economic and Social Council, as Council resolutions 2011/3 and 2011/4, on 18 May 2011, with a modification to paragraph 1, in each resolution, replacing “endorses” with “takes note of”. The Committee notes that the budget proposals for the present section were prepared on the assumption that the Council would take action on those draft resolutions in 2011. The Committee will revert to the Secretary-General’s proposals, in accordance with established procedure.", "V.85 With regard to the proposed establishment of a new P-5 post under subprogramme 7, the Advisory Committee notes that the proposed Emerging Trends and Conflict-related Issues Division will have 11 staff, with three at the level of P-5 and above. The Committee is of the opinion that the activities envisaged for the Governance, Instability and Development Section can be accomplished within the existing staffing size and structure. With the above-mentioned considerations in mind, the Committee recommends against acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal to establish a new P-5 post under subprogramme 7.", "Abolitions", "V.86 The Secretary-General is proposing the abolition of four posts as follows:", "(a) Two Local level posts of Team Assistant, one each in the Economic Analysis Section and the Regional Integration Section, subprogramme 3 (ibid., para. 22.54);", "(b) One Local level post of Team Assistant in the Office of the Chief, Information and Communications Technology Division, subprogramme 4 (ibid., para. 22.60);", "(c) One Local level post of Team Assistant in Central Support Services, Administrative Services Division, programme support (ibid., para. 22.86).", "V.87 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Reclassifications", "V.88 The Secretary-General proposes the downward reclassification of one P-4 post of Social Affairs Officer in the Office of the Chief, Social Development Division, subprogramme 2, to the P-3 level as a result of rationalizing the post structure (ibid., para. 22.48).", "V.89 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.90 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the status of recruitment against the 14 posts that had been listed as vacant as at 30 April 2011. The information provided indicates that one post has since been filled; one post has been proposed for redeployment; one post has been advertised in Inspira; two posts are temporarily encumbered; six posts under subprogramme 3, in the Economic Development and Globalization Division, are being kept vacant pending the outcome of the ongoing discussions regarding the restructuring exercise (see para. V.93 below); and the selected candidates for two of the remaining three vacant posts declined the job offers. Upon further enquiry as to how subprogramme 3 is able to ensure delivery of its mandate with so many posts currently vacant, the Committee was informed that some staff have been deployed between sections for a transitional period, while some of the vacant posts have been filled temporarily to strengthen the capacity of the subprogramme. Upon enquiry, the Committee was further informed that a Regional Adviser had been recruited to undertake work on the Millennium Development Goals and that the work programme has since been reviewed and prioritized to focus available resources on two flagship publications, the Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the ESCWA Region and the Arab Millennium Development Goals Report. The Committee expects that the vacant posts will be filled expeditiously.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.91 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $9,711,600, reflecting a decrease of $783,900, or 7 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. The decrease is mainly due to reduced requirements under general operating expenses ($232,900); supplies and materials ($221,900); and furniture and equipment ($456,200), mainly resulting from the extended use of equipment that is serviceable. The reduced requirements are partially offset by increased requirements under contractual services ($168,300), mainly relating to provisions for business continuity. The Advisory Committee’s comments on business continuity are contained in chapter I above. The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Restructuring exercise", "V.92 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s report, the Advisory Committee was informed that an independent consultant had been engaged to examine the mandate, functions and responsibilities of the Economic Development and Globalization Division and the Office of the Executive Secretary, and to determine the extent to which existing organizational arrangements adequately address priority issues in the region and facilitate the effective management of the programme. The Committee was further informed that the consultant’s assignment had been concluded and that internal discussion, with a view to implementing the consultant’s recommended course of action, was ongoing.", "V.93 The Advisory Committee takes note of the restructuring initiative, as well as other initiatives, such as the new programme performance evaluation mechanism and the proposed upgrading of sections to divisions. The Committee, however, is concerned about the apparent lack of coherence in the approach being taken, with the Secretary-General proposing additional posts while at the same time maintaining six vacant posts, pending the outcome of the ongoing discussions regarding the restructuring exercise. The Committee notes the initiative taken towards the efficient and effective management of the programme, resulting in the restructuring exercise. The Committee expects the management of the Commission to remain focused on the expeditious implementation of the restructuring exercise and to report on the efficiencies achieved in the context of the relevant performance report. The Committee, however, maintains the view that the monitoring and evaluation of the ESCWA programme of work should not require consultants, but rather, it should be undertaken by management on a regular basis.", "ESCWA Centre for Women", "V.94 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General’s budget proposals include upgrading of the ESCWA Centre for Women to enable it to play a greater role in the programme’s mandate. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that while UN-Women addresses women’s issues from a global perspective, the entities within the regional commissions concerned with the advancement of women address the regional and national specificities, and highlight the areas that require immediate attention. The Committee was further informed that the ESCWA Centre for Women provides the regional dimension to the work of UN-Women, including implementation of international instruments such as the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Millennium Development Goals. The ESCWA Centre for Women is also able to promptly address developments at the national level.", "V.95 The representatives of the Secretary-General provided further information on the role of the upgraded ESCWA Centre for Women in addressing women’s issues, explaining that there is a clear indication that other fields of study, in addition to those covered by existing literature on women’s issues, remain unaddressed. As explained to the Advisory Committee, those new fields include gender budgeting and gender audits at the national level; implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women and peace and security, especially in the light of the recent uprisings in the region; political participation of women, especially at the political party level; gender-based violence, especially domestic violence and human trafficking for sexual exploitation; follow-up on implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in the light of the increased number of member States that have ratified the Convention; and the impact of globalization and market trends on the gender division of labour. In addition, the Committee was informed that the involvement of women in the ongoing uprisings and political developments in the region is expected to generate new and additional demands for operational and advisory services, which could result in the need to raise more extrabudgetary funds to enable the Centre to respond to such new demands. The Secretary-General further indicated that the ESCWA Centre for Women is now expected to provide support to other divisions for gender-sensitive programming and implementation, as part of the ESCWA gender mainstreaming strategy adopted in 2010 (see also para. V.83 (a) above).", "V.96 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made to address the challenges faced by women in the region and emphasizes the importance of close cooperation with UN-Women to avoid any duplication.", "Section 23 Regular programme of technical cooperation", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $52,246,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $52,246,200 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "V.97 The resource requirements proposed by the Secretary-General for section 23 amount to $52,246,200, before recosting, which is at the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. Information with respect to the requirements by component, object of expenditure and programme is provided in tables 23.2 and 23.4 of the proposed budget (see A/66/6 (Sect. 23)).", "V.98 Activities undertaken under the regular programme of technical cooperation are divided into two components, as follows:", "(a) Sectoral advisory services, implemented by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UNCTAD, UNODC, UN-Habitat, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and OHCHR (ibid., paras. 23.26-23.33). The proposed requirements of $22,875,400, or 41.7 per cent, of the total resources requested under the section for 2012-2013, would provide for an estimated 772 work-months of the services, compared with 792 work-months in the current biennium. A summary of the requirements for 2012-2013 by subprogramme and implementing entity, with information on expenditure for 2008-2009 and appropriations for 2010-2011, is provided in table 23.6 of the proposed budget;", "(b) Regional and subregional advisory services, implemented by the five regional commissions (ibid., paras. 23.34-23.40). The proposed requirements for the services amount to $31,968,100, or 58.3 per cent, of the total requirements, which would provide for 1,114 work-months of the services in 2012-2013, compared with 1,320 work-months in the current biennium. Table 23.13 of the budget document provides a summary of the requirements for 2012-2013, expenditure for 2008-2009 and appropriations for 2010-2011.", "V.99 The Advisory Committee recalls that the regular programme of technical cooperation was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 58 (I) in 1946. According to the Secretary-General, the key element that differentiates the programme from other technical cooperation support available within the United Nations system is that it allows a fast and flexible response to requests to meet small-scale but urgent requirements of developing countries, least developed countries, countries with economies in transition and countries emerging from conflicts in their capacity development efforts. While the programme continues to deliver assistance through the same modalities, the Secretary-General indicates that there has been increased emphasis on the sharing of experience and knowledge across countries and regions, especially through South-South cooperation and the building of knowledge networks to help sustain inter-country cooperation (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), paras. 23.1, 23.4 and 23.5).", "V.100 The Secretary-General also indicates that, in line with General Assembly resolution 2514 (XXIV) and Economic and Social Council resolution 1434 (XLVII), activities financed under this section continue to focus on short-term advisory services, training and field projects, with special emphasis on learning and on transferring new knowledge, skills and technologies. Most of the interventions are targeted at specific elements identified by Member States as a requirement to meet their international commitments (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.10). Paragraphs 23.11 to 23.17 of the budget document contain information with respect to short-term advisory services, field projects and training, as well as the objective, strategy and criteria for the allocation of resources under the programme. The Advisory Committee notes from the budget document that training activities, aimed at building knowledge and skills, contribute to the strengthening of national capacity for policy development and the effective implementation of national policies (ibid., para. 23.15). The Committee trusts that the programme will continue to strengthen national capacity through its future activities and, where feasible, to explore the possibility of utilizing the recipients, who have acquired skills through the regular programme of technical cooperation, to act as advisers or experts.", "V.101 The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that under the regular programme of technical cooperation, funding was allocated to each implementing entity at the subprogramme level. As an illustration of how regular programme of technical cooperation funds are programmed, the Committee was informed that, with respect to the allocation to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, each operational activity was established as a distinct project in order to facilitate effective monitoring, evaluation and reporting. Each project was also endorsed by the director of the relevant subprogramme and approved by the Capacity Development Office on behalf of the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. Similar approaches were followed by other implementing agencies. Further, projects under the programme were established, in a phased manner, throughout the biennium, which allowed for the optimal utilization of resources in response to unforeseen requests from Member States. In addition, projects were implemented during the same biennium for which funds were allocated.", "V.102 With respect to the distinction and complementarity between activities implemented under the regular programme of technical cooperation and those implemented under the Development Account (see sect. 36 below), the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that short-term and small-scale activities under the regular programme of technical cooperation were developed and implemented within the biennium for which funds were allocated, while medium-scale projects under the Development Account, on the other hand, were prepared in advance and then endorsed by the General Assembly, with an implementation cycle of four years. At the same time, both the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account supported the overall goal of assisting Member States to achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee expects that the complementarity between the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account will continue to be ensured and further developed to maximize the combined impact of the activities implemented through the two mechanisms.", "General comments and recommendations", "First progress report", "V.103 During its consideration of the proposals for section 23, the Advisory Committee also had before it an advance version of the first progress report on the regular programme of technical cooperation, which provides an overview of the roles and purposes of the programme, the results and impact of its activities, the management of the programme and the challenges encountered. The Committee notes from the progress report that one of the fundamental features of the programme is the multiplier effect, which links pilot activities of the programme with better-endowed funds so as to generate larger-scale benefits. Further, South-South cooperation is a particular mechanism through which the multiplier effect is realized. The Advisory Committee also notes that among the examples related to South-South cooperation provided in the progress report are the collaboration between ECLAC and the World Bank, and cross-regional collaboration among the five regional commissions. The Committee finds that the first progress report provides detailed and useful information with respect to the regular programme of technical cooperation, and recommends that the report be provided to the General Assembly in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Committee also expects that such information will be provided to it in advance of its consideration of the biennial resource requirements for the regular programme of technical cooperation.", "Results-based budgeting", "V.104 With respect to incorporating results-based budgeting and results-based management in the activities funded under section 23, the Advisory Committee recalls that the logical framework was initiated at the section level in the biennium 2004-2005, was expanded to the programme level in 2006-2007 and was further expanded to subprogrammes in 2008-2009. Accordingly, each implementing entity of a subprogramme is directly accountable for defining and determining expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and, ultimately, the achievement of results (A/64/7, para. V.72). The budget document contains, under each subprogramme of an implementing entity, summary information relating to the proposed budget, output, activities and impact, in addition to expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), paras. 23.26-23.40). While the Committee welcomes the information provided in the proposed programme budget, it encourages further improvement to the summary information, in particular, in relation to the anticipated impact of the activities proposed for the forthcoming biennium.", "V.105 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Board of Auditors, following its examination of the framework of results-based budgeting in the area of technical cooperation, observed that, owing to the lack of clear objectives and valid indicators, objective assessment of the activities carried out was rendered difficult and was reduced to narratives of progress. However, the Board also noted that the monitoring put in place regarding the Development Account was, on the whole, an exception to that finding. The Board therefore recommended that the Administration put in place, for all of its technical cooperation activities, a results-measurement mechanism comparable to that required for the projects funded under the Development Account. The Committee also recalls that it subsequently requested the Secretary-General to provide information on progress achieved in that regard (see A/64/7, para. V.73). In this connection, the Committee notes from the proposed budget that a monitoring mechanism has been established by all implementing entities, which facilitates better assessment and reporting on activities implemented, results achieved and benefits accrued by the countries concerned (A/66/6, para. 23.21). The Committee welcomes the establishment of the monitoring mechanism for activities undertaken under the regular programme of technical cooperation and expects that that mechanism will continue to be strengthened.", "V.106 In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee recommended that information and progress related to the award and duration of contracts for advisers be included in future budget submissions (A/64/7, para. V.76). Further, the Committee noted at the time that the Secretary-General had not responded to its recommendation that the use of nationally and regionally recruited expertise be explored (ibid., para. V.74). In this connection, the Committee notes that the Secretary-General includes information in this regard in paragraphs 23.12 and 23.13 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. According to the Secretary-General, all implementing entities of the programme update their advisory capacities with the intention of replacing advisers as needed, to ensure that the best skills and knowledge required are available to respond to the changing needs of Member States. Furthermore, it is indicated that contracts for advisers are now capped at five years, and short-term advisers who have the knowledge to respond to specific and distinct assignments of a limited duration are recruited as a complementary measure. In addition, national and regional expertise is drawn upon to address, in particular, country-specific issues, when expert knowledge is fundamental in ensuring the most relevant and targeted support. The Committee welcomes the inclusion of the relevant information it requested in the proposed programme budget. The Committee trusts that all implementing entities of the programme will continue to update their advisory capacities, including the use of nationally and regionally recruited expertise, and that such information will be regularly provided in future budget submissions.", "Other issues", "V.107 As shown in table 23.6 of the proposed budget for 2012-2013, the sectoral advisory services would have 19 subprogrammes. The Advisory Committee notes from the table that no provision is proposed for the subprogramme on gender issues and advancement of women under the sectoral advisory services. The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that activities relating to gender issues and advancement of women would be undertaken by UN-Women.", "Part VI Human rights and humanitarian affairs", "Section 24 Human rights", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $147,234,900^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $141,191,400 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $254,743,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "VI.1 The total proposed estimates under budget section 24 comprise the requirements of $146,054,900 for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and $1,180,000 for the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.18). The programme of work of OHCHR for the biennium 2012-2013 consists of four subprogrammes: human rights mainstreaming, right to development, and research and analysis; supporting human rights treaty bodies; advisory services, technical cooperation and field activities; and supporting the Human Rights Council, its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms. The activities relating to the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus are identified in a separate work programme under this budget section.", "VI.2 The resources of $147,234,900 requested for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect an increase of $6,043,500, or 4.3 per cent, compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid.). The increase of $6,043,500 for OHCHR comprises (a) a net increase of $2,904,000 under policymaking organs; (b) a net decrease of $255,400 under executive direction and management; (c) a net overall increase of $3,372,500 for substantive activities; and (d) a net increase of $22,400 under programme support.", "VI.3 The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed estimates for section 24 do not take into consideration: possible decisions of the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the programme budget implications of the resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth and seventeenth sessions; the request contained in General Assembly resolution 65/200 for concrete and tailored proposals on the human rights treaty bodies to increase their effectiveness; and resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its special sessions, which would affect the human rights work programme for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 24.19)", "VI.4 Table VI.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VI.1", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \nRegularbudget \nApproved for2010-2011^(a)\t344\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 3 D-2, 9 D-1, 42 P-5, 90 P-4,89 P-3, 20 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL),79 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t355\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 3 D-2, 9 D-1, 42 P-5, 93 P-4,92 P-3, 21 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL),83 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 NO\nNew\t9\t1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 GS (OL), subprogramme 2;1 P-4 and 1 P-3, subprogramme 4; 2 GS (OL),executive direction and management\nConversions\t4\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 GS (OL),subprogramme 4Redeployments\t4\t1 GS (OL) to executive direction andmanagement from subprogramme 2 1 GS (OL) to executive direction andmanagement from subprogramme 4 \n 2 GS (OL) to subprogramme 4 fromsubprogramme 2\nExtrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t765\t3 D-1, 36 P-5, 95 P-4, 149 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 2GS (PL), 324 GS (OL), 132 NO", "^(a) Including two non-recurrent temporary posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) expiring in 2011.", "VI.5 The Secretary-General had indicated in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the doubling of the regular budget resources for OHCHR, as mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/1, had been accomplished (see A/64/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.16). The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General reiterates that this strengthening of OHCHR over five years has been achieved (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.12). The Secretary-General indicates, however, that some elements of the increase proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 relate to additional resources to support new and expanded mandates, including those that have been mandated by the Human Rights Council since its establishment (ibid., para. 24.14).", "VI.6 The Advisory Committee notes that, in the biennium 2012-2013, OHCHR will provide strengthened and consolidated organizational support to the Human Rights Council and its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms, including the universal periodic review, the special procedures and the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee and complaint procedure, as well as other relevant United Nations organs. It is indicated that the United Nations treaty-monitoring bodies, all supported by OHCHR, will receive strengthened support and advice (ibid., para. 24.6). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in the past 10-year period, the number of treaty bodies serviced by OHCHR had increased from 5 to 10; the number of the sessions held annually by treaty bodies from 11 to 24; the number of weeks in which treaty bodies hold sessions annually from 44 to 73; and the number of treaty body experts from 74 to 172. Upon request, the Committee was provided with details of the pattern of expenditure on policymaking organs and expert bodies in recent bienniums (see table VI.2). The Committee notes that the information in the table excludes the cost of staff at OHCHR who support policymaking organs and expert bodies and who occupy the 134 regular budget posts proposed under subprogrammes 2 and 4, as well as the related support costs, which are included under sections 2 and 28E of the regular budget.", "Table VI.2", "Non-post expenditure in support of OHCHR policymaking organs and expert bodies", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 Projected Estimated 2010-2011 2012-2013", "Commission on Human 187.7 162.6 205.3 — — — — Rights", "Human Rights Council — — — 135.2 127.5 292.9 378.3", "Subcommission/Human 569.4 665.7 815.2 370.1 435.4 540.5 735.4 Rights Advisory Committee", "Human Rights Committee 1 181.5 1 204.0 1 309.6 1 509.3 1 625.6 1 863.3 1 789.3", "Special Committee to 204.2 169.7 229.3 210.1 251.8 271.2 342.4 Investigate Israeli Practices", "Committee on Economic, 813.1 613.6 719.7 761.9 958.3 1 160.4 883.2 Social and Cultural Rights", "Committee on the 551.0 832.4 1 426.0 1 462.4 1 751.7 1 896.3 1 870.2 Rights of the Child", "Committee against 336.1 365.3 460.1 437.4 528.0 821.1 608.9 Torture", "Committee on the 522.0 572.1 682.1 735.7 943.6 1 281.0 1 154.8 Elimination of Racial Discrimination", "Chairpersons of Human 44.8 37.4 41.6 49.6 112.9 113.7 114.4 Rights Bodies", "Permanent Forum on — 269.1 — — — — — Indigenous Issues", "Committee on the — — 170.5 184.4 323.7 525.3 542.4 Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families", "Committee on the — — — — 1 888.2 1 559.4 2 119.2 Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Subcommittee on — — — 551.6 745.4 1 184.2 2 052.9 Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment", "Committee on the — — — — 616.2 562.9 1 349.2 Rights of Persons with Disabilities", "Committee on Enforced — — — — — 90.0 680.0 Disappearances", "Total 4 409.8 4 891.9 6 059.4 6 407.7 10 308.3 12 162.2 14 620.6", "VI.7 The Secretary-General notes that the General Assembly is reviewing the status of the Human Rights Council and, in that context, is considering the issue of funding for the implementation of urgent human rights activities mandated by the Council (ibid., para. 24.15). The Secretary-General also states that, although the General Assembly has approved additional resources in response to the new mandates established by the Council, the ever-expanding demands of the human rights treaty bodies and the Council and its mechanisms, at times assigned without corresponding resources, have affected the level of support provided to the Human Rights Council by OHCHR (ibid., para. 24.16). The Advisory Committee looks forward to the results of the review by the General Assembly of the status of the Human Rights Council and trusts that proposals stemming from that review on the issue of funding for new requirements will contain measures to ensure the most efficient and effective utilization of the existing resources of the Office.", "Organizational effectiveness programme", "VI.8 It is indicated that in the biennium 2012-2013 OHCHR will consolidate the management and efficiency gains achieved through the implementation of an organizational effectiveness programme aimed at redressing the weaknesses observed by OIOS in its report (A/64/203 and Corr.1 and Add.1) on the efficiency of the implementation of the mandate of OHCHR (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.9). OIOS recommended various improvements to sharpen strategic focus, develop an overarching field strategy, improve OHCHR work with human rights bodies through more systematic follow-up of their recommendations, strengthen partnerships, improve internal coordination and communication, and identify and document work processes. The Advisory Committee was informed that, following surveys undertaken in 2010 to collect the views of OHCHR staff, four critical work processes were identified for review: recruitment, strategic planning, mission preparation, and documentation submission and clearance. Simplified procedures have been introduced at OHCHR in the areas of planning, budgeting, reporting and recruitment, and OHCHR expects to implement all the remaining recommendations stemming from the organizational effectiveness programme by the end of 2011. The Committee expects that the impact of the implementation of the programme will be reported on in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "OHCHR New York Office", "VI.9 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly approved an Assistant Secretary-General post for the head of the OHCHR New York Office in the biennium 2010-2011. The Secretary-General, in proposing the post, indicated that an Assistant Secretary-General at the New York Office would allow OHCHR to participate at the appropriate level in executive decision-making committees and would ensure political-level representation and access to high-level policy discussions. In addition, it was stated that the post of Assistant Secretary-General would increase the decision-making and outreach capacity of the New York Office and thus improve the efficiency and effectiveness of OHCHR (A/64/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.53). The Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget does not sufficiently articulate the benefits that have been derived from the strengthening of the OHCHR New York Office, and requests that such information be included in the context of the performance report. Furthermore, the Committee is of the view that the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post should lead to a reduction in the requirement for official travel between Geneva and New York (see chap. I, para. 104 above and para. VI.20 below).", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VI.10 The Secretary-General indicates that resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation in the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $1,477,100, comprising $1,240,700 under the regular budget and $236,400 under extrabudgetary resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.21). It is noted that the OHCHR Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Section will work to strengthen and further develop the monitoring and evaluation functions throughout the Office and will support the implementation of a system of performance evaluation throughout OHCHR in the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 24.53 (e)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a major internal self-evaluation at OHCHR of performance in supporting human rights mechanisms in their follow-up work and States’ capacity to meet their obligations was currently under preparation and that follow-up was under way for three evaluations carried out in the biennium 2008‑2009, comprising the OIOS external evaluation of the efficiency of the implementation of the OHCHR mandate (see para. VI.8 above) and two internal self-evaluations, on performance in mainstreaming human rights within the United Nations at the country level (April 2008) and on performance on gender mainstreaming (December 2009).", "VI.11 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the internal self-evaluations have concluded that OHCHR should make its priorities widely known; establish, review or strengthen processes, workflows and policy guidance; work more consistently and systematically with partners; review various policies, including on gender, regional offices, human rights advisers and field presences; streamline programming processes, guidance and guidelines on gender; improve capacity development on gender; and strengthen accountability on gender. OHCHR has used a follow-up action plan to systematically identify activities, the lead divisions for implementation and the time frame required to implement evaluation recommendations. Progress in implementation is also tracked periodically for the internal self-evaluations. The Committee was further informed that OHCHR had begun implementing several of the above-mentioned recommendations in 2010-2011 through an enhanced planning process, which included identifying global priorities, elaborating implementation strategies for those priorities and adopting OHCHR management outputs. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. The Committee reiterates the importance of the monitoring and evaluation of programmes, and in particular its recommendation that budget presentations should make clear how the outcome of evaluations leads to improvements in mandate delivery and affects the proposed allocation of resources (see A/64/7, para. 26). The Committee takes note of the measures taken by OHCHR to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of its programme of work and looks forward to receiving more detailed information on progress made in the context of the budget submission for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Extrabudgetary funding", "VI.12 The extrabudgetary resources of OHCHR are estimated at $254,743,000 in the biennium 2012-2013, compared to $258,214,000 in 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.20). The Secretary-General indicates that a total of 765 posts will be financed from extrabudgetary resources in the biennium 2012-2013, compared to 762 in 2010-2011 (ibid., table 24.6). The Advisory Committee was informed that, in the year 2010, OHCHR disbursed more funds in support of extrabudgetary activities than were received in voluntary contributions; however, sufficient balances under extrabudgetary resources remained to meet the overrun. The Committee trusts that OHCHR will continue to engage with donors and exercise prudence in implementing extrabudgetary-funded activities, to avoid disruptions due to shortfalls in such funding.", "Field presences", "VI.13 The Secretary-General indicates that reduced post resources are required under subprogramme 3 as three regular-budget posts were redeployed from the Office of the Director, Field Operations and Technical Cooperation Division until the establishment of the OHCHR Regional Office in Bangkok in 2010 (ibid., para. 24.89). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed, however, that the Regional Office in Bangkok had in fact been established under extrabudgetary resources since 2002 and that the three regular-budget posts had been assigned to the Bangkok Regional Office in 2010 after efforts to establish new regional offices in North Africa and in South Asia proved unsuccessful. The Committee is of the view that the budget presentation does not show the field presences of OHCHR with sufficient clarity, and recalls its previous recommendation that information on the capacity of OHCHR in the field, including in United Nations peace operations, be included in the proposed programme budget (A/64/7, para. VI.18). In this regard, the Committee was provided with information on OHCHR field presences, which is to be found in table VI.3 at the end of the present section.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VI.14 Under executive direction and management, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of two new General Service (Other level) posts for the Document Processing Unit, to meet the increased workload and to ensure that the service required by the Human Rights Council and the treaty bodies is adequate (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.59). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the OHCHR Document Processing Unit was established in 2002 with a view to streamlining internal processes related to documentation management. Since 2005, the number of OHCHR documents processed by the unit has nearly doubled, from 1,525 to more than 3,000 in 2010. The Committee has no objection to the proposed establishment of two General Service (Other level) posts.", "VI.15 Under subprogramme 2, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of three posts to assist the Committee on Enforced Disappearances: one P-4 post to liaise with petitioners and States parties concerned, draft decisions and views under the individual communications procedure and follow up on the implementation of the Committee’s views; one P-3 post to assist the Committee on Enforced Disappearances with the examination of States’ reports submitted under article 29 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Forced Disappearance; and one General Service (Other level) post to provide secretarial assistance in relation to individual communications (art. 31) and inquiries (art. 33) under the Convention. In addition, it is proposed that one new P-3 post and one new General Service (Other level) post be established to support the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in its new composition of 25 members, increased from 10, in view of the expected increase in the workload of the Subcommittee, particularly with respect to the demands that arise in the organization of field missions (ibid., para. 24.80). The Advisory Committee was provided with a detailed breakdown of the distribution of posts in support of treaty bodies under OHCHR. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of the five posts proposed (1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)).", "VI.16 Under subprogramme 4, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one P-4 post for the Secretary of the Consultative Group to lead and supervise the work of two staff members to manage the entire process of advertising positions and compiling applications, preparing and updating the public list of eligible candidates for positions of special rapporteur and independent expert and preparing documentation for meetings of the Group. One new P-3 post is proposed for the Civil and Political Rights Section owing to the increase in the workload relating to the special procedures (ibid., para. 24.104). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of the two posts proposed (1 P-4 and 1 P-3).", "Redeployments", "VI.17 The Secretary-General proposes the redeployment to the Document Processing Unit of two General Service (Other level) posts, one each from subprogrammes 2 and 4 (ibid., para. 24.59), and the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts from subprogramme 2 to subprogramme 4 that are assigned to the Human Rights Council Branch but that have continued to be reflected budgetarily under subprogramme 2 (ibid., para. 24.104). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Conversions", "VI.18 The Secretary-General proposes the conversion from general temporary assistance positions of one P-4, one P-3, one P-2 and one General Service (Other level) to temporary posts under subprogramme 4 to support the Working Group on the elimination of discrimination against women in law and in practice, mandated by the Human Rights Council in resolution 15/23 (ibid.). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed conversions.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.19 The Secretary-General proposes a total of $971,200 for consultants under executive direction and management and the programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013, representing a decrease of $149,200 compared to the current biennium. The Secretary-General proposes a total of $19,565,500 for the travel of representatives under policymaking organs and the programme of work in the biennium 2012-2013, representing an increase of $3,261,600 over the biennium 2010-2011. A total of $4,238,800 is proposed for official travel of staff under policymaking organs, executive direction and management, the programme of work and programme support for the biennium 2012-2013, representing an increase of $753,000 over the current biennium.", "VI.20 The Advisory Committee notes the proposed decrease in the resources for consultants and considers that the growth in the staffing table of the Office in recent bienniums should result in a reduced reliance on outside expertise. With regard to travel, the Committee recognizes the need for representatives to undertake mandated regular field missions. However, the Committee considers that increased efforts should be made to utilize staff from OHCHR field and regional offices to support such missions and thus reduce the requirements under official travel of staff. Given the possibilities for such efficiencies, the Committee recommends a reduction of $424,000 in the proposed provision of $4,238,800 for travel of staff. The Committee recommends approval of the remaining proposals for non-post resources.", "Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $1,180,000^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,180,000 \n^(a) At 2010-2011 rates. Figures in the presentreport, unless otherwise noted, are at revised2010-2011 rates (i.e. before recosting).", "VI.21 The activities of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus, which was established to ascertain the fate of missing persons through the good offices of the Secretary-General, are described in subsection E of the Secretary-General’s proposal. The Secretary-General indicates that the United Nations is responsible only for the expenses of the third member of the Committee on Missing Persons, his or her two assistants and the miscellaneous operating expenses of their office, and that the project on the exhumation, identification and return of the remains of missing persons in Cyprus is financed from extrabudgetary sources (ibid., para. 24.117). The amount of $1,180,000 is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, the same amount as approved for the current biennium, comprising $1,082,500 for general temporary assistance for the fees of the United Nations member of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (the third member) at the D-1 level, an assistant to the third member at the P-4 level and two General Service staff, as well as other non-post resources in the amount of $97,500. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for the Committee on Missing Persons.", "Table VI.3", "OHCHR field presences, as at 31 May 2011", "Location\tEstablished \n Regional offices and centres (12) \n Regional Office for Southern Africa Pretoria 1998 \nSubregional Centre for Human Rightsand Democracy in Central Africa^(a)\tYaoundé\t2001\n Regional Office for East Africa Addis Ababa 2002 \n Regional Office for the Middle East Beirut 2002 \nRegional Office for South-EastAsia^(a)\tBangkok\t2002\n Regional Office for the Pacific Suva 2005 \n Regional Office for Central Asia^(a) Bishkek 2006 \nRegional Office for CentralAmerica^(a)\tPanama City\t2007\n Regional Office for West Africa^(a) Dakar 2008 \n Regional Office for Europe^(a) Brussels 2009 \nHuman Rights Training andDocumentation Centre for South-WestAsia and the Arab Region\tDoha\t2009\n Regional Office for South America^(a) Santiago 2009 \n Country and stand-alone offices (13) \n Cambodia^(a) Phnom Penh 1993 \n Occupied Palestinian Territories Gaza 1996 \n Ramallah 2000 \n Colombia Bogotá 1997 \n Kosovo (Serbia) Pristina 1998 \n Mexico Mexico City 2002 \nGuatemala\tGuatemalaCity\t2005\n Nepal Kathmandu 2005 \n Uganda Kampala 2005 \n Togo Lomé 2006 \n Plurinational State of Bolivia La Paz 2007 \n Guinea Conakry 2009 \n Mauritania Nouakchott 2009 \n Tunisia Tunis 2011 \n Human rights advisers (18) \n Sri Lanka Colombo 2004 \n Russia Federation Moscow 2005 \n Southern Caucasus Tbilisi 2006 \n Ecuador Quito 2007 \n Rwanda Kigali 2007 \n Serbia Belgrade 2007 \nThe former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia\tSkopje\t2007\n Kenya Nairobi 2008 \n Niger Niamey 2008 \n Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 2008 \n Republic of Moldova Chisinau 2008 \n Great Lakes Bujumbura 2009 \n Honduras Tegucigalpa 2010 \n Paraguay Asunción 2010 \n Tajikistan Dushanbe 2010 \n Chad N’Djamena 2011 \n Madagascar Antananarivo 2011 \n Ukraine Kiev 2011 \nHuman rights components inpeacekeeping and special politicalmissions (14) \nUnited Nations Office inBurundi,^(b) United NationsStabilization Mission in Haiti,United Nations OrganizationStabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of theCongo,^(b) United Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan, UnitedNations Assistance Mission for Iraq,African Union-United Nations HybridOperation in Darfur, United NationsIntegrated Peacebuilding Office inGuinea-Bissau, United NationsIntegrated Peacebuilding SupportOffice in Sierra Leone, UnitedNations Interim AdministrationMission in Kosovo, United NationsMission in Liberia, United NationsMission in the Sudan, United NationsIntegrated Mission in Timor-Leste,United Nations Operation in Côted’Ivoire, United Nations PoliticalOffice for Somalia", "^(a) Financed, in whole or in part, from regular budget resources.", "^(b) Includes integrated OHCHR field presence.", "Section 25", "International protection, durable solutions and assistance to refugees", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $83,717,500^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $83,717,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "VI.22 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 25 amount to $83,717,500, before recosting, which is the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), table 25.1 and para. 25.13). As noted in paragraph 25.23 of the proposed programme budget, in accordance with paragraph 20 of the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), no expenditure other than administrative expenditures relating to the functioning of UNHCR shall be borne by the regular budget of the United Nations and all other expenditures relating to the activities of UNHCR shall be financed by voluntary contributions. It is estimated that extrabudgetary requirements would amount to $6,558,244,200, representing 98.7 per cent of the total projected resources of UNHCR for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 25.14).", "VI.23 Table VI.4 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.4", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t2\t1 USG, 1 ASG\nProposed for2012-2013\t2\t1 USG, 1 ASG\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t7870\t2 ASG, 24 D-2, 86 D-1, 190 P-5, 1,247P-4/3, 205 P-2/1, 312 GS (PL), 313 GS(OL), 4,743 LL, 43 FS, 705 NO", "Lump-sum arrangement", "VI.24 The amount of $83,717,500 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the lump-sum arrangement from the regular budget relates to the following (ibid., para. 25.24):", "(a) Provision for the posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner ($1,232,700);", "(b) A grant to be utilized for the administrative costs of UNHCR ($82,484,800).", "VI.25 The Secretary-General indicates that the provision of funds from the regular budget for the administrative expenditures of UNHCR in the form of a grant, rather than as post and non-post resources, was initiated in the biennium 2002-2003 in order to simplify the UNHCR budgetary process, subject to a review after three bienniums (ibid., para. 25.24). Accordingly, the review of the lump-sum arrangement and the lessons learned from the three bienniums were reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-third session (A/63/537). The Assembly, in its resolution 63/263, endorsed the maintenance of the lump-sum arrangement for the regular-budget funding of UNHCR, as recommended by the Advisory Committee (A/63/616, para. 10). It was decided to present the funding for the posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner separately from the grant (ibid., para. 7).", "VI.26 The Secretary-General further indicates that the lump sum from the regular budget for 2012-2013 would cover the equivalent of 220 posts in the management and administration category ($69,043,700), general operating expenses ($8,157,000), supplies and materials ($170,000) and contribution to joint activities ($6,346,800) (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), para. 25.13). UNHCR reports its expenditures under the regular budget, broken down into post and non-post resources, to United Nations Headquarters on an annual basis (A/63/616, para. 7).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VI.27 Prior to the implementation of the lump-sum arrangement described in paragraph VI.25 above, 220 posts, including the posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner, were financed by the regular budget for the biennium 2000-2001. At that time, the 220 posts represented 50.8 per cent of the 433 posts categorized by UNHCR as management and administration posts (A/63/616, para. 5). The Advisory Committee notes that for 2010-2011, the equivalent of 220 posts financed by the regular budget represents 42.7 per cent of the 515 posts currently under the UNHCR management and administration category. For the biennium 2012-2013, the contribution from the regular budget would continue to finance the equivalent of 220 posts in the management and administration category, comprising the two posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner and the other 218 posts under the grant. The Committee also notes from table 25.6 in the budget document that 7,870 posts at UNHCR would be financed by extrabudgetary contributions in the biennium 2012-2013, the same number as in the biennium 2010-2011.", "VI.28 The Advisory Committee enquired as to the grade levels of the 218 management and administration posts financed by the grant from the regular budget for 2012-2013. The Committee was informed that while the number of posts at the D-2/1 and P-4/3 levels would increase by five and six, respectively, there would be a decrease of four P-5 posts, five P-2 posts and two GS posts. The Committee notes that the number of posts in the higher grades has increased, while the number of posts at lower levels has decreased. In this connection, the Committee was further informed that since the implementation of the lump-sum arrangement, UNHCR had decided which of the management and administration posts should correspond to the 218 posts financed by the grant from the regular budget, with the remaining posts being financed by its voluntary contributions. Further, for the sake of consistency, UNHCR had tried to maintain the same proportion of grade levels regarding the 218 posts. However, owing to operational exigencies and the dynamic nature of UNHCR, it was not always possible to keep a static distribution of the 218 posts in terms of levels while adhering to the total budgetary ceiling for the lump sum.", "VI.29 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for 2012-2013. While the Committee accepts that the operational nature of UNHCR may require a flexible staffing table, it is nevertheless of the view that, for the purposes of transparency and accountability, the detailed composition of the 218 posts financed by the grant from the regular budget should continue to be provided in the context of the UNHCR biennial programme budgets.", "General comments and recommendations", "Service centres in Budapest", "VI.30 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 (A/64/7, para. VI.27), it was informed that UNHCR had outposted certain administrative functions from Geneva to establish a Global Service Centre and a Global Learning Centre in Budapest. It was estimated at the time that start-up and transitional costs would amount to approximately $20 million and that, starting in 2010, savings of approximately $9.5 million would be realized annually.", "VI.31 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from table 25.4 of the proposed budget that annual savings of $6.15 million were already realized in 2009 and that the revised projections for annual savings would amount to $15.2 million for 2010, $17 million for 2011, and $16.3 million for 2012 and 2013 respectively. It is indicated that the estimates in table 25.4 take into account the contribution of the Government of Hungary, which is providing rent-free premises in central Budapest, office furniture and the cost of maintenance and utilities, and of reception and security services for a period of 10 years (A/66/6, para. 25.18).", "VI.32 The Advisory Committee was informed that the implementation of results-based management in 2010 had been one of the change initiatives undertaken by UNHCR to make the organization more transparent, flexible and responsive. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with an update on the efficiency gains achieved through various reform measures carried out by UNHCR. The Committee was informed that UNHCR had implemented wide-ranging internal reforms over the past five years, including the creation in 2007 of the service centres in Budapest, which was driven by a critical need to reduce administrative costs at the headquarters. Consequently, UNHCR headquarters costs had been reduced from 13.9 per cent of total expenditure in 2006 to 9.1 per cent in 2010, while the proportion of staff costs of overall UNHCR costs had decreased from 41.4 per cent to 27.1 per cent. Furthermore, the savings achieved through the reforms allowed UNHCR a margin of manoeuvre to allocate unearmarked voluntary contributions to underfunded operations and emergencies and to launch initiatives to improve its protection and emergency response capacities. The Committee welcomes the initiatives taken and progress achieved so far by UNHCR and expects that further efficiencies will be pursued.", "Publications", "VI.33 A summary of recurrent and non-recurrent publications is presented in table 25.3 of the proposed budget. In the annex to the proposed budget a list of publications which are to be discontinued in 2012-2013 is also provided. The Advisory Committee was informed that publications to be issued in the biennium 2012-2013, in both print and electronic format would include (a) an annual update of the UNHCR Statistical Yearbook showing global levels of and trends in the populations of concern to UNHCR, as well as durable solutions and (b) research papers commissioned on a range of priority protection-related themes. In addition, UNHCR will also issue electronic publications and regular updates on its work and issues relating to refugees and other populations of concern on its websites and on social media. The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I, paragraphs 109 and 110.", "Section 26 Palestine refugees", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $48,712,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $43,712,400 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "VI.34 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 26 amount to $48,712,400, before recosting, representing an increase of $5,000,000, or 11.4 per cent, compared to the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 26), table 26.3). For 2012-2013, the regular budget share of the total biennial budget of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) would amount approximately to 2.7 per cent, based on the projection that $1,857,300,000 of extrabudgetary resources would be required (ibid., paras. 26.12 and 26.13).", "VI.35 The Secretary-General indicates that the General Assembly, in its resolution 3331 B (XXIX), decided that, with effect from 1 January 1975, the expenses for salaries of international staff in the service of UNRWA, which would otherwise have been charged to voluntary contributions, should be financed by the regular budget of the United Nations for the duration of the Agency’s mandate (ibid., para. 26.2). The proposed increase of $5,000,000 for 2012-2013 reflects the resources for the delayed impact of 14 new Professional posts approved by the General Assembly for 2010-2011 ($2,283,200); the proposed 13 new posts ($2,475,200); the reclassification of 5 posts ($236,600); and an increase of $5,000 in non-post resources (ibid., para. 26.22; see also paras. VI.40 and VI.48 below).", "VI.36 Table VI.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.5 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t133\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 13 D-1, 23 P-5,54 P-4, 24 P-3,2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t146\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 8 D-2, 10 D-1, 27 P-5,57 P-4, 29 P-3,2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\n New posts 13 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3 \n Reclassifications 5 4 D-1 to D-2 and 1 P-4 to P-5 \n Extrabudgetary \nProposed posts forthe biennium2012-2013^(a)\t75\t2 D-2, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 54 P-4/3, 3P-2/1, 7 GS (OL)", "^(a) UNRWA local staff numbering approximately 31,800 are not included in the table (see A/66/6 (Sect. 26), table 26.4, footnote).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VI.37 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of 13 posts for 2012-2013, as follows (ibid., para. 26.23):", "(a) Judge (D-1) and Registrar (P-4) for the Dispute Tribunal of UNRWA (see also paras. VI.41-VI.44 below);", "(b) Chief of the Evaluation Division (P-5) and Financial Information and Systems Officer (P-4) at UNRWA headquarters;", "(c) Chief of the Partnerships Division (P-5), to be based in Jerusalem (see para. VI.50 below);", "(d) Senior Liaison Officer (P-4) in Brussels; Head (P-5) and Deputy Head (P-4) of the Representative Office in Washington, D.C. (see also para. VI.49 below);", "(e) Security Officers (5 P-3), to be based in each of the five field offices in the West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon.", "VI.38 The Secretary-General also proposes the upward reclassification of five posts as follows (ibid., para. 26.24):", "(a) Three of the five UNRWA Field Directors (West Bank, Lebanon and Gaza) from D-1 to D-2;", "(b) Director, Finance Department from D-1 to D-2;", "(c) Head of Safety and Security, at UNRWA headquarters, from P-4 to P-5.", "The Advisory Committee was informed that since the last UNRWA reclassification review, undertaken in 1983, the responsibilities and accountabilities had increased considerably for some posts at the higher levels. The Committee was also informed that the Compensation and Classification Section of the Office of Human Resources Management of the United Nations Secretariat had recently reviewed the D-1 posts and determined they could be reclassified at the D-2 level.", "VI.39 Based on the justifications provided by the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal, including with regard to the proposed 13 new posts and 5 reclassifications.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.40 With respect to the proposed increase of $5,000 in non-post resources for 2012-2013 (see para. VI.35 above), the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed increase reflected requirements for general temporary assistance under other staff costs to cover the replacement of staff on maternity or extended sick leave. The total non-post resources requested for 2012-2013 amount to $19,900. The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "UNRWA Dispute Tribunal and the new administration of justice system", "VI.41 As indicated above, two of the new posts proposed, namely those for a Judge and a Registrar relate to the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal. The Secretary-General states that the Dispute Tribunal would hear and pass judgement on applications submitted for its consideration and that its decisions may be appealed by UNRWA or its staff members to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, in accordance with the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal (ibid., para. 26.23 (a)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the new internal justice system of UNRWA mirrored the United Nations two-tier system for the administration of justice. UNRWA, however, elected to establish its own Dispute Tribunal, as the option of participating in the United Nations Dispute Tribunal based on a headcount cost-sharing arrangement (see General Assembly resolution 63/253, para. 52), would expose the Agency to an additional cost of $8 million to $9 million per year, given its approximately 30,000 staff members. In addition to the cost of the proposed posts for a Judge and a Registrar, UNRWA also indicated that the operation of its administration of justice system would amount to $1 million per year, to be funded from the UNRWA General Fund.", "VI.42 The Advisory Committee was further informed that UNRWA would participate in the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, the second tier of the United Nations administration of justice system. In this connection, the Committee recalls that article 2.10 of the Statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/253, provides for the conclusion of a special agreement with the Secretary-General if the organization concerned utilizes a neutral first instance process. Accordingly, the Committee was informed, UNRWA signed a special agreement with the Secretary-General in December 2009. Pursuant to that agreement, UNRWA would be responsible for the payment of a flat fee of $9,600 per case to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. In addition, the staff regulations and rules of UNRWA were amended, effective 1 June 2010, on the model of the United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules.", "VI.43 With respect to the process for the selection of the Judge of the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that an independent judge was selected by the UNRWA Internal Justice Committee, comprised of one area staff member selected by the Inter-Staff Union Conference, one international staff member elected by international staff, the Director of Human Resources, the Legal Adviser and three distinguished external jurists. The Committee was also informed that the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal was fully operational as of 1 June 2011 and currently funded by extrabudgetary resources.", "VI.44 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that the new internal justice system of UNRWA also featured a strengthened framework for resolving disputes, through informal dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation. It was, however, also indicated to the Committee that UNRWA did not have a separate Office of the Ombudsman, but used the Ethics Officer to perform those functions. In this connection, the Committee recalls that in establishing the United Nations administration of justice system, the General Assembly recognized that the informal resolution of conflict was a crucial element of the system and emphasized that all possible use should be made of it in order to avoid unnecessary litigation (see resolution 61/261, para. 11). In the same resolution, the Assembly decided to create an Office of the Ombudsman for the Secretariat, funds and programmes, as well as a Mediation Division. The Committee does not find the above-mentioned arrangement by UNWRA to be adequate. The Committee is of the view that UNRWA should ensure adequate support to its informal process of conflict resolution.", "Financial situation", "VI.45 The Advisory Committee recalls that it had previously raised the issue of the funding shortfall that UNRWA had experienced in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 (A/64/7, para. VI.45). In this connection, the Committee was informed that extrabudgetary contributions to UNRWA, while having risen gradually over the years, had not kept pace with the increasing population and rising costs. Further, the lack of adequate resources had already had the effect of eroding the quality of UNRWA programmes and that the Agency had faced considerable difficulties in addressing the emergency needs of refugees.", "VI.46 The Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that the key issues contributing to the financial situation of UNRWA were as follows:", "(a) Inadequate working capital, due to a continued decline during the past 10 years, from over $80 million to $42 million as at 1 January 2011; the reserve was insufficient to cover one month’s expenditure of some $45 million to $50 million;", "(b) Inadequate annual income, based on a projected deficit of $62 million by the end of 2011;", "(c) Adverse internal and external factors, due to increased requirements as a result of inflation-related wage increases ($12 million), an aging workforce and severance pay ($4 million) and costs for food and medical supplies and utility services ($4 million), as well as the serious domestic economic challenges experienced by its donors.", "VI.47 Regarding its severance provision to its area staff, UNRWA expressed the concern that the implementation of IPSAS from 1 January 2012 would expose the value of the severance payments as a liability on the UNRWA balance sheet. As its severance liability was entirely unfunded, the total liabilities of UNRWA would be greater than its total assets by late 2013, which would have the effect of reporting negative net equity. UNRWA expected that its external auditors would express serious concerns regarding its financial viability. The Advisory Committee intends to revert to the issue when it considers the biennial budget of UNRWA for 2012-2013.", "VI.48 The Secretary-General indicates in the proposed budget that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/272, requested him to continue to support the institutional strengthening of the Agency through the provision of financial resources from the regular budget of the United Nations. Accordingly, resource growth of $5 million is proposed for 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 26), para. 26.11). The Advisory Committee notes that the cost of the delayed impact of 14 new Professional posts approved by the General Assembly for 2010-2011 amounts to $2,283,200, or 46 per cent, of the total increase proposed by the Secretary-General.", "Reform process", "VI.49 The Advisory Committee recalls that UNRWA initiated an organizational development plan to reform and strengthen management structures and processes (A/64/7, para. VI.35). In this connection, the Committee was informed that the organizational development reform process, already concluded, had instituted major improvements to the way UNRWA operated, including a medium-term strategy supported by a results-based planning system. Furthermore, UNRWA had introduced a new programme of reform, Sustaining Change, to improve the effectiveness of its delivery of health and education services and its approach to poverty alleviation. The Committee was further informed that it was in that context that UNRWA had requested the four posts to carry out resource mobilization activities in order to maintain and to improve its level of voluntary funding (see para. VI.37 (c) and (d) above).", "VI.50 With respect to the envisaged resource mobilization activities of UNRWA, the Advisory Committee was informed that the request for a post of Chief of the Partnerships Division stemmed from the recognition that the funding of development and humanitarian aid was not solely the purview of Member States. While WFP and UNHCR had obtained some 3.5 per cent of their resources through private fund-raising, the present level of private funding of UNRWA accounted for 0.1 per cent of its resources. There was, therefore, considerable potential for the Agency to increase its voluntary contributions through partnerships with foundations, private entities and the general public. The Committee welcomes the UNRWA initiative to strengthen its partnership with non-traditional donors so as to broaden its donor base. The Committee also encourages UNRWA to continuously explore further reform and efficiency initiatives.", "Section 27 Humanitarian assistance", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $29,741,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $29,399,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $496,114,400^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) This amount does not include grantsearmarked for non-Office for the Coordinationof Humanitarian Affairs activities providedthrough the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief(estimated at $150,000,000 for 2012-2013) andby the Central Emergency Response Fund(estimated at $800,000,000 for 2012-2013).", "VI.51 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General under section 27 amount to $29,741,100 for the biennium 2012-2013, representing an increase of $341,200, or 1.2 per cent, compared to 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicates in the report that the increase reflects his continued commitment to gradually strengthening the regular budget component of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and is in response to General Assembly resolution 57/153, in which the Assembly emphasized that the Office should benefit from adequate and more predictable funding (A/66/6 (Sect. 27), para. 27.8).", "VI.52 The regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013 are summarized in table VI.6, which also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VI.6 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t70\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 3 D-1, 10 P-5, 16P-4, 14 P-3,5 P-2, 2 GS (PL), 15 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t72\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 4 D-1, 11 P-5, 16P-4, 14 P-3,5 P-2, 2 GS (PL), 15 GS (OL)\nNew\t2\t1 D-1 for subprogramme 3, 1 P-5 forsubprogramme 2\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t1879\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 12 D-1, 79 P-5, 218 P-4,319 P-3,58 P-2/1, 4 GS/PL, 161 GS/OL, 340 NO,686 LL", "VI.53 The Secretary-General indicates that, during the biennium 2012-2013, projected extrabudgetary resources amounting to $496,114,400, representing 94 per cent of the overall resource requirements of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, would complement resources from the regular budget to finance various activities of the Office. The extrabudgetary proposals for 2012-2013 show a projected reduction of $23,690,700 in resources as compared with 2010-2011, as a result of an exercise aimed at aligning the financial requirements to the level of anticipated contributions (ibid., paras. 27.10 and 27.11).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VI.54 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one P-5 regular budget post for subprogramme 2, Coordination of humanitarian action and emergency response, for the Chief of Section, Consolidated Appeals Process, in the External Relations and Support Mobilization Branch, who would be responsible for the timely production of United Nations inter-agency humanitarian appeals, lead inter-agency policy development and implementation of the consolidated appeals process and good humanitarian donorship, as well as manage such public information tools as the financial tracking service and the online project system (ibid., para. 27.34). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the P-5 post of Chief of Section had been established in the biennium 2010-2011 and funded from extrabudgetary resources. While the Committee does not object to the establishment of the P-5 post under subprogramme 2, it points out that the proposal should have been accurately presented as a shift in funding from extrabudgetary sources to the regular budget.", "VI.55 Under subprogramme 3, Natural disaster reduction, it is proposed to establish one new D-1 post for the Chief of Branch, Regional Programmes and Policy Development. The Secretary-General indicates that the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction regional offices play a vital role in carrying out the mandate of the Strategy, namely to serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and humanitarian fields. The regional offices provide support to regional cooperation frameworks for disaster risk reduction and to the regional implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (ibid., para. 27.41). The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/157, acknowledged the growing demands on the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the need for increased, timely, stable and predictable resources for the implementation of the Strategy. The Secretary-General indicates that the Strategy secretariat, which is currently funded exclusively through extrabudgetary resources, has taken a number of measures to increase the predictability of funds through the expansion of the donor base and the increase in unearmarked funds; however, by their nature, extrabudgetary resources do not ensure the necessary predictability and stability of funding of the core and recurrent activities of the Strategy secretariat (ibid., para. 27.42). The Advisory Committee notes the intention of the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report containing recommendations in response to resolution 65/157, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to consider how best to support the implementation of the natural disaster reduction strategy (ibid.). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that among the recommendations to be contained in the report on the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction is the proposal to establish the D-1 post of Chief of Branch, Regional Programme and Policy Development, under the regular budget. The Committee does not object to the establishment of the D-1 post under subprogramme 3.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.56 The Secretary-General proposes a total of $7,311,900 under non-post resources, reflecting a decrease of $390,200 resulting from decreases under contractual services ($202,400), general operating expenses ($158,800), consultants ($14,700) and hospitality ($500), offset in part by increases in grants and contributions ($36,400), furniture and equipment ($23,900), other staff costs ($6,700) and supplies ($200). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments and observations", "VI.57 The Secretary-General indicates in table 27.21 of the report that a feasibility review will be undertaken in 2011, stemming from a recommendation of OIOS in its audit of the governance, arrangements of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for the Common Humanitarian Fund for the Sudan, in which OIOS had found that the accountability of the Common Humanitarian Fund implementing agencies was limited to the submission of project implementation reports, and that there was no requirement to use monitoring, evaluation and audit results in approving projects and allocating funds (A/65/271 (Part I), para. 33). OIOS recommended that the Humanitarian Coordinator for the Sudan use the monitoring, evaluation and audit results of implementing agencies in the allocation process, in order to improve the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of Common Humanitarian Fund projects (AN2010/590/05, recommendation 4). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs had assessed the feasibility of the recommendation and had decided to develop in 2011 a general framework of monitoring and evaluation for the Common Humanitarian Fund for the Sudan, which would form an annex to the Fund’s guidelines. In this connection, a workshop was convened in April 2011 to improve the management of country-based pooled funds through strengthening monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The Committee acknowledges the importance of strengthening accountability for projects implemented under the Fund and looks forward to the expeditious completion of the general framework, which should serve as a sound basis for monitoring and evaluation.", "Part VII Public information", "Section 28 Public information", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $179,432,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $184,996,600 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $6,339,100^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $1,433,000, amending theinformation contained in table 28.6 of documentA/66/6 (Sect. 28) to reflect the decision takenin General Assembly resolution 65/290 on thesupport account for peacekeeping operations, aswell as extrabudgetary resources in the amountof $4,906,100.", "VII.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 28 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $179,432,200 before recosting, representing a decrease of $5,564,400, or 3.0 per cent, compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), table 28.6).", "VII.2 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed that the overall decrease in the resources required was due primarily to the streamlining of the activities of the Department of Public Information, in particular through the introduction of more modern information management technologies (see also paras. VII.17-VII.20 below), the more widespread use of the Internet and social media to disseminate information (see also paras. VII.14-VII.16 below) and the implementation of various online reporting and management tools (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.5). The Committee welcomes the efforts undertaken by the Secretary-General to reduce costs under section 28 and commends him, in particular, for introducing a number of measures that can been seen as “drivers of change” designed to alter the way in which the Department of Public Information does business, with a view to achieving longer-term efficiencies.", "VII.3 Table VII.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VII.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t738\t1 USG, 4 D-2, 20 D-1, 37 P-5, 75P-4, 89 P-3, 58 P-2/1,9 GS (PL), 226 GS (OL), 45 NO, 174LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t723\t1 USG, 4 D-2, 20 D-1, 36 P-5, 75P-4, 89 P-3, 58 P-2/1,9 GS (PL), 217 GS (OL), 51 NO, 163LL\n New 1 1 P-2/1 under subprogramme 3 \n Redeployments 4 1 P-5 within subprogramme 1 \n 1 P-4 and 1 P-2 from subprogramme 2to subprogramme 3\n 1 P-3 from subprogramme 3 tosubprogramme 2\n Reclassifications 6 6 LL to NO under subprogramme 1 \n Conversions 4 4 GS (OL) under subprogramme 2 \n Abolitions 20 1 P-5, 1 P-2/1, 13 GS (OL), 5 LL \n Extrabudgetary^(a) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 14 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 10 GS (OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 4 other assessed posts funded by the support account for peacekeeping operations and 10 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New post", "VII.4 The Secretary-General is proposing the establishment of one P-2/1 post in the Education Outreach Cluster (subprogramme 3) (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.49). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that the current staffing level of the Cluster (two Professional posts and one General Service (Other level) post) is not sufficient to support the widened range of activities foreseen for the biennium 2012-2013, which will focus on expanding the Organization’s relationships with academic and educational institutions. The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that since youth was a priority audience for the Department (see also para. VII.13 below), educational outreach had become a strategic imperative. The incumbent of the proposed post would be responsible, inter alia, for assisting with the organization of United Nations student conferences and gathering information and undertaking research on the themes of those conferences; serving as a contact point for academic institutions interested in working with the United Nations; helping to identify and propose outreach opportunities and activities; and providing support for the United Nations Academic Impact programme, which encourages academic institutions to contribute substantively to the implementation of the Organization’s mandates. The Committee recommends approval of the proposal to establish one P-2/1 post in the Education Outreach Cluster.", "Redeployments", "VII.5 It is proposed to redeploy the following four posts:", "(a) One P-5 post of United Nations Information Centre Director from United Nations field offices, information component, to the United Nations Information Centre in Nairobi (subprogramme 1) in order to strengthen the staffing structure of the latter, which offers advice and support in designing information strategies for small United Nations offices and programmes in Kenya and eastern Africa and in disseminating relevant information to the press and the public, and provides a central access point for information about the local, regional and global work of the United Nations (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.33);", "(b) One P-4 post of Information Officer from the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2) to Outreach services (subprogramme 3) to strengthen the NGO Relations Cluster (ibid., para. 28.41);", "(c) One P-3 post of Information Officer from Outreach services (subprogramme 3) to the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (subprogramme 2) in order to ensure that the staffing level of that Office is adequate to deal with the complex nature of the work undertaken (ibid., para. 28.40);", "(d) One P-2/1 post of Associate Administrative Officer from the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (subprogramme 2) to Outreach services (subprogramme 3) in order to augment administrative support and oversight in the Outreach Division (ibid., para. 28.49).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. With the net addition, through redeployment, of one post to Outreach services, as well as the establishment of the P-2/1 post referred to in paragraph VII.4 above, the Committee expects that the Department will be able to further broaden the scope of its outreach activities.", "Reclassifications", "VII.6 The Secretary-General is proposing to reclassify six Local level posts (one at the United Nations Information Centre in Algiers and five at United Nations field offices in Belarus, Eritrea, Georgia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan) to the National Officer level. The proposed reclassifications are intended to ensure that the level of the posts is commensurate with the professional nature of the functions performed by the incumbents and to help attract qualified local professionals with the relevant expertise (ibid., paras. 28.33 and 28.34). The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General’s proposal is also in line with its own earlier recommendation that national staff should be used as widely as possible at both the Professional and General Service levels (see A/60/7, paras. 70 and 71). The Committee recommends approval of the proposal to reclassify six posts from the Local level to the National Officer level.", "Conversions to established posts", "VII.7 The Secretary-General also proposes the conversion to established posts of four General Service (Other level) positions currently funded under general temporary assistance. The positions, which are located in the website units of the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2), are proposed for conversion in order to reflect the Department’s commitment to ensuring parity among the six official languages and because the functions performed by their incumbents are of a continuing nature (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.41). Bearing in mind that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/107 B, requested the Department of Public Information to further improve the actions taken to achieve full parity among the six official languages on the United Nations website, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the conversion of four General Service (Other level) positions to established posts at the same level.", "Abolitions", "VII.8 It is proposed that the following 20 posts be abolished:", "(a) One P-5 Chief of Section, one P-2 Librarian and nine General Service (Other level) Library Assistant posts as a result of improvements in technology and modified processes in the Dag Hammarskjöld Library (subprogramme 3) (see also para. VII.20 below) (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.49);", "(b) One General Service (Other level) post of Secretary and three General Service (Other level) posts of Public Information Assistant in the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2) as a result of the realignment of resources to increase productivity (ibid., para. 28.41);", "(c) Five Local level posts at the United Nations information centres in Bucharest (2 posts), Lomé, Lima and Port of Spain (subprogramme 1), following a review of the Department’s information centre needs and its ability to perform the functions concerned within existing capacity, taking into account retirement and vacancy trends (ibid., para. 28.34).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "VII.9 The estimate of $36,574,700 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a decrease of $3,676,400, or 9.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Secretary-General is proposing decreases under all objects of expenditure, with the exception of travel of representatives. The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources under section 28.", "General comments and recommendations", "Vacancy rates", "VII.10 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 30 April 2011, 36 of the Department’s 738 regular budget posts authorized for the biennium 2010-2011 were vacant, representing a vacancy rate of 4.9 per cent. The Committee notes from the additional information provided to it that many of the Department’s vacant posts are located in the field. The Committee attaches importance to public information activities in the field, since they serve to promote greater public understanding of and support for the aims and activities of the United Nations by bringing information about the work of the Organization to people everywhere and by adapting that information for specific regional, national and local audiences (see also paras. VII.21-VII.24 below). The Committee therefore urges the Secretary-General to fill all remaining vacancies in the field expeditiously.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VII.11 In paragraph 28.13 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 28)/Corr.1), the Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, regular budget resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation total $2,792,000, which is equivalent to 292 work-months of staff.", "VII.12 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the entity responsible for monitoring and evaluation, the Evaluation and Communications Research Unit, was located in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General. Three Professional and two General Service staff members were involved in monitoring and evaluation activities on a full-time basis. The Committee was further informed that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Department would assess:", "(a) The reach and utility of its weekly briefings programme for associated non-governmental organizations (NGOs);", "(b) The effectiveness of the annual NGO conference and the United Nations Citizen Ambassador programme in promoting civil society engagement with the work of the United Nations;", "(c) The effectiveness of the Global Model United Nations in improving young people’s understanding of the work of the Organization;", "(d) User satisfaction with its internal communications tools (iSeek and the Intranet);", "(e) The usefulness of the Messenger of Peace programme in promoting media coverage of priority issues;", "(f) The reach and impact of its news products;", "(g) The effectiveness of the sustainable development communications campaign in raising awareness of relevant issues;", "(h) The navigability and usability of the United Nations website (www.un.org), as well as its responsiveness to user queries.", "The Committee notes the wide range of monitoring and evaluation activities to be carried out by the Department of Public Information during the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee looks forward to receiving information on the outcome of those activities and any follow-up action taken, as well as an indication of lessons learned, in a future submission. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I, above.", "Youth as a strategic focus for the Department’s work", "VII.13 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 28.2 of the budget document that the Department of Public Information has identified youth as a strategic focus for its communications work. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as part of its strategy to engage young people worldwide on important United Nations-related issues, the Department had already launched a number of initiatives, including the Global Model United Nations; a series of global student videoconferences on various themes; the United Nations Academic Impact programme; measures to ensure youth participation in the annual NGO conference; and outreach activities. The Committee welcomes the attention given by the Department to promoting the work of the Organization among young people. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will continue his efforts in this regard and pursue new opportunities for engagement with youth. In the Committee’s view, the effective use of new media (see paras. VII.14-VII.16 below) should be an important part of those efforts.", "Use of new media", "VII.14 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed that the constantly evolving technology landscape and the ongoing information revolution provided fertile ground for enhancing and modernizing the services offered by the Department of Public Information. In this connection, the Committee notes that a number of expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement for the biennium 2012-2013 refer to the use of the Internet and online social networking tools to broaden understanding of and support for the work of the United Nations.", "VII.15 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in addition to running its own website (www.un.org), the United Nations currently had a presence on a number of social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook and Youku. The Committee was provided with the following table, which quantifies social media traffic generated from platforms managed by the Department of Public Information as at 3 June 2011:", "Platform Facebook Twitter Flick’r YouTube Sina Tudou Youku microblog", "Number of 111 699 400 561 1 121 166 3 362 499 330 865 366 242 2 171 followers/ 676 views/subscribers", "VII.16 The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to make United Nations publications more easily available in electronic form to users worldwide, the Sales and Marketing Cluster had introduced e-books and applications (“apps”) for tablet computers and mobile reading devices. The Committee welcomes the efforts made by the Department to continue to broaden its constituency by using the Internet and social networking tools, which have grown considerably in popularity in recent years and, when used effectively, can help the Organization to portray itself as engaged, in touch and accessible. At the same time, however, the Committee notes that more traditional means of communication (i.e. radio and print media) remain an important part of efforts to ensure that the message of the Organization is effectively promoted, particularly in developing countries.", "Modernization of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library", "VII.17 The Advisory Committee notes that the evolving technology landscape and the information revolution referred to above are also providing the Department of Public Information with the opportunity to continue modernizing the operations of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library in order to ensure that it can provide enhanced services to United Nations staff and delegates and also serve as a virtual gateway to United Nations information for researchers and the general public worldwide (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.6).", "VII.18 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that $650,000 of the resources proposed under this section would be used for the modernization of the Library. Those resources would be used to acquire the technical solutions necessary to upgrade and customize current information management systems, migrate data and train staff. They would also cover requirements for system-related contractual services, installation and change management measures. The Committee was further informed that, in the longer term, a separate project would be developed to review the activities of United Nations libraries globally, with a view to increasing policy coherence and further harmonizing systems. To that end, the Department of Public Information would initiate, later in 2011, a review within the framework of the Steering Committee for the Modernization and Integrated Management of United Nations Libraries, which had been established following the issuance of the Secretary-General’s report entitled “Strengthening of the United Nations: an agenda for further change” (A/57/387).", "VII.19 The Advisory Committee notes that the measures outlined in the preceding paragraph are to be implemented in parallel with the ongoing project to digitize, retrospectively, United Nations parliamentary documents dating from 1946 to 1993 and upload them to the Official Document System (ODS). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that there were currently five staff members involved in that project, begun in January 1999, which, as at 31 October 2010, had resulted in the digitization and uploading of around 225,000 documents (1,900,000 pages) to ODS. Approximately 3,750,000 documents dating from before 1993 remained to be processed, but it was expected that only 25 per cent of them would be considered important enough to be digitized.[7] The Committee was further informed that the Department of Public Information had begun discussions with the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management and the Office of Information and Communications Technology regarding the establishment of a separate project for the digitization of United Nations documents, which would make it possible to complete the digitization of all pre-1993 documents within five years. Should that project be implemented, it might provide an opportunity to review the number of Library staff currently dealing with digitization. The Committee sees merit in the project, which has the potential to lead to further cost reductions, and encourages the departments concerned to conclude the relevant negotiations as soon as possible.", "VII.20 The Advisory Committee notes that the technological improvements and modified processes to be introduced during the biennium 2012-2013 would result in the abolition of 11 posts in the Library (one P-5, one P-2 and nine General Service (Other level) posts) (see para. VII.8 above). The Committee welcomes the ongoing efforts to modernize and streamline the Library’s operations, which are expected to yield a reduction in post costs, and looks forward to receiving a status update on the projects outlined above, including an assessment of their impact and an indication of their potential for future savings and of any lessons learned, in a future submission.", "United Nations information centres", "VII.21 Proposed regular budget requirements for the network of United Nations information centres for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,808,400 and would provide for 246 posts (39 Professional, 161 Local level and 46 National Officer) and the related non-post resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.34). The posts are distributed among the 53 United Nations information centres worldwide, 25 of which are headed by staff of the Department of Public Information and the remaining 28 by the respective United Nations Resident Coordinator. The centres function as the principal sources of information about the United Nations system in the countries in which they are located and are responsible for promoting greater public understanding of and support for the aims and activities of the United Nations by bringing information on the work of the Organization to people everywhere, especially in developing countries.", "VII.22 The Advisory Committee recalls, in this connection, that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly approved the establishment of a new United Nations information centre in Luanda. The budget proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 include resources relating to the delayed impact of six posts established for that centre (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.34). In response to a question regarding the current status of the Information Centre in Luanda, the Committee was informed that the Government of Angola had recently approved the allocation of resources for the construction of the necessary office space, and that the Department of Public Information was working with the Office of Legal Affairs on the relevant host country agreement.", "VII.23 During its consideration of the proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed by representatives of the Secretary-General that, given the prevailing economic climate, as well as the difficulties faced by the Organization in obtaining suitable premises at a reasonable cost, the Department of Public Information had begun to reassess and rationalize its strategy for the operation of United Nations information centres. In order to mitigate the impact of increased expenditure due to additional safety and security measures and rising rents and utility costs, the Department was reducing the physical office space assigned to United Nations information centres by, inter alia, donating library collections to local universities or sharing space with other members of the United Nations country team. As indicated in paragraph VII.8 above, the Secretary-General is also proposing the abolition of five Local level posts at four United Nations information centres following a review of needs and of the opportunity of redistributing functions within existing capacity. The Committee was informed that, in the longer term, the Department’s strategy was to ensure that its information centres could capitalize on the comparative advantages they offered to the United Nations country team and the Secretariat as providers of professional communications support and guidance informed by a good knowledge of the local environment and languages. In the future, the centres would focus more on helping their clients to access electronic information resources and on undertaking outreach activities away from office premises.", "VII.24 The Advisory Committee has been a long-standing supporter of United Nations information centres, since it is convinced that their role in disseminating information about the work of the United Nations and in adapting that information for local audiences constitutes a vital part of efforts to generate broad-based support for the Organization and its aims. In view of the constraints and uncertainties facing the information centres, the Committee considers that the Secretary-General should, in a future submission, present a detailed plan of action to ensure that the network of United Nations information centres can continue to operate effectively in the medium to long term.", "Update on the measures taken to enhance professional skills in the Graphic Design Unit", "VII.25 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it urged the Secretary-General, as a matter of priority, to present to the General Assembly proposals to enhance professional skills in the Graphic Design Unit (A/64/7, para. VII.12). In response to a query concerning the current status of those proposals, the Committee was informed that the majority of the design staff (6 of 11 staff members) in the Graphic Design Unit were Graphic Design Assistants at the General Service level. For those staff, promotion to the Professional level was possible only through the G to P or the competitive examination, and there was no dedicated examination for graphic design, only for web design and development. The Committee was further informed, however, that the staff of the Unit had been given priority access to external training programmes in order to enhance their skills. Given the importance of the Graphic Design Unit in communicating the messages of the United Nations, the Committee urges the Secretary-General to continue taking steps to enhance the professional skills and career development opportunities of staff in that Unit.", "Publications", "VII.26 Table 28.3 of the budget document presents a summary of the recurrent and non-recurrent publications to be issued by the Department of Public Information during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes from the table that the number of publications is projected to decrease from 71 in 2010-2011 to 61 in 2012-2013, and that all 61 publications are of a recurrent nature. Although the Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that a number of depositary libraries in Member States had requested that the Department no longer send hard copies of publications because they could be downloaded from the Internet, it notes from the supplementary information provided to it that all 61 of the Department’s publications will be issued in print, with only 10 (two editions of the Yearbook of the United Nations and eight issues of the United Nations Chronicle) offered in an electronic format. The Committee encourages the Department of Public Information to continue to monitor its publications programme in order to ensure that it responds to Member States’ evolving requirements. The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I, above.", "VII.27 On a related matter, the Advisory Committee notes that, in its report on the financial statements of the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009, the Board of Auditors recommended that the Administration re-examine and, where necessary, redistribute the missions and activities of the Publications Board (A/65/5 (Vol. I), para. 251). In table 28.26 of the budget document, the Secretary-General describes the steps taken and envisaged to respond to that recommendation, which include the convening of a working group of the Publications Board, as well as the establishment of the Working Group on Publishing. The Committee looks forward to receiving information on the outcome of that work at the appropriate time.", "Enhancing the responsiveness of the Department of Public Information to the Organization’s needs", "VII.28 The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that public information activities play a vital role in shaping the public perception of how the Organization is performing in delivering its mandated responsibilities (see also A/64/7, para. VII.2). However, now that the relevance of the mainstream news media is being challenged by the rising popularity of alternative sources, news distribution platforms are rapidly multiplying and diversifying and social media tools are revolutionizing the way in which people access and share information, the Committee wonders whether the time has come for the Department of Public Information to assess how it can enhance the responsiveness of its public information activities to the Organization’s needs, how it can bring greater creativity and innovation to its work, and how it can continue to promote the work of the United Nations in a way that is more relevant to the daily lives of individuals all around the world. The Committee notes that this matter falls within the purview of the Committee on Information and therefore invites the Secretary-General to refer the issue to that Committee for further consideration.", "Part VIII", "Common support services", "Section 29", "Management and support services", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $531,865,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $525,971,200 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $462,698,600^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $251,005,200, amending theinformation contained in table 29.1 of A/66/6(Sect. 29) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$211,693,400.", "VIII.1 The overall objectives of activities implemented under part VIII of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 are: (a) to enhance the accountability and efficiency of the Organization in managing its resources in four broad management areas: finance; human resources; information and communications technology; and support services, including procurement and infrastructure; (b) to provide support services to the intergovernmental processes of the Organization; (c) to secure financing for the mandated programmes and activities of the Secretariat; and (d) to support the implementation of those programmes and activities. Part VIII of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 covers section 29, Management and support services, which is divided into seven subsections dealt with separately below, and section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology.", "VIII.2 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29, Management and support services, amount to $531,865,200 before recosting, representing an increase of $5,894,000, or 1.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Section 29A", "Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $32,816,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $26,126,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $190,781,300^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $160,313,800, amending theinformation contained in table 29.1 of A/66/6(Sect. 29) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$30,467,500.", "VIII.3 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29A amount to $32,816,100 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $6,690,000, or 25.6 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29A), table 29A.4). A summary of the changes is provided in paragraph 29A.10 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)). As indicated, the increase is essentially related to the enterprise resource planning project (Umoja) component, reflecting the provision of the regular budget share of the requirements for the Umoja project for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VIII.4 In paragraph 29A.11 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)), he indicates that the regular budget resources would be complemented by other assessed resources of $171,165,300, comprising $103,191,700 for the enterprise resource planning project and $67,973,600 from the support account for peacekeeping operations. During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals for section 29A, the Advisory Committee was informed that, subsequent to the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, on the support account for peacekeeping operations, the overall level of other assessed resources for the section was reduced to $160,313,800, comprising $94,370,400 for the enterprise resource planning project and $65,943,400 for the support account for peacekeeping operations. The Office will also have at its disposal estimated extrabudgetary resources of $30,467,500 from programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration for extrabudgetary activities and from technical cooperation reimbursement resources, of which $27,702,100 is for the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.5 The key responsibilities of the Department of Management and its priorities for the biennium 2012-2013 are outlined in paragraphs 29A.1 to 29A.9 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)). In addition, the Secretary-General is to submit, for consideration by the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, a report on the implementation of its resolution 64/259, on the accountability framework, as well as a progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29A), para. 29A.30, and General Assembly resolution 64/243). During its consideration of the budget proposals, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on the activities currently under way in these two areas.", "System of accountability", "VIII.6 As regards the development of the system of accountability in the Secretariat, the Advisory Committee was informed that activities had been undertaken and progress had been made, inter alia, with respect to: (a) the identification of clear linkages between institutional and personal accountability in the senior managers’ compacts for 2011; (b) the definition of clear roles and responsibilities, and ensuring systematic reporting and monitoring of delegation of authority under the Financial and Staff Regulations and Rules; (c) the development of a conceptual framework for results-based management, building on the framework approved by Member States in General Assembly resolution 63/276, while addressing the unique normative and operational requirements of the Organization; (d) the development of an enterprise risk management policy and methodology to guide the adoption of enterprise risk management and the strengthening of the internal control framework; and (e) the pilot deployment of the performance management system and initiation of a lessons-learned exercise in view of the wider deployment of the system across the Organization. The Committee looks forward to receiving further details on progress made towards the development of an accountability system in the Secretariat, and will provide comments on this matter in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned report.", "Enterprise resource planning project (Umoja)", "VIII.7 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals for section 29A, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretariat was anticipating delays in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project, and that the project had been without a Director since 31 May 2011. In the light of the situation, the project Steering Committee had decided to deliver the project in phases, focusing the initial release of the system primarily on the functionality needed to support adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). To that end, the Secretariat had partnered with the information and communications technology team of WFP to conduct a fit-gap analysis between the existing processes of the WFP enterprise resource planning system (WINGS II) and those of Umoja. The Committee was informed that since WFP had already achieved IPSAS compliance, it was expected that the joint exercise would facilitate the harmonization of certain Umoja solutions with those of the WINGS II system, and also allow the United Nations to benefit from the lessons learned by WFP during its transition to IPSAS.", "VIII.8 Following the joint exercise, which was expected to be completed in August 2011, an assessment will be made and the next steps to be taken to accelerate project delivery will be initiated. Pending completion of the fit-gap analysis and the assessment exercise, it was indicated that the Secretariat was not able to provide any specific information as to the extent or the impact of the delay. The Committee was further informed that the Secretary-General would elaborate on the project achievements and propose measures to mitigate delays in the context of his next progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.9 With respect to the implementation of IPSAS, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the implementation of the Standards at the United Nations would be completed no later than 2014. The Committee points out that the United Nations strategy is to synchronize IPSAS with the introduction of the new enterprise resource planning system, since the Organization’s existing information technology systems cannot meet the requirements of IPSAS without extensive and costly adaptation. The Committee also recalls that the adoption of IPSAS was previously deferred from 2012 to 2014 in order to take into account the “pilot first” strategy proposed for the Organization-wide deployment of the enterprise resource planning system (see A/64/380).", "VIII.10 The Advisory Committee is very disappointed to learn about the expected delay in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system, given the potential impact of any delay in terms of cost escalation, as well as on the planned transition to IPSAS in 2014, which was already behind the original schedule (see para. VIII.9 above). In its previous report (A/65/576, para. 29), the Advisory Committee emphasized that the sustained commitment of the Secretary-General, the Management Committee and the Project Steering Committee would be required to facilitate the Organization’s adaptation to the change and the improved methods of work that the introduction of enterprise resource planning would bring about. The Committee continues to hold this view and believes that strengthened commitment is critical to the successful implementation of the project. At this stage, the Committee believes that priority should be given to setting the project on the right track so as to avoid further slippage, cost overruns and unproductive use of the resources dedicated to the project.", "VIII.11 The progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system (see para. VIII.5 above) should be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, in advance of the Assembly’s consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The report should provide a full and transparent analysis of the organizational and operational factors impeding progress in the implementation of the project, as well as the lessons learned. The report should also contain clear proposals for the way forward and achieving organizational goals. While the Advisory Committee accepts the Secretary-General’s focus on the implementation of IPSAS in the first phase (see para. VIII.7 above), it emphasizes that the consequential investment made by Member States was justified, in part, on the basis of management improvements and reforms that the enterprise resource planning system would enable, including results-based management, risk management, a strengthened internal control framework, and enhanced performance and accountability, as well as greater efficiency and effectiveness. These improvements remain essential organizational goals that should not be neglected in the Secretary-General’s proposals for the future direction of the project.", "VIII.12 The Secretary-General will also need to provide assurances that current weaknesses are not perpetuated and that the requisite safeguards are in place, including robust project governance and monitoring mechanisms, that will ensure early detection of problems, escalation to the appropriate level and swift remedial action. The Advisory Committee further expects that the Secretary-General will make every effort to deliver the project through efficient utilization of the already approved resources for the project, improved project management, and prioritization and phasing of activities. Pending its consideration of the above-mentioned progress report of the Secretary-General, the Committee is not in a position to recommend commitment of the proposed resources for the enterprise resource planning project, which are based on the project timetable approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262 (see para. VIII.17 below).", "VIII.13 In its previous reports on progress made in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system (A/65/576, A/64/7/Add.9 and A/63/487), the Advisory Committee made observations and expressed some concerns on a number of issues, including the delays in staffing the project team; the lengthy process of recruiting subject-matter experts; the need for closer cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology in cataloguing and decommissioning the systems to be replaced by the enterprise resource planning system; the need for closer cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the Department of Field Support in implementing technical activities and infrastructure; and the complexity and number of the interfaces to be developed between the enterprise resource planning system and the human resources management system, Inspira. In its previous reports, the Committee also emphasized the need to keep the governance and project management arrangements under review and to make adjustments as appropriate, in the light of experience. The Committee believes that those observations remain relevant, and requests that the Secretary-General take them into account when preparing his next progress report on the project and making proposals for the continuation of the project.", "VIII.14 Table VIII.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.1", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t52\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 6 P-4,2 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 22 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t52\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 6 P-4,2 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 22 GS(OL)\n Extrabudgetary^(a) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 10 1 D-1, 7 P-4/3, 2 GS (OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 8 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations), amending the information contained in table 29.1 of A/66/6 (Sect. 29) to reflect the decision taken in General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations, and 2 extrabudgetary posts (financed through programme support income).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.15 The Secretary-General proposes to continue 52 regular budget posts for the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "VIII.16 The Advisory Committee notes from the note to table 29A.5 of the budget document that, in addition to the posts funded from other assessed and extrabudgetary resources identified in table VIII.1 of the present report, there are 90 temporary posts for the enterprise resource planning project, approved by the General Assembly in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/260. Those posts are funded on the basis of the cost-sharing formula for the financing of the enterprise resource planning project: 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the peacekeeping support account (other assessed) and 23 per cent from extrabudgetary resources. As indicated in paragraph VIII.17 below, the Committee will revert to the question of the commitment of resources for the enterprise resource planning project in the context of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s next progress report on the enterprise resource planning system.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.17 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $18,586,900 before recosting, representing an increase of $6,588,200 as compared to the appropriation of $11,998,700 for the current biennium. For the biennium 2012-2013, the bulk of non-post resources proposed are for the enterprise resource planning project, in the form of a lump-sum provision of $17,806,300 under grants and contributions under subprogramme 2. In the light of its observations and recommendations on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system in paragraphs VIII.7 to VIII.13 above, the Advisory Committee will provide its recommendation on this proposal in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned next progress report of the Secretary-General on the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.18 As regards the remaining items, the Secretary-General is proposing net reductions under contractual services ($49,000, or 15.1 per cent); general operating expenses ($4,600, or 4.3 per cent) and supplies and materials ($2,200, or 6.8 per cent). The reductions are partially offset by higher requirements for furniture and equipment ($20,600, or 101.5 per cent) to provide for the replacement of office furniture and automation equipment that is no longer economical to repair. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources, except for the provision proposed for the enterprise resource planning system under grants and contributions (see para. VIII.17 above).", "General comments and recommendations", "VIII.19 Given the central responsibility of the Department of Management in ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of administrative processes and promoting good management practices across the Secretariat, the Advisory Committee believes that the Office of the Under-Secretary-General is in a unique position to lead by example in this regard, and could have made greater efforts to achieve more significant efficiency gains and improved cost-effectiveness in its budget proposals for 2012-2013. The Committee urges the Office to continue to pursue and to intensify its efforts to improve the efficiency of its processes and service delivery, and to comprehensively report on concrete achievements in the context of the next budget submission.", "Section 29B", "Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $37,441,900^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $38,552,500 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $61,864,600^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theIntroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. ^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $39,539,200, amending theinformation contained in table 29B.4 ofA/66/6 (Sect. 29B) to reflect the decisiontaken in General Assembly resolution 69/290with respect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$22,325,400.", "VIII.20 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29B amount to $37,441,900 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,110,600, or 2.9 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), table 29B.1). The decrease is due largely to lower requirements in connection with the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS).", "VIII.21 In addition, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $61,864,600 would be available to the Office to carry out its programme of work. Of this amount, $39,539,200 relates to the support account for peacekeeping operations, $19,594,500 to programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration for extrabudgetary activities, funds and programmes, and $2,730,900 from other extrabudgetary resources. The amount of $39,539,200 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, amending the figures indicated in paragraph 29B.14 and table 29B.4 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B)).", "VIII.22 The key responsibilities of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts are listed in paragraph 29B.3 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B)). In paragraphs 29B.5 to 29B.10, the Secretary-General highlights the Office’s priorities for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that the Office will continue to assume a leadership role in the implementation of IPSAS throughout the Secretariat, as well as in the acceleration of the implementation of results-based management. The Office will also continue to collaborate closely with the Umoja team in implementing the enterprise resource planning system and focus, inter alia, on strengthening internal controls, enhancing risk management, streamlining processes and improving the efficiency of its services.", "VIII.23 The Advisory Committee notes that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts will continue to focus on further refining results-based budgeting and contributing to the implementation of results-based management, improving the budget presentation, carrying out periodic self-evaluations and strengthening cooperation with other departmental partners on monitoring and evaluation. The Office is also the co-chair of the Task Force established to make proposals for the acceleration of the implementation of results-based management and the development of a conceptual framework for results-based management, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/259, which will be reported at the main part of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), paras. 29B.6-29B.7). The Committee reiterates the importance of results-based budgeting as an essential tool for measuring performance of budget implementation. It looks forward to reviewing the Secretary-General’s proposals for results-based management in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned report.", "VIII.24 Table VIII.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.2", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t141\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 8 D-1, 10 P-5, 19P-4, 17 P-3, 9 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 66GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t140\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 8 D-1, 10 P-5, 19P-4, 17 P-3, 9 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 65GS (OL)\n Abolition 1 1 GS (OL) \n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nProposed for 2012-2013\t170\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 12 P-5, 67 P-4/3, 3P-2/1, 12 GS (PL), 73 GS (OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 95 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 75 extrabudgetary posts (financed through programme support income).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.25 In the Financial Information Operations Service, one General Service (Other level) post is proposed to be abolished, owing to IT support functions no longer being provided by the Service but by the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the context of the established service level agreement (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.53). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.26 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $2,999,600, representing a decrease of $959,300 as compared to the appropriation of $3,958,900 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General is proposing net reductions under other staff costs ($36,700, or 2.9 per cent), consultants ($491,400, or 100 per cent), travel of staff ($42,000, or 18.4 per cent) and contractual services ($457,600, or 30.3 per cent). The reductions are partially offset by higher requirements for general operating expenses ($27,800, or 11.4 per cent), supplies and materials ($3,800, or 3.2 per cent) and furniture and equipment ($36,800, or 37.7 per cent). As indicated above, the reductions are due largely to reduced requirements in relation to the implementation of IPSAS (see also paras VIII.27 and VIII.28 below). The Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "VIII.27 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of costs related to the implementation of IPSAS, which is presented in table VIII.3. The Committee was informed that IPSAS requirements are funded through non‑recurrent provisions, and that the level of resources is based on the programme of work during the biennium, consistent with the phased implementation of IPSAS and the timeline of the Umoja project. In an effort to realign and synchronize the implementation of IPSAS and Umoja, certain activities have been postponed from the period 2010-2011 to 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.3", "Breakdown of costs related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "(United States dollars)", "Object of expenditure 2010-2011 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 Revised One‑time Additional Proposals appropriation cost requirements", "Post 1 177 500 — — 1 177 500", "General temporary 662 400 (662 400) 524 300 524 300 assistance", "Consultants and experts 491 400 (491 400) — —", "Travel on official 156 500 (156 500) 108 100 108 100 business", "Contractual services 609 000 (586 800) 90 700 112 900", "General operating 15 300 (400) 4 500 19 400 expenses", "Supplies and materials 4 300 — 4 000 8 300", "Furniture and equipment 4 100 (4 100) 4 200 4 200", "Total 3 120 500 (1 901 735 800 1 954 700 600)^(a)", "^(a) The one-time costs relate mainly to data clean-up of non-expendable property, consultancy requirements for specialized expertise and training requirements.", "VIII.28 The estimated requirements proposed for IPSAS implementation for the biennium 2012-2013 include the following:", "(a) $1,177,500 for the continuation of four posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 GS/OL) for the IPSAS Implementation Unit under executive direction and management;", "(b) $524,300 under general temporary assistance to provide for four P-3 Asset Accountant positions to support data preparation of non-expendable property and expendable items at Headquarters, the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the United Nations Office at Vienna and the regional commissions;", "(c) $108,100 under travel of staff to provide for: travel of the temporary asset accountants, who will be based in New York, to the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the United Nations Office at Vienna and the regional commissions for on-site visits to work with the property managers and finance officers in those locations; two annual meetings of the Task Force on Accounting Standards; and travel of one member of the IPSAS implementation team to two of the eight IPSAS Board meetings scheduled in 2012-2013;", "(d) $112,900 under contractual services to meet the requirements for IPSAS awareness and conceptual training, including computer-based and instructor-led training courses for an estimated 1,300 staff, as well as for specialized expertise.", "VIII.29 The Advisory Committee requested clarification as to the distinction between the functions of the IPSAS implementation team located in the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts and the United Nations system-wide IPSAS implementation team, located within the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Committee was informed that the CEB team addresses common concerns and facilitates the sharing of knowledge across all the United Nations-system organizations, whereas the United Nations IPSAS team focuses on ensuring the successful implementation of IPSAS within the Secretariat. A summary of the core functions of each team is provided in table VIII.4.", "Table VIII.4", "Core functions of the Chief Executives Board and United Nations International Public Sector Accounting Standards implementation teams", "System-wide IPSAS implementationteam (CEB)\tUnited Nations IPSASimplementation team \nMonitoring the activities of theIPSAS Board which is responsiblefor IPSAS standards and ensuringthat the United Nations system’sinterests are properly representedat the Board’s meeting everyquarter\tIdentifying and articulatingthe changes in FinancialRegulations and Rules andpolicies covering all areasof the Secretariat’soperations in relation to theimplementation of IPSAS\nSupporting the High-levelCommittee on Management Task Forceon Accounting Standards inproviding written comments of theUnited Nations systemorganizations on all consultationpapers and exposure drafts of newIPSAS standards published by theIPSAS Board\tServicing the United NationsIPSAS Steering Committee andsupporting the projectmanager in all managementreporting and oversight\nInfluencing the formulation of newIPSAS standards and guidanceissued by the IPSAS Board\t\nSupporting the High-levelCommittee on Management Task Forcein (a) issuing IPSAS guidancepapers for the United Nationssystem organizations, wherevernecessary, to ensure harmoniousinterpretation of IPSAS standardsacross the United Nations system;and (b) updating these guidancepapers (currently more than 60)based on the implications of newstandards and guidance issued bythe IPSAS Board\tGuiding the Secretariat-wideeffort to convert thenew/amended policies intostandard operating procedures\nInteracting with the TechnicalGroup of the Panel of ExternalAuditors of the United Nationssystem organizations, in order to(a) highlight inconsistencies inaudit approaches and opinions onsimilar accounting treatmentsacross the United Nations system,and (b) proactively seek theirparticipation in resolvingpotential problems in theinterpretation and application ofIPSAS standards within the UnitedNations system\tAssisting the Umoja projectin delivering the businessfunctionality needed tocomply with the new/amendedFinancial Regulations andRules, policies andprocedures\nFacilitating the meetings of theCEB system-wide IPSAS SteeringCommittee and the High-levelCommittee on Management Task Forceon Accounting Standards, andreporting on the progress of IPSASadoption across the United Nationssystem, to the High-levelCommittee on Management\tGuiding and coordinating theSecretariat-wide effort toprepare IPSAS-compliantopening balances (for assetsand liabilities) for thefirst fiscal year of IPSASimplementation\nFacilitating the exchange ofinformation and experiences amongthe United Nations systemorganizations before, during andimmediately after the IPSASimplementation\tLeading the Secretariat-widechange management effortneeded to embrace the changesin policies and proceduresintroduced by IPSAS adoption;this includes implementing acommunication plan and atraining plan\n\tManaging the Secretariat-wideimplementation of IPSAS andtransitioning to aninstitutionalized arrangementafter the implementation iscompleted", "VIII.30 The Committee will revert to this matter in the context of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s next progress report on the implementation of IPSAS, which is to be submitted for the consideration of the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see also paras. VIII.7-VIII.9 above).", "Other issues", "VIII.31 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at the beginning of June 2011, a total of eight posts remained vacant under section 29B, including the posts of Deputy Controller at the D-2 level and the Chief of Contributions at the D-1. The Committee notes that the outgoing Deputy Controller retired on 30 April 2011; at the time of its consideration of the budget proposal in June 2011, the post had been vacant for over one month. The Committee has commented on the issue of vacant posts in chapter I above. The Committee reiterates that vacancies are expected to be advertised six months prior to an anticipated retirement. In the Committee’s view, the delay in filling the post of the Deputy Controller clearly indicates continuing weaknesses in the advance planning, recruitment and staff placement processes. The Committee urges the Secretary-General to ensure that such situations are avoided in the future through rigorous succession planning and the timely issuance of vacancy announcements.", "VIII.32 The Secretary-General indicates that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts continues to improve its operations in accordance with the findings of reviews carried out in prior bienniums of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the organizational structure, staffing, management framework and operations (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.5). The Committee recalls that an external review undertaken in the biennium 2006-2007 of the organizational structure, staffing, management framework and operations of the Office identified numerous problems, such as deficient information systems and weak processes that were heavily manual and time-consuming. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Committee requested that detailed information be provided in the next proposed programme budget for 2012‑2013 with regard to specific measures taken by the Office in this regard, as well as on savings achieved as a result of such measures (see A/64/7, para. VIII.16).", "VIII.33 While the Advisory Committee notes the ongoing and planned efforts of the Office to improve the efficiency of its services, such as the implementation of e‑remittances for vendors and an automated travel payment card (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.9), it is of the view that a more sustained effort needs to be directed towards improving working methods and streamlining business processes, with a view to achieving more significant and measurable efficiency gains and improved cost-effectiveness. The Committee believes that the Office is in a unique position to lead by example in this regard. It urges the Office to continue to pursue and to intensify its efforts to improve the efficiency of its processes and service delivery, and to report comprehensively in the context of the next budget submission.", "Section 29C Office of Human Resources Management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $73,184,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $74,614,600 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $30,928,600^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $22,647,400, amending theinformation contained in table 29C.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 29C) to reflect the decision taken bythe General Assembly in its resolution 65/290with respect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$8,281,200.", "VIII.34 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29C for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $73,184,600 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,430,000, or 1.9 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.4).", "VIII.35 Table VIII.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.5 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t177\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 17 P-5, 23P-4, 19 P-3, 14 P-2/1, 11 GS(PL), 84 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t177\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 17 P-5, 23P-4, 19 P-3, 14 P-2/1, 11 GS(PL), 84 GS (OL)\nRedeployments\t2\t2 GS (OL) from component 2 tocomponent 3\n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nProposed for2012-2013\t64\t3 P-5, 28 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 4 GS(PL), 28 GS (OL)", "a The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 47 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 17 extrabudgetary posts (financed through programme support income).", "Recommendation on posts", "VIII.36 The Secretary-General is proposing the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts from the Strategic Planning and Staffing Division (component 2) to the Learning, Development and Human Resources Services Division (component 3) as a result of the transfer of the Personnel Records Unit from the former to the latter (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.36). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendation on non-post resources", "VIII.37 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $30,596,900, representing a decrease of $1,633,600, or 5.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation of $32,230,500 for 2010-2011. The Secretary-General is proposing reductions under all non-post objects of expenditure. The Advisory Committee was informed by representatives of the Secretary-General that those reductions would be achieved through the streamlining of production and service delivery in order to provide the best possible service at the lowest possible cost.", "VIII.38 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the estimated provision of $22,310,900 for contractual services under component 3, Learning, development and human resources services, represents a decrease of $1,755,900, or 7.3 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation of $24,066,800 for the preceding biennium. The Committee was informed that the reduction was due primarily to a reprioritization of training activities, including a review of consultants’ fees. As a result of that review, the higher special rates paid to learning consultants were to be abolished: it was anticipated that, during the biennium 2012-2013, those consultants would be paid the standard rate applicable to all consultants working for the United Nations. In addition, in order to achieve further savings, the Secretary-General was in the process of amending the current policy on travel for learning consultants, who currently received the same daily subsistence allowance as staff members when travelling on behalf of the Organization. Under the new policy, they would be provided with a lump sum to cover their travel and accommodation costs, and the other travel policies applicable to staff members, including the rules on the standard of accommodation for travel, would no longer apply. The Advisory Committee welcomes the steps taken to reduce consultancy costs in the Office of Human Resources Management. The Committee has commented further on the use of consultants in chapter I above.", "VIII.39 On a related matter, during its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in order to further limit non-post expenditure, the Secretary-General was also in the process of revising the relevant administrative instruction pertaining to travel to provide that, in future, all staff participating in training-related activities funded by the Office of Human Resources Management would be required to travel in economy class, irrespective of the duration of the journey. The Advisory Committee welcomes this initiative and looks forward to receiving information on the resulting cost savings in a future submission.", "VIII.40 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that under component 2, Strategic planning and staffing, the Secretary-General is proposing a decrease of $33,700 under travel of staff. The decrease is attributable to less frequent travel for outreach campaigns because potential applicants can now access the United Nations Careers Portal through the Internet and because outreach missions will be better planned and organized, for example, by covering more than one country at a time. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in order to ensure that outreach efforts were not adversely affected by the reduction in resources, discussions were under way with some Member States regarding the funding of outreach travel. In addition, the Office of Human Resources Management was continuing to reach out to the Permanent Missions of those States that were already, or in danger of becoming, represented or underrepresented. While emphasizing that every effort must be made to ensure compliance with organizational mandates relating to equitable geographical distribution and gender balance, the Advisory Committee welcomes the proposed reduction in requirements for outreach travel through the introduction of efficiency measures and the use of web-based tools. At the same time, however, the Committee underlines the continued importance of existing outreach methods, which still remain an effective means of attracting potential applicants.", "VIII.41 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Human resources management reform", "VIII.42 In paragraph 29C.1 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the Office of Human Resources Management plays a strategic role in supporting the Organization’s efforts to align its human resources capacity to meet emerging challenges and in the establishment of new entities. Substantively, the Office develops and maintains the human resources management infrastructure through policy and system development, provides advice, monitors performance and develops the skills and potential of staff of the Secretariat consistent with the mandates set forth by the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Assembly, in its resolutions 63/250, 65/247 and 65/248, approved a number of human resources management reform initiatives. As indicated by the Secretary-General in paragraph 29C.3 of his report, the reform initiatives set out in those resolutions relate to contractual arrangements and harmonization of conditions of service, recruitment, mobility and career development.", "VIII.43 The Advisory Committee was informed that, during the current biennium, the Office of Human Resources Management had been working to ensure that the new contractual arrangements set out in General Assembly resolutions 63/250 and 65/247 were implemented and that the harmonized conditions of service for staff serving in the field approved in resolution 65/248 would be fully operational when the transition period ended, on 1 July 2011. The Office had also introduced a new talent management system and its electronic support tool, known as Inspira (see also paras. VIII.48-50 below), and had continued to focus on improving staff development opportunities through strengthened learning programmes and the voluntary initiative for network exchanges (VINEs). The Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that it was too early to draw any conclusions about potential cost savings and/or efficiencies resulting from the new contractual arrangements and the harmonization of conditions of service because some elements of the reform had only just been implemented. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will provide information on the benefits of the new contractual arrangements and the harmonization of conditions of service in the context of his next report on human resources management.", "VIII.44. Some of the activities to be carried out by the Office of Human Resources Management during the biennium 2012-2013 are enumerated in paragraph 29C.4 of the budget document. They include the implementation of the human resources management scorecard in order to strengthen accountability and enhance monitoring capacity; the further expansion of staff training and development programmes; the continued development and enhancement of the information technology tools necessary to ensure the efficient management of the Organization’s human resources; and the modernization and improvement of medical services, in particular to promote health in hardship locations.", "VIII.45 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that human resources management was one of the six priority issues to be addressed by the recently established change management team. The Committee was further informed that, for the remainder of the biennium 2010-2011, the Office of Human Resources Management would be working closely with the Team to identify areas in which human resources management reform initiatives could be implemented more effectively and existing activities could be further streamlined. Two specific areas of focus would be recruitment, including the measures needed to respond to the recent independent review of civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict (see A/65/747-S/2011/85), and staff mobility. With regard to the latter, the Office was already working on the comprehensive proposal on a mobility policy that would be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. The Committee stresses that staffing issues are central to change management efforts at the United Nations. The Committee also stresses that the respective activities of the change management team and of the Office of Human Resources Management should be clear, compatible and complementary rather than duplicative and giving rise to undue levels of complexity. The Committee has commented further on the role and functions of the change management team in chapter I above.", "VIII.46 The Advisory Committee has stressed the importance of human resources management reform on a number of previous occasions (see A/63/526, para. 5, and A/64/7, para. VIII.29). The Committee remains supportive of the ongoing leadership role played by the Office of Human Resources Management in the implementation of reform initiatives.", "Recruitment and staffing", "VIII.47 The Advisory Committee notes from table 29C.11 of the budget document that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General intends to reduce the average number of days from the date of issuance of vacancy announcements to the date of selection for all regular vacancies from an estimated 210 days in 2010-2011 to 120 days. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in order to meet the 120-day target, the Office of Human Resources Management had, inter alia, significantly redesigned its recruitment indicators to reflect more accurately the delineation of responsibilities between the various actors in the recruitment process. The new human resources management scorecard was being used to monitor compliance with the 11 steps of the staffing timeline, each of which had a specific owner as well as a target duration. In addition, the performance of each department, office and field operation in the area of recruitment was reported to the Management Performance Board on an annual basis within the framework of the senior managers’ compacts.", "VIII.48 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 61/244, the General Assembly approved the implementation of a new talent management system for the Organization, which was to include a new technological infrastructure for e-staffing, a learning management system, a system for reporting and managing data, performance management (e-PAS) and a career website (see A/65/305/Add.3, para. 2). As indicated in figure II of document A/65/305/Add.3, total regular budget resources required to date for the new system, known as Inspira, amount to $2.9 million, spread over the bienniums 2008-2009 and 2010-2011.", "VIII.49 The Advisory Committee also recalls, however, that in its report on the proposed budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, it noted that the deployment of Inspira had been delayed because it had not proved user-friendly. As a result, the Secretariat had decided to focus on stabilizing and enhancing existing modules of the system before rolling out any additional ones (A/65/827, paras. 180-184). In response to a request for updated information on the implementation status of Inspira, the Committee was informed that the revised roll-out schedule described in paragraph 182 of the aforementioned report, i.e. completion of stabilization efforts in late 2011 followed by the development and roll-out of the remaining modules, remained on track.", "VIII.50 The Advisory Committee notes the efforts being undertaken by the Office of Human Resources Management to reduce recruitment timelines and looks forward to receiving information on the results achieved. With regard to the deployment of Inspira, the Committee reiterates its earlier request that the Secretary-General ensure that the shortcomings identified are rectified as soon as possible and that he provide updated information on progress made, as well as lessons learned, to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Learning and development", "VIII.51 Estimated regular budget resources for component 3, Learning, development and human resources services, for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $38,406,500 before recosting (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.4). As indicated in table 29C.3 of the budget document, this component accounts for 52.5 per cent of the total regular budget resources under section 29C. The outputs to be delivered under this component are set out in paragraph 29C.35 of the budget document, and include the provision of a wide array of training programmes designed to build and sustain the Organization’s leadership and managerial capacity; improve the human and financial resources management expertise of programme managers and staff with administrative responsibilities; upgrade the information technology skills of Secretariat staff; build and strengthen linguistic capabilities; and support career development and upgrade substantive skills. From the supplementary information provided to it, the Advisory Committee observes that, during the biennium 2012-2013, it is anticipated that the training courses offered by the Organization will be attended by 63,830 participants, at a total cost of $22,310,900. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the cost per head of mandatory training courses varied from about $11 to $5,880. Online training courses entailed an initial start-up cost but had no ongoing cost per head.", "VIII.52 The Advisory Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that in order to evaluate the impact of its learning and development activities, the Office of Human Resources Management carried out annual assessments, as well as periodic needs assessments, designed to ascertain whether training programmes were meeting the Organization’s requirements. The introduction of new policies and/or working practices, as well as input received from course participants and staff at large, informed the development of new programmes and/or the updating of existing ones. The Office’s basic approach to evaluation and monitoring was guided by a four-step framework devised by the Return on Investment Institute. At present, evaluation efforts focused primarily on steps 1 and 2 of the framework, which were designed to assess the perceived value to participants of training courses and the effect of those courses on participants’ confidence levels. Going forward, greater emphasis would be placed on levels 3 and 4 of the framework, which assessed the business impact of training courses and the eventual return on investment for the Organization. That type of assessment was more resource-intensive, however, since it had to be conducted over a period of six to nine months.", "VIII.53 The Advisory Committee recognizes that the learning and staff development activities carried out by the Office of Human Resources Management are necessary if the United Nations is to build a highly competent workforce capable of implementing the Organization’s mandates in the most effective and efficient manner. Given the substantial level of resources allocated to such activities, the Committee stresses that efforts must continue to be made to achieve efficiency gains, including through a more selective approach to training programmes that relate to non-substantive skills, while providing all staff with access to training opportunities.", "VIII.54 The Advisory Committee also reiterates its earlier recommendation that training programmes and objectives should be linked to mandate implementation and organizational goals (A/65/743, para. 115), and emphasizes that robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are required in order to assess whether or not the programmes offered are responding to the needs identified. In this regard, the Committee takes the view that the performance management system, which is currently being strengthened (see A/65/305), should include training-related indicators for supervisors as well as staff, in order to ensure that programme managers take responsibility for identifying skills gaps and assessing the impact of training activities on the performance of their units. The Secretary-General should provide a more detailed account of training activities in his next report on human resources management, including an indication of all resources invested in such activities during the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013.", "Emergency Preparedness and Support Unit", "VIII.55 In paragraph 29C.13 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the Emergency Preparedness and Support Unit was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/260 to provide a dedicated capacity to support the survivors of malicious acts, natural disasters or other emergencies and the families of those who perish or are injured as a result of such incidents. The roles and responsibilities of the Unit, which is located in the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management, are described in paragraph 29C.14. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that total estimated resource requirements for the Unit for the biennium 2012-2013 amounted to $1,994,700 before recosting, comprising other staff costs in the amount of $1,328,200 for the continuation of five positions (2 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-2 and 1 GS (OL)) funded under general temporary assistance, as well as other non-post costs in the amount of $666,500. As indicated in paragraph 29C.17 of the budget document, the estimated resource requirements for the Unit have decreased by $211,300 as a result of the discontinuation of the one-time provision for consultants and furniture and equipment pending a review of the Unit’s requirements by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. That review will take place as part of the Assembly’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals on developing a comprehensive emergency management framework. The Advisory Committee is disappointed that the Secretary-General’s proposals on a comprehensive emergency management framework will not be considered in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, as originally requested by the Assembly in its resolution 64/260. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will submit his report to the Assembly at the earliest possible opportunity.", "UN Cares programme", "VIII.56 Under component 4, Medical services, the Secretary-General is proposing an increase of $350,000 under grants and contributions, representing the contribution of the Secretariat to the implementation plan and budget for the biennium 2012-2013 of the United Nations system common programme entitled UN Cares (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.42). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the UN Cares programme had been launched by the Secretary-General in 2008 in order to increase the capacity of the United Nations system to respond to HIV/AIDS in its own workplace with a view to mitigating the impact of the epidemic on United Nations personnel, their families and the Organization as a whole. The programme was funded, on a voluntary basis, by 20 organizations of the common system and had a total approved budget of approximately $2.6 million. At present, efforts were focused on building capacity at Headquarters and in the field through advocacy, the development of online tools and training. To that end, the UN Cares team (four staff members at Headquarters and five regional coordinators) was currently working with over 300 focal points in approximately 125 countries.", "VIII.57 With regard to coordination between the UN Cares team and staff dealing with HIV/AIDS-related issues in peacekeeping operations, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that since its inception UN Cares had been working with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations through the latter’s mission-level HIV/AIDS advisers and focal points. Many peacekeeping operations were using the minimum standards set by UN Cares to guide their work. It was pointed out to the Committee, however, that the full-time, mission-level HIV/AIDS advisers had specific responsibilities relating to the training of uniformed personnel and could not substitute for the UN Cares regional coordinators. The Committee was also informed that the United Nations share of the UN Cares budget, which was calculated on a per capita basis, did not include provision for staff of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations because that Department already had dedicated staff to carry out HIV/AIDS-related activities. The Committee is supportive of the important work carried out within the framework of the UN Cares programme. The Secretary-General should provide detailed information on the results achieved in a future submission.", "Conduct of salary surveys", "VIII.58 The Advisory Committee notes that the outputs listed under component 1, Policy, include the conduct of salary surveys to determine salaries, allowances and other conditions of service for locally recruited staff members in the General Service and related category of staff working for the organizations of the United Nations common system worldwide, as well as the review, approval and promulgation of salary scales and allowances per year resulting from the analysis of data collected in the course of comprehensive and interim salary surveys conducted for 168 duty stations (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.23 (c) (iii) (c)). The Committee further notes from the information provided to it that this activity is financed from both the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources (the support account for peacekeeping operations and programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration).", "VIII.59 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore the possibility of using commercially available data for local salary surveys with a view to reducing the cost, in terms of both human and financial resources, of conducting them (A/64/7, para. VIII.50). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the International Civil Service Commission had looked into that option in the context of its recent review of the General Service salary survey methodologies. The Commission had established a working group to evaluate the use of vendor-provided salary survey data and, based on the outcome of its evaluation, had recommended that such data be used as a residual source to complete surveys where the normal minimum number of 20 employers could not be surveyed owing to participation problems. Several options had been evaluated for the use of vendor data, including outsourcing the data collection and customizing off-the-shelf data. In general, however, the vendor databases did not have sufficiently robust data for support-level jobs similar to those in the General Service category. Moreover, customization of the data was more expensive and introduced a significant degree of volatility; the vendor databases did not always capture allowances and other benefits included under the current methodology; and the representation of public/non-profit employers was generally minimal.", "Section 29D Office of Central Support Services", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $176,844,300^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $174,871,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $105,001,300^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theIntroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $28,504,800, amending theinformation contained in table 29D.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 29D) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 with respectto the support account for peacekeepingoperations, as well as extrabudgetary resourcesin the amount of $76,496,500.", "VIII.60 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29D amount to $176,844,300 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,973,200, or 1.1 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29D), table 29D.1). The net increase reflects the combined effect of higher requirements for posts ($3.6 million), maintenance of communications equipment ($1.4 million), rental of premises ($1.5 million) and other maintenance ($1.1 million), offset in part by reductions under contractual services ($3.8 million) and electrical maintenance ($1.9 million). A description of these changes is provided in paragraph 29D.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.61 In addition, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources estimated at $105,001,300 would be available to the Office to carry out its programme of work. Of this amount, $28,504,800 relates to the support account for peacekeeping operations and $76,496,500 to other extrabudgetary sources, comprising resources from reimbursement for support to extrabudgetary administrative structures, extrabudgetary substantive activities, technical cooperation reimbursement resources, the trust fund for German language translation and the special accounts for travel services, common services and building maintenance costs at United Nations Headquarters. The amount of $28,504,800 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, amending the figures indicated in paragraph 29D.9 and table 29D.4 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.62 The key responsibilities of the Office of Central Support Services and its priorities for 2012-2013 are outlined in paragraphs 29D.1 to 29D.5 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)). The main factors affecting the Secretary-General’s proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 include the following:", "(a) The restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, in line with the operational and technical needs of the new broadcast audio-visual systems (see paras. VIII.63-VIII.66 and VIII.79-VIII.82 below);", "(b) The establishment of an in-house capacity in the Plant Engineering Section to address routine electrical maintenance tasks (see paras. VIII.67-VIII.68 below);", "(c) The implementation of a security-enhanced laissez-passer system, required to comply with the international standards for travel documents promoted by the International Civil Aviation Organization;", "(d) The progressive reoccupation of the Secretariat Building in 2012 and the need to restore the provision of a number of services that were reduced during the renovation because of lower occupancy.", "Restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section", "VIII.63 Under long-standing arrangements, broadcast audio-visual support capacity has been entirely provided through contractual services. At present, the Broadcast Conference Support Section has an overall staffing of 86, consisting of 17 United Nations staff for its television, radio/conference and special events units, and 69 contractual personnel for broadcast audio-visual services. The Advisory Committee was informed that an independent technical evaluation of the Section, conducted from March to June 2010, in view of the upcoming implementation of the new broadcast audio-visual systems under the activities associated with the capital master plan, concluded that the current capacity is no longer sufficient or adaptable enough to effectively manage the new systems to be implemented. The key findings of the technical review included the following:", "(a) The Secretariat relied too heavily on contractual services for this core function and was subject to periodic contract negotiation, which rendered continuation of services unpredictable;", "(b) Because of the outsourcing of the entire operation, including technical operators and supervisors, contractual personnel were autonomous, and largely self-managed. Consequently, they made important decisions on resource allocation that should be made by United Nations personnel, such as the assignment of tasks and the time required to complete tasks;", "(c) The tailor-made outsourcing arrangement in place, which required a contractor to provide supervisors as well as technical operators, reduced competition for the contract, since, in the marketplace, supervisors were less readily available than technical operators;", "(d) Work processes in the section were highly manual and inefficient, and remained largely undocumented;", "(e) Current engineering and support capacity for existing United Nations systems was based on technology in radio and conference operations that was obsolete and would soon be replaced by new digital systems in the context of the associated activities of the capital master plan. Consequently, the skills of the contractual personnel were out of date and had not kept up with technological developments in the broadcast industry;", "(f) The organizational structure of the Section was flat, without a middle management layer, and with too many staff reporting directly to the P-5 Section Chief.", "VIII.64 The Secretary-General indicated that the main recommendation emanating from the independent evaluation was that an in-house capacity to provide core, low-tier management and engineering maintenance services should be established by creating posts to provide the services currently provided by 17 of the 69 contractual personnel. Technical operator functions, such as those of camera operators, studio technicians and video editors, would continue to be outsourced and provided by the remaining 52 contractual personnel. The incumbents of the proposed 17 posts would be responsible for documenting and maintaining up-to-date knowledge of the operating practices and configuration of the technical systems, as well as for training the operators. They would also ensure that efficient working methods and processes were put into place, fully exploiting the technological capabilities of the new systems. The Secretary-General expects that the proposed restructuring will ensure effective control of the management of operations, create technological capacity and capability in the Secretariat, and thereby ensure business continuity. The Organization’s exposure to the risks of industrial dispute or vendor bankruptcy would also be minimized. The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the proposed restructuring was fully in line with the guidelines established by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/256 on outsourcing. Figure VIII.I provides the organizational charts reflecting the current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section.", "VIII.65 In paragraph 29D.19 of his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)), the Secretary-General indicates that the proposed restructuring will give rise to a reduction in ongoing expenditure as compared to the current arrangement. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the annual cost of contractual personnel was $2,567,400 whereas the requirements for United Nations staff, at 2011 rates, at full costing, were estimated at $2,219,800. The proposed restructuring is expected to yield long-term sustainable cost avoidance of some $1 million per biennium on a continuing basis, comprising approximately $700,000 in reduced costs for salaries and overtime and $300,000 in management fees. Initial savings in the first biennium would be temporarily greater owing to the effect of the application of vacancy factors for new posts in the first year of their establishment (50 per cent for Professional and 35 per cent for General Service staff). In addition to these directly identifiable reduced costs, the Secretary-General expects further benefits, including savings arising from improved resource allocation and more competitive bidding for contracted functions as from 2014-2015. The Committee looks forward to receiving future updates on the restructuring of the section, including an assessment of its impact in terms of the improvements made to working methods and processes, efficiency gains, savings and other benefits realized.", "VIII.66 The Committee was provided with an update on the implementation status of the new broadcast audio-visual systems. It was informed that, in order to conform to the capital master plan timetable, the Secretary-General was undertaking a number of measures in the current biennium to transition to the new organizational arrangements, in advance of the General Assembly’s consideration of the above proposals. The Committee comments on those transitional measures in paragraphs VIII.79 to VIII.82 below.", "Plant Engineering Section", "VIII.67 The Organization’s electrical maintenance operations are fully outsourced at present. The Advisory Committee was informed that a total of 19 contractual personnel were deployed on site to provide this function. As indicated in paragraph 29D.20 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)), based on an independent evaluation of the electrical maintenance function conducted during the first half of 2010, it was determined that 70 per cent of all electrical work orders are related to routine maintenance that could be provided at lower cost by established staff as compared to contractual personnel. Such an in-house capacity would also enable a speedier first response to emergency calls, thereby reducing the risk of power supply interruption to critical infrastructure.", "VIII.68 In the light of the findings of the independent evaluation, the Secretary-General is proposing to establish an in-house electrical shop through the creation of seven posts at the Trades and Crafts level to perform the routine maintenance functions currently provided by the contractor. The in-house capacity would be complemented by a team of specialized contractual personnel, responsible for carrying out major corrective and preventive maintenance work. The Secretary-General states that such arrangements are commonly used by other large institutional buildings in New York City, and would also reduce the Organization’s vulnerability to unpredictable contract negotiations. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the Secretary-General’s proposals for an in-house building services shop would result in cost avoidance estimated at $830,000 per biennium on a continuing basis. A comparison of expenditures under the current and proposed arrangements is shown in table VIII.7 The Committee welcomes the efforts undertaken to develop in-house capacity for the electrical maintenance functions. In this context, therefore, the Secretary-General should be requested to provide an update on the efficiency gains and savings realized, as part of the next budget submission.", "Proposed staffing", "VIII.69 Table VIII.6 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.6 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t319\t1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 12 P-4, 10P-3, 8 P-2/1,8 GS (PL), 174 GS (OL), 93 TC\nProposed for2012-2013\t345\t1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 13 P-4, 15P-3, 8 P-2/1,13 GS (PL), 182 GS (OL), 100 TC\n New^(a) 26 1 P-4, 5 P-3, 5 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 7 TC\nExtrabudgetary^(b) \nProposed for2012-2013\t100\t1 D-1, 4 P-5, 41 P-4/3, 6 P-2/1, 3 GS(PL), 42 GS (OL),3 TC", "^(a) Includes 24 posts to be converted from contractual services.", "^(b) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 78 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 22 extrabudgetary posts financed from reimbursement for support for extrabudgetary administrative structures; extrabudgetary substantive activities; and technical cooperation reimbursement resources.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.70 The Secretary-General’s proposals would increase the number of regular budget posts by 26, from 319 in the current biennium to 345 in 2012-2013, including 1 P-4, 5 P-3, 5 General Service (Principal level), 8 General Service (Other level) and 7 Trades and Crafts. The main factor in the increase is the establishment of 24 posts for functions currently provided through contractual services for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section and the electrical maintenance function in the Plant Engineering Section.[8] The overall requirement for posts amounts to $61,583,800, reflecting an increase of $3,623,300 as compared to the appropriation of $57,960,500 for 2010-2011. The increase reflects the net effect of: (a) the delayed impact of two new Professional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-2) approved in the biennium 2010-2011 to strengthen the management and oversight of overseas properties, and two new General Service (Other level) posts approved in the biennium 2010-2011 to realign the functions of help-desk service with the tracking system for service requests; and (b) the proposed establishment of 26 posts, including 24 to replace existing contractual services positions. Paragraph 29D.8 (b) of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)) provides a summary of the proposed post changes.", "VIII.71 The Secretary-General proposes to establish 17 posts in relation to the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, comprising:", "(a) Four P-3 posts for Supervisors to manage production operations, assignment of work orders and engineering operations;", "(b) Five General Service (Principal level) posts for Assistant Supervisors to assist in the management of production operations, assignment of work orders and engineering operations;", "(c) Eight General Service (Other level) posts for Maintenance Technicians to provide essential engineering maintenance services.", "With the proposed restructuring, the overall number of personnel would remain unchanged at 86, but would comprise 34 United Nations staff and 52 contractual personnel instead of the current 17 United Nations staff and 69 contractual personnel. The Advisory Committee was provided with detailed information on the proposed restructuring (see paras. VIII.63-VIII.66 above). It was also informed about the transitional measures being undertaken during the current biennium in advance of the proposed restructuring, which are discussed in paragraphs VIII.79-VIII.82 below. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "VIII.72. Seven electrical maintenance posts at the Trades and Crafts level are proposed in the Plant Engineering Section, to form an in-house building services shop to address routine maintenance requirements, conduct daily inspections and minor electrical work, and provide the first response to emergencies. The Advisory Committee was provided additional information on the rationale and benefits expected from the new organizational arrangements for the provision of electrical maintenance services which are highlighted in paragraphs VIII.67 to VIII.68 above. Based on the explanations provided, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for the establishment of seven Trades and Crafts posts in the Plant Engineering Section.", "VIII.73. One P-4 Programme Officer is proposed for the Facilities Management Service, responsible for reviewing and establishing policies and procedures relating to facilities management, office space, asset inventory and gift management, as well as for monitoring their implementation and developing mechanisms for compliance throughout the Secretariat, including monitoring and implementing audit recommendations. While the Advisory Committee believes that those functions are important, it is not convinced that a fully dedicated staff member is warranted. In view of the existing capacity in the Service, the Committee does not recommend acceptance of the purposed establishment of the P-4 Programme Officer post.", "VIII.74. One P-3 Travel Document Officer is proposed for the Travel and Transportation Section, responsible for supporting the implementation of the security-enhanced United Nations laissez-passer system, including the global administration of the issuing duty stations (Headquarters, the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office at Vienna). The Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent would be responsible for coordinating and liaising with various offices and entities, including with the Office of Information and Communications Technology to address issues related to the hosting of the system; the vendor in relation to the technical matters and upgrading of equipment; the Department of Safety and Security for perimeter security access control; the Umoja project team for human resources data and asset management; the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) for a lost or stolen travel document database; and the International Civil Aviation Organization. The Secretary-General indicated that the scale and complexity of the new laissez-passer system required full-time dedicated support with specific technical expertise, and that no such capacity was available in the Passport and Visa Team. On the basis of the justifications provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.75 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $115,260,500, representing a decrease of $1,650,100, or 1.4 per cent, as compared to the appropriation of $116,910,600 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General is proposing net reductions of $43,500 under other staff costs, $1,567,400 under contractual services and $475,600 under general operating expenses. The reductions are partially offset by higher requirements for consultants ($74,800, or 26.5 per cent), travel of staff ($5,500, or 4.2 per cent), supplies and materials ($181,200, or 8.7 per cent) and furniture and equipment ($187,300, or 10.8 per cent). Details on the increases and decreases by type of expenditure are provided in paragraph 29D.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.76 The Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the overall decrease of $1,567,400 under contractual services reflects the reduced requirements in relation to the proposed creation of 17 posts to replace the existing conference engineers positions provided through contractual services in the Broadcast and Conference Support Section and 7 electrical maintenance posts in the Plant Engineering Section, offset by increased requirements for information technology services for the new broadcast audio-visual systems, as well as for proprietary software and printing related to the implementation of the new laissez-passer system.", "VIII.77 From the supplementary information provided to it, the Advisory Committee further notes that the proposed requirement for rental of premises under general operating expenses would increase by $1,719,100 for the Facilities Management Service, owing to the provision of office space for all new posts approved during 2010-2011 for Headquarters and additional space required to accommodate temporary staff and contractual personnel, as well as contractual obligations under the existing rental contracts for various spaces leased by the United Nations. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was provided with a table (see table VIII.8) showing the lease expiry, estimated annual rental costs and square footage of all United Nations leased properties, distinguishing between long-term leases concluded by the Facilities Management Service, capital master plan swing spaces, Facilities Management Service leases in the capital master plan swing spaces and properties leased by Facilities Management Service for the Umoja project. The Committee will revert to this matter in the context of its consideration of the next annual progress report on the capital master plan project, which is to be submitted for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "VIII.78 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "Transitional measures related to the implementation of the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section", "VIII.79 The Secretary-General first proposed to replace the Organization’s obsolete broadcast equipment and to install new digital systems in the context of his report on the associated costs of the capital master plan.[9] Procurement of the broadcast audio-visual systems, initially planned for 2010, was deferred to 2011, in line with the revised schedule of the capital master plan. In order to ensure efficient integration and coordinated phasing, the broadcast audio-visual systems are procured and managed by the construction manager of the capital master plan.[10] Four main broadcast/audio-visual projects have been defined: the Media Asset Management System, the Permanent Broadcast Facility, Conference Management and Simultaneous Interpretation and Audiovisual. The Advisory Committee was informed that the contracts for the four broadcast audio-visual systems are to be awarded in the second part of 2011, starting in July. An overview of the timeline for the implementation of the audio-visual broadcast systems is provided in figure VIII.II. The Committee was further informed that the awarding of the contracts will be followed by a design review phase for the configuration of workflows and processes that should be carried out under the responsibility of United Nations managers and engineers rather than by contractual personnel. The Secretary-General stated that, for this reason, the 17 positions proposed to be converted from contractual services to posts needed to be filled and the incumbents trained on the new systems prior to the start of the design review phase, which was scheduled to commence in October 2011 for the first project.", "VIII.80 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that, in view of the time constraints, the Secretary-General had decided to provide the functions of the 17 posts proposed for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section through general temporary assistance from within existing resources for the biennium 2010‑2011, pending consideration of the proposal by the General Assembly in the context of its review of the programme budget for 2012-2013 at the main part of the sixty-sixth session. In this connection, the Committee points out that resources for those 17 general temporary assistance positions will be available up to 31 December 2011, and that the functions of those positions would be continued only into the biennium 2012-2013 based on a decision of the General Assembly regarding the Secretary-General’s proposals for the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section. The Committee was also informed that the recruitment process for the filling of the temporary positions was initiated at the beginning of 2011, with job descriptions established and job openings posted in March and April 2011 and interviews completed by 17 June 2011. At the time of the Committee’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals, the selection process was still under way. The Committee was informed that, once the temporary positions were filled, there would be a commensurate reduction in the services outsourced to the contractor, in accordance with the terms of the contract and standard outsourcing arrangements, which provide for flexible increases and decreases in the level of services contracted according to the needs of the Organization.", "VIII.81 The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to meet the requirements of the capital master plan schedule, and hence the reasoning behind the Secretary-General’s decision to proceed now with transitional measures for the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section. However, it remains concerned that the process has started before the General Assembly has had the opportunity to consider the Secretary-General’s proposals. The Committee cautions that the steps taken in this regard during the biennium 2010-2011 should be limited, to the extent possible, in order to avoid a de facto implementation of the proposed restructuring without specific approval by the Assembly. It requests that a full update on the status of the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section be provided to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed budget. The Committee emphasizes that the actions initiated in regard to the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section are subject to such decisions as the General Assembly may take on this matter.", "VIII.82 Furthermore, the Advisory Committee stresses that, in introducing the new arrangements for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, the Secretary-General should give due consideration to the equitable treatment of contractual personnel who have served the Organization over many years and ensure that they can compete for the temporary positions being created. The Committee also stresses the importance it attaches to ensuring that the recruitment process is managed in a fair and even-handed manner. In this regard, the Committee was provided with assurances that the recruitment and selection processes were being conducted in full compliance with the guidelines established by the Office of Human Resources Management, and would be reviewed by the competent internal review bodies. The Committee was further informed that the selection process involved testing of technical competence on the basis of tests created with the assistance of an expert, who also provides similar services to the Society of Broadcast Engineers, a well-respected technical training and certification body in the broadcast industry. The Committee also emphasizes the need to ensure that long-serving contractual personnel are afforded an opportunity to be retrained to operate the new systems planned under the capital master plan.", "Figure VIII.I Current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section^(a)", "^(a) The current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section includes one general temporary assistance position funded from the capital master plan budget, representing an associated cost to the capital master plan.", "[]", "[]", "Table VIII.7 Current and projects cost for the electrical maintenance contract", "Current costs for the electrical maintenance contract", "(United States dollars)", "Contractor cost\n Description Number Hourly rate Annual cost per unit", "Chief foreman 1 129.44 282 696.96", "Clerk 1 40.16 87 709.44", "Chief foreman — shifts 1 110.92 211 968.12", "A class electrician 4 117.31 896 717.64", "Division of Building 4 74.26 567 643.44 Maintenance^(a) class electrician — Day", "Division of Building 3 84.57 484 839.81 Maintenance class electrician — Night", "Division of Building 5 79.41 758 762.55 Maintenance class electrician — Timken^(b)", "Total 19 3 290 337.96", "^(a) Division of Building Maintenance denoting electricians who perform maintenance work and minor modifications and additions.", "^(b) “Timken” denotes workers who work on rotating shifts.", "Projected costs for the electrical maintenance contract under the proposed organizational arrangements", "(United States dollars)", "Contractor cost\n Description Number Hourly rate Annual cost per unit", "Chief foreman 1 129.44 247 359.84", "Administrative assistant 1 40.16 76 745.76", "A class electrician 5 117.31 1 120 897.05", "Total 7 1 445 002.65", "United Nations cost", "Description Number Yearly rate Annual cost per unit", "Foreman (TC7) 1 115 685.00 115 685.00", "Journeyman electrician (TC6) 2 108 599.00 217 198.00", "Assistant journeyman (TC5) 3 101 530.00 304 590.00", "Apprentice electrician (TC4) 4 94 467.00 377 868.00", "Total 10 1 015 341.00", "Savings 829 994.31", "Table VIII.8 United Nations leased properties", "As of May 2011", "United Nations-owned buildings Available for Estimated Square occupancy annual footage rental costs (United States dollars)", "(S) Secretariat Late 2012 N/A 899 676", "(CB) Conference Bldg TBD 442 236", "Basements N/A 691 000", "(GA) General Assembly N/A 316 441", "(DHL) Library N/A 118 554", "(NL) North Lawn N/A 99 465", "(NLB) North Lawn Building TBD 165 883", "(SA) South Annex TBD 39 285", "(U) UNITAR Continuously 28 987", "United Nations-leased properties Lease expiry Estimated Square annual footage rental costs (United States dollars)", "Capital master plan swing space", "(AB) Albano 2017-Jul 9 807 549 187 060", "(M) 380 Madison 2014-Jan 25 276 875 485 128", "(CS) Court Square 2018-Apr 1 493 050 42 466", "(TB) Teacher’s Bldg 2013-Dec 3 183 973 79 599", "Total capital master plan 39 761 447", "Facilities Management Service lease in capital master plan swing space", "(M) 380 Madison 2014-Jan 3 491 985 66 514", "(CS) Court Square — 10 flr 2018-Apr 881 170 21 233", "(CS) Court Square — 11 flr 2018-Apr 638 270 15 380", "(TB) Teacher’s Bldg 2013-Dec 3 227 553 79 693", "Facilities Management Service for Umoja", "(MB) Mobile Bldg 2013-Dec 1 033 643 24 321", "Facilities Management Service 1 625 532 long-term", "(A) Alcoa 2015-Jul 1 625 532 30 845", "(DC1) DC One Bldg 2020-Mar 6 868 340 196 566", "(DC2) DC Two Bldg 2020-Mar 12 081 265 322 908", "(DHP) Dag Hammarskjöld 2014-Dec 88 641", "(DN) Daily News 2017-Apr 2 104 594 31 891", "(FAL) Falchi, LIC 2024-Sep 756 195 50 413", "(DRT) Piscataway, NJ 2011-Dec 874 599 3 969", "(FF) 304 E 45 St 2012-Oct 6 655 695 141 119", "(IN) 300 E 42 St 2018-Sep 7 747 976 126 979", "JFK Airport BA space 2010-Dec 11 610 180", "Total Facilities Management 47 998 425 Service", "Figure VIII.II Timeline for the implementation of the audio-visual broadcast systems", "[]", "Abbreviations: NMT, New Mobile Television", "VSG, Venue Services Group Inc.", "PPS, Priority Production Services LLC", "Section 29E Administration, Geneva", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $142,828,300^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $142,274,600^(b)\n Projected extrabudgetary resources $33,947,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including, for presentation purposes only,the appropriation related to the libraryservice in Geneva.", "VIII.83 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29E amount to $142,828,300, before recosting. This represents a net increase of $553,700, or 0.4 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.6). The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 29E.6 of the budget document.", "VIII.84 During the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget resources would be complemented by extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $33,947,500, which would represent an increase of $1,834,300 over the biennium 2010-2011. This includes the continuation of 142 posts and a proposal to establish an additional post at the P-3 level in the Human Resources Management Service. A range of services would be provided on a reimbursement basis to extrabudgetary administrative structures of United Nations organizations based in Geneva and to extrabudgetary substantive activities in a range of areas (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.8).", "VIII.85 As indicated by the Secretary-General in paragraph 29E.5 of the proposed programme budget, during the biennium 2012-2013 the Division of Administration of the United Nations Office at Geneva will: (a) assist the Under-Secretary-General for Management in coordinating and monitoring the implementation of management reform in Geneva; (b) provide administrative and other support services to 21 United Nations Secretariat departments and offices for their operations implemented in Geneva, as well as to entities of the United Nations common system; (c) maintain and safeguard the United Nations assets and properties in Geneva, including the new facilities and installations, in compliance with the headquarters minimum operating security standards; (d) provide and strengthen, in coordination with the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the information and communications technology infrastructure, knowledge-sharing, information security and the network at the United Nations Office at Geneva; (e) coordinate the execution of the preparatory work in Geneva for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system and the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards; and (f) ensure business continuity of administrative support to the United Nations Office at Geneva, other Secretariat departments and offices and other United Nations common system entities based in Geneva, in the event of emergency situations.", "VIII.86 With regard to facilities, the Secretary-General indicates that preparatory work continues with regard to the development of a comprehensive renovation and refurbishment programme for the Palais des Nations, referred to as the “strategic heritage plan”. The Secretary-General notes, however, that the renovation envisaged under the plan would not start until the General Assembly had taken a decision on the matter and the capital master plan had been completed (A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.5 (c)). In this regard, the Secretary-General indicates that the conceptual engineering study of the plan has been completed. The Advisory Committee was informed that due to delays in its completion, the outcome of the study would be reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session rather than at the sixty-fifth session as requested in resolution 64/243.", "VIII.87 The Advisory Committee was informed that the strategic heritage plan included the refurbishment and renovation of 3 conference rooms at the Palais des Nations. The Committee was also informed that work on the renovation and upgrading of the remaining 18 conference rooms, which began in 2001, had been completed. Notwithstanding this, the Secretary-General indicates that other urgent and remedial work, which cannot be postponed until the biennium 2014-2015, needs to be undertaken to address the rapid deterioration of the facilities. In this regard, the related requirements, which are estimated at $5.8 million, are included among the proposals for projects in Geneva, which are presented under section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance. The Committee recognizes the need to proceed with these projects in order to avoid more costly repairs in the future, as well as to ensure personal safety in the Palais des Nations. The Committee was assured that these urgent health, safety and security-related repairs are separate to issues related to the strategic heritage plan and do not anticipate any actions or decisions thereon. Nonetheless, the Committee expects that these tasks will be consistent with the anticipated work under the strategic heritage plan.", "VIII.88 Table VIII.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.9 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t298\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 15 P-4, 12P-3, 12 P-2/1, 18 GS (PL), 229GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t349\t1 D-2, 4 D-1, 10 P-5, 16 P-4, 18P-3, 22 P-2/1, 19 GS (PL), 259GS (OL)\nRedeployments\t54\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 1 P-4, 6 P-3, 10P-2, 1 GS (PL), 33 GS (OL)^(a)\n Abolitions 3 3 GS (OL) \n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t143\t3 P-5, 29 P-4/3, 3 GS (PL), 108GS (OL)", "^(a) Inward redeployment from section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, to subprogramme 7, Library services, of section 29E.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.89 The Secretary-General proposes the inward redeployment of 54 posts from Conference management, Geneva, under section 2 to subprogramme 7, Library services under section 29E, Administration Geneva (ibid., para. 29E.7). The proposal is made to better reflect the established organizational reporting lines and is in line with a recommendation by the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its evaluation of the integrated global management initiative of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (see A/64/166). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "VIII.90 Three General Service (Other level) posts are proposed for abolition, one in the Purchase and Transportation Section, under subprogramme 4, and two under subprogramme 7, Library services. The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed abolitions reflect an ongoing analysis of requirements, taking into account current methods of work that, through greater use of technology, have reduced clerical functions in certain areas. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions (see also chap. I, para. 62, above).", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.91 Non-post resources of $54,632,100 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents an increase of $842,900, or 1.6 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The increase reflects the net effect of a decrease under supplies and materials ($111,500) and increased requirements in the following areas:", "(a) Other staff costs ($604,200), due largely to additional requirements for general temporary assistance at the P-4 level for 16 months for a business continuity specialist ($215,000) and at the P-3 level to assist in the administration of construction projects to be undertaken during the next biennium ($360,000);", "b) Contractual services ($136,800), due primarily to additional requirements for sound engineers to support meetings of the Human Rights Council ($83,900);", "(c) General operating expenses ($123,700), due largely to additional requirements related to business continuity and an upgrading of the information technology infrastructure;", "(d) Furniture and equipment ($79,700), due to additional requirements for business continuity ($421,900) which were largely offset by reductions in other areas;", "(e) Travel of staff ($10,000), due to additional requirements for travel for meetings with the Business Continuity Management Unit at headquarters.", "VIII.92 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Business continuity", "VIII.93 The Advisory Committee recalls that in General Assembly resolution 64/243 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012–2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Geneva contains proposals totalling $895,000, which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Section 29F Administration, Vienna", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $39,553,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $40,396,000^(b) \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $12,800,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including, for presentation purposes only,the appropriation related to the libraryservice in Vienna.", "VIII.94 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29F amount to $39,553,600, before recosting. This represents a net decrease of $842,400, or 2.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29F), para. 29F.12). The net decrease is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 29F.12 of the budget document.", "VIII.95 During the biennium 2012-2013, projected extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $12,800,000, would be allocated to the Division for Management from the support budget of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and from programme support income as reimbursement for support services provided to extrabudgetary activities, funds and programmes. This is in line with the estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 of $12,756,600 and would fund the continuation of 61 posts.", "VIII.96 As indicated in the proposed programme budget (ibid., paras. 29F.2-29F.4), the Division for Management of the United Nations Office at Vienna provides administrative support to the United Nations Secretariat units located in Vienna, including UNODC, the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the International Trade Law Division, the secretariat of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, the United Nations Information Service, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "VIII.97 Under the terms of the tripartite memorandum of understanding of 1997 and subsequent amendments to it, the Division also provides some administrative support on a common service basis to other international organizations based in the Vienna International Centre, namely, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Limited administrative support is also provided on a reimbursement basis to offices of other United Nations entities located in the Vienna International Centre, such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, located in Turin, Italy.", "VIII.98 Table VIII.10 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.10 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t91\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 6 P-4, 6P-3, 3 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 64 GS(OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t93\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 6 P-4, 7P-3, 3 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 65 GS(OL)\nRedeployments\t2\t1 P-3, 1 GS (OL) from section 2to subprogramme 4, Supportservices\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t61\t2 D-1, 1 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 6 GS(PL), 44 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.99 The Secretary-General proposes the inward redeployment of one P-3 post and one General Service (Other level) post from the Conference Management Service, Vienna, under section 2 to subprogramme 4, Support services, under section 29F, Administration, Vienna. The proposal is made to better reflect the established organizational reporting lines and is in line with the recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its evaluation of the integrated global management initiative of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (see A/64/166). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.100 Non-post resources of $19,929,900 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents a decrease of $842,400, or 4.2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease reflects reduced requirements under other staff costs ($209,000), general operating expenditures ($828,700), supplies and materials ($85,300) and furniture and equipment ($124,200). These decreases are partially offset by increased requirements under grants and contributions ($254,800), consultants ($60,000), travel of staff ($40,000) and contractual services ($50,000). The increased requirements under consultants, travel of staff and contractual services all relate to activities in support of business continuity management (see para. VIII.104 below).", "VIII.101 The provision under grants and contributions reflects increased requirements for the Office’s share of building management costs compared to the 2010-2011 level. The proposed requirements are stated as reflecting the expectation of an increase in the allocated operational floor space following the reoccupation of the C building. The Advisory Committee was informed that the amount due from the United Nations for building maintenance costs would not be finalized until after approval of the UNIDO budget in late 2011. The Secretary-General states that should there be a significant change to the share owed by the United Nations Office at Vienna, the matter would be brought to the attention of the General Assembly, in accordance with established methodology (A/66/6 (Sect. 29F), para. 29F.37). For the current biennium, the Committee was informed that it was envisaged that any additional requirements would be addressed in the context of the second performance report for 2010-2011. The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Cost-sharing arrangements", "VIII.102 The Secretary-General indicates that during 2010-2011 progress was made with regard to cost-sharing among the organizations at the Vienna International Centre. With respect to translation and interpretations services, a revised methodology was agreed with UNIDO and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that previously the costs billed for translation work varied depending on whether internal resources or external translation contractors had been used. The key change in the revised methodology was the establishment of a standard rate that was charged per translated page. Although no direct costs savings are projected as a result of that change, the Committee was informed that it reduced the administrative workload involved in determining the cost of each translation job. In addition, the new methodology made the costs involved more predictable for the organizations using such services. The Committee welcomes this initiative and is of the view that the reduction in administrative workload should free up resources for other tasks. The Committee encourages the Office to seek to identify any savings resulting from this process change, if possible, and to report thereon in the context of the next proposed programme budget. With regard to building management, the Secretary-General indicates that an independent external review, sponsored by UNIDO, recommended that the current cost-sharing methodology be changed and that that recommendation is currently under consideration by the Vienna-based organizations (ibid., para. 29F.7).", "Asbestos-removal project", "VIII.103 With regard to the asbestos-removal work in the Vienna International Centre, the Secretary-General states that the C building, which consists mainly of conference areas, will be usable again by the biennium 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that although the bulk of the work with regard to the asbestos removal itself was nearing completion, the project also involved work to refurbish the building prior to it being reoccupied. The Committee was informed that it was envisaged that that work would be completed in early 2013. The Committee notes that the project had been expected to be completed by mid-2011 (see A/62/6 (Sect. 28F), para. 28F.8). The Committee expects that every effort will be made to ensure the completion of the remaining work without any further delays so as to enable the timely reoccupation of the building.", "Business continuity", "VIII.104 The Advisory Committee recalls that in General Assembly resolution 64/243 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Vienna contains proposals totalling $608,000 that are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Section 29G Administration, Nairobi", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $29,196,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $29,136,300 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $27,375,300 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "VIII.105 Regular budget resources of $29,196,400, before recosting, are requested by the Secretary-General for section 29G, representing a net increase of $60,100, or 0.2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 29F.7 of the budget document.", "VIII.106 As indicated in paragraph 29G.1 of the budget document, the United Nations Office at Nairobi provides the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), under a memorandum of understanding and specific service agreements with them, with a full range of administrative and other support services, including in the areas of human resources administration, information and communications technology services, accounting and procurement. Under various agreements, the Office also administers common support services for offices of other organizations of the United Nations system located in Nairobi. The Office also manages the United Nations facilities in Nairobi. The responsibilities of the Office are set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2009/3.", "VIII.107 During the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget resources would be complemented by extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $27,375,300, representing an increase of $2,064,600 over the biennium 2010-2011. This amount would represent 46.5 per cent of the overall resource requirements for the Office. The extrabudgetary resources relate to common support services offered by the Office, with a major component of the funding deriving from reimbursements for services rendered to UNEP and UN-Habitat. In addition, the Secretary-General indicates that there have been significant increases in the workload and related income from common services provided to the office of the United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies located in Nairobi, a trend that is expected to continue (A/66/6 (Sect. 29G), para. 29G.8). The Committee was informed that this increase was partly due to the move of additional offices into the United Nations complex and that an increase of up to 20 per cent in the level of common services provided was anticipated for the next biennium.", "VIII.108 Table VIII.11 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.11 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t131\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 8 P-5, 12 P-4, 17 P-3, 9P-2/1,2 National Officer, 81 General Service(Local level)\nProposed for2012-2013\t131\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 10 P-4, 17 P-3, 9P-2/1,2 National Officer, 81 General Service(Local level)\nReclassifications\t4\t2 P-5 posts to D-1 and 2 P-4 posts toP-5 under subprogrammes 3 and 4\nRedeployments\t3\t1 D-1, 1 P-2 and 1 General Service(Local level) from Executive Directionand Management to subprogramme 2\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t199\t1 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 7 National Officer,189 General Service (Local level)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassifications", "VIII.109 With regard to the proposals for reclassifications, the Secretary-General recalls the review of the internal organization and post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi that was undertaken by the Office of Human Resources Management in 2008 (ibid., para. 29G.4). The Secretary-General states that that review concluded that the post and grade structure of the Office had been classified lower than those of the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office at Vienna. The Secretary-General indicates that it was proposed to restructure, in a gradual manner, the post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi to bring it up to the level of the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna.", "VIII.110 The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposals in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 were the second phase of implementation of the Office of Human Resources Management review, following the reclassification of four P-4 posts in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee was also informed that it was intended that the remaining recommendations for the review would be put forward in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "VIII.111 The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that staffing proposals for the United Nations Office at Nairobi should reflect the longer-term strategy of the Office and its operational requirements and should clearly and objectively relate the grade structure of posts to the functions assigned to them (see A/64/7, para. VIII.89).", "VIII.112 For the biennium 2012-213, the Secretary-General proposes to reclassify two P-5 posts to the D-1 level, namely the Chief, Human Resources Management Service, and the Chief, Support Services Service, and two P-4 posts to the P-5 level, namely the Chief, Staff Administration Section, Human Resources Management Service, and the Chief, Procurement Section.", "VIII.113 With regard to the proposal for the reclassification to the D-1 level of the post of Chief, Human Resources Management Service, the Advisory Committee was informed that the number of staff administered by the Office in 2010 was 2,359, compared with 1,118 administered by the United Nations Office at Vienna and 4,272 by the United Nations Office at Geneva. In addition to supervising the work of the Staff Administration Section and the Recruitment and Classification Section, the Chief of the Service also has oversight of the Staff Training and Development Unit and the joint medical services that provide services to all agencies, funds and programmes based in Nairobi. The Committee was also informed that the Chief, Human Resources Management Service, is responsible for the supervision of 71 staff in the Service. The Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Human Resources Management Service.", "VIII.114 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the staffing of the human resources management services of the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna, which is outlined in table VIII.12.", "Table VIII.12 Staffing of human resources management services", "Post level United United United Nations Nations Nations Office at Office at Office at Geneva Vienna Nairobi\n Regular Extrabudgetary Regular Extrabudgetary Regular Extrabudgetary budget budget budget", "D-1 1 — 1 — 1^(a) —", "P-5 1 2 1 — 3^(a) —", "P-4 3 4 1 1 1 —", "P-3 3 2 2 1 6 —", "P-2 1 — — — 2 —", "Subtotal 9 8 5 2 13 —", "GS (PL) 2 2 3 — — —", "GS (OL) 20 26 11 10 — —", "NO — — — — — 5", "LL — — — — 14 40", "Subtotal 22 28 14 10 14 45", "Total 31 36 19 12 27 45", "^(a) Reflecting proposed reclassification from P-5 to D-1 and from P-4 to P-5 for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VIII.115 With regard to the proposed reclassification from P-4 to P-5 of the post of Chief, Staff Administration Section, the Advisory Committee noted the number of staff administered by the Office. The Committee has no objection to the proposal of the Secretary-General.", "VIII.116 The Secretary-General also proposes the reclassification of the post of Chief, Support Services Service from P-5 to D-1. The Advisory Committee was informed that this Service is responsible for the administration and maintenance of buildings in the United Nations complex in Nairobi, the coordination of local and international procurement and the operation of registry and other general service provision, including mail, pouch, travel and shipping services, to all offices in the complex. The Committee was further informed that the proposal to upgrade the post of Chief of Service to D-1 level was in line with a recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "VIII.117 With regard to the proposal for the upgrade of the post of Chief, Procurement Section, within the Support Services Service, from P-4 to P-5, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the level of procurement activity being carried out in the Office. During the biennium 2008-2009, the Office issued 3,939 purchase orders valued at $94 million, while the projected level of activity for 2010-2011 was estimated at 3,900 purchase orders valued at $115 million. The Committee was further informed that the proposed reclassification to the P-5 level was in line with a recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "VIII.118 On the basis of on their responsibilities, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassifications of the post of Chief, Support Services Service, to D-1 and of the Chief, Procurement Section, to P-5. The Committee expects that the provision of strengthened management to the Service will lead to improved responsiveness and effectiveness in the support provided to UNEP, UN-Habitat and other client offices. The Committee requests that information in this regard be provided in the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015.", "Redeployments", "VIII.119 Three posts (D-1, P-2 and GS (LL) are proposed for redeployment from Executive Direction and Management to the Budget and Financial Management Service, subprogramme 2, to reflect the current organizational structure (see also para. VIII.123 below). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.120 Non-post resources of $8,965,500 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents an increase of $182,100, or 2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. A decrease of $627,900 is reflected under general operating expenses, which is attributed to adjustments, based on patterns of expenditure, in areas such as requirements for utilities, maintenance of premises and rental of furniture and equipment. This decrease was partly offset by increased requirements related primarily to business continuity management in the following areas:", "(a) Furniture and equipment ($202,700), due primarily to the cost of an advance medical post and information and communications and technology requirements related to business continuity management;", "(b) Supplies and materials ($142,100), largely for medical vaccines, supplies and equipment;", "(c) Travel of staff ($60,000) related to the travel of the business continuity management coordinator, including travel to out-posted offices in Kenya for the training of critical staff.", "VIII.121 The Advisory Committee recalls that in General Assembly resolution 64/243 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Nairobi contains proposals totalling $1,213,400 that are directly related to business continuity management. This provision includes a continuation of two positions under general temporary assistance that were approved under resolution 64/243. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "VIII.122 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Organizational structure", "VIII.123 In its report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee highlighted the fact that the organizational structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi as set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2009/3 differed from the structure contained in that budget document (A/64/7 (Sect. 28G), para. VIII.88). The redeployments referred to in paragraph VIII.119 above are proposed to address that inconsistency. The Committee was informed that there is a need to revise the Secretary-General’s bulletin to reflect the establishment of the post of Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The Committee was further informed that that revision would also entail updating the organization chart and governance structure of the Office. The Advisory Committee trusts that the required revision to the Secretary-General’s bulletin will be completed in a timely manner.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VIII.124 The Secretary-General indicates that resources totalling approximately $246,600 (regular budget) and $5,600 (extrabudgetary) would be utilized for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 29G), para. 29G.9). The Advisory Committee was informed that the Office had no staff dedicated on a full-time basis to those tasks and that the work involved was carried out by staff as a part of their overall responsibilities. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. The Committee considers that the effective monitoring and evaluation of programme activities is a key management function and expects that the Office will ensure that sufficient resources are devoted to this area.", "Section 30 Office of Information and Communications Technology", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $75,120,000^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $72,120,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $40,377,400^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $20,037,200, amending theinformation contained in table 30.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 30) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$20,340,200.", "VIII.125 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 30 amount to $75,120,000 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $3,000,000, or 4.2 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), table 30.4; see also para. VIII.129 and table VIII.14 below). The increase is essentially related to higher requirements for non-post resources under subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations, for enhancing and supporting resource management services for the biennium 2012‑2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), para. 30.8). The regular budget resources available to the Office would be complemented with an additional $20,037,200 from the peacekeeping support account and $20,340,200 from other extrabudgetary resources. The amount of $20,037,200 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, amending the figures indicated in paragraph 30.9 and table 30.4 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)).", "VIII.126 In its resolution 65/259 (sect. XVII, para. 8) the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals on the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report A/65/491 and to submit new and/or revised proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012‑2013. In response to that request, the Secretary-General has submitted a report entitled “Enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat” (A/66/94), for consideration by the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. The report also responds to previous resolutions in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals for the implementation of enterprise content management and customer relationship management solutions in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 64/243, paras. 125 and 126) and the development of a unified ICT disaster recovery plan and business continuity approach (resolutions 63/262, 63/269 and 64/243, para. 127).", "VIII.127 In his report, the Secretary-General presents four revised cross-cutting, Organization-wide initiatives to implement the ICT strategy and comprehensively address institutional ICT needs, as follows: (a) improve enterprise ICT management; (b) leverage knowledge through ICT; (c) enhance ICT service delivery; and (d) create resilient ICT infrastructure. The four initiatives are to be carried out over a four-year period, from 2012 to 2015, and are proposed to be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangement approved for the enterprise resource planning project.[11] The overall requirement for the four initiatives for the biennium 2012‑2013 is estimated at $42,822,500, comprising $6,423,400 to be funded from the regular budget, $26,550,000 from the support account for peacekeeping operations and $9,849,100 from the special accounts for programme support costs. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General had issued a separate report (A/66/94), since the proposals for the enterprise ICT initiatives spanned multiple financial periods, and were proposed to be funded across multiple funding sources. The Committee provides its comments and recommendations on the four initiatives in its second report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, A/66/7/Add.1.", "VIII.128 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget share of the resources proposed for the four initiatives is not reflected under the proposed programme budget for section 30 for 2012-2013, which therefore presents an incomplete picture of the overall regular budget resource requirements for the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Committee was informed that the Office had faced some time constraints, given the adoption of the resolution 65/259 by the General Assembly on 24 December 2010, which did not allow time for the preparation and submission of a revised budget to the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts by the deadline of 15 December 2010. In paragraph 31 of chapter I above, the Committee expresses its view that, should the Secretary-General not have been in a position to incorporate a full submission on the proposals, indicative estimates at least of the related resource requirements should have been reflected under section 30 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "VIII.129 However, at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was provided with an advance copy of the Secretary-General’s report on enterprise ICT initiatives and was able to consider the totality of regular budget resources and activities proposed for the biennium. The Secretary-General’s proposals for section 30 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 should be considered in conjunction with the above-mentioned report on enterprise ICT initiatives for the United Nations, along with the Committee’s related reports (A/66/7 and Add.1). Upon request, the Committee was provided with an updated table showing the combined regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and for enterprise ICT initiatives (A/66/94) (table VIII.14). As shown in table VIII.14, taking into account the regular budget share of $6,423,400 of the requirement for the four proposed enterprise ICT initiatives, the overall proposal for section 30 for the biennium 2012‑2013 would amount to $81,543,375, reflecting an increase of 13.1 per cent over the appropriation for 2010-2011.", "VIII.130 In paragraph 5 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction)), the Secretary-General refers to his change management initiative aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Organization. The Advisory Committee was informed that the initiative would involve examining and updating the way the Organization works in six areas, including information and communications technology. In particular, the goal was to move towards a “paperless environment” by 2015, focusing on electronic record-keeping, electronic signatures and knowledge management solutions. The Committee is of the opinion that the simultaneous proliferation of initiatives does not facilitate a clear understanding of the Secretary-General’s overall approach to change management. It recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to ensure that the activities envisaged in this regard will complement and not duplicate the work of the Knowledge Management Service of the Office of Information and Communications Technology and that of other departments or offices engaged in similar initiatives, and that close coordination and cooperation will be maintained between the respective teams of that Office and the change management initiative, given that the Office is responsible for ICT initiatives in the longer term.", "VIII.131 The Advisory Committee was provided with further details on the change management initiative, which are discussed in chapter I above. It was informed that the Office of Information and Communications Technology has appointed a reform focal point, responsible for working closely with the change management team, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the senior management team to ensure cooperation and implementation of reform proposals within the Office. In addition, the Office would second one staff member to the change management team on a part-time basis.", "VIII.132 Table VIII.13 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.13", "Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t137\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 13 P-5, 21P-4, 30 P-3, 7 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL),48 GS (OL), 1 TC\nProposed for2012-2013\t137\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 13 P-5, 21P-4, 30 P-3, 7 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL),48 GS (OL), 1 TC\n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nProposed for2012-2013\t24\t8 P-4/3, 3 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 10GS(OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 12 other assessed posts financed exclusively from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 12 extrabudgetary posts financed through the telecommunications support account.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.133 The Secretary-General proposes to continue 137 regular budget posts for the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "VIII.134 In his report on enterprise ICT initiatives, the Secretary-General proposes to establish 14 additional regular budget posts to strengthen the Office, comprising two posts for executive direction and management; eight posts for subprogramme 5, Information and communications technology strategic management and coordination; two posts for subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations; and two posts for programme support. As indicated above, the Advisory Committee’s comments and recommendations regarding those requests are contained in its related report A/66/7/Add.1. In this connection, the Committee recalls that in the context of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals on the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report A/65/491, the General Assembly decided to approve for 2011 general temporary assistance equivalent to seven P-4 positions, of which five positions were to be met from within existing resources (resolution 65/259, part XVII, para. 15). The Committee was informed that those five positions had not yet been funded and that the resources provided for the remaining two positions on a one-time basis during 2011 were not proposed to be continued in the budgetary proposals for section 30 for 2012-2013.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.135 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,196,500, representing a net increase of $3,000,000 as compared to the appropriation for the current biennium. Paragraph 30.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) provides a summary of the changes, reflecting the combined effect of increases and decreases proposed under various objects of expenditure. The Secretary-General is proposing a net additional amount of $289,400 under executive direction and management in relation to change management activities (see para. VIII.136 below), and a net increase of $3,343,800 under non-post resources for subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations, including $2,758,900 for general temporary assistance, to respond to increased demands for enhancing and supporting resource management services at Headquarters and offices away from Headquarters. The increased requirements are partially offset by reductions under most other non-post object classes, including: travel of staff ($100,900, or 18.4 per cent), contractual services ($91,000, or 0.6 per cent), supplies and materials ($175,600, or 40.1 per cent), furniture and equipment ($188,900, or 17.2 per cent), and grants and contributions ($63,400, or 100 percent).", "VIII.136 As regards the additional $289,400 proposed for executive direction and management, in paragraph 30.8 (a) of his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)), the Secretary-General states that the additional resources are due to increased requirements under contractual services to cover professional services for the implementation of change management and to support increasing awareness and adoption of the ICT strategy. The services would include organizing, planning, developing and implementing large, complex communication campaigns related to ICT initiatives and ICT strategy implementation. The Advisory Committee requested additional justification in support of the Secretary-General’s request. The Committee believes that activities related to supporting and increasing awareness of the ICT strategy should be conducted by staff having a good knowledge of the Organization rather than external consultants, and that in-house capacity should be developed in this regard. Accordingly, the Committee recommends against approval of the additional amount of $289,400 proposed for contractual services. It recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s remaining proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Format and presentation", "VIII.137 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 presents, for the second time, the requirements of the Office of Information and Communications Technology, which was established as an independent organizational unit under a separate budget section by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/64/7), the Advisory Committee highlighted a number of areas for improvement in the presentation of the budgetary proposals of the Office. While noting some progress, the Committee remains firmly of the view that many of its previous observations and recommendations are still relevant. The Office would therefore benefit from taking them into account when preparing its next budget submission. The Committee recommends that in preparing the next budget submission, efforts should continue to be made to fully reflect in the logical framework the work programme of the Office, with clearly defined objectives, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement. The Office should also provide clear information on the mandated activities and outputs of the Office.", "VIII.138 The Advisory Committee also points out that the budget document does not provide a sufficiently clear picture of the staffing resources available for carrying out the work programme of the Office, which include, in addition to established posts, general temporary assistance and contractual services. For example, in paragraph 30.26 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)), containing a request for an additional $3.3 million in non-post resources, little information is provided on the proposed requirements for general temporary assistance, contractual personnel or consultants. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with a breakdown of the proposed resources, including the number of work months and the grade levels of the general temporary assistance and contractual personnel proposed, as well as the services or functions they would be required to perform. The Committee was also informed that, unlike other departments and offices, the Office of Information and Communications Technology relied heavily on contractual services to flexibly augment its capacity to address requirements for one-time ICT projects, reflecting a best practice by which staff positions were generally reserved for institution-specific functions and activities that required long-term preservation of institutional interests and memory. Given that a large number of ICT services are provided through temporary assistance and contractual personnel, the Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to inform the General Assembly, as a matter of routine, of the breakdown of the utilization of those categories of expenditure, distinguishing between personnel costs and other requirements. The Committee also urges the Secretary-General to continue to pursue efforts to improve the clarity and comprehensiveness of the budget document and to provide a sufficient level of detail to allow the Assembly to gain a better understanding of the activities of the Office, its staffing and the services it provides, as well as the proposed utilization of resources. Such greater clarity in terminology will be important for the success of the Office’s communications activities, both within the Secretariat and with Member States.", "VIII.139 The Advisory Committee also notes a tendency towards the use of highly technical terms in the budget document, as well as in the supplementary information provided to it. While acknowledging that the use of some technological terms is inevitable given the nature of the activities of the Office, in the interest of greater clarity and transparency, the Committee requests that due attention be paid to formulating budget proposals in language that is accessible to non‑specialists, and to providing a glossary for any technological terms and concepts used, as appropriate.", "Costs of information and communications technology services", "VIII.140 In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee emphasized that ICT services should be provided in the most cost-effective manner, with accurate pricing of real costs, and that transparent information on the basis for the costing of those services should be made available to client departments (A/64/7, para. VIII.122). The question of the costing of outputs and services is one of long standing. In paragraph 29 of its resolution 56/253, the General Assembly emphasized that a system of costing outputs was an important part of an effective and transparent decision-making process. More recently, in its resolution 63/262 (sect. VI, para. 4), the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to improve the methods for calculating costs of support services.", "VIII.141 The Advisory Committee was informed that cost recovery mechanisms had been in place since the biennium 2000-2001, and had been implemented in consultation with the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts as part of the budget process. It was determined that, as the demand for ICT services continued to grow and exceed supply, central funding had proved to be an ineffective control mechanism, and that demand for such services needed to be regulated and monitored. The cost recovery mechanism in place allowed client departments to budget for and monitor their own use of ICT services, and also provided the Office of Information and Communications Technology with important information for planning its workload and expenditures. Provisions made under departmental budgets for service level agreements were transferred by the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts to extrabudgetary accounts for specific objects of expenditure, which are listed in table VIII.15. Those resources are made available to the Office of Information and Communications Technology under the relevant subprogramme providing the service, to cover requirements related to: (a) telephone and network services, (b) desktop services and (c) hosting services.", "VIII.142 The Advisory Committee was further informed that a distinction was made between fixed costs, which are budgeted under the Office of Information and Communications Technology, and variable expenditures, which are covered through the cost-recovery mechanism. Fixed costs pertained to capital expenditures, costs for facilities and shared resources such as management, administrative personnel and training, whereas variable costs covered the depreciation of hardware based on the duration of the replacement cycle, software maintenance and licence fees, and costs for in-house and outsourced personnel dedicated to the provision of ICT services. As regards desktop services, three service level agreement plans were available, offering different levels of support: level A for full support, level B for a reduced level of support and level C for minimum support. A comparison of the different levels of service and support provided under each plan is summarized in table VIII.16.", "VIII.143 In this connection, the Advisory Committee enquired whether such an arrangement could encourage departments and offices to procure equivalent ICT services through external providers, based on Office of Information and Communications Technology specifications and standards. It was informed that, while it was feasible for organizational units in smaller organizations to obtain ICT services from external vendors, in the context of the Secretariat such an approach would have a negative impact on the realization of economies of scale and would, in the long run, introduce additional fragmentation of ICT capacities and cost more.", "VIII.144 At present, provisions for ICT service level agreements are budgeted under the recipient departments and offices and appear under the broad category of extrabudgetary resources in the overview of section 30 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), table 30.4). The Advisory Committee is of the view that the budget document must provide complete transparency concerning cost-recovery income available to the Office of Information and Communications Technology, including information on the amounts paid by various departments and offices and any other entities for ICT services. Information must also be provided on the utilization of those resources by the Office, including for the funding of posts in the Office. In this connection, the Committee also considers that the income made available to the Office through cost recovery should be presented under a separate category in the overview of the budget section (see chap. I above, paras. 115-117). The Advisory Committee further reiterates that information on the basis for the pricing and costing of those services should be made available to client departments.", "Organizational arrangements for the Office of Information and Communications Technology", "VIII.145 By its resolution 63/262, the General Assembly established the Office of Information and Communications Technology as an independent organizational unit under a separate budget section, to be headed by the Chief Information Technology Officer at the level of Assistant Secretary-General. In the same resolution, the Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to report it at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangement, including the possibility of changing the placement of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the structure of the Organization. However, while the Secretary-General assessed the internal structure of the Office, he did not address the question of the placement of the Office in the context of his progress report on the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491). In its resolution 65/269 the Assembly reiterated its earlier request for an in-depth assessment, to be submitted for consideration at its sixty-eighth session.", "VIII.146 The Advisory Committee remains firmly of the view that the management and reporting arrangements must provide overall direction for the Office and ensure the effectiveness, supervision and accountability of the ICT structures of the Organization. The Committee points out that, to ensure continuing confidence in the Office, it is essential that the organizational arrangements in place be, and be seen to be, fit for purpose. In the light of the considerable investments being made in ICT infrastructure, systems and services, as well as the strategic importance of ongoing initiatives such as the implementation of the ICT strategy and the enterprise resource planning project (Umoja), the Secretary-General should be requested to rigorously examine current arrangements and to make any adjustments, as required, to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency and to fully respond to the General Assembly’s request for an in-depth assessment for consideration no later than at its sixty-eighth session.", "Replacement of information and communications technology equipment", "VIII.147 The Advisory Committee notes, as part of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the decision taken by several departments and offices to defer replacement of ICT equipment with a view to lowering resource requirements under furniture and equipment. Upon enquiry as to its position on those proposals, and whether consideration had been given to changing the standard replacement cycle, even temporarily, during the current financial downturn, the Office of Information and Communications Technology stated that client departments and offices could, if they so desired, defer the replacement of personal computers beyond the current four-year cycle and that, in case of failure, a loaned personal computer was made available pending the procurement of a new one. The Office also indicated that, in general, the frequency of incidents and repairs increased significantly after a four-year period of usage. Furthermore, a lengthening of the current cycle for the replacement of personal computers at Headquarters could have an impact on the planned migration to the Windows 7 operating system by July 2014, in view of the fact over half of the existing personal computers did not have the minimum requirements to support Windows 7 and would have to be replaced before July 2014. It was also indicated that at present the Windows XP software currently in use at the United Nations would no longer be supported by Microsoft after July 2014.", "Table VIII.14", "Regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and enterprise information and communications technology initiatives (A/66/94)", "(United States dollars)", "Object of 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 A/66/6 Resource expenditure appropriation A/66/6 A/66/94^(b) (Sect. growth^(c) (Sect. 30) 30)^(a) and A/66/94\n Amount Percentage", "Posts 34 923 500 34 923 500 432 540 35 356 432 540 1.2 040", "Other staff costs 1 974 700 5 408 800 278 670 5 687 470 3 712 188.0 770", "Consultants", "Travel of staff 549 300 448 400 76 650 525 050 -24 250 -4.4", "Contractual 15 890 600 15 799 500 3 904 230 19 703 3 813 24.0 services 730 130", "General operating 17 182 800 17 368 600 671 490 18 040 857 290 5.0 expenses 090", "Supplies and 438 200 262 600 174 915 437 515 -685 -0.2 materials", "Furniture and 1 097 500 908 600 884 880 1 793 480 695 980 63.4 equipment", "Grants and 63 400 — — — -63 400 -100.0 contributions", "Total 72 120 000 75 120 000 6 423 375 81 543 9 423 13.1 375 375", "^(a) All figures for 2012-2013 are before recosting.", "^(b) Figures represent the regular budget share of the requirements for enterprise ICT proposals.", "^(c) Resource growth as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011.", "Table VIII.15", "Extrabudgetary accounts for specific objects of expenditure in relation to cost recovery", "Account code Description", "307 3709 Contractual services, contribution to support central data-processing services", "307 3710 Contribution to support office automation equipment", "307 3711 Contribution to support central data-processing infrastructure", "405 4304 Rental and maintenance of data-processing equipment", "Table VIII.16", "Comparison between service level agreement plans for desktop services", "Servicedescription\tSLAlevelA\tSLAlevelB\tSLAlevelC\tComponents covered\n\tAnnualcost(UnitedStatesdollars) \nNetworkaccount\t400\t400\t400\tNetwork infrastructure,licences, maintenance,contractual services andcarrier charges betweenbuildings\nE-mailaccount\t360\t360\t360\tE-mail infrastructure,licences, maintenance andcontractual services\nCentralManagementSoftware\t50\t50\t50\tContractual services tomaintain and configuredesktop software thatprovides each desktopwith anti-virus,operating system andapplication updates\nDesktoplicensing\t125\t125\t125\tSoftware licence fees forMicrosoft Office,anti-spam, PDF writer,etc.\nPersonalcontentmanagement\t40\t40\t40\t1 gigabyte of storage,backup and restoreservices for personaldata\nService deskservices\t542\t542\t$125\tService desk contractualservices; hazardous wastedisposal, hardwaresupport, loaner equipmentand remote supportlicences; SLA level Cincludes only limitedOffice of Information andCommunications Technologyservice desk contractualservices for diagnosingproblems\nLANadministration\t645\t—\t—\tLAN administrationservices include fulluser registration,training, problemdiagnosis and on-sitetechnical support\n Adjustment (62) (17) — \n Total 2 100 1 500 1 100", "Part IX Internal oversight", "Section 31 Internal oversight", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $39,025,300^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $38,925,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $73,664,400^(b) \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts iscontained in table 5 of the introduction tothe budget. A summary of the total number ofposts by source of funds and grade level iscontained in annex I to the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $57,170,200, amending theinformation contained in table 31.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 31) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$16,494,200.", "IX.1 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 31, before recosting, amount to $39,025,300, representing an increase of $100,300, or 0.3 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011.", "IX.2 The increase is due to additional requirements for posts of $1,590,400 over the resources of $32,640,900 approved for 2010-2011, resulting from the delayed impact of three posts approved in 2010-2011 (under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation), one new post proposed to be established under executive direction and management and the proposed conversion to established posts of six positions funded under general temporary assistance under subprogramme 2. This is offset by a decrease in non-post resources of $1,490,100, due mostly to reduced requirements for general temporary assistance, consultants, travel of staff, contractual services, general operating expenses, supplies and materials, and grants and contributions. In terms of the components of the programme, the increase is the net result of additional requirements under executive direction and management and programme support, reflecting increases of $259,000 and $15,000, respectively, offset by a decrease of $173,700 in the requirements for programme of work, related mostly to subprogramme 1, Internal audit, and subprogramme 3, Investigations.", "IX.3 The Advisory Committee notes that the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, in accordance with paragraph 2 (d) of its terms of reference (General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex), submitted a report on its review of the proposed programme budget for the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85). The Committee met and exchanged views with the Chairman of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee in this regard.", "IX.4 Table IX.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table IX.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t115\t1 USG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 13 P-5, 28 P-4, 20P-3, 12 P-2/1,8 GS (PL), 24 GS (OL), 1 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t122\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 13 P-5, 28P-4, 23 P-3, 15 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 24 GS(OL), 1 LL\n New 1 1 ASG \nConversions\t6\t3 P-3 and 3 P-2 from general temporaryassistance funding\nRedeployments\t5\t1 P-4 from Nairobi to New York, 1 P-2from Vienna to Nairobi, 1 P-3 and 2 P-2from Vienna to New York, withinInvestigations Division\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t103^(a)\t1 D-1, 12 P-5, 39 P-4, 24 P-3, 16 FS, 1GS (PL), 6 GS (OL),4 LL", "^(a) The number of posts includes 103 other assessed posts, amending the information included in table 31.5 of A/66/6 (Sect. 31) to reflect the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations and 46 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IX.5 The Advisory Committee was informed by the Office of Internal Oversight Services that the overall vacancy rate for the Office had decreased from 17 per cent on 30 August 2010 to 11 per cent on 30 April 2011 and was expected to further decrease to 7.4 per cent after August 2011. The Committee recalls that the posts of the Director of the Inspection and Evaluation Division (D-2) and of the Director of the Investigations Division (D-2) have been vacant since 1 January 2008 and 1 August 2006, respectively. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the recruitment process had now been completed and that the individuals selected were expected to assume their functions in August 2011; the functions of those posts were performed throughout this period by the acting heads of each Division. Noting the Office’s history of high vacancy rates, the Committee welcomes the reduction and urges increased efforts to fill all outstanding vacancies.", "Executive direction and management", "IX.6 The establishment of an Assistant Secretary-General post is requested to support the Office of the Under-Secretary-General in carrying out its responsibilities (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.18). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the functions of the post include the following: overseeing operational activities; directing and managing the work of the Executive Office; ensuring coordination of the work of the Divisions and leading interdivisional activities or assignments; developing and overseeing implementation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services outreach programme; advising the Under-Secretary-General on policy matters concerning the operations of the Office; ensuring implementation of all resolutions and decisions of governing bodies, including those of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee; representing the Office on organization issues, as designated; and managing the Office in the absence of the Under-Secretary-General. The Committee was also informed that the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post would enhance the ability of the Under-Secretary-General to focus on strategic issues of the Office and to interact with various stakeholders, expanding the Office’s engagement and involvement capacity; enhance coordination and cooperation among the three Divisions; enhance accountability for the Office’s results, impact and use of resources; and ensure continuity of leadership during absences or transition periods between Under-Secretary-General appointments. The Committee recognizes the need to better support the Under-Secretary-General in carrying out his or her responsibilities in ensuring effective coordination among the subprogrammes, directing and managing the work of the Executive Office and providing assistance in implementing the Office of Internal Oversight Services mandate. The Committee is not convinced, however, that the functions proposed warranted a post at the Assistant Secretary-General level. It therefore recommends approval of a D-2 level post instead to provide the required support. The appropriate level of the post could be further reviewed in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015 on the basis of experience gained.", "Subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation", "IX.7 Six general temporary assistance positions (3 P-3 and 3 P-2) are proposed for conversion to established posts in support of the strengthened focus on inspection and evaluation and enhancing delivery of the programme of work (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.28). The Advisory Committee recalls that nine general temporary assistance positions (1 D-2, 3 P-3, 4 P-2, 1 GS (OL)) were proposed for conversion to established posts in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee recommended acceptance of the conversion of three positions (1 D-2, 1 P-2, 1 GS (OL)), pending assessment by the Inspection and Evaluation Division of the feasibility of adopting a risk assessment approach at the subprogramme level, as recommended by the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, as opposed to the current one at the programme level (A/64/7, paras. IX.8-IX.10). In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly endorsed the Committee’s recommendation.", "IX.8 The Advisory Committee notes that the Inspection and Evaluation Division has concluded that it is not feasible to apply its risk assessment methodology at the subprogramme level, given the lack of data for the 12 proxy risk indicators at that level (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.29). The Independent Audit Advisory Committee has concurred with that argument, while continuing to reiterate that risk assessment at the programme level is important in order to enable the effective allocation of resources (A/66/85, para. 16). The Secretary-General indicates that the resubmission for conversion of the six general temporary assistance positions is consistent with General Assembly resolution 62/236 and also justified by the continuing nature of the functions carried out. In view of the above, the Committee has no objection to the acceptance of the conversion of six positions to posts (3 P-3, 3 P-2) in the Inspection and Evaluation Division.", "Subprogramme 3, Investigations", "IX.9 The staffing resources of $9,939,600 proposed under subprogramme 3 for 2012-2013 provide for the continuation of 35 posts (27 Professional, 7 General Service and 1 Local level). The increase of $59,900 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 relates to adjustments under salaries and common staff costs associated with the redeployment of five posts between duty stations, within the subprogramme, as follows:", "(a) One Investigator (P-4) post from Nairobi to New York to cover demands related to the integration of the Procurement Task Force responsibilities and provide further support in procurement matters for all offices, given lesser demand for procurement investigations under the regular budget in Nairobi;", "(b) One Associate Investigator (P-2) post from Vienna to Nairobi to cover the reduced demand for procurement investigations, in lieu of the P-4 post indicated in paragraph IX.9 (a) above, and taking into account the fact that capacity exceeds demand in Vienna;", "(c) Two Associate Investigator (P-2) posts from Vienna to New York, to the Professional Practices Section, to provide investigative support in relation to the new system of administration of justice;", "(d) One Investigator (P-3) post from Vienna to New York to strengthen the work of the Forensics Unit, which is based at Headquarters.", "IX.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that a similar request was included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee had recommended approval of the redeployment of the five posts, which are now being resubmitted, out of a total of seven requested at the time (see A/64/7, paras. IX.11 and IX.21). The Committee further notes that, as indicated in the budget fascicle, the Secretary-General’s proposal for redeployment does not intend to pre-empt any requirements that may arise as a result of the outcome of the pilot project decided in General Assembly resolution 63/287, but is based on the more effective utilization of resources that would meet identified investigative requirements under the regular budget. The Committee referred to the Secretary-General’s preliminary report on the status of implementation of the pilot project and the report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the implementation of the project, submitted to the General Assembly at the resumed part of its sixty-fifth session (see A/65/782, paras. 29-31, and A/65/827, paras. 212-214).", "IX.11 The Advisory Committee recalls that it has expressed the view that investigations, unlike audits, are by nature reactive, carried out as the need arises, and that their related resources are therefore inherently subject to change in the light of requirements (A/64/7, para. IX.22) The Committee therefore notes that, as indicated in the proposed budget, in terms of investigations workload, the number of new cases taken in for 2010 under the regular budget included 19 matters for New York, 13 matters for Vienna and 8 matters in Nairobi (A/66/7 (Sect. 31), para. 31.39).", "IX.12 Taking into account the views it has previously expressed, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed redeployment of three posts (1 P-3, 2 P-2) from Vienna to New York, one post (P-2) from Vienna to Nairobi and one post (P-4) from Nairobi to New York in response to the identified investigative regular budget requirements and caseload.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IX.13 The non-post resources of $4,794,000 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $1,490,100 compared to the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. The decrease is due mostly to reductions for other staff costs ($806,200) under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation, in view of the proposed conversion of six general temporary assistance positions to posts in 2010-2011 (see para. IX.7 above).", "IX.14 The resources of $1,857,800 proposed for travel of staff represent a decrease of $342,800 compared to the amount of $2,200,600 appropriated for 2010-2011. The decrease is reflected mostly under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation ($235,200), as a result of fewer anticipated trips to offices away from Headquarters, given the lower number of inspections of programme-level monitoring and evaluation, as well as reduced requirements for daily subsistence allowance, in view of the reduced number of days on location. The decrease under subprogramme 3, Investigations ($102,700), reflects previous expenditure patterns, as well as efforts made to use alternative means, such as video and teleconferencing.", "IX.15 The resources of $866,100 proposed for consultants represent a decrease of $156,100 compared to the amount of $1,022,200 appropriated for 2010-2011. The reduction is reflected mainly under subprogramme 1, Internal audit ($103,300), owing to the decrease in the requirements for subject-matter experts from the level required for implementation of the 2010-2011 workplan, as well as under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation ($32,000), owing to a decrease in the requirements for consultants’ travel as a result of trips of shorter duration being planned.", "IX.16 The overall decrease of $76,100 for general operating expenses, compared to the resources of $441,500 approved for 2010-2011, is related mostly to the reduction in the standard rates for telephone and facsimile services at Headquarters, centralized under programme support ($420 per staff member per year applied for 2012-2013, compared to $1,400 per staff member per year applied in the 2010-2011 budget period).", "IX.17 The net decrease of $60,100 under contractual services, compared to the resources of $1,149,700 approved for 2010-2011, reflects the discontinuation of requirements for software acquired in the 2010-2011 budget period under executive direction and management (a reduction of $50,900), as well as reduced requirements under subprogramme 3, Investigations, in view of the decrease in the costs associated with a case management system that was to be acquired in 2010-2011 ($174,000). In connection with the latter, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in the testing stages of the software, it became clear that technical shortfalls would make the system an inadequate solution, particularly for peacekeeping missions. Accordingly, the funds allocated for 2010-2011 will not be utilized and the unspent balance will be reported in the context of the second performance report. An alternative, less costly system ($130,100) that meets all accessibility, security and case management requirements has been identified for acquisition and included in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "IX.18 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed non‑post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "IX.19 The Advisory Committee notes that, as stated in the report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (A/66/85), in preparing the audit workplan and prioritizing the audit assignments for 2012-2013, the Internal Audit Division identified top organizational risks, their possible causes and related key internal controls on the basis of inherent risk. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee has expressed its concern on the use of risk models based on inherent risks, which are not considered appropriate for proposing the total level of resource requirements. However, it has also noted the efforts made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services aimed at eventually guiding the Office in the articulation of residual risk (see A/66/85, para. 11, and A/65/827, para. 204). The Independent Audit Advisory Committee acknowledges that the audit of key controls proposed should lead to the establishment of the residual risks faced by the Organization and therefore supports the Office of Internal Oversight Services proposals contained in the proposed budget for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee encourages the Office of Internal Oversight Services to continue its efforts in refining its risk assessment methodology. The Committee also concurs with the Independent Audit Advisory Committee’s recommendation that all Office of Internal Oversight Services divisions, including the Internal Audit Division, show the value of the services delivered to the Organization by reporting on the achievement of results.", "IX.20 With regard to subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation, the Advisory Committee notes that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/244, the programme evaluation cycle is to be reduced from the current time frame of 11 to 13 years to a periodic cycle of 8 years. The Inspection and Evaluation Division proposes to take a phased approach, reducing it first to 10 years, before proceeding to reduce it to 8 years. It therefore plans to evaluate five programmes in the biennium 2012-2013: the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNHCR, UNODC, UNEP and ECA. Noting that most of those programmes are funded from extrabudgetary resources, it is indicated that the Division intends to seek funding from the respective programmes, taking into account the request by the General Assembly and the views of the Advisory Committee regarding the need to avoid having regular budget activities subsidize extrabudgetary activities and vice versa (see A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.33, and A/66/85, para. 18). The Committee was informed by the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services that the current funding arrangements were overly complicated and required streamlining, and that the Office was considering this matter and intended to present proposals to the General Assembly. In this connection, the Committee recalls the observations and recommendations made in its report on the funding arrangements for the Office of Internal Oversight Services (A/61/880), as well as General Assembly resolution 61/275 (part III), in which the Assembly requested a reformulation of the funding arrangements submitted in the Secretary-General’s report (A/61/810), bearing in mind the recommendations in paragraphs 31 to 40 of the Advisory Committee’s report (A/61/880).", "Part X Jointly financed administrative activities and special expenses", "Section 32 Jointly financed administrative activities", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$37,723,800^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $37,125,400 \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $10,993,800^(a) \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $11,993,400 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.1 Resources are requested under section 32 for three bodies of the United Nations that are financed on an inter-agency basis:", "(a) The International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) and its secretariat;", "(b) The Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) and its secretariat;", "(c) The secretariat of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB), including the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) project.", "X.2 The full budgets of ICSC and JIU are presented to the General Assembly for consideration and approval in accordance with established arrangements. The full budget of CEB, including the IPSAS project, is presented for information purposes, while the United Nations share of it is presented for approval.", "X.3 The comments of the CEB member organizations on the original budget submissions of ICSC and JIU are provided in the annex to the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), annex). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that the original ICSC proposal reflecting a 0.59 per cent increase was supported by five out of the eight member organizations that provided comments; the other three insisted on a zero-growth budget. The comments of the member organizations indicated a general opposition to any increases in the budget, citing the financial constraints that they were facing. The Committee notes from the supplementary information that the original budget proposal presented by JIU reflected a 10.2 per cent increase. The consensus among the 11 member organizations that provided comments was that the proposed increase could not be supported in the current economic environment. Most of the member organizations were themselves facing zero nominal growth for their 2012-2013 budgets, while some were projecting real decreases in their income.", "X.4 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information showing the comments of the 10 CEB member organizations that responded to the request for comments on the CEB secretariat budget proposal. The consensus among the member organizations supported the zero nominal growth budget for the CEB secretariat.", "X.5 The Advisory Committee was provided with further information showing the conclusions of the Finance and Budget Network of the CEB High-level Committee on Management, according to which the Committee “Endorsed the 2012-2013 budgets of all jointly financed activities (Department of Safety and Security jointly financed activities, CEB secretariat, JIU and ICSC) at zero growth level”, and stated that “utmost efforts will be made to absorb any recosting adjustments through efficiencies” (CEB/2011/3, para. 95 (e)). In a separate decision, the Committee approved the extension of the IPSAS project team until the end of 2013, with corresponding resource requirements of $1,896,000 for 2012-2013, and with the strategic orientations and activities as approved by the Finance and Budget Network (ibid., para. 95 (b)).", "X.6 With regard to section 32, Jointly financed administrative activities, the full budget resources requested for the biennium 2012-2013 (inclusive of the requested regular budget resources) amount to $37,723,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $598,400, or 1.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6). The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 32 amount to $10,993,800 before recosting, representing a decrease of $999,600, or 8.3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5).", "X.7 The Advisory Committee notes that the net decrease in the United Nations regular budget share under this section is due simply to the combined effects of the decrease of the United Nations percentage share in the requirements of the secretariat of ICSC and CEB, offset by an increase of the United Nations percentage share in the requirements of JIU and the IPSAS project. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the rationale for the cost-sharing for each organization depended on the proportion of the work each entity undertook on behalf of the Organization. In the case of ICSC, whose work is related to conditions of service for staff, personnel statistics are the determining measure, while in the case of the CEB secretariat, whose work encompasses a portfolio of system-wide matters, the percentage of cost-sharing is based 50 per cent on personnel and 50 per cent on the scale of activity, measured by audited expenditure levels (see also para. X.14 below).", "International Civil Service Commission", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$17,616,900^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $17,714,000  \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $5,884,000^(a) \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $6,910,900  \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.8 The full budget resources requested for the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) (inclusive of requested regular budget resources) amount to $17,616,900 before recosting, representing a decrease of $97,100, or 0.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6).", "X.9 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for ICSC under section 32 amount to $5,884,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,026,900, or 14.9 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). The proposed resource level reflects the combined effect of a decrease in the United Nations share of the full budget of ICSC from the 39 per cent calculated for 2010-2011 to the 33.4 per cent used for the biennium 2012-2013, as well as the decrease of the full budget of ICSC (ibid., para. 32.17). Table X.1 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of the jointly financed posts are included in annex I.", "Table X.1 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Full budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t47\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 4 P-5, 9 P-4, 3 P-3, 4P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 20 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t47\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 4 P-5, 9 P-4, 3 P-3, 4P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 20 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts and non-post resources", "X.10 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the proposed budget includes a provision of $922,700 for consultants whose activities relate mostly to the collection of data on prices, salaries and housing costs at various duty stations. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that wherever possible, the data-collection activities are undertaken by the staff of the secretariat, sometimes with the assistance of staff of the various organizations of the common system. The Committee was further informed that consultants are often required to provide the expertise for ICSC research and studies, which is often not available within the common system. With regard to the issue of using consultants rather than available United Nations system staff for the collection of data at field duty stations, the Committee was informed that the use of consultants avoids conflicts of interest. The Committee was further informed, in this connection, that the current methodology, approved by ICSC, stipulates that price data collected by its secretariat staff should be used only for comparisons with information on prices collected by independent pricing agents at other duty stations. The Committee is of the view that the methodology used by ICSC to collect its data is costly. The Committee suggests that the Commission consider alternative and more cost-effective means of data collection, while preserving the integrity of the process.", "X.11 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposed budget for ICSC for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$12,744,300^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $12,694,300 \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $3,007,700^(a) \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $2,982,800 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.12 The full budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) (inclusive of requested regular budget resources) amount to $12,744,300 before recosting, representing an increase of $50,000, or 0.4 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.6).", "X.13 The Advisory Committee notes that the United Nations share of costs requested under the regular budget for the Unit under section 32 amounts to $3,007,700 before recosting, representing an increase of $24,900, or 0.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). Table X.2 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are included in annex I.", "Table X.2 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Full budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t20\t1 D-2, 2 P-5, 7 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS(PL), 8 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t20\t1 D-2, 2 P-5, 7 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS(PL), 8 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts and non-post resources", "X.14 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the methodology used to determine the relative percentage cost share of the JIU budget since the biennium 1996-1997 is derived from the expenditure reported in the audited accounts of the participating organizations. The assumption is made that the greater the scale of activities of an organization, the greater the extent of oversight applied. The scale of activity is measured by audited expenditure figures. The above methodology explains the increase in the United Nations percentage share of the JIU budget from the 23.5 per cent used for the biennium 2010-2011 to the 23.6 per cent used for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments and recommendations", "Implementation of Joint Inspection Unit recommendations", "X.15 The Advisory Committee notes that the acceptance and implementation rate of JIU recommendations was 50 per cent in the biennium 2008-2009 and was expected to increase to just 53 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, while the implementation rate of 50 per cent was not optimal, in general, implementation rates for evaluations and more strategic types of reports are much lower than the rates for audit reports. It was further explained that the JIU recommendations address strategic issues that require processes to take place over several years, at the level of governing bodies for all participating organizations, unlike audit recommendations that are compliance-focused and relate to individual organizations. Nonetheless, the Committee recommends that JIU should continue to formulate action-oriented recommendations and advice, and report on the rate of their implementation in the context of the next budget.", "Consultants", "X.16 The Advisory Committee notes that requirements for consultants in the proposed JIU budget amount to $170,300, representing an increase of $50,000 compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements comprise $147,900 for technical expertise required for the implementation of the web-based follow-up system and $22,400 for specialized advice and technical services to the inspectors. While not objecting to the proposed activities, the Committee recommends that JIU be urged to make greater use of its secretariat and available expertise within the United Nations common system to provide such specialized advice and technical services to the inspectors. The Committee therefore recommends that the requirements for consultants for the biennium 2012-2013 be maintained at the same level as in the biennium 2010-2011 (see also paras. X.17-X.20 below).", "Web-based follow-up system", "X.17 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a web-based system is being developed to track information related to the recommendations of JIU. The system will track the status of acceptance, implementation and impact achieved of reports, notes and letters or recommendations addressed by JIU to the participating organizations; manage the consideration of JIU reports by legislative bodies; and provide statistical information in terms of categories of acceptance, implementation and impact achieved of JIU recommendations contained in reports, notes and letters, which are eventually presented in the JIU annual report.", "X.18 The Advisory Committee was informed that in its resolution 65/270, the General Assembly had authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments in the amount of $71,300, reflecting the United Nations share of the total development costs of the web-based system in the amount of $302,000, and invited other participating organizations to contribute. The Committee was further informed that seven organizations, namely, UNDP, UNICEF, the International Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, WTO and the International Atomic Energy Agency, have declined to contribute; four organizations, namely, UNFPA, UNOPS, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the World Meteorological Organization, have made commitments in the amounts of $7,852, $11,174, $3,322 and $1,208, respectively, totalling $23,556; four organizations, namely, WFP, ITU, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, are expected to provide written confirmations totalling $40,770; and three organizations, namely, the World Health Organization, the Universal Postal Union and the International Maritime Organization, are expected to respond with potential contributions amounting to $34,428. The Committee was also informed that the funds available for the development of the system in 2011 amount to $185,626, which includes the $71,300 authorized by the General Assembly, the above discretionary contributions and an additional $50,000 from savings identified in the 2010-2011 budget. The Committee was further informed that the above funds, plus requirements of $147,900 proposed in the 2012-2013 budget, were expected to fully cover the development and implementation of the system in 2012.", "X.19 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that the estimated cost of maintaining and operating the system is $466,800 per biennium and is not included in the proposed 2012-2013 budget. That amount covers the services of two Professional-level staff members, each working on a half-time basis, to ensure quality control, as well as the cost of training focal points and a recurrent maintenance cost. The Committee notes that a number of participating organizations, including UNDP and UNICEF, declined to contribute to the project due to the prevailing resource constraints as a result of which member organizations are being limited to zero-growth budgets by their governing bodies. The Committee further notes that UNFPA questioned the significant requirements under consultants, travel and training, the latter on the basis that modern web-based systems are generally designed to be intuitive and self-guided for users.", "X.20 The Advisory Committee is concerned about the ability and willingness of the member organizations to finance the recurrent cost of maintaining the web-based follow-up system. The Committee notes the opinions expressed by the member organizations. Taking into consideration its own comments in paragraph X.16 above, the Committee is of the view that any additional requirements for the implementation of the web-based follow-up system should be met from a more rational utilization of resources under staff travel and consultants, as well as contributions from member organizations. Subject to the above comments, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposed budget for JIU for the biennium 2012-2013.", "United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, including the International Public Sector Accounting Standards project", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$7,362,600^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $6,717,100 \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $2,102,100 \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $2,099,700 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.21 The full budget resources requested for CEB (inclusive of requested regular budget resources) amount to $7,362,600 before recosting, which reflects an increase of $645,500, or 9.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6). The increase of $645,500 comprises $81,000 for the CEB secretariat and $564,500 for the IPSAS project.", "X.22 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for CEB under section 32 amount to $2,102,100 before recosting, representing an increase of $2,400, or 0.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). Table X.3 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are included in annex I.", "Table X.3 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Full budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t14\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t14\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "X.23 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the process to fill two vacant posts, one D-2 and one P-4, was ongoing. The Committee was further informed that the D-2 post of Executive Director had fallen vacant in November 2010, when the incumbent left on special leave without pay. Measures are now being taken to advertise the vacancy after the withholding of action to fill the post, pending the election of the incumbent as executive head of another international organization. With regard to the P-4 post, the Advisory Committee was informed that the post had been advertised from 30 December 2010 to 28 February 2011 and that candidates were currently under consideration.", "X.24 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that CEB was established following the 2000 review of its predecessor body, the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC), which had been composed of four committees, each with a secretariat headed by an officer at the D-1 level. The review aimed to transform ACC into CEB and rationalize its subsidiary bodies into a two-pillar structure — the High-level Committee on Programmes and the High-level Committee on Management — supported by a single, jointly financed secretariat to ensure coherence of support and action. The Committee was informed that the rationale behind the two locations of the CEB secretariat was that it mirrored the ongoing practice, with support being provided to the subsidiary management bodies in Geneva as well as support to the senior management coordination mechanism and the High-level Committee on Programmes as its preparatory programmatic body in New York. The head of the secretariat and the Secretary of CEB have direct reporting lines to the Secretary-General, Chair of CEB. The Committee was further informed that a review of the role and functioning of the CEB secretariat carried out in 2007 did not change this dual-location structure but, rather, confirmed its appropriateness. Nevertheless, the Committee questions the CEB secretariat structure and believes that there is significant scope for greater managerial and financial effectiveness. The Committee urges the Secretary-General to develop a proposal for a less costly and more functionally effective amalgamation of the CEB secretariat and report back in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. Subject to its comments above, the Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "X.25 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the proposed requirements for the CEB secretariat under consultants, staff travel and contractual services amount to $42,300, $268,500 and $312,300, respectively. Under consultants, the activities proposed by the Secretary-General include the analysis of emerging issues of concern to intergovernmental bodies. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the required expertise covered a range of areas, demonstrating that it was difficult to anticipate specific consultancy services. With regard to staff travel, it was explained that the activities proposed included training and learning programmes where inter-agency representation was required. Finally, under contractual services, the Committee was informed that the activities proposed included training for the CEB secretariat staff in such areas as negotiation and mediation. The Committee is not convinced of the necessity of the above activities for the fulfilment of the CEB mandate, which, the Committee notes, is to coordinate the policies and programmes of the member organizations. The Committee therefore recommends 10 per cent reductions in the proposed budgets for consultants, travel of staff and contractual services, in the amounts of $4,200, $26,800 and $31,200, respectively.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards project", "X.26 According to the Secretary-General, the CEB High-level Committee on Management, at its March 2011 meeting, approved the extension of the IPSAS project team until the end of 2013 and approved its 2012-2013 budget. The Committee also decided that the continuation of the project until 2015 would be subject to a review to be undertaken before the end of 2013.", "X.27 The Advisory Committee notes that the increase of $564,500 (or 42.4 per cent) for the IPSAS project budget reflects an increase in the engagement of a General Service staff member from a half-time to a full-time basis, as well as increases in the standard costs of three Professional-level positions (1 P-5, 2 P-4), amounting to $254,000; and increased funds of $316,500 under consultancy services in specific areas where expertise is not available from within the common system (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), para. 32.43).", "X.28 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Professional-level positions were tasked with four strategic activities, namely, facilitation and communication; IPSAS board monitoring and follow-up activities; coordination of accounting diversity; and guidance and support. The role of the consultants is to support or complement the project team where expertise in specific areas is not available internally and in the areas of managing accounting diversity. The Committee was further informed that the adoption of IPSAS is expected to substantially enhance the level of harmonization and comparability of financial information among United Nations common system organizations. Given that IPSAS standards are principle-based, the latitude for interpretation of standards gives rise to some diversity in reporting across organizations. In that regard, the external review of the IPSAS team’s role, conducted in 2010, recommended the use of consultants and experts by the project:", "(a) To achieve a higher degree of consensus on major issues at a critical period in the project life;", "(b) To obtain expertise in specific areas not available internally within the United Nations system, such as emerging issues; new and changed IPSAS standards; accounting policy diversity study issues; donor reporting; United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund accounting treatment; financial instruments with specific guidance; and the system-wide review process for 2012.", "X.29 The Advisory Committee encourages the Secretary-General to reduce the dependence on external consultants by developing in-house staff capacity for the post-implementation support of IPSAS.", "X.30 The Advisory Committee was further informed that, of the 23 organizations, 9 had implemented IPSAS by the end of 2010 and 11 more were working towards implementation by, or during, 2012. It was explained that six organizations of those that have implemented IPSAS had produced fully compliant financial statements with clean audit opinions by the end of 2010. The Committee notes the progress made towards full implementation of IPSAS within the United Nations common system. The Committee recommends that, as more organizations transition to IPSAS, the role of the IPSAS project team within the CEB secretariat be kept under review.", "Section 33", "Special expenses", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$112,178,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $114,134,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $23,437,500 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.31 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 33 amount to $112,178,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,956,100, or 1.7 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 33), table 33.1).", "After-service health insurance", "X.32 The resource requirements under after-service health insurance amount to $100,649,100 (before recosting), a decrease of $3,382,500 (3.3 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements in the amount of $23,437,500 under extrabudgetary resources are estimated with respect to retirees from peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary activities of the Organization. According to the Secretary-General, the proposed resource level reflects the substantial increase in the enrolment of new staff members owing to the expansion of peacekeeping activities, which has permitted a containment of the premium rate increases that had been factored into the budget estimates for the biennium 2010‑2011. The projected increases in enrolment are 6.5 per cent on average for Headquarters plans, 7 per cent on average for Geneva and 7 per cent on average for plans administered by the United Nations Office at Vienna.", "X.33 In his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 33), para. 33.4), the Secretary-General explains that in its resolution 61/264, the General Assembly had approved changes to the after-service health insurance provisions for new staff members recruited on or after 1 July 2007. Under the terms of the resolution, staff members, following retirement, are eligible for cost-sharing of after-service coverage if they have participated in a United Nations system contributory health insurance plan for at least 10 years and are participating in a United Nations plan at the time of their retirement. Staff members recruited prior to 1 July 2007 who have participated in a United Nations contributory plan for at least 5 years are also eligible, provided that they pay the full premium for the period for which their participation falls short of the 10-year requirement for cost-shared participation.", "X.34 In its resolution 64/241 the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report at its sixty-seventh session on, inter alia, further measures to reduce the Organization’s costs related to health-care plans. According to the Secretary-General, one such measure is the introduction of a new requirement for United States-based plans during the biennium 2010-2011, applicable to all after-service health insurance participants younger than 75 years old who were enrolled as at 1 January 2011 and who are eligible for Medicare Part B. The measure is expected to help contain the premium costs of the insurance plans administered at Headquarters during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee trusts that all possible measures are being taken to reduce the Organization’s costs related to health-care plans.", "General insurance", "X.35 The level of resources requested for general insurance amounts to $6,772,200, an increase of $1,189,000 (21.3 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. According to the Secretary-General, the costs under this provision are based on the terms of the contracts recently signed with insurance providers at Headquarters. The increased requirements reflect an increase of $1,242,900 relating to the general insurance policy, partly offset by a reduction of $53,900 relating to the insurance for acts of terrorism (ibid., paras. 33.17-33.18).", "X.36 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information (see table X.4) showing the composition of the increased requirements for general insurance, resulting mainly from the increase in property insurance, which is related to the expected completion of the renovation of Headquarters buildings under the ongoing capital master plan. The Secretary-General explains that as the renovation works are completed, the insurance will be transferred from the builder’s risk property insurance policy, which is specific to the capital master plan, to the property insurance policy.", "Table X.4", "General insurance", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 Resource 2012-2013 appropriation growth  estimate (before recosting)", "Air travel^(a) 282.0 38.6 320.6", "Foreign general liability 22.2 (0.1) 22.1", "General liability at 55.4 14.9 70.3 Headquarters", "Vehicles at Headquarters 161.1 39.3 200.4", "Letter of credit fees to JP 15.1 (0.1) 15.0 Morgan Chase", "Outside consulting services 231.6 (231.6) —", "Outside actuarial services 20.1 (0.1) 20.0", "Outside legal services 40.3 (0.2) 40.1", "Master aviation 25.2 (5.1) 20.1", "Property insurance^(b) 2 819.4 1 389.3 4 208.7", "Self-insurance fund 402.8 (2.0) 400.8", "General insurance 4 075.2  1 242.9 5 318.1", "Insurance for acts of 1 508.0 (53.9) 1 454.1 terrorism", "Total general insurance 5 583.2  1 189.0 6 772.2", "^(a) Air-travel policy includes Headquarters, Regional Commissions, United Nations Office at Geneva and United Nations Office at Vienna.", "^(b) Property insurance includes Headquarters, ECA, ESCWA and ECLAC.", "Compensatory payments", "X.37 The level of resources requested for compensatory payments amounts to $2,699,400, which reflects an increase of $176,400 (7.0 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is based on the current trends in expenditure under appendix D to the United Nations Staff Rules over the period from 2006 to 2009. The proposed budget does not include any changes related to the ongoing inter-agency review of appendix D to the Staff Rules, as these modifications will be presented to the General Assembly for consideration (ibid., paras. 33.11-33.16).", "Bank charges", "X.38 The level of resources requested for bank charges amounts to $822,200, the same amount as the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements relate to fees for bank account maintenance, electronic fund transfers and other fees for services provided by banks, based on current expenditure patterns.", "Pension payments to former Secretaries-General", "X.39 The level of resources requested for pension payments to former Secretaries-General amounts to $1,235,100, an increase of $61,000 (5.2 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements under this provision provide for the retirement allowances of three former Secretaries-General and the widow of one former Secretary-General at the half rate based on the maximum retirement benefit payable as from 1 January 2010.", "X.40 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "Part XI Capital expenditures", "Section 34 Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $63,916,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $60,326,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources — \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "XI.1 Section 34 contains requirements for capital expenditure projects for the modernization of existing buildings and technical installations of principal properties of the United Nations worldwide, categorized under three components: (a) alterations and improvements; (b) major maintenance; and (c) United Nations enterprise network. Staff and related costs for administration and management of the activities proposed in this section are included under the respective main sections of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for New York, Vienna and Geneva and the regional commissions.", "XI.2 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 34 amount to $63,916,100 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $3,589,300, or 5.9 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), table 34.3). The increase reflects the combined effect of higher requirements for major maintenance projects ($15,338,800, or 72.2 per cent) and the United Nations enterprise network ($1,793,800, or 32.4 per cent), offset by a decrease for alteration and improvement projects ($13,543,300, or 40.4 per cent).", "XI.3 The criteria used to determine whether a project falls under the category of alteration and improvement or major maintenance are set out in paragraphs 34.2 and 34.3 of the proposed budget. Table 34.3 of the budget document provides the distribution of resources by component and location. Table 34.4 shows the status of projects proposed for the biennium 2012-2013. The Secretary-General also distinguishes between new, recurrent and multi-year projects. Upon request, the Committee was provided with a definition of those categories and detailed list of projects proposed for 2012-2013 by component, location and category (see table XI.4).", "XI.4 A summary of the total requirements for alteration, improvement and major maintenance projects by duty station is provided in table XI.1.", "Table XI.1 Summary of total requirements by duty station", "2010-2011 Proposed for Variance Percentage appropriation 2012-2013", "Headquarters 11 937 100 18 872 400 6 935 300 58.1", "Geneva 10 743 100 17 192 800 6 449 700 60.0", "Vienna 3 726 900 4 147 800 420 900 11.3", "Nairobi 11 344 300 6 302 100 (5 042 200) (44.4)", "ESCAP 2 418 400 3 703 200 1 284 800 53.1", "ECLAC 2 108 100 2 670 700 1 307 800 96.0", "ECA 7 946 900 3 246 000 4 700 900 (59.2)", "ESCWA 4 564 700 450 000 (4 114 700) (90.1)", "Comments and observations", "Headquarters", "XI.5 The overall requirements proposed for alteration, improvement and major maintenance projects at Headquarters for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $18,872,400, reflecting an increase of $6,935,300, or 58.1 percent, as compared to the appropriation for the current biennium. As indicated in paragraph 34.24 of the budget document, the proposed requirements take into account the schedule of the capital master plan for the reoccupation of the Secretariat and Conference buildings during 2012 and the restoration of a number of services that were reduced during the renovation period. The Advisory Committee was informed that swing spaces are expected to be vacated from the second part of 2012 to 2013, and that the Facilities Management Service will be required to operate those swing-space buildings until the relocation is complete. The North Lawn, Library and General Assembly buildings, as well as the basement areas of the Secretariat complex, will continue to operate at normal levels. The proposed provision for 2012-2013 also includes $4,981,600 for improvements to the information and communications technology infrastructure, including provisions for the acquisition of servers, additional data storage and network capacity, as well as $3,000,000 for the replacement of data switches in off-complex buildings, which were installed in 2002-2003 and are approaching the end of their useful life cycle.", "United Nations Office at Geneva", "XI.6 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243 (part XI, para. 133) the General Assembly approved funding of $1.1 million for 2010-2011 to conduct a conceptual engineering study in the context of the strategic heritage plan for the complete renovation and refurbishment of the United Nations Office at Geneva (see also A/64/7, para. XI.12). In paragraph 34.15 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 34)), the Secretary-General indicates that the conceptual engineering study was completed in early 2011 and that a report will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session presenting the findings of the review and a proposal for the next steps in continuing the development of the strategic heritage plan. In its resolution 64/243 (part XI, para. 136), the General Assembly also stressed that the strategic heritage plan should not start before the Assembly had taken a decision on that matter and before the capital master plan had been completed. The Committee agrees that major projects should be sequenced in a manner that allows the Organization and Member States to plan better for expenditures.", "XI.7 The proposed provision for 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office at Geneva amounts to $17,192,800, reflecting an increase of $6,449,700, or 60.0 per cent, as compared to the appropriation for the current biennium. As indicated in paragraph 34.28 of the budget document, the increase is due mainly to additional resources of $5.8 million required to address urgent health, safety and security-related repairs that cannot be postponed further. The Advisory Committee was informed that main projects envisaged included: (a) repairs, waterproofing and insulation for building E; (b) the replacement of the glass roof ceiling superstructure of the Assembly Hall in building A; and (c) the replacement of the twin passenger elevators in the Assembly building. Notwithstanding the future renovation envisaged in the context of the strategic heritage plan, the Committee recognizes the need to proceed with these projects immediately in order to avoid further deterioration of buildings, which could lead to more costly repairs in the future, as well as to ensure the safety of staff, delegates and other personnel present in the Palais des Nations (see para. VIII.87 above).", "Standardized access control project", "XI.8 An increase of $2.3 million is proposed for 2012-2013 as a one-time requirement for the implementation of the second and final phase of the standardized access control project (PACT II) at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Vienna and ESCAP. The Committee recalls that pursuant to General Assembly resolution 59/276, the Secretary-General submitted a report (A/60/695) in which he outlined the proposed scope, concept and revised course of action for standardized access control at all main locations of the Organization, to be implemented in two phases. In his report A/64/532, the Secretary-General set out a detailed strategy and cost estimates for PACT II for enhanced measures for protection, including intrusion protection, video surveillance and access control. During the biennium 2010-2011 PACT II is being implemented at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, ECA and ESCWA (see A/64/7/Add.15, paras. 15-20, and General Assembly resolution 64/243, para. 139).", "United Nations enterprise network", "XI.9 A provision of $7,331,100 is proposed under the third component, United Nations enterprise network, for its phased implementation during the biennium 2012-2013. The provision includes $4,133,100 to cover requirements for continuation of the implementation of the Internet protocol telephony (IPT) system at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Vienna, ESCAP, ECLAC and ECA, and $2,291,300 for a consolidated maintenance contract for all offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions, based on a unified vendor approach (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), para. 34.56). The Advisory Committee was informed that this approach provides the following benefits: (a) significant worldwide discounts for all locations; (b) speedier diagnosis of problems, thereby minimizing unplanned downtime of the Organization’s networks; and (c) interoperability, which reduces finger-pointing among multiple vendors when incidents occur and also allows implementation of common end-user procedures for telephones at all offices.", "XI.10 Information on the background and phasing of the enterprise network project are provided in paragraphs 34.53 to 34.56 of the budget document. As indicated, the project incorporates an Organization-wide initiative to migrate from traditional telephone systems to Internet protocol telephony. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with details on the current status of implementation of Internet protocol telephony at each duty station, which are summarized in table XI.2. It was informed that, although the Internet protocol telephony project was initiated as part of the standardization of the enterprise network, specific funding for its implementation at offices away from Headquarters was provided for the biennium 2010-2011 and is being proposed for 2012-2013. The project is expected to be fully implemented in 2014-2015. The total costs for the Internet protocol telephony project from 2010 to 2015 are estimated at $17,624,100. Should the current proposal be approved, the remaining requirements for 2014-2015 would amount to $8,650,000. A breakdown of the costs by duty station is provided in table XI.3.", "Table XI.2 Implementation status of Internet protocol telephony by duty station", "Duty station Phases Installation date", "United Nations Alcatel (at end of life) 1994 Office at Geneva", "Giuseppe Motta Building — IPT installed 2006", "Palais Wilson — IPT planned in current 2012-2013 budget request", "Palais des Nations — IPT planned for future 2014-2015 budget", "United Nations Nortel (at end of life) 1994 Office at Vienna", "Cisco IPT (phase I completed) 2006", "Phase II request planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "United Nations Nortel (at end of life) 1996 Office at Nairobi", "IPT phase I installation in progress 2010-2011", "IPT phase II planned 2014-2015", "ECA Ericsson (will be at end of life in next 2004 biennium)", "IPT phase I planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "ESCAP Nortel (at end of life) 1996", "IPT phase I installation in progress 2010-2011", "IPT phase II planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "ECLAC Nortel (at end of life) 1995", "Cisco IPT (phase I and II completed) 2010", "IPT phase II planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "ESCWA Alcatel (at end of life) 2000", "Cisco IPT installed 2010", "Table XI.3 Total requirements for Internet protocol telephony by duty station", "(United States dollars)", "Duty station Funded in Requested in Planned for 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015", "United Nations Office at — 1 525 200 6 994 000 Geneva", "United Nations Office at — 112 000 — Vienna", "United Nations Office at 3 400 000 — 1 656 000 Nairobi", "ECA — 1 484 400 —", "ESCAP 1 441 000 746 500 —", "ECLAC — 265 000 —", "Total 4 841 000 4 133 100 8 650 000", "Overseas property management", "XI.11 Capital expenditure resources are requested centrally under section 34 to ensure a coherent and systematic approach to facilities management, major maintenance and construction. In its report A/65/518, the Advisory Committee emphasized the importance it attached to the central leadership role of the Office of Central Support Services in ensuring an Organization-wide perspective on the needs and priorities relating to construction, major maintenance and the overall management of United Nations facilities. The Committee further expressed its view that the role of the Office should be stronger, and that clearer lines of authority and responsibility should be established (see also A/64/7/Add.11). In response to General Assembly resolution 65/259, in which the Assembly endorsed the Committee’s conclusions and recommendations, the Secretary-General established an Overseas Property Management Unit under the Facilities Management Service to further support and guide offices away from Headquarters in planning and managing major construction projects. The Secretary-General indicates that this measure has enhanced the provision of guidance, support and technical advice to offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions in the planning, management and monitoring of their major construction projects (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), para. 34.7). The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to continue to develop the leadership and coordination role of the Overseas Property Management Unit so that it can become an effective instrument for improving the midterm and longer-term projection of Organization-wide needs, as well as for more efficient planning and budgeting for United Nations properties and their overall management.", "XI.12 The Advisory Committee recalls that a strategic capital review of facilities at all offices away from Headquarters was launched in May 2009 to address concerns related to global facilities management, to establish an Organization-wide perspective on needs and priorities in relation to the development of new facilities and major maintenance of existing facilities, and to ensure adequate support for duty stations involved in such work (see A/65/351, paras. 6-8). The outcome of the review will form the basis of a 20-year strategic capital plan. The Committee notes that the Office of Central Support Services has started the process of conducting the review, which is to be carried out in three phases as described in paragraph 34.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 34)). The Secretary-General expects to complete the last phase in January 2013 and to submit a report to the General Assembly in late 2013 with the findings of the review and a proposal for a 20-year capital programme and prioritization strategy for the global premises of the United Nations Secretariat. In this regard, the Committee emphasizes the importance of the role of the Overseas Property Management Unit. It also reiterates the need to draw upon lessons learned and expertise accumulated during the course of the planning and implementation of the capital master plan at Headquarters and the United Nations Office at Nairobi construction project. The Committee also stresses that the 20-year global strategic plan should facilitate better management of United Nations facilities, including through greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness.", "Recommendation", "XI.13 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 34.", "Table XI.4 Proposed projects by category", "Definitions:", "• Multi-year projects are non-recurrent construction, alteration or improvement projects that, owing to their scale and complexity, have to be implemented in a phased manner and span more than one biennium", "• Recurrent projects are related to requirements that have to be provided in each biennium in order to ensure that buildings are maintained in good working order", "• New projects are new construction, alteration or improvement projects that are non-recurrent in nature and are required for only one biennium", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Project Amount Category", "1. Headquarters", "Alteration and improvement", "Canine unit area repair 220.0 New", "Conversion of courtroom for Dispute Tribunal 419.5 New", "Additional backup infrastructure to support the growth 637.6 Recurrent of virtual machines", "Physical server infrastructure upgrade 959.0 Recurrent", "Central data, storage and network capacity 385.0 Recurrent", "Replacement of switches in off-complex buildings 3 000.0 Multi-year", "Major maintenance", "Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and machine 4 943.3 Recurrent shop", "Electrical maintenance 990.0 Recurrent", "Plumbing maintenance 50.0 Recurrent", "Replacement of carpets, upholstery and draperies 329.6 Recurrent", "Carpentry 20.0 Recurrent", "Painting 367.5 Recurrent", "General maintenance 628.2 Recurrent", "Environmental quality monitoring and asbestos 200.0 Recurrent abatement", "Routine roof maintenance 250.0 Recurrent", "Reconfiguration of office space 2 539.3 Recurrent", "Maintenance of the Secretary-General’s residence 116.6 Recurrent", "Security and safety-related maintenance 2 816.8 Recurrent", "2. United Nations Office at Geneva", "Alteration and improvement", "Installation of 3 toilet facilities for persons with 308.7 New disabilities", "Conversion of courtroom for Dispute Tribunal 250.0 New", "Extension of the metropolitan area network 100.0 Multi-year", "Replacement of the backup architecture 700.0 New", "PACT II 1 199.5 New", "Major maintenance", "Repairing waterproofing and isolation for building E 3 453.0 New", "Repairing of the glass roof of building A in Assembly 1 600.0 New Hall", "Replacement of passenger elevators Nos. 13 and 15 645.0 Multi-year", "Repair of the roof cornices and stone facades 1 055.0 New", "Complete overhaul of air intakes and pits 1 014.0 New", "Renovation of the slab at the underground garage in 415.0 New building E", "Roof repairs and waterproofing in buildings C and K 566.3 New", "Daily maintenance of masonry and concrete works 184.0 New", "Maintenance of the main electrical substation boards 300.0 Multi-year", "Third phase of the replacement of the main sewers in 1 300.3 Multi-year Cour du Secretariat", "Identification and removal of hazardous materials 300.0 Recurrent", "Replacement of the water and drain columns in the C 1 060.0 Multi-year and D buildings", "Security and safety equipment maintenance 2 742.0 Recurrent", "3. United Nations Office at Vienna", "Alteration and improvement", "Contributions to the inter-agency fund for improvement 2 551.2 Recurrent of facilities and general infrastructure", "PACT II 295.8 New", "Major maintenance", "Contributions to the Common Fund for Financing Major 1 300.8 Recurrent Repairs and Replacements", "4. United Nations Office at Nairobi", "Alteration and improvement", "Last phase of a multi-year project to renovate 400.0 Multi-year interior offices to introduce an open plan", "Second phase of the environmental management plan 200.0 Multi-year", "Second phase of the multi-year project to reconfigure 760.0 Multi-year and expand the parking facilities", "Conversion of courtroom for Dispute Tribunal 389.0 New", "Renovation and fit-out of the delegates’ lounge 570.0 New", "Improving natural lighting in Conference Rooms 2, 3 150.0 New and 4 by installing glass walls", "Upgrades to interpretation booths in Conference Rooms 350.0 New 1 to 4", "Major maintenance", "Electrical maintenance 1 000.0 Recurrent", "General maintenance 550.0 Recurrent", "Structural and architectural maintenance 600.0 Recurrent", "Security and safety-related maintenance 1 333.1 Recurrent", "5. ECA", "Alteration and improvement", "First phase of renovation of the Africa Hall 437.0 New", "Improvement of energy management system 485.0 New", "Urgent repairs to access roads 388.0 Multi-year", "Upgrade of the water piping system and the flooring 286.0 New replacement in the United Nations Conference Centre", "Various security projects at Addis Ababa 333.0 Recurrent", "Various security projects at all five subregional 250.0 Recurrent offices", "Major maintenance", "Replacement of elevators 509.0 Multi-year", "Major maintenance works at all subregional offices 260.0 Recurrent", "Security and safety-related maintenance 298.0 Recurrent", "6. ESCAP", "Alteration and improvement", "Modification to the heating, ventilation and 291.0 New air-conditioning (HVAC) system to increase efficiency", "Replacement of one chiller to reduce peak loads 291.0 New", "Installation of stand-alone HVAC units and a fire 189.1 New suppression system to support the new IPT system", "Conference ventilation upgrade and kitchen hygiene 215.3 New improvement", "Second phase of the replacement of the simultaneous 291.0 Multi-year interpretation system in the United Nations Conference Centre", "Strengthening network security infrastructure 222.6 New", "Electronic storage upgrades 224.3 New", "Fire-safety systems upgrading in the United Nations 145.5 New Conference Centre", "Installation of fire sprinklers in the Secretariat and 219.0 New service buildings", "PACT II 848.1 New", "Major maintenance", "Electrical earthing 97.0 Recurrent", "Roof repair of the lift motor room in the service 97.0 New building", "Waterproofing membranes in the Conference Centre 164.9 Recurrent building", "Replacement of the existing wall covering in the ESCAP 126.1 Recurrent Hall", "Standby generator replacement 281.3 New", "7. ECLAC", "Alteration and improvement", "Replacement of the main building’s roofing system 110.0 Deferred", "Implementation of the “Sustainable UN” project 130.0 Deferred", "Alteration in the main building entrance lobby 200.0 Deferred", "Storage space in the ancillary building 180.0 Deferred", "Upgrading of facilities for persons with disabilities 60.0 Multi-year", "Resurfacing of vehicular pavements and damaged areas 270.0 New", "Minor reconfiguration work in the subregional offices 15.0 New", "Improvement in security and safety 85.7 Recurrent", "Major maintenance", "Maintenance of the HVAC system in the conference rooms 260.0 New", "Replacement of one elevator 100.0 New", "Replacement of electrical panels in the subregional 180.0 New office in Port-of-Spain", "Removal and replacement of obsolete cabling and 50.0 New ducting", "Replacement of underground diesel tanks 40.0 New", "Upgrading of the irrigation system 120.0 New", "Replacement of aged and worn-out carpeting in two main 50.0 Multi-year conference rooms", "Replacement of one obsolete power generator 170.0 Multi-year", "Replacement of lighting in public areas, parking 50.0 Multi-year areas, and interior vehicular and pedestrian areas", "Security and safety-related maintenance 600.0 Recurrent", "8. ESCWA", "Security and safety-related maintenance 450.0 Recurrent", "9. Enterprise network", "Continuation of the implementation of IPT across the 4 133.1 Multi-year Secretariat in ECA, ECLAC, ESCAP, United Nations Office at Geneva and United Nations Office at Vienna", "Consolidated maintenance contract in offices away from 2 291.3 Recurrent Headquarters and regional commissions", "Implementation of a network compression device in each 756.7 New major duty station", "Maintenance and renewal of checkpoint firewall 150.0 Recurrent software in seven duty stations", "Part XII Safety and security", "Section 35 Safety and security", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(regular budget)\t$238,745,700^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $238,447,700 \nProposal submitted by the Secretary-General(jointly financed budget)\t$243,800,300^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $243,605,700 \nProjected extrabudgetary resources\t$13,310,100^(b)\nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resources amounting to$7,603,400, amending the information contained intable 35.6 of A/66/6 (Sect. 35) to reflect thedecision taken in General Assembly resolution 65/290with respect to the support account for peacekeepingoperations, as well as extrabudgetary resources of$5,706,700.", "XII.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 35 amount to $238,745,700, before recosting. This represents a net increase of $298,000, or 0.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The provision includes the United Nations share of the jointly financed safety and security costs. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 35.9 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 35)).", "XII.2 The Secretary-General indicates that, given the dual responsibility of the Department of Safety and Security to provide, on the one hand, for the safety and security of staff, delegates and visitors at the main locations of the United Nations and, on the other hand, for the safety and security of the United Nations system operations in the field, the activities of the Department are financed both from the regular budget and on a cost-sharing basis with other organizations covered by the security management system in the field (ibid., para. 35.7).", "XII.3 For the biennium 2012-2013 the gross budget for jointly financed activities amounts to $243,800,300, before recosting. This represents a net increase of $194,600, or 0.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 35.10 of the budget document. The Secretary-General indicates that the financial responsibility of each participating organization is based on its proportional share of the personnel operating in the field (ibid., para. 35.7). The Advisory Committee was informed that the United Nations share of the gross budget for jointly financed activities for the biennium 2012-2013 is estimated at 23.74 per cent, which would amount to some $57.9 million.", "XII.4 The Secretary-General indicates that during the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget and jointly financed resources under this section would be supplemented by funding derived from: (a) the support account for peacekeeping operations; (b) reimbursement for the security and safety services rendered to the United Nations funds and programmes; and (c) funding earmarked by donors to support urgently required security measures. For the biennium 2012-2013, total other assessed and extrabudgetary resources are estimated in the amount of $13,676,400 (ibid., para. 35.11).", "XII.5 Table XII.1 summarizes the regular budget and jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget and jointly financed posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table XII.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t1059\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 10 P-5, 20P-4, 21 P-3, 7 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 173 GS(OL), 314 SS, 501 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t1072\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 6 D-1, 6 P-5, 26P-4, 15 P-3, 7 P-2/1,8 GS (PL), 178 GS (OL), 314 SS, 509 LL\nNew\t13\t5 GS (OL) and 8 LL, subprogramme 1^(a)\nReclassifications\t10\t2 P-5 to D-1 and 4 P-3 to P-4, Executivedirection and management\n 2 P-5 to D-1 and 2 P-3 to P-4,subprogramme 1\nGross budget forjointly financedactivities \nApproved for2010-2011\t942\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 35 P-5, 205 P-4, 115 P-3, 6P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 26 GS (OL), 150 SS, 398LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t960\t1 D-2, 11 D-1, 28 P-5, 196 P-4, 115 P-3,14 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 26 GS (OL), 155 SS,410 LL\nNew\t20\t5 SS, subprogramme 1^(a)\n 10 LL, subprogramme 2, component 1 \n 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 2 LL, subprogramme 2,component 2\n 1 P-4, subprogramme 2, component 2^(a) \nReclassifications\t20\t1 P-5 to D-1 and 1 P-3 to P-4,subprogramme 1\n 8 P-5 to D-1, 2 P-4 to P-5 and 8 P-4 toP-2/1, subprogramme 2, component 1\nRedeployments\t2\t1 P-4 and 1 P-3 from Field SupportService, HQ to regional training hub inNairobi\nAbolitions\t2\t2 P-4, subprogramme 2, component 1\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013^(b)\t40\t1 P-5, 11 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 15 GS (OL), 12SS", "^(a) Formerly approved on a temporary basis for the biennium 2010-2011 and now being proposed as established posts.", "^(b) Including 18 other assessed posts funded by the support account for peacekeeping operations and 22 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "XII.6 In his statement to the Advisory Committee, the Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security indicated that the Department was seeking to stabilize at the staffing levels approved for 2010-2011. The Committee was informed, however, that a number of proposals were being made to restructure and realign existing positions to ensure a management structure that provided for the requisite oversight and management of security operations worldwide. The Committee notes that the Department of Safety and Security has been through a period of sustained expansion since its establishment, with 204 new posts being approved during 2010-2011 alone. The Committee agrees with the intention of the Secretary-General to stabilize the staffing of the Department of Safety and Security at its current levels. The Committee is of the view that, in the context of the growth that has taken place, the Department should critically review and assess its available resources against its current operational needs and priorities and, if deemed necessary, redeploy resources to activities or duty stations considered to be in need of strengthening.", "Executive direction and management", "Regular budget", "Reclassifications", "XII.7 The Secretary-General proposes to reclassify the position of Special Assistant in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General from the P-5 to the D-1 level to create a position of Chief of Staff. In making this proposal, the Secretary-General highlights the level of inter- and intra-departmental, as well as inter-agency, system-wide coordination on security, human resources, common system and legislative issues. The Secretary-General further states that the Chief of Staff would support the leadership of the department and act as a channel through which the strategic vision was translated into coherent and well-directed actions that inform the Department and other departments within the Secretariat, as well as Member States and other actors across the United Nations system and externally (ibid., paras. 35.18-35.19).", "XII.8 The Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Special Assistant. In making this recommendation, the Committee has taken into account the recent appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General, which, in the Committee’s view, should strengthen the capacity of the Department in a number of the areas highlighted in the justification for the proposed post of Chief of Staff. In this regard, the Committee further recalls that in proposing the creation of the Assistant Secretary-General post through the reclassification of the existing Deputy post at the D-2 level, the Secretary-General highlighted the need for a senior official who would be available for both day-to-day overall management and the strengthening of internal management of the Department (see A/64/6 (Sect. 34)/ Add.1, para. 34.21).", "XII.9 The Secretary-General proposes to merge the Policy, Planning and Coordination Unit, which promulgates policies and standards in all parts of the security management system, with the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit, which is responsible for compliance reviews, to create the Compliance and Policy Service. The Secretary-General states that combining the two Units would make optimum use of existing resources by allowing the inspectors who carry out compliance functions to contribute to policy formulation and give those undertaking policy formulation more exposure to compliance issues (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), para. 35.21). To head the newly created Service, it is proposed to reclassify one of the existing P-5 posts in the Units to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of both policy setting and compliance reviews in the context of security management and also the need for work in each area to inform the other. As such, the Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals for the merger of the Policy, Planning and Coordination Unit with the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit and the reclassification of the post of Chief of the new Service to D-1 level.", "XII.10 The Secretary-General further proposes to reclassify four existing P-3 posts in the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to the P-4 level. The Secretary-General indicates that those positions are responsible for participating in the development of compliance-related procedures and guidelines, monitoring strategies and the development and implementation of the evaluation policy of the Department. In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General states that one of the lessons learned with regard to compliance missions was that, irrespective of the professional competence of the individual compliance officers, when dealing with Chief Security Officers at the P-5 or senior P-4 levels or debriefing designated officials at the level of D-2 or above, a P-3 compliance officer has neither the seniority nor the field experience to be credible. The Committee is of the view that the primary task of compliance officers is to ascertain whether the policies and procedures of the Department are being fully implemented. The Committee considers that their grading at the P-3 level should not be a factor in their ability to monitor and report on such compliance. As such, the Advisory Committee does not recommend the proposed reclassification of posts in the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to the P-4 level.", "Subprogramme 1, Security and safety coordination", "Regular budget", "New posts", "XII.11 Five new General Service (Other level) posts are proposed for the establishment of a canine unit in the Safety and Security Service, United Nations Office at Geneva (ibid., para. 35.28). These were approved as temporary posts in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for the establishment of the five General Service (Other level) posts.", "XII.12 Eight new Local level posts are proposed for the Safety and Security Service, Addis Ababa. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that these posts are for the security control centres to run the installed systems for perimeter access control. These were previously temporary posts funded by a one-time provision for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of these eight Local level posts.", "Reclassifications", "XII.13 The Secretary-General proposes to reclassify the posts of Chiefs of the Security and Safety Services in Geneva and Nairobi from P-5 to D-1 (ibid., para. 35.28). In addition, under jointly financed activities, the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna is also proposed to be reclassified to that level (see para. XII.20 below). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee the Secretary-General states that these reclassifications are necessary to accurately reflect the full scope of responsibilities of the positions, including responsibility for the safety and security of staff, delegates and visiting dignitaries on United Nations premises at those duty stations. The Secretary-General further indicates the requirement for the Chiefs to develop and maintain a broad network of working relationships, highlighting that such interlocutors include officials at more senior grades. It is stated that the reclassification would enable the Chiefs to exercise the level of authority, independence of decision-making and interlocution at the appropriate level.", "XII.14 With regard to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Safety and Security Service, Geneva, the Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent acts as Chief Security Adviser to the designated officials for Belgium, France, Monaco and Switzerland. In this regard, the Committee was further informed that the Chief has security coordinating responsibility for 40 agencies, funds and programmes in Switzerland, 24 in Belgium and 11 in France.", "XII.15 The Advisory Committee was informed that the Chief, Safety and Security Service, Nairobi, also acts as Chief Security Adviser to the designated official for Kenya and that, as such, in addition to the responsibility for the Gigiri complex, the incumbent is responsible for the staff and dependants working in 43 other United Nations offices throughout Kenya. The Committee was further informed that the complex threat environment pertaining in Kenya, as reflected in the fact that United Nations agencies operate extensively in areas that are currently at security phase III, was a factor in the proposed reclassification of that post.", "XII.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that the primary responsibility for the security and protection of the diplomatic community rests with the host Government, while the Department of Safety and Security has primary responsibility for security within United Nations premises. However, notwithstanding the willingness of host countries to assume such responsibility, their capacity to do so differs from one duty station to another. As such, the Committee previously expressed the view that while the focus should be on enhancing cooperation and coordination with national and/or local law enforcement agencies in locations where host countries have well-developed security structures and means, special attention should be paid to strengthening the ability of the United Nations to ensure its own security in locations where that is not the case (A/59/539, para. 20).", "XII.17 The Advisory Committee is of the view that the level of the interlocutors with whom the Chiefs of the Security and Safety Services in Geneva and Nairobi interact is not a factor that would support their upward reclassification. However, the Committee considers that the overall security environment pertaining in a particular location is a factor that has an impact on the level of responsibility of the Chief Security Adviser. As such, with regard to the post in Nairobi, the Committee took note of the information provided with respect to the present heightened security phase in parts of the country and overall threat level that exists. Taking these factors into account, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Nairobi to the D-1 level. The Committee does not recommend the reclassification of the Chief, Security and Safety Service, Geneva, to the D-1 level.", "XII.18 In the Security and Safety Service, Nairobi, it is proposed to reclassify one existing P-3 post to the P-4 level to provide for the position of Deputy Chief. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that that officer would be responsible for the daily management and administration of the security and safety operations of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the provision of policy advice and developing security contingency plans. The Committee was informed that, as Deputy Chief of the Service, the incumbent would also have responsibility for managing the security and safety support programme of various units including the Administration Unit, the Security Risk Management Unit, the Security Systems Unit, the Training and Development Unit and the Safety Unit. In view of the responsibilities outlined for the post of Deputy Chief, Security and Safety Service, Nairobi, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification to the P-4 level.", "XII.19 At Headquarters, the Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of the existing P-3 Administrative Officer post in the Division of Headquarters Security and Safety Services to the P-4 level. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this reclassification is stated as being required to reflect the additional responsibilities assigned to the position, including coordinating the delivery and response to the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the Joint Inspection Unit compliance visits and audits; management reports on the security and safety services at Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters, regional commissions and tribunals; monitoring of the implementation of related recommendations; and drafting of policies and standard operating procedures. The Committee is of the view that the functions outlined can be effectively carried out at the current level of the post and, as such, the Committee does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification.", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.20 Five new Security Officer posts are proposed for the establishment of a canine unit in the Safety and Security Service, Vienna (ibid., para. 35.32). These were approved as temporary posts in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for the establishment of the five Security Officer posts.", "Reclassifications", "XII.21 The post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna is proposed to be upgraded to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee was informed that, in addition to being responsible for the safety and security of staff and visitors within the perimeter of the Vienna International Centre, the incumbent is also Chief Security Adviser to the designated officials for Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia and that he or she has responsibility for overseeing the safety and security of 18 agencies, funds and programmes. Taking into account the factors outlined in paragraph XII.17 above, the Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the reclassification of the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna to the D-1 level. The Secretary-General also proposes the reclassification of an existing P-3 post to the P-4 level for the position of a Deputy Chief in the Security and Safety Service, Vienna. The rationale provided for the reclassification mirrors that with regard to the proposed Deputy Chief in Nairobi (see para. XII.18 above). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification to P-4 for the post of Deputy Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna.", "Subprogramme 2, Regional field coordination and support", "Component 1, Regional field operation coordination", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.22 Ten new Local level posts are proposed by the Secretary-General. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that these are proposed to strengthen support for five Security Information and Operations Centres in demanding duty stations (two in Asia and the Pacific, two in East Africa and one in the Middle East) with additional national staff. The Committee recommends approval of the establishment of 10 new Local level posts. The Committee expects that a flexible approach will be taken with respect to the use of these posts and that the staffing levels of each centre will be adjusted through the redeployment of posts to respond to changing operational requirements and priorities.", "Reclassifications", "XII.23 With regard to field operations, the Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of seven positions of Chief Security Adviser from P-5 to D-1. As outlined in paragraph 35.40 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 35)), six of these are in peacekeeping missions that are described as “very large missions”, with a total of 5,000 to 25,000 personnel, including between 160 and 1,100 security staff directly supervised by Chief Security Advisers. In addition, the post of the Chief Security Adviser in Pakistan is proposed to be reclassified to the D-1 level as, in terms of size, complexity and degree of responsibility, in combination with a complex humanitarian emergency, the security management system in Pakistan is considered comparable to a large peacekeeping operation. The Secretary-General states that these proposals follow an analysis by the Department of 25 duty stations that were ranked in terms of complexity, operations and size. The proposals also took into consideration a benchmark validation report carried out by the Department of Field Support in respect of security functions in 29 field operations led by the Department of Political Affairs, Department of Peacekeeping Operations or Department of Field Support (ibid., paras. 35.39-35.41).", "XII.24 As highlighted in paragraph XII.16 above, the ability of the host country to assume responsibility for the security of United Nations staff will vary from duty station to duty station, as will the complexity of the security environment within which the United Nations operates. The Advisory Committee is of the view that a combination of these factors justifies the upgrading of the post of Chief Security Adviser to the D-1 level in a number of the locations proposed by the Secretary-General. At the same time, the Committee points out that the overall security environment in a particular duty station can change. As such, in order to provide the ability for the Department to adjust to such changes in operational priorities, the Committee recommends approval of the reclassification of four P-5 posts to the D-1 level. The Committee expects that these posts will be used flexibly to enable their deployment to those duty stations where management at that level is considered most needed at a particular time.", "XII.25 Within field operations, the Secretary-General also proposes the downward reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level to provide additional entry-level opportunities (ibid., para. 35.41). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this would also help to streamline staffing in the field where the current distribution of staff consisted mainly of middle-level Professional posts (P-3 and P-4). The Committee was informed that the establishment of these posts at the P-2/1 level would be achieved through the redistribution of functions between existing staff, with the new P-2/1 posts being assigned an appropriate level of responsibility for that grade. The Committee noted that within the current staffing under regular budget and jointly financed activities combined, 361 of the 427 approved posts in the Professional and higher categories are at the P-3 and P-4 levels, with only 13 posts being at the P-2/1 level (ibid., table 35.7). The Committee sees merit in the creation of additional entry-level posts in the Department and welcomes the fact that this is being done through a re-evaluation of existing staffing resources. The Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level.", "XII.26 The Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of the P-5 post of Chief, Threat and Risk Assessment Unit, to the D-1 level. In addition, it is proposed to reclassify one P-4 post in the Unit to the P-5 level, which is stated in the supplementary information to be intended to provide the appropriate level of continuity in operations. The Advisory Committee was informed that the importance of the concept of threat and risk analysis had grown significantly since the introduction of the new security-level system in January 2011. In this regard, the Committee was further informed that the Unit acts as the primary tool throughout the United Nations system for identifying emerging threats, determining areas of vulnerability and developing mitigating strategies and measures. The proposed reclassification of the Chief of Unit is deemed necessary to ensure the necessary level of coordination and supervision both at Headquarters and in the field and to adequately reflect the required expert knowledge and experience in the field of analysis, assessments and crisis management. The Committee was informed that the Chief of the Unit supervises 8 Professional analysts at Headquarters and provides technical oversight for 19 Professional analyst positions in the field, as well for 25 analysts in five Security Information and Operations Centres in field locations. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of threat and risk assessment in the overall security management system and the degree of judgement required in this area. As such, the Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Threat and Risk Assessment Unit, to the D‑1 level. The Committee does not consider that adequate justification was provided for the reclassification of one of the P-4 posts in the Unit to the P-5 level and does not recommend approval of that proposal.", "XII.27 In the Division of Regional Operations, the reclassification of one existing P‑4 post to the P-5 level is proposed. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the reclassification is required in order to enhance the capacity within the Department for liaison and coordination activities with non‑governmental organizations in the field. The Committee was informed that the incumbent of the post would function as Chief of the non-governmental liaison unit in the Office of the Director of Regional Operations. The Committee is of the view that the functions of liaison with non-governmental organizations can be effectively carried out at the current level of the post and, as such, it does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification to P-5.", "Post abolitions", "XII.28 The Secretary-General proposes the abolition of two P-4 positions in the field (ibid., para. 35.41). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this is stated as being to compensate for the proposed establishment of 10 new Local level positions in the Security Information and Operations Centres (see para. XII.22 above). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition.", "Component 2, Field support", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.29 Four new posts for security trainers, one P-4, one P-3 and two Local level, are proposed to be established in Nairobi to provide support to the African region as part of a regionalized training service (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), paras. 35.57-35.58). The Advisory Committee was informed that carrying out training activities on a regional basis was considered to be a more effective and cost-efficient method of training security officers throughout Africa. In this regard, the Committee noted a decrease in the provision of contractual services of approximately $150,000 in this subprogramme, which was stated as being due to the conduct of training activities in Nairobi. The Committee welcomes the reduction in contractual services, which is attributed to the use of the regional training hub in Nairobi. The Committee recommends approval of the establishment of one new P-3 post and two Local level posts at the training centre. Taking note of the proposed redeployment of two existing posts at the P-4 and the P-3 level from Headquarters to the centre, the Committee does not recommend approval of the new P-4 post.", "XII.30 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of a new P-4 post to provide an aviation risk management capacity at Headquarters to coordinate the activities and programme of the Department under aviation safety (ibid., para. 35.58). The Advisory Committee recalls that the establishment of that post was proposed by the Secretary-General for the current biennium (A/64/6 (Sect. 34)/ Add.1, paras. 34.81-34.84). After having considered that request, the Committee recommended the establishment of a temporary post at the P-4 level, to expire at the end of the biennium 2010-2011, and stated that any future requests for resources for the aviation risk management office should be accompanied by an evaluation of its activities (A/64/7/Add.16, para. 70).", "XII.31 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the individual recruited against the temporary post had begun work only in May 2011. As such, it was too early to be able to provide the required evaluation of the activities in this area. Given these circumstances, the Committee recommends the continuation of this post on a temporary basis for the biennium 2012-2013 to enable the functions to continue to be carried out. The Committee reiterates its request that any future proposals in this area be accompanied by an evaluation of aviation risk management activities in the department.", "Redeployments", "XII.32 As part of the proposed strengthening of the regional training hub, two posts (P-4 and P-3) are proposed to be redeployed from the Training and Development Section at Headquarters to Nairobi. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "Regular budget", "XII.33 Under the regular budget, non-post resources of $86,119,500 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents a decrease of $4,300,900, or 4.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease is largely attributable to reductions under other staff costs ($4,597,800), furniture and equipment ($2,105,900), supplies and materials ($867,100), general operating expenses ($594,000) and contractual services ($510,000). Those decreases were partly offset by an increase of $4,298,800 under grants and contributions, which provides for the United Nations share of the costs of jointly financed activities (see para. XII.3 above). The increase is attributed to an increase of United Nations field-based staff.", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "XII.34 With respect to jointly financed activities, non-post resources of $60,356,000 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents a decrease of $9,450,000, or 13.5 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. While all objects of expenditures reflect decreases, the majority of the reduction is under other staff costs ($5,686,300), due to a decrease of $5,248,700 in the provision for the malicious acts insurance policy following the establishment of a new three-year policy with a significantly reduced premium. Reduced requirements are also made under general operating expenses ($1,451,600), furniture and equipment ($1,199,500), travel of staff ($689,700) and consultants ($297,800).", "XII.35 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "XII.36 The Secretary-General indicates that resources estimated at $2,455,900 would be utilized for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities during the biennium 2012-2013. This reflects the cost of one P-5, two P-4, three P-3 and two General Service (Other level) posts in the Compliance Evaluation and Monitoring Unit and the related support costs. The Advisory Committee notes that no information was provided with regard to either the results of monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken to date or on planned activities for the next biennium. The Committee requests that such information be provided in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Implementation of standardized access control project", "XII.37 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Secretary-General proposed the implementation, in two phases, of a system for standardized access control at all main locations of the Organization. The first phase, PACT I, was intended to ensure compliance with headquarters minimum operating security standards for perimeter protection and electronic access control, and the second phase, PACT II, was designed to provide for compliance with those standards with regard to defined layers of security within the perimeter.", "XII.38 In his report A/64/532, the Secretary-General proposed the implementation of PACT II at eight duty stations. Having considered that proposal, the Advisory Committee recommended that the security enhancements should be prioritized and implemented in a phased manner and that during the biennium 2010-2011 they should be implemented at ESCWA, the United Nations Office at Nairobi and ECA. The Committee further recommended that during 2010-2011 the requirements for the remaining duty stations should be reviewed and prioritized taking into account the lessons learned and experience acquired in the initial implementation and that the revised requirements be presented in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/64/7/Add.15, para. 20). That recommendation was endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243.", "XII.39 The Advisory Committee was informed that a decision had been taken to postpone the majority of expenditures under PACT II. It was stated that much of the PACT II security enhancement and upgrade projects were higher-technology projects related to access control and badging, vehicle identification and entrance, closed-circuit television surveillance systems and integrated communications systems. The Committee was informed that the costs of such security systems were dropping, new technologies were becoming available and advances in wireless technology could lead to savings on infrastructure and wiring costs. As such, it was stated that the deferral could result in substantial costs efficiencies for the Organization in the future. However, provision of $2.3 million is made in the proposed programme for PACT II implementation at three further duty stations: Bangkok, Geneva and Vienna. The Committee was informed that implementation at those locations involved critical security upgrades and that deferral could result in failures in dated system components, leading to security vulnerabilities. The Committee requests that updated information on the status of the PACT II project be included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014‑2015.", "Geographic diversity and gender parity in staffing", "XII.40 The Advisory Committee was informed by the Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security that there was a need to expand the recruitment base of personnel for the Department, which has been largely based on recruiting former military and police officers. In presenting the Secretary-General’s proposals, it was further stated that there was a need for an intake of a new cadre of officers. In addition, it was stated that the proposals for the downward reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level would allow for a wider recruitment pool, which would serve to broaden geographic diversity and gender balance in the Department.", "XII.41 The Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security further stated that he recognized that additional efforts were required with regard to both geographic diversity and gender goals in the staffing of the Department of Safety and Security. The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 59/276, in which the Assembly established the Department of Safety and Security and urged the Secretary-General to ensure that recruitment to Professional and higher categories in the Department was made on a wide geographic basis. While acknowledging the recent appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General for Safety and Security, the Committee notes that currently none of the D-1 or D-2 posts in the Department are encumbered by female staff. The Advisory Committee welcomes the stated focus on this area and expects that demonstrable progress will be made with respect to the geographic and gender profile of the staffing of the Department during the forthcoming biennium.", "Part XIII Development Account", "Section 36 Development Account", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $23,651,300 \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $23,651,300", "XIII.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 for the Development Account amount to $23,651,300, which is the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. A list of the projects proposed for funding from the Account for 2012/2013 is provided in the appendix to the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 36)). Table 2 of the proposed budget contains a summary of resource requirements by main object of expenditure.", "XIII.2 The budget document provides a summary background on the establishment of the Development Account and the decisions by the General Assembly to recost and to appropriate additional resources for the Development Account since its inception (ibid., paras. 36.1-36.3). In line with the decisions of the Assembly, the current level of resources of $23,651,300 represents an increase of $10,586,300 over the level of $13,065,000 approved by the Assembly at the inception of the Development Account in the biennium 1998-1999.", "Seventh progress report of the Secretary-General", "XIII.3 In the seventh progress report on the implementation of projects financed from the Development Account (A/66/84, table 1), the Secretary-General indicates that since the biennium 1998-1999, a total of 204 projects have been financed from the Account under seven consecutive tranches, with an overall appropriation of $127,614,500. While projects under the first four tranches have been completed, implementation of the projects under the fifth, sixth and seventh tranches remains under way. Table 1 of A/66/84 provides a summary of all tranches, including the number of projects and appropriations, the themes and the implementation rates as at 30 April 2011. Detailed information with respect to the ongoing projects is provided in annexes I and II to that report, including project titles, implementing entities, appropriations and expenditures.", "XIII.4 The objective of the Development Account is to fund capacity-development projects in the priority areas of the United Nations development agenda that benefit developing countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 36), para. 36.5). The Advisory Committee recalls that in its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it was informed that efforts had been under way to reflect clearly the results achieved through such projects in the context of the operational framework of the United Nations development system and the United Nations development assistance frameworks at the country level (A/64/7, para. XIII.3). In this connection, the Committee notes that sections II and III of the seventh progress report provide information with respect to the Development Account in the context of the United Nations work on development, and an overview and assessment of results of its projects in relation to its support for the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. The Secretary-General also indicates that more projects now have links to United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks and foresee active consultations with the United Nations country teams (A/66/84, para. 46).", "XIII.5 An analysis of the execution of projects under the fifth tranche, based on the final reports of the implementing entities, is provided in section IV of the seventh progress report. The Advisory Committee was informed that of the 40 projects funded under that tranche, the assessment of project performance had included 30 projects implemented during 2006-2009, while the remaining 10 projects were still in the implementation stage (ibid., table 1, footnote a). In his conclusions in the progress report, the Secretary-General states that the review of the projects under the fifth tranche has demonstrated that the projects aim to have the broadest possible impact, addressing all the Millennium Development Goals or targeting the overarching goal of poverty reduction. Further, the alignment of Development Account-funded projects with the Millennium Development Goals has provided not only a useful strategic focus for the Account, but also a guiding reference for partners and recipients of the projects (ibid., para. 39).", "XIII.6 The Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly take note of the seventh progress report of the Secretary-General.", "Projects proposed under the eighth tranche for the biennium 2012-2013", "XIII.7 The Secretary-General indicates that the overall theme of the eighth tranche of projects to be funded under the Development Account is “Supporting Member States to accelerate progress towards achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in the context of the multiple and interrelated development challenges” (A/66/6 (Sect. 36), para. 36.6). The project proposals, including information on implementing agencies, background, objectives, summary budget and main activities, are contained in the annex to the proposed budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the 40 projects proposed for funding under the eighth tranche were endorsed by the Steering Committee of the Development Account at its meeting in March 2011 (ibid., para. 36.9). Under the purview of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs, the projects would be implemented by 10 entities of the Secretariat, namely, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNODC, UN-Habitat and the five regional commissions (ibid., paras. 36.7).", "XIII.8 The Secretary-General also indicates that of the 204 projects funded from the Development Account since its inception, 150 projects remain active and/or require programme management support (ibid., para. 36.10). In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes the indication that the establishment of two posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-4) in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs for 2010-2011, approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243 to provide programme support to the Account, has helped the Programme Manager of the Account to upgrade the level and expand the scope of the programme management (ibid., para. 36.10).", "XIII.9 The Secretary-General further indicates that, while the complexity and scope of managing the Development Account have increased, the expectations of the Member States have also heightened with regard to the programming, monitoring and evaluation of the Account (ibid.). The Advisory Committee recalls that the management and administration of the Development Account have been improved and strengthened over the years, including the institution of a four-year project implementation cycle, mandatory submission of detailed project documents based on comprehensive logical frameworks and final evaluation reports, the establishment of the Steering Committee and the Capacity Development Office, and the redesign of the website for improved Internet-based coordination and greater accessibility to project information and impact (A/64/7, paras. XIII.6-XIII.7). According to the Secretary-General, the focus of the management of the Account will be on strengthening monitoring and evaluation and better integrating lessons learned in the programming of new projects over the next two years (A/66/84, para. 38).The Committee concurs with the Secretary-General’s emphasis on the importance of project monitoring and evaluation, and expects that due attention will continue to be paid to such activities. The Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly approve the Secretary-General’s proposal for the Development Account.", "Part XIV Staff assessment", "Section 37 Staff assessment", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $537,622,800^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $550,749,900 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "XIV.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 for section 37 amount to $537,622,800, before recosting, representing a decrease of $13,127,100, or 2.4 per cent, compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The proposed reduction in staff assessment of $13,127,100 reflects a net decrease in staff assessment requirements related to posts and other staff costs proposed for 2012-2013, partially offset by the delayed impact of the 248 new posts approved for 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 37), para. 37.3, and A/66/6 (Introduction), table 10).", "XIV.2 The Secretary-General indicates that, in accordance with the budgetary procedures of the United Nations, the salary and related emoluments of United Nations staff members are subject to the assessment rates contained in regulation 3.3 of the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. To facilitate comparability with the budget proposals of other organizations of the United Nations system, the staff costs are shown net of staff assessment under the various expenditure sections of the programme budget. The difference between gross and net emoluments is therefore requested as a global amount under the present section. Furthermore, amounts withheld in the form of staff assessment are revenue to the Organization. Accordingly, the amount requested under this section is also included in income section 1, Income from staff assessment below (A/66/6 (Sect. 37), paras. 37.1-37.2).", "Estimates of income", "Income section 1 Income from staff assessment", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $558,973,300 \n Approved estimates for 2010-2011 $555,041,000", "IS1.1 The total amount of staff assessment for 2012-2013 is estimated to be $558,973,300, comprising (a) the global provision requested under section 37 for the various expenditure sections of the programme budget ($554,561,800, after recosting) and (b) staff assessment under income section 3, Services to the public ($4,411,500).", "IS1.2 The Advisory Committee notes from the proposed budget that all revenue from staff assessment that is not otherwise disposed of by specific resolution of the General Assembly is credited to the Tax Equalization Fund established by the Assembly in its resolution 973 A (X) of 15 December 1955. Member States are given credit in the Fund in accordance with the scale of assessments for the regular budget applicable to the financial year concerned (A/66/6 (Income sect. 1), para. IS1.2).", "Income section 2 General income", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $52,495,800 \n Approved estimates for 2010-2011 $40,487,800", "IS2.1 The estimated income under this section for 2012-2013 amounts to $52,495,800, representing an increase of $12,008,000 over the approved estimates for 2010-2011. The estimated income relates to rental of premises, reimbursement for services provided to specialized agencies and others, bank interest, sale of used equipment, refund of previous years’ expenditures, contributions of non-member States, television and similar services and miscellaneous income. As indicated in table IS2.1 of Income section 2, the estimated increase for 2012-2013 is due mainly to the projected increase under rental of premises ($12,417,900), partially offset by projected decreases under bank interest ($387,300) and miscellaneous income ($189,900).", "IS2.2 The income under the rental of premises relates to the payment of rent for the occupancy of United Nations premises in New York, Geneva, Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi and Santiago by a number of specialized agencies and other entities connected with the activities of the Organization. Table IS2.2 provides information with respect to the approved estimates for 2010-2011 and projected estimates for 2012-2013 for each of the six locations mentioned above. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated increase of $12,417,900 is due mainly to the increase from rental income at Nairobi ($11,000,000), as well as increases at Headquarters ($562,300), Geneva ($793,900) and Bangkok ($61,700) (A/66/6 (Income sect. 2), paras. IS2.1-IS2.2).", "Income section 3 Services to the public", "IS3.1 Income section 3, Services to the public, includes (a) programme of work, covering activities related to United Nations Postal Administration operations, sale of United Nations publications, services to visitors, revenue services of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, sale of gift items, newsstand operations, garage operations, catering operations and other commercial operations, and (b) programme support, which provides for the Revenue Accounts Unit in the Accounts Division of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts.", "Net revenue (after recosting)", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $62,200 \n Revised approved estimates for 2010-2011 ($2,557,000)", "IS3.2 As indicated in table IS3.1 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Income sect. 3)), the estimated net revenue for 2012-2013 amounts to $62,200, reflecting projected gross expenditure of $38,782,700, after recosting, against anticipated gross revenue of $38,844,900. For the current biennium, there is an estimated net deficit of $2,557,000. A summary of the estimates of gross and net revenue, by individual activity under this section, is contained in table IS3.4 and explained in paragraph IS3.5 of the budget document. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed budget for 2012-2013 is based on the assumption that the implementation of the capital master plan will continue to have a negative impact on some of the services at Headquarters. While the Advisory Committee notes that the capital master plan will affect revenue to be generated from some of the services to the public at Headquarters, it is encouraged by the projected net revenue of $62,200 for the biennium 2012-2013 and trusts that efforts will be made to realize, as a minimum, that amount.", "Sale of United Nations publications", "IS3.3 The Advisory Committee notes from the budget document that the programme of work for 2012-2013 reflects an emphasis on continuing the initially successful electronic publishing programme launched in the current biennium, which includes smart-phone applications; electronic books for reading devices, such as Kindle, iPad and Nook; and the development of the United Nations e-book collection, a subscription-based platform geared primarily towards institutions, such as libraries (ibid., paras. IS3.30 and 31). The Secretary-General indicates that the evolution of the market for e-books and of electronic publishing technology presents numerous opportunities for outreach and revenue growth.", "IS3.4 In this connection, the Advisory Committee enquired about the sale of print and electronic books and mobile applications that targeted the general public and young audiences. The Committee was informed that the average number of print copies sold annually was 12,500 for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 14,000 for the Charter of the United Nations and 3,000 for Basic Facts about the United Nations. For those three publications, the sale of mobile applications for Apple devices reached 1,600 from June 2010 to May 2011, and 700 electronic copies were sold from August 2010 to May 2011, which did not include sales by Nook and Sony eBook as all statistics were not yet available. Further, three free applications had been recently launched to promote the activities of the Organization, including AIDSInfo. In addition, it was planned to launch a school kit in 2012, both in print and in electronic copies, in order to reach a young audience. The Advisory Committee welcomes these initiatives to utilize new technology and platforms, in order to promote the activities of the United Nations and to reach both a wider audience and younger generations.", "Services to visitors", "IS3.5 With respect to guided tours at Headquarters, it is indicated in paragraphs IS3.47 and IS3.48 that the following external factors will continue to affect the ability of the guided tour operations to generate revenue for the next biennium: (a) closure of the conference and General Assembly buildings for renovation under the capital master plan; (b) security and safety restrictions and (c) fluctuations in the tourism trends of the host city because of the current global economic downturn. In line with trends of increasing ticket prices in the tourism industry of the host city, an increase in ticket prices is usually planned each year for all categories of visitors taking the guided tour. However, owing to the impact of the capital master plan, which will result in several spaces being closed off to the guided tours, fees for 2012-2013 will remain at the 2010-2011 level. Consequently, the price of the guided tour will continue to be less expensive than most attractions in the host city. The Advisory Committee is of the view that consideration should be given to increasing the fees for guided tours at Headquarters once the capital master plan project is completed, as well as enhancing services provided to the visitors. In this connection, a comparative analysis of fees charged for tourist sites of the host cities could be undertaken so that proposals for increased fees for guided tours at Headquarters could be included in the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015.", "IS3.6 Table IS3.17 in the budget document provides information regarding actual and estimated number of tour participants at Headquarters, Geneva and Vienna for the period from 1993 to 2013. For 2012, the number of visitors is estimated to be 300,000 at Headquarters, 95,000 in Geneva and 52,500 in Vienna. The Advisory Committee notes that the guided tour operation at the United Nations Office at Nairobi is yet to be formally established, owing to the construction work at the Nairobi complex. It is expected that during 2012-2013, with the formal establishment of the Visitors’ Service, the number of visitors could reach approximately 7,000 per year. Given the launch of that new operation and the location of the Office at Nairobi, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the Office could explore opportunities with local tour operators in order to increase the number of visitors to the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "Sale of gift items", "IS3.7 It is indicated in the budget document that the gift shop at Headquarters, currently operated by a contractor, would be closed for renovation as from 1 April 2012 based on the current schedule of the capital master plan (A/66/6 (Income sect. 3), paras. IS3.70-IS3.72). It is further indicated that in preparation for the reopening of the General Assembly Building in 2014, efforts will be made to secure a new gift centre contract and to establish an online sales platform. The Advisory Committee understands that the Secretary-General intends to pursue the option of online sales of the United Nations gift items in a new gift centre contract and welcomes this initiative.", "Estimated expenditure", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$37,604,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $39,713,300\nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theIntroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting).", "IS3.8 The regular budget resources requested for income section 3 amount to $37,604,000, before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,109,300, or 5.3 per cent, compared to the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The proposed decrease is due mainly to reduced requirements under posts ($924,700) and other staff costs ($1,180,200). A summary of requirements by object of expenditure is provided in table IS3.6 of the budget document.", "IS3.9 The table below provides a summary of the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Staffing resources", "Post requirements\tPosts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t89\t2 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 9 GS (PL),63 GS (OL), 2 SS\nProposed for2012-2013\t89\t2 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 9 GS (PL),63 GS (OL), 2 SS\nRedeployments\t1\t1 GS (OL) from Geneva to New York, underSale of publications", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Temporary freezing of posts and redeployment", "IS3.10 The Secretary-General proposes to temporarily freeze seven posts during the biennium 2012-2013, owing to the reduction in the level of activities due to the ongoing renovation projects in Vienna and at Headquarters, as follows:", "(a) One P-4 and two General Service (Other level) under the United Nations Postal Administration in Vienna (ibid., para. IS3.20);", "(b) One P-3 and three General Service (Other level) under Services to visitors in New York (ibid., para. IS3.55). The budget document indicates that these four posts have been temporarily frozen during the current biennium.", "IS3.11 The Advisory Committee enquired about the practice of freezing posts and was informed that this was usually done for posts in services under the income sections, when it was foreseen that activities would slow down for an expected period but would recover later. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed temporary freezing of the posts.", "IS3.12 It is proposed to redeploy one General Service (Other level) post under Sale of United Nations publications, Geneva, to New York, where the operation has been recently consolidated (ibid., paras. IS3.6 and IS3.35). According to the Secretary-General, the closure of the Sales and Marketing office in Geneva in 2010 led to a reorganization of the office at Headquarters, including the establishment of an electronic publishing unit and the adjustment of functions of some staff positions to meet the new requirements. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the redeployment of the last remaining vacant post in Geneva was proposed to meet the increased new activities and additional operational needs following the reorganization of the office at Headquarters. The Advisory Committee therefore has no objection to the proposed redeployment of the post.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IS3.13 A summary of requirements by object of expenditure is contained in table IS3.6 of the budget document. The proposed non-post resources for 2012-2013 amount to $18,725,500. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "Annex I", "Number of posts by source of funds and grade level", "A. Posts other than at peacekeeping operations", "2010-2011 2012-2013 (authorized) (proposed)\n Number Percentage Number Percentage", "Regular budget, expenditure sections", "USG 34 0.3 34 0.3", "ASG 28 0.3 29 0.3", "D-2 101 1.0 105 1.0", "D-1 277 2.7 287 2.8", "Professional 4 121 39.6 4 129 39.9", "General Service and other 5 746 55.3 5 679 54.9", "Subtotal 10 307 99.1 10 263 99.1", "Regular budget, income sections", "Professional 15 0.1 15 0.1", "General Service and other 74 0.7 74 0.7", "Subtotal 89 0.9 89 0.9", "Total 10 396 100.0 10 352 100.0", "Other assessed^(a)", "D-2 8 0.6 8 0.6", "D-1 23 1.7 23 1.8", "Professional 852 64.6 843 64.8", "General Service and other 435 33.0 427 32.8", "Total 1 318 100.0 1 301 100.0", "Extrabudgetary", "ASG 6 0.0 6 0.0", "D-2 44 0.3 48 0.4", "D-1 186 1.4 197 1.5", "Professional 3 597 27.5 3 577 27.4", "General Service and other 9 254 70.7 9 214 70.6", "Total 13 087 100.0 13 042 100.0", "International tribunals^(b) not available", "USG 2 0.2", "ASG 2 0.2", "D-2 2 0.2", "D-1 7 0.6", "Professional 501 42.9", "General Service and other 655 56.0", "Total 1 169 100.0", "^(a) Estimated number of posts for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting the approval of the General Assembly decided upon in its resolution 65/290, on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "^(b) Posts approved for the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the biennium 2010-2011 for oversight services related to the Tribunals are reflected under the heading “Other assessed” in line with the presentation in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "B. Authorized civilian posts in all peacekeeping operations^(a)", "For the financial period ended 30 June\n 2011 2012", "International staff^(b)", "Professional and higher", "USG 8 8", "ASG 21 20", "D-2 38 38", "D-1 110 110", "P-5 313 311", "P-4 781 748", "P-3 1 259 1 145", "P-2/P-1 363 288", "Subtotal 2 893 2 668", "Field Service 3 788 3 394", "Security Service 0 0", "Total, international staff 6 681 6 062", "National staff^(c) 14 870 15 089", "Total 21 551 21 151", "^(a) Representing the authorized level during the period, excluding posts funded from the support account and the United Nations Logistics Base.", "^(b) Excluding temporary positions under general temporary assistance.", "^(c) Including National Officers, where applicable.", "C. Jointly financed posts", "Budget section 2010-2011 2012-2013 (authorized) (proposed)\n Number Percentage Number Percentage", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-1 1 0.6 1 0.6", "Professional 87 50.0 87 50.0", "General Service and other 86 49.4 86 49.4", "Subtotal 174 100.0 174^(a) 100.0", "13. International Trade Centre", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-2 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-1 5 3.1 5 3.0", "Professional 84 51.9 86 52.4", "General Service and other 71 43.8 71 43.3", "Subtotal 162 100.0 164^(b) 100.0", "32. Jointly financed administrative activities", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 3 3.7 3 3.7", "D-1 5 6.2 5 6.2", "Professional 36 44.4 36 44.4", "General Service and other 37 45.7 37 45.7", "Subtotal 81 100.0 81 100.0", "35. Safety and security", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 1 0.1 1 0.1", "D-1 2 0.2 11 1.1", "Professional 362 38.0 353 36.8", "General Service and other 588 61.7 595 62.0", "Subtotal 953 100.0 960 100.0", "Total 1 370^(c) 1 379^(d)", "^(a) Two posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) under the Library Unit approved in the biennium 2010‑2011 have been excluded to constitute a comparable base with staffing in the biennium 2012-2013.", "^(b) A detailed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is to be submitted to the General Assembly in the last quarter of 2011 under existing arrangements.", "^(c) Excluding 90 temporary posts under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, endorsed by the General Assembly in resolutions 64/243 and 65/260, for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project funded through the regular budget, support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources (1 D-2; 8 D-1; 21 P-5; 37 P-4; 9 P-3; 1 P-2; 1 GS (PL); and 12 GS (OL)).", "^(d) Excluding 90 temporary posts under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, endorsed by the General Assembly in resolutions 64/243 and 65/260, for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project funded through the regular budget, support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources (1 D-2; 8 D-1; 21 P-5; 37 P-4; 9 P-3; 1 P-2; 1 GS (PL); and 12 GS (OL)); and the proposed establishment of 14 posts under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, in connection with information and technology initiatives proposed to be funded through the regular budget, support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources (2 D-2; 2 P-5; and 10 P-4).", "Annex II", "Summary of proposed changes in established and temporary posts", "A. Posts proposed for abolition (total: 147)", "Section 1. Overall policymaking,direction and coordination\t\nExecutive Office of theSecretary-General\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSection 2. General Assembly andEconomic and Social Council affairsand conference management\t\nMeetings and publishing services, NewYork\t37 Trades and Crafts, 4General Service (Otherlevel)\n Documentation services, Geneva 2 P-5, 2 P-4 \n Section 3. Political affairs \nSecurity Council affairs\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GeneralService (Other level)\nDecolonization\t1 P-4, 1 General Service(Other level)\n Section 5. Peacekeeping operations \nUnited Nations Truce SupervisionOrganization\t2 Field Service\nSection 9. Economic and socialaffairs\t\nStatistics\t1 P-3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GeneralService (Other level)\nEconomic and Social Council supportand coordination\t1 P-4\nSocial policy and development\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Sustainable development 1 P-5 \nDevelopment policy and analysis\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nPublic administration and developmentmanagement\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nFinancing for development\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Section 12. Trade and development \nProgramme support\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSection 16. International drugcontrol, crime and terrorismprevention and criminal justice\t\nProgramme support\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSection 19. Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia and the Pacific\t\nProgramme support\t5 P-3, 2 P-2, 1 NationalOfficer\nSection 20. Economic development inEurope\t\n Executive direction and management 1 P-4 \nEnvironment\t1 P-3, 1 General Service(Other level)\nTransport\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Statistics 2 P-2 \n Trade 1 P-2 \nSection 21. Economic and socialdevelopment in Latin America\t\n Executive direction and management 1 P-2 \nLinkages with the global economy,regional integration and cooperation\t1 P-2\n Production and innovation 1 P-2 \n Macroeconomic policies and growth 1 P-2 \n Social development and equality 1 P-2 \nSubregional activities in Mexico andCentral America\t1 P-2\nSubregional activities in theCaribbean\t1 Local level\nProgramme support\t1 P-4, 1 P-2, 3 Locallevel\nSection 22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia\t\n Economic development and integration 2 Local level \nInformation and communicationtechnology for regional integration\t1 Local level\n Programme support 1 Local level \n Section 24. Human rights \nSupporting human rights treaty bodies\t1 P-3, 1 General Service(Other level)\n Section 28. Public information \n Strategic communications services 5 Local level \nNews services\t4 General Service (Otherlevel)\nOutreach and knowledge-sharingservices\t1 P-5, 1 P-2/1, 9 GeneralService (Other level)\nSection 29B. Office of ProgrammePlanning, Budget and Accounts\t\nFinancial Information OperationsService\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Section 29E. Administration, Geneva \nSupport services\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\nLibrary services\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Section 35. Safety and security \nSecurity and safety organization\t10 General Service (Otherlevel), 11 Local level", "B. Proposed new posts (total: 63)", "Section 3. Political affairs \nUnited Nations Register of DamageCaused by the Construction of theWall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory\t1 P-3\n Section 5. Peacekeeping operations \nUnited Nations Truce SupervisionOrganization\t2 Local level\nSection 7. International Court ofJustice\t\nRegistry\t1 P-3, 1 P-2, 2 GS (Otherlevel)\nSection 9. Economic and socialaffairs\t\n Statistics 2 P-3 \nSection 16. International drugcontrol, crime and terrorismprevention and criminal justice\t\n Executive direction and management 1 P-4 \nCountering transnational organizedcrime and illicit traffickingincluding drug trafficking\t1 P-5, 1 P-4\n Terrorism prevention and combating 1 P-4 \n Justice 1 P-4 \n Health and livelihoods 1 D-1 \n Research and trend analysis 1 P-4 \n Policy support 1 D-1 \n Section 17. UN-Women \n Programme support 2 P-3 \nSection 19. Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia and the Pacific\t\nSubprogramme 8, Subregionalactivities for development, Component3, Subregional activities fordevelopment in North and Central Asia\t1 D-1\nSection 22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia\t\n Advancement of women 1 D-1 \n Conflict mitigation and development 1 D-1, 1 P-5 \n Section 24. Human rights \nExecutive direction and management\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSupporting human rights treaty bodies\t1 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 GeneralService (Other level)\nSupporting the Human Rights Council,its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms\t1 P-4, 1 P-3\n Section 26. Palestine refugees \n Dispute Tribunal (Amman) 1 D-1, 1 P-4 \n UNRWA headquarters 2 P-5, 1 P-4 \n Brussels Liaison Office 1 P-4 \n Washington, D.C., Liaison Office 1 P-5, 1 P-4 \n Field offices 5 P-3 \n Section 27. Humanitarian assistance \n Natural disaster reduction 1 D-1 \n Section 28. Public information \n Outreach services 1 P-2 \nSection 29D. Office of CentralSupport Services\t\n Facilities Management Service 1 P-4 \n Travel and Transportation Section 1 P-3 \n Section 31. Internal oversight \n Executive direction and management 1 ASG \n Section 35. Security \nSecurity and safety organization\t5 General Service (Otherlevel),8 Local level", "Annex III", "New posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, contractual services and extrabudgetary funding", "A. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance", "^(a) In addition, 10 Professional posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3 and 2 GS (OL)) are proposed for conversion from temporary to established posts under section 7, International Court of Justice. The proposed conversion reflects a change in status from temporary to established, with a zero net effect on resources.", "A total of 14 posts are proposed for conversion to established or temporary posts of those positions previously funded under temporary assistance, resulting in an increase in the staffing as shown below by section and programme:^(a)", "Section 24. Human rights \nSupporting the Human Rights Council,its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-2, 1GS (OL)\n Section 28. Public information \n News services 4 General Service (OL) \n Section 31. Internal oversight \n Inspection and evaluation 3 P-3, 3 P-2", "B. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from contractual services", "A total of 24 posts are proposed for conversion to established posts from contractual services, resulting in an increase in the staffing as shown below by section and programme:", "Section 29D. Office of CentralSupport Services \nBroadcast and Conference SupportSection 4 P-3, 5 GS (PL), 8 GS(OL)\n Plant Engineering Section 7 TC", "C. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from extrabudgetary funding", "A total of two posts are proposed for conversion to established or temporary posts of those positions previously under extrabudgetary funding, resulting in an increase in the staffing as shown below by section and programme:", "Section 3. Political affairs \nOffice of the United Nations SpecialCoordinator for the Middle East PeaceProcess\t1 National Officer\n Section 27. Humanitarian assistance \nCoordination of humanitarian action andemergency response\t1 P-5", "Annex IV", "Posts proposed for reclassification (total: 55)", "Section 1. Overall policymaking,direction and coordination\t1 P-5 to D-1\nSection 2. General Assembly andEconomic and Social Council affairsand conference management\t11 P-4 to P-5\nSection 3. Political affairs\t1 Field Service to Locallevel\nSection 5. Peacekeeping operations\t13 Field Service to Locallevel\n\t1 Field Service to NationalOfficer\nSection 18. Economic and socialdevelopment in Africa\t1 Field Service to P-4\n\t1 Local level to NationalOfficer\nSection 22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia\t1 P-4 to P-3\n Section 26. Palestine refugees 4 D-1 to D-2 \n 1 P-4 to P-5 \nSection 28. Public information\t6 Local level to NationalOfficer\n Section 29G. Administration, Nairobi 2 P-5 to D-1, 2 P-4 to P-5 \n Section 35. Security 4 P-5 to D-1, 6 P-3 to P-4", "Annex V", "General temporary assistance positions funded as at 31 March 2011 and expected to continue in the biennium 2012-2013", "Part\tSection\tNumberofpositionsas at31March2011\tNumberofpositionsestimatedtocontinuein2012-2013\tNumberofpositionsproposedforconversionstoestablishedpostsin2012-2013\tFunctional title \nPartI.Overallpolicymaking,directionandcoordination \n1\tOverallpolicymaking,direction andcoordination\t9\t4\t—\tChef de Cabinetof the Presidentof the GeneralAssembly, DeputyChef de Cabinetof the Presidentof the GeneralAssembly, SeniorAdviser, Adviser\n2\tGeneralAssembly andEconomic andSocial Councilaffairs andconferencemanagement\t25\t4\t—\tDatabaseAdministrator,Human ResourcesAssistant, NetDeveloper\n Subtotal 34 8 — \nPartII.Politicalaffairs \n3\tPoliticalaffairs\t4\t3\t—\tFinance andBudget Officer,Finance TeamAssistant, HumanResourcesAssistant\n 4 Disarmament 2 1 — Team Assistant \n5\tPeacekeepingoperations\t5\t—\t—\t\n Subtotal 11 4 — \nPartIII.Internationaljusticeandlaw \n7\tInternationalCourt ofJustice\t3\t3\t—\tSenior MedicalOfficer, Typists\n 8 Legal affairs 4 — — \n Subtotal 7 3 — \nPartIV.Internationalcooperationfordevelopment \n9\tEconomic andsocial affairs\t5\t1\t—\tStatistician\n10\tLeast developedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountries andsmall islanddevelopingStates\t4\t—\t—\t\n12\tTrade anddevelopment\t6\t—\t—\t\n15\tHumansettlements\t5\t5\t—\tAdministrativeAssistant,PersonalAssistant,ProgrammeAssistant, TeamAssistants\n16\tInternationaldrug control,crime andterrorismprevention andcriminaljustice\t2\t—\t—\t\n Subtotal 22 6 — \nPartV.Regionalcooperationfordevelopment \n17\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inAfrica\t33\t28\t—\tMedical Officer,BuildingsServices Clerk,Carpenter,Cleaner, DataEntry Operator,Driver, FinanceAssistant,Inventory andSupplyAssistant,Labourers, MailAssistant,Messengers, TeamAssistant,Technicians,TelephoneOperator,TelephoneReceptionist,TransportationAssistants\n18\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inAsia and thePacific\t4\t3\t—\tInformationSystemsAssistant,TelecommunicationsTechnician\n19\tEconomicdevelopment inEurope\t1\t—\t—\t\n20\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inLatin Americaand theCaribbean\t17\t2\t—\tDriver, FinanceAssistant21\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inWestern Asia\t6\t6\t—\tMedical Officer,InformationTechnologyOfficer,InformationSystemsAssistant,Nurse, TelecommunicationOperator, \n TelecommunicationTechnician\n Subtotal 61 39 — \nPartVI.Humanrightsandhumanitarianaffairs \n23\tHuman rights\t6\t—\t—\t\n25\tPalestinerefugees\t1\t—\t—\t\n26\tHumanitarianassistance\t5\t—\t—\t\n Subtotal 12 — — \nPartVII.Publicinformation \n27\tPublicinformation\t30\t21\t4\tPress Officers,PublicInformationOfficer, RadioProducer,InformationAssistant,Printing PressOperator, PublicInformationAssistants,WebsiteAssistants,Proofreader\n Subtotal 30 21 4 \nPartVIII.Commonsupportservices \n28A.\tOffice of theUnder-Secretary-Generalfor Management\t1\t1\t—\tLegal Officer\n28B.\tOffice ofProgrammePlanning,Budget andAccounts\t3\t—\t—\t\n28C.\tOffice of HumanResourcesManagement\t11\t8\t—\tPresident of theXXXII Session oftheStaff-ManagementCoordinationCommittee,Medical Officer,AdministrativeOfficer, HumanResourcesAssistant,OfficeAssistant, StaffDevelopmentAssistants\n28D.\tOffice ofCentral SupportServices\t5\t5\t—\tChief ofBusinessContinuityManagement Unit,BusinessContinuitySpecialist,Drivers,Messenger\n28E.\tAdministration,Geneva\t10\t3\t—\tInformationSystemsOfficers,WebsiteCoordinator,ComputerInformationSystemsAssistant\n28F.\tAdministration,Vienna\t3\t—\t—\t\n28G.\tAdministration,Nairobi\t2\t1\t—\tBusinessContinuityPlanningCoordinator\n29\tOffice ofInformation andCommunicationsTechnology\t14\t4\t—\tInformationSystems Officer,AdministrativeAssistant,Computer SystemsAssistant\n Subtotal 49 22 — \nPartIX.Internaloversight \n30\tInternaloversight\t9\t—\t6\tEvaluationOfficers,AssociateEvaluationOfficers\n Subtotal 9 — 6 \nPartXII.Safetyandsecurity \n34\tSafety andsecurity\t67\t39\t—\tProcurementCoordinator,SecurityOfficers, Clerk,Control CentreAssistants,InformationManagementClerk, OfficeAssistant,OfficeAssistant/Passand IDAssistants,ProjectAssistant, TeamAssistants,Technicians\n Subtotal 67 39 — \n Total 302 142 10", "Annex VI", "Status of posts approved by the General Assembly in resolution 63/260, on development-related activities", "Posts approvedunder General \n\tAssemblyresolution63/260\t\nBudget section andsubprogramme\tLevel\tStatus as of July 2011 \n9. Economic and socialaffairs \nExecutive direction andmanagement\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since1 July 2009\n1. Economic and SocialCouncil support andcoordination\t1 P-4\tProposed for abolitionin the biennium2012‑2013\n2. Gender issues andadvancement of women\t1 P-5\tTransferred toUN-Women per GeneralAssembly resolutions64/289 and 65/259\n 2 P-4 \n 2 P-3 \n3. Social policy anddevelopment\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceNovember 2010\n4. Sustainable development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceDecember 2009\n\t1 P-3\tProposed for abolitionin the biennium2012‑2013\n6. Population\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceNovember 2010\n9. Sustainable forestmanagement\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered sinceJuly 2010\n10. Financing for development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceJanuary 2011\nSubtotal\t8 (2P-5, 3P-4, 1P-3)\t\n10. Least developedcountries, landlockeddeveloping countries andsmall island developingStates \n1. Least developed countries\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceDecember 2010\n2. Landlocked developingcountries\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceMay 2010\n3. Small island developingStates\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceApril 2010\n Subtotal^(a) 3 P-4 \n11. United Nations supportfor the New Partnership forAfrica’s Development \n1. Coordination of globaladvocacy of and support forthe New Partnership forAfrica’s Development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceApril 2010\n\t2 P-3\tPosts encumbered sinceFebruary 2010 andAugust 2010\nSubtotal\t3 (1P-4, 2P-3)\t\n 12. Trade and development \n1. Globalization,interdependence anddevelopment\t1 D-1\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-5 Post encumbered \n\t2 P-4\tPosts encumbered. OneP-4 had to bere‑advertised as noneof the interviewedcandidates matched therequirements of thepost. In themeanwhile, that posthas been utilized fortemporary expertise toadvance a project oncomparing regional andmonetary cooperationexperiences indeveloping regions\n 2 P-3 Post encumbered \n 2. Investment and enterprise 1 P-5 Post encumbered \n 1 P-4 Post encumbered \n 3. International trade 1 D-1 Post encumbered \n 1 P-4 Post encumbered \n5. Africa, least developedcountries and specialprogrammes\t1 D-1\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-4 Post encumbered \nSubtotal\t12 (3D-1, 2P-5, 5P-4, 2P-3)\t\n 17. UN-Women \n2. Gender issues andadvancement of women\t1 P-5\tPosts transferred fromsection 9 to section17, as of 1 January2011 per resolutions64/289 and 65/259\n 2 P-4 \n 2 P-3 \nSubtotal\t5 (1P-5, 2P-4, 2P-3)\t\n18. Economic and socialdevelopment in Africa Executive direction andmanagement\t1National\tPost encumbered \n Officer 7. Subregional activities fordevelopment\t6National\tPost encumbered \n Officers 4 Interview in progress National \n Officers \n\t1NationalOfficer\tRe-advertised in Juneas the initialrecruitment processdid not provide asuitable candidate\n 9. Statistics 2 P-5 Post encumbered \n 2 P-4 Post encumbered \n 2 P-3 Post encumbered Programme support\t1National\tJob opening posted inInspira, awaitingdeadline \n Officer Subtotal\t19 (2P-5, 2P-4, 2P-3,13 \n\tNationalOfficers)\t\n19. Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia and thePacific \n8. Subregional activities fordevelopment\t1 D-1\tPost encumbered since1 June 2010\n\t1 D-1\tPost expected to befilled by lateralmovement in September2011\n\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since19 August 2010\n\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since1 May 2010\n\t1 P-5\tInterview andassessments completed.Final review andsubmission to centralreview body\n\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since29 April 2011\n\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered since9 May 2010\n\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered from22 December 2009 to11 March 2011.Shortlisting ofcandidates forreplacement ofprevious incumbentunder way\n\t1 P-3\tPending assessmentinformation,shortlisting ofcandidates under way\n\t1Locallevel\tOn hold pendingcompletion of reviewof joint arrangementsfor administrationsupport with the Asianand Pacific Centre forTransfer Technology\t1National\tPost encumbered since24 May 2011 \n Officer Subtotal\t11 (2D-1, 4P-5, 1P-4, 2P-3, 1Locallevel,1 National \n Officer \n20. Economic development inEurope \nExecutive direction andmanagement\t1 P-4\tThis post (EconomicAffairs Officer) isoccupied by anincumbent who wasappointed on 1 May2010. The incumbentwill retire in August2012. The post isproposed to beabolished effective1 January 2013\n3. Statistics\t1 P-3\tThis post(Statistician) isoccupied by anincumbent who wasappointed on 1 August2010\n5. Sustainable energy\t1 P-4\tThis post (EconomicAffairs Officer) isoccupied by anincumbent who wasappointed on 8 August2010\nProgramme support\t1 P-3\tThis post (EconomicAffairs Officer) inAlmaty is currentlyvacant due to delaysin the set-up of theoffice. ECE was ableto proceed withadvertisement of thispost only on 15September 2010.However, the post isproposed to beabolished effective 1January 2012\nSubtotal\t4 (2P-4, 2P-3)\t\n21. Economic and socialdevelopment in Latin Americaand the Caribbean \n1. Linkages with the globaleconomy, regional integrationand cooperation\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n 2. Production and innovation 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n4. Social development andequity\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered\n5. Mainstreaming the genderperspective in regionaldevelopment\t1 P-5\tJob opening published\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n 6. Population and development 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n8. Sustainable developmentand human settlements\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n\t1 P-2\tRecruitment processfinished. Candidatehas been selected fromroster\n9. Natural resources andinfrastructure\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n 1 P-2 Post encumbered \n\t1Locallevel\tPost encumbered\n10. Statistics and economicprojections\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered\n11. Subregional activities inMexico and Central America\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Job opening published \n\t1Locallevel\tPost encumbered\n12. Subregional activities inthe Caribbean\t2 P-3\tPost encumbered\nSubtotal\t20 (2P-5, 3P-4,11P-3, 2P-2, 2Locallevel)\t\n22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia \n1. Integrated management ofnatural resources forsustainable development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered as of1 of March 2010\n2. Integrated social policies\t1 P-4\tFilled on 11 April2009. It became vacantagain in April 2010due to the incumbent’spromotion to a P-5position. Currently itis temporarilyencumbered until 31December 2011\n3. Economic development andintegration\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered as of12 January 2010\n4. Information andcommunication technology forregional integration\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered as of21 December 2009\n\t1NationalOfficer\tSelected candidatewithdrew. Job openingis being reissued andis closing 11 July2011\n5. Statistics forevidence-based policymaking\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered as at9 March 2009Subtotal\t6 (1P-5, 3P-4, 1P-3, 1 National \n Officer) \n Total 91", "^(a) Excluding posts transferred to UN-Women.", "230911", "*1145065*", "[]", "[1] Note: The following abbreviations relating to posts have been used in the present report: DSG, Deputy Secretary-General; USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; PL, Principal level; OL, Other level; LL, Local level; NO, National Officer; FS, Field Service; SS, Security Service; TC, Trades and Crafts.", "The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is contained in documents A/66/6 (Introduction), (Sects. 1-7), (Sect. 8 and Corr.1), (Sects. 9-15), (Sect. 16 and Corr.1), (Sects. 17‑25), (Sect. 26 and Corr.1), (Sect. 27), (Sect. 28 and Corr.1), (Sects. 29A-E), (Sect. 29F and Corr.1), (Sect. 29G), (Sects. 30-35), (Sect. 36 and Corr.1) and (Sect. 37) and (Income Sects. 1‑3).", "[2] It should be noted that all references to budgetary resources in the present report are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. before recosting) unless specifically identified as being at 2012-2013 rates.", "[3] In addition, the detailed proposed programme budget for the International Trade Centre (A/66/6 (Sect. 13)/Add.1) will be submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of the World Trade Organization in the fourth quarter of 2011 in accordance with established procedure.", "[4] Namely, 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations, 23 per cent from the special accounts for programme support costs.", "[5] Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the figures provided for each budget section reflected provisions under specific categories of expenditure used mainly for ICT, as follows: under data-processing equipment, estimates for the acquisition and replacement of hardware and software as well as licences and subscriptions to online services; under supplies and materials, items such as printer cartridges, toner, colour ink, server parts, computer spare parts and CD‑ROMs; under contractual services, experts and consultants hired specifically for the development or implementation of information technology projects; under rental and maintenance; and under human resources, the posts and training resources devoted exclusively to information technology, to the extent that they could be directly identified. In this connection, the Secretary-General clarified that since, a high proportion of staff spends some time on issues related to ICT, the true human resources component was probably in excess of the figures presented.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2010/13-E/CN.15/2010/13; E/2010/28, chap. I.A; and E/2010/30-E/CN.15/2010/20, chap. I.A, resolution III.", "[7] The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that “important” United Nations documents consisted of the official records of major United Nations organs, including resolutions, meeting records, reports of committees, commissions and other major bodies, budgetary and financial reports and reports of preparatory meetings for major United Nations conferences.", "[8] The Secretary-General presents the establishment of these posts as proposals for conversion to posts from contractual services. In paragraph 84 of chapter I above, the Committee comments further on this issue and expresses its view that similar proposals should be presented as requests for new posts in future budget proposals.", "[9] A/63/582; see also the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/63/736) and General Assembly resolution 63/270.", "[10] See A/65/511/Add.1, A/65/725 and General Assembly resolution 65/259.", "[11] Comprising 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 23 per cent from the special accounts for programme support costs." ]

[ "United Nations", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "First report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 7", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 7", "United Nations • New York, 2011", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "First report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "A/66/7", "Annotations", "ISSN 0255-1519", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[11 August 2011]", "Contents", "Administrative, administrative, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative, financial and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, administrative, administrative and conference-servicing, conference-servicing, administrative and conference-servicing, conference-servicing, and conference-servicing, and conference-servicing, and conference-servicing, and conference-servicing, and conference-servicing, section, and conference-servicing, and conference-servicing, and conference-servicing,", "Preamble", "1. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 14 (I) of 13 February 1946, the main functions of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions are:", "(a) To examine and report on the budget submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly;", "(b) To advise the General Assembly on any administrative and budgetary matters referred to it;", "(c) Review, on behalf of the General Assembly, the administrative budgets of the specialized agencies and proposals for financial arrangements with such agencies;", "(d) To consider and report to the General Assembly on the auditors ' reports on the accounts of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies.", "The Advisory Committee also reports on the financing of peacekeeping operations and on the financing of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In addition, the Committee reports on administrative budgets and other matters to the governing bodies of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (Voluntary Fund), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (Environment Fund), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations University, the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).", "2. In accordance with rule 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the members of the Advisory Committee, no two of whom shall be nationals of the same State, shall be elected on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience.", "3. As at 21 July 2011, the membership of the Advisory Committee was as follows:", "Collen Kelapile (Chair)", "Alejandro Torres Lépori (Vice-Chairman)", "Stafford Neil.", "Mohamed Mustafa Tal", "Nonye Udo", "Peter Maddens.", "Ashe Afifi.", "Renata Archini.", "Vladimir Josephov", "Jasminka Dinić", "Sugiyama!", "Namgar Khampa", "Richard Moon", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu", "Zhang Wanhai", "4. The present report contains the conclusions and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the basis of the Secretary-General ' s proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The proposed programme budget is supplemented to the extent possible by additional information provided orally or in writing by representatives of the Secretary-General.", "Chairman", "(Signed) Collen Kelapile", "Chapter I", "General comments, observations and recommendations", "1. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/262, invited the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of a preliminary estimate of $5,396,697,200 at revised 2010-2011 rates. In the same resolution, the Assembly decided on the priorities for the biennium 2012-2013 and requested the Secretary-General to reflect them in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. Priorities are as follows:", "(a) Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations conferences;", "(b) Maintenance of international peace and security;", "(c) Development of Africa;", "(d) Promotion of human rights;", "(e) Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts;", "(f) Promotion of justice and international law;", "(g) Disarmament;", "(h) Drug control, crime prevention and combating international terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "2. The programme budget proposed by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $5,343,758,100 for the expenditure sections and $611,531,300 for the income sections (all at 2012-2013 rates). [2] On a net basis, the estimates total $4,732,226,800. At revised 2010-2011 rates, the expenditure sections of the 2012-2013 proposal totalled $5,196,993,400, a decrease of 3.7 per cent compared with the approved outline for 2012-2013.", "3. In table 1 below, the estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates) are compared with the revised estimates for 2010-2011 approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/260 and with final expenditures and income for the biennium 2008-2009. Estimated expenditure for 2012-2013 reflects a decrease of $170.2 million, or 3.2 per cent, at revised 2010-2011 rates.", "Table 1 Comparison of income and expenditure for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013", "[TABLE]", "Table 2 Total budget", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Increase (decrease)", "2012-2013 amount", "Regular budget", "Expenditure 5 367 234.7 5 343 758.1 (23 476.6) (0.4)", "General income 37 930.8 52 558.0 14 627.2 38.6", "Subtotal 5 329 303.9 5 291 200.1 (38,038) (0.7)", "Staff assessment income", "Net regular budget", "Other assessed (a)", "Support activities 700 087.9 692 021.8 (8 066.1) (1.2)", "Subtotal 700 087.9 692 021.8 (8 066.1) (1.2)", "Extrabudgetary", "Support activities 416 858.2 425 019.0 8160.8 2.0", "Substantive activities", "Operational activities 9 066 870.6 9 477 672.9 410 802.3 4.5", "Subtotal 11 650 089.6 12 441 573.7 791 484.1 6.8", "Total 17 124 440.4 17 865 822.3 791 381.9 4.3", "(a) Reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "4. In the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General indicates that the delayed impact of 248 posts established in 2010-2011 amounts to $24,930,300 for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction), table 10). It is also indicated that the delayed impact for 2014-2015 of the 99 new posts proposed for 2012-2013 is estimated at current rates at $12,010,300 (ibid., table 11).", "The total estimate under the category “Other assessed resources” amounts to $823,088,000, including provisions for the capital master plan, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the support account for peacekeeping operations (ibid., table 8). The Advisory Committee was informed that, following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290 on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations for the 2011/12 period, the revised estimates amounted to $692,021,100 (see table 2).", "6. Extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $12,441,573,700 (ibid., table 9). As shown in table 2 above, the total estimates include $425,019,000 for support activities, $2,538,881,800 for substantive activities and $9,477,672,900 for operational activities.", "7. The total resources for activities financed from the regular budget, other assessed resources and extrabudgetary funds for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $17,865,822,300.", "8. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the estimates for peacekeeping operations for the periods from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 and from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 for various financial periods totalled approximately $14 billion. This figure excludes the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) and special political missions, which are funded under the regular budget.", "9. The proposed budgets for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted to the Advisory Committee for its consideration in the third quarter of 2011. The revised appropriation for the Tribunals for 2010-2011 amounts to $578,315,900 gross ($525,414,900 net) (see General Assembly resolutions 65/252 and 65/253).", "10. In the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General indicates that the budget has been prepared in accordance with the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/229, and in accordance with the priorities, objectives and mandates established by Member States. The Secretary-General also notes that in developing these proposals, programme activities and their associated resources were examined very closely. A broad and rigorous review of processes was undertaken as part of efforts to reduce duplication, invest in innovation, further synergies and implement the work programme. Although the proposed programme budget reflects a lower level than that approved in the budget outline, the Secretary-General indicates that the objective of the proposed budget is to enable the Organization to fully fulfil its mandate (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 1 and 3).", "11. While the total budget is lower than the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, the Secretary-General highlights some areas for strengthening, namely: UNODC; UN-Women; the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR); UNRWA; the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). The Secretary-General has highlighted additional requirements related to the enterprise resource planning project, the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, the investment in information and communications technology and the improvement of services provided by the Dag Hammarskjöld Library and the modernization of access to services (ibid., paras.", "12. The Advisory Committee was informed that, in the second quarter of 2011, the Secretary-General had requested his senior management to work on a basis at least 3 per cent below the level approved in the budget outline without affecting the ability of the Organization to implement its mandates or programmes. The Secretary-General informed the Committee that the request was not based on an in-depth analysis of the programme, but rather reflected the realities of the critical period following the global financial crisis and his own commitment to ensuring that the Organization carried out its mandate in a cost-effective manner. The Secretary-General had requested programme managers to thoroughly review their programmes and related activities and, more importantly, their business processes. The Secretary-General indicates that full authority has been delegated to programme managers to develop an optimal mix of resources while ensuring programme implementation. The Committee was informed that the process was interactive and that differentiated objectives were set for different budget sections, depending on jointly identified efficiency gains in each area.", "13. The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized the need for continuous review of programmes and business processes to ensure that mandates are implemented in the most effective and efficient manner. The Committee therefore welcomes the initiative of the Secretary-General to request programme managers to undertake such a review. However, the Committee is of the view that the time provided to programme managers is insufficient for a comprehensive review. In this regard, the Committee considers that this shortcoming is reflected in the proposals made. In particular, the Committee is of the view that the overall reductions proposed are neither significant nor structural. Accordingly, the Committee is of the view that the proposed reductions, if approved, are unlikely to continue in future budgets.", "14. Accordingly, in the present report, the Advisory Committee highlights a number of aspects of the proposal that are of concern to it. These include the proposed staffing changes and the possible impact of reductions in departments and offices that have received additional resources under resolution 63/260 on strengthening development-related activities. The former would reduce the number of entry-level Professional posts. With regard to the level of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee is of the view that the overall level of resources would be affected by the proposals submitted on special political missions and by the decision to submit a separate report with financial implications to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. In addition, the Committee notes that the reduction of approximately $18 million under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, relating to the preparation of summary records and the provision of conference services to United Nations funds and programmes, is dependent on the decision of the General Assembly on the proposed changes.", "15. The Advisory Committee notes the Secretary-General ' s statement that the proposal is aimed at enabling the Organization to fully implement its mandate. However, during their hearings, some programme managers indicated that the reduction in resources would affect the functioning of the departments concerned, even if it did not have a direct impact on mandate implementation. For example, with regard to the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Advisory Committee was informed that, while reductions had been made in the area of programme support to avoid a reduction in resources for the programme of work, the capacity to service intergovernmental bodies would be reduced. Accordingly, ESCAP will no longer translate non-legislative documents and no longer provide services to expert bodies that do not have to provide translation (see also chap. II, paras. V.46-V.47).", "16. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the full impact of the proposed budget will be felt only over time and will be considered in due course by the General Assembly through the performance reporting mechanism. However, the Committee expects that steps will be taken to mitigate any unintended consequences so that the implementation of mandates is not adversely affected and the overall level of support provided to Member States remains unchanged.", "17. The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General ' s proposal is $170.2 million lower than the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The distribution of resources compared with the revised appropriation for the current biennium is reflected in paragraph 17 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget (see table 3 below). The seven budget sections accounted for the largest percentage reductions, in the areas of political affairs (8.4 per cent), overall policymaking, direction and coordination (5.2 per cent) and public information (3.0 per cent). Additional resources are proposed for six budget sections, with the largest increases in capital expenditure (5.9 per cent), human rights and humanitarian affairs (3.8 per cent) and common support services (1.5 per cent).", "Table 3 Distribution of resources for 2012-2013 compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resource changes in the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "18. The proposed budget by budget section is summarized in table 3 of the Introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed budget for 21 budget sections reflects a decrease of $206.3 million compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, a total decrease of $4 budget sections, and an increase of $36.1 million for 18 budget sections.", "19. As detailed in table 4 below, the proposed budgets for the eight budget sections reflect an increase of 3 per cent or more over the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, for a total increase of $28.6 million. The Advisory Committee notes that, in some cases, the proposed increase reflects decisions of the General Assembly calling for the strengthening of relevant areas, such as section 16, International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice, and section 26, Palestine refugees. Other increases reflect new mandates approved during the current biennium, such as section 24, Human rights. At the same time, the proposed budget also reflected the priority given by the Secretary-General to the modernization of the Organization, which was expected to lead to significant savings. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as a result of this priority, the 3 per cent reduction requested by the Secretary-General was not applicable to the Office of Information and Communications Technology (see also para. 32 below).", "Table 4 Proposed budget sections 3 per cent or more above the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resource growth for 2010-2011", "(a) UN-Women was established as a composite entity pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/289 on 1 January 2011. For comparison and presentation purposes only, the revised appropriation level in the present report has been technically adjusted to reflect the biennial level.", "(b) The report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives in the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94) contained further proposals totalling $6,423,400 from the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "20 With regard to the budget section in which the proposed reduction in resource requirements is proposed, there are reduced requirements of 3 per cent or more for five budget sections, totalling $169 million (see table 5 below).", "Table 5 Proposed budget sections showing a decrease of 3 per cent or more compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "21. The Advisory Committee notes that the overall decrease of $170.2 million compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 is mainly based on two components: a decrease of $120.8 million in the estimates for special political missions and a decrease of $43.7 million under other staff costs, mainly due to reduced provisions for temporary assistance for meetings and general temporary assistance. Other categories of expenditure for reduced requirements include staff assessment ($13.1 million), supplies and materials ($7.5 million), furniture and equipment ($5.9 million), consultants ($2 million) and travel of staff ($1 million). These decreases are offset in part by increases under posts ($12.9 million), travel of representatives ($2.9 million), renovation of premises ($1 million) and grants and contributions ($10.8 million), mainly due to additional requirements of $6.6 million for the enterprise resource planning project.", "22. As indicated above, the Secretary-General indicates that programme managers are given full authority to determine the mix of resources required to ensure mandate implementation. The Advisory Committee was informed that there was no specific directive to apply any particular efficiency measure in a cross-cutting manner. The proposed budget therefore reflected various approaches to achieving reductions. For example, it is proposed to reduce the staffing of 13 budget sections by focusing on Junior Professional Officers or the General Service and related categories. In a few cases, in particular in some of the regional economic commissions, the overall decrease in resources was due largely to the abolition of posts. With regard to the area of non-post expenditure, the Committee notes that various measures are being taken. These measures include the retention of furniture and equipment beyond their normal replacement cycle, the reduction of the need for consultants and the proposed requirement of economy class for all travel using regular budget training funds.", "23. The proposals under section 18, Economic and social development in Africa, and section 21, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, may best illustrate the different approaches taken by different programme managers, which are similar in size and mandate. The two proposals reflect similar reductions of $2.8 million (2,3 per cent) and $2.9 million (2.6 per cent), respectively. However, at the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), all of the proposed reductions were in the non-post area and there was no reduction in staffing. In contrast, in the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the majority of the decrease was due to the proposed abolition of 12 posts.", "24. The Advisory Committee notes that, according to the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708), the current level of resources is proposed to be reduced in all but one of the budget sections strengthened in 2009. Of the 91 new posts approved in resolution 63/260 for nine budget sections, 38 posts are now proposed for abolition in six budget sections. The abolished posts include four posts specifically approved in resolution 63/260: two under section 9, Economic and social affairs (P-4, P-3), and two under section 20, Economic development in Europe (P-4, P-3). In particular, the Committee notes that of the 34 Professional posts proposed for abolition throughout the budget, 20 are from three regional economic commissions, namely, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), ESCAP and ECLAC.", "25. The Advisory Committee takes note of the information provided in the proposed programme budget on the early positive impact of the new posts approved under resolution 63/260 on the work of the departments concerned, many of which were filled only during 2010 (see paras. 126-128 below). While recognizing that the budgetary process provides an opportunity to review and reassess how best to implement mandates, the Committee is concerned about the extent of the proposed staffing reductions in some departments and agencies, in particular those recently strengthened pursuant to resolution 63/260. In the view of the Committee, these reductions appear to call into question some of the elements of the initial proposals for strengthening those departments and agencies.", "Estimates for special political missions", "26. As indicated in paragraph 21 above, the main factor contributing to the reduction in the level of the proposed programme budget is the reduction in the budget estimates for special political missions under section 3, Political affairs. The estimate is $1.1 billion, a decrease of $120.8 million compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the decrease reflected two factors. First, adjustments totalling $85.8 million were made to cover special missions whose mandates had been completed or terminated or whose scope had changed, namely, the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN), the United Nations Representative to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board and the United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB). Second, other special political missions were reported to have further reduced by $35 million, based on the expected cost-effective and efficient delivery of their objectives and mandates.", "27. The Advisory Committee points out that funding for special political missions for the biennium will depend on the decision of the General Assembly and/or the Security Council to establish or extend mandates. As a result, the provision is subject to change. Since the resource proposals for special political missions for 2012 have not yet been prepared, the Committee is of the view that the additional reduction of $35 million in the estimates for ongoing missions can only be considered as preliminary. For this reason, and in the light of past experience, where it is not possible to predict such missions, the Committee is of the view that the reductions reflected in the Secretary-General ' s projections for special political missions for the biennium 2012-2013 may prove to be optimistic and therefore do not necessarily lead to savings in resources. In this connection, the Committee is of the view that the Secretary-General must exercise restraint in his budget proposals for special political missions.", "Other reports to be submitted to the General Assembly", "28. The Secretary-General indicates that, in addition to matters that may arise in the Main Committees during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, there are other issues that are evolving. Separate reports on these issues will be submitted to the General Assembly. The Secretary-General also indicates that these issues could have a significant impact on the programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 16). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with the following information on additional reports expected by the Secretary-General to be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session:", "Report on financial implications", "Information and communications technology strategy (resolution 65/259), enterprise content management, customer relationship management and disaster recovery and business continuity (resolutions 63/262, 63/269 and 64/243)", "Strategic heritage plan of the United Nations Office at Geneva (resolution 64/243)", "Administration of justice (resolution 65/259)", "Possible needs arising from the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "Report on possible financial implications", "Annual report on the activities of the Ethics Office", "Report of the Secretary-General on the emergency management framework (resolution 64/260)", "Administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011", "Report of the Secretary-General on the administrative and financial implications arising from the report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "Other reports [3]", "Overseas property management and ongoing projects (resolution 65/259)", "Review of the current arrangements for funding and backstopping special political missions (resolution 65/259)", "Feasibility study on long-term accommodation needs for United Nations Headquarters", "Report on accountability: implementation of resolution 64/259", "29. The Advisory Committee was informed that the above-mentioned report on the administration of justice pursuant to resolution 65/259 was expected to be divided into two separate reports covering the formal system (Office of Administration of Justice and other offices) and the informal system, which would be covered in the annual report on the activities of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "30. In addition to the above-mentioned report, the Advisory Committee was informed that the support arrangements for the United Nations Office at Nairobi were currently under review following the establishment of the post of Director-General of the Office. The Committee was informed that any relevant revisions to the resource requirements for 2012-2013 would be reported to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, in accordance with established practice.", "31. The Advisory Committee recalls that in the past two bienniums the General Assembly has requested the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps to avoid piecemeal budgeting and to ensure that the proposed programme budget reflects the Organization ' s resource requirements to the fullest extent possible (see resolutions 62/236, 9 and 64/243, para. 15). In the area of information and communications technology, the Committee also recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/259, requested proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Committee recognizes that unforeseen needs may arise that need to be addressed outside the normal biennial regular budget cycle. However, the Committee is of the view that issues foreseen during the preparation of the proposed programme budget could have been included in the Secretary-General ' s proposals. Should it not be possible to submit a complete proposal for those items, the Committee would have expected, at a minimum, that an indicative estimate of resource requirements would have been included in the proposed programme budget in order to provide Member States with the fullest possible information.", "32. In this connection, the Advisory Committee received and considered the report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives in the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94). The Committee notes that the report contains additional resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amounting to approximately $44.28 million, of which $64 million is requested from the regular budget.", "33. While the above-mentioned report will be submitted to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee is concerned that this piecemeal approach does not provide the Committee with the full information that it needs to have at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals and does not allow it to advise the Assembly on the proposed programme budget.", "Change management initiatives", "34. The Secretary-General indicates that the review and updating of the Organization ' s working methods will continue during 2012-2013 through a change management process aimed at ensuring that the Organization serves Member States and their beneficiaries more effectively and efficiently. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a change management team had been established to facilitate the process. The team would be headed by an Assistant Secretary-General and would comprise an additional six to eight staff seconded from other departments/offices, in addition to a small number of consultants with expertise in change management, human resources and information and communications technology (ICT). The Secretary-General also indicated that the work of the Group would be overseen by the Deputy Secretary-General.", "35. The Advisory Committee was informed that the change management team would have the following tasks:", "(a) Focusing on six categories: programme effectiveness; human resources; information and communications technology; procurement and common services; innovation in business processes; and the design of governing body processes, including strategies for cooperation within the Organization and with Member States;", "(b) Assess the feasibility and cost of all reform proposals;", "(c) Ensuring consistency in the implementation of reform measures;", "(d) Mutually beneficial interaction with other important work processes;", "(e) Develop a prioritized implementation plan with a timetable for consideration by the Secretary-General.", "36. The Advisory Committee was informed that the first task of the change management team would be to analyse and assess the reform initiatives proposed by senior management, staff and other stakeholders and to develop an implementation plan. This work is expected to be completed by the end of 2011, while the reform initiatives themselves have different implementation timelines, some of which are expected to be completed in 2011, while others will continue into 2012 or beyond. The Committee was also informed that it was too early to predict the impact of the activities of the change management team on the resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013.", "37. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the scope and impact of change management initiatives varied, with some initiatives likely to involve the reform of internal processes under the authority of the Secretary-General, while others might involve reform measures requiring approval by the General Assembly. In this regard, it was stated that the change management team would develop a engagement strategy to publicize its work and seek appropriate guidance from Member States and appropriate intergovernmental bodies. The Advisory Committee stresses the importance of regular internal communication on the activities of the Group and with Member States, including on its objectives, a timetable of activities and initiatives to be considered and under way.", "38. With regard to funding, the Advisory Committee was informed that, during its activities until 31 December 2011, the change management team was expected to be funded through extrabudgetary resources. The Advisory Committee was informed that, while the main way to support the team was through the secondment of staff from various parts of the Organization, it was anticipated that approximately $700,000 would be required to carry out the initiative. The Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 26 July 2011, in addition to the Assistant Secretary-General, the team comprised four Professional staff seconded from OIOS, the Department of Management, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Public Information, and one additional team member would be seconded from the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Discussions are also under way on the identification of a new member representing agencies, funds and programmes. Administrative support is currently provided by a General Service staff member seconded from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "39. The Advisory Committee recognizes that initiatives to improve efficiency and effectiveness are being developed and implemented by programme managers at all levels in departments and offices. However, the Advisory Committee is of the view that, to date, insufficient attention has been given to identifying those measures considered to be most effective and to ensuring their effective implementation throughout the Organization. The Advisory Committee is therefore of the view that the establishment of temporary capacity, with a focus on change management measures, would be beneficial. The Advisory Committee points out that the outcome of its work might have been reflected in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 if such a group had been established earlier.", "40. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that no evaluation of United Nations reform management or reform initiatives had been completed to date. The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that the change management team would evaluate previous such initiatives and draw on lessons learned. The Advisory Committee stresses the need for a thorough review of all past initiatives and reforms with a view to learning lessons, especially in cases where those initiatives have not had the expected impact.", "41. The Advisory Committee notes that the change management team expects to complete its primary task by the end of 2011. The Committee expects that the implementation of these initiatives themselves and their impact will subsequently be overseen by existing mechanisms, in particular the Steering Committee for the Implementation of Change Management Measures, chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General, and other senior management forums, such as the Management Committee, including, where appropriate, the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB).", "Contingency fund", "42. The Advisory Committee recalls the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. The Committee also recalled that, in its resolution 65/262, the General Assembly had decided that the level of the contingency fund for the biennium 2012-2013 should be set at $40,475,200 and that the additional requirements should be absorbed.", "Format and presentation of the proposed programme budget", "43. The Advisory Committee regrets that its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 was affected by the introduction to the proposed programme budget and the late submission of individual budget sections. The Committee reiterates the need to ensure full compliance with budgetary procedures, including the timely submission of documents and additional information requested by the Committee.", "44. The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 has essentially remained in the 2010-2011 format. The Secretary-General indicates that, in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 58/269, the programme narratives have been prepared in strict accordance with the approved strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), and that any differences will be reported to the Committee for Programme and Coordination. As indicated in paragraph 54 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget, variances resulting from new and/or revised mandates affect sections 3, Political affairs, 15, Human settlements, 17, UN-Women, and 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia. The Advisory Committee notes that, pursuant to resolution 58/269, the Secretary-General submitted a comprehensive report on the changes to the biennial programme plan (A/66/82) for review by the Committee for Programme and Coordination.", "Results-based framework", "45. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Board of Auditors, in its report on the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. II), highlighted a number of deficiencies in the presentation of the logical framework. In some cases, such deficiencies include the lack of a clear link between the expected accomplishments and the corresponding objectives, as well as the use of indicators of achievement between the related expected accomplishments. More fundamentally, the Board noted some structural and deep-rooted obstacles to changing the current design and implementation of results-based budgeting. The Board is therefore of the view that the procedures applied by the Secretariat do not appear to meet the expectations underlying the decision to establish results-based budgeting. From the perspective of its role in the budget review process, the Advisory Committee has expressed similar concerns to those of the Board of Auditors (see A/64/7, paras. 13-22). The Committee understands that efforts are continuing to refine and improve the presentation of the logical framework. However, on the basis of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee considers that these concerns remain valid. In this connection, the Committee looks forward to reviewing the proposals based on the work of the results-based management task force, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Outputs terminated", "46. In accordance with regulation 5.6 and rule 105.6 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation, the Secretary-General reports that, on the basis of the review of outputs delivered in 2010-2011, a total of 1,792 outputs delivered in 2010-2011 will be discontinued in 2012-2013. The terminations are reported under the relevant budget sections and are summarized in paragraph 23 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that information on terminated outputs would be more useful if the budget document could indicate whether new outputs are proposed to replace the activities in question. Furthermore, the Committee remains of the view that, if terminated outputs are not replaced by specific new outputs, efforts should be made to determine the total resources available for redeployment as a result of the proposed termination of certain activities and outputs (see A/60/7, para. 15).", "47. The Advisory Committee recalls its recommendation that the proposed programme budget indicate the extent to which intergovernmental bodies are involved in formulating the programme implications of activities funded from the regular budget (ibid., para. 18). In this connection, the Committee notes that, as part of the procedure for the termination of the above-mentioned outputs, the programme of work for sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 28 of the budget has been reviewed by the bodies concerned (A/66/6 (Introduction), annex I).", "Monitoring and evaluation", "48. Pursuant to paragraph 20 of General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources for the performance of monitoring and evaluation functions are clearly identified in the various sections of the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that resources for monitoring and evaluation for 2012-2013 will amount to $57.3 million, an increase of $6.5 million, or approximately 13 per cent, over the estimates for the biennium 2010-2011. The regular budget provided $33.5 million, an increase of $2.6 million over 2010-2011, while other assessed and extrabudgetary resources accounted for $4.3 million and $19.4 million, respectively. The distribution of resources among budget sections is shown in table 6 below.", "Table 6 Estimated resource requirements for monitoring and evaluation", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Regular budget Extrabudgetary other assessed", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "3. Political affairs", "4. Disarmament 301.4 20.0 — 321.4", "Peacekeeping operations — 1,581.3 1 581.3", "6. Peaceful uses of outer space", "8. Legal affairs 970.1 – 172.0 1 142.1", "9. Economic and social affairs", "10.12.4 – 112.4 Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "11. United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development", "Trade and development 996.5 374.9 — 1 371.4", "Environment 377.6 1 513.2 – 1 890.8", "Human settlements", "16. International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "UN-Women – 3 735.5 – 3 735.5", "18. Economic and social development in Africa", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe", "21. Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western Asia", "24. Human rights 1 251.9 251.2 – 1 503.1", "International protection, durable solutions and assistance to refugees", "Palestine refugees 1 748.8 1 903.0 – 3 651.8", "27. Humanitarian assistance 401.2 1 389.4 – 1 790.6", "28. Public information 2 792.0 – – 2 792.0", "Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management", "29B. Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources Management", "Office of Central Support Services", "29E. Administration, Geneva 1,001.8 360.6 – 1 362.4", "Administration, Vienna", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 246.6 5.6 — 252.2", "30. Office of Information and Communications Technology", "Internal oversight 753.3 - 256.7 1 010.0", "Safety and security", "Total 33 512.0 19 424.3 4 343.3 57 279.6", "49. The Advisory Committee notes that the level of resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities is significant and continues to grow. The Advisory Committee stresses the importance of regular monitoring and evaluation of programme activities to determine the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Organization ' s activities and considers them to be a core element of effective management. The Committee therefore believes that more information should be provided on the use of resources in this area and on the results achieved in carrying out activities.", "50. In the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General describes the type of monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken. The Advisory Committee notes that resources in this area remain primarily for internal evaluations, with only about 2 per cent for external evaluations. Internal evaluations include self-evaluations and self-assessments made in the context of programme performance monitoring and reporting. External evaluations include mandatory or discretionary evaluations (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 74 and 76). The Advisory Committee continues to believe that, as a source of objective analysis of the achievements and shortcomings of United Nations programmes and activities, independent evaluation is irreplaceable and that mechanisms and offices exist within the system for that purpose.", "51. The Advisory Committee also notes that the estimates under section 31, Internal oversight, reflect resources of only approximately $1 million for the Office of Internal Oversight Services to conduct evaluations of its own activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.12). However, the estimates provided in the proposed programme budget do not include the cost of external monitoring and evaluation activities of OIOS and the Joint Inspection Unit. The Advisory Committee is of the view that it is important to include information on the resources available to OIOS and the Joint Inspection Unit to evaluate the activities of other departments and offices so that the total resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation throughout the Organization can be more accurately presented.", "52. The Advisory Committee continues to note significant variations in the level of projected expenditures for monitoring and evaluation activities among departments and offices of the Secretariat. This is evident even where regional economic commissions, for example, can be regarded as bodies of a broadly similar nature and scope. The Committee also notes, however, that the variance may be due in part to the different ways in which departments and offices measure the resources involved. For example, while some departments and offices have separate monitoring and evaluation capacities and have full-time staff to perform such activities, in many others such activities are carried out by staff on an ad hoc basis as part of their day-to-day responsibilities. In the latter case, the proposed programme budget reflects estimates based on the time devoted by staff to such activities on a part-time basis. This leads to a situation where methodological consistency, including the identification of elements of managerial responsibility as clear monitoring and evaluation activities, may be difficult to achieve. The Advisory Committee is therefore of the view that the budget presentation should focus on the nature and results of monitoring and evaluation activities, rather than on their estimated costs.", "53. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that, in preparing the proposed programme budget, each programme manager must submit an evaluation plan detailing the external and internal evaluations planned for the next biennium. While each budget section includes estimated resource requirements for planned evaluation activities for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee is of the view that the budget document generally lacks information on the specific activities involved. The Advisory Committee requests that information on major evaluation activities planned by departments and offices be provided in future programme budgets.", "54. The Secretary-General provides information on the benefits of the monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 79). A number of individual budget sections also contain, to varying degrees, information on such results. The Advisory Committee welcomes the inclusion of such information, but is of the view that more needs to be done. The Committee regrets that some budget sections do not include information on monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken. The Committee reiterates its request that future budget presentations focus more consistently on the main evaluation activities undertaken, how lessons learned have been applied to improve programme delivery and, where appropriate, the impact on the proposed allocation of resources (see A/64/7, para. 26).", "Methodology", "55. As indicated in the introduction to the proposed budget, the requirements continue to be based on the methodology used during the current biennium and endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/212 A. Of the proposed budget, $25 million is related to the delayed impact of new posts approved for 2010-2011, offset by one-time costs of $65 million approved for the biennium (see A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 46 and 47). Resources of approximately $1.1 billion were included for special political missions. Additional provisions for special political missions, if necessary, would continue to be treated in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 41/213.", "56. As indicated in paragraph 50 of the introduction to the proposed budget, it is proposed to harmonize the vacancy rates of 9.6 per cent for Professional and 4.0 per cent for General Service staff for continuing posts. For field security personnel, vacancy rates of 14 per cent for Professional and 14.7 per cent for General Service staff are proposed. These are the vacancy rates approved for the biennium 2010-2011 by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243. The Advisory Committee was informed that as at 31 May 2011, the average actual vacancy rates for Professional and General Service staff were 6.0 per cent and 5.1 per cent, respectively (see also para. 90 below).", "57. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed vacancy rate of 9.6 per cent for Professional posts is significantly higher than the current actual vacancy rate of 6.1 per cent. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the proposed vacancy rates were based on those approved by the General Assembly for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee was also informed that the General Assembly would be provided with the latest vacancy rates in the revised estimates for recosting at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that a 1 per cent reduction in the vacancy rate applicable to Professional posts would result in an increase of approximately $16.9 million in post costs and an increase of $2.5 million under staff assessment.", "C. Impact of reform", "58. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee expressed the view that the budget document should provide more information on major management issues and structural changes affecting resource requirements (A/64/7, para. 29). In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 29 of the report of the Advisory Committee and stressed that the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 should provide a clear picture of the reform measures that had been taken, their budgetary implications, the efficiency gains that had resulted from their implementation and an assessment of the progress made towards achieving the objectives. The Advisory Committee regrets that this information was not included in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and considers it to be a serious omission. The Committee reiterates that the introduction to the proposed programme budget should contain information on the status and results of major reform measures.", "D. Efficiency gains", "59. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 takes into account measures aimed at more efficient and effective programme delivery and utilization of related resources. With regard to staffing, the Secretary-General indicates that the proposed budget reflects efforts to reduce duplication and streamline roles and responsibilities, with the aim of enhancing synergies among work processes as a result of investments in information and communications technology (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 26).", "60. The Advisory Committee welcomes the emphasis on achieving efficiency gains, which should have an impact on the level or allocation of resources. The Committee regrets, however, that the proposed programme budget lacks specific information linking the impact of efficiency measures to resource requirements. In this connection, the Committee reiterates that the introduction to the proposed programme budget should include a summary of the most significant efficiency measures and information on resources actually released or expected to be released as a result of their implementation. When efficiency gains are expected in the future, a clear timetable should be provided for their realization. In addition, more detailed information on each department or office should be included in the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee (see A/60/7, para. 102).", "61. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, since there was currently no system to determine accurately the cost of each activity and output, it was not possible to determine the exact savings or benefits of the initiatives under way. The Advisory Committee was concerned about the unsatisfactory situation in that area and the apparent lack of progress. In this regard, the Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/259, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to identify appropriate methods and tools to clarify the efficiency of the work of the Secretariat. The Committee expects that the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the resolution, to be submitted at the main part of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, will reflect progress in this area.", "62. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on posts proposed for abolition as a result of the return on investment in information technology. The distribution of 54 General Service (Other level) posts by budget section is shown in table 7 below. The Committee continues to believe that significant investment in information and communications technology should lead to measurable benefits, efficiency and savings in the support functions of the Organization. The Committee therefore welcomes the fact that the proposed staffing reflects the impact of such investments in a number of areas. However, the Committee notes that the proposed post reductions relate to only three budget sections and considers that similar measures should be applied to other departments and offices.", "Table 7 Summary of posts proposed for abolishment as a result of information and communications technology investments", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, meetings and publishing services, New York 37 TC abolishment 4 GS (OL) Abolitions proposed as a result of the return on investment in technology and the streamlining of workflows 41 28. Public information 1 P-5 abolishment 1 P-2/1 abolishment 9 GS (OL) abolishments as a result of technical enhancements and changes to the processes of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library 11 29 E. Administration, Geneva 2 GS (OL) Abolitions proposed as a result of increased use of technical enhancements and electronic resources (as well as the redistribution of tasks and responsibilities and streamlining of processes) 54", "E. Personnel issues", "63. In its resolutions 65/247 and 65/248, the General Assembly approved the granting of continuing appointments and a number of recommendations of the International Civil Service Commission on the harmonization of conditions of service of staff. Building on General Assembly resolution 63/250, which approved the new contractual framework, these decisions represent a new milestone in a series of major human resources reforms in recent years. The Advisory Committee is of the view that these reforms have established a framework that should enable the Organization to address in a coherent manner the many long-standing problems in the area of human resources management and expects that the focus will now shift to ensuring their effective implementation. The Committee also expects that future reports to the General Assembly will contain an analysis of the results achieved.", "64. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee continued to note the high vacancy rates in a number of departments and offices, some of which were vacant for long periods of time. In addition, some programme managers have expressed their desire for increased delegation of authority, particularly in the area of recruitment. It was also clear that continued efforts were needed to improve the representation of unrepresented and underrepresented Member States and to achieve gender parity in staffing. The Advisory Committee expects that the Secretary-General will address these issues in a comprehensive manner in his next report on human resources management to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. Accordingly, in the present report, the Committee deals only with limited discussion of personnel policy issues, at which time it will again address in greater detail the broader human resources issues.", "65. The Advisory Committee notes that the staffing resources available for the implementation of the Organization ' s programme of work include established posts, temporary posts, temporary assistance, contractual services, consultants and ad hoc expert groups and overtime, financed from the regular budget, other assessed resources and extrabudgetary funds.", "66. For the biennium 2012-2013, post costs under the expenditure sections are estimated at $2,369,447,800 (at 2010-2011 rates) and other staff costs at $219,062,400, totalling $2,588,510,200 (excluding staff assessment). This, together with the estimated costs of posts and other staff under income section 3, Services to the public, amount to $2,614,468,300. The cost of extrabudgetary posts (including other related staff costs) and other assessed resources is estimated at $4,067,800,300. Accordingly, the total estimated personnel costs for 2012-2013 funded from the regular budget and other assessed and extrabudgetary resources amount to $6,682,268,600.", "67. The Advisory Committee recalls that, as indicated in financial statement V of the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009, of the total regular budget expenditure of $4,749,421,000, salaries and other staff costs amounted to $3,516,845,000, or approximately 74.0 per cent (see A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. V), a slight decrease from 74.6 per cent for the biennium 2006-2007.", "Regular budget established and temporary posts", "68. Under the expenditure sections and income section 3, Services to the public, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, a total of 10,352 posts are requested by the Secretary-General. Table 8 below compares the staffing proposals for 2012-2013 with the approved staffing table for 2010-2011.", "Table 8 Post requirements", "General Service and related categories", "Increase (decrease)", "Established posts 4 521 4 554 33 5 733 5 689 (44) 10 254 10 243 (11)", "Temporary posts 55 45 (10) 87 64 (23) 142 109 (33)", "Total (a) 4 576 4 599 23 5 820 5 753 (67) 10 396 10 352 (44)", "(a) Includes 89 posts under income section 3.", "69. The net decrease of 44 regular budget established and temporary posts under the expenditure sections reflects the proposed establishment of 63 new posts, the conversion of 40 posts from general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services and the abolition of 147 posts. In addition, 10 temporary posts are proposed for conversion to established posts and 55 posts are proposed for reclassification (see A/66/6 (Introduction), table 5 and paras. 24-45).", "70. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the total number of approved and requested posts by source of funds and grade level, as contained in annex I to the present report. Annex II contains a list of posts proposed for abolishment or establishment by section of the proposed programme budget. Annex III contains information on posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services. Annex IV contains details of the proposed reclassifications.", "71. The Advisory Committee notes that staffing is proposed for 8 additional budget sections, while reducing staffing for 13 sections (see table 9 below). There has been no change in the overall staffing level of the remaining sections of the budget, which include posts funded from the regular budget.", "Table 9 Proposed changes in staffing ^ (a)", "Budget section for staffing increases in the Professional and higher categories 7 International Court of Justice 4 2 2 16 International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice 7 8 (1) 17 UN-Women 2 2 2 - 24 Human rights 11 7 4 26 Palestine refugees 13 13 - 27 Humanitarian assistance 2 2 29D Office of Central Support Services 26 6 20 31 Internal oversight 7 7 - Subtotal 72 47 25 Budget section for staffing reduction 1 Overall policy-making, direction and coordination 2 2 General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management 45 - 4 - 41 3 Political affairs 4 - 2 - 2 9 Economic and social affairs 10 - 2 - 8 12 Trade and development 1 - 19 Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific 7 - 6 - 20 Economic development in Europe 7 - 5 - 2 21 Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean 12 - 8 - 4 22 Economic and social development in Western Asia 3 - 4 28 Public information 15 - 1 - 14 29B Budget and Accounts Office 1 - 29 E - 1 E - 1 E - 19 Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific 7 - 6 - 2 - 20 Economic development in Europe - 12 - 8 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 44 Total 8 - 9", "(a) The conversion of one post from Field Service to the Professional level is proposed under section 18, Economic and social development in Africa, but there is no change in the overall staffing level of the section.", "Abolishment of posts", "72. A total of 147 posts are proposed to be abolished in 16 budget sections, comprising 113 posts in the General Service and related categories and 34 posts at the Professional level, namely, 4 P-5, 7 P-4, 9 P-3 and 14 P-2/1 posts, of which 29 would be abolished as temporary posts. Annex II contains detailed information on posts proposed for abolishment. The distribution by section is shown in table 10 below.", "Table 10 Proposed abolishment of posts", "General Service and related categories", "73. The Advisory Committee has consistently stressed the importance of keeping the staffing composition under review to ensure that the number, grade and location of personnel are adjusted to ensure the most effective and efficient implementation of mandates. The Committee therefore welcomes in principle the efforts of programme managers to do so in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "74. With regard to the reduction in staffing, the Advisory Committee notes that the most significant reductions under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, resulted from efficiency gains in business process initiatives. The Advisory Committee welcomes such efficiency gains and encourages a similar approach to streamlining business processes across the Organization. In this connection, the Committee notes that the various components of section 29, Management and support services, which account for approximately 12.5 per cent of the overall staffing table, are proposed to abolish only four General Service posts, with a net increase of 22 posts.", "75. As highlighted in paragraph 24 above, the Advisory Committee notes that, following its consideration of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708), a number of budget sections have been strengthened pursuant to resolution 63/260, from which 38 posts are currently proposed for abolition, including the four posts approved at that time. In particular, the Committee notes that 20 of the 34 Professional posts proposed for abolition throughout the budget are from the three regional economic commissions.", "76. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that many of the posts proposed for abolition were not currently vacant. The Committee was also informed that, in some cases, the appropriate level of vacant posts in the departments or offices concerned was insufficient to absorb those staff. The Advisory Committee expects that appropriate measures will be taken to ensure that the impact of post reductions is fully addressed in accordance with human resources rules and procedures.", "Redeployment", "77. The Advisory Committee notes that 62 posts are proposed for redeployment between budget sections for the biennium 2012-2013 (see table 11).", "Table 11 Summary of redeployments between budget sections", "Redeployment of six posts to section 3, Political affairs, as a separate component (6) 2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, Conference Management Division, Geneva (54) D-1, 2 P-5, P-4, 6 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 1 GS (PL), 33 GS (OL), as part of the realignment of library services based on organizational reporting lines, to section 29E, Administration, Geneva, P-5, 2 GS (OL), to section 29E, Library services, Administration, Geneva, and to section 2, General Service (Other level), Conference Management Division, Vienna (2) P-3, GS (OL), as part of the proposed abolishment of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, to Administrative Services, 6 GS, 5 GS, 6 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS, 1 GS", "Reclassification", "78. The total number of posts proposed for reclassification is 55. Detailed proposals by budget section are contained in annex IV. In summary, the reclassifications proposed include the following changes in grade levels:", "4 D-1 to D-2", "7 P-5 to D-1", "14 P-4 to P-5", "1 P-4 to P-3", "6 P-3 to P-4", "1 Field Service to P-4", "14 Field Service to Local level", "1 Field Service to National Officer", "7 Local level to National Officer", "79. The Advisory Committee notes that the total number of proposed reclassifications is 55, a significant increase over the number presented in recent years and more than double the total of 27 proposals contained in the proposed programme budget for the past three bienniums. Furthermore, while the proposals include the reclassification of some Field Service positions to national posts and the downward reclassification of one Professional post, the Advisory Committee notes that most of the proposals continue to reflect upward reclassifications, including 25 to the P-5 level or above.", "The Advisory Committee has commented in the past on the persistence of upward reclassification bias in reclassifications, which has led to a shift in the grade structure of the staffing table upwards. The Committee remains concerned about this trend, particularly when the proposed reclassifications are reviewed in the context of the overall situation of the posts requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see para. 86 below).", "81. While not affecting the regular budget staffing table, the Advisory Committee notes the proposed downward reclassification of eight jointly funded P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level in section 35, Safety and security, to provide additional entry-level opportunities (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), para. 35.41). Further information on this proposal is contained in chapter II, paragraph XII.25, below. The Advisory Committee welcomes the proposal of the Department of Safety and Security, which contrasts with the overall proposed reduction in the initial Professional posts in the staffing table funded from the regular budget.", "82. The specific comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposed reclassifications for the biennium 2012-2013 are contained in chapter II.", "Conversion", "83. The Advisory Committee was provided with a summary of the proposed conversion of positions previously funded under general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services to established posts in 2012-2013. A total of 14 positions are proposed for conversion under general temporary assistance, 2 under extrabudgetary resources and 24 under contractual services (see annex III).", "84. The Advisory Committee notes the proposed conversion of conference engineers and electrical maintenance positions from contractual services to posts under section 29D, Office of Central Support Services. The Advisory Committee is of the view that similar proposals should be made in future as requests for new posts. Positions funded under general temporary assistance or extrabudgetary funds are classified and established in accordance with United Nations human resources policies. Accordingly, the proposal to establish such a post under the regular budget could be considered as the conversion of the position to a post with a different funding source. The Committee does not consider the proposal for functions performed by a private company to be comparable.", "85. The specific observations and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposed conversions for the biennium 2012-2013 are contained in chapter II of the present report.", "Staffing", "86. The staffing proposals would result in a net decrease of 67 posts in the General Service and related categories and an increase of 23 posts in the Professional and higher categories, including an increase of 1 Assistant Secretary-General, 4 D-2, 10 D-1, 9 P-5 and 9 P-3 posts and a decrease of 2 P-4 and 8 P-2/1 posts (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 27). The Advisory Committee notes the proposed reduction of the initial P-2/1 post, which contrasts with the proposed increase in senior posts. The Committee is concerned about this trend and believes that the Secretary-General should keep the situation under review.", "87. Table 12 below presents the staffing situation over a 10-year period, comparing the approved staffing for the biennium 2004-2005 with the proposed staffing for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that, should the proposals for 2012-2013 be approved, there would be an overall increase of 725 posts during the period, the majority of which would be in the Professional and higher categories. The Advisory Committee notes that, since the biennium 2004-2005, the increase in posts approved relates to all levels in the Professional category, but considers that more emphasis should have been placed on P-2/1 posts.", "88. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the provision of sufficient entry-level posts is an essential component of effective human resources management. Recruitment of new staff to these positions would also contribute to the revitalization and revitalization of the Secretariat. In addition, the Committee recognizes that the P-2/1 post is the main means of recruiting staff through the young professionals programme and that it also allows for the promotion of General Service staff who pass the competitive recruitment examination for conversion from the other to the Professional category.", "89. The Advisory Committee has previously called for a reduction in the ratio of posts in the General Service and related categories to Professional posts. The Committee is of the view that a reduction in this ratio would reflect changes in the working practices of the Organization, including the impact of information and communications technology on the need for clerical support (see A/58/7, paras. 61 and 62). As indicated in paragraph 62 above, the Committee was informed that 54 of the 113 posts proposed for abolition in this category were due to investments in information technology. As shown in table 12 below, the General Service and related categories represent 55.3 per cent of the proposed regular budget staffing component, compared with 58.5 per cent of established and temporary posts approved for the biennium 2004-2005.", "Table 12 Comparison of approved 2004-2005 and proposed 2012-2013 staffing", "Proposed changes for 2012-2013", "Vacancy factors", "90. The Advisory Committee was provided with updated vacancy data for approved established and temporary regular budget posts as at 31 May 2011, when vacancy rates were 6.0 per cent for Professional posts and 5.1 per cent for posts in the General Service and related categories, with an overall vacancy rate of 5.5 per cent. The Committee notes that, in comparison, at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, vacancy rates were 8.4 per cent for Professional posts and 3.5 per cent for posts in the General Service and related categories. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that during the five-year period from 2006 to 2010, the average vacancy rates for Professional posts ranged from 7.0 per cent to 8.9 per cent and for posts in the General Service and related categories from 3.3 per cent to 4.2 per cent. While the Advisory Committee remains concerned about the continuing high vacancy rates in some departments and offices, it welcomes the improvement in the overall vacancy rate for Professional posts and expects that this trend will continue. However, the Committee is concerned about the overall increase in vacancy rates for posts in the General Service and related categories.", "91. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2010-2011, the average number of days from the date of issuance of vacancy announcements to the identification of candidates for all regular vacancies is estimated at 210 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.11). During the Committee ' s hearings, a number of programme managers expressed disappointment with the recruitment process, noting that it was a factor leading to high vacancy rates and long vacancies. A number of programme managers also expressed the wish to increase the delegation of authority for recruitment. In this connection, the Committee was informed that a performance appraisal team consisting of representatives of the Office of Human Resources Management and the Field Personnel Division of the Department of Field Support had been established and that a number of steps had been identified that required further study in the recruitment process to determine the causes of the delays. The Committee was also informed that each year the Senior Management Performance Board reviews the performance of departments and offices in the context of senior managers ' compacts. The Advisory Committee expects that every effort will be made to streamline the recruitment process. However, the Committee is of the view that reducing the recruitment time also requires that programme managers be held accountable for ensuring timely action on steps within their purview, including the timely issuance of vacancy announcements.", "92. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee noted that a number of posts had been vacant for a long time. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that the continuing need for long-vacant posts should be kept under review, particularly before new posts are proposed to the General Assembly. The Committee is of the view that the continuing need for posts that have been vacant for two years or longer should be rejustified in the proposed programme budget and the reasons for the vacancies explained.", "The Advisory Committee was informed that vacant posts were sometimes used to carry out functions other than those approved by the General Assembly, which was referred to as “vacancy management”. While the Committee recognizes that this approach provides flexibility to address temporary requirements, it is of the view that “vacancy management” should not be used to create permanent positions to perform unauthorized functions. Furthermore, the Committee notes that once a post has been filled, it will not be reflected in the vacancy rate for budgetary purposes, regardless of the purpose for which the post is used. As a result, the “vacant management” approach may obscure the fact that posts have not been used for long periods of time for their expected functions. Accordingly, in its recommendation in paragraph 92 above, the Committee is of the view that if a post is not filled by a staff member who has performed his or her approved functions for two years, rejustification should be requested. The Advisory Committee is also of the view that greater transparency regarding the use of vacancies in the Organization would improve human resources management in this area.", "Harmonization of conditions of service", "94. In its resolution 65/248, the General Assembly decided that the additional costs resulting from the changes in the conditions of service approved in that resolution should be absorbed by the Organization within existing resources, without prejudice to operational costs and without prejudice to the implementation of mandated programmes and activities. The Advisory Committee notes that only two proposed post changes in the proposed programme budget are due to the impact of the General Assembly ' s decision to absorb the cost of harmonizing conditions of service. However, upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in accordance with that decision, 37 vacant posts/positions (4 in UNTSO and 33 in special political missions) were initially identified for abolition. In addition, 64 vacant Field Service posts and positions (13 in peacekeeping operations funded from the regular budget and 51 in special political missions) were identified for conversion to the national staff category.", "95. The Advisory Committee was further informed, however, that, in consultation with UNTSO, two of the four posts identified for abolition were currently proposed for abolition under section 5, Peacekeeping operations. In addition, 15 Field Service posts are proposed for reclassification to the national staff category (1 from the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process under section 3, Political affairs, 14 from section 5, Peacekeeping operations, 13 from UNTSO and 1 from UNMOGIP). The Advisory Committee notes the reduction in the number of posts proposed for abolishment. The Committee expects that offset adjustments will be made in the proposals for special political missions to ensure that the provisions of General Assembly resolution 65/248 for the absorption of costs arising from changes in conditions of service are fully implemented as a whole.", "National Professional Officers", "96. The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the programme budget for the biennium 2006-2007, it encouraged continued efforts to attract and employ National Professional Officers, where practical and practicable, such as in the regional commissions, the United Nations Office at Nairobi and the United Nations information centres (see A/60/7, paras. 70 and 71).", "97. The Advisory Committee also recalls its observations on National Professional Officers in United Nations peacekeeping operations with a regional dimension. The Committee has indicated that, while efforts should continue to preserve the integrity of the original concept of National Professional Officers as set out in General Assembly resolution 49/223, consideration should also be given to allowing nationals of the regions concerned to hold National Professional Officer positions (A/63/746, para. 123). For example, the Advisory Committee is of the view that, given its regional mandate, the recruitment of National Professional Officer posts in the regional economic commissions could be open to nationals of Member States in the region covered. The Committee recommends that the General Assembly consider requesting the International Civil Service Commission to study this issue.", "Secondment", "98. The Advisory Committee is of the view that secondments from United Nations agencies, funds and programmes are a useful complement to regular budget staffing, which focuses on system-wide coverage. It recognized, however, that secondments and extrabudgetary resources might be unpredictable. Since such resources could not be guaranteed, the Advisory Committee was not convinced that it would be prudent to rely solely on those types of resources for the implementation of core regular budget programmes and activities.", "99. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee noted that the main reason for the proposal to establish a new post for the Rule of Law Unit in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General was the discontinuation of the secondment arrangement (see A/66/6 (Sect. 1), paras. 1.147 and 1.148). Similarly, the Secretary-General indicates that, while the Peacebuilding Support Office benefited from eight secondment arrangements during 2008-2009, only four will continue by the end of 2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 3), table 3.34). The Committee was informed that in both cases, the agencies, funds and programmes concerned had indicated that budgetary constraints were the reason for the suspension of secondments. The Advisory Committee emphasizes that, given the system-wide coverage of these offices, such secondment arrangements benefit not only the Secretariat but also the agencies, funds and programmes. The Committee is of the view that the regular budget should not be used to subsidize activities that are more suitable for joint implementation and funded from extrabudgetary resources.", "F. Non-post objects of expenditure", "Other staff costs", "100. Other staff costs proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $219,062,400, a decrease of $43.7 million, or 16.6 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The components of such expenditure are presented in table 13 below.", "Table 13 Other staff costs by object of expenditure for 2010-2011 (revised appropriation) and 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "(United States dollars)", "Proposed revised appropriation", "Temporary assistance for meetings", "General temporary assistance 50 102,700 44 429,900 (5,672,800) (11.3)", "Overtime and night differential 18,141,000 14 269,300 (3,871,700) (21.3)", "Personal service contracts 1 682 700 1 763 200 80 500 4.8", "Other personnel-related costs", "After-service health insurance", "Total 262 749 500 219 062 400 (43,687,100) (0.2)", "Temporary assistance for meetings", "101. The provision requested for temporary assistance for meetings is for short-term interpreters, translators, typists and other conference-servicing staff, a decrease of approximately $33 million. The comments of the Advisory Committee on temporary assistance for meetings are contained in chapter II, section I, section 2, below.", "General temporary assistance", "102. The amount of $44,429,900 provides for general temporary assistance for the biennium 2012-2013. This represents a decrease of $5,672,800, or 11.3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The detailed distribution by budget section is shown in table 14 below. The Advisory Committee notes that the reduced requirements under certain sections, such as section 24, Human rights, and section 31, Internal oversight, are partly attributable to the proposed conversion of existing positions funded under general temporary assistance to posts.", "103. According to information provided by the Secretary-General, as at 31 March 2011, there were 302 general temporary assistance positions (see A/66/6 (Introduction), table 12). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that it was estimated that 142 of them would continue to be maintained during the biennium 2012-2013 (see annex V). The Committee emphasizes that general temporary assistance is used to provide additional support during peak workload periods and to replace staff on maternity or extended sick leave. The Committee is of the view that general temporary assistance should be used only for the above-mentioned purposes and that funding proposals should therefore be limited in time. The Committee welcomes the decrease in the provision for general temporary assistance for the biennium 2012-2013 and hopes that this trend will continue.", "Table 14 Proposals for general temporary assistance", "35.6.0.2 Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "Travel", "104. The proposed requirements of $37,270,000 for travel of staff reflect a decrease of $1 million, or 2.7 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee welcomes this and expects that efforts will continue to be made to maximize the use of videoconferencing and other electronic means of communication. In addition, the Committee is of the view that maximum use should be made of staff assigned to the duty station or neighbouring regional or subregional offices. The Committee is of the view that this would reduce the need for travel or for escorts when the travel of senior officials is essential.", "105. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General was in the process of revising the administrative instruction on travel in order to provide that, in future, staff members must travel economy class for training-related activities funded by the Office of Human Resources Management, regardless of the length of travel. The Committee welcomes this initiative and is of the view that the Secretary-General could implement further cost-saving measures in the area of travel in the forthcoming biennium.", "Consultants, experts and contractual services", "106. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/247, expressed concern about the increased use of consultants, in particular in the core activities of the Organization. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to make the best possible use of in-house capacity. The Committee notes that the resources proposed for consultants for 2012-2013 amount to $10,994,700, a decrease of $1,956,600, or 15.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. Of this, the most significant decrease was in the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts (section 29B), for which no resources were requested for consultants for the biennium 2012-2013, compared with the provision of $491,400 for 2010-2011. The Committee also notes that, under section 1, an amount of $125,000 was approved for consultancy services for the current biennium, as opposed to the provision for the Executive Office of the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee welcomes the example set by these two departments. The Committee notes that most budget sections have reduced the provision for consultants and that in many cases the reduced requirements are due to the increased use of in-house capacity. The Committee welcomes this trend and hopes that it will continue.", "107. During its consideration of section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia, the Advisory Committee was informed that a consultant had been hired to review the structural elements of ESCWA and to recommend appropriate organizational arrangements or structures and their corresponding staffing requirements (see chap. II, paras. V.92 and V.93). The Committee reiterates that the ultimate responsibility for preparing proposals on the structure and staffing of the Organization rests with the Secretariat, using internal institutional knowledge and available resources (see A/65/782, para. 23).", "108. The Advisory Committee notes that the resources proposed under contractual services amount to approximately $139 million, a slight decrease of $480,400 over the current level of funding in this area. The Committee also notes that the use of contractual services is particularly notable under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, $27.3 million; section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management, $25.6 million; section 28, Public information, $16.1 million; and section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, $15.8 million. While the Advisory Committee recognizes that the use of contractual services may be appropriate in certain areas, it is of the view that their use should be limited and that maximum use should be made of in-house capacity.", "Publications", "109. The Advisory Committee notes that publications, as part of the programme of work of many departments and offices, are the subject of ongoing review, with in most cases a reduction in the budget. The Committee also notes that, in a number of cases, the distribution of printed copies has been accompanied by increased use of electronic publications. The Commission recognized the continued need to use traditional means of communication (i.e., radio and print media), especially in developing countries. However, it welcomed efforts to maximize the use of electronic means of publication, where feasible and cost-effective. The Advisory Committee also reiterates the importance of multilingualism in the issuance of publications and the need to ensure that United Nations publications are made available in more language versions, as appropriate (see General Assembly resolution 63/306).", "110. The Advisory Committee notes that the presentation of information on publications in the proposed programme budget is inconsistent. For example, in the case of UNEP, the information provided in the budget document reflects a continuing downward trend in the number of publications (A/66/6 (Sect. 14), para. 14.28). Upon enquiry, however, the Committee was informed that the figures provided did not include publications only in electronic form. On the other hand, in section 15, Human settlements, of the overall increase in the number of publications (A/66/6 (Sect. 15), para. 15.14), the Committee notes that the data provided also includes publications in electronic format only. The Committee stresses the importance of consistency in the presentation of all aspects of the proposed programme budget. The Committee recommends that the format for providing information on publications be adjusted to reflect the increased use of electronic publications. Such information should not only identify recurrent and non-recurrent publications in accordance with current practice, but also distinguish between the number of publications to be issued in print, electronic or both.", "G. Training", "111. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed programme budget includes $31.2 million for training activities, comprising $17.9 million for centrally managed requirements, $9.7 million for language training and $3.6 million for other training requirements (see A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 69-72).", "112. With regard to the monitoring and evaluation of training activities, the Advisory Committee was informed that, at present, the evaluation focused primarily on assessing the value that participants in training courses perceived as such and the impact of those courses on the level of confidence of participants. Looking ahead, however, the Committee was informed that more emphasis would be placed on assessing the operational impact of training courses and the ultimate return on the Organization ' s investments (see chap. II, para. VIII.52). The Committee recognizes the importance of training to build a highly competent workforce capable of carrying out the Organization ' s mandate in the most effective and efficient manner. However, the Committee reiterates that training programmes and objectives should be linked to mandate implementation and organizational objectives (see A/65/743, para. 115). In view of the significant resources devoted to training, the Committee further reiterates the importance of developing evaluation frameworks and methodologies to assess training programmes and their impact on enhancing the ability of staff to fulfil their responsibilities, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness with which such programmes are conducted (ibid., para. 137).", "113. In its report on the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009, the Board highlighted that in many cases the regular budget training funds for departments and offices were supplemented by extrabudgetary resources. The Board noted that the Office of Human Resources Management was not aware of the amount or purpose of such funds. The Board therefore recommends that the Administration assess its total expenditure for training, irrespective of the source of funding (A/65/5 (Vol. I), paras. 380-383). The Advisory Committee supports the Board ' s recommendation and shares the view that there is a need for a more complete and clear picture of training activities and related resources throughout the Organization.", "H. Information and communications technology", "114. The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for ICT for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $255,622,100 before recosting, an increase of $3,783,400, or 1.5 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. A breakdown of the resources allocated to ICT by budget section is provided in the introduction to the proposed programme budget (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 90). The Secretary-General indicates that the regular budget resources proposed will be used to meet continuing needs and project requirements. Pursuant to resolutions 65/259, 64/243, 63/269 and 63/262, another report (A/66/94) was submitted for simultaneous consideration by the General Assembly. The report included proposals for four initiatives with financial implications related to the implementation of the information and communications technology strategy, enterprise content management, customer relationship management and business continuity. These initiatives are proposed for a four-year period, from 2012 to 2015, to be funded on the basis of cost-sharing arrangements approved for the enterprise resource planning project. [4] During the biennium 2012-2013, additional requirements for the four initiatives amount to $42,822,500, comprising $6,423,400 under the regular budget, $26,550,000 under the support account for peacekeeping operations and $9,949,100 under the special account for programme support costs (see para. 31 above and chap. II, paras. VIII.126-VIII.129, below).", "115. The report of the Secretary-General on the status of implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491) estimates that the Organization ' s annual expenditure on ICT has risen to approximately $774 million (see also para. 119 below). The Advisory Committee notes that most of the resources for ICT are derived from extrabudgetary resources in the budgets of peacekeeping missions and the support account for peacekeeping operations and the special account for programme support costs. Therefore, the information provided in the introduction to the budget, which relates only to the regular budget, reflects only part of the resources devoted to ICT. In addition, there is little explanation for the composition of expenditure or the use of resources proposed under each section of the proposed programme budget.", "116. In view of the significant amount of resources invested by the Organization in ICT and the strategic importance of ensuring overall coherence in the use of resources, the Advisory Committee recommends that the introduction to the proposed programme budget should provide a comprehensive picture of the overall level of resources proposed for ICT, with a breakdown of resources by budget section and a distinction between different sources of funding. In addition, information should be provided on the utilization of the proposed resources, including expenditures related to ongoing business requirements, the implementation of ICT projects and provisions for service-level agreements with the Office of Information and Communications Technology or other ICT service providers. Estimates of additional cost recovery income available to ICT service providers through service-level agreements must also be included.", "117. The Advisory Committee also recommends that future budget submissions, regardless of the source of funding, include a clear ICT plan for each section that includes proposals for the implementation of ICT projects and information on the expected results and benefits of investing in such projects. Such a plan should be developed in accordance with the ICT strategy applicable throughout the Secretariat. This information should be included in the overview section of the budget fascicles.", "118. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it noted the role of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in overseeing the global management of ICT and in reviewing the budgets for all ICT initiatives and operations of the Secretariat from all sources of funding (A/64/7, para. 63; see also A/62/793, para. 35 (b) and A/63/487, para. 21). The Committee stresses the importance of ensuring consistency in all ICT-related proposals and compliance with the ICT strategy adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262. It reiterates its recommendation that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts work closely with the Office of Information and Communications Technology to ensure that appropriate budgetary procedures are in place to allow for such reviews and that they are fully complied with in the future.", "Implementation of the information and communications technology strategy", "119. In its resolution 63/262, the General Assembly endorsed the information and communications technology strategy of the Secretariat and decided to establish the Office of Information and Communications Technology with effect from January 2009. Pursuant to that resolution, the Secretary-General submitted a report on the status of implementation of the ICT strategy for the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/491). The Secretary-General also provided comprehensive information on ICT capacity across the Secretariat, as requested, based on a structural review of more than 70 ICT units across the Secretariat in 2010. The main findings of the review were as follows: (a) an estimated annual ICT expenditure of approximately $774 million, taking into account regular budget, peacekeeping, support account and extrabudgetary funding sources; (b) an estimated total ICT staff of 4,219 personnel, including United Nations personnel, volunteers, temporary staff and contractual staff; (c) 1,994 applications; (d) an estimated 211 server rooms and data centres to support the multi-server environment; and (e) approximately 131 ICT servers to support the environment of multiple variable workstations and provide telecommunications support. Overall, the ICT environment and processes continue to be characterized by fragmentation, disconnection, duplication and non-standardization; unclear ICT boundaries lead to a lack of understanding of what constitutes an ICT activity or role; and ICT job descriptions fail to reflect ICT needs and industry best practices. These deficiencies adversely affect the cost of ICT operations and prevent the Organization from achieving economies of scale, resulting in insufficient ICT support for administrative and programme activities and timely decision-making.", "120. To address these shortcomings, the Secretary-General proposes to undertake four structural review projects (globalization of service desks; streamlining of data centres; rationalization of the ICT organization; and strengthening of the Office of Information and Communications Technology), which have been under way since 2011 and last four to five years at a total cost of approximately $140 million. For these projects, 51 posts are proposed under the regular budget, 23 in 2011 and 28 in the biennium 2012-2013. It is proposed that these structural review projects be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangements approved for the enterprise resource planning project. 3", "121. In its related report, the Advisory Committee welcomed the comprehensive structural review and presentation of ICT resources and the ICT environment from an Organization-wide perspective (A/65/576, para. 92). In its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to undertake structural review project 3, rationalization of ICT organization, and decided to provide general temporary assistance equivalent to seven P-4 positions for structural review project 4, strengthening of the Office of Information and Communications Technology, of which five would be funded from within existing resources. The General Assembly did not support structural review projects 1 (globalization of service desks) and 2 (simplified data centres). In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals for the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report (A/65/491) and to submit new and/or revised proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. As indicated in paragraph 114 above, in response to that request, the Secretary-General submitted a separate report (A/66/94), which the Advisory Committee had before it in advance when it considered the Secretary-General ' s initial proposals for section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee ' s comments and recommendations thereon are contained in its second report on the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/7/Add.1).", "122. The General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to report to it at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangements, including the possibility of repositioning the Office of Information and Communications Technology within the structure of the Organization (see General Assembly resolution 63/262, sect. 1, para. 10 (c)). However, in his report on progress in the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491), the Secretary-General assessed the internal structure of the Office but did not address its location. In its resolution 65/259, the Assembly reiterated its previous request that an in-depth assessment be submitted for consideration at its sixty-eighth session. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the management and reporting arrangements must provide overall guidance to the Office and ensure the effectiveness, oversight and accountability of the Organization ' s ICT architecture. The Committee recommended that the Secretary-General be requested to keep the current arrangements under close review and to adjust them, as necessary, to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency, while fully responding to the request of the General Assembly to submit in-depth assessments for consideration by the Assembly at the latest at its sixty-eighth session (see chap. II below, paras. VIII.145 and VIII.146).", "Enterprise resource planning project (Umoja)", "123. In his second progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project (A/65/389), the Secretary-General indicated that during the reporting period (October 2009-August 2010), the main focus of the enterprise resource planning project team was on the design phase. The Secretary-General indicates that the project is expected to be completed and deployed within the projected time frame (by the end of 2013), with the overall resource requirements remaining unchanged at $315.8 million. In its related report, the Advisory Committee welcomed the progress made in completing the design phase of the project (A/65/576). The Committee also commented on a number of issues and expressed some concern, including delays in the staffing of the project team; the lengthy process of recruiting subject matter experts; the need for greater cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology in cataloguing and decommissioning systems to be replaced by an enterprise resource planning system; the need for greater cooperation between the project team, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the Department of Field Support in implementing technical activities and building infrastructure; and the complexity and number of interfaces to be developed between the enterprise resource planning system and the human resources talent management system Inspira. With regard to the organizational structure and organization of the project, the Advisory Committee was assured that the structure and composition of the project steering committee, which includes the heads of major departments involved or affected by the project, would promote coherence and facilitate the successful implementation of the project.", "124. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretariat anticipated delays in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project and that, in addition, the project had been operating without a manager since 31 May 2011. In view of this situation, the Project Steering Committee has decided to deliver the project in phases, with the initial release of the system focusing primarily on the functions required to support the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Committee was informed that the Secretary-General would address the results of the project and propose measures to mitigate delays in his next progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project. The Committee discusses this situation more fully under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management (chap. II, paras. VIII.7-VIII.13 below). The Committee will comment on the progress report of the Secretary-General and his proposals for project continuation and related resources in a separate report.", "125. At this stage, the Advisory Committee is of the view that priority should be given to getting the project on track quickly in order to avoid further delays, cost overruns and waste of project resources. While accepting the Secretary-General ' s focus on IPSAS implementation during the first phase, the Advisory Committee stresses that the enterprise resource planning system is a key instrument in support of the Organization ' s management reform agenda, which includes results-based management, risk management, strengthening the internal control framework, improving performance and accountability and improving efficiency and effectiveness. These improvements remain critical organizational objectives and should not be overlooked in the Secretary-General ' s proposals for the future direction of the project. In this connection, the Committee points out that the significant investments made by Member States are partly justified by the expectation that the system will improve management practices and service delivery, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of programme management. The Advisory Committee also expects that the Secretary-General will ensure that the project is delivered within the currently approved level of funding, through the efficient use of approved project resources, improved project management and phased implementation in accordance with priorities.", "I. Impact of strengthening the development pillar", "The Advisory Committee recalls the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). The report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 62/236, in which the Assembly requested a comprehensive proposal to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the mandates of the Secretariat for development-related activities. In that report, the Secretary-General proposed resource requirements for 11 budget sections, including the establishment of 150 new posts. After considering the proposals and the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/62/7/Add.40), the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved a total of 91 posts under nine budget sections. In addition, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "127. With the exception of section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific, information on the impact of the strengthened development activities approved in resolution 63/260 is included in each of the affected budget sections. The relevant departments recognized that additional resources had improved their ability to carry out their mandates. The Committee was provided with additional information on the impact of the posts approved for ESCAP, which reflects a similar positive impact (see chap. II, para. For ease of reference, reference is made in the table below to the relevant documentation in the proposed programme budget, in which the request of the General Assembly is addressed.", "Table 15 Information on the implementation of resolution 63/260", "A/66/6 (Sect. 9), paras. 9.8-9.10. Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States A/66/6 (Sect. 10), para. 10.11. United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.13.", "128. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on the status of recruitment for the 91 new posts approved in resolution 63/260 (see annex VI). As indicated in paragraph 24 above, the Advisory Committee notes that four of the posts approved in resolution 63/260 are proposed for abolition: two posts (P-4 and P-3) under section 9, Economic and social affairs, and two posts (P-4 and P-3) under section 20, Economic development in Europe. In addition, the Committee notes that further reductions are proposed in a number of subprogrammes strengthened pursuant to resolution 63/260.", "J. Business continuity", "129. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, decided to appropriate $2.2 million for business continuity management, including resource requirements for seven positions (4 at Headquarters, 2 at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and 1 at ECA). The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit, with full justification, proposals for post and non-post resources for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "130. While the information is not presented in an integrated manner, the Advisory Committee notes that proposals have been made for the continued implementation of business continuity management, including the continued funding of seven positions approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and additional resources required for general temporary assistance and other non-post items. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that a number of proposals under way, including those for resources for ICT remote access capacity equipment and medical supplies, would ensure that United Nations Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions were able to respond effectively to any critical incident that disrupted their operations.", "131. The Advisory Committee was also provided with summary information on business continuity requirements in the proposed programme budget. The Committee notes that $862,400 is required for mobile office (Sigre) licences for departments and offices at Headquarters. The Committee was informed that, as part of business continuity planning, departments and offices were required to determine the number of staff required for their key functions and processes and for their implementation. The Committee was further informed that, while many staff members could perform these functions from remote locations, some staff members needed access to shared drives and some core applications, requiring mobile office permits. The Committee was informed that, at present, 616 staff members in departments and offices considered essential for business continuity had been granted Siege licences. Table 16 below provides relevant details for the departments and offices involved. In view of the cost implications, the Committee recommends that the number of staff with mobile office permits be kept under review to ensure that such permits are provided only for the purpose of facilitating business continuity for critical functions and processes.", "Table 16 Estimated resource requirements for mobile office permits", "(United States dollars)", "1. Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "132. The Advisory Committee notes that provision of $5.2 million is also made for offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions to meet business continuity and emergency preparedness requirements, including remote access services, medical supplies and related infrastructure requirements. In addition, a provision of $996,000 is made for the continued operation of the Business Continuity Management Unit in the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Central Support Services (section 28D). Table 17 below provides details of the proposals by section.", "Table 17 Business continuity management requirements", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Proposed resources for 2012-2013 (a)", "Regional commissions and offices away from Headquarters", "18. Economic and social development in Africa", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific 541.7", "21. Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western Asia 384.8", "29E. Administration, Geneva", "29F. Administration, Vienna", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 1 213.4", "Subtotal 5 217.1", "Proposed resources for 2012-2013 (a)", "Headquarters", "29D. Office of Central Support Services", "Total", "^ (a) Includes recurrent funding for seven positions approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243.", "(b) Excludes requirements under section 29D, Office of Central Support Services, for the acquisition of mobile office software licences for key staff; the resources are shown in table 16 above.", "133 The Advisory Committee notes that, in addition to the resource requirements set out in the proposed programme budget, the report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives in the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94) provides for $9,827,900 for initiatives to build a resilient ICT infrastructure, of which $1,474,200 is from the regular budget. It was stated that the objective of the initiative was to streamline data centres worldwide and to establish an enhanced ICT disaster recovery and business continuity environment. The Committee ' s comments and recommendations on the proposal will be contained in its second report on the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/7/Add.1).", "134 The Advisory Committee was informed that the Business Continuity Management Unit of the Office of Central Support Services provided guidance and guidance on business continuity activities to all departments at Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions. This includes advice on the preparation of business continuity plans, specifically on the identification of critical functions and key staff performing those functions, and on the identification of critical records and ICT applications associated with those functions. The Committee stresses the important role of Headquarters in ensuring that business continuity activities are carried out in a well-coordinated manner and in supporting departments and offices in this area. The Committee requests that comprehensive information on business continuity activities and related resource requirements be outlined in the introduction to future proposed programme budgets.", "K. Other assessed resources", "135 The Advisory Committee notes that, as requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 41 of its resolution 64/243, the presentation of non-regular budget resources has been modified to distinguish between voluntary contributions and assessed contributions. The Committee welcomes this change in presentation.", "136 The category of “other assessed resources” includes funds required for the capital master plan, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, as well as resources for the support account for peacekeeping operations to support the activities of departments and offices. Other assessed resources estimated at $823.1 million are shown in table 1 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 and the distribution by budget section is summarized in table 8. The Advisory Committee was informed that, following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290 on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations, the revised estimates amounted to $692,021,800. A breakdown of this amount is provided in table 18 below.", "Table 18", "Other assessed resources for the biennium 2012-2013", "Amount (thousands of United States dollars)", "Support services in the following areas:", "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "Capital master plan", "Peacekeeping operations (a) 689 584.8 99.6", "Total 692 021.8 100", "(a) Revised pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/290.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources continue to account for a significant portion of the support provided to the United Nations programme of work. As shown in table 19 below, most of the extrabudgetary resources relate to UNHCR, UNRWA, UNODC, UNEP and UN-Habitat.", "Table 19 Estimates of extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "A. Programmes for separate governing bodies", "UNHCR 254 743.0 2.0", "UNRWA", "UNODC 476 1405 3.8", "UNEP 461 357.0 3.7", "UN-Habitat 370 776.5 3.0", "Subtotal 8 121 261.2 65.3", "B. Technical cooperation funds 2,446 671.9 19.7", "C. Reimbursement for support and services provided", "D. Substantive trust funds 1 560 052.6 12.5", "Subtotal 4 320 312.5 34.7", "Total", "As indicated in the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the nature of voluntary contributions does not allow for a complete and precise determination of the projected level of extrabudgetary resources available for the biennium and the number of posts to be funded. However, extrabudgetary resources currently estimated at approximately $12.4 billion for the biennium 2012-2013 represent an increase of approximately $791.5 million, or 7 per cent, over the current biennium. These funds are expected to fund 13,042 posts. The Secretary-General indicates that most of the increase relates to the expected operational activities of UN-Women ($495.9 million), UNHCR ($167.8 million) and UNRWA ($88.7 million) (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 98-101).", "139 The Advisory Committee reviews the related administrative or support budgets and reports thereon to the programmes referred to in section A of table 19 (see also the preamble and para. 141 below). The Committee reviews other extrabudgetary resources in the special account in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget. The Committee also receives information every six months on the status of trust funds. In considering those programmes, the Committee continued to pay particular attention to system-wide initiatives such as results-based budgeting and the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "140 In accordance with section II, paragraph 2, of General Assembly resolution 35/217, the Advisory Committee reviewed the proposals for all new posts at the D-1 level and above funded from extrabudgetary resources that did not require review by intergovernmental bodies. Since its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Committee has reviewed and endorsed the Secretary-General ' s request for reclassification or establishment of the following extrabudgetary posts at the D-1 level and above:", "(a) Reclassification of the post of Director of the International Computing Centre from D-1 to D-2;", "(b) Establishment of a D-1 post for the Director of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs field office in Haiti;", "(c) One D-1 post to head the team of relevant experts in the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict;", "(d) Extension of the post of Assistant Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "The Advisory Committee recalls paragraph 39 of General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly emphasized that all extrabudgetary posts should be administered as strictly as regular budget posts.", "M. Cooperation with other United Nations bodies", "Since the issuance of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/64/7), the Advisory Committee has submitted reports to the following United Nations bodies:", "(a) Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Population Fund/United Nations Office for Project Services:", "(i) UNFPA: revision of financial regulations and rules (DP/FPA/2009/12);", "(ii) UNDP and United Nations Development Fund for Women budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (DP/2010/3, DP/2010/7);", "(iii) Revision of UNDP financial regulations and rules (DP/2011/36);", "(iv) UNDP institutional budget estimates for 2012-2013 (DP/2011/34);", "(v) UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (DP/2010/9);", "(vi) UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (DP/OPS/2011/5);", "(b) UNHCR: Executive Committee of the High Commissioner ' s Programme:", "(i) UNHCR: Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/AC.96/1068);", "(ii) UNHCR: Biennial programme budget 2010-2011 (revised) (A/AC.96/1087);", "(c) Executive Board of WFP:", "(i) Process for the selection and appointment of an External Auditor for the term 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2016 (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/2) (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/1);", "(ii) Biennial management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-A/1); appointment of members of the Board of Auditors (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-C/1); investment policies and guidelines (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-F/1); update on the WINGS II project (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-G/1);", "(iii) Selection and appointment of an External Auditor (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-A/1); revised services fees for the External Auditor for the biennium 2008-2009 (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-B/1); report of the External Auditor on strategic planning and reporting for the WFP country office in Uganda and WFP management response (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-D/1 and Add.1); report of the External Auditor on IPSAS dividend: strengthening financial management and the Secretariat response (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1 and Add.1); update on the WFP biennial management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-F/1); final update on the WINGS II project (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-G/1);", "(iv) Audited annual accounts for 2009 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/1); final report of the evaluation team on the selection and appointment of the External Auditor for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2016 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-B/1); appointment of members of the Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-C/1); second update report on the WFP management plan for 2010-2011 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-D/1); options for a review of the financial framework (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-E/1); proposed amendments to the terms of reference of the WFP Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-F/1); annual report of the WFP Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-G/1); progress report on the implementation of the recommendations of the External Auditor (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-H/1); report of the Inspector General (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-I/1); report of the Executive Director on the use of contributions and exemptions (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-I/1); General rules XII I.4 and XIII I.4 (g)) (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-J/1); survey on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-K/1);", "(v) Policy on disclosure of internal audit reports to Member States (WFP/EB.2/2010/4-B/1); WFP anti-fraud and anti-corruption policy (WFP/EB.2/2010/4-C/1); review of the financial framework (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-A/1); review of the Working Capital Fund Facility (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-B/1); third update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-C/1); second update on WFP management operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-D/1); review of WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-E/1);", "(vi) Fourth update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-A/1); report of the External Auditor on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1); WFP management response to the report of the External Auditor on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1/Add.1); information note on funding security management arrangements (WFP/EB.1/2011/12-B); External Auditor ' s workplan for the period from July 2010 to June 2011 (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-C/1);", "(d) Executive Board of UN-Women:", "(i) The support budget and the proposed financial regulations and rules;", "(ii) Proposed financial regulations and rules for the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UNW/2011/5 and Add.1);", "(iii) Revised proposal for regular budget resources for the normative support functions of UN-Women (A/65/531);", "(e) Board of Trustees of UNIDIR: activities of the Institute for the period from August 2009 to July 2010 and proposed programme of work and budget estimates for 2010-2011 (A/65/177);", "(f) Consolidated budget for the biennium 2010-2011 for UNODC (E/CN.7/2009/13-E/CN.15/2009/23);", "(g) Board of Trustees of UNITAR:", "(i) Programme budget for 2010-2011;", "(ii) Proposed revisions to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(h) Advisory Commission of UNRWA: proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(i) Governing Council of UNEP: proposed work programme and budget for the biennium 2012 - 2013 (UNEP/GC.26/13);", "(j) Governing Council of UN-Habitat: proposed work programme and budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (HSP/GC/23/5);", "(k) United Nations Office for Partnerships:", "(i) Administrative budget for 2010 (A/CN.1/R.1211);", "(ii) Administrative budget for 2011 (A/CN.1/R.1212);", "(l) Executive Board of UNICEF:", "(i) Financial regulations and rules (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.8);", "(ii) Institutional budget for 2012-2013 (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2).", "N. Overall position of the Advisory Committee on the preliminary estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "142 As indicated in the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget reflects a decrease of approximately $170.2 million before recosting compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 17, table). Following its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee, while noting his assurance that the mandate would be fully implemented, largely accepted the amount proposed by the Secretary-General.", "143 In chapter II of the present report, the Advisory Committee makes a number of specific recommendations on posts and other objects of expenditure. Most of the Committee ' s recommendations do not have a significant impact on the overall budget. Accordingly, the Committee did not make a final costing exercise for those recommendations, as they, once accepted by the General Assembly, would be taken into account in the Secretariat ' s recalculation and submitted to the Fifth Committee prior to the adoption of the budget by the Assembly. The Committee points out that the overall level of the proposed budget and the overall position of the Committee on it will be clarified only after the submission of a number of separate reports by the Secretary-General and their consideration by the Committee.", "144. The Advisory Committee points out that the overall level of resources for the biennium 2012-2013 would be affected by the submission of budget proposals for special political missions and the decision on separate reports with financial implications. These separate reports will be submitted to the General Assembly during the main part of its sixty-sixth session. While recognizing that unforeseen resource requirements may arise and need to be addressed outside the regular biennial regular budget cycle, the Committee is of the view that the issues foreseen in the preparation of the proposed programme budget could have been included in the Secretary-General ' s budget proposals or at least could have provided indicative estimates. While the Committee understands that these additional reports will be available to the General Assembly in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, it is concerned that a piecemeal approach does not provide the full information required by the Committee when it considers the Secretary-General ' s budget proposals and does not allow it to advise the Assembly on the proposed programme budget.", "145. The Advisory Committee has consistently stressed the importance of keeping programmes and business processes under review in order to ensure that mandates are delivered in the most effective and efficient manner. In this connection, the Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget should be more results-oriented, not only in programme delivery but also in the efficient use of resources approved by the General Assembly. The Committee therefore makes a number of recommendations with respect to this objective. Specifically, the Committee is of the view that future proposed programme budgets should provide more information on the status and results of major reform initiatives, the visible impact of efficiency measures implemented and the findings of monitoring and evaluation activities. The Committee trusts that its recommendations and observations will contribute to the objective of ensuring the efficient and effective use of resources to fulfil the mandate of the Organization.", "Chapter II", "Detailed recommendations on the proposed programme budget", "A. Estimated expenditure", "Part I. Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "Section 1 Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "[TABLE]", "I.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 1 amount to $102,812,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $2,613,200, or 2.6 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.2).", "I.2 Table I.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table I.1", "Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Approved 2010-2011 12 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 12 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS (OL)", "United Nations Board of Auditors", "Approved 2010-2011 6 1 D-1, 1 P-4/3, 4 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 6 D-1, 1 P-4/3, 4 GS (OL)", "Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "Approved 2010-2011 2 1 P-5, 1 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 2 P-5, 1 GS (OL)", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "Approved 2010-2011 77 1 DSG, 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 6 D-1, 8 P-5, 11 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 37 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 75 1 DSG, 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 6 D-1, 8 P-5, 11 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 35 GS (OL)", "Abolishment 2 GS (OL)", "Office of the Director-General, United Nations Office at Geneva", "Approved 2010-2011 18 1 USG, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 7 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 18 1 USG, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 7 GS (OL)", "Office of the Director-General, United Nations Office at Vienna", "Approved 2010-2011, 9 2 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 9 2 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS (OL)", "Office of the Director-General, United Nations Office at Nairobi", "Approved 2010-2011 4 1 USG, 2 P-5, 1 LL", "Proposed 2012-2013 4 1 USG, 2 P-5, 1 LL", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "Approved 2010-2011 10 1 USG, 1 P-5, 5 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 10 1 USG, 1 P-5, 5 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict", "Approved 2010-2011 9 1 USG, 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 3 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 9 1 USG, 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 3 GS (OL)", "Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "Approved 2010-2011", "Proposed 2012-2013 20 1 ASG, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 5 GS (OL), 3 LL", "Office of Administration of Justice", "Approved 2010-2011 35 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 5 P-5, 13 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL), 2 LL", "Proposed 2012-2013 35 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 5 P-5, 13 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL), 2 LL", "Ethics Office", "Approved 2010-2011 9 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 9 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)", "Rule of Law Unit", "Approved 2010-2011 5 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 5 1 D-1, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (OL)", "1 P-5 to D-1", "Extrabudgetarya", "United Nations Board of Auditors", "Proposed 2012-2013 1 GS (OL)", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "Proposed 2012-2013 21 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)", "Office of the Director-General, United Nations Office at Geneva", "Proposed 2012-2013 3 GS (OL)", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict", "Proposed 2012-2013 1 D-1", "Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "Proposed 2012-2013 7 3 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 2 FS", "(a) Includes 12 posts and 21 extrabudgetary posts funded from other assessed resources.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassification", "I.3 The Secretary-General proposes the upward reclassification of a P-5 post to the D-1 level for the Chief of the Rule of Law Unit, as the position requires significant managerial and representational functions both within and outside the Organization (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), paras. 1.148 and 1.152). Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with a detailed justification proposed by the Secretary-General, including a complete list of functions of the D-1 post. The Committee was informed that, should the proposal be approved, the functions of the existing P-5 post would be carried out by other staff of the Unit, which would reduce the output of the Unit if necessary.", "I.4 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an explanation that the proposed upward reclassification referred to in the preceding paragraph was intended to fill the gap resulting from the discontinuation of the secondment of a staff member at the D-2 level from UNDP as head of the Unit. In this connection, the Committee was informed that the Unit had fully utilized seconded staff at the inception of the biennium 2006-2007, namely two posts (1 D-2 and 1 P-3) for UNDP, one P-4 post for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and one P-5 post for the Office of Legal Affairs. However, it was soon found that these arrangements could not be sustained in the long term because the entities providing seconded personnel had not budgeted for them and/or the entities concerned needed the seconded posts to carry out the functions that they had originally been established. Accordingly, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009, the Secretary-General had requested seven regular budget posts, including one D-2 to head the Unit, and the General Assembly had subsequently approved the establishment of four Professional posts included in the staffing table for the Unit (see resolution 63/263). While the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the post of the Chief of the Unit would continue to be provided through secondment, the arrangement of seconded D-2 posts funded by UNDP ended in June 2009. In order to mitigate the negative impact of the lack of a Chief of Unit on the work of the Unit, a temporary post was provided during the biennium 2010-2011 through the practice known as “vacancy management” (see also chap. I, para. 93 above). The post was filled on 1 April 2010.", "I.5 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that the provision of the post of the Chief of the Unit through rotational secondment from the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group member entities could create a conflict of interest, as the Chief of the Unit should mediate the dispute between the members of the Unit from a position of trust and neutrality, including a neutral image, which could not be achieved when the Chief of the Unit was a staff member of the entity concerned. In addition, short-term rotational secondments may weaken the Unit ' s ability to develop a unified strategic vision for its work and to build and sustain partnerships with Member States and other actors in the rule of law area, and may also create unnecessary administrative issues affecting the smooth functioning of the Unit. The burden on seconded entities also weakens the willingness of members of the team to support the coordination functions of the Unit.", "I.6 The Advisory Committee is of the view that the regular budget staffing of the Office, with its system-wide focus, would benefit from being supplemented by seconded staff from agencies, funds and programmes. The Committee recognizes, however, that secondments and extrabudgetary resources may not be predictable. The Committee is therefore of the view that it would be imprudent to rely solely on such resources for the implementation of core regular budget programmes and activities, as such resources cannot be secured. For these reasons, the Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of one P-5 post to the D-1 level to head the Rule of Law Unit. The Committee has commented further on the use of secondments in chapter I above.", "Abolition", "I.7 Two General Service (Other level) posts are proposed for abolition in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), para. 1.45). In the additional information provided to it, the Advisory Committee notes that the abolition of the two posts will be possible through the streamlining of duties and responsibilities, the improvement of work processes and the redistribution of tasks among existing staff in the Office. The Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposed abolition.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "I.8 The estimate of $40,853,200 for non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects a decrease of $136,300, or 0.3 per cent, compared with the appropriation of $40,989,500 for the previous biennium. Subject to its comments and recommendations in the paragraphs below, the Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General under section 1.", "General comments and recommendations", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "I.9 The regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Advisory Committee, including its secretariat, amount to $8,152,900 before recosting (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.9), representing a decrease of $22,100, or 0.3 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is attributable entirely to non-post resources and is due mainly to reduced requirements for data-processing services based on actual utilization (ibid., para.", "I.10 The Secretary-General indicates that the resources requested for 2012-2013 would provide, inter alia, travel and subsistence allowance for expert members of the Advisory Committee who are not resident in New York to attend meetings at Headquarters (ibid., para. 1.16). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that members of the Committee (i.e., those residing outside commuting distance) who are not associated with their permanent missions and whose cost of travelling to and from Headquarters is paid by the United Nations are considered non-residents and are therefore entitled to subsistence allowance.", "I.11 The Advisory Committee notes from the additional information provided to it that the estimates of the Secretary-General are based on the assumption that the Committee will hold six sessions for a total of 78 weeks during the biennium 2012-2013, of which 74 are at Headquarters and 4 are away from Headquarters. The Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, decided on its own recommendation to extend the meeting time of the Committee from 74 to 78 weeks per biennium. The recommendation, contained in the Committee ' s first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, is based on an analysis of the increase in the workload of the Committee since the biennium 2000-2001 in both volume and complexity (see A/64/7, paras. 1.14-1.19).", "I.12 While the Advisory Committee welcomes the extension of its meeting time, it is concerned that an extension of the meeting time alone may not fully address all the implications of the increasing workload. Among those issues was the additional responsibilities that the Chairman of the Committee would have to undertake both more organizational matters and more time to chair meetings and attend meetings of the Fifth Committee. In this connection, the Commission recalled that it had had a non-remunerated Vice-Chairman since 1994. The Committee is currently preparing proposals for terms of reference for the Vice-Chairman and possible modalities for compensation, which will be submitted to the General Assembly in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "United Nations Board of Auditors", "I.13 The estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the United Nations Board of Auditors, including its secretariat, amount to $6,479,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $925,400, or 16.7 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.11). The resources proposed relate to the regular budget share of the audit fees paid to the members of the Board, the costs associated with their attendance at the meetings of the Board and the Panel of External Auditors, the continuation of six posts in the Board secretariat and related operational costs. In addition, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources totalling $20,507,300 are projected for the biennium and are derived from audit fees paid directly from the budgets of other United Nations funds, programmes and subsidiary bodies, ongoing missions and missions in liquidation, as well as direct charges for trust funds and technical cooperation projects (ibid., paras. 1.25 and 1.26).", "I.14 The Secretary-General indicates that the net increase of $925,400 in non-post resources relates to increased requirements for audit costs ($891,100) and related costs for services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology ($42,900), partially offset by reduced requirements for communications and office automation equipment (ibid., para. 1.25).", "I.15 Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with an explanation of the methodology used by the Board to calculate its audit costs. The Committee was informed that the audit fees for 2012-2013 were expected to increase, as the Board would undertake a number of additional tasks, namely: review of the Administration ' s plans for the implementation of IPSAS and related milestones for monitoring progress; review of the Administration ' s selected accounting policy for IPSAS 29; and provision of advice and guidance on the forecasting and preparation of dry run statements.", "1.16 With regard to the increase in the cost of services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Board would maintain the same service-level agreement (level A) with the Office for 2010-2011. The increased requirements are due to an increase in the number of network accounts: the Board expects that 39 such accounts will be required in 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Committee was also informed that web-based accounts were required not only for the secretariat of the Board of Auditors, but also for members of the Board of Auditors and visiting auditors.", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "1.17 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board amount to $14,013,300, including the contribution of the United Nations to the costs of the secretariat of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. That level is the same as the level of resources for the biennium 2010-2011, before recosting (ibid., table 1.12). The Advisory Committee notes, however, that at the time of the submission of the Secretary-General ' s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the budget of the Fund had not yet been finalized (ibid., para. 1.32). The estimates could therefore be further revised depending on the recommendations of the Pension Board on the budget of the Fund and any related action taken by the General Assembly. The Committee points out, therefore, that a statement of programme budget implications may need to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, which may result in additional requirements.", "1.18 With regard to the schedule of meetings of the Board, the Secretary-General indicates that the long-standing pattern of the Board has been that it meets in New York in odd-numbered years and in other locations in even-numbered years. However, as a result of the construction currently under way at Headquarters under the capital master plan, the Board decided to hold all meetings away from Headquarters as of 2009 until the completion of the construction (ibid., para. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that paragraph A.1 of the rules of procedure of the Fund authorized the Board to meet at a place decided by the Board or its Standing Committee. Accordingly, the Board held its fifty-sixth session (2009) in Vienna, its fifty-seventh session (2010) in London and its fifty-eighth session (2011) in Geneva.", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "I.19 The regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Executive Office of the Secretary-General amount to $23,327,000 before recosting (ibid., table 1.19), reflecting a decrease of $703,200, or 2.9 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is due to the proposed abolishment of two posts in the Office (see para. I.7 above), as well as reduced requirements for overtime and the elimination of requirements for consultants.", "I.20 With regard to overtime, the Advisory Committee was informed that the decrease of $244,000 under other staff costs was due to a conscious effort to reduce overtime requirements through staggered working hours, enhanced monitoring and self-evaluation mechanisms and the introduction of new institutional arrangements, such as information technology tools and software. The Committee commends the Office for the measures taken to reduce overtime costs.", "I.21 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, on the basis of the experience gained in previous bienniums, the Secretary-General had decided not to hire any consultants (a reduction of $125,000) in his Office, relying instead on existing in-house expertise. The Committee welcomes this action and encourages other departments and offices to make maximum use of existing in-house expertise to follow the example set by the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Any savings should be reflected in the first performance report on the programme budget. The Committee has commented further on the use of consultants in chapter I above.", "I.22 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee enquired about the role and functions of the Strategic Planning Unit. In response, the Committee was informed that the Unit had been established in 1997 to advise the Secretary-General on key global trends and to recommend strategic policy directions. Specifically, the Unit organizes and provides secretariat services to the Secretary-General ' s Policy Committee; sets and follows up on strategic priorities identified by the Secretary-General; oversees the work of UNU and liaises with various United Nations and non-United Nations training and research institutions; and prepares the annual report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization.", "I.23 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the position of Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Planning/Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit was not included in the organizational chart of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, as it was not part of the regular budget staffing table. The position was established in August 2004 and funded through the practice known as “vacancy management” and general temporary assistance resources. The Committee is concerned about the continued use of general temporary assistance funds to provide for all or part of the funding for senior positions, particularly since such arrangements mean that neither the Committee nor the General Assembly have an opportunity to review the necessity, grade or function of the position. In this connection, the Committee reiterates its concern about the flexible interpretation of the guidelines for the use of general temporary assistance appropriations, which are intended to provide for the temporary replacement of staff on extended sick or maternity leave or for the employment of additional staff during peak workload periods, rather than for the funding of regular budget posts of a continuing nature and de facto (see, inter alia, A/50/7/Add.2). The Committee stresses the need for greater transparency in the use of temporary positions. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will indicate to the General Assembly, at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s budget proposal for section 1, how he intends to fund the post of Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Planning and any other senior post in his Office that has not been approved by intergovernmental bodies and has existed for more than 12 months during the biennium 2012-2013.", "Offices of the Directors-General of the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi", "I.24 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Offices of the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi amount to $6,086,900, $2,431,700 and $1,526,300, respectively, before recosting (ibid., tables 1.20, 1.21 and 1.22).", "I.25 In particular, the Advisory Committee notes that the estimated requirements of $1,526,300 reflect an increase of $258,600, or 20.4 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicates that the increase is due mainly to the delayed impact of the post of Head of Office at the Under-Secretary-General level effective 1 January 2010 (ibid., para. 1.58). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following the establishment of the above posts, the support arrangements for the Office were currently under review. In accordance with established procedures, resource requirements for 2012-2013, if adjusted accordingly, will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session as part of the revised estimates.", "I.26 More broadly, the Advisory Committee recalls that in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it questioned the logic of placing the Offices of the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi under section 1, and expressed the following views: In order to provide a more consistent presentation of the resources required for the various activities of the Organization, the Secretary-General should include resource requirements for those offices in the specific budget sections devoted to those offices (A/64/7, para. I.26). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that discussions were still under way on the appropriate placement of the relevant resource requirements. The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to conclude the discussion as soon as possible and looks forward to its outcome being reflected in the next budget submission.", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "I.27 The regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict amount to $3,693,100 before recosting (ibid., table 1.24), the same amount as for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimates for the Office are based on the assumption that the mandate of the Office, which expires on 31 December 2011, will be extended (ibid., para. 1.70). The Committee also notes that, should there be a change in mandate, any financial implications arising from those changes would be dealt with in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly.", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict", "I.28 Resource requirements for the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict are presented for the first time in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Office was established on 1 January 2011 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/259 and Security Council resolution 1888 (2009). The Secretary-General indicates that the establishment of the Office has filled an important gap in ensuring coherence, effectiveness and coordination with Member States, the Security Council, the General Assembly, other United Nations entities, non-governmental organizations, civil society and the various high-level interlocutors (ibid., para. 1.75). The roles and functions of the Special Representative and the Office are set out in paragraphs 1.74 to 1.77 of the budget document. The activities to be carried out by the Special Representative during the biennium 2012-2013 are set out in paragraph 1.78.", "I.29 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the Office amount to $3,321,500, representing an increase of $2,198,000, or 195.6 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.26). The increase is due mainly to the delayed impact of nine posts established effective 1 January 2011 (ibid., para. 1.83).", "I.30 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 1.80 of the budget document that, in addition to the nine regular budget posts, the Office seconds three staff (1 P-5, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from UN-Women, funded by the United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict initiative. The initiative was created in 2006 as an inter-agency initiative that brings together efforts across the United Nations system to combat sexual violence. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the secondment arrangements would continue throughout the period of the Special Representative ' s chairmanship of the Steering Committee for United Nations Operations.", "I.31 The Secretary-General refers to Security Council resolutions 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), in which the Council decided to include specific provisions for the protection of women and children from rape and other sexual violence in the mandates of United Nations peacekeeping operations, including, on a case-by-case basis, the designation of women ' s protection advisers in gender advisers and human rights protection units. The Secretary-General indicates that the terms of reference for women ' s protection advisers are being developed (ibid., para. 1.79). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an explanation that the function of Women ' s Protection Adviser might be performed within the existing human resources capacity of peacekeeping missions, but that other sources of funding would be sought for that function. The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to report on any relevant developments in future reports.", "Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "I.32 The estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services amount to $6,398,400 before recosting (ibid., table 1.28), reflecting no change over the appropriation for 2010-2011. The provision will continue to provide for 20 regular budget posts and related non-post resources.", "I.33 The Secretary-General indicates that the caseload of the Office continued to increase in 2010: the number of cases received from the United Nations Secretariat increased to 1,206, or 70 per cent from the previous year; the total number of cases handled by the integrated Office of the Ombudsman (responsible for the Secretariat, United Nations funds and programmes and UNHCR) in 2010 was 1,745, compared with 1,287 in 2009 (ibid., para. 1.89). The Advisory Committee was informed that, since the establishment of the Mediation Service in January 2008, the Office had received 77 requests for mediation services, of which 43 had been completed. The year 2010 was the first year of operation of the seven regional offices of the Office. In this regard, the Secretary-General stresses the advantages of first-hand intervention and the need to assist regional offices through enhanced coordination and monitoring of human resources and financial management, as well as to ensure a unified approach and policy implementation across the Organization.", "I.34 The Secretary-General states that the strengthening of the informal conflict resolution system, as the first step in resolving workplace problems, has proved to be a successful approach. The Secretary-General indicates that staff are increasingly contacting the Office as an alternative to formal proceedings and that 79 per cent of cases received have been successfully resolved (ibid., para. The Advisory Committee notes that a dispute resolution referral training programme was provided to stakeholders in the formal system of administration of justice in December 2010, with the aim of assisting trainees to effectively identify, process and transfer cases for informal resolution. In this connection, the Committee was informed that the number of cases referred to the Office by the Tribunal and the Administration had increased, including those of a disciplinary nature. The Committee also notes from the budget document that, in 2012-2013, the Office will continue to focus on identifying systemic issues and analysing the root causes of conflicts and to report regularly to the Secretary-General, including comments on policies, procedures and practices noted by the Office (ibid., para. 1.95 (c)). The Secretary-General also indicates that, pursuant to paragraph 32 (c) of General Assembly resolution 61/261, the Office is in the process of revising its terms of reference to include changes in the functions, staff and location of the Office as approved by the Assembly (ibid., para. 1.87). The Committee was informed that the Mediation Division ' s guidelines had recently been posted on the Office ' s website.", "I.35 The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized that the informal system should be used as far as possible to avoid litigation. The Committee therefore welcomes the increased use of the services provided by the Office of the Ombudsman. The Committee was informed that, as requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 22 of its resolution 65/251, the next annual report of the Office, to be submitted for consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, would contain detailed proposals for the full implementation in the biennium 2012-2013 of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 124 to 126 and 128 to 133 of the previous annual report of the Ombudsman (A/65/303) on providing incentives for staff to use the Office of the Ombudsman for dispute resolution. The Committee will comment further on the activities of the Office when it considers the next annual report.", "Office of Administration of Justice", "I.36 The estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Office of Administration of Justice amount to $12,566,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $686,100, or 5.2 per cent, compared with the appropriation of $13,252,900 for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.30). The decrease is attributable to reduced requirements under other staff costs ($599,900) and non-staff compensation ($741,800), as the one-time requirements for the temporary appointment of three ad litem judges for one year to clear the backlog of cases carried over from the former system of administration of justice of the Dispute Tribunal are no longer required. The decrease is offset in part by additional post requirements ($661,700) owing to the delayed impact of the establishment of five new posts effective 1 January 2010. The proposed resources would continue to provide for 35 regular budget posts and other non-post resources.", "I.37 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on the backlog of cases carried over from the previous system of administration of justice. The Committee was informed that 313 cases had been transferred from the former system to the United Nations Dispute Tribunal, including: (a) 169 cases being referred to the Joint Disciplinary Committee/Joint Appeals Board on 1 July 2009; and (b) 144 cases from the United Nations Administrative Tribunal being transferred to the Dispute Tribunal on 1 January 2010. As at 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal had disposed of 250 of the 313 cases referred before the completion of the system; the remaining 63 cases were still pending.", "I.38 The Advisory Committee notes that no extrabudgetary resources are projected for 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease compared with the estimate of $46,000 for 2010-2011. Extrabudgetary resources for 2010-2011 represent contributions to the Trust Fund for Staff Legal Assistance. The Fund was established in early 2010 to strengthen the capacity of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance (ibid., table 1.30). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, since its inception, the Trust Fund had received only a small number of contributions from individual satisfied clients in the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, in addition to $50,000 from the United Nations Office at Geneva Staff Coordinating Council and $1,500 from the ECA Staff Union, such as a monthly contribution of $255 from some 20 field staff members who were members of the Field Service Staff Union. In short, the Trust Fund has largely fallen short of its intended objectives.", "I.39 The Advisory Committee was informed that, although no extrabudgetary resources were projected for 2012-2013 owing to the uncertain funding situation, efforts to raise funds would continue. The Committee continues to believe that regular budget funding for staff legal assistance should be supplemented by some form of staff participation (see A/62/7/Add.7). The Assembly has also on several occasions requested staff representatives to further explore the possibility of establishing staff-funded mechanisms to provide legal advice and support to staff and to consult with the Secretary-General, as appropriate (see resolutions 61/261 and 62/228). The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to intensify his efforts, in conjunction with staff representatives, to find viable solutions to establish staff-funded legal aid mechanisms and to provide additional resources for legal advice and support to staff. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will submit to the General Assembly no later than at its sixty-sixth session proposals for a staff funding mechanism, including proposals based on mandatory staff contributions, in accordance with paragraph 40 of Assembly resolution 65/251.", "I.40 The Advisory Committee notes from the introduction to the budget document that, in addition to the proposals in section 1 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General will submit a separate report on the administration of justice to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 16). The Committee was informed that, in view of the fact that the full resource requirements were not known at the time of the preparation of the budget for the new system of administration of justice for the biennium 2012-2013, the above-mentioned report would contain resource requests to enable the Office to maintain the current pace of work and to continue to implement all relevant General Assembly mandates. The Committee looks forward to considering the report.", "Ethics Office", "I.41 The regular budget resources proposed for the Ethics Office for 2012-2013 amount to $3,903,400 before recosting, representing an increase of $590,800, or 17.8 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.32). The staffing of the Office remains unchanged at nine regular budget posts. The increase in the proposed budget resources is mainly due to increased requirements for contractual services to cover the regular budget share of requirements for the review of financial disclosure statements. This share is based on the number of participants in the programme. From the additional information provided to it, the Advisory Committee notes that in 2010 the number of Secretariat staff participating in the financial disclosure programme increased to 1,314, or 32.2 per cent of the total number of participants, an increase from the 20.5 per cent estimated in the programme budget for 2010-2011. Regular budget resources would be supplemented by other assessed resources of $3,202,200. The resources are provided by the support account for peacekeeping operations to cover requirements related to field staff.", "I.42 Since the establishment of the Ethics Office, the Advisory Committee has expressed concern about the cost of outsourcing arrangements for the review of financial disclosure statements. The cost is directly related to the number of participants and, according to the Secretary-General, is expected to increase as a result of the natural increase in the number of participants. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2008-2009, the Committee recommended that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to conduct an in-depth analysis of the advantages and disadvantages, including costs, of the internal review and outsourcing arrangements before the end of the biennium 2008-2009 (see A/62/7, para. I.17). The Committee notes from paragraphs 1.131 to 1.134 of the budget document that this analysis, which was carried out by an external contractor and completed in September 2010, identified a number of options for internal and outsourcing reviews, including the review itself and the technical platform used. The Committee also noted that the study had been reviewed by a high-level advisory group and that the Secretary-General would present his recommendations in the annual report of the Ethics Office to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. In this connection, the Committee was informed that a cost-control programme was envisaged to review the Organization ' s risk profile and reassess the eligibility criteria for filing in order to focus the programme on high-risk groups. The Committee is of the view that efforts should also be made to negotiate more favourable terms for contracts with external contractors. The Committee looks forward to receiving further details on the outcome of the review and the related proposals of the Secretary-General in the context of the next annual report of the Ethics Office.", "Paragraph 2", "General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated. ^ (b) Excludes $15495,900 for the United Nations Library in Geneva and $1269,000 for the United Nations Library in Vienna to ensure that this figure is a comparable base for the biennium 2012-2013, as the budgets of the two libraries are now presented under sections 29E, Administration, Geneva, and 29F, Administration, Vienna, respectively.", "I.43 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 2 amount to $614,112,200 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $41,958,200, or 6.4 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), table 2.5).", "I.44 The Advisory Committee was informed that the reduced requirements were in response to the Secretary-General's request that all programme managers seek to “work in a smarter manner”. The Committee notes that the Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 2.17 of the budget document that the resource requirements for 2012-2013 reflect efforts to make more efficient and effective use of resources in order to meet the projected increase in demand for conference services, particularly in Geneva.", "I.45 According to the Secretary-General, the following measures would contribute significantly to the overall reduction of resources:", "(a) The introduction of a new business model for documentation services throughout the document processing chain, which would result in the reconfiguration of resource requirements. At the same time, the Department proposes to revise the delivery and quality control rules, to exercise strict control and restraint over all documents, including publications, and to carefully review the legal rights of all clients. These measures are expected to result in a net cost reduction of approximately $11.8 million for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(b) It is proposed that the budgetary resources currently used to meet the conference-servicing needs of the New York-based United Nations funds and programmes be “repatriated” to those funds and programmes. The proposal would result in a cost reduction of approximately $8 million for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(c) Further savings and efficiency gains in documentation are estimated at approximately $10 million, including suspension, restriction or postponement of the preparation of summary records at all duty stations; discontinuation of the preparation of compilation documents; introduction and implementation of page limits for the reports of all treaty bodies and treaty bodies; and one-time elimination of the backlog of documents awaiting processing;", "(d) The introduction of technological innovations and other efficiency measures, including the abolition of 41 posts and the reduction in requirements for printing supplies, at Headquarters and in the publishing services in Geneva, resulting in a reduction of approximately $10.6 million for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(e) Increased utilization of resources and equipment resulting in a decrease of $1.9 million under other operational costs.", "During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to meet the increased demand for services while limiting costs, the United Nations Office at Vienna had designed and implemented a quota system that limited the right of use for each major client to a percentage of overall service capacity. The system will continue in 2012-2013.", "I.46 Some of the above efficiency measures are discussed in further detail in the paragraphs below. At this stage, the Committee commends the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for taking positive and innovative steps to reduce budgetary requirements while maintaining all outputs, through business process re-engineering and the use of existing technology.", "I.47 Table I.2 below summarizes the regular budget and jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011, including temporary posts, as well as the Secretary-General ' s proposals for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "I.2", "Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011 (a) 1,883 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 20 D-1, 182 P-5, 396 P-4, 373 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 84 GS (PL), 706 GS (OL), 15 LL, 76 TC", "Proposed 2012-2013", "4 GS (OL), 37 TC under subprogramme 4 in New York", "6 P-4 to P-5 under subprogramme 3 in Nairobi", "5 P-4 to P-5 under subprogramme 4 in Nairobi", "Redeployment 26 1 P-4 from subprogramme 1 to subprogramme 2 in New York", "6 P-4 from subprogramme 3 to subprogramme 4 in New York", "6 P-3 in New York from subprogramme 4 to subprogramme 3", "13 GS (OL) in New York from subprogramme 4 to subprogramme 2", "Jointly financed budget (Vienna)", "Approved 2010-2011 (b) 174 1 D-1, 20 P-5, 43 P-4, 21 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 80 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 174 1 D-1, 20 P-5, 43 P-4, 21 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 80 GS (OL)", "1 P-2 from subprogramme 2 to subprogramme 3", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 95 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 11 GS (PL), 9 GS (OL), 64 LL", "(a) Includes four temporary posts (2 P-5, 2 P-4) that will not be continued in 2012-2013. Excludes the Geneva Library Service posts included in section 2 for the biennium 2010-2011 but proposed for redeployment to section 29E to provide a comparable base figure for the biennium 2012-2013.", "(b) Excludes two posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) proposed for redeployment to the Library Unit under section 29F to provide a comparable base figure for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassification", "I.48 The Secretary-General proposes the upward reclassification of the following 11 posts at the United Nations Office at Nairobi:", "(a) Reclassification of six P-4 reviser posts to the P-5 level in the Translation and Editorial Section (subprogramme 3) (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.104);", "(b) The reclassification of five P-4 Interpreter posts in the Interpretation and Publishing Section (subprogramme 4) to the P-5 Senior Interpreter level (ibid., para.", "The Secretary-General indicates in the budget document that he is proposing 11 reclassifications pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/245. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the General Assembly resolution does not comment on the proposed reclassifications; it merely requests the Secretary-General to resubmit his proposals in his report on the pattern of conferences (A/65/122) in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "I.49 The proposed upward reclassification of posts, as explained by the Secretary-General in his report on the pattern of conferences, is justified by the increased workload and high vacancy rates at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. According to the Secretary-General, the high vacancy rate had led to the need to increase the capacity of the Office to attract and retain high-level interpreters and translators. He also referred to the principle of equal grade for equal work and to the recognition by the Committee on Conferences that the provision of quality services required adequate staff at the appropriate level. At that time, the Secretary-General also noted that, since 40 per cent of the translation volume in the Office was outsourced, proper quality control must be ensured. The Secretary-General indicates that quality control functions should be performed by a senior reviser at the P-5 level (ibid., paras. 70-75). In its related report, the Advisory Committee indicated that any action it considered appropriate would be taken upon receipt of a formal proposal (A/65/484, para. 32).", "I.50 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with additional justification for the proposed upward reclassification of posts. The Advisory Committee was informed that the United Nations Office at Nairobi was the only conference-servicing duty station without a P-5 language staff post, with the exception of the Chief of the Interpretation Section and the Principal Deputy Chief of the Translation and Editorial Section. The Office continued to face difficulties in recruiting and retaining language staff, as evidenced by the current overall vacancy rate of 21 per cent for language posts. With regard to the post of interpreter, the Committee was informed that the proposed upgrade would contribute to increased staff motivation and quality of interpretation work, as the Office would be able to improve the retention of experienced staff in the Interpretation Section and reduce the vacancy rate, which was as high as 34 per cent. In view of this situation and in order to improve the quality of interpretation services at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the upward reclassification of five posts of Interpreters at the P-4 level to the P-5 level. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that in previous resolutions on the pattern of conferences, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to take measures to reduce vacancy rates in language services at Nairobi (see, inter alia, resolutions 63/248, 64/230 and 65/245).", "I.51 With regard to the posts of translators, the Advisory Committee was informed that the outsourcing of translation workload at the United Nations Office at Nairobi was 43 per cent, compared with the 40 per cent originally estimated for the biennium 2010-2011. This means that there is a more urgent need for appropriate quality control by senior revisers. The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to improve the quality of translation services at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and, in view of the high level of outsourcing, in particular, the need to ensure proper quality control of external translations. For these reasons, and in view of the repeated requests by the General Assembly to the Secretary-General to take measures to reduce the vacancy rate in the language services at Nairobi (see resolutions 63/248, 64/230 and 65/245), the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal to reclassify six P-4 reviser posts to P-5 Senior Reviser posts.", "Redeployment", "I.52 The Secretary-General proposes the redeployment of 26 posts in New York, as follows:", "(a) Redeployment of one P-4 post from the Disarmament and Peace Affairs Branch (subprogramme 1) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) to formalize the training coordination function in order to expand and enhance the skills of staff and to cooperate with international organizations in outreach activities to universities (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), paras. 2.38 and 2.42);", "(b) Six P-4 posts (1 in each language) in the Translation Service of the Documentation Division (subprogramme 3) be redeployed to the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section (2 posts) and the Verbatim Reporting Service (4 posts) of the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to correct the long-standing imbalance affecting the staffing of the respective services (ibid., para. 2.48). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the imbalance related to the level of posts in various departments: In the case of the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section, despite the formal decision to increase the classification of posts, the number of higher-level posts available in each language is insufficient and, in the Verbatim Reporting Service, the number of staff is uneven, despite similar job descriptions for the various language services;", "(c) Redeployment of six P-3 posts (two in the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section and four in the Verbatim Reporting Service) from the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to the translation services of the Documentation Division (subprogramme 3) (1 per language) to correct the long-term imbalance affecting the staffing of the respective services (ibid.; see also (b) above);", "(d) Redeployment of 13 General Service (Other level) posts from the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) to strengthen information technology management functions (ibid., para. 2.42).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the redeployments proposed. In particular, the Advisory Committee expects that the redeployment of 12 posts between subprogrammes 3 and 4 will contribute to the quality of services.", "Abolition", "I.53 The Secretary-General proposes to abolish 4 General Service (Other level) and 37 Trades and Crafts posts in the Reproduction Unit of the Publishing Section, New York (subprogramme 4). He indicates that the proposed abolition reflects the return on the Department ' s investment in technology and the streamlining of its work processes (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.53). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department had experienced a significant decline in print output owing, inter alia, to the increased use of electronic distribution and the fact that the technology used had shifted from film to digital, which had significantly reduced labour intensity. These developments eliminated the need for Trades and Crafts posts whose incumbents were tasked with operating, monitoring and maintaining the equipment of the printing plant. The abolition of the General Service (Other level) post is justified by the fact that the volume of paper and supplies to be processed has been decreasing. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions. The Advisory Committee comments further on the Department ' s printing operations in paragraph I.67 below.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "I.54 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $123,653,800, reflecting a decrease of $36,981,700, or 23 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation of $160,635,500 for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the most significant decrease in non-post resources is under other staff costs. Under subprogramme 2, Planning and coordination of conference services, the estimated requirements for other staff, including temporary assistance for meetings, general temporary assistance and overtime for conference support, would decrease by $22,405,200 in New York and $12,599,400 in Geneva. According to the Secretary-General, the reduced requirements are due to the expected increase in efficiency through the proactive management and prioritization of resources, including the minimization of recruitment of non-local temporary assistance, technical investment in the conference-servicing process, stricter application of page limits, increased use of contractual translation and cost-reduction measures related to summary records and the provision of conference services to funds and programmes at Headquarters (see also para. I.45 above). Subject to its comments and recommendations in the paragraphs below, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for non-post resources under section 2.", "General comments and recommendations", "Proposals for alternative methods of providing summary records", "I.55 The Secretary-General indicates that his estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 include efficiency gains of approximately $10 million ($3 million in Geneva and $7 million in New York) resulting from the proposed discontinuation, limitation or postponement of the production of summary records at all duty stations (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (c)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the General Assembly, in its resolution 58/250, had requested the Secretary-General to conduct a thorough cost-benefit study of summary records with a view to assessing the need for such records and exploring the possibility of more efficient and effective delivery of summary records. In response to that request, the Secretary-General, in his 2004 report on the reform of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, proposed five alternative methods of delivery, namely, replacing summary records with digital recordings; reducing the number of bodies entitled to summary records; producing summary records in English only; limiting the length of summary records; and providing only electronic copies of original records (without hard copies) (A/59/172, paras. 53-63; see also A/60/93). In its resolution 60/236 B, the General Assembly requested further discussion and analysis.", "I.56 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an explanation that the Secretary-General ' s proposals in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 sought to achieve significant savings by taking advantage of current trends and available technology. This means that summary records continue to be produced in the original language (English or French), as well as a complementary system that allows Member States almost real-time access to confidential digital recordings in all official languages. Digital recordings also include electronic records of meetings containing the list of speakers and speaking time. The non-native paper-based records will be produced only on request, for a period of approximately four weeks.", "I.57 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that summary records had not been produced for four years at the Human Rights Council in Geneva. Council meetings are broadcast and maintained as electronic documents via the Internet and are available via the Internet. The cost of webcasting each meeting is significantly lower than the production of summary records. In Vienna, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is developing alternatives to the provision of meeting records, which will include electronic audio files, supplemented where possible by the above-mentioned resource materials, such as written statements and/or transcripts of meetings in English.", "I.58 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 2.17 (c) of the budget document that the Secretary-General ' s proposals for alternative methods of providing summary records require the approval of the General Assembly. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the issue would be discussed by the Committee on Conferences at its meeting in September 2011. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, should the General Assembly choose to retain summary records in their current form, the projected savings of $10 million would need to be reprogrammed into the budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes the efforts being made by the Department to streamline its operations and deliver services in a more effective and efficient manner, with a view to achieving savings. Although the Secretary-General ' s proposal for an alternative method of providing summary records would have many benefits, the Advisory Committee was of the view that it would be premature to include such savings in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 in view of the fact that the $10 million savings had to be approved by the General Assembly and had not yet been considered by the relevant intergovernmental bodies. The Advisory Committee therefore recommends that the General Assembly consider the proposal of the Secretary-General to provide summary records in the light of the relevant deliberations of the Committee on Conferences, taking into account the views of bodies entitled to them.", "Proposal to amend the current arrangements for the provision of conference services to funds and programmes", "I.59 The Secretary-General indicates that an amendment to the arrangements for the provision of conference services to New York-based funds and programmes, namely UNDP, UNICEF and UNFPA, would result in savings of approximately $8 million. He also recalled that the current arrangements for the provision of conference services by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management to the New York-based funds and programmes had been established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 47/202 (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (b)).", "I.60 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, at present, the translation of documents for the funds and programmes is provided from the regular budget under section 2. The Secretary-General proposes to enter into new arrangements with the funds and programmes to contract directly with the Department for translation services on a pay-as-you-go basis. The Advisory Committee was also informed that notifications of proposed changes had been sent to the executive heads of UNDP, UNICEF and UNFPA and that the Department would provide advice to those entities on how to minimize translation to reduce costs.", "I.61 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 2.17 (b) of the budget document that the Secretary-General's proposals for “pay-as-you-go” arrangements to meet the translation needs of the funds and programmes concerned are subject to approval by the General Assembly. It is the understanding of the Advisory Committee that, should the General Assembly decide not to approve the proposal, the anticipated savings of $8 million would have to be reprogrammed for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes the merit of the Secretary-General ' s proposals, particularly in view of its long-standing view that regular budget activities should not subsidize extrabudgetary activities (see A/50/7, para. 115). However, the Advisory Committee reiterates its view that it would be premature to include the savings of $8 million in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, in view of the fact that such savings are subject to the approval of the General Assembly and have not yet been considered by the relevant intergovernmental bodies. The Advisory Committee therefore recommended that the Secretary-General should submit his proposal to the competent organ, the Committee on Conferences, for discussion.", "Introduction and implementation of page limits for treaty body reports and reports of States parties to treaty bodies", "I.62 As indicated in paragraph I.45 above, one of the measures proposed by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management to achieve efficiency gains and savings during the biennium 2012-2013 is the introduction and implementation of page limits for all treaty body reports and reports submitted by States parties to treaty bodies. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the documentation of the treaty bodies included documents subject to page/word limits (submissions by the Secretariat and intergovernmental bodies) and documents not subject to page/word limits (submissions by Member States). A review of the statistical data available at the United Nations offices in Geneva, where most treaty bodies are located, shows that in 2010 there was a significant increase in the number of documents submitted by Member States and a corresponding increase in the workload (number of words to be processed). The workload is expected to increase further with the establishment of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, the expansion of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and other pending proposals.", "I.63 The Advisory Committee was informed that the introduction of page limits on documents submitted by Member States would reduce the overall workload and minimize the excessive volume of documents that disrupt the processing chain. The Division of Conference Management in Geneva stands ready to work with the treaty body secretariats to review their documentation needs to ensure that the limited resources of the Division are used in areas of highest priority for treaty body members. This review will determine the average length of States parties' reports and use these data to negotiate page/word limits. The Advisory Committee recognizes that the increase in the number of treaty bodies has increased the workload of the Department. However, the Advisory Committee is of the view that it is for the General Assembly to decide on the application of page/word limits to the reports of States parties submitted to treaty bodies. The Secretary-General should therefore be requested to refer the matter to the Committee on Conferences.", "Increased use of contractual translation", "I.64 The Secretary-General indicates that, as part of the implementation of the new business model for documentation services, the Department anticipates a further increase in the use of contractual translation services (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (a)). The related indicators of achievement for the results-based-budgeting frameworks indicate that the proportion of contractual translation in New York is projected to increase from 24 to 25 per cent between 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (ibid., table 2.18), from 20 to 25 per cent in Geneva (ibid., table 2.25), from 30 to 32.5 per cent in Vienna (ibid., table 2.33), and from 43 per cent in Nairobi (ibid., table 2.40). The Advisory Committee notes that while the increase in the proportion of contractual translation would result in an increase in resources under contractual services, the increase would be less than the corresponding reduction in requirements for temporary assistance for meetings.", "I.65 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, although contractual translation was the cheapest means of delivery, it required in-house revision and quality control. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in response to the concerns of the General Assembly (see resolutions 61/236 and 62/225), a total of 12 P-5 Senior Reviser posts were established at Headquarters and Geneva during the biennium 2008-2009, and that five P-4 Reviser posts at the United Nations Office at Vienna were upgraded to the P-5 level in the biennium 2010-2011, and six P-4 Reviser posts at the United Nations Office at Nairobi would be reclassified to the P-5 Senior Reviser level in the biennium 2012-2013, subject to the approval of the General Assembly (see paras. I.48-I.51 above). The Committee also recalls that, in order to further enhance quality control and ensure that translation contractors (individuals and companies) are held accountable for their own performance, the Department ' s generic external contractor roster contains a standard electronic quality control evaluation template. In 2009, uniform criteria for the inclusion and evaluation of translators and text-processing staff on the generic roster and their removal from the roster were agreed upon (see A/64/136, para. 80).", "I.66 The Advisory Committee continues to stress the importance of providing the highest quality language services. The Advisory Committee therefore welcomes the measures taken to improve quality control of contractual translation and the possibilities provided for it to further increase the proportion of contractual translation when contractual translation is the most cost-effective means of delivery. In this connection, bearing in mind the Advisory Committee ' s previous recommendation that savings and/or efficiency gains should not be achieved at the expense of quality through greater use of contractual translation, the Advisory Committee points out that the above-mentioned indicators of achievement provide for an increase in the proportion of contractual translation only if the final product is of comparable quality to that of in-house translation.", "Evolution of the Department ' s publishing business model", "I.67 The Secretary-General indicates that, as a result of the streamlining of publishing operations at Headquarters and Geneva, the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management has identified potential savings of $10.6 million (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (d)). In addition to the projected savings of $6.8 million resulting from the abolition of 41 posts (see para. I.53 above), a decrease of $3.8 million in the provision for printing supplies is projected for the biennium 2012-2013 as a result of a significant reduction in printing outputs. The Secretary-General explains that, following a review of the hard-copy printing operations, the Publishing Section reduced the number of pages of parliamentary documentation from 336 million in 2009 to 220 million in 2010. It is expected that fewer than 150 million pages of output will be printed in 2011. As a result, night shifts in hard copy distribution were eliminated and operational capacity reallocated to earlier shifts, resulting in savings in overtime and night differentials and increased effectiveness in the use of printing and reproduction capacity (ibid., para. 2.11 (a) and (e)).", "I.68 The Advisory Committee notes that the electronic distribution of information to Member States through e-mail and various other online tools has contributed significantly to the decline in print outputs (ibid., para. 2.11 (g)). In this connection, during its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for section 2, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department had recently developed an operational model for paperless meetings, which was first introduced in May 2011 to service a meeting of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations. The Advisory Committee appreciates the steps taken by the Department to utilize new technologies to ensure the timely and cost-effective distribution of documents.", "Integrated global management", "I.69 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management has for many years been promoting an integrated global management approach to conference services as a means of enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of its activities. The Secretary-General indicates in the budget document that this approach is still evolving, as reflected in the progressive standardization of administrative policies, practices and procedures at all conference-servicing duty stations (ibid., para. 2.4).", "I.70 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for section 2, the Advisory Committee was informed that significant progress had been made during the biennium 2010-2011 in the implementation of the global information technology initiative, which was a fundamental pillar of the integrated global management approach. This initiative includes the following three projects:", "(a) Project 1 entitled “g-Data”: the global data warehouse is designed to produce standard performance reporting and costing data at the four duty stations, which will allow for operational benchmarking, monitoring and streamlining, and global workload forecasting and capacity planning;", "(b) Item 2, entitled “g-Meets”, could be used to schedule meeting time at all four duty stations through the global conference management system in order to generate and manage the global calendar of conferences and meetings in an interactive manner;", "(c) Item 3, entitled “g-Doc”: The purpose of the global integrated document management application is to provide a real-time assessment of the global documentation situation, to provide a standardized global report on documentation statistics, to track documentation at each duty station and to illustrate the potential for global workload-sharing.", "During the biennium 2010-2011, projects 1 and 2 were implemented at all four duty stations. Project 3 has been redesigned and project development is under way in a team in New York and Geneva.", "I.71 The Advisory Committee notes that an integrated global management approach is still being developed and reiterates its support for the concept as a means of maximizing the efficient use of resources and improving the overall quality of conference services. The Advisory Committee welcomes the Department ' s role as an information technology tool in this regard and encourages it to complete the development of project 3 as soon as possible, with a view to its roll-out to all duty stations.", "I.72 The Advisory Committee recalls that one of the pillars of integrated global management is workload-sharing and capacity-sharing among the four conference-servicing duty stations in order to address the peak workload situation at individual duty stations, thus ensuring the most efficient and effective use of resources. Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with the following translation workload information by duty station:", "(thousands of words)", "2008-2009 actual 2010-2011 estimate", "Internal translation", "New York 171 083 178 286 187,200", "Geneva 108 941 118 000 120 000", "Vienna 34 573 37 340 37 320", "Nairobi 8 600 9 824 9 824", "Contractual translation", "New York 53 450 58 664 62 400", "Geneva 25 815 28 500 41 500", "Vienna 13 183 16 000 15 990", "Nairobi 6 703 7 411 7 411", "The Advisory Committee notes from the information provided in the table above that the estimated workload for both New York and Geneva will increase in the biennium 2012-2013, that Nairobi will remain unchanged and that Vienna will be reduced. The Advisory Committee is of the view that this situation will create more opportunities for workload-sharing. The Advisory Committee recommends that statistics on how the Department has utilized these opportunities be included in the relevant performance report.", "I.73 In a related matter, the Advisory Committee recalls that, following the evaluation by OIOS of progress in integrated global management (A/64/166), the Department concluded, inter alia, that, as the Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management is accountable for all expenditures under section 2 of the regular budget, he should also be able to exercise commensurate authority over the management and expenditure of human and financial resources (see A/65/122, para. 28 (a)). In his 2010 report on the pattern of conferences, the Secretary-General indicated that the full implementation of integrated global management, with attendant efficiencies and cost-effectiveness, would be possible only if the organizational structure and hierarchical reporting lines within the Department were modified to give the Under-Secretary-General the authority necessary to fulfil the mandates of the General Assembly (ibid., para. 28 (c)). Subsequently, in its resolution 65/245, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to assess the efficiency of conference management and accountability mechanisms at the four main duty stations and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Advisory Committee looks forward to its consideration of the report. The administrative and/or financial consequences of the Secretary-General ' s assessment should be reflected in the next budget report.", "Succession planning", "I.74 In the opinion of the Advisory Committee, succession planning is a management issue with significant budgetary implications (see A/64/7, sect. I.71) and a long-standing concern of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. According to the latest statistics, approximately 20 per cent of language staff in the Department will retire by 2016 (A/65/488, para. 17). The Secretary-General indicates that during the biennium 2012-2013, the Department will continue to provide continuous support to training opportunities in order to improve the skills of staff and, in collaboration with international organizations, strengthen outreach to universities and institutionalize training programmes in response to changing needs and changes in the composition of the language staff (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.6). The related outputs are shown in paragraphs 2.41 (b) (vi) and 2.59 (e) of the budget document. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes, as indicated in paragraph I.52 (a) above, that the Secretary-General has proposed the redeployment of one P-4 post from the Disarmament and Peace Affairs Branch in New York (subprogramme 1) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) in order to formalize the training coordination function, which has been ad hoc until then.", "I.75 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed that during the biennium 2010-2011, the Department had further strengthened its outreach activities in order to better inform language students of United Nations employment opportunities and to expand the pool of language professionals. In particular, the Department has signed more memorandums of understanding with universities around the world, bringing the total number of institutions that have formal relations with the United Nations to 19. Under the terms of the memorandum, the universities concerned undertook to re-establish or develop language courses to stimulate demand and interest in language work. The Department also continued to work with language training institutions to develop internship programmes. The programme has proved to be an effective way of identifying, attracting and training talented young language professionals. Fifty-seven interns were received in 2010 and 70 have been received so far in 2011. Several graduates of the programme have passed competitive examinations and others have been placed on the roster of freelance interpreters, translators and contractors.", "I.76 The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that, in the absence of specific budgetary provisions for the internship programme, the number of interns who could participate in the programme would soon reach its limit. In addition, many potential interns are unable to cover travel and subsistence costs to cities such as New York, Geneva or Vienna, which limits the size of the pool of interns and may lead to understaffing of some language skills. In order to reverse the situation, initial contacts have been made with members of the League of Arab States to ascertain whether those countries intend to finance the Department ' s training activities for Arabic interpreters and translators through a trust fund or other arrangement established by the Department. The Advisory Committee appreciates the proactive measures taken by the Department to recruit potential recruits and looks forward to their introduction and further expansion during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee trusts that these efforts will facilitate the expansion of the number of successful candidates from the competitive language examination and the corresponding reduction in the vacancy rate. However, the Advisory Committee is concerned that the lack of funds earmarked for the internship programme may have a disproportionately negative impact on young professionals with some of the less common language skills. In this connection, the Advisory Committee welcomes the intention of the Department to engage with Member States to obtain support. The Advisory Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be encouraged to pursue these efforts more broadly in order to seek extrabudgetary funding for training activities in all six official languages.", "I.77 With regard to competitive examinations, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee noted that such examinations were the only means of recruiting language staff, but that the capacity of the Examinations and Tests Section of the Office of Human Resources Management was insufficient to organize the required number of examinations. At that time, the Advisory Committee reiterated its call to the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management and the Office of Human Resources Management to urgently agree on appropriate measures to ensure the timely organization and organization of the necessary language examinations (A/64/7, paras. I.65-I.66). In table 2.45 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that, in response to the recommendations of the Advisory Committee, the Department undertook a study of the examination process and identified a number of measures to enhance the examination process, including the adjustment of the candidate selection process, the content and conduct of the examination and scheduling. An inter-ministerial working group, comprising representatives of the Department and the Office of Human Resources Management, is monitoring the implementation of the recommendations and, once they are fully implemented, it is expected that there will be a significant reduction in the time between the determination of the need for examinations and the recruitment of candidates on the roster. In view of the fact that understaffing could significantly hamper the efficient and effective implementation of the Department ' s mandate, the Advisory Committee welcomed the steps taken by the Department to improve the competitive examination process and looked forward to future submissions on the results achieved.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "I.78 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, regular budget resources have been identified for the biennium 2012-2013 for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities, totalling approximately $3,041,000. These resources correspond to a total of 307.6 work-months: 115.6 work-months at the Professional level and 192 work-months at the General Service level (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.22).", "I.79 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it was informed that, in response to General Assembly resolution 61/245 and in line with the recommendations of OIOS, the Department had initiated the establishment of a robust monitoring, evaluation, risk analysis and statistical verification function (A/64/7, para. I.73). During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was informed that monitoring, evaluation, risk management and statistical verification capacity had been established at Headquarters and Geneva using existing resources. It focuses on workload forecasting and capacity planning for document management and the standardization of key performance indicators. It is also responsible for the extraction and production of statistics from all mission-critical systems at the four conference-servicing duty stations, using the global data warehouse (“g-Data” — see para. The Secretary-General indicates that these reports allow for a comparative and better understanding of the operations at all duty stations and enable managers of the Department to make informed decisions on resource allocation (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.11 (h)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that monitoring and evaluation capacity in Vienna and Nairobi would be strengthened in the medium term, resources permitting. The Advisory Committee welcomes the steps taken to integrate monitoring and evaluation functions into the Department ' s organizational structure. The Advisory Committee encourages the Secretary-General to ensure that monitoring, evaluation, risk management and statistical verification entities make the fullest possible use of the new information technology tools available to further streamline the Department ' s operations, identify potential risk areas and identify opportunities for efficiency gains. More detailed information on the activities of these entities should be provided in the next budget submission. The Advisory Committee has commented further on monitoring and evaluation activities in chapter I above.", "Protocol services to the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "I.80 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for section 2, the Advisory Committee enquired as to why protocol services had not been provided to the Office of the President of the General Assembly since the Protocol and Liaison Service had been transferred to the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for the biennium 2008-2009. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Protocol and Liaison Service had 10 full-time posts. To cope with the heavy workload, an additional post was seconded from another unit of the Department and temporary staff were recruited for specific activities or during peak workload periods. The Service does not have sufficient capacity to service the Office of the President of the General Assembly. Although this issue has been discussed by the General Assembly, no support has been expressed so far for the provision of additional dedicated resources for this purpose. In view of the high-level functions performed by the President of the General Assembly on behalf of the United Nations, the Advisory Committee is of the view that every effort should be made to provide protocol and liaison assistance to the Office of the President.", "Part II. Political affairs", "Section 3 Political affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $1,195,113,100 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,314,847,400 Projected extrabudgetary resources $49,284,200 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated. ^ (b) Includes $15,267,600 in other assessed resources, and the information in table 3.3 of the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 3) is revised to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290. It also includes extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $340,16,600.", "II.1 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 3 amount to $1,195,113,100 before recosting, a decrease of $119,734,300, or 9.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 3), paras. 3.13-3.18). The proposed resources include provisions for the Department of Political Affairs ($82,649,700), special political missions ($1,083,036,300), the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process ($16,949,200), the Peacebuilding Support Office ($5,220,500), the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory ($5,346,700) and the United Nations Office to the African Union ($1,910,700).", "Department of Political Affairs", "II.2 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the Department of Political Affairs amount to $82,649,700 before recosting, representing a decrease of $438,100, or 0.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 3.3). The decrease is the net result of a decrease of $647,100 in post requirements and an increase of $209,000 in non-post requirements compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. In terms of the overall component of the programme, the decrease is the net result of the offset of: Reduced requirements under the programme of work, in particular subprogrammes 3 and 4 (decreases of $927,600 and $493,900, respectively), under subprogramme 6 ($703,400) and under programme support ($367,800).", "II.3 Table II.1 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.1 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011 275 1 USG, 2 ASG, 8 D-2, 15 D-1, 37 P-5, 50 P-4, 40 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 93 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 269 1 USG, 2 ASG, 8 D-2, 15 D-1, 37 P-5, 48 P-4, 39 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 91 GS (OL)", "1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL) under subprogramme 3 and 1 P-4, 1 GS (OL) under subprogramme 4", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 15 11 P-3, 4 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "II.4 The resources proposed for posts for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $74,875,600 before recosting and provide for the 269 posts (174 Professional and 95 General Service) shown in table II.1 above. The decrease of $647,100, or 0.9 per cent, is the net result of: The abolition of six posts under subprogrammes 3 and 4 results in reduced requirements ($1,421,500), as compared with the additional requirements for the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force ($774,400) resulting from the delayed impact of six posts approved in 2010-2011.", "II.5 As part of the staffing adjustments for the Security Council Division, it is proposed to abolish four posts (1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)) under subprogramme 3, Security Council affairs, resulting in a related decrease of $927,600 (ibid., para. 3.52). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following a review of the Security Council Affairs Division in 2010, the Office of Internal Oversight Services had made nine recommendations, four of which related to high-risk areas assessed, relating to improving institutional memory, knowledge transfer, information-sharing and formal definition of reporting lines. The Advisory Committee was further informed that, in order to improve knowledge transfer and information-sharing, the Division ' s database (iSCAD) had been expanded and revamped by training staff on data entry and the use of the database as a research tool and information-sharing and knowledge transfer tool. In addition, individual responsibilities and reporting functions were outlined and streamlined across all branches of the Division. The revision of the reporting lines and the increased use of iSCAD throughout the Division have given the Division the momentum to rationalize synergies between the different branches, reprioritize work practices and revise the responsibilities of staff. In particular, the reduction in the duplication of staff mandates has allowed for the redefinition of functions. Following the realignment of staff responsibilities within the Division and in line with the Secretary-General ' s call for greater budgetary discipline, the Department of Political Affairs now proposes to adjust the overall staffing requirements of the Division by abolishing the four posts mentioned above. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Division had reasonable grounds to believe that it would continue to be able to fully implement the mandate and work entrusted to it. The Advisory Committee welcomes the action taken to implement the recommendations of OIOS and expects that action will also be taken to implement the outstanding recommendations.", "II.6 As part of the staffing adjustments for the Decolonization Unit, it is also proposed to abolish two posts (1 P-4, 1 GS (OL)) under subprogramme 4, Decolonization, resulting in reduced requirements of $439,900 for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 3.57). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the workload and related activities of the Decolonization Unit were fairly stable compared to those of other departments of the Department and that the expected outputs were generally predictable. Moreover, the work of the Decolonization Committee, which was supported by the Unit, was cyclical, allowing for the simplification and better planning of its work. Accordingly, the Department proposes to adjust its staffing requirements by abolishing one P-4 and one General Service post (the first currently vacant and the second on temporary duty). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed by the Department that it had reasonable grounds to believe that the Department would continue to be able to fully implement the tasks and work assigned to the Unit, on the understanding that, during peak workload periods, the Unit would be supplemented as required. In addition, there will be cooperation between the Unit and the relevant regional divisions, as required, to take advantage of synergies between their respective work.", "II.7 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals for posts and related post resources for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.8 Non-post resources of $7,774,100 reflect an increase of $209,000 over the resources approved for 2010-2011, mainly under general operating expenses ($181,500) and contractual services ($97,800).", "II.9 The Advisory Committee notes that requirements for general temporary assistance and overtime are grouped under programme support, resulting in reduced requirements under each subprogramme. The resources of $1,273,100 under programme support for general operating expenses include communications costs. The increase of $230,000 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 is due to the increase in telecommunications (in view of the higher roaming costs for staff on official travel) and the inward redeployment of resources previously budgeted under various subprogrammes. The proposed requirements for contractual services under programme support include the cost of support services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology and 40 mobile accounts for key staff as part of the business continuity plan ($1,058,500). The increase of $192,200 over the previous biennium is due to the redeployment of resources previously budgeted under various subprogrammes. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the Department of Political Affairs.", "General comments and recommendations", "Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "II.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/31, called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to update the Repertoire and to make it available electronically in all its language versions. The Advisory Committee was informed that, under the “two-track” approach, which allowed for the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, the Secretariat had been working over the past year on the preparation of the fifteenth and sixteenth Supplements, covering the periods 2004-2007 and 2008-2009. The entire fifteenth Supplement has been completed and an advance electronic version is available on the Repertoire website. Work has also progressed on the sixteenth Supplement, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2011, and work has begun on the seventeenth Supplement, which covers 2010-2011. In addition, the Repertoire website has been revamped to further improve its search capabilities and to provide user-friendly interfaces to allow faster access to the Repertoire. The Secretariat will endeavour to translate the content of the website into all official languages, subject to the availability of funds. Advance versions of the chapters finalized and those yet to be published of the Repertoire have been posted.", "II.11 The Advisory Committee was informed that voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire remained an important element in maintaining the progress made and the website in all six official languages. It was indicated that extrabudgetary funds had enabled the Secretariat to retain temporary staff to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire and to proceed simultaneously with the preparation of several volumes of the publication. It was indicated that in the current tight financial environment, voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund remained an important factor in sustaining progress in that regard. The Committee expressed its appreciation for the work done so far and encouraged the Department of Political Affairs to continue its fund-raising efforts in order to ensure that progress towards updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council was maintained.", "General Assembly resolution 64/246 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses", "II.12 The Advisory Committee was provided with information on the activities undertaken by the Department in support of the good offices efforts of the Secretary-General in connection with the recent events in the Middle East and North Africa. The Advisory Committee was informed that it was not possible to support these surge activities within existing resources. Accordingly, funding was provided in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/246. By the same resolution, the Secretary-General was authorized to enter into commitments up to a total of $8 million in any one year of the biennium 2010-2011, subject to certification by the Secretary-General as relating to the maintenance of peace and security.", "II.13 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of the related commitments approved so far by the Secretary-General for each year of the biennium 2010-2011 in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/246 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses.", "Table II.2 Commitments approved by the Secretary-General for 2010 and 2011", "1 498,400 United Nations Panel of Experts on Support to the International Discussions and Joint Incident Prevention and Response Mechanism in Sri Lanka from 10 August to 31 December 2010", "^ (a) Excludes amounts used on an ad hoc basis by the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and United Nations representatives participating in the Geneva international discussions, pending a decision on the relevant budget proposals at the second part of the resumed sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. The Assembly approved the budgets for both activities and decided that their requirements would be met from within the overall appropriation for special political missions for 2010-2011 (General Assembly resolution 65/288).", "B. Special political missions", "II.14 The estimated requirements for special political missions for 2012-2013 amount to $1,083,036,300, compared with a revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 totalling $1,203,840,800 (A/66/6 (Sect. 3), table III.25). The Advisory Committee notes that this amount is estimated on the basis of expenditure patterns for the current biennium, adjusted for tasks whose mandates have been discontinued or completed and adjusted for the delayed impact of new mandates established in 2010-2011. The estimated resource requirements therefore reflect the termination of the mandates of the United Nations Mission in Nepal and the United Nations International Advisory and Monitoring Board of the Development Fund for Iraq on 15 January and 30 June 2011, respectively, and the replacement of the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi by a follow-on mission, the United Nations Office in Burundi, on 1 January 2011. As indicated in chapter I above, this factor has resulted in reduced requirements of $85.8 million; a further reduction of $35 million is expected as a result of the more cost-effective and efficient delivery of objectives and mandates (see also para. II.16 below).", "II.15 Information on the related provisions for special political missions for 2010-2011, including end of mandate, is provided in table II.3 below.", "Table II.3 Special political missions, 2010-2011", "United Nations Representative to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board of the Development Fund for Iraq Subtotal 15114.4 Thematic cluster II: sanctions monitoring teams, groups and panels Taking into account the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1526 (2004) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities,", "II.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in accordance with established procedures, the use of resources for special political missions is subject to separate legislative mandates and approval by the General Assembly when the Assembly or the Security Council establishes or renews those missions. In addition, a detailed justification of the resource requirements will be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. As indicated in chapter I above, the Advisory Committee is of the view that a further reduction of $35 million for ongoing missions (see also para. II.14 above) can only be considered a preliminary projection at this time. The Advisory Committee is of the view that it is important for the Secretary-General to show restraint in his budget proposals for special political missions.", "II.17 The Advisory Committee will provide its comments and recommendations on post and non-post proposals in the context of its consideration of the report of the Secretary-General containing estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council, submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session.", "II.18 The Advisory Committee also recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, requested the Secretary-General to undertake a thorough review of the current funding and backstopping arrangements for special political missions with a view to identifying possible alternatives. In its report on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations, the Advisory Committee indicated that it had been informed that the Department of Field Support, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Management and the Department of Political Affairs were assessing options for reporting on the issue to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, as requested (A/65/827, para. 19). As indicated in that document, the Advisory Committee looks forward to the outcome of this review, which should provide a more comprehensive overview and clear analysis of the capacities, arrangements, processes and challenges involved in supporting special political missions and make recommendations to address the identified gaps.", "C. Office of the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process", "II.19 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $16,949,200 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $648,900, or 4.0 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. This is due mainly to additional post requirements ($530,700).", "II.20 Table II.4 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and those proposed by the Secretary-General for 2012-2013.", "Table II.4 Staffing", "Proposed 2012-2013 for 65 1 USG, 1 D-2, 6 P-5, 3 P-4, 9 P-3, 9 FS, 6 SS, 27 LL,", "II.21 The increase of $530,700, or 4.0 per cent, in post resources over the amount of $13,364,000 approved for 2010-2011 reflects the delayed impact of eight posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed establishment of one new National Officer post in the Regional Affairs Unit. As indicated in the proposed budget, the National Officer post is currently funded from extrabudgetary resources. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the post would no longer be funded beyond 2011, but that the functions (see A/66/6 (Sect. 3), para. 3.80) had proved invaluable and continued to be needed to enhance the effectiveness of United Nations outreach in Israel. In addition, within the Unit, one Political Affairs Officer (P-3) is assigned as the focal point for Government relations with Israel, while three Political Affairs Officers (1 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 P-3) perform similar functions with respect to Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed National Officer posts.", "II.22 It is proposed that the conversion of one Field Service post to the Local level in the Mission Support component be identified in the context of the harmonization of conditions of service (ibid.). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification.", "II.23 The amount of $3,054,500 proposed for non-post items reflects an increase of $118,200 over the resources approved for the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is due mainly to additional requirements under furniture and equipment ($134,700) and supplies and materials ($47,700) owing to the replacement of one armoured vehicle and four conventional vehicles from the current fleet of two armoured vehicles and five light vehicles, which have reached their useful life, as well as increased requirements for petrol, oil and lubricants. The additional requirements are offset in part by reduced requirements proposed for other non-post items. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the Office of the Special Coordinator, while encouraging stricter management in the maintenance of its vehicle fleet.", "D. Peacebuilding Support Office", "II.24 The overall regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Peacebuilding Support Office amount to $5,220,500 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $677,800, or 14.9 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase in requirements is the net result of an increase in post requirements ($839,300) offset by a decrease in non-post requirements ($161,500).", "II.25 Table II.5 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and those proposed by the Secretary-General for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.5 Staffing", "Proposed 2012-2013 13 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 GS (PL), 3 GS (OL) 13 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 GS (PL), 3 GS (OL) redeployment 1 D-1 post from the Peacebuilding Commission Support Service to the Policy Planning and Applications Service", "Recommendations on posts", "II.26 The proposed post requirements of $4,329,700 for 2012-2013 reflect an increase of $839,300, or 24.0 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase reflects the delayed impact of six new posts (2 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) approved in 2010-2011. It is proposed that the number of regular budget posts be maintained at the same level as in 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Peacebuilding Financing Branch, which brings together the programmatic and financial management of the Peacebuilding Fund, as well as resource mobilization, tracking of funding and analysis of funding gaps, has eight extrabudgetary posts (see table II.5) funded by the Peacebuilding Fund.", "II.27 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Office proposes to redeploy the post of Chief of the Peacebuilding Commission Support Branch (D-1) to the Policy Planning and Applications Service to replace a D-1 post previously seconded by UNDP. The redeployment is intended to provide the level of leadership required to match responsibilities and expected high-quality outputs in the areas of knowledge management, policy planning and development, in close cooperation with relevant United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes and non-United Nations partners. The functions of the Chief of the Peacebuilding Commission Support Branch will be performed by the Chief of Staff and Deputy Head of Office (D-2), who will also perform his or her own functions. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "II.28 The Advisory Committee recalls that the functions and role of the Peacebuilding Support Office, including support to the Peacebuilding Commission, were reviewed in 2008 and that the structure of the Office was revised in the light of lessons learned from its first years of operation (see A/64/7, paras. II.21-II.30). The Advisory Committee notes that the number of countries on the agenda of the Peacebuilding Commission has increased from two in 2006 to six in 2011: Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, the Central African Republic, Liberia and Guinea, with another country likely to join in the near future. The Peacebuilding Fund has evolved into a trust fund of 50 donors operating in 20 countries and, for the first time, has articulated its strategy in its business plan for the period 2011-2013, which aims to mobilize, allocate and disburse $100 million annually to support global peacebuilding efforts.", "II.29 The Advisory Committee was informed that the increase in the number of countries on the agenda of the Peacebuilding Commission would substantially affect the workload of the Office, the staffing requirements and the travel requirements of representatives and staff to countries on the agenda. The Peacebuilding Support Office has been relying for many years on non-reimbursable loans from the United Nations system and extrabudgetary resources to fund positions that temporarily perform core functions in support of the Commission ' s work. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at July 2011, the Peacebuilding Support Office had five posts (2 P-5 for UNDP, 1 P-5 for WFP, 1 P-5 for the World Bank and 1 P-4 for UNHCR) provided through non-reimbursable loans from other United Nations system organizations and non-United Nations partners. The Advisory Committee has previously noted the relatively rapid turnover of some of these posts and has stressed the importance of efforts to ensure the stability of functions through the continued commitment of these entities to the assignment of seconded personnel on a longer-term basis (A/64/7, para. II.28).", "II.30 The Advisory Committee was informed that, while efforts had been made to ensure that entities provided secondments or donor contributions to finance key positions, this was becoming increasingly difficult in the current tight environment. The Advisory Committee is of the view that for offices with a system-wide focus on mandates, it would be useful to have seconded staff from agencies, funds and programmes to supplement their regular budget staffing. However, the Committee recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources may be unpredictable. The Advisory Committee is therefore of the view that it is not prudent to rely solely on these categories of resources for the implementation of core regular budget programmes and activities, since such resources cannot be guaranteed. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of secondments in chapter I above.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.31 The non-post resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $890,800, reflecting a decrease of $161,500 compared with the appropriation of $1,052,300 for 2010-2011. The reduced requirements are mainly attributable to reduced requirements under other staff costs ($22,200) owing to stricter controls on the use of overtime; consultants and experts ($54,200) owing to the planned utilization of available in-house expertise; travel of representatives ($55,500) owing to the lower number of trips and, where possible, increased use of videoconferencing facilities; and general operating expenses ($29,600), reflecting the pattern of expenditure. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed for the Peacebuilding Support Office.", "E. United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "II.32 The United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/17. Pursuant to the resolution, the Office of the Register of Damage was established at the United Nations Office at Vienna as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. The resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $5,346,700 before recosting. The decrease of $158,400, or 2.9 per cent, compared with the appropriation of $5,505,100 for 2010-2011 is the net result of an increase in post requirements ($147,600) and a decrease in non-post project requirements ($306,000).", "II.33 The posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and those proposed by the Secretary-General for 2012-2013 are summarized in table II.6 below. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.6 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "II.34 The post requirements ($4,673,800) relate to the continuation in 2012-2013 of the 18 temporary posts shown in table II.6 above and the proposed establishment of a new temporary post of Claims Officer (P-3) in the Claims Processing Unit ($147,600 increase over the resources approved for 2010-2011).", "II.35 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the gap between the number of claim forms received and those reviewed and processed has widened over the past two years. By the end of 2010, 12,611 claims had been received and only 2,286 claims had been reviewed and processed. It was indicated that the proposed additional post of Interim Claims Officer (P-3) would facilitate the processing of claims against established eligibility criteria, maintain records of claims submitted and processed in order to prepare case summaries and maintain the registry database. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed temporary P-3 post and expects that it will facilitate the timely processing of claims.", "II.36 The non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $672,900, reflecting a decrease of $306,000, reflecting a decrease under all objects of expenditure. The decrease under other staff costs ($15,200) reflects the efforts of the Office to redistribute additional work within existing staff resources. The Advisory Committee commends the Office for its efforts in this regard. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the Office of the Register of Damage.", "United Nations Office to the African Union", "II.37 The Advisory Committee recalls that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/310, a comprehensive review of the functional requirements of the partnership for peace and security between the United Nations and the African Union was undertaken with a view to consolidating the United Nations peace and security presence in Addis Ababa into a single United Nations office (see A/64/762). The Committee ' s conclusions and recommendations in this regard (see A/64/792) were endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/288. The resolution established the United Nations Office to the African Union effective 1 July 2010.", "II.38 The United Nations Office to the African Union consolidated the support component of the former United Nations Liaison Office, the African Union Peacekeeping Support Team, the United Nations planning team for the African Union Mission in Somalia and the Joint Support and Coordination Mechanism for the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur. The Office is headed by a Special Representative of the Secretary-General at the Assistant Secretary-General level, who reports to the Under-Secretaries-General of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs, but whose oversight of the Office is primarily the responsibility of the Department of Political Affairs.", "II.39 In its report on the proposed budget for the Office, the Advisory Committee noted that much remained to be done to streamline the arrangements for Headquarters support and coordination with the African Union in line with the restructuring. The Committee is also concerned about the complex reporting lines of the Office (A/64/792, para. 16). In its report on the budget for the support account for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/827, para. 86), the Committee also indicated that, according to the Secretary-General, the Office would require the same level of support from the three departments in view of the existing specific mandates and mandates requested by the Security Council and the General Assembly, and would therefore report separately to them on matters related to their respective mandates. The Committee was informed that the Office had effectively managed three independent reporting lines without problems and that an interdepartmental mechanism was being established to facilitate regular consultations and information-sharing between the Office and the three departments. The Committee expects that, as the consolidation of the Office is fully completed, information on coordination and consultative arrangements between the relevant departments and offices at Headquarters will be included in the next budget submission.", "II.40 The Advisory Committee notes that regular budget resources for the United Nations Office to the African Union are presented under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, as the United Nations Liaison Office, which is part of the Office, has also been included under that section since its inception. Given that the programmatic functions implemented by the Office relate to peace and security, these resources are now included as a separate component under section 3, Political affairs, of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "II.41 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $1,910,700 before recosting, an increase of $340,000, or 21.6 per cent, compared with the appropriation of $1,570,700 for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Office is also funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations ($15,267,600 for the biennium 2012-2013) and covers the cost of the 57 posts listed in table II.7 below and their related operational costs.", "II.42 Table II.7 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.7 Proposed staffing establishment", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011", "Proposed 2012-2013", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013", "(a) To be funded from “other assessed resources”, reflecting the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.43 Post resources ($1,828,500) relate to the six continuing posts shown in table II.7 above. The increase of $340,000 relates to the delayed impact of one post approved for 2010-2011. The proposed non-post resources of $82,200 are the same as those approved for 2010-2011.", "II.44 The Advisory Committee notes that the structure of the Office will include substantive and support components. The substantive component will provide support to the African Union in three areas: political affairs, operational planning and administrative planning (A/64/792, para. 5). The Committee also notes that the aim is to keep the structure flexible, with the possibility of expanding or narrowing as appropriate (para. See also A/66/6 (Sect. 3), para. The Committee reiterates its request that, as the Office becomes fully operational, the support component of the Office (comprising 32 of the 62 posts) be kept under review and further assessed, including arrangements for ECA to provide support services and share human resources to facilitate the support relationship (see A/64/792, para. 22, and A/65/827, para. 90).", "II.45 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for post and non-post resources for the United Nations Office to the African Union.", "Section 4 Disarmament", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "II.46 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 4 amount to $22,711,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $577,000, or 2.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 4), para. 4.9). The increase is due to increased requirements for posts ($274,400) and non-post ($302,600).", "II.47 In terms of programme components, the increase relates mainly to the programme of work, in particular subprogramme 2, Weapons of mass destruction, owing to additional requirements for the ad hoc expert meetings on transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space for 2012-2013 (see paras. II.51 and II.52 below); and subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, owing to the delayed impact of four posts (2 P-3 and 2 Local level) approved in 2010-2011, the inclusion of core operational requirements for the Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as increased security requirements for the three regional centres (see para. II.54 below).", "II.48 Extrabudgetary funding for 2012-2013 is projected at $16,643,000, including $4,031,300 for the UNIDIR Trust Fund, as compared with estimated resources of $21,446,500 for the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease is due to the funding provided for one specific activity under subprogramme 3 in 2010-2011, which is not expected to continue in 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 4), para. 4.10).", "II.49 Table II.8 summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.8 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 1 P-5", "Recommendations on posts", "II.50 The proposed post resources of $17,571,800, reflecting an increase of $274,400, are attributable mainly to the delayed impact of four posts (2 P-3 and 2 Local level) approved under subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, for 2010-2011. As indicated in table II.8 above, the staffing level remains the same. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposals for post resources.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.51 The estimate of $5,140,000 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net increase of $302,600 over the appropriation for 2010-2011. The proposed requirements for experts amount to $1,759,900, an increase of $366,100 over the appropriation for 2010-2011. This is due to the inclusion of a provision under subprogramme 2, Weapons of mass destruction, to implement the provisions of General Assembly resolution 65/68. The resolution requested the Secretary-General to establish a group of governmental experts to conduct a study on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures starting in 2012. The Committee notes that, in paragraph 3 of the resolution, the Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to provide the Group of Experts, from within existing resources, with any assistance and services that might be required to carry out its mandate.", "II.52 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the related requirements of $366,100 for experts included travel ($254,800), daily subsistence allowance ($93,500), airport costs ($5,700) and services of a consultant ($12,100). The Committee notes that one 10-day meeting is expected to be held in New York in 2012, two 10-day meetings in 2013, one in New York and one in Vienna.", "II.53 The amount of $1,911,400 is proposed for grants and contributions, at the level of the biennium 2010-2011. The proposed resources include $1,873,300 under subprogramme 1, Multilateral negotiations on arms limitation and disarmament, for the fellowship programme ($1,295,500) and a subvention to UNIDIR ($577,800), which provides for up to 25 fellows per year pursuant to General Assembly resolution 37/100 G, and $38,100 under subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, for the mandatory minimum operating security standards for the three regional centres.", "II.54 The non-post resources proposed for subprogramme 5 amount to $989,300, reflecting an increase of $19,400 under other staff costs to ensure that the regional centres in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean are fully compliant with minimum operating security standards. In addition, the proposed resources for general operating expenses amount to $181,000, reflecting an increase of $20,200, owing to the progressive response to General Assembly resolutions 62/216, 63/74 and 63/77. In those resolutions, the Secretary-General was requested to make provision for the related operational costs of the three regional centres to be included in the regular budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the resources proposed provide for the operational costs of the regional centres in Africa ($79,800), Latin America and the Caribbean ($53,900) and Asia and the Pacific ($47,300). The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "II.55 The Advisory Committee notes that the Office for Disarmament Affairs will open a new office in Vienna as part of a new initiative to address the growing demand for cooperation and effective interaction with intergovernmental organizations (A/66/6 (Sect. 4), paras. 4.23-4.26). The Committee was informed that all funding for the office, which would be formally established in September 2011, would come from extrabudgetary resources and would continue on the basis of the necessary contributions from interested donors. A special trust fund had been established to support the Office and extrabudgetary funds had been secured to support one P-5 post (the incumbent would head the Office) and one locally recruited General Service post for an initial period of 12 months. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the establishment of the Office would not affect other activities of the Office for Disarmament Affairs funded from extrabudgetary resources. The Committee recognizes the important role of the United Nations Office at Vienna in ensuring cooperation and interaction with intergovernmental organizations and in strengthening the capacity of the Office for Disarmament Affairs to keep abreast of developments, in particular in the nuclear field, and looks forward to its continued fund-raising activities in this regard.", "Section 5 Peacekeeping operations", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) A revision of the information included in table 5.5 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 5) to take into account other assessed resources of $31,198,400 and extrabudgetary resources of $217,713,500, reflecting General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.56 The resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $109,779,100 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $3,124,700, or 2.8 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The total resources proposed under section 5 include the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ($10,644,500) and the Department of Field Support ($8,252,500), as well as two peacekeeping missions, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ($69,672,300) and the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ($21,209,800).", "II.57 The overall decrease of $3,124,700 under section 5 relates to reduced requirements under the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ($2,616,000), the Department of Field Support ($53,300) and UNMOGIP ($1,208,600), partially offset by an increase under UNTSO ($753,200).", "II.58 The resources proposed for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support do not include all resource requirements, as the ability of the Departments to carry out their activities is largely dependent on resources provided from the support account for peacekeeping operations (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.14). In this connection, the Committee was informed that regular budget resources represented approximately 2.7 per cent of the total resources of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and 4.6 per cent of the total resources of the Department of Field Support. In view of the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the amount shown in table 5.5 of the budget fascicle for other assessed resources for section 5 for the biennium 2012-2013 should be revised to $319,178,400. Similarly, the total number of posts funded from other assessed resources shown in table 5.6 should be revised to 852.", "II.59 The Advisory Committee recalls that in its report on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations (see A/65/827), it addressed the issue of the support account staffing model. This was the subject of a number of studies and reports on the evolution of the support account, including reports of the Board of Auditors and external consultants. The Committee reiterates its view that any staffing model or support account proposal should take into account all available resources, including support account posts, regular budget posts and other types of staffing of United Nations entities involved in supporting peacekeeping operations. Furthermore, in view of the link between regular budget and support account posts for the backstopping of peacekeeping operations, the Committee reiterates its view that the nature of the support account resources should be linked to what constitutes the core or basic capacity required for the effective management and support of peacekeeping operations — which is directly related to the regular budget — and what constitutes a capacity that can be scalable in response to changes in the scale of peacekeeping activities.", "Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "II.60 The regular budget resource requirements of $10,644,500 proposed for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations reflect a decrease of $2,616,000, or 19.7 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, owing to a decrease of $2,616,000 in non-post requirements, mainly under executive direction and management ($2,101,200).", "II.61 The total estimated extrabudgetary resources for 2012-2013 amount to $420,390,700, including $187,409,600, reflecting support account resources decided by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290. In addition, extrabudgetary resources include projected amounts of $217,713,500 under the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (including resources for 22 temporary posts), projected amounts of $7,969,500 under the Trust Fund in Support of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and $734,800 under the special account for programme support costs for extrabudgetary substantive activities (including resources for 3 temporary posts). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the estimates for 2012-2013 for the Trust Fund in Support of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations were based on the expenditure pattern for 2010-2011. As at 30 November 2010, the Fund had funded 93 projects in the amount of $15,984,971. While the type of project may be similar to the 2010-2011 project, it is not clear that projects may be approved and funded by donors in 2012-2013.", "II.62 Table II.9 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.9 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 posts: (a) 453 5 D-2, 10 D-1, 45 P-5, 189 P-4, 95 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 97 GS (OL)", "(a) Includes 428 posts (4 D-2, 10 D-1, 42 P-5, 184 P-4, 88 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 2 General Service (Principal level), 88 General Service (Other level)) funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations, reflecting the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the financing of the support account. In addition, 22 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 6 P-3, 7 General Service (Other level)) funded under the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action and 3 posts (1 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level)) funded from the special account for programme support costs for extrabudgetary substantive activities are included.", "Recommendations on posts", "II.63 The staffing establishment of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for 2012-2013 comprises 28 continuing regular budget posts (19 Professional and 9 General Service) and 453 extrabudgetary posts (354 Professional and 99 General Service), including 428 posts funded from the support account (338 Professional and 90 General Service), 22 posts funded from the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (15 Professional and 7 General Service) and 3 posts (1 Professional and 2 General Service) funded from the special account for support of extrabudgetary substantive activities. The proposed post resources of $9,754,700 are the same as the appropriation for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.64 The amount of $889,800 for non-post resources reflects a decrease of $2,616,000 compared with the appropriation of $3,505,800 for 2010-2011, owing to the reduction in non-recurrent resources approved under unforeseen and extraordinary expenses related to the Secretary-General ' s initiatives for the maintenance of peace and security. These costs are reported in the first performance report (A/65/589, paras. 8 and 9) and are included in the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The related decrease of $2,101,200 is reflected under non-post objects of expenditure under executive direction and management, including other staff costs, travel of staff, contractual services, general operating expenses and supplies and materials.", "II.65 The resources proposed under programme support amount to $1,071,600, reflecting a decrease of $436,700, owing mainly to reduced requirements under other staff costs ($143,800) as a result of the practice of providing compensatory time off to staff rather than overtime, general operating expenses ($132,800) as a result of lower actual usage of commercial communications and furniture and equipment ($112,600) as a result of the delayed replacement of office equipment. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "B. Department of Field Support", "II.66 The proposed requirements of $8,252,500 for the Department of Field Support reflect a decrease of $53,300, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The decrease relates entirely to the reduction in non-post resources. With the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290, other assessed resources for 2012-2013 are estimated at $131,768,800.", "II.67 Table II.10 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.10 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed staffing for 2012-2013: (a) 424 3 D-2; 8 D-1; 37 P-5; 87 P-4; 113 P-3; 5 P-2/1; 21 GS (PL); 150 GS (OL)", "(a) Posts related to other assessed resources reflecting General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.68 The staffing establishment of the Department of Field Support for 2012-2013 includes the continuation of 30 regular budget posts (19 Professional and 11 General Service) and 424 extrabudgetary posts funded from support account resources (253 Professional and 171 General Service). Regular budget post requirements amount to $8,192,500 before recosting, the same level of posts and related resources approved for 2010-2011.", "II.69 The decrease of $53,300 in non-post resources relates mainly to travel of staff. The decrease of $46,100, compared with the resources of $101,100 approved for 2010-2011, reflects a greater reliance on videoconferencing.", "II.70 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the post and non-post resources proposed for the Department of Field Support.", "General comments and recommendations", "Outreach activities", "II.71 The Advisory Committee notes that one of the outputs listed under subprogramme 5, Field administrative support, includes outreach activities through participation in career fairs, targeted advertising on specialized websites and professional publications and recruitment missions to unrepresented and underrepresented countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.57 (b)). The Committee requested additional information in this regard and was informed that participation in the job fair had increased the Organization ' s visibility as the preferred employer, promoted field careers and identified potential candidates for the civilian roster. Such a job fair in Germany attracted 200,000 visitors and 6,500 exhibitors from 65 countries. Some 3,000 people expressed interest in the United Nations career at the job fair. A total of 203 job descriptions for 13 occupational groups are currently under consideration at Headquarters and candidates are encouraged to apply.", "II.72 Furthermore, the Advisory Committee was informed that, over the past three years, the Outreach Unit had established a database of more than 800 points of contact, including specialized websites, universities, agencies, funds and programmes, permanent missions, specialized agencies and training centres. These contact points, broken down by occupation, region, women and other groups, are used to generate interest in a particular occupation when a generic roster-based vacancy announcement is issued or when a field mission requires a dedicated function. More recently, in South Sudan, the database has proved to be an effective mechanism for trying to attract candidates for a specialized function that the civilian roster cannot provide. The Committee welcomes the outreach activities undertaken by the Field Personnel Division and encourages the continuation and expansion of work in this regard.", "Investigation activities", "II.73 On the basis of the list of outputs expected to be delivered during the biennium 2012-2013, the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support expects to process approximately 700 substantiated reports of investigations into allegations of misconduct received from OIOS and other entities investigating misconduct in peacekeeping operations to enable the relevant internal and external entities to take disciplinary action (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.52 (c)).", "II.74 The Advisory Committee was informed that, according to the data collected, 993 allegations had been investigated in 2008 (195 classified and 798 classified); the number of allegations had been reduced to 890 in 2009 (128 in category I and 762 in category II); and 696 in 2010 (91 in category I and 605 in category II). However, these figures do not reflect the results of ongoing investigations, which is the reason for the decrease in the number of substantiated allegations during the period. Using the latest available data, i.e., 1,188 allegations (306 category I and 882 category II) were recorded for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, and taking into account historical trends in the proportion of allegations that have been substantiated and referred for disciplinary action, it is assumed that approximately 314 allegations (148 category I and 166 category II) will be transferred for disciplinary action within one year. In its report on cross-cutting issues related to peacekeeping operations, the Committee noted the general positive trend towards a decrease in the number of allegations involving peacekeeping personnel and commended the Secretary-General for his joint efforts with troop- and police-contributing countries to that end (A/65/743, para. 103). Given the importance of the issue, the Committee emphasizes the need for sustained efforts in this regard.", "C. United Nations Truce Supervision Organization", "II.75 The Advisory Committee recalls that UNTSO was established pursuant to Security Council resolution 50 (1948) to supervise the Palestinian truce. Since then, UNTSO has been entrusted with various tasks and its functions have been revised from time to time. The Committee also recalls that, since the establishment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), UNTSO military observers assigned to the Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Syrian Arab Republic areas have been placed under the operational command of the Force Commanders of the two peacekeeping missions to assist them in carrying out their tasks, without prejudice to the continued functioning of UNTSO in those two areas as the mandates of the peacekeeping forces expire (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), paras. 5.66 and 5.67).", "II.76 The resources proposed by the Secretary-General for UNTSO for 2012-2013 amount to $69,672,300, an increase of $753,200, or 1.1 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010-2011. The increase is the net result of an increase in non-post requirements ($2,645,500), partially offset by a decrease in post resources ($1,892,300).", "II.77 Table II.11 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.11 Staffing", "Proposed for the period 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "II.78 The proposed post resources of $45,939,800 provide for 266 posts (9 Professional and above, 96 Field Service, 160 Local level and 1 National Officer), as shown in table II.11 above. The decrease of $1,892,300, or 4.0 per cent, is the net result of the proposed establishment of 2 new posts, the delayed impact of 8 approved posts for 2010-2011, the reclassification of 12 posts and the abolition of 2 posts. 2012", "(a) The abolishment of two Field Service posts owing to the consolidation of support arrangements for the Observer Group Lebanon and Observer Group Golan by UNTSO, UNIFIL and UNDOF;", "(b) Two new Local level Driver posts are proposed, the functions of which have so far been performed by staff with valid driving licences. They receive overtime payments for these duties, but are not designated as drivers, resulting in extended working hours that are detrimental to healthy working conditions;", "(c) The reclassification of 13 Field Service posts to 12 Local level and 1 National Officer post, in line with the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/269, to make greater use of national staff.", "II.79 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as indicated above, it is proposed to abolish 2 Field Service posts and to reclassify 13 Field Service posts to Local level in order to ensure compliance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of costs for the harmonization of conditions of service (see also chap. I above). The Committee has no objection to the staffing changes described in paragraph II.78 above and recommends acceptance of the proposals for post resources.", "II.80 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in the context of the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it is proposed to consolidate and consolidate the logistical support services of UNTSO with UNIFIL and UNDOF and to abolish 37 posts (A/64/6 (Sect. 5)). The General Assembly did not approve the proposal. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as at 18 July 2011, 18 posts were vacant in UNTSO, of which two would be filled by the end of August; all vacant posts were under recruitment and were expected to be filled in September 2011. The Committee was also informed that a number of posts had been kept vacant in view of the integration proposal. However, as this proposal was not approved, the Mission is studying the issue of further nationalization of posts. The Committee therefore expects that the proposals in future budget documents will include the conversion of posts to Local level posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.81 Non-post resources for 2012-2013 amount to $23,732,500. The net increase of $2,645,500 over the resources appropriated for the biennium 2010-2011 is attributable mainly to increased requirements under other staff costs ($1,594,500) owing to the increase in mission subsistence allowance rates for 153 military observers ($1,499,800) and under furniture and equipment ($1,034,400) owing to the need to replace vehicles and workshop equipment in accordance with age, mileage and vehicle fleet conditions. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources for UNTSO.", "United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan", "II.82 The resources proposed for UNMOGIP amount to $21,209,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,208,600, or 5.4 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is due to reduced non-post requirements.", "II.83 The posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and those proposed by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 are summarized in table II.12 below.", "Table II.12 Staffing", "Proposed for 2010-2011", "Recommendations on posts", "II.84 The proposed post resources of $10,762,000 provide for the continuation of 76 posts as shown in table II.12. This amount represents a net increase of $10,300 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 owing to the delayed impact of the establishment in 2010-2011 of two posts (1 P-4 and 1 Local level) approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/259 within the revised security management framework, and the absorption of the costs associated with the harmonization of conditions of service in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 65/248 (para. See also chapter I above) for the reclassification of one Field Service post to Local level. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.85 The proposed non-post resources of $10,447,800 for 2012-2013, reflecting a net decrease of $1,218,900, is due mainly to the discontinuation of non-regular resources approved for the biennium 2010-2011 by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/259 for the revised security management framework, resulting in decreases of $2,592,800 and $647,900 under premises improvement and furniture and equipment, respectively, offset in large part by additional requirements under other staff costs ($1,083,900) and general operating expenses ($1,018,700).", "II.86 The proposed resources of $4,362,200 for other staff costs, including additional requirements of $1,083,900, are due in large part to the reimbursement of the cost of residential security measures for mission personnel and the increase in hazardous duty station allowance.", "II.87 The resources proposed for general operating expenses in the amount of $3,126,600 provide for alterations to premises, maintenance services, utilities, communications, maintenance of furniture and equipment and transport equipment, as well as for freight and related costs, general insurance and miscellaneous services. It is indicated that the increase of $1,018,700 is due mainly to the renovation of the existing UNMOGIP headquarters complex in Islamabad, which consists of prefabricated structures that will need to be extended beyond 2012.", "II.88 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, approved resources, including non-recurrent provisions, for the biennium 2010-2011 within the revised security management framework related to a strengthened and unified security management system for the United Nations. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 30 June 2011, the funds had been used to recruit the incumbents of the two approved new posts (1 P-4 Chief Security Officer and 1 Local level Security Information Assistant) and to acquire three armoured vehicles. It was also informed that the procurement process for the acquisition of supplies and materials required for the implementation of security enhancements was at an advanced stage and was scheduled to be completed in 2011. These measures include the reinforcement of the outer walls and roofs of prefabricated structures and the reinforcement of the perimeter of the UNMOGIP headquarters complex in Islamabad.", "II.89 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the task force led by the United Nations Resident Coordinator represented all United Nations funds and programmes in Islamabad, including UNMOGIP, and that discussions were under way with the Government of Pakistan on the allocation of land for the “One United Nations Village” project. The project will provide a headquarters structure for all United Nations entities in Islamabad and will be jointly funded once the land is allocated and the programme is designed with the consent and approval of all concerned entities. UNDP Pakistan is negotiating with the Government of Pakistan, but the time frame for completion of the project has not yet been set.", "II.90 The estimated requirements of $861,800 for 2012-2013 are presented on the basis of the need to refurbish the existing UNMOGIP headquarters pending approval of the long-term structure. Major cost items include:", "(a) $477,000 for the construction of workshop and warehouse facilities, including fire protection systems, as well as the installation of air conditioners and alarms to protect assets in accordance with Department of Field Support standards. The written-off sea containers are currently used for these facilities;", "(b) $212,000 for construction work, including the replacement of wood floors and ply ceilings and the replacement of indoor power installations;", "(c) $118,000 to enhance the resilience of containers;", "(d) $47,000 for the replacement of doors and windows;", "(e) $7,800 for other miscellaneous services.", "II.91 The Advisory Committee recognizes the need for the renovation and maintenance of the existing headquarters structure, pending the completion of the negotiation, land transfer and construction of the permanent premises of the United Nations presence in Islamabad. The Advisory Committee expects that every effort will be made to ensure that any investment in the renovation of the existing structure during the biennium 2012-2013 will not be lost after the completion of the long-term structural project. On that basis, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for UNMOGIP.", "Section 6 Peaceful uses of outer space", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "II.92 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 6 amount to $8,071,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $48,400, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011.", "II.93 The posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and those proposed by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 are summarized in table II.13 below.", "Table II.13 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "II.94 The proposed post resources of $6,833,200 provide for the continuation of 24 posts in 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2011, the Office for Outer Space Affairs reviewed the organizational structure of the Office, as recommended by OIOS, combining the Space Applications Section and the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) programme (A/66/6 (Sect. 6), para. 6.22).", "II.95 According to the information provided to the Advisory Committee and the report in the budget fascicle, the merger, which took effect in June 2011, was designed to plan and organize activities using an integrated and synergistic approach that addressed issues that the two units could not address alone, such as climate change, tele-health, search and rescue and water supply. The Secretary-General also expects that the programme will be able to fulfil its mandate in a more cost-effective and efficient manner by streamlining operations through consolidation and eliminating overlapping procedures. The Advisory Committee notes that the new unit would be headed by an existing Director at the D-1 level, who would be responsible for developing and planning the objectives of the space applications and the UN-SPIDER programme, including the regional support offices of the programme and the regional centres for space science and technology education associated with the United Nations. In addition, the functions of the existing P-5 post would be revised to include coordination of the UN-SPIDER programme and the existing P-4 post would be redeployed to the Office of the Director to assist in the management of the programme. The Advisory Committee welcomes this consolidation and has no objection to the proposed post resources.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.96 The proposed non-post resources of $1,238,200 reflect an increase of $48,400 over the appropriation for 2010-2011. The increase is mainly attributable to additional requirements under furniture and equipment ($33,300) owing to the replacement of ageing information technology equipment, some of which were acquired in 2005 and have exceeded the standard four-year replacement cycle, and the upgrading of previously acquired software packages. The proposed resources for general operating expenses also reflect an increase ($21,600) owing to the increase in the rates for office staff computers and laptops, as stipulated in the workstation service-level agreement. The increase is offset in part by the proposed reduced requirements for contractual services ($6,500) owing to the discontinuation of the publication Highlights in Space. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments", "II.97 The Advisory Committee notes that the level of extrabudgetary resources is projected to increase to $2,013,000 for the biennium 2012-2013 (from $1,887,000 in 2010-2011). These extrabudgetary resources complement regular budget resources to finance activities such as technical advisory services, training, workshops, seminars, field projects, publications, the development and dissemination of manuals, the organization of special events and the strengthening of the International Space Information Service. The increase was due mainly to commitments received from donors in support of the UN-SPIDER programme, the establishment of an office in China in 2011 and the activities of ICG.", "II.98 The Advisory Committee was informed that the outreach programme of the Office for Outer Space Affairs consisted of a variety of activities, including training courses, expert meetings and workshops, in particular to build regional capacity, technical advisory missions to countries and general public information activities. The Office also organizes annual activities in different countries to ensure that the required outreach programmes are available to all regions. In addition, the Office promoted the benefits of space science and technology through World Space Week celebrations and other special events. The Advisory Committee welcomes the outreach activities of the Office, which should contribute to further strengthening the capacity and role of space science and technology and its applications.", "II.99 The supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee indicates that $802,800 would be required under the regular budget for grants ($166,600) and individual fellowships ($636,200). The Advisory Committee notes with appreciation the efforts made to maintain the programme.", "Part III. International justice and law", "Section 7. International Court of Justice", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts in the amount of $47,608,500 ^ (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 amounting to $46,605,800 is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "III.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 7 amount to $47,608,500 before recosting, representing an increase of $1,002,700, or 2.2 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is attributable to an increase of $1,223,000 in post requirements, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011 of $23,895,600, mainly due to the delayed impact of nine posts (1 P-3, 6 P-2, 2 General Service (Other level)) approved in the 2010-2011 budget and the proposed establishment of four new posts (1 P-3, 1 P-2, 2 General Service (Other level)) for 2012-2013. The non-post requirements reflect a decrease of $220,300 compared with the appropriation of $22,710,200 for 2010-2011. The increase is attributable mainly to additional requirements for the Registry ($997,600) from the departmental perspective.", "III.2 The Advisory Committee was informed that, at the time of its consideration of the proposed budget, the Court had 15 pending cases, of which three were under consideration at the same time. In addition, the number of cases on the Court ' s List has remained relatively stable for several years, averaging 15 to 16 cases, and the number of cases decided at the final instance corresponds to the number of new cases brought before the Court. However, in the Court ' s view, this situation may not be a basis for information to evaluate the Court ' s workload, as it is really important that the balance between the submission of cases and the cases decided is constantly changing in terms of volume and that, in terms of quality, the latter is procedurally and substantively complex. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the most notable recent development had been the significant increase in the number of incidental proceedings before the Court, which required work equivalent to that required to rule on the merits. The presentation made by the Registrar during the Advisory Committee ' s proposed resource hearings provided useful clarifications. The Advisory Committee is of the view that such information should be included in future budget proposals of the Court.", "III.3 Table III.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table III.1 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "III.4 Two posts are proposed for a Chief Security Officer (P-3) and a Security Information Assistant (General Service (Other level)) (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.15). The Advisory Committee was informed that the staffing proposals were based on recommendations made by the Department of Safety and Security following a security risk assessment. The proposed new Chief Security Officer (P-3) would supervise the Court ' s Security Unit, which would comprise three existing Security Officers (General Service (Other level)). The incumbent would also coordinate and manage the security of the Court and its judges and staff, while ensuring the protection of confidential information, evaluating risks on a case-by-case basis and proposing appropriate solutions. The proposed Security Information Assistant would assist in the development and implementation of policies and procedures to address reliability and redundancy issues, provide related support to the Court ' s information technology systems and make appropriate recommendations. The Advisory Committee was informed that no staff member was currently assigned to this precise function. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, to date, the Court has relied heavily on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for additional security support and personnel in the conduct of proceedings involving politically sensitive issues, including during visits of Heads of State. However, owing to the downsizing of the International Tribunal, the Department of Safety and Security considered that the Court needed to establish its own internal capacity in this regard. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the two posts requested for the Chief of Security (P-3) and the Security Information Assistant (General Service (Other level)).", "III.5 One Associate Legal Officer (P-2) post is requested in the Registry, in view of the increased workload of the Department of Legal Affairs (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.16). As indicated in the proposed budget, the incumbent of the additional post would assist the existing staff of the Department in drafting correspondence, providing advice on host country relations, employment and contractual matters, preparing minutes of meetings and drafting speeches or notes. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/236 on the budget for the biennium 2008-2009, approved three posts for Associate Legal Officers (P-2) and that in its resolution 64/243 on the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Assembly decided to increase the number of shared law clerks by six, bringing the total number of law clerks to 15 (14 P-2 and 1 P-3). The Advisory Committee continues to believe that the sharing of clerks is an appropriate way to ensure effective legal support in response to changes in the overall workload of the Court (see A/62/7, para. III.5, and A/64/7, para. III.4). The Advisory Committee is of the view that the functions of the proposed Associate Legal Officer should be provided from within existing capacity and therefore recommends against approval of the additional post at the P-2 level.", "III.6 In view of the increasing workload of the Court, in particular the need to address the backlog in the publication of pleadings, a General Service (Other level) post of Administrative and Editorial Assistant is requested for the Publishing Division (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.17). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed posts as temporary posts. The need for the continuation of the post should be reviewed in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015, in the light of progress made in addressing the backlog in the publication of pleadings.", "Conversion", "III.7 The conversion of 10 temporary posts to established posts is proposed, including nine posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3, 1 General Service (Other level)) in the Department of Language Services and one post of Administrative Assistant (General Service (Other level)) in the Department of Public Information (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.18). The Advisory Committee was informed that the posts had been established in 2000 and that the requested conversion was due to the fact that the functions performed had proved to be of a continuing nature. The Advisory Committee notes that the conversion of these posts would not entail additional costs. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed conversion of 10 temporary posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level)) to established posts.", "General comments", "III.8 In view of the lack of gender-related performance indicators in the results framework, the Advisory Committee requested clarification on the Court ' s human resources objectives. The Advisory Committee was informed that, owing to the limited number of posts in the Registry, emphasis was placed, in the selection of candidates, on the recruitment of staff who demonstrated the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. Although there was no formal policy on target-setting, gender and geographical parameters were taken into account when reviewing candidates. The Advisory Committee was also informed that approximately 58 per cent of the Registry staff in the Professional and higher categories were female, and that five of the 11 Registry chiefs were female and six male. The Advisory Committee commends the Court for its performance in this regard.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "III.9 The non-post resources of $22,489,900 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $220,300 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is the net result of reduced requirements for furniture and equipment ($833,900), which are attributable to the one-time provision for the renovation of the General Assembly Hall of Justice in the 2010-2011 budget. The decrease is also related to other staff costs ($289,600), mainly due to the replacement of more costly freelance translators with external translators (the latter requiring daily subsistence allowance and travel costs) and to the use of in-house staff for interpretation, where possible, which is expected to result in reduced requirements for temporary assistance for meetings.", "III.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that the renovation of the General Assembly Hall of Justice was undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation and funded by the Government of the Netherlands at a total cost of approximately $2 million. The replacement and upgrading of obsolete technical equipment used by judges, parties and interpreters is the responsibility of the United Nations. A provision of $880,000 was made for this purpose in the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/64/7, para. III.10). With regard to the status of the renovation project, the Advisory Committee was informed that the project had initially been delayed owing to inconsistencies between the Court and the architects employed by the Carnegie Foundation. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the acquisition of electronic equipment depended on the overall progress of the project, but that outstanding issues had been resolved. The renovation work should begin in autumn 2011 and is scheduled to be completed in early 2012. The Advisory Committee cautions against further delays in the renovation project, which would lead to additional costs.", "III.11 The decrease in non-post resource requirements referred to in paragraph III.9 above is offset in part by additional resources proposed for contractual services. The increase of $593,100, compared with the appropriation of $1,105,100 for 2010-2011, is due mainly to additional resources requested for external printing in the amount of $254,400 to complete the current backlog of Court publications by the end of the biennium 2012-2013 and an increase of $245,900 in the proposed resources for data-processing services, mainly for a project to establish a network area storage, which aims to consolidate servers and data through a transfer to a virtual environment. Information on the current and planned publications of the Publications Division is contained in the budget fascicle (see A/66/6 (Sect. 7), annex, workload indicators in table A.7.1). The Advisory Committee requests that information be provided in the proposed budget for 2014-2015 on the status of the Division ' s backlog (see also para. III.6 above).", "III.12 The proposed requirements of $4,000,500 for general operating expenses for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect an increase of $146,700 over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is attributable mainly to the rental of temporary storage space for the Court ' s publications ($83,600) owing to the lack of suitable space in the current premises and the increase in the contractual cost of photocopiers ($58,500). The Advisory Committee was informed that for the facilities at the Peace Palace at The Hague for the use of the Court, the United Nations share of general operating expenses is estimated at $3,317,900. The Advisory Committee recalls that the use of the Peace Palace was based on an agreement between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation in 1946. The most recent supplementary agreement, approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/238, entered into force on 1 July 2006 and will expire at the end of June 2011. The Advisory Committee was informed that negotiations were under way with the Carnegie Foundation, with the participation of the Procurement Division of the Secretariat and the Office of Legal Affairs. It was informed that a report would be submitted to the General Assembly, in accordance with established procedures, containing any revisions to the agreement based on the outcome of the negotiations. The Advisory Committee trusts that the negotiations will lead to the most favourable conditions for the United Nations.", "III.13 The estimated requirements for the judges of the International Court of Justice for 2012-2013 amount to $13,535,800, including honorariums and other entitlements of judges and pensions of former judges and surviving spouses. The increase of $99,200 compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011 is due to an increase in pension costs resulting from the retirement of two judges in 2010.", "III.14 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed.", "Section 8 Legal affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $44,503,500 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $45,396,500 Projected extrabudgetary resources $15,382,600 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). ^ (b) Includes: $6,968,400 in other assessed resources to amend the information contained in table 8.5 of the Secretary-General ' s fascicle (A/66/6 (Sect. 8)) to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations; and $8414,200 in extrabudgetary resources.", "III.15 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 8 amount to $44,503,500 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $893,000, or 2.0 per cent, compared with the resources approved for the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease is due mainly to a decrease of $1,019,200 in non-post requirements compared with the resources proposed for 2010-2011 of $7,035,300.", "III.16 Table III.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012 - 2015.", "Table III.2 Staffing", "Regular budget Approved 2010-2011", "^ (a) Includes 15 posts funded from other assessed resources, as amended by table 31.5 of A/66/6 (Sect. 31) to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations and 10 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "III.17 The proposed post resources of $38,487,400 would provide for the continuation of 144 regular budget posts as shown in table III.2. The increase of $126,200, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, is due mainly to the delayed impact of one post (P-3) approved for 2010-2011. The amount also reflects adjustments resulting from the redeployment of four posts within the programme of work component, which is in line with the Office ' s efforts to rationalize and optimize the distribution of staff according to needs and priorities, as well as with the expected expansion in substantive areas. It is proposed that two General Service (Principal level) posts be redeployed from subprogramme 6, Treaty Section, one to subprogramme 3, Codification Division, to help meet the growing substantive demands related to the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law, and the other to subprogramme 4, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, to strengthen support and assistance to the Division, including the conduct of studies on designated law of the sea issues, as well as the processing of professional documents and legal publications and other specialized information. In exchange, one General Service (Other level) post was redeployed from subprogramme 3 and one from subprogramme 4 and both posts were redeployed to subprogramme 6, Custody, registration and publication of treaties. It was indicated that the realignment was due to the need to rely more on digital media and computerized workflows to expedite the delivery of treaty-related information to Member States and its dissemination on the Internet. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment of the four posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "III.18 Non-post resources of $6,016,100 reflect a decrease of $1,019,200, or 14.5 per cent, compared with the appropriation of $7,035,300 for 2010-2011. Reduced requirements for all objects of expenditure.", "III.19 Resource requirements for contractual services amount to $1,805,900 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $433,500, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, owing to reduced requirements for data-processing services ($211,700) as a result of the transition from the development and design phase to the maintenance phase of two applications and systems recently used by the Office of Legal Affairs; the reclassification of the service-level agreement for office automation equipment from level B to level C based on the number of requests for services made over the past few years and the in-house capacity of the Office to rely on its own level of support (a decrease of $142,600); requirements for training of staff related to the Geographic Information System in the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea ($40,000); lower rates for data-processing support services and infrastructure, mainly for backup and storage ($39,200).", "III.20 The resources proposed for travel of staff in the amount of $700,900, reflecting a decrease of $372,200 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011, are attributable mainly to the proposed reduction in requirements for travel of staff related to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), from $290,800 in 2010-2011 to $16,600 in 2012-2013, owing to the fact that meetings of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) will be held in Vienna rather than alternately in Vienna and New York, as well as to reduced requirements for each subprogramme (except subprogramme 2) as a result of the increased use of videoconferencing in lieu of travel, to the extent possible.", "III.21 The Advisory Committee notes that, at the end of its forty-fourth session, on 8 July 2011, UNCITRAL, having considered the proposal to hold all its sessions in Vienna, decided to maintain the long-standing practice of rotating its sessions between Vienna and New York and to reduce the time schedule for UNCITRAL and its working groups from 15 to 14 weeks. The savings described in paragraph III.20 above would be broadly achieved. In accordance with established procedures, the decisions of the Committee would need to be endorsed by the General Assembly, and the Advisory Committee therefore recommended that updated financial information on expected savings be provided to the Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget for 2012-2013.", "III.22 The Advisory Committee notes that resources proposed for travel of representatives related to the work of the International Law Commission amount to $2,019,200, reflecting an increase of $119,200. The resources would provide for the travel and subsistence allowance of the Chairman of the Committee ($50,000) and 33 members ($1,969,200). The Advisory Committee recalls that, in accordance with the mandate given by the General Assembly, the International Law Commission holds its annual session in Geneva for 10 to 11 weeks, beginning in 2000, in split sessions, unless the Assembly decides otherwise.", "III.23 The Advisory Committee was informed that the shortfall had in the past been absorbed through redeployment from other budget areas, but that it would not be possible to alleviate the shortfall so much in the future. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the cost of travel and related costs would amount to $2,337,400 for 10 weeks of split sessions per biennium in Geneva. This amount is based on the historical participation rate of approximately 80 per cent and the use of the daily subsistence allowance rate for Geneva, plus 40 per cent of $494 and an average airfare of $3,400. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, if the session were not phased, the related costs would amount to $1,985,200 per biennium. The Advisory Committee encourages the Office of Legal Affairs to consult with the members of the International Law Commission to determine whether other means can be used to rationalize costs and achieve possible savings.", "General comments and recommendations", "Subprogramme 4, Law of the sea and ocean affairs", "III.24 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was informed that the twenty-first Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea had adopted a decision to increase the number of weeks of meetings of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in order for the Commission to consider the submissions received more effectively (see SPLOS/229 of 16 June 2011, paras. 1 and 2). The Advisory Committee expects that, should the General Assembly subsequently approve an increase in the number of working weeks of the Committee, any related resource requirements would be considered by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session in accordance with established procedures.", "Publications", "III.25 Information on recurrent and non-recurrent publications is provided in the presentation of each subprogramme. The Advisory Committee notes that most publications are issued in print form. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Office increasingly publishes certain outputs in electronic format. The Office is also discussing the possibility of obtaining income from online versions, hard copies and DVDs. The Advisory Committee has commented on the issue of publications in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee welcomes the initiative of the Office to explore ways to generate income through publications and encourages the Office to further adapt its publications to suit interested users, including through the use of electronic means to the extent possible.", "Cost-sharing arrangements for services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs in the area of administration of justice", "III.26 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for section 8, the Advisory Committee was informed that cost-sharing arrangements for services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs to funds and programmes in the area of administration of justice had not yet been finalized. Accordingly, the Office is in the process of redeploying regular budget funds to cover the costs arising from extrabudgetary activities. The Advisory Committee expects that the Secretary-General will finalize cost-sharing arrangements with the funds and programmes for the services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs, based on the cost-sharing formula approved in General Assembly resolution 62/228, and that the Secretary-General will report on the results to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Part IV. International cooperation for development", "Section 9. Economic and social affairs", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 9 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $148,820,100 before recosting, representing a decrease of $3,715,400, or 2.4 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.5). Table IV.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.1 Staffing", "Posts approved for 2010-2011 505 1 USG, 2 ASG, 9 D-2, 31 D-1, 64 P-5, 89 P-4, 64 P-3, 43 P-2/1, 33 GS (PL), 169 GS (OL) proposed for 2012-2013 495 1 USG, 2 ASG, 9 D-2, 31 D-1, 63 P-5, 88 P-4, 65 P-3, 42 P-2/1, 33 GS (PL), 161 GS (OL) new posts 2 Statistics Division 2 P-3 abolished 12 subprogramme 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 8 GS (OL) redeployed 5 posts to executive direction and management (1 D-1 from subprogramme 5, 1 P-4 from subprogramme 8 and 1 GS (PL) from programme support); redeployment of 2 posts from executive direction and management to 1 P-3 to 8 and 1 GS (OL) to programme support 26 P-4, 2 GS (2 P-4, 2 GS (PL) proposed for 2012-2013)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.2 The Advisory Committee was provided with a description of the 505 regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.2); 545 regular budget posts were shown in document A/64/6 (Sect. 9) for the same biennium. The Advisory Committee was informed that, at the outset, the Secretary-General had proposed 545 regular budget posts for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/64/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.2). In its resolution 64/244, the General Assembly approved the proposal of the Secretary-General and, in paragraph 77 of its resolution 64/243, decided to establish two additional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-4) under section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 to provide programme support to the Development Account, bringing the total to 547. Subsequently, in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 64/289 and 65/259, 42 posts were transferred from section 9 to section 37 (UN-Women) of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. Accordingly, the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 9)) accurately indicated that there were 505 regular budget posts approved under section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The report of the Secretary-General on the revised proposal for the use of regular budget resources for the normative support functions of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) (A/65/531) provides details on the transfer of resources, including 42 posts from section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011.", "IV.3 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 30 April 2011, there were 27 vacant posts in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 2 P-4, 6 P-3, 6 P-2/1, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 9 General Service (Other level)). The Advisory Committee notes that many of these posts have remained vacant for more than six months by that date. The Advisory Committee expects that these posts will be filled expeditiously.", "New posts", "IV.4 Two new P-3 posts are proposed under subprogramme 5, Statistics, to perform functions previously provided under contractual arrangements with the International Computing Centre. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that contractual arrangements with the Centre were funded through a two-year grant. The Advisory Committee was also informed that technical support for the mainframe server in Geneva was eventually no longer required following the transfer of all its mainframe applications by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to server operations in New York. With reduced service requirements, the only remaining support received from the Centre is on-site support from two seconded P-3 staff. The Centre subsequently determined that this arrangement was no longer feasible and decided to discontinue the arrangements for on-site support to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. In 2010, as an interim measure, general temporary assistance funds were redeployed from grants and contributions to provide the required support. This redeployment of funds enabled the Department to rapidly recruit two short-term staff at the P-3 level to ensure that the required on-site technical support was provided on a continuous basis through late 2011. The Committee was also informed that, as the fundamental need for on-site technical support was long-term and had been established since 1970, it was no longer possible to adequately fund staffing arrangements under general temporary assistance and that staffing arrangements should be formalized.", "IV.5 Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with a comparative analysis of the contractual arrangements with the International Computing Centre for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, the estimated requirements for 2010-2011 and the cost of the two P-3 posts for 2012-2013 and 2014-2015, as follows:", "Resource requirements", "Payments to the International Computing Centre $712,599 $798,648 $908 ^ (a)", "Cost of two P-3 posts", "^ (a) Reflects the estimated requirements before termination of contract.", "(b) New posts.", "(c) Continuing posts.", "IV.6 The Advisory Committee notes that the decrease under grants and contributions exceeds the cost estimates for two new P-3 posts (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), para. 9.14 (c) (iv)). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish two new P-3 posts for the Statistics Division.", "Abolition", "IV.7 As indicated in paragraph 9.14 of the proposed budget, it is proposed that 12 posts be abolished to rationalize the post structure as follows: 1 P-4 post under subprogramme 1, Economic and Social Council support and coordination; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 3, Social policy and development; 1 P-5 post under subprogramme 4, Sustainable development; 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 5, Statistics; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 7, Development policy and analysis; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management; and 1 General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 10, Financing for development. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that 2 of the 12 posts proposed for abolition corresponded to the subprogramme under which the same level of posts had been established previously, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/260 (one P-4 post under subprogramme 1 and one P-3 post under subprogramme 5).", "IV.8 The Advisory Committee recalls that, as indicated in paragraph 9.8 of the proposed budget, the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved 13 posts on the basis of needs identified by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, which considered them essential for more effective and efficient implementation of the mandates of development activities. Five of the 13 posts have been transferred to UN-Women, the newly established entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women, with the remaining eight posts allocated to the relevant offices and subprogrammes within the Department. Information on the distribution of the remaining eight posts among offices and subprogrammes is provided in paragraphs 9.9 and 9.10 of the proposed budget. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition.", "Redeployment", "IV.9 The redeployment of five posts is proposed: three posts to executive direction and management (1 D-1 from subprogramme 5, Statistics, 1 P-4 post from subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management, and 1 General Service (Principal level) post from programme support), and two posts from executive direction and management (1 P-3 post to subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management and 1 General Service (Other level) post to programme support).", "IV.10 As indicated in the proposed budget, the redeployment of three posts to executive direction and management is intended to strengthen the Strategic Planning Unit and support the Department-wide programme management, monitoring and evaluation activities under the unified leadership of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 9), paras. 9.14 (b) and 9.43). The Advisory Committee notes that the Strategic Planning Unit aims to better and more effectively assist the Under-Secretary-General in carrying out specific strategic planning processes, with the following three objectives: (i) to pursue substantive strategic priorities; (ii) to enhance interdivisional cooperation to facilitate strategic review and action across the Department, particularly on cross-cutting issues; and (iii) to work with Member States and stakeholders, such as key strategic partners in the Secretariat and the United Nations system (ibid., para. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in paragraph 24 of its resolution 57/300, welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to strengthen the management capacity of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, including the establishment of the Policy Planning Unit. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments, including for the Strategic Planning Unit.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.11 Estimated non-post resources for 2012-2013 amount to $14,651,000, a net decrease of $1,895,600 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The net decrease reflects reductions under most objects of expenditure, including $242,800 under consultants, mainly due to the increased use of in-house expertise to the extent possible; $104,700 under experts, mainly due to a concerted effort to consolidate meetings or reduce the number of experts and the duration of meetings to the extent possible; $121,200 under travel of staff, mainly due to increased use of videoconferencing, combined travel wherever possible and/or reduced travel time; $460,800 under contractual services, mainly due to increased use of electronic means for the dissemination of publications; $111,000 under furniture and equipment, owing to reduced requirements for replacement of furniture and office equipment through the extension of furniture and equipment; and $781,600 under grants and contributions, due mainly to the termination of contracts with the International Computing Centre. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General.", "General comments", "Publications", "IV.12 The proposed budget reflects a decrease in the number of publications from 483 in the biennium 2010-2011 to 432 in the next biennium, owing to the increased use of electronic means for the issuance of non-recurrent publications, where possible (A/66/6 (Sect. 9), para. 9.12). In addition, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department was a member of a working group established in 2010 under the leadership of the Department of Public Information and the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management to study the entire publishing process of the United Nations Secretariat and to find ways to make it more efficient, including: (i) consolidation of publications; (ii) analysis of the demand for publications; and (iii) increased use of web publishing to reduce the number of printed publications. These measures will be implemented as soon as the recommendations of the Working Group are accepted. The Advisory Committee was also informed that on-demand printing was being considered as a viable mechanism to control printing costs and that printing was being considered in locations that were cost-effective and easily accessible to the target audience. At the same time, the Department is currently using the Organization ' s procurement procedures to identify the most competitive vendors for printing its publications. The Advisory Committee welcomes the importance attached by the Secretariat to exploring options for reducing the cost of publications. The Advisory Committee emphasizes that best practices in the printing of publications should be shared among all Secretariat duty stations (see also chap. I above). The Advisory Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.13 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources estimated at $150,878,100 for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of approximately 7.7 per cent compared with $163,547,900 for 2010-2011. Extrabudgetary resources will complement resources from the regular budget to finance various substantive and technical cooperation activities, such as consultancy, expert groups, travel, technical advisory services, training, workshops, seminars and field projects. As indicated in paragraph 9.17 of the proposed budget, the decrease in extrabudgetary resources is attributable to: (i) the closure of projects funded from extrabudgetary resources in the biennium 2010-2011; and (ii) the lack of commitment by donors to extend these funding arrangements in the biennium 2012-2013, taking into account the current global financial situation. The Committee notes that the number of extrabudgetary posts will decrease from 28 in the current biennium to 26 in the biennium 2012-2013. In view of the significant decrease in extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee cautions that the funding of extrabudgetary posts in the Department may not be assured. The Department should take steps to broaden its donor base, which could contribute to an increase in extrabudgetary resources.", "Section 10 Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.14 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 10 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $6,665,500 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $740,600, or 10.0 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 10), table 10.5). Table IV.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.2 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013 18 1 USG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 2 P-3, 1 P-2, 4 GS (OL)", "IV.15 No additional posts are requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed staffing table.", "IV.16 In its resolution 63/260, the General Assembly provided the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States with three additional P-4 posts. The Advisory Committee was informed that all three new P-4 posts had been filled and that only one P-3 post remained vacant as at 31 March 2011. The Committee trusts that the vacancy will be filled expeditiously.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.17 The estimated non-post resources of $772,300 for 2012-2013 reflect a net decrease of $740,600 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, which is attributable to: (i) reduced requirements of $692,900 resulting from the discontinuation of a non-recurrent general temporary assistance provision for the preparations for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; (ii) reduced requirements of $45,700 under travel of staff owing to the discontinuation of a non-recurrent travel provision for staff servicing the regional preparatory meetings for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; (iii) reduced requirements of $4,800 under furniture and equipment owing to the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for furniture and equipment in preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; and (iv) additional requirements of $2,800 under contractual services resulting from the purchase of a Citrix licence for business continuity. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Publications", "IV.18 It is estimated that the number of non-recurrent publications to be issued during the biennium 2012-2013 will increase from one to eight in the current biennium (see A/66/6 (Sect. 10), table 10.3). Upon enquiry, the secretariat clarified that, although a non-recurrent publication had previously been planned for the biennium 2010-2011, it was now expected that 10 non-recurrent publications on the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries would be issued. Accordingly, the number of non-recurrent publications to be issued during the biennium 2012-2013 (8) reflects a decrease in the number of non-recurrent publications compared to the number of non-recurrent publications currently projected for 2010-2011 (10). The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Outcome of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "IV.19 The Advisory Committee notes that the projected decrease in the estimated requirements under this budget section for the next biennium is due mainly to the discontinuation of the one-time provision for the preparation and completion of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. The Advisory Committee was informed that the meeting, held in Istanbul in May 2011, had resulted in the adoption of a comprehensive, ambitious and results-oriented 10-year Istanbul Programme of Action and the Istanbul Declaration agreed by the least developed countries and development partners, including donor countries, developing countries, parliamentarians, the private sector, civil society and international financial and development institutions. The Advisory Committee was also informed that an assessment was currently under way to determine the most effective way to implement the outcome of the Conference and that, at the end of that assessment, the Secretary-General would submit a report on the outcome of the Conference and its programme budget implications, if any, for consideration by the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee trusts that the report of the Secretary-General will be submitted in a timely manner during the main part of the forthcoming sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "Role of the Office of the High Representative", "IV.20 The Advisory Committee notes that the Under-Secretary-General continues to be responsible for three functions: the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (sect. 10); the Acting Special Adviser on Africa for United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD) (sect. 11); and the Representative to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) during high-level meetings and events held at United Nations Headquarters (sect. 12).", "IV.21 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 10), para. 10.9), in 2008 the Secretary-General reorganized, on an experimental basis, the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States.", "IV.22 The Advisory Committee reiterates its observation with regard to section 10 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the existing arrangements, which entrust the High Representative with three distinct functions, could have a negative impact on the work of the Office (see A/64/7, para. IV.27). Comments and observations on this issue are also contained in paragraphs 11 and 12 below.", "Section 11 United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.23 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 11 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $12,641,000 before recosting, representing the maintenance of the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 11), table 11.6). Table IV.3 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.3 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "IV.24 No additional posts are requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed staffing table.", "IV.25 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.13), the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa has filled all posts (2 P-3 and 1 P-4) provided to it pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities. However, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as of May 2011, there were five vacant posts in the budget section, including one USG, one P-4 and three P-3 posts, the duration of which was as follows: one USG post — 1 P-4 post as at 1 May 2007 As at 22 June 2010, 1 P-3 post — 1 P-3 post as at 7 March 2011 — 1 P-3 post — 1 July 2009. The comments and observations of the Advisory Committee on the vacant Under-Secretary-General post are contained in paragraphs IV.29 and IV.30 below. The Advisory Committee trusts that the remaining vacancies will be filled expeditiously.", "IV.26 The Advisory Committee notes that the second performance report of the Secretary-General on the programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/64/545) reflects reduced requirements under section 11 of the budget, owing in part to the vacant Under-Secretary-General post. While the report of the Secretary-General does not contain specific information on the vacancy, the Committee notes it in table 1 of its report (A/64/574). As vacancies have not yet been filled, the Advisory Committee expects that detailed information on vacancies will be included in the second performance report of the Secretary-General for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.27 No additional non-post resources are requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments", "Monitoring mechanisms", "IV.28 In paragraph 11.13 of the proposed budget, the Secretary-General indicates that, with the increase in human resources (see para. IV.25 above), the Office will be better able to monitor Africa ' s development needs, in particular progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, and the commitments made by African countries and the donor community, under an improved monitoring mechanism to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was informed that Member States had requested the President of the General Assembly to continue informal consultations on the nature, scope, priorities and institutional arrangements of the monitoring mechanism based on existing mechanisms and on the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General, with a view to making the monitoring mechanism operational before the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The Committee was also informed that the President of the General Assembly would appoint a facilitator for the required intergovernmental negotiations, who would, if possible, work towards a consensus among Member States on the way forward for the monitoring mechanism during the sixty-sixth session of the Assembly. The Committee notes that the Policy Analysis and Monitoring Unit is currently responsible for assessing and monitoring progress in the implementation of NEPAD, as well as related support from the international community. While the Advisory Committee looks forward to a successful conclusion of the intergovernmental negotiations on the monitoring mechanism, it is of the view that more attention should be given to further improving the effectiveness of the Policy Analysis and Monitoring Unit, currently headed by a staff member at the D-1 level, with nine posts (1 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 3 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)).", "Special Adviser on Africa post", "IV.29 As indicated in paragraph 11.8 of the proposed budget, the Secretary-General initiated, on a pilot basis, the restructuring of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States in 2008. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General intended to provide an assessment of the impact of the experiment for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (see also A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.9). The Committee looks forward to receiving the Secretary-General ' s assessment of this issue.", "IV.30 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/236, inter alia, called upon the Secretary-General to fill the post of Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa as a matter of priority and urgency. The General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, inter alia, decided not to abolish the post of Special Adviser on Africa, which was reaffirmed by the Assembly in its resolution 64/243. The Advisory Committee notes that, despite the above-mentioned decision of the General Assembly on this matter, the post has not been filled by the Secretary-General. In this connection, the Committee reiterates its view on section 11 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the post of Special Adviser on Africa must be filled expeditiously (A/64/7, para. IV.34). The related comments and observations of the Advisory Committee on the subject are also contained in sections 10 and 12.", "Section 12 Trade and development", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.31 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 12 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $135,478,600 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,151,200, or 0.8 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 12), table 12.5). Table IV.4 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.4 Staffing", "Regular budget Approved 2010-2011: 400 1 USG, 1 ASG, 6 D-2, 20 D-1, 48 P-5, 61 P-4, 74 P-3, 32 P-2/1, 12 GS (PL), 145 GS (OL) Proposed 2012-2013: 399 1 USG, 1 ASG, 6 D-2, 20 D-1, 48P-5, 61 P-4, 74 P-3, 32 P2/1, 12 GS (PL), 144 GS (OL), Redeployment from programme support: 14 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-2 and 6 GS (OL)) to executive direction and management: 1 P-3 from subprogramme 2 to subprogramme 4 Redeployment from subprogramme 4 to subprogramme 2 Abolition of 1 GS (OL) post under programme support", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.32 The Advisory Committee notes that 14 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-2 and 6 General Service (Other level)) are proposed for redeployment from programme support to executive direction and management in order to better align the functions of the Office of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD with a view to enhancing substantive direction and coordination of the five subprogrammes of UNCTAD following the onset of the global economic crisis and its continued impact on the world economy, particularly in developing countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.19 (b)). In this regard, it is proposed that the D-2 post of Director of the Division of Management (and a General Service (Other level) post for secretarial support) be redeployed to the Office of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to perform the functions of research, strategic policy planning and capacity-building coordinator. The Advisory Committee was informed that a D-2 post was proposed to be redeployed to executive direction and management to provide substantive leadership in the management and coordination of common research-related activities. The Committee was also informed that the management of programme support would not be negatively affected by the redeployment of D-2 posts and that the key oversight responsibilities were now entrusted to the Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD. It is also proposed to redeploy 10 posts (2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1 P-2 and 5 General Service (Other level)) from the Communications, Advocacy and Outreach Section, with the same functions performed under programme support; and 1 P-4 and 1 P-2 for evaluation and monitoring functions. In addition, one P-2 and one P-3 post would be redeployed between subprogrammes 2 and 4 to correct the earlier inadvertent inversion of two posts authorized for redeployment in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "IV.33 The Secretary-General also proposes the abolition of one General Service (Other level) post under programme support. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposal is in line with its comments on the continuing need for General Service posts in the Division for Management. The Advisory Committee notes that of the total of 95 posts in the Division, 60 are in the General Service category (see A/64/7, para. IV.46). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the functions of all General Service posts in the Division had been studied during the preparation of the budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and that, as the functions of the General Service posts were of a secretarial nature, their abolition was therefore proposed. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition of one General Service post.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.34 The estimate for non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $12,367,300, reflecting a net decrease of $914,700 compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. Reduced requirements under most objects of expenditure include: $229,800 under other staff costs (general temporary assistance), owing mainly to increased reliance on existing capacity to absorb any additional workload; $218,800 under general operating expenses, owing mainly to the expected stabilization of international telecommunications costs and to a lower level of telecommunications operations, as well as reduced requirements for mail and pouch as a result of the increased use of electronic communications; $154,000 under furniture and equipment, owing mainly to the adjustment of replacement plans; $102,800 under consultants, owing to the increased use of in-house expertise; $96,300 under supplies and materials, owing mainly to reduced requirements for printing materials as a result of the increased use of electronic means; $68,800 under grants and contributions, owing mainly to the reconfiguration of infrastructure services outsourced through the International Computing Centre and the United Nations Office at Geneva; and $33,600 under contractual services, owing mainly to the increased use of web-based products and paperless data-processing applications, electronic templates and e-mail.", "IV.35 The Advisory Committee welcomes the work of UNCTAD in achieving efficiency and recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "IV.36 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.17), the Secretary-General proposes to redeploy the Evaluation and Monitoring Unit from programme support to executive direction and management. The aim is to refocus monitoring and evaluation of substantive programme delivery. The Advisory Committee was provided with additional information on the rationale for the restoration of the previous structure to carry out monitoring and evaluation functions under executive direction and management. According to the information received, in the context of the reorganization of the executive direction and management functions of UNCTAD in 2007, its programme planning and monitoring and evaluation functions were consolidated into the Evaluation and Planning Unit and redeployed under programme support to better integrate the oversight, programme, budgetary and financial operational management of the UNCTAD secretariat.", "IV.37 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the experience of the past two bienniums had shown that, while the operational integration of the programme and budget and administrative audit and oversight were satisfactory, the evaluation and monitoring of substantive programme delivery had become a less important aspect of the activities of the Evaluation and Planning Unit. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, at the same time, the evaluation of the substantive work programme had increased its importance within the United Nations system and had received increased attention from Member States and other stakeholders. It is therefore proposed that the evaluation and monitoring function be redeployed from programme support to executive direction and management to form an Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to ensure that this important programme delivery function is carried out more effectively and comprehensively at the institutional level.", "IV.38 The Advisory Committee supports the proposed changes and trusts that the Evaluation and Monitoring Unit will further strengthen UNCTAD ' s ability to fulfil its mandate effectively. The Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving information on the impact of the redeployment in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. The Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "UNCTAD Representative in New York", "IV.39 As indicated in sections 10 and 11 above, the Secretary-General has designated the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States as the Special Representative of UNCTAD in New York (under the leadership of the New York Liaison Office of UNCTAD) and as the United Nations Headquarters focal point on all economic and social issues related to Africa (see A/62/708, para. 31). The High Representative also acts as Acting Special Adviser on Africa. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the New York Office of UNCTAD comprises two Professional (1 P-5 and 1 P-3) and two General Service staff.", "IV.40 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the New York Office of UNCTAD continued to assist the High Representative in his/her functions as Special Representative of UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters. The Committee was also informed that there was no administrative relationship between UNCTAD and the Office of the High Representative and that the two departments did not share resources and cooperated only in substantive areas and representational functions.", "IV.41 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Advisory Committee reiterates its view that, while mandated programmes of work under sections 10, 11 and 12 of the budget are interrelated, the existing arrangements may undermine the dedicated high-level focus on this issue, which is essential to ensure that the specific needs of the groups of Member States to which those mandates are addressed are adequately publicized and mobilized (see A/64/7, para. IV.49). The Committee also reiterates its recommendation that the Secretary-General review the existing arrangements for the High Representative to also serve as the Special Representative of UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters (ibid.) (see also paras. IV.22 and IV.30 above). In the course of his review, the Secretary-General should propose for the consideration of the General Assembly additional measures for the performance of UNCTAD representation functions at United Nations Headquarters.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.42 Extrabudgetary resources are projected at $75,830,000, reflecting a decrease of $852,100 compared with the biennium 2010-2011. As indicated in the proposed budget (see A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.20), the projected decrease reflects the almost total investment of UNCTAD extrabudgetary activities in country-specific technical cooperation projects that are demand-driven, subject to high financial uncertainty and cyclical. The Advisory Committee is of the view that UNCTAD should take measures to broaden its donor base, which could contribute to an increase in extrabudgetary resources.", "Section 13 International Trade Centre", "IV.43 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in section I of its resolution 59/276, the General Assembly endorsed the revised budgetary arrangements for the International Trade Centre (ITC) as set out in the report of the Secretary-General (A/59/405) and recommended by the Advisory Committee (A/59/543). Pursuant to that resolution, proposals should be submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of the World Trade Organization, in the form of a simplified budget document in line with the United Nations format, in the second quarter of the year preceding the next financial period, requesting that they take note of the planned level of resources requested. A detailed budget is then submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council in the fourth quarter of the year.", "IV.44 Accordingly, the Secretary-General has submitted preliminary estimates to facilitate the implementation of the programme of activities of ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 13)). The estimated requirements for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to SwF 76,141,200 (consolidated World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations assessments), and projected income for the biennium is SwF 500,000. Accordingly, for the biennium 2012-2013, World Trade Organization and United Nations assessments would amount to SwF 38,070,600 each. It is noted that for the biennium 2012-2013, the proposed assessments for each of the two organizations amount to $32,790,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $997,100, or 3.14 per cent (at the rate of exchange of SwF 1.085 to $1), compared with the appropriation of $31,793,300 for 2010-2011.", "IV.45 The overall resource requirements proposed for section 13 for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of SwF 76,141,200 include the following:", "(a) SwF 59,526,700, which provides for 164 posts, including the continuation of 162 posts (91 at the Professional level and 71 at the General Service level) and the conversion of two positions (1 P-4 and 1 P-2) previously funded under general temporary assistance to established posts;", "(b) SwF 909,600 represents the delayed impact of eight Professional posts (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-2) approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and SwF 172,200 represents the delayed impact of two posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-2) previously funded under general temporary assistance for the biennium;", "(c) SwF 16,032,700 for non-post requirements, reflecting a decrease of SwF 601,700 for the proposed conversion to established posts of two positions funded under general temporary assistance.", "IV.46 The Advisory Committee was informed that the provision of trade-related technical assistance had increased by 23 per cent since 2008, to $40 million in 2010 and that the target for 2011 was to increase further to $44 million. ITC has completed the change management process to realign its organizational structure to meet requests for assistance; these changes will be recorded in the detailed budget estimates (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), para. 13.6; see also A/64/7/Add.10, para. 5). In this connection, the Advisory Committee was further informed that ITC was committed to ensuring that all future projects had clear objectives and justifications, approved workplans and budgets and ways to measure success, and that monitoring reports were regularly submitted to senior management.", "IV.47 The Advisory Committee also notes that, at its forty-third annual meeting in December 2009, the Joint Advisory Group, the principal intergovernmental decision-making organ of ITC, approved the strategic plan of ITC for the period 2010-2012 and the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, and that the proposed resources for 2012-2013 are based on the strategic framework approved by the General Assembly (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), para. 13.6). The Joint Advisory Group also reviews the ITC programme of work on an annual basis. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was informed that at its most recent meeting in December 2010, the Joint Advisory Group had expressed support for the proposal to convert two positions funded under general temporary assistance to posts.", "IV.48 As indicated in the preliminary resource estimates document (A/66/6 (Sect.13), paras. 13.10 and 13.11), a detailed budget proposal for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of WTO in the fourth quarter of 2011, which will provide information on the impact of the implementation of IPSAS and the enterprise resource planning system (Umoja) on the ITC budget and will consider any further adjustments necessary to reflect the latest exchange rates to ensure compliance with the administrative arrangements for ITC approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 59/276. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that ITC was working in coordination with the United Nations on preparations for the implementation of IPSAS and Umoja. In response to IPSAS, ITC is training staff and cleaning property and inventory records; discussions are also under way with the United Nations Secretariat to take into account the need for the Centre to use the Swiss franc as the budget currency and the associated costs associated with its implementation. Therefore, all additional or incremental associated costs will be indicated in the detailed budget proposal.", "IV.49 The Advisory Committee recalls that the approved budget for ITC used Swiss francs and that expenditures were recorded in that currency. Exchange rate fluctuations had the potential to affect cash flows, as United Nations assessments were budgeted in United States dollars and would need to be adjusted in the context of implementation reports. The Advisory Committee was informed that WTO had informally indicated its willingness to increase its share of the ITC budget in the event of a cash flow problem in the light of recent fluctuations in the exchange rate of the United States dollar, which was highlighted in the simplified fascicle.", "IV.50 Without prejudice to its consideration of the detailed proposed programme budget for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly take note of the resources proposed in the preliminary budget estimates, including the request for the conversion of two positions (1 P-4, 1 P-2) currently funded under general temporary assistance to established posts.", "Environment", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report have been calculated at the 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.51 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 14 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $14,124,400 before recosting, representing a decrease of $86,900, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 14), table 14.5). Table IV.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.5 Staffing", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.52 The Secretary-General proposes the transfer of the Quality Assurance Section from executive direction and management to programme support, resulting in the redeployment of four posts (2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 Local level) to programme support (see also paras. IV.61-IV.63 below). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed redeployments.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.53 The estimate of $957,100 for non-post resources proposed for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $232,700 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, owing to reduced requirements for consultants ($54,200), travel of staff ($40,000); contractual services ($6,500), general operating expenses ($66,100), hospitality ($15,600), supplies and materials ($10,000) and furniture and equipment ($40,300). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.54 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are estimated at $461,242,500 for the biennium 2012-2013, compared with $433,725,200 for 2010-2011, an increase of approximately 6.3 per cent. Extrabudgetary resources are projected to represent approximately 97 per cent of the total estimated resource requirements of UNEP for the biennium 2012-2013. As indicated in paragraph 14.30 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 14)), the projected resource requirements for 2012-2013 are based on: (a) the expected increase in contributions to the Environment Fund as a result of the confidence expressed by Member States in the UNEP programme of work; (b) the projected increase in resources for the trust funds directly supporting the UNEP programme of work; and (c) the increase in earmarked contributions as a result of the expected normal growth in this area of support.", "IV.55 The Advisory Committee stresses the importance of voluntary contributions for the implementation of the UNEP programme of activities and welcomes the intention of UNEP management to intensify its efforts to secure extrabudgetary resources.", "IV.56 The total number of extrabudgetary posts is 545, representing an overall decrease of 57 (29 Professional and 28 Local level posts) compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that the decrease in extrabudgetary posts, inter alia, confirms the observations and comments of the Advisory Committee in its report on the proposed biennial programme and support budget of UNEP for the biennium 2010-2011 (UNEP/GC.25/12/Add.1).", "Matrix management approach", "IV.57 As indicated in paragraph 14.22 of the proposed budget, based on lessons learned from the previous biennium, UNEP has adopted a matrix management approach to the implementation of the work programme and budget for the biennium 2010 - 2011. The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 14.23 of the proposed budget that, in its 2010 audit report on governance, OIOS found that, while the use of a matrix approach to programme management by UNEP was generally welcomed, including by Member States, there was a need to clarify “the delegation of authority, responsibility and accountability of divisions and staff involved in the implementation of subprogrammes”. It was also noted that the reporting lines in the new matrix methodology were complex and that staff had not yet learned how to implement a programme involving six divisions.", "IV.58 In paragraphs 14.23 and 14.24 of the proposed budget, the Secretary-General indicates that, to ensure that management is accountable for the implementation of the six cross-cutting subprogrammes, UNEP has adopted a new streamlined programme accountability framework. The framework sets out the responsibilities of the divisions for the results set out in the programme of work for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and outputs). In addition, consultation and coordination mechanisms have been established through the Programme Advisory Group and the Project Review Committee. UNEP has also appointed coordinators for each subprogramme to undertake the harmonization, coordination, programme performance monitoring and reporting at the subprogramme level.", "IV.59 The Advisory Committee notes that the organizational structure of the programme includes the UNEP Evaluation Office, reporting directly to the Executive Director to ensure an objective evaluation of the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact of UNEP activities on the approved programme of work. The main functions of the Office, including the evaluation of the extent to which UNEP has achieved the intended results in implementing the programme of work, are described in paragraph 14.44 of the proposed budget. It also coordinates UNEP activities related to the Joint Inspection Unit. Based on evaluation findings, the Evaluation Office provides policy recommendations to improve programme planning and implementation. In accordance with the UNEP evaluation policy, evaluations are presented to the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the Governing Council through the Executive Director.", "IV.60 The Advisory Committee trusts that the recommendations of OIOS will be given serious attention and that action taken will be indicated in the next budget submission.", "Programme support", "IV.61 A new “programme support” component is proposed for the Office of Operations for the current biennium 2012-2013. The Quality Assurance Section, consisting of four regular budget posts (2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 Local level), as well as the Corporate Services Section and the Resource Mobilization Section, were previously included under executive direction and management and are now included under programme support, managed, integrated and coordinated by the Office of Operations.", "IV.62 The Advisory Committee was informed that the key functions of the three sections of the Office of Operations were as follows: (i) the Quality Assurance Section is directly responsible for promoting and supporting the results-based management reform of UNEP and other overall change management processes. It oversees the UNEP strategic planning, programme and project review and approval process, programme analysis, performance monitoring and reporting, and management policy development; and (ii) the Corporate Services Section is responsible for the strategic management and general administration of the UNEP budget, finance and human resources, including the management of the staffing table and the project portfolio. The Corporate Services Section is also responsible for monitoring, managing and reporting on contributions and budget implementation; and (iii) the Resource Mobilization Section is responsible for facilitating, supporting and coordinating the fund-raising efforts undertaken by UNEP programme managers to mobilize adequate and predictable funding for the six UNEP subprogrammes, in particular the Environment Fund and trust funds and earmarked funds.", "IV.63 The Advisory Committee trusts that the establishment of the Office of Operations will further enhance the ability of UNEP to effectively implement its mandate. The Committee looks forward to reviewing the effectiveness of this new component in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Section 15 Human settlements", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.64 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 15 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $20,201,000 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $363,700, or 1.8 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 15), table 15.5). Table IV.6 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.6 Staffing", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013 2 posts (1 P-4 and 1 Local level) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda", "Recommendations on posts", "Redeployment", "IV.65 The proposed redeployment of three Local level posts (Media Liaison Assistant, Publications Assistant and Representative and Protocol Assistant) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda, under executive direction and management; two posts (1 P-4 Programme Planning and Coordination Officer and 1 Local level Programme Assistant) to programme support, under subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development; three posts (1 P-4 Financial Management Officer, 1 P-3 Programme Management Officer and 1 Local level Administrative Assistant) to programme support, under subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda, and three Local level posts (News and Media Liaison Assistant, Publishing Assistant and Representative and Protocol Assistant) to the External Relations Branch, under executive direction and management; and two posts (1 P-4 and 1 Local level) from subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, and three posts (1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 Local level) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda, under programme support.", "IV.66 As indicated in paragraph 15.15, subparagraphs (b) (i) and (ii), of the proposed budget, on the basis of the recommendations of the Advisory Committee (see A/60/7), it is proposed to redeploy two posts to programme support and three posts to the Office of External Relations under executive direction and management. The Advisory Committee points out, however, that its recommendation in paragraph IV.51 of document A/60/7 is specific to the monitoring and evaluation function within the United Nations Human Settlements Programme. It was not clear from the budget document whether the functions would be supported by the redeployment of posts to the Office of External Relations and under programme support. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that these post adjustments would support the functions of the Programme Support Division to ensure the central management of monitoring and evaluation-related activities; and that the redeployment of three Local level posts to the External Relations Branch reflected the ongoing efforts of UN-Habitat to restructure itself in line with its programme of work. The Advisory Committee trusts that the proposed redeployment of these five posts will contribute to the further strengthening of the monitoring and evaluation functions of UN-Habitat. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.67 The estimate of $1,923,900 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $483,900 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The net decrease is the net result of: a decrease of $143,300 under consultants, mainly due to internal retraining measures and the diversification of skills sets in the human resources planning strategy, resulting in increased staff capacity; an increase of $25,700 under experts, mainly due to increased requirements for expert group meetings under subprogramme 3, Regional and technical cooperation, and subprogramme 4, Human settlements financing; a decrease of $92,600 under travel of staff, mainly due to the introduction of videoconferencing and business process improvements for travel, including advance planning of travel and the selection of more competitive service providers/partnerships; a decrease of $118,900 under contractual services, mainly due to the utilization of in-house editing and design resources, the expansion of the use of digital and information technology, including the decentralized production of publications to translate more publications into other United Nations languages; a decrease of $104,400 under supplies and materials, owing to the automation of various operational improvements; and a decrease of $37,300 under furniture and equipment, owing to the delayed replacement of information technology equipment.", "IV.68 The initiatives taken by UN-Habitat management to achieve or improve efficiency are described in paragraph 15.18 of the proposed budget. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the impact of efficiency gains had been taken into account by management in the preparation of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, resulting in significant reductions in requirements under consultants, supplies and materials, contractual services and travel. The Advisory Committee appreciates the efforts made by UN-Habitat management to achieve efficiency gains.", "IV.69 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.70 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are estimated at $370,776,500 for the biennium 2012-2013, an increase of approximately 10.8 per cent compared with $334,502,100 for 2010-2011. Extrabudgetary resources are projected to represent approximately 95 per cent of the total estimated resource requirements of UN-Habitat for the biennium 2012-2013. This represents an increase of $36.3 million over the estimates for the current biennium, mainly due to the implementation of specific technical activities projects at the country level, as well as specific activities that fall within the work programme and mandate of UN-Habitat. Under the current intergovernmental review and management arrangements for such extrabudgetary funds, biennial budgets for the use of such extrabudgetary resources are subject to approval by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat.", "IV.71 The Advisory Committee notes that the projected number of extrabudgetary posts for 2012-2013 would decrease from 227 to 206, or by approximately 9.2 per cent. The Advisory Committee also notes that activities under some subprogrammes are funded mainly from extrabudgetary resources. For example, subprogramme 3, Regional and technical cooperation, is implemented by five regular budget and 42 extrabudgetary posts, including one D-2, while subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, is implemented by 21 regular budget and 27 extrabudgetary posts, including one D-2. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the funding of D-2 posts in the divisions continued the past approach and was not based on the funding structure of the divisions. The Advisory Committee was also informed that UN-Habitat, in the context of the overall proposed budget, had sought to provide for the requirements under the regular budget for core staff, including at senior levels, while upholding the principle of funding operational activities, including humanitarian and emergency activities and technical cooperation projects, mainly from extrabudgetary resources. The Advisory Committee was also informed that UN-Habitat would not undertake recruitment for extrabudgetary posts until the necessary funds had been secured. The Advisory Committee concurs with this position that the reliance of UN-Habitat on extrabudgetary resources to fund most of its personnel requires a prudent approach to aligning staffing with available resources.", "Training", "IV.72 The Advisory Committee notes that training programmes are included under executive direction and management and under all four subprogrammes to be implemented by UN-Habitat in the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee requested additional information on the relationship between the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources in funding the proposed training programme. According to the information received, the resource requirements for training are based on the organization ' s training plan, which is apportioned according to the number of staff funded from the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources, estimated at 27 per cent and 73 per cent, respectively, for 2012-2013. The proposed training programme is intended to enhance the capacity of staff, funded mainly through extrabudgetary resources. The Advisory Committee was informed that training would not only help to improve efficiency but also to retain staff at UN-Habitat. As indicated in paragraph 15.34 (c) of the proposed budget, in technical cooperation activities funded from regular budget and extrabudgetary resources, UN-Habitat will organize training courses, seminars and workshops (training seminars, mentoring and systematic on-the-job learning) on integrated capacity-building programmes in results-based planning, programme management, monitoring and evaluation, as well as media workshops on urbanization for journalists and senior managers. However, UN-Habitat did not indicate the number of United Nations staff and non-United Nations personnel who participated in the training. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget should present a clear picture of the two main categories of target audiences for training activities, namely, the staff of the Organization and other non-staff participants.", "Organizational structure", "IV.73 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with further information on the programmatic support functions of the Programme Support Division of UN-Habitat and the Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi. According to the Secretariat, there is no overlap of responsibilities between the two divisions. The Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi provides back-end administrative services, including accounting, human resources management, information technology services and procurement, while the Programme Support Division of UN-Habitat provides programme management support, focusing on field operations projects, UN-Habitat programme and project budget and finance management, programme planning and coordination functions, including support programme review committees, legal review of agreements with partners, organizational methods, risk management and coordination of oversight services.", "International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General, by budget section, is provided in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget, in the amount of $41,118,600 ^ (a) a revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $39,191,100 for projected extrabudgetary resources of $476,140,500. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "IV.74 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 16 amount to $41,118,600 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,927,500, or 4.9 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), table 16.5). In paragraph 16.14 of his report, the Secretary-General indicates that for 2012-2013, in addition to the regular budget resources proposed, voluntary contributions will be supplemented by an estimated amount of $476,140,500, including general-purpose and earmarked funds. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 61/252, the consolidated budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) will be submitted to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, through the Advisory Committee, for approval at its reconvened session in December 2011.", "IV.75 In considering the budget proposals of the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee has borne in mind paragraph 13 of General Assembly resolution 65/227, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to give due attention to the resource requirements of UNODC for the implementation of its mandated tasks in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see also Assembly resolution 64/243, para. 85).", "IV.76 The Advisory Committee was informed that, following consultations with Member States in 2009, UNODC had undertaken internal organizational adjustments to the Division for Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs, with the main objective of integrating the planning of thematic and regional programmes, creating synergies between normative and operational activities, improving support to thematic and regional programmes and strengthening governance systems. The two divisions have been restructured through the establishment of five thematic clusters around the key mandates of UNODC, namely, combating organized crime and illicit trafficking, anti-corruption, terrorism prevention, justice, drug prevention and health. In addition, the Independent Evaluation Unit was re-established and measures were taken to ensure its sustainable functioning. This restructuring was approved by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in spring 2010[6] and subsequently by the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly in its resolution 65/227. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a summary of the redeployment of posts between subprogrammes in the context of the restructuring process, together with a detailed organization chart by division, service, section and subprogramme, which is attached at the end of the present section.", "IV.77 Table IV.7 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.7 Staffing", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013", "Evaluation of posts and recommendations", "Executive direction and management", "IV.78 One P-4 post is proposed for an Evaluation Officer in the Independent Evaluation Unit to lead, organize and manage in-depth evaluations; develop an evaluation policy; manage the dissemination of evaluation reports; ensure that evaluation arrangements are aligned with the strategic direction of UNODC; and build the self-evaluation capacity of UNODC (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.58). The new post is proposed to strengthen the Independent Evaluation Unit in the above-mentioned restructuring (para. IV.76 above). It is also proposed to redeploy one P-3 Evaluation Officer from subprogramme 4, Administration of justice. The Advisory Committee recalls that, following the approval by the General Assembly of the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2010 (see A/65/319; A/65/505; and General Assembly resolution 65/259), the post of Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit (P-5) was redeployed to the post of Chief of the Independent Evaluation Unit. The Secretary-General indicates in his report (A/65/319 (para. 12)) that the Independent Evaluation Unit consists of one P-4 post and one General Service (Other level) post (funded from voluntary contributions) plus two Junior Professional Officer posts.", "IV.79 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in order to ensure compliance with the United Nations system evaluation guidelines established by the United Nations Evaluation Group, the evaluation function of UNODC needed to be strengthened, including the establishment of a field evaluation capacity, the provision of evaluation training, the implementation of a system for tracking evaluation recommendations and the development of an updated evaluation policy and manual. In addition, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, as well as major donors, stressed the need to ensure the functional and operational independence of the Independent Evaluation Unit. UNODC indicated that the establishment of additional regular budget posts in the Independent Evaluation Unit was intended to ensure such independence and impartiality and to provide the additional capacity required for normative work that was not yet possible. Taking into account the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget for the Independent Evaluation Unit. The Advisory Committee expects that, should the General Assembly approve the increase in human resources, UNODC will be able to strengthen evaluation capacity, develop and adhere to relevant evaluation norms and standards, conduct evaluations and, with the strengthening of those capacities, implement programmes better. The Advisory Committee comments further on monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Subprogramme 1. Countering transnational organized crime and illicit trafficking, including drug trafficking", "IV.80 Pursuant to the new mandate on cybercrime of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the General Assembly in its resolution 65/230, it is proposed to establish a Senior Programme Manager post at the P-5 level (new and emerging crime issues) to manage and direct the UNODC cybercrime programme. The Secretary-General indicates that the fight against cybercrime is currently managed by a staff member and that UNODC requires a full-time senior staff member to manage and lead the implementation of the global plan of action and to mobilize other agencies and units for action (A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.66). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNODC remained focused on the crime prevention and criminal justice aspects of cybercrime, while the technical and security aspects of information and communications technology were the responsibility of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). In that regard, UNODC noted that a memorandum of understanding on collaboration had recently been signed between the two organizations, in line with the objectives agreed with ITU and the complementary mandates of the two organizations. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in recent years, the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly had placed increasing demands on UNODC with regard to the fight against cybercrime, including the provision of support and expertise to developing countries in those areas (see General Assembly resolution 65/230). UNODC also noted that the challenges associated with cybercrime and new and emerging crimes were increasing in developing countries, where the number of Internet users exceeded that of developed countries and continued to grow. Based on the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of a P-5 post to manage and direct the UNODC cybercrime programme.", "IV.81 In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2008/33 and General Assembly resolutions 64/178 and 64/293 (see annex I, sect. A). The resolution adopted the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons and proposed the establishment of a P-4 post of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer to lead and coordinate efforts against trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.67). The Advisory Committee notes that a post for a Research and Management Officer for Data Analysis on Trafficking in Persons is also requested under subprogramme 6 (see also para. IV.87 below).", "IV.82 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 64/293 on the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals on how the related staffing and programme requirements could be accommodated through the reallocation of resources in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee requested further clarification on the consistency between the proposed new P-4 post and the request of the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee was informed that, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/293, UNODC had carefully reviewed the staffing structure and all established posts under section 16. On the basis of the review, UNODC determined that the redeployment of any vacant posts or existing posts to carry out the functions of two P-4 posts (1 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer and 1 Research Management Officer) related to combating trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants would have a negative impact on the functioning of UNODC. The Advisory Committee requested further information on the redeployment of one P-4 post from subprogramme 1 to subprogramme 4 in the context of the restructuring process (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.65). The Advisory Committee was informed that the functions of the redeployed P-4 post did not relate to combating trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, but rather to the implementation of relevant standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice.", "IV.83 The Advisory Committee was also informed that there are currently no dedicated regular budget posts for combating trafficking in persons: The Anti-Human Trafficking and People Smuggling Unit comprises two associate experts (government-funded) and four P-2 and P-3 project professionals (funded by voluntary contributions). The incumbent of the proposed P-4 post would be responsible for providing substantive assistance to Member States on the ratification and implementation of the Protocols against trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, including servicing intergovernmental bodies. Taking into account the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of a new P-4 post for a Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer in the Anti-Human Trafficking and People Smuggling Unit.", "Subprogramme 3. Preventing and combating terrorism", "IV.84 One P-4 post of Programme Officer (Terrorist Crimes in Transport) is proposed to provide expertise on legal and criminal justice aspects of transport-related offences covered by the international legal instruments against terrorism (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.78). The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed post was based on the need to implement successive mandates of the General Assembly to support Member States in implementing the international legal regime against terrorism (see Assembly resolutions 64/118, 64/177 and 60/288). The Advisory Committee sought clarification as to the extent to which other entities of the United Nations system also carried out those activities. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNODC had established a strong partnership with specialized agencies dealing with transport and aviation, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, based on a clear division of labour and areas of expertise within their respective mandates. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish a new P-4 Programme Officer (Terrorist Crimes in Transport).", "Subprogramme 4, Justice", "IV.85 One P-4 post is proposed for a Criminal Reform Officer to head the Justice Section in various areas related to the treatment of prisoners, including the development of UNODC policies and strategies, the provision of training and specialized advisory services on criminal reform and support for joint programming with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs in post-conflict settings (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.84). The Advisory Committee enquired as to the existing capacity of UNODC in that regard, whether the functions of the proposed posts were of a continuing nature and whether it would be more cost-effective for consultants to perform those functions. The Advisory Committee was informed that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/230, had authorized the revision of relevant United Nations standards (the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners) and that currently UNODC did not have staff with expertise in criminal reform. While the Advisory Committee believes that at least some of the resource requirements are temporary, it recognizes the need to develop some internal capacity and expertise in this area. The Advisory Committee therefore recommends approval of the request for a P-4 post for a Criminal Reform Officer in the Justice Section.", "Subprogramme 5, Health and livelihoods (combating drugs and HIV)", "IV.86 One D-1 post is proposed for the Chief of the Drug Abuse Prevention and Health Service to assist the Director. As indicated by UNODC, the Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem, adopted at the high-level segment of the fifty-second session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, in March 2009, is the guiding document for the post (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.90). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the staffing establishment of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch was 24 posts and positions at UNODC headquarters and 139 in the field. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the functions of the Chief of the Drug Abuse Prevention and Health Service were currently being performed by an extrabudgetary post, funded jointly by project funds and programme support cost funds. UNODC pointed out that there was a risk that such an arrangement would be in place, as core functions such as the Chief of the Drug Abuse Prevention and Health Service should not be funded from project funds for technical assistance activities. Recognizing the importance of ensuring the sustainability of the functions of the Chief of the Drug Abuse Prevention and Health Service, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for a post at the D-1 level. However, in order to ensure transparency, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the budget document should clearly indicate that the functions of the proposed posts are currently being performed by extrabudgetary posts.", "Subprogramme 6, Research and trend analysis", "IV.87 A Research Management Officer post at the P-4 level is proposed to lead the collection of information, research and analysis of patterns and trends in trafficking in persons at the national, regional and international levels, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/293, and to prepare the required biennial reports (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.96). As indicated in paragraph IV.82 above, in that resolution the Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to make provision for the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons through the reallocation of resources within the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNODC could not identify existing posts to carry out the functions of the proposed Research Management Officer post at the P-4 level. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "Subprogramme 7, Policy support", "IV.88 It is proposed that a D-1 post for the Chief of the Public Affairs and Policy Support Service be established to manage the Service, direct and coordinate policy support functions and promote internal and external coherence (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.102). In the opinion of the Advisory Committee, the responsibilities of the Chief of Service appear to overlap with some of the responsibilities of the Executive Director. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Executive Director had the ultimate responsibility for internal and external coherence of UNODC, but that the Director at the D-1 level would also help to ensure coherence by integrating the secretariat of the governing body, donor relations and resource mobilization, strategic planning and advocacy. The Advisory Committee recognizes the need for coherence between the multifaceted mandates of UNODC and therefore recommends approval of the D-1 post to manage the Public Affairs and Policy Support Service.", "IV.89 One General Service (Other level) post is proposed for abolition under subprogramme 7. The functions of the post will be funded from extrabudgetary resources (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.101). The Advisory Committee was informed that this was due to a change in the functions of the post and the need for more active field support for technical assistance activities. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.90 The amount of $6,139,300 proposed for non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects a decrease of $874,300 compared with the appropriation of $7,013,600 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General proposes reductions under most non-post objects of expenditure, including consultants ($86,600, or 18.4 per cent), experts ($246,800, or 17.7 per cent), travel of staff ($40,600, or 5.9 per cent) and contractual services ($49,300, or 4.8 per cent). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Presentation and logical framework", "IV.91 As indicated in paragraph IV.76 above, the Advisory Committee was provided with a detailed organizational chart of UNODC by division, service, section and subprogramme, showing the number of existing and proposed posts by category and level; these figures are attached at the end of the present section. The Advisory Committee is of the view that these detailed organization charts facilitate its consideration of the proposed programme budget, particularly in the context of significant organizational changes since the last budget submission, such as the internal restructuring of UNODC in 2010. For example, without such a detailed organization chart, it would not be possible to make clear from the information provided in the budget document that the functions of support to the governing bodies and the related posts have been redeployed from the Office of the Director of the Division for Treaty Affairs (subprogramme 1) to the secretariat of the governing bodies (subprogramme 7). In order to enhance transparency, the Advisory Committee requests that a detailed organizational chart be included in future budget submissions.", "IV.92 The Advisory Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget for section 16 should also provide information on structural changes related to the restructuring undertaken during the current biennium. For example, UNODC should better explain the reasons for the transfer of the secretariats of the governing bodies (serving the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice) and the International Narcotics Control Board from the Division for Treaty Affairs to the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, in particular for the redeployment of the secretariats of the two treaty bodies, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the International Narcotics Control Board. The Advisory Committee also notes that, as a result of the restructuring, the Secretary-General, in his current budget proposals for 2012-2013, is proposing the establishment of eight new posts, including three at the senior level. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals, but is of the view that the organizational structure of UNODC should be kept under review to ensure that an efficient and effective operational structure is in place to avoid grade inflation. The Advisory Committee also stresses the need for information on the implementation and evaluation of the benefits of such significant organizational changes, as well as details of the costs involved, challenges faced and lessons learned. The Advisory Committee therefore recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to assess, in the context of the budget submission for 2014-2015, the restructuring exercise and the extent to which the intended objectives have been achieved.", "Review mechanism for the United Nations Convention against Corruption", "IV.93 The Advisory Committee notes that additional resources are proposed under subprogramme 2 for expenditures resulting from the delayed impact of the nine new posts (1 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 3 P-2/1 and 1 General Service (Other level)) approved for the restructuring of UNODC for 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.72). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the nine posts were proposed for the review mechanism for the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in addition to the requirements for the nine posts mentioned above, estimated non-post expenditures for the biennium 2010-2011 amount to $839,400. The Secretary-General also indicates that, when the above resources for 2010-2011 were approved in December 2009, the General Assembly was informed that $3.2 million in extrabudgetary resources would be required per biennium for country reviews, travel of participants, training and videoconferencing. Provisions for the continuation of these resources are included in the proposed budget for 2012-2013.", "IV.94 The Advisory Committee was informed that document CAC/COSP/IRG/2011/CRP.1 contained a detailed overview of the estimated expenditures of the review mechanism for 2010-2011 and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013. UNODC also indicated that detailed expenditures for the first full year of the review mechanism and more accurate estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 would be provided at the resumed session of the Implementation Review Group in September 2011 and the fourth session of the Conference of the States Parties in October 2011. The General Assembly will be informed of the decisions taken by the Meeting of States Parties in November 2011; if necessary, a full statement of programme budget implications will be prepared for consideration by the Advisory Committee and the Assembly.", "Table IV.8 Summary of redeployments between subprogrammes in the context of the internal restructuring of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2009", "Post Title From/to Background", "Executive direction and management", "+ 1 P-5 Independent Evaluation Unit, Head of Unit redeployed from subprogramme 7, Strategic Planning Unit, former Chief of Unit, 2010-2011 Commission on Narcotic Drugs resolution 52/14 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice resolution 18/6 and Economic and Social Council resolution 2010/258, by which the General Assembly approved the revised estimates of the Economic and Social Council (A/65/319)", "+ 1 P-3 Evaluation Officer redeployed from subprogramme 4, Justice Section", "Subprogramme 1. Countering transnational organized crime and illicit trafficking", "Subprogramme 2, Countering corruption", "+ 1 P-4 Programme Management Officer redeployed from subprogramme 4", "Subprogramme 4, Justice", "+ 1 GS (OL) Administrative Assistant redeployed from subprogramme 1", "+ 1 P-5 Justice Section, Chief redeployed from subprogramme 1", "+ 1 P-4 Drug Control and Crime Prevention Officer redeployed from subprogramme 1", "+ 1 P-3 Drug Control and Crime Prevention Officer redeployed from subprogramme 1", "+ 1 P-3 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer redeployed from subprogramme 1", "+ 1 P-2 Associate Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer redeployed from subprogramme 1", "Subprogramme 6, Research and trend analysis", "Detailed organization charts by division, service, section and subprogramme", "A. Organizational structure and post distribution of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (a)", "Abbreviations: RB, regular budget; XB, general-purpose and programme support cost funds; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level); NO, National Officer; LL, Local level.", "(a) Does not include associate experts.", "(b) New York Liaison Office posts funded under section 1, United Nations Office at Vienna, of the regular budget.", "^ (c) Excludes two general temporary assistance positions (1 L-6 and 1 L-5) funded under section 22, Regular programme of technical cooperation, of the regular budget.", "R = Redeployment", "N = New", "B. Division for Operations", "Abbreviations: RB, regular budget; XB, general-purpose and programme support cost funds; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level); NO, National Officer; LL, Local level.", "R = Redeployment", "N = New post", "C. Division for Treaty Affairs", "R = Redeployment.", "N = New post.", "D. Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "(a) Includes two posts in the New York Liaison Office funded under section 1, United Nations Office at Vienna, of the regular budget.", "Section 17", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) At 2010-2011 rates. Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) UN-Women was established as a composite entity effective 1 January 2011 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/289. The present report provides a technical adjustment to the revised appropriation level for comparative and presentation purposes only to reflect the two-year figure.", "IV.95 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects for the first time the resource requirements of UN-Women, the composite entity established on 1 January 2011 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/289. This was established by consolidating and transferring to UN-Women the mandates and functions of four pre-existing entities (the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)) (see also A/65/531 and A/65/593). In line with the same resolution, UN-Women added an additional role in leading, coordinating and promoting accountability for the work of the United Nations system on gender equality and the empowerment of women. The programme of work of UN-Women is drawn from subprogramme 2, Gender issues and advancement of women, of programme 7, Economic and social affairs, of the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), but has been modified to reflect the provisions of the above-mentioned resolution. The Advisory Committee notes that, in accordance with established procedures, the revised strategic framework will be submitted to the Committee for Programme and Coordination at its fifty-first session.", "IV.96 With regard to the funding arrangements for UN-Women, the Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/289, decided that UN-Women should be funded from two sources: the regular budget and voluntary contributions. The resources required to service intergovernmental norm-setting are provided from the regular budget and approved by the General Assembly; the resources required to service intergovernmental operational work and operational activities at all levels are funded by voluntary contributions and approved by the Executive Board of UN-Women. The latter part of UN-Women's resources is referred to as the “support budget”. Subsequently, the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, approved a grant arrangement similar to that used for the management of UNHCR ' s budget to implement the regular budget component of UN-Women.", "IV.97 Following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 64/289, all existing mandates, functions, assets (including facilities and infrastructure) and liabilities (including contractual obligations) of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) were transferred to UN-Women as section 37 of the programme budget for 2010-2011. The regular budget appropriation for 2011 under subprogramme 2, Gender issues and advancement of women, of former section 9, Economic and social affairs ($6,615,700) was therefore transferred to a new section 37, and the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, approved an additional amount of $367,800 under that section to be charged against the contingency fund. The share of extrabudgetary resources for 2011 under subprogramme 2 and the share of INSTRAW and UNIFEM resources for 2011 were also transferred. The Advisory Committee notes that, in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the resources approved for UN-Women for 2011 under sections 9 and 37 have been merged to facilitate a comparison of resources between 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 on a biennial basis and shown in the appropriation column for the biennium 2010-2011, which has been technically adjusted to reflect biennial figures.", "IV.98 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 17 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $14,836,900 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,304,400, or 9.6 per cent, over the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011, as technically revised (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), table 17.5). Table IV.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, to be funded through the UN-Women support budget.", "Table IV.9 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "IV.99 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of two P-3 posts under programme support, one for an Administrative Officer and the other for a Budget and Finance Officer (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.14). The incumbent of the proposed post would provide support previously provided by the Executive Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs in the areas of budgeting, planning and reporting, financial management, human resources management, procurement, information and communications technology and other administrative services. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that UN-Women was a composite entity that relied on both assessed and voluntary contributions, and that the two posts requested would help to address the complex budgetary, financial, administrative and human resources requirements that arose as a result. With regard to specific administrative officer posts, the Committee was also informed that none of the regular budget posts transferred to UN-Women by its constituent entities were dedicated to human resources management functions. The Committee was also informed that the capacity required to carry out the functions of the two proposed posts could not be transferred from the Executive Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, where six posts, currently responsible for human resources and financial management, were already providing programme support services for a total of 559 posts in a number of departments and offices. In view of the foregoing, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of two P-3 posts.", "Redeployment", "IV.100 The Secretary-General also proposes the following five redeployments:", "(a) Redeployment of one D-1 post of Gender Parity Focal Point, one P-4 post of Personnel Policy Officer and two P-4 posts of Social Affairs Officer to subprogramme 2 (a), Intergovernmental support and strategic partnerships, from subprogramme 2 (b), Policy and programme activities, in order to align the functions of those posts, which are primarily responsible for United Nations system-wide collaboration and coordination on gender mainstreaming and gender balance, with the activities of the corresponding subprogramme (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.39);", "(b) One General Service (Other level) post of Information Technology Assistant from subprogramme 2 (b), Policy and programme activities, to programme support to provide technical support related to information technology equipment and software (ibid., para. 17.48).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "IV.101 As shown in table IV.8, UN-Women currently has 45 posts funded from the regular budget, all of which, according to the Secretary-General, support the functions of the intergovernmental process and enhance coherence between support and operational activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.13). With regard to the future staffing of UN-Women and the precise criteria for determining which posts would be funded from the regular budget and which would be funded from extrabudgetary resources, the Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, requested the Secretary-General to specify whether the activities of UN-Women, including administrative, evaluation, coordination, research and analytical policy functions, supported or could be considered normative intergovernmental processes; operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities; or a combination thereof. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to include in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 the necessary budgetary provisions arising from that information to ensure that the financial resources required were adequately funded, including for senior posts. During its consideration of the resources proposed under section 17, the Advisory Committee was informed of the intention of the Secretary-General to respond to the request of the General Assembly as part of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015, after two years of operation of UN-Women. The Committee was also informed, however, that the two new posts mentioned in paragraph IV.99 above were urgently needed and that their establishment could not easily be postponed until that time. The Advisory Committee looks forward to the information requested by the General Assembly.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.102 Estimated non-post requirements for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $1,354,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $82,000, or 6.4 per cent, compared with the revised technical appropriation of $1,272,400 for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Monitoring and evaluation", "IV.103 In paragraph 17.18 of his report, the Secretary-General indicates that, under the terms of General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources totalling $3,735,500 are provided for monitoring and evaluation in the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that all these resources will come from extrabudgetary resources. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation activities in chapter I above.", "Publications", "IV.104 In table 17.3 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that during the biennium 2012-2013, UN-Women plans to issue a total of 23 publications (18 recurrent and 5 non-recurrent), compared with 19 publications (15 recurrent and 4 non-recurrent) during the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the annex to the supplementary information provided to the Committee that less than half of these publications will be published in electronic form (2 issues of the List of United Nations System Activities to Prevent and Eliminate Violence against Women and 8 issues of the newsletter entitled “To Action”. In order to minimize costs and ensure the widest possible dissemination of its publications, the Advisory Committee encourages UN-Women to maximize the use of electronic publishing technology. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Lower projected voluntary contributions", "IV.105 Under section 17 of the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General indicates that extrabudgetary resources are projected at $993,272,200 for the biennium 2012-2013, of which $986,498,400 represents the estimated resource requirements under the support budget for UN-Women and the balance represents the estimated resources for the Trust Fund for the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.17). However, during its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following consultations with various stakeholders, the projected level of voluntary contributions for the biennium 2012-2013 had now been revised downwards to approximately $900 million, based on an analysis of past trends, commitments entered into in 2011 and future commitment intentions of Member States. This adjustment will be reflected in the preparation of the 2012-2013 support budget, which will be submitted to the Advisory Committee for review prior to its consideration by the UN-Women Executive Board.", "Part V. Regional cooperation for development", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "General comments and recommendations", "V.1 The total resources requested by the Secretary-General for part V amount to $503,648,200 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $9,562,700, or 1.9 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The resources proposed provide for the mandated activities of the five regional commissions, the Regional Commissions New York Office and the regular programme of technical cooperation (see sect. 18-23 below). These resources are supplemented by the Development Account (see sect. 36 below). The Advisory Committee comments on development-related activities under part IV, International cooperation for development.", "V.2 The total resources requested by the Secretary-General for the five regional commissions, including the Regional Commissions New York Office, amount to $451,402,000 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $9,562,700, or 2.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table V.1 Regional cooperation for development: proposed resources", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "18. Economic and social development in Africa", "(a) Includes the Regional Commissions New York Office.", "V.3 The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed resources for the regional commissions reflect a decrease over the current approved appropriation, as shown in table V.1. As indicated in chapter I, the Secretary-General indicates that programme managers are given full discretion to determine the optimal mix of resources, while ensuring that mandate implementation is not compromised. It is clear from the examination of section 18, Economic and social development in Africa, and section 21, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, both of which are comparable in size and mandate, that the regional commissions have adopted different approaches. While the reductions proposed under the two sections are similar, amounting to $2.8 million and $2.9 million, respectively, the reductions proposed for ECA are in the non-post component and there is no reduction in the staffing establishment. In contrast, most of the reduced requirements at ECLAC are attributable to the proposed abolishment of 12 posts. Similarly, the proposed decrease under section 20, Economic development in Europe, is mainly the result of the abolition of seven posts.", "V.4 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General indicates that the proposals in the budget are aimed at enabling the Organization to fully implement its mandate (A/66/6 (Introduction)). During the hearings, however, some programme managers, including those from the regional commissions, pointed out that the reduction in resources could affect the functioning of the offices concerned, even if it did not directly affect the implementation of mandates. As indicated in chapter I, paragraph 16, the Advisory Committee expects that measures will be taken to mitigate any unintended consequences so that mandate implementation is not adversely affected and to avoid any change in the overall level of support to Member States.", "Posts", "V.5 The net effect of the proposed staffing of the regional commissions is shown in table V.2. Overall, the staffing proposal reflects a total reduction of 27 posts in the four regional commissions. The Advisory Committee notes that the decrease in post resources for the regional commissions for the next biennium is due to the proposed abolishment of 31 posts, partially offset by the proposed establishment of 4 new posts (3 in the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2 D-1 and 1 P-5) and 1 in ESCAP (D-1)).", "Table V.2 Proposed staffing changes for the regional commissions for the biennium 2012-2013", "General Service and related categories", "Section 18A, ECA 1 (1) 0", "Section 19 (ESCAP) (6) (1) (7)", "Section 20 (ECE) (5) (2) (7)", "Section 21 (ECLAC) (8) (4) (12)", "Section 22 (ESCWA) 3 (4) (1)", "Total (15) (12) (27)", "V.6 The Advisory Committee has commented on the abolition of posts in the proposed programme budget, in particular on the high proportion of Professional posts proposed for abolition in the regional commissions (see chap. I, paras. The Advisory Committee notes that of the 31 posts proposed for abolishment in the regional commissions, 12 are at the P-2 level and 6 are at the P-3 level, which is the initial step post open to young professionals programme candidates. As indicated in chapter I, paragraph 88, the Advisory Committee is concerned about the proposed reduction of Professional posts at the initial level and considers its comments particularly relevant to the regional commissions.", "V.7 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Secretary-General, in his report on development-related activities for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/708), proposed significant strengthening of a number of budget sections, including the proposed establishment of 87 new posts for the regional commissions. Having considered his report, the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved a total of 60 new posts for the regional commissions (see table V.3). As indicated in paragraph V.5 above, the proposals in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 would entail a net decrease of 27 posts in the regional commissions, including the abolition of section 20, as approved in resolution 63/260. Two posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3) for Economic Development in Europe. The Advisory Committee has reflected, in the various sections of the present report, the concerns of some programme managers in the regional commissions regarding the possible impact of the proposed reduction in the staffing establishment and has taken note of the Secretary-General ' s assurances that the mandate will be fully implemented (see also chap. I, para. 25).", "Table V.3 Posts approved for development-related activities in the regional commissions pursuant to resolution 63/260", "General Service and related categories", "Section 18A, Economic Commission for Africa", "Section 19, ESCAP", "Section 20 (ECE) 4 – 4", "Section 21 (ECLAC)", "Section 22 (ESCWA)", "Total 42 18 60", "V.8 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the vacancy situation in the regional commissions by category as at 31 May 2011, as detailed in table V.4. The Advisory Committee notes that the current vacancy rates for Professional posts in the four regional commissions, in particular at ECA (20.2 per cent), are significantly higher than the overall average vacancy rate for the Organization (6.0 per cent). While vacancy rates for General Service and related posts were generally lower than the Organization ' s average of 5.5 per cent, the ECA vacancy rate of 14 per cent was significantly higher than those for the Organization. In paragraph 90 of chapter I above, the Advisory Committee expresses its concern at the persistent high vacancy rates in some departments. The Advisory Committee also reiterates its view that the continuing need for long-vacant posts should be kept under review, in particular before new posts are proposed to the General Assembly. The Committee remains concerned about the continuing high vacancy rates for Professional posts in the regional commissions.", "Table V.4 Vacancy rates for regional commissions as at 31 May 2011", "General Service and related categories", "Section 18A, ECA 20.2 14.0 16.6", "Section 19, ESCAP 10.9 1.6 5.7", "Section 20, ECE 7.2 2.7 5.5", "Section 21, ECLAC 4.6 1.1 2.6", "Section 22, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "Non-post resources", "V.9 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources in the amount of $129,749,800 for part V for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $4,560,600, or 3.4 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011.", "V.10 For the five regional commissions, including the Regional Commissions New York Office, the Secretary-General proposes non-post resources of $77,503,600 for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $4,560,600, or 5.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that there is no reduction in non-post resources proposed for 2012-2013 under section 23, Regular programme of technical cooperation. Table V.8 at the end of the section summarizes the resources requested for the regional commissions by object of expenditure. The decrease in non-post requirements for the regional commissions is mainly attributable to reduced requirements under other general operating expenses ($1,840,800) owing to lower rental costs for several regional commissions; supplies and materials ($1,384,500); and furniture and equipment ($1,766,200) owing to the delayed replacement of furniture and office automation equipment in some regional commissions. The Advisory Committee notes the overall reduction in non-post resources proposed and welcomes the reduced requirements, in particular through the delayed replacement of office automation equipment. However, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the retention period should be kept under review to ensure that no additional costs, such as those arising from higher maintenance costs, are incurred.", "V.11 The Advisory Committee notes that under the sections relating to the regional commissions, additional resources are proposed under a number of objects of expenditure, including consultants ($66,400), official travel of staff ($271,300) and contractual services ($79,100). The Advisory Committee has commented on the issue of travel in chapter I above. In view of the Secretary-General ' s request for budgetary control, the Advisory Committee would have expected reduced requirements for official travel of the regional commissions. The Advisory Committee expects that maximum use will be made of the staff of the subregional offices of the commissions in order to reduce the need for travel or to provide the necessary support when a high-level representative is required to travel, thereby minimizing the need for travel of accompanying staff. In addition, the Advisory Committee notes that the proposed resources for official travel of staff under the regular programme of technical cooperation reflect an increase of $1,735,900, or 36.1 per cent.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.12 Pursuant to paragraph 20 of General Assembly resolution 58/269, information is provided under the budget sections of the regional commissions on the estimated resource requirements for monitoring and evaluation activities for the biennium 2012-2013. Table V.5 summarizes this information.", "Table V.5 Estimated resource requirements for monitoring and evaluation activities in the regional commissions", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Regular budget", "18. Economic and social development in Africa", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe", "21. Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western Asia", "Total 8 356.5 1 511.1 9 867.6", "V.13 The Advisory Committee notes that the provision of $9.9 million for all sources of funding for monitoring and evaluation activities in the regional commissions represents 17.2 per cent of the total provision of $57.3 million for such activities throughout the proposed programme budget. Given the importance of regular monitoring and evaluation of programme activities, the Advisory Committee welcomes the focus of the regional commissions in this area.", "V.14 The Advisory Committee notes, however, that the level of resources allocated to monitoring and evaluation by the regional commissions varies significantly. For example, while the total resources proposed for ECLAC exceed the total resources proposed for ESCAP, the latter regional commission devotes four times more resources to monitoring and evaluation activities.", "V.15 The Advisory Committee notes that, for all regional commissions, the budget document does not provide information on monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken to date or planned for the biennium 2012-2013. In chapter I, the Advisory Committee expresses concern about the provision of information on monitoring and evaluation activities throughout the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee expects that the proposed budgets of the regional commissions for the biennium 2014-2015 will include information on completed and planned monitoring and evaluation activities.", "Coordination and cooperation among the regional commissions", "V.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, encouraged the Secretary-General to strengthen the coordination of the United Nations development system with a view to ensuring greater synergy, effectiveness, efficiency and coherence in the implementation of its social, economic and development mandates, and requested him to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to report and share among the regional commissions lessons learned in strengthening the subregional offices of ECA and the establishment of new subregional offices by ESCAP and ECE, as well as best practices in addressing emerging issues such as the global economic crisis and climate change. The Advisory Committee notes that the two regional commissions have taken a number of measures in the implementation of joint activities in their respective subregions. The Advisory Committee encourages these efforts and recommends that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to ensure that the regional commissions deepen their mutual cooperation and coordinate their activities with United Nations resident coordinators and, as appropriate, with peacekeeping missions.", "Administrative support", "V.17 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the cost of providing administrative services and the cost of the programme of work of the regional commissions compared with the overall budget for the biennium 2012-2013, as detailed in table V.6. The share of administrative services (including programme support, policymaking organs and executive direction and management) in the overall budget of the regional commissions will increase from 45.6 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011 to 46.7 per cent in the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that the increase is mainly attributable to administrative support costs, including the estimated cost of administrative support provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva to ECE, which increased from 46.7 per cent under section 20 for the biennium 2010-2011 to 52.4 per cent. The Advisory Committee notes that the cost estimates for conference services provided to ECE for 2012-2013 would amount to $27,171,300, an increase of 40.2 per cent compared with $19,386,000 for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that it encouraged the regional commissions to continue their efforts to improve the ratio between programme support costs and programme of work costs through the allocation of additional resources for substantive activities in the programme of work. In view of the significant increase in the cost of services provided to ECE by the United Nations Office at Geneva in the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee is of the view that these services should be further analysed.", "Table V.6 Ratio of administrative support and programme of work costs to total resources (regular budget)", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "ECLAC Economic Commission for Western Asia", "Component 18B 18A 19 20 21 22", "A. Policymaking organs — 633.20 1 034.70 — 1 288.80 145.00 3 101.70", "Executive direction and management — 10 981.70 5 927.40 8 056.50 6 300.40 4 018.10 35 284.10", "C. Programme of work - 68 815.40 51 310.70 49 073.30 59 848.50 32 253.90 261 301.80", "D. Programme support", "Subtotal 1 895.60 118 951.10 96 802.90 63 752.80 107 227.00 62 772.60 451 402.00", "E.39 280.8 (a) 39 280.8 Programme support provided by other offices", "Total (b) 103 033.6 490 682.8", "Administrative support (percentage)", "2010-2011 43.4 47.1 46.7 43.6 47.9 45.6", "2012-2013 – 42.2 47 52.4 44 48.6 46.7", "Programme of work (percentage)", "2010-2011 56.6 52.9 53.3 56.4 52.1 54.4", "2012-2013 – 57.8 53 47.6 56 51.4 53.3", "(a) Programme support provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva, comprising $10,823,700 for administration and general services under section 28E, Administration, Geneva; $1,285,600 for library services under section 28E; and $27,171,500 under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management.", "(b) Components A, B, D and E.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.18 Table V.7 shows the expenditures of the regional commissions for the biennium 2008-2009 and estimates for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 under extrabudgetary resources. The Advisory Committee notes that the increase in extrabudgetary resources between the regional commissions is uneven and that extrabudgetary resources for ECE and ESCWA are expected to decline. In view of the important role that extrabudgetary resources play in complementing the funding of activities from the regular budget, the Advisory Committee encourages the regional commissions to intensify their efforts to mobilize extrabudgetary resources.", "Table V.7 Extrabudgetary resources of the regional commissions", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Actual 2008-2009 estimates", "Section 18A, ECA", "Section 19, ESCAP", "Section 20, ECE 25 651.5 31 736.4 25 012.7", "Section 21, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean", "Section 22, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "Total 108 438.3 137 046.0 140 204.8", "(a) Revised projections for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 provided to the Advisory Committee in its consideration of section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia.", "Table V.8 Comparison of resources by object of expenditure for the regional commissions for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Total variance (Regional Commissions New York Office) (ESCAP) (ECE) (ECLAC)", "Posts", "Other staff costs", "Consultants 1 211.0 1 296.7 394.7 440.0 366.3 329.6 723.5 729.5 685.3 651.4 3 380.8 3 447.2 66.4", "Experts 2 962.2 2 989.5 563.8 505.3 29.5 29.5 705.1 746.1 1 052.3 1 054.2 5 312.9 5 324.6 11.7", "Travel of staff", "Contractual services", "General operating expenses", "Hospitality", "Supplies and materials", "Furniture and equipment", "Grants and contributions", "Total 121 766.9 118 951.1 1 895.6 1 895.6 98 326.8 96 802.9 65 547.1 63 752.8 110 129.9 107 227.0 63 298.4 62 772.6 460 964.7 451 402.0 (9 562.7)", "Section 18. Economic and social development in Africa", "Section 18A. Regional commissions", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts by budget section, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "V.19 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 18A for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $118,951,100 before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,815,800, or 2.3 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), para. 18A.14). The resources requested are complemented by those under the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below).", "V.20 Table V.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.9 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011 553 1 USG, 1 D-2, 15 D-1, 42 P-5, 71 P-4, 75 P-3, 29 P-2/1, 304 LL, 2 FS, 13 NO", "Proposed 2012-2013 553 1 USG, 1 D-2, 15 D-1, 42 P-5, 72 P-4, 75 P-3, 29 P-2/1, 303 LL, 1 FS, 14 NO", "1 FS to P-4 and 1 LL to NO under programme support", "Redeployment 1 P-5 and 3 P-3 from subprogramme 10 to subprogramme 1", "1 P-4 and 1 LL from subprogramme 5 to subprogramme 1", "1 P-5, 2 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 LL from subprogramme 1 to subprogramme 5", "1 P-5 and 1 LL from subprogramme 4 to subprogramme 9", "1 P-4 from subprogramme 7 (a) to programme support", "1 P-4 from subprogramme 4 to programme support", "2 P-4, 1 NO and 4 LL from executive direction and management to programme support", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.21 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 553 posts under the regular programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. No additional posts are requested for ECA for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Reclassification", "V.22 One Field Service post is proposed for reclassification to the P-4 level under programme support. The incumbent of the post would head the Telecommunications Services Unit and would be responsible for planning and directing major telecommunications projects, ensuring effective coordination with other United Nations agencies, liaising with external service providers and proposing appropriate connectivity programmes. In addition, it is proposed that one Local level post be reclassified as a Facilities Management Officer at the National Officer level to be responsible for technical documentation, design preparation and administrative support for facilities management at ECA and to provide value engineering for lighting, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems and construction-related installations (ibid., para. 18A.117). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.23 The non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $32,826,500, reflecting a decrease of $2,899,100, or 8.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease reflects the difference between increased requirements under some projects and reduced requirements under others. The increased requirements include other staff costs ($16,800), consultants ($85,700), experts ($27,300) and official travel of staff ($185,000). The reduced requirements include: contractual services ($154,900), in particular professional and language training services; general operating expenses ($1,059,600), owing mainly to a decrease of $1,086,500 for utilities; supplies and materials ($1,181,400), based on consumption in prior periods; and furniture and equipment ($836,700), offset in part by additional requirements under software packages ($338,700), owing to the delayed replacement of furniture and equipment ($670,000) and office automation equipment ($763,800). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Publications", "V.24 The Secretary-General indicates that an in-depth review of publications as part of the programme of work has been carried out under each subprogramme and that a total of 107 recurrent and non-recurrent publications are expected to be issued during the biennium 2012-2013, compared with 102 in 2010-2011 (ibid., table 18A.3). The Advisory Committee was informed that the publications would be produced in English and French. The Advisory Committee encourages the Committee to consider, subject to the availability of resources, the distribution of its publications in other languages of the region, insofar as this might increase their impact.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.25 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation are estimated at $3,250,300, including $2,536,300 from the regular budget, equivalent to 2.1 per cent of the total resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Committee. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to monitoring and evaluation in the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Advisory Committee notes the significant resources devoted by ECA to monitoring and evaluation activities. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. While welcoming the continued focus of the Committee on this important function, the Advisory Committee points out that the proposed programme budget does not provide sufficient information on the results of the monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken to date at ECA or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013, which will use those resources. The Advisory Committee expects that this information will be included in the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015.", "Business continuity", "V.26 The Advisory Committee recalls resolution 64/243, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit, with full justification, proposals for post and non-post resources for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this connection, the Committee notes that a total of $1,109,200 is proposed in the proposed programme budget of ECA, directly related to business continuity management. The Advisory Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development and the strengthening of subregional offices", "V.27 The Advisory Committee recalls its recommendation that, in future programme performance reports and budget reports, areas of complementarity between section 11, United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD), and section 18A, Economic and social development in Africa, should be clearly identified and reported (A/64/7, para. V.27). The Secretary-General indicates that measures have been taken in this regard in a number of areas (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), para. 18A.6). The Secretary-General also indicates that inter-agency coordination and collaboration among United Nations system agencies working in Africa will be strengthened through the regional consultative meetings of those agencies convened by ECA in support of NEPAD priorities (ibid., para. 18A.8).", "V.28 The Advisory Committee also recalls that it had recommended an assessment of the effectiveness of the subregional offices in the context of the budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/64/7, para. The Secretary-General indicates that the results of the independent external evaluation of the five subregional offices conducted in January 2010 confirm that the measures initiated in 2006 to strengthen the subregional offices were largely successful (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), table 18A.40). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the independent external evaluation had been conducted by consultants and that the recommendations of the external evaluation had been endorsed by the Committee in its resolution 874 (XLIII). The Advisory Committee welcomes the progress made in this work and requests that an ongoing impact assessment be undertaken in this regard and reported in future budget submissions (see also paras. V.29 and V.30 below).", "Follow-up to the repositioning of the Committee", "V.29 The Secretary-General indicates that ECA has continued to make progress in achieving the objectives of the repositioning exercise begun in 2006, which has been fine-tuned to integrate relevant areas of work and to enhance synergies, coherence and complementarity among units (ibid., para. 18A.6). In particular, ECA subregional offices have been strengthened and partnerships with other major development organizations working in Africa improved, in particular with the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank and major regional economic communities.", "V.30 The Secretary-General indicates that, almost five years after the implementation of the reform programme, lessons learned through various reviews and evaluations have identified a number of factors that continue to prevent ECA from realizing its full potential as an African lead development organization, including: inadequate interface between analysis and operational activities; insufficient internal collaboration in the delivery of flagship outputs; and underutilization of the existing skill sets and extensive experience of ECA (ibid., para. 18A.10). The Advisory Committee is of the view that the factors highlighted by the Secretary-General are internal to ECA and that it is within the purview of its management to address these issues in a comprehensive manner. The Advisory Committee expects that information on remedial measures taken will be provided in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.31 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 31 May 2011, 48 Professional and 45 General Service posts were vacant at ECA, resulting in vacancy rates of 20.2 per cent for Professional and 14 per cent for General Service staff. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that increased efforts were being made to reduce vacancy rates and that recruitment for a number of posts was in its final stages. The Committee was also informed, therefore, that a significant reduction in vacancy rates is expected in the coming months.", "V.32 Notwithstanding the assurances provided, the Advisory Committee remains concerned about the high vacancy rates at ECA. The current vacancy rate at ECA is significantly higher than at the time of the Advisory Committee ' s consideration of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee requests that the Committee, with the support of the Office of Human Resources Management, seriously address the root causes of high vacancy rates to ensure that sustainable strategies are developed. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the continuing need for long-vacant posts are contained in chapter I, paragraph 92, and the Committee is of the view that they are also relevant to the situation at ECA. The Committee also requests that updated information on the current vacancy situation and the remedial measures taken be provided to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.33 The Secretary-General indicates that, for the biennium 2012-2013, projected extrabudgetary resources of $44,773,600 will be mobilized mostly on the basis of bilateral agreements between ECA and global and regional institutions and organizations involved in African development. The Advisory Committee notes that the number of posts funded from extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 is 114, a decrease of 15 posts compared with the number of similar posts for 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), table 18A.6). The projected extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 represent an increase of $8,770,800 over those for 2010-2011 (ibid., para. 18A.16). The Advisory Committee welcomes the increased efforts to raise extrabudgetary funds.", "Section 18B Regional Commissions New York Office", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts by budget section, by budget section, is provided in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget, in the amount of $1,895,600 (a) representing the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "V.34 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 18B amount to $1,895,600 before recosting, the same level of resources as for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6, table 18B.2).", "V.35 Table V.10 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.10 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011 6 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 6 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)", "V.36 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for the Regional Commissions New York Office for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments", "Results-based budgeting", "V.37 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has proposed a results-based-budgeting framework for section 18B, Regional Commissions New York Office, for the biennium 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that data relating to performance measures under indicators of achievement for the bienniums 2008-2009 and 2010-2011 had been maintained by the Regional Commissions New York Office, although they had not been formally presented in previous programme budgets. The Advisory Committee welcomes the introduction of the results-based-budgeting framework for section 18B, Regional Commissions New York Office, for the biennium 2012-2013, which will provide the General Assembly with benchmarks for measuring performance.", "Section 19 Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "V.38 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 19 amount to $96,802,900 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,523,900, or 1.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 19), table 19.5). The resource requirements are complemented by resources for the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $32,619,000 would be utilized.", "V.39 Table V.11 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.11 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011", "Proposed 2012-2013 433 1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 36 P-5, 57 P-4, 45 P-3, 33 P-2/1, 2 LL, 2 NO", "1 D-1 for subprogramme 8", "Abolishment of 8,5 P-3, 2 P-2, 1 NO", "Redeployment of 1 P-3 from programme support to executive direction and management", "1 P-3 from subprogramme 5 to subprogramme 1", "1 LL from programme support to subprogramme 8", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 103 2 D-1, 3 P-5, 14 P-4, 14 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 66 LL, 1 NO", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.40 The Advisory Committee notes that a total of 433 posts are proposed under the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013, representing a net decrease of 7 posts compared with 2010-2011. As further explained in the paragraphs below, the Secretary-General ' s proposals include the establishment of one new post at the D-1 level and the abolition of eight posts (5 P-3, 2 P-2 and 1 National Officer).", "New posts", "V.41 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of a D-1 post for the Head of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia in Almaty, Kazakhstan, to strengthen the Office as an important mechanism for subregional cooperation and international project coordination; and to ensure full support for the priority areas identified at the special intergovernmental meeting on the newly established ESCAP subregional offices for East and North-East Asia, North and Central Asia, South and South-West Asia (A/66/6 (Sect. 19), para. 19.92).", "V.42 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that ESCAP, at its sixty-sixth session, in May 2010, had noted the heavy workload of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia and the areas of subregional cooperation for which the Office was responsible, noting the need for a consistent staffing of the subregional offices in order to balance the workload. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in its resolution 66/13, ESCAP had requested the Executive Secretary of ESCAP to strengthen and support the implementation of the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia; the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action; assistance to landlocked and transit countries in promoting mutually beneficial arrangements for transit transport; and the strengthening of the role and capacity of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia as an important mechanism for subregional cooperation and coordination of international projects. The Advisory Committee was further informed that the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia was a cooperative programme between ESCAP and ECE, and that the project working groups focused on transport and transit, water and energy resources, information and communication technologies for development, statistics, trade and gender and the economy.", "V.43 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposal for an additional D-1 post. The Committee expects that the establishment of such an additional post will strengthen the synergistic development activities implemented jointly by ESCAP and ECE under the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia.", "Abolishment of posts", "V.44 The Secretary-General proposes the abolishment of eight posts under programme support, as follows:", "(a) Five P-3 translators/interpreters (2 French, 2 Russian and 1 Chinese) in the Conference and Documentation Service (ibid., para. 19.107);", "(b) One P-2 Associate Librarian, Conference and Documentation Service (ibid.);", "(c) One P-2 Associate Programme Management Officer, Programme Management Division (ibid.);", "(d) One National Officer in the Central Support Services Section, Protocol Service (ibid.).", "V.45 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed abolishment of posts was the result of a review of various options to implement the Secretary-General ' s request that the 2012-2013 budget be 3 per cent lower than the amount approved in the budget outline. The Committee was also informed that the abolition of posts was limited to the area of programme support in order not to reduce the resources for the programme of work of ESCAP.", "V.46 The Advisory Committee notes that the posts proposed for abolition include five P-3 Translators/Interpreters posts in the Meetings Management and Documentation Service. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the proposed abolishment of posts would result in a 30 per cent reduction of the existing 17 language posts, which would have the following negative implications:", "(a) A reduction of approximately 30 per cent in the number of documents translated for legislative and intergovernmental bodies, or the abolition of such services for some of them, in order to enable key bodies, such as ESCAP and the eight ESCAP committees, to function at full capacity;", "(b) ESCAP may not be in a position to translate non-legislative documents or provide translation services for expert group meetings where translation is not necessary;", "(c) Heads of language units, as revisers in their own units, will have to translate more, reduce the number of revisers, or have all staff self-revision.", "V.47 The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed abolishment of posts adversely affects the capacity of ESCAP to provide translation and interpretation services, which are essential to the functioning of intergovernmental bodies. At the same time, the Committee notes that the proposed budget does not reflect any remedial measures, such as the provision for general temporary assistance, to help compensate for the anticipated reduction in translation and interpretation capacity. While the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolishment of posts, it recommends that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to take appropriate measures to mitigate the negative impact and to report thereon in the context of the performance report for the biennium 2012-2013, taking into account the relevant resolutions of the Assembly on multilingualism.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.48 Information provided to the Advisory Committee during its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals indicates that there were 25 vacant posts at ESCAP as at 31 May 2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that every effort was being made to fill posts and that recruitment for a number of posts was in progress. In this connection, the Committee was also informed that six of the posts had been filled and that candidates for the other eight posts were being assessed. The Committee was further informed that the national competitive recruitment examination roster was being reviewed to identify candidates for four vacant P-2 posts. The Advisory Committee emphasizes that vacant posts should be filled in a timely manner.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.49 The non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $13,125,000, reflecting an increase of $102,300, or 0.8 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. The increased requirements are mainly attributable to provisions for business continuity, comprising $106,800 under supplies and materials and $45,300 under consultants, offset in part by reduced requirements for expert group meetings ($58,500). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Business continuity", "V.50 The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit, with full justification, proposals for post and non-post resources for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this connection, the Committee notes that the total amount proposed in the proposed programme budget for ESCAP of $541,700 relates directly to business continuity management. The Committee comments further on business continuity in chapter I above.", "Subregional offices", "V.51 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an overview of the work of the ESCAP subregional offices. The Committee was informed that the Deputy Executive Secretary of ESCAP fully coordinated the work of the subregional offices, which were mandated to strengthen the Commission ' s presence and strategic position at the subregional level, improve programme targeting and delivery and address the specific key priorities of member States of the subregion. The Committee was also informed that the Office provided an important geographical platform for enhancing subregional cooperation on key issues of economic and social development, ensuring that subregional needs and perspectives were reflected and promoting greater regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific. The Committee was also informed that the work of the subregional offices included support for capacity development through technical cooperation, including South-South and triangular development cooperation among ESCAP member States.", "V.52 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, following its consideration of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708), the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved 11 new posts for ESCAP in 2009. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with information on the impact of the 11 posts on ESCAP programme delivery. According to the information provided, four posts are for the establishment of the new subregional office for South and South-West Asia in 2011; three posts are for the establishment of the now fully operational subregional office for East and North-East Asia; two posts are for the establishment of the new subregional office for North and Central Asia in the second half of 2011; and two posts are for the strengthening of the existing subregional office for the Pacific, the Pacific Operations Centre. The Committee was further informed that the fully operational Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia had a significant impact on:", "(a) Enhanced interaction and consultation between ESCAP and member States of the subregion;", "(b) Research and analytical capacity of ESCAP; ESCAP had the opportunity to strengthen collaboration with key stakeholders, including civil society, subregional organizations and academic and research institutions, through which new focus areas for the substantive programme of work of ESCAP were finalized, focusing on subregional-specific challenges.", "V.53 With regard to the host country arrangements for the subregional offices, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Host Country Agreement and the Administrative and Financial Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of the Republic of Korea for the subregional office for East and North-East Asia were expected to be completed by August 2011. The Committee was informed that Incheon City would provide rent-free office space and that the host Government would provide an annual contribution to support operational and programme costs for a period of four years. The Committee was also informed that the Host Country Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of Kazakhstan for the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia had been signed in May 2011 and that the Administrative and Financial Agreement was expected to be finalized in July 2011. The Committee was informed that the host Government would provide rent-free office space, a one-time contribution for start-up costs and an annual contribution for operating costs. With regard to the subregional office for South and South-West Asia, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Host Country Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of India was expected to be signed in July 2011 and that consultations on the Administrative and Financial Agreement were in progress at the time of the Committee ' s consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposed programme budget. The host Government has pledged a one-time start-up contribution and an annual contribution for operating costs. According to the representative of the Secretary-General, the subregional office for the Pacific is an established ESCAP office that has signed the Host Country Agreement and the Administrative and Financial Agreement. The Committee welcomed the progress made in the establishment of new subregional offices and the strengthening of existing subregional offices, as well as the provision of monetary and in-kind contributions by host Governments and the pledges made. The Committee reiterates its previous observation (A/64/7, para. V.14) that the experience gained through the establishment of new offices should be shared among the regional commissions.", "Status of women", "V.54 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the status and challenges faced by women in Asia and the Pacific. This information shows that factors such as biased macroeconomic and institutional structures, discriminatory laws and customs and social attitudes contribute to the situation of women, the majority of the absolute poor. The Committee was informed that women were particularly vulnerable to exploitation, discrimination and violence, all of which exacerbated the hardships they had endured. Among other issues, the Committee was informed that achieving the Millennium Development Goals to eradicate poverty and hunger was interdependent with the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women.", "V.55 The Committee was also informed that ESCAP, as co-chair of the Asia-Pacific Regional Coordination Mechanism thematic working group on gender equality and women ' s empowerment, continued to play a leading role in coordinating the work of the United Nations system on gender equality and women ' s empowerment. ESCAP indicated that it had developed a work programme based on a multidisciplinary focus aimed at strengthening the capacity of national women ' s machineries by combining regional and subregional activities and building national capacity to generate gender statistics and reliable data. In addition, the Committee was informed that ESCAP was promoting gender mainstreaming in all substantive subprogrammes.", "V.56 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts of ESCAP to address the challenges faced by women in the region and stresses the need for close cooperation with UN-Women in this regard.", "Section 20. Economic development in Europe", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "V.57 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 20 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $63,752,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,794,300, or 2.7 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. The resource requirements are complemented by resources for the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). The Secretary-General indicates that the resources provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva to the Economic Commission for Europe for general, administrative, conference and library services are estimated at $39,280,800 for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 20), table 20.7). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $25,012,700 would complement regular budget resources (see also para. V.66 below).", "V.58 The Advisory Committee was informed that, in view of the reductions proposed by the Secretary-General, some ECE member States were of the view that, in view of the current tight budget at the country level, the reduction of resources could not be justified, while others were concerned about the reduction. The Committee was also informed that during the biennium 2011-2012, ECE would undertake a thorough review of its priorities and strategic direction, the results of which would be submitted to ECE for final approval in 2013 and would be used in the preparation of the next biennial budget cycle.", "V.59 Table V.12 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.12 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011, 200 1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 23 P-5, 34 P-4, 36 P-3, 21 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 69 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 193 1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 23 P-5, 33 P-4, 35 P-3, 18 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 67 GS (OL)", "Abolishment 7 P-4, 1 P-3, 3 P-2 and 2 GS (OL)", "Redeployment of 6 D-1, 1 P-3 and 2 GS (OL) from programme support to executive direction and management", "1 P-3 from programme support to subprogramme 1", "1 P-2 from programme support to subprogramme 2", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 21 7 P-4, 6 P-3, 3 P-2/P-1 and 5 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.60 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 193 posts and the abolition of 7 posts under the regular programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, resulting in a decrease of $1,588,100 for post requirements. These seven posts include one P-4 post under executive direction and management, which was abolished following a review of the structure of the Office of the Executive Secretary; one P-3 post under programme support, which was redeployed to subprogramme 1, Environment, allocated to the Joint ECE-ESCAP Office for the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia of the new ESCAP Subregional Office in Almaty, Kazakhstan; one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 1, Environment; one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 2, Transport; two General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 3, Statistics; and one P-2 post under subprogramme 6, Trade (A/66/6 (Sect. 20), para. 20.15).", "V.61 The Advisory Committee notes that, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities, ECE receives a total of four posts (2 P-4, 2 P-3). The Secretary-General indicates that these posts enable ECE to strengthen its support to countries with economies in transition, in particular low-income and landlocked countries, in their efforts to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to ensure greater synergy and coherence in the normative and operational work of ECE subprogrammes (ibid., para. 20.12). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that two of the posts proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013 were those approved for establishment at ECE in resolution 63/260; they were one P-4 post for the Development Policy and Cross-Sectoral Coordination Unit under executive direction and management and one P-3 post allocated to the ESCAP subregional office for North and Central Asia. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the functions of the P-4 post under executive direction and management would be carried out by the remaining Professional posts (1 D-1 and 2 P-5) assigned to the Unit and that the functions of the P-3 post assigned to the ESCAP subregional office for North and Central Asia would be carried out by the regional advisers funded under the regular programme of technical cooperation, drawing on partnerships with other international and regional organizations and donors with a presence in Almaty. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that four of the seven posts proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013 were currently vacant. In view of the Secretary-General ' s assurances that there would be no negative impact on the implementation of mandates, the Advisory Committee had no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts and recommended that the General Assembly keep the matter under review.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.62 The Advisory Committee recalls its previous observations on recruitment at ECE, in which it encouraged ECE to make greater efforts to improve the objective of timely recruitment and placement of staff (A/64/7, para. V.49). In his report, the Secretary-General indicates that in 2010, ECE reviewed all steps in the recruitment and placement process, including those involving the Human Resources Management Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva, in order to identify existing bottlenecks and problem areas, and reviewed the structure of the Executive Office. As a result of these reviews, ECE reorganized the human resources-related aspects of the Executive Office and proposed a number of related redeployments in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 20), table 20.28). The Advisory Committee recognizes the support provided to ECE by the Human Resources Management Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva to further train recruitment managers and address the problems identified in recruitment and placement.", "Vacancy factors", "V.63 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 31 May 2011, the vacancy rates at ECE were 7.2 per cent in the Professional category and 2.7 per cent in the General Service category. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General on recruitment for the five regional commissions are contained in paragraph V.8 above. The Advisory Committee trusts that the internal measures taken by ECE will facilitate the recruitment process.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.64 The non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General amount to $4,264,800 for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $206,200 compared with the biennium 2010-2011, owing mainly to reduced requirements for consultants ($36,700); contractual services ($41,200); general operating expenses ($5,000); supplies and materials ($73,300); and furniture and equipment ($50,000); owing to a critical review of the replacement of information technology equipment. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.65 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation in the biennium 2012-2013 would amount to $828,000 (ibid., para. 20.17). The Secretary-General also indicates that the reorganization of the Secretariat and the subsequent establishment of the Programme Management Unit and the Development Policy and Cross-Sectoral Coordination Unit within the Office of the Executive Secretary in January 2011 will further enhance synergies and coherence between the normative and operational work of the ECE subprogramme and increase its effectiveness and efficiency (ibid., para. 20.12). The report of the Secretary-General indicates that the Programme Management Unit is the result of the consolidation of the Technical Cooperation Unit under programme support and the Programme Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit under executive direction and management (ibid., para. 20.27) and that its core function is the overall coordination of programme planning, programme performance assessment and evaluation of all ECE activities funded from regular budget and extrabudgetary resources (ibid., para. 20.23 (b)). The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the Secretary-General ' s proposals for monitoring and evaluation in the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed programme budget does not provide information on the results of the monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken so far by ECE or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which resources are requested. The Advisory Committee requests that such information be included in future programme budget submissions. The Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.66 The Secretary-General indicates that extrabudgetary resources are projected at $25,012,700 for the biennium 2012-2013, based on known and projected contributions for new and ongoing projects. Extrabudgetary resources will complement regular budget resources to finance substantive and technical cooperation activities, including training, workshops, seminars and field projects. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are projected to decrease by $6,770,800, or 21.2 per cent, compared with 2010-2011 and that the number of posts funded from extrabudgetary resources will decrease by three, or 12.5 per cent, to a total of 21 extrabudgetary posts, compared with 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee trusts that ECE will continue to engage with the donor community to broaden its donor base.", "Section 21 Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "V.67 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 21 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $107,227,000 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $2,902,900, or 2.6 per cent, compared with 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 21), para. 21.15). The requested resources are complemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $30,000,000 will be utilized (see also para. V.78 below).", "V.68 The representatives of the Secretary-General informed the Advisory Committee that, as a result of budget reductions, it was necessary to abolish posts, as the reduction in non-post items had reached “a very critical and dangerous margin”. The Advisory Committee was also informed that most of the reductions are proposed in the programme support areas under administration and executive direction and management, while maintaining the integrity of the substantive aspects of mandate and programme delivery. The Advisory Committee was informed that, in formulating its budget, ECLAC had sought to continue to meet the development policy needs of member States and to address emerging challenges facing the Latin American and Caribbean region in the eight priority areas outlined in paragraph 21.9 of the proposed programme budget.", "V.69 Table V.13 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.13 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved 2010-2011 496 1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 29 P-5, 63 P-4, 59 P-3, 49 P-2/1, 4 GS (OL), 2 NO, 274 LL", "Proposed 2012-2013 484 1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 29 P-5, 62 P-4, 59 P-3, 42 P-2/1, 4 GS (OL), 2 NO, 270 LL", "1 P-4, 7 P-2, 4 LL", "1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 LL from subprogramme 3 to subprogramme 4", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed 2012-2013 42 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 5 P-4, 2 P-3, 4 P-2/1, 28 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.70 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 484 posts and the abolishment of 12 posts, including 7 posts at the P-2 level, under the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013, resulting in a decrease of $2,129,200 in post requirements. The 12 posts include one P-2 Associate Economic Affairs Officer post under executive direction and management; one P-2 post under subprogramme 1, Linkages with the global economy, regional integration and cooperation; one P-2 post under subprogramme 2, Production and innovation; one P-2 post under subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policy and growth; one P-2 post under subprogramme 5, Social development and equality; one P-2 post under subprogramme 12, Subregional activities in Mexico and Central America; one Local level post under subprogramme 13, Subregional activities in the Caribbean; and one P-4 temporary post, one P-2 post and three Local level posts under programme support. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the Secretary-General ' s proposals to reduce the budgets of the five regional commissions are contained in chapters I and V.4 above. The decrease in posts under programme support is the result of efficiency measures taken by ECLAC (A/66/6 (Sect. 21), para. 21.125). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260 on development-related activities, had approved 20 posts for ECLAC (2 P-5, 3 P-4, 10 P-3, 3 P-2, 2 Local level) and that those posts were not included in the proposed abolishment for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes, however, that the four P-2 posts proposed for abolition at ECLAC correspond to the subprogrammes strengthened pursuant to resolution 63/260. In view of the Secretary-General ' s assurances that there would be no negative impact on mandate implementation, the Advisory Committee had no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding posts and recommended that the General Assembly keep the matter under review.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.71 The non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $17,464,300, reflecting a decrease of $773,700 compared with 2010-2011, mainly due to reduced requirements in the following areas:", "(a) General operating expenses ($507,000), of which the Secretary-General indicates that $173,300 is attributable to lower rental costs following the renegotiation of country office contracts with the Governments and landlords concerned; $264,400 to the use of more economical telecommunications and Internet protocol telephone technology throughout ECLAC; and $69,300 to reduced utilities and maintenance of office automation equipment;", "(b) Supplies and materials ($14,700), owing to reduced use of printed materials;", "(c) Furniture and equipment ($433,600), owing to the delayed replacement of information technology equipment.", "V.72 The above reduction in non-post resources is offset in part by increased requirements under other staff costs ($27,900), experts ($41,000), travel of staff ($27,900) and contractual services ($82,000).", "Business continuity", "V.73 The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals, fully justified, for post and non-post resources for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this connection, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECLAC contains proposals totalling $465,000 that are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee comments further on business continuity in chapter I above.", "V.74 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "V.75 The Advisory Committee notes that a new subprogramme 4, Financing for development, is proposed in the proposed programme budget for ECLAC through the redeployment of existing resources from subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policy and growth. The Secretary-General indicates that the subprogramme will be implemented in accordance with the strategy detailed under subprogramme 4 of programme 17 of the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1). The subprogramme aims to enhance the capacity of policymakers in Latin America and the Caribbean to develop counter-cyclical domestic financial instruments and early warning systems to prevent and mitigate the impact of financial crises and to mobilize external resources, collect and allocate domestic resources for financing for development in the productive, social and environmental fields (A/66/6 (Sect. 21), table 21.18). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the posts proposed for redeployment to this subprogramme (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 Local level) had been performing similar functions under subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policy and growth. The activities under the new subprogramme would be implemented by the Financing for Development Division, which would be headed at the P-5 level.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.76 Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation amount to $930,900 (ibid., para. 21.17). The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on monitoring and evaluation in the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed programme budget does not provide information on the results of the monitoring and evaluation activities carried out so far by ECLAC, nor does it provide information on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013, which will use those resources. The Committee expects that this information will be included in future budget submissions. The Committee comments further on monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Comprehensive audit of ECLAC by the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "V.77 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a copy of the comprehensive audit of ECLAC by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) (AN2010/730/01). The Advisory Committee notes that ECLAC has accepted all recommendations made by OIOS and has adopted a plan for their implementation in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee trusts that all accepted recommendations will be implemented in a timely manner.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.78 The Secretary-General indicates that projected extrabudgetary resources of $30,000,000 for the biennium 2012-2013 will be used for research and technical cooperation, including advisory services, assistance and support to countries of the region, field projects on integration issues and training courses for policymakers to build institutional capacity to address poverty, social inequality and gender issues. The Advisory Committee notes that, compared with 2010-2011, extrabudgetary resources are projected to increase by $500,000, or 1.7 per cent, in 2012-2013, and that extrabudgetary-funded posts will increase by two posts, bringing the total to 42. The Advisory Committee trusts that ECLAC will continue to engage with the donor community in order to broaden the donor base.", "Section 22", "Economic and social development in Western Asia", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is provided in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) Updated projections as at 30 June 2011.", "V.79 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 22 amount to $62,772,600 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $525,800, or 0.8 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 22), table 22.5 (1)). The resource requirements are complemented by resources for the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below).", "V.80 As indicated in the report of the Secretary-General on the proposed budget, extrabudgetary resources of $5,199,500 (ibid., table 22.5 (2)) are projected to complement regular budget resources. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with revised estimates for extrabudgetary resources for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 and was informed that the updated estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 as at 30 June 2011 had increased from $5,199,500 to $7,799,500 (see table V.14). The Committee was also informed that the increase was due to the active implementation of the new fund-raising strategy by ESCWA.", "Table V.14 Extrabudgetary resource requirements", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Projected 2012-2013", "A. Policy-making organs", "Executive direction and management", "C. Programme of work", "D. Programme support", "Total 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "V.81 Table V.15 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table V.15 Staffing", "1 USG, 1 D-2, 7 D-1, 24 P-5, 35 P-4, 29 P-3, 18 P-2, 2 NO, 1 FS, 143 LL proposed for 2012-2013 260 1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 25 P-5, 34 P-4, 30 P-3, 18 P-2, 2 NO, 1 FS, 139 LL, 3 D-1 (subprogramme 6); 1 D-1 and 1 P-5 (subprogramme 7) 1 P-4 to P-3 (subprogramme 2)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.82 The Advisory Committee notes that a total of 260 posts are proposed under the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a net decrease of one post compared with the biennium 2010-2011. As explained in the paragraphs below, the Secretary-General ' s proposals include the establishment of three new posts (2 D-1 and 1 P-5), the abolition of four Local level posts and the downgrading of one P-4 post.", "New posts", "V.83 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of the following posts:", "(a) One D-1 for the Director of the Women ' s Division (subprogramme 6) (A/66/6 (Sect. 22), para. 22.72) to follow ESCWA resolution on upgrading the ESCWA Centre for Women to the level of a division. This is in order to enable the Department to carry out its increasing responsibilities with regard to: the increased demand from member States for advisory services; the increasing number of requests for assistance in the area of legislative reform as more member States ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; and the need to address emerging issues in the region as a result of recent unrest (see para. V.95 below);", "(b) One D-1 for the Director of the New Trends and Conflict-related Issues Division (subprogramme 7) (A/66/6 (Sect. 22), para. 22.80) to follow the ESCWA resolution on upgrading the Section to the level of a division. The incumbent will be responsible for the management oversight of the subprogramme, focusing on the areas of governance, instability and development, as well as emerging trends and conflict mitigation. It was explained that the function would involve coordinating work within ESCWA and assisting the Executive Secretary in the preparation of the Division ' s work programme on conflict mitigation and development;", "(c) One P-5 for the Chief of the Governance, Instability and Development Section (subprogramme 7) (ibid.), in line with the Secretary-General ' s proposal to upgrade the Section to a division to focus on areas such as public sector reform and countries in transition. The duties of the incumbent would include supervising the staff to ensure quality outputs and a complete study and two technical papers on Arab countries in transition; the incumbent would also organize, design and coordinate the necessary research for conferences and meetings, as well as cooperation with relevant entities.", "V.84 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General ' s proposals emanated from two ESCWA draft resolutions (E/ESCWA/RES/L.294 and E/ESCWA/RES/L.295), which called for the upgrading of the Section on Emerging and Conflict-related Issues and the Centre for Women to the level of a division and the necessary support in terms of resources and administrative procedures. It was further explained that, unless the General Assembly and/or the Economic and Social Council decided otherwise, the current decisions constituted a mandate for the United Nations Secretariat, to which the Secretary-General had responded and which included the estimated resources requested in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that the Council considered draft resolutions 294 and 295 at its substantive session of 2010, but that the Council decided to defer consideration of those draft resolutions to its substantive session of 2011. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Economic and Social Council had adopted the ESCWA draft resolution on 18 May 2011 as Council resolutions 2011/3 and 2011/4 and had merely modified paragraph 1 of the resolutions by replacing the word “approval” with “takes note of”. The Advisory Committee points out that the proposed budget for this section is based on the assumption that the Council will take action on the draft resolutions in 2011. The Advisory Committee would reconsider the Secretary-General ' s proposals in accordance with established procedures.", "V.85 With regard to the proposed establishment of one new P-5 post under subprogramme 7, the Advisory Committee points out that the proposed new Trends and Conflict-related Issues Division will have 11 staff, of whom 3 are at the P-5 level and above. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the projected activities of the Governance, Instability and Development Section could be accomplished within the existing staffing levels and structure. In view of the above considerations, the Advisory Committee recommends against the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish a new P-5 post under subprogramme 7.", "Abolition", "V.86 The Secretary-General proposes the abolition of the following four posts:", "(a) Two Local level team assistant posts for one each for the Economic Analysis Section and the Regional Integration Section, subprogramme 3 (ibid., para. 22.54);", "(b) One Local level Assistant post, Office of the Director, Information and Communications Technology Division, subprogramme 4 (ibid., para. 22.60);", "(c) One Local level post for a Team Assistant, Central Support Services, Division of Administrative Services, programme support (ibid., para. 22.86).", "V.87 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Reclassification", "V.88 The Secretary-General proposes the downward reclassification of one Social Affairs Officer post from the P-4 to the P-3 level in the Office of the Director, Social Development Division, subprogramme 2, in view of the rationalization of the post structure (ibid., para. 22.48).", "V.89 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassifications.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.90 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the status of recruitment for the 14 posts listed as vacant as at 30 April 2011. The information provided indicates that one post has since been filled; one post is proposed for redeployment; one post has been advertised in Inspira; two posts have been temporarily replaced; and six posts in the Economic Development and Globalization Division of subprogramme 3 remain vacant pending the outcome of the ongoing discussions on restructuring (see para. V.93 below); of the remaining three vacant posts, two candidates selected have refused to take up their posts. How can subprogramme 3 ensure the fulfilment of its mandate with so many vacant posts? Upon further enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that some staff were deployed across sections as transitions, while other vacant posts were temporarily filled to strengthen the capacity of the subprogramme. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that a regional adviser had been recruited to work on the Millennium Development Goals and that the programme of work had been reviewed and refocused to focus available resources on two flagship publications, the Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the ESCWA Region and the Arab Millennium Development Goals Report. The Advisory Committee expects that vacant posts will be filled expeditiously.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.91 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources of $9,711,600 for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $783,900, or 7 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease in non-post requirements is due mainly to reduced requirements for general operating expenses ($232,900), supplies and materials ($221,900) and furniture and equipment ($456,200), mainly due to the extension of the availability of equipment. The decrease is offset in part by increased requirements for contractual services, mainly for business continuity requirements ($168,300). The Advisory Committee ' s comments on business continuity are contained in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Restructuring", "V.92 During its consideration of the report of the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee was informed that an independent consultant had been engaged to review the mandates, functions and responsibilities of the Economic Development and Globalization Division and the Office of the Executive Secretary and to determine the extent to which the existing organizational arrangements adequately addressed the priority issues of the region and promoted the effective management of the programme. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the mandate of the consultant had been completed and that internal discussions were under way with a view to implementing the course of action recommended by the consultant.", "V.93 The Advisory Committee takes note of the restructuring and other initiatives, such as the new programme performance evaluation mechanism and the proposed upgrading of several sections into divisions. However, the Advisory Committee was concerned about the apparent lack of consistency in the approach taken and the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish additional posts while retaining six vacant posts awaited the outcome of the ongoing discussions on restructuring. The Advisory Committee notes the initiatives taken to manage the programme effectively and efficiently, which have led to the restructuring exercise. The Advisory Committee expects that the management of ESCWA will continue to focus on the expeditious implementation of the restructuring and report on the benefits achieved in the context of the relevant performance reports. However, the Advisory Committee maintains that monitoring and evaluation of the ESCWA programme of work should not be undertaken by consultants but by management on a regular basis.", "ESCWA Centre for Women", "V.94 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget includes the upgrading of the ESCWA Women ' s Centre to enable it to play a greater role in the mandate of the programme. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that UN-Women addressed women ' s issues from a global perspective, while entities concerned with the advancement of women within the regional commissions addressed specific regional and country issues and highlighted areas requiring immediate attention. The Committee was also informed that the ESCWA Centre for Women provided regional-level support to the work of UN-Women, including the implementation of international instruments such as the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Millennium Development Goals. The ESCWA Centre for Women was also able to address developments at the national level in a timely manner.", "V.95 The representative of the Secretary-General provided additional information on the role of the upgraded ESCWA Centre for Women in addressing women ' s issues, explaining that, in addition to the areas covered by the current document on women, some other areas of research were clearly not being addressed. They explained to the Advisory Committee that these new areas included: gender-responsive budgeting and auditing at the national level; implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women and peace and security, particularly in the light of recent anti-riot actions in the region; women ' s political participation, particularly at the level of political parties; gender-based violence, in particular domestic violence and trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation; follow-up to the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, given the increasing number of Member States ratifying the Convention; and the impact of globalization and market trends on the gender division of labour. In addition, the Advisory Committee was informed that the involvement of women in the ongoing anti-riot and political developments in the region was expected to generate new and additional operational and advisory needs, which could lead to the need to raise additional extrabudgetary funds to enable the Centre to respond to those needs. The Secretary-General also indicates that the ESCWA Centre for Women is now also providing support to other divisions for gender-sensitive programming and implementation as part of the gender mainstreaming strategy adopted by ESCWA in 2010 (see para. V.83 (a) above).", "V.96 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made to address the challenges faced by women in the region and stresses the need to work closely with UN-Women to avoid any duplication.", "Section 23", "Regular programme of technical cooperation", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals amount to $52,246,200 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 amounting to $52,246,200 (a) and, unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting).", "V.97 The resource requirements proposed by the Secretary-General for section 23 amount to $52,246,200 (before recosting), at the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. Tables 23.2 and 23.4 of the proposed budget provide information on resource requirements, objects of expenditure and programmes by component (see A/66/6 (Sect. 23)).", "V.98 The activities of the regular programme of technical cooperation are divided into the following two components:", "(a) Sectoral advisory services, implemented by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UNCTAD, UNODC, UN-Habitat, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and OHCHR (ibid., paras. 23.26-23.33). The proposed requirements of $22,875,400, representing 41.7 per cent of the total resources requested for 2012-2013 under this section, would provide for approximately 772 work-months of service, compared with 792 work-months in the current biennium. Table 23.6 of the proposed budget provides a summary of the 2012-2013 resource requirements by subprogramme and implementing entity, as well as information on expenditure for 2008-2009 and the appropriation for 2010-2011;", "(b) Regional and subregional advisory services, to be implemented by the five regional commissions (ibid., paras. 23.34-23.40). The proposed requirements for consultancy services amount to $31,968,100, or 58.3 per cent of the total requirements, and will provide for approximately 1,114 work-months of service in 2012-2013, compared with 1,320 work-months in the current biennium. Table 23.13 of the budget document provides a summary of resource requirements for 2012-2013, expenditure for 2008-2009 and appropriation for 2010-2011.", "V.99 The Advisory Committee recalls that the regular programme of technical cooperation was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 58 (I) of 1946. According to the Secretary-General, the main difference between the programme and other existing technical cooperation support approaches within the United Nations system is that it responds rapidly and flexibly to the capacity development requirements of developing countries, least developed countries, countries with economies in transition and countries emerging from conflict and to their small but urgent needs. The Secretary-General indicates that, while the programme continues to provide assistance in the same way, more emphasis is now being placed on the sharing of experiences and knowledge among countries and regions, in particular through South-South cooperation and knowledge networking, to help sustain inter-country cooperation (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), paras. 23.1, 23.4 and 23.5).", "V.100 The Secretary-General further indicates that, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 2514 (XXIV) and Economic and Social Council resolution 1434 (XLVII), activities funded under this budget section continue to focus on short-term advisory services, training and field projects, with particular emphasis on learning and the transfer of new knowledge, skills and technologies. Most interventions seek to target specific issues raised by Member States in response to the need to fulfil international commitments (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.10). Paragraphs 23.11 to 23.17 of the budget document contain information on short-term advisory services, field projects and training, as well as objectives, strategies and criteria for the allocation of resources for the programme. The Advisory Committee notes from the budget document that training activities are aimed at increasing knowledge and skills to help strengthen national capacities to formulate policies and effectively implement national policies (ibid., para. 23.15). The Advisory Committee trusts that the programme will continue to strengthen national capacities through future activities and, where possible, explore the possibility of using beneficiaries who have acquired skills through the regular programme of technical cooperation as consultants or experts.", "V.101 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that under the regular programme of technical cooperation, funds were allocated to implementing entities at the subprogramme level. The Advisory Committee was informed that an example of how the regular programme of technical cooperation was structured was the fact that, in allocating funds to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, each operational activity was developed as a stand-alone project to facilitate effective monitoring, evaluation and reporting. Each project is also endorsed by the respective subprogramme directors and approved by the Capacity Development Office on behalf of the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. The same approach is followed by other implementing agencies. In addition, the projects of the programme were developed in a phased manner throughout the biennium in order to make the most effective use of resources in response to unforeseen requests from Member States. In addition, projects were implemented during the biennium in which funds were allocated.", "V.102 With regard to the differences and complementarities between the activities implemented under the regular programme of technical cooperation and those of the Development Account (see sect. 36 below), the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that short-term and small-scale activities under the regular programme of technical cooperation were developed and implemented during the biennium during which funds were allocated, while medium-sized projects under the Development Account were developed in advance and subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly, with a four-year implementation cycle. At the same time, both the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account support the overall objective of assisting Member States in achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. The Advisory Committee expects that the complementarity between the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account will continue to be ensured and further developed, maximizing the synergies between the activities implemented by the two mechanisms.", "General comments and recommendations", "First progress report", "V.103 During its consideration of the proposed budget for section 23, the Advisory Committee was also provided with an advance version of the first progress report on the regular programme of technical cooperation, which outlined the role and objectives of the programme, the results and impact of its activities, its management and the challenges encountered. The Advisory Committee notes from the progress report that a fundamental feature of the programme is the multiplier effect, which provides more funding for the pilot activities of the programme and thus has a larger impact. In addition, South-South cooperation was a particularly prominent mechanism through which multiplier effects could be achieved. The Advisory Committee also notes that the progress report provides examples of South-South cooperation, including collaboration between ECLAC and the World Bank and cross-regional cooperation among the five regional commissions. The Advisory Committee considers that the first progress report provides detailed and useful information on the regular programme of technical cooperation and recommends that the report be made available to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee also expects that such information will be provided to the Advisory Committee in advance of its consideration of the biennial requirements for the regular programme of technical cooperation.", "Results-based budgeting", "V.104 With regard to the inclusion of results-based budgeting and results-based management in the activities funded under section 23, the Advisory Committee recalls that the logical framework was first established in the biennium 2004-2005 and was established at the section level, with the biennium 2006-2007 being expanded to the programme level and the biennium 2008-2009 being further expanded to the subprogramme. Accordingly, each implementing entity of each subprogramme is directly responsible for elaborating and defining expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement and, ultimately, for achieving results (A/64/7, para. V.72). Under the subprogramme of each implementing entity, the budget document contains, in addition to the expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement, summary information on the proposed budget, outputs, activities and impact (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), paras. 23.26-23.40). The Advisory Committee welcomes the information provided in the proposed programme budget, but encourages further improvement of the summary information, in particular with regard to the expected impact of the activities proposed for the next biennium.", "V.105 The Advisory Committee recalls that, following its review of the results-based-budgeting frameworks in the area of technical cooperation, the Board of Auditors indicated that, in the absence of clear objectives and effective indicators, it was difficult to make an objective assessment of the activities implemented, but only to describe progress. However, the Board noted that, overall, the monitoring of the Development Account was an exception to the above-mentioned findings. Accordingly, the Board recommends that the Administration establish a results-measurement mechanism for all its technical cooperation activities that is comparable to that required for projects funded from the Development Account. The Advisory Committee also recalls that, since then, it had requested the Secretary-General to provide information on progress made in that regard (see A/64/7, para. V.73). In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from the proposed budget that all implementing entities have established monitoring mechanisms that will facilitate better assessment and reporting on the activities implemented by the countries concerned, the results achieved and the benefits accrued (A/66/6, para. 23.21). The Advisory Committee welcomes the establishment of a monitoring mechanism for activities implemented under the regular programme of technical cooperation and looks forward to its continued strengthening.", "V.106 In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee recommended that future budget submissions include information on and progress made in the award and duration of contracts for consultants (A/64/7, para. V.76). Furthermore, the Advisory Committee noted at the time that the Secretary-General had not responded to its recommendation to explore the use of national and regional expertise (ibid., para. V.74). In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has included information in this regard in paragraphs 23.12 and 23.13 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Secretary-General indicates that all implementing entities of the programme have updated their consultancy capacity in order to replace consultants in due course and to ensure that they respond to the evolving needs of Member States with the best skills and knowledge. In addition, the Secretary-General indicates that consultants now have a contract ceiling of five years, while short-term consultants with the capacity to undertake very specific and well-defined assignments of limited duration are recruited as additional measures. In addition, national and regional expertise is used when expert knowledge is key to ensuring the most relevant and targeted support, especially when addressing specific country-specific issues. The Advisory Committee welcomes the inclusion of the relevant information requested in the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee trusts that all implementing entities of the programme will continue to update their advisory capacity, including through the use of national and regional expertise, and that such information will be provided on a regular basis in future budget submissions.", "Other issues", "V.107 As indicated in table 23.6 of the proposed budget for 2012-2013, there will be 19 subprogrammes for sectoral advisory services. The Advisory Committee notes from the table that no provision has been made under sectoral advisory services for the subprogrammes on gender issues and the advancement of women. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that activities related to gender issues and the advancement of women would be implemented by UN-Women.", "Part VI", "Human rights and humanitarian affairs", "Section 24", "Human rights", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "VI.1 The total proposed estimates for section 24 for the biennium 2012-2013 include $146,054,900 for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and $1,180,000 for the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.18). The OHCHR programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013 comprises four subprogrammes: human rights mainstreaming, right to development, research and analysis; support to human rights treaty bodies; advisory services, technical cooperation and field activities; and support to the Human Rights Council, its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms. Activities related to the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus are determined by another work programme under this budget section.", "VI.2 The resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $147,234,900, reflecting a net increase of $6,043,500, or 4.3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid.). The net increase of $6,043,500 for OHCHR comprises: (a) a net increase of $2,904,000 under policymaking organs; (b) a net decrease of $255,400 under executive direction and management; (c) a net increase of $3,372,500 under substantive activities; and (d) a net increase of $22,400 under programme support.", "VI.3 The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed estimates for section 24 do not take into account the following factors affecting the programme of work on human rights for the biennium 2012-2013: possible decisions by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the programme budget implications of resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth and seventeenth sessions; specific and targeted proposals for human rights treaty monitoring bodies requested by the Assembly in its resolution 65/200, aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of their work; and resolutions and decisions adopted at special sessions of the Council (ibid., para. 24.19).", "VI.4 Table VI.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.1 Staffing", "Proposed number of posts (a) 344 1 USG, 2 ASG, 3 D-2, 9 D-1, 42 P-5, 90 P-4, 89 P-3, 20 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 79 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 NO 2012-2013 proposed 355 1 USG, 2 ASG, 3 D-2, 9 D-1, 42 P-5, 93 P-4, 92 P-3, 21 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 83 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 NO, 9 P-4, 79 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 2 GS (OL), 4 GS (OL), 4 GS (OL), 4 GS (GS), 2 GS (OL), 4 GS (GS), 2 GS (GS), from Executive direction and management, 4 GS (GS), 2 GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), from Executive direction and management, 4 GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), 4 to GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), 4 GS, 4 GS (GS), 4 GS (GS), 4 GS", "^ (a) Includes two non-recurrent temporary posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) that expire in 2011.", "VI.5 In his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Secretary-General indicated that the goal set by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/1 to double regular budget resources for OHCHR had been achieved (see A/64/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.16). The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has reiterated that the goal of strengthening OHCHR within five years has been achieved (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.12). However, the Secretary-General indicates that some of the additional resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 represent additional resources to support new or expanded mandates, including those mandated by the Human Rights Council since its establishment (ibid., para. 24.14).", "VI.6 The Advisory Committee notes that during the biennium 2012-2013, OHCHR will provide enhanced and integrated organizational support to the Human Rights Council and its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms, such as the universal periodic review, special procedures, the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee and the complaints procedure, as well as other relevant United Nations bodies. It was noted that enhanced support and advice would be provided to the United Nations treaty monitoring bodies serviced by OHCHR (ibid., para. 24.6). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, over the past 10 years, the number of treaty bodies serviced by OHCHR had increased from 5 to 10; the number of annual meetings of treaty bodies had increased from 11 to 24; the annual meeting time of treaty bodies had increased from 44 to 73 weeks; and the number of treaty body experts had increased from 74 to 172. Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with detailed information on expenditure patterns of policy-making organs and expert bodies for recent bienniums (see table VI.2). The Advisory Committee notes that the information in the table does not include the costs of OHCHR staff supporting policy-making organs and expert bodies, who occupy the 134 regular budget posts proposed under subprogrammes 2 and 4, nor the related support costs, which are reflected under sections 2 and 28E of the regular budget.", "Table VI.2 Non-post expenditures in support of OHCHR policymaking organs and expert bodies", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimate", "Human Rights Committee 187.7 162.6 205.3 –", "Human Rights Council - - 135.2 127.5 292.9 378.3", "Sub-Commission/ Advisory Committee on Human Rights", "Human Rights Committee", "Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices", "Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", "Committee on the Rights of the Child", "Committee against Torture 336.1 365.3 460.1 437.4 528.0 821.1 608.9", "Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination", "44.8 37.4 41.6 49.6 112.9 113.7 114.4", "Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues", "Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families — 170.5 184.4 323.7 525.3 542.4", "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women - - 1 888.2 1 559.4 2 119.2", "Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment - - 551.6 745.4 1 184.2 2 052.9", "Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - 616.2 562.9 1 349.2", "Committee on Enforced Disappearances", "Total", "VI.7 The Secretary-General indicates that the General Assembly is reviewing the status of the Human Rights Council and is also considering the issue of funding for the implementation of urgent human rights activities mandated by the Council (ibid., para. 24.15). The Secretary-General also indicates that, while the General Assembly has approved additional resources for new mandates established by the Human Rights Council, the increasing demands of the human rights treaty bodies and the Human Rights Council and its mechanisms, and in some cases the lack of corresponding resources, have affected the level of support provided by OHCHR to the Council (ibid., para. 24.16). The Advisory Committee looks forward to the review by the General Assembly of the status of the Human Rights Council and trusts that the proposals for the review of the funding of new requirements will include measures to ensure the most effective and efficient use of the resources available to OHCHR.", "Organizational effectiveness programme", "VI.8 The Secretary-General indicates that, during the biennium 2012-2013, OHCHR will consolidate the management and efficiency gains achieved by implementing an organizational effectiveness programme that addresses the weaknesses identified by OIOS in its report on the efficiency of OHCHR in the implementation of its mandate (A/64/203 and Corr.1 and Add.1) (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.9). OIOS recommended improvements to sharpen the strategic focus, develop a comprehensive field strategy, improve OHCHR cooperation with human rights bodies through more systematic follow-up to their recommendations, strengthen partnerships, improve internal coordination and communication, and identify and document work processes. The Advisory Committee was informed that, following a survey conducted in 2010 to obtain the views of OHCHR staff, four key work processes were identified for review: recruitment, strategic planning, mission preparation and submission and delivery of documents. OHCHR has streamlined its procedures in the areas of planning, budgeting, reporting and recruitment, and expects to implement all other recommendations of the organizational effectiveness programme by the end of 2011. The Advisory Committee expects that the results of the implementation of this programme will be reported in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "OHCHR New York Office", "VI.9 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly approved the establishment of the post of Assistant Secretary-General as Head of the New York Office of OHCHR for the biennium 2010-2011. In proposing the post, the Secretary-General indicates that the establishment of a head of the New York office at the Assistant Secretary-General level would enable OHCHR to participate at the appropriate level in the executive decision-making committees and would ensure that representatives are represented at the political level and have the opportunity to participate in high-level policy discussions. In addition, the Secretary-General indicates that the Assistant Secretary-General post would enhance the decision-making and outreach capacity of the New York office and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of OHCHR (A/64/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.53). The Advisory Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget does not adequately explain the benefits derived from the strengthening of the New York office of OHCHR and requests that this information be included in the performance report. In addition, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post should result in reduced requirements for official travel between Geneva and New York (see chap. I, para. 104 above, and para. VI.20 below).", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VI.10 The Secretary-General indicates that resources for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $1,477,100, comprising $1,240,700 from the regular budget and $236,400 from extrabudgetary resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.21). It is noted that during the biennium 2012-2013, the Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Section of OHCHR will work to strengthen and further develop the monitoring and evaluation function throughout the Office and support the implementation of an OHCHR system-wide performance evaluation system (ibid., para. 24.53 (e)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that OHCHR was currently preparing a major internal self-evaluation on the implementation of its follow-up to human rights mechanisms and its capacity to support States in meeting their obligations, as well as on the follow-up to the results of three evaluations conducted during the biennium 2008-2009, namely, the external evaluation by OIOS of the effectiveness of OHCHR in implementing its mandate (see para. VI.8 above) and on the implementation of mainstreaming human rights within the United Nations at the country level (see para. VI.8 above). April 2008 and two internal self-evaluations on the implementation of gender mainstreaming (December 2009).", "VI.11 The Advisory Committee was further informed that several internal self-evaluations had concluded that OHCHR should widely disseminate its priorities; develop, review or strengthen procedures, processes and policy guidance; work more coherently and systematically with partners; review policies, including on gender issues, regional offices, human rights advisers and field presences; streamline programming processes, guidance and guidelines on gender issues; improve capacity development for gender equality; and strengthen accountability for gender equality. A follow-up plan was used by OHCHR to systematically identify activities, identify lead departments for implementation and the necessary time frames for the implementation of evaluation recommendations. OHCHR regularly tracks progress in implementation for internal self-evaluation. The Advisory Committee was also informed that OHCHR had begun implementing a number of the above recommendations in 2010-2011 by strengthening the planning process, including the identification of global priorities, the development of implementation strategies for those priorities and the identification of OHCHR management outputs. The Advisory Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee reiterates the importance of programme monitoring and evaluation and, in particular, reiterates its recommendation that future budget submissions clearly indicate how evaluation findings contribute to improved mandate delivery and how they affect the proposed resource allocation (see A/64/7, para. 26). The Advisory Committee notes the measures taken by OHCHR to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of its programme of work and looks forward to receiving more detailed information on progress in the budget submission for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Extrabudgetary funds", "VI.12 The extrabudgetary resources for OHCHR for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $254,743,000, compared with $258,214,000 for 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.20). According to the Secretary-General, the number of posts funded from extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 was 765, compared with 762 for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 24.6). The Advisory Committee was informed that, in 2010, OHCHR had spent more funds than voluntary contributions received in support of extrabudgetary activities, but that there was still sufficient balance under extrabudgetary resources to cover the overexpenditure. The Advisory Committee trusts that OHCHR will continue to work with donors and that it will exercise caution in the implementation of activities funded from extrabudgetary resources and avoid disruptions caused by such shortfalls.", "Field presence", "VI.13 The Secretary-General indicates that the reduction in post requirements for subprogramme 3 reflects the outward redeployment of the three posts from the Office of the Director of the Field Operations and Technical Cooperation Division following the establishment of the OHCHR regional office in Bangkok in 2010 (ibid., para. 24.89). Upon enquiry, however, the Advisory Committee was informed that the regional office in Bangkok had actually been established under extrabudgetary resources since 2002 and that, following the failure of efforts to establish new regional offices for North Africa and South Asia, the three regular budget posts had been assigned to the regional office in Bangkok in 2010. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the budget presentation is not sufficiently clear about the field presence of OHCHR and reiterates its previous recommendation that the capacity of OHCHR in the field, including in United Nations peacekeeping operations, be included in the next proposed programme budget (A/64/7, para. VI.18). In this connection, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the field presence of OHCHR, which is contained in table VI.3 at the end of the budget section.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VI.14 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of two new General Service (Other level) posts for the Documents Processing Unit under executive direction and management to cope with the increased workload and ensure adequate servicing of the Human Rights Council and treaty bodies (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.59). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the OHCHR Documents Processing Unit had been established in 2002 to streamline internal processes related to document management. Since 2005, the number of OHCHR documents processed by the Documents Processing Unit has almost doubled from 1,525 to over 3,000 in 2010. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed establishment of the two General Service (Other level) posts.", "VI.15 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of three posts under subprogramme 2 to assist the Committee on Enforced Disappearances: one P-4 post to liaise with petitioners and States parties to draft decisions and observations in the individual communications procedure and to follow up on the implementation of the Committee ' s views; one P-3 post to assist the Committee on Enforced Disappearances in the review of national reports submitted under article 29 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and one General Service (Other level) post to provide secretarial support for individual communications (art. 31) and investigations (art. 33) of the Convention. In addition, it is proposed to establish one new P-3 post and one new General Service (Other level) post to support the new Subcommittee against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which will increase from 10 to 25 members, in view of the anticipated increase in the Subcommittee ' s workload, in particular the need to organize field missions (ibid., para. 24.80). The Advisory Committee was provided with details on the staffing of OHCHR in support of treaty bodies. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed establishment of the five posts (1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)).", "VI.16 The Secretary-General proposes to establish one post of Secretary of the Consultative Group at the P-4 level to head and supervise two staff members under subprogramme 4 to manage the posting of positions, the compilation of applications and the preparation and updating of a public list of qualified candidates for special rapporteurs and independent experts and the preparation of documentation for the meetings of the Consultative Group. One new P-3 post under the Civil and Political Rights Section is due to the increased workload of the special procedures (ibid., para. 24.104). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed establishment of the two posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3).", "Redeployment", "VI.17 The Secretary-General proposes the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts, currently under subprogrammes 2 and 4, respectively, to the Documents Processing Unit (ibid., para. 24.59), and two General Service (Other level) posts from subprogramme 2 to subprogramme 4, which are allocated to the Human Rights Council Branch but are still budgeted under subprogramme 2 (ibid., para. 24.104). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Conversion", "VI.18 The Secretary-General proposes the conversion of one P-4, one P-3, one P-2 and one General Service (Other level) general temporary assistance position to temporary posts under subprogramme 4 to support the Working Group on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in Law and in Practice, as mandated by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 15/23 (ibid.). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed conversion.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.19 The total resources proposed by the Secretary-General for consultants under executive direction and management and programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $971,200, a decrease of $149,200 compared with the current biennium. The total resources proposed by the Secretary-General for travel of representatives under policymaking organs and programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $19,565,500, reflecting an increase of $3,261,600 over the biennium 2010-2011. The total resources proposed for official travel of staff under policymaking organs, executive direction and management, programme of work and programme support for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $4,238,800, an increase of $753,000 over the current biennium.", "VI.20 The Advisory Committee notes the proposed reduction in requirements for consultants and considers that the increase in the staffing of OHCHR in recent bienniums should have contributed to a reduction in the reliance on outside expertise. With regard to travel, the Advisory Committee recognizes the need for OHCHR representatives to undertake mandated missions on a regular basis. The Advisory Committee is of the view, however, that more use should be made of OHCHR staff in the field and regional offices to support such missions, thereby reducing the resources required for official travel of staff. In view of the potential for such benefits, the Advisory Committee recommends that the proposed provision of $4,238,800 for travel of staff be reduced by $424,000. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of other proposals for non-post resources.", "Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals amount to $1,180,000 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,180,000 (a) at 2010-2011 rates. Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "VI.21 The activities of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus, whose activities are described in subsection E of the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget, were established to clarify the fate of missing persons through the good offices of the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General indicates that the United Nations is responsible only for the costs of the third member of the Committee on Missing Persons and its two assistants, as well as for the miscellaneous operating expenses of their offices, while the project on the exhumation, identification and return of the remains of missing persons in Cyprus is funded from extrabudgetary resources (ibid., para. The amount of $1,180,000 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 is the same as the amount approved for the current biennium and includes $1,082,500 for general temporary assistance for the United Nations membership of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus at the D-1 level (third member), a third-member assistant at the P-4 level and two General Service staff, as well as $97,500 for other non-post resources. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget for the Committee on Missing Persons.", "Table VI.3 OHCHR field presences as at 31 May 2011", "(a) Yaoundé 2001 Regional Office for Central Asia The United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB), ^ (b) United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), ^ (b) United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Support Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL), United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Political Office in Somalia (UNPOS) (a) is funded in whole or in part by regular budget resources. (b) Including an integrated OHCHR field presence.", "Section 25 International protection, durable solutions and assistance to refugees", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts by budget section, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "VI.22 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 25 amount to $83,717,500 before recosting, the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), table 25.1 and para. 25.13). As indicated in paragraph 25.23 of the proposed programme budget, in accordance with paragraph 20 of the statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations regular budget covers only administrative expenditures relating to the functioning of the Office, while all other expenditures relating to the activities of the Office are funded from voluntary contributions. The estimated extrabudgetary requirements of $6,558,244,200 represent 98.7 per cent of the total projected resources of UNHCR for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 25.14).", "VI.23 Table VI.4 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.4 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved posts 2010-2011 2 1 USG, 1 ASG", "Proposed posts 2012-2013 2 1 USG, 1 ASG", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013", "Lump sum arrangements", "VI.24 The amount of $83,717,500 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the lump-sum arrangement under the regular budget relates to the following costs (ibid., para. 25.24):", "(a) Provision for the posts of the High Commissioner and Deputy High Commissioner ($1,232,700);", "(b) Grants to cover UNHCR administrative costs ($82,484,800).", "VI.25 The Secretary-General indicates that the funding of UNHCR from the regular budget, in the form of grants rather than post and non-post resources, was introduced in the biennium 2002-2003 to cover the administrative costs of the Office, with the aim of streamlining UNHCR ' s budget process and will be reviewed after three bienniums (ibid., para. 25.24). Accordingly, the review of the lump-sum arrangement and the lessons learned over three bienniums were reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-third session (A/63/537). In its resolution 63/263, the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Advisory Committee, endorsed the maintenance of the lump-sum arrangement funded from the regular budget for UNHCR (A/63/616, para. 10). The General Assembly decided to separate the funding of the posts of High Commissioner and Deputy High Commissioner from the grant (ibid., para. 7).", "VI.26 The Secretary-General also indicates that the total amount charged to the regular budget for 2012-2013 provides for the equivalent of 220 posts in the management and administration category ($69,043,700), general operating expenses ($8,157,000), supplies and materials ($170,000) and contributions to joint activities ($6,346,800) (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), para. 25.13). UNHCR reports annually to United Nations Headquarters on its expenditure under the regular budget, broken down into post and non-post resources (A/63/616, para. 7).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VI.27 Pending the implementation of the lump-sum arrangement described in paragraph VI.25 above, 220 posts, including the posts of the High Commissioner and Deputy High Commissioner, will be funded from the regular budget for the biennium 2000-2001. At that time, of the 433 posts classified by UNHCR as management and administration posts, the 220 posts represented 50.8 per cent (A/63/616, para. 5). The Advisory Committee points out that for the current period 2010-2011, there were 515 posts in the management and administration category of UNHCR, of which 220, or 42.7 per cent, were funded from the regular budget. The 220 posts in the management and administration category will continue to be funded from the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013, including the two posts of High Commissioner and Deputy High Commissioner, as well as the additional 218 posts funded from grants. The Advisory Committee also notes from table 25.6 of the budget document that for the biennium 2012-2013, UNHCR will have 7,870 posts funded from extrabudgetary contributions, the same figure as for the biennium 2010-2011.", "VI.28 The Advisory Committee enquired as to the level of the 218 management and administrative posts funded from the regular budget grant for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee was informed that five and six additional posts would be established at the D-2/1 and P-4/3 levels, respectively, with a reduction of four P-5 posts, five P-2 posts and two General Service posts. The Advisory Committee points out that the number of posts at higher levels has increased, while the number of posts at lower levels has decreased. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was also informed that, since the implementation of the lump-sum arrangement, UNHCR had determined which management and administrative posts should correspond to the 218 posts funded from regular budget grants, while the remaining posts had been funded from voluntary contributions. In addition, in order to maintain consistency, UNHCR had attempted to maintain a percentage of 218 posts in all categories. However, owing to operational urgency and the dynamic nature of UNHCR, it is often not possible to maintain both the grade distribution of 218 posts and the total budget ceiling of the lump-sum.", "VI.29 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for 2012-2013. While recognizing that the nature of UNHCR ' s operations may require flexibility in the staffing table, the Advisory Committee is of the view that, in order to ensure transparency and accountability, the detailed composition of 218 posts funded from regular budget grants should continue to be reflected in UNHCR ' s biennial programme budget.", "General comments and recommendations", "Budapest Service Centre", "VI.30 The Advisory Committee recalls that during its review of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 (A/64/7, para. VI.27), it was informed that UNHCR had redeployed certain administrative functions from Geneva in order to establish the Global Service Centre and the Global Learning Centre in Budapest. At that time, it was estimated that start-up and transition costs would be approximately $20 million and that savings of approximately $9.5 million per year could be achieved from 2010.", "VI.31 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from table 25.4 of the proposed budget that annual savings of $6.15 million have been achieved in 2009, with revised projections of annual savings of $15.2 million in 2010, $17 million in 2011 and $16.3 million in 2012 and 2013, respectively. As indicated in the proposed budget, the estimates in table 25.4 take into account the contribution of the Government of Hungary, namely, the provision of rent-free premises, office furniture, maintenance costs and utilities, as well as hospitality and security operations in the central Budapest area for a period of 10 years (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), para. 25.18).", "VI.32 The Advisory Committee was informed that the introduction of results-based management in 2010 was one of the reform initiatives undertaken by UNHCR to make the organization more transparent, flexible and responsive. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was updated on efficiency gains achieved by UNHCR through various reform measures. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNHCR had implemented extensive internal reforms over the past five years, including the establishment of a service centre in Budapest in 2007, owing to the urgent need to reduce administrative costs at Headquarters. As a result, the share of UNHCR headquarters costs in total expenditure decreased from 13.9 per cent in 2006 to 9.1 per cent in 2010, and staff costs decreased from 41.4 per cent to 27.1 per cent of total UNHCR costs. In addition, the savings achieved through the reform provided UNHCR with swing space to allocate unearmarked resource contributions to underfunded and emergency operations and to launch initiatives aimed at strengthening protection and emergency response capacities. The Advisory Committee welcomes the initiatives undertaken and the progress made so far by UNHCR and looks forward to further efficiency gains.", "Publications", "VI.33 A summary of recurrent and non-recurrent publications is provided in table 25.3 of the proposed budget. The annex to the proposed budget also provides a list of publications that will not be issued in 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee was informed that the publications to be issued in the biennium 2012-2013, both in print and electronic form, included: (a) the annual update of the UNHCR Statistical Yearbook, which describes global population trends and trends of concern to UNHCR and durable solutions; and (b) a research paper commissioned on a range of priority protection topics. In addition, UNHCR will issue electronic publications and regularly report on its work on refugees and other populations of concern as well as on its website and social media. The Advisory Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in paragraphs 109 and 110 of chapter I.", "Section 26 Palestine refugees", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting).", "VI.34 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 26 amount to $48,712,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $5,000,000, or 11.4 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 26), table 26.3). In 2012-2013, the regular budget of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) represented approximately 2.7 per cent of its total biennial budget, a proportion based on projections of extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $1,857,300,000 (ibid., paras. 26.12 and 26.13).", "VI.35 The Secretary-General indicates that the General Assembly, in its resolution 3331 B (XXIX), decided that the salaries of the Agency ' s international staff who would otherwise have been charged to voluntary contributions for the duration of the Agency ' s mandate should be financed from the regular budget of the United Nations with effect from 1 January 1975 (ibid., para. 26.2). The proposed increase of $5,000,000 in 2012-2013 reflects the delayed impact of 14 new Professional posts approved by the General Assembly for 2010-2011 ($2,283,200); the proposed establishment of 13 new posts ($2,475,200); the reclassification of 5 posts ($236,600); and an increase of $5,000 in non-post resources (ibid., para. 26.22; see also paras. VI.40 and VI.48 below).", "VI.36 Table VI.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.5 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved posts 2010-2011 133 1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 13 D-1, 23 P-5, 54 P-4, 24 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 posts 146 1 USG, 1 ASG, 8 D-2, 10 D-1, 27 P-5, 57 P-4, 29 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)", "1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3", "Reclassification 5 4 D-1 to D-2 and 1 P-4 to P-5", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 (a) 75 2 D-2, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 54 P-4/3, 3 P-2/1, 7 GS (OL)", "(a) Some 31,800 UNRWA local staff are not included in the table (see A/66/6 (Sect. 26), table 26.4, footnote).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VI.37 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of the following 13 posts for 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 26.23):", "(a) Judges (D-1) and Registrar (P-4) of the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal (see also paras. VI.41-VI.44 below);", "(b) Director, Evaluation Division, UNRWA headquarters (P-5) and Finance Information and Systems Officer (P-4);", "(c) Director, Partnerships Division (P-5), to be located in Jerusalem (see para. VI.50 below);", "(d) Senior Liaison Officer (P-4), based in Brussels; Head of Representative Office (P-5) and Deputy Chief (P-4), Washington, D.C. (see also para. VI.49 below);", "(e) One Security Officer (5 P-3) each for the five field offices in the West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon.", "VI.38 The Secretary-General also proposes the upward reclassification of the following five posts (ibid., para. 26.24):", "(a) Three of the five UNRWA field directors (West Bank, Lebanon and Gaza) were reclassified from D-1 to D-2;", "(b) Reclassification of the Director of Finance from D-1 to D-2;", "(c) Reclassification of the head of security at UNRWA headquarters from P-4 to P-5.", "The Advisory Committee was informed that the responsibilities and accountability of some of the higher-level posts had increased significantly since the last review of the reclassification by UNRWA in 1983. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the Compensation and Classification Section of the Office of Human Resources Management of the United Nations Secretariat had recently reviewed the D-1 posts and ruled that they could be reclassified to the D-2 level.", "VI.39 On the basis of the justification provided by the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposals, including 13 new posts and 5 reclassifications.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.40 With regard to the proposed increase of $5,000 in non-post resources for 2012-2013 (see para. VI.35 above), the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed increase reflected general temporary assistance requirements under other staff costs to cover the replacement of staff on maternity or extended sick leave. Total non-post resources requested for 2012-2013 amount to $19,900. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General.", "General comments and recommendations", "UNRWA Dispute Tribunal and the new system of administration of justice", "VI.41 As indicated above, two of the proposed new posts (i.e., the judges and the Registrar) relate to the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal. The Secretary-General indicates that the Dispute Tribunal will hear and decide on appeals submitted to it and that the Agency or its staff may appeal the decisions of the Dispute Tribunal to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, as provided for in its statute (ibid., para. 26.23 (a)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the new internal justice system of UNRWA was similar to that of the second United Nations level. However, UNRWA chose to establish its own Dispute Tribunal as a means of participating in the United Nations Dispute Tribunal under a cost-sharing arrangement (see General Assembly resolution 63/253, para. 52), which, given the Agency ' s approximately 30,000 staff members, would result in an additional annual cost for the Agency of $8 million to $9 million. UNRWA also indicated that, in addition to the cost of the proposed posts for judges and registrars, the annual cost of operating its internal justice system would amount to $1 million, which would be funded from the UNRWA General Fund.", "VI.42 The Advisory Committee was also informed that UNRWA would participate in the second level of the United Nations system of administration of justice, the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/253, article 2.10 of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal provides for the conclusion of a special agreement between the organization and the Secretary-General if the organization makes use of a neutral first instance procedure. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNRWA had therefore signed a special agreement with the Secretary-General in December 2009. Under the terms of the agreement, UNRWA would be responsible for paying the United Nations Appeals Tribunal a flat rate of $9,600 per case. In addition, amendments to the Staff Regulations and Rules of UNRWA, modelled on the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, entered into force on 1 June 2010.", "VI.43 With regard to the procedures for the selection of judges for the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that an independent judge had been selected by the UNRWA Internal Justice Committee, which consisted of a area staff member selected by the Staff-to-Staff Alliance Conference, an international staff member elected by international staff, the Chief of Human Resources, the Legal Adviser and three eminent external jurists. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal had become fully operational effective 1 June 2011 and was currently funded from extrabudgetary resources.", "VI.44 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the new UNRWA internal justice system had also strengthened the dispute resolution framework through informal dispute resolution mechanisms, such as mediation. The Advisory Committee was also informed, however, that UNRWA did not have a separate Office of the Ombudsman, but rather used the Ethics Officer to perform those functions. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in establishing the system of administration of justice at the United Nations, the General Assembly recognized that informal conflict resolution was an important component of that system and emphasized that it should be used to the greatest extent possible to avoid unnecessary litigation (see Assembly resolution 61/261, para. 11). In the same resolution, the Assembly decided to establish an Office of the Ombudsman for the Secretariat, funds and programmes and a Mediation Division. In the opinion of the Advisory Committee, the above arrangements for UNRWA are insufficient. The Advisory Committee is of the view that UNRWA should ensure adequate support for its informal conflict resolution process.", "Financial position", "VI.45 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its review of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it raised the issue of the funding shortfall of UNRWA (A/64/7, para. VI.45). In this connection, the Advisory Committee was informed that extrabudgetary contributions to UNRWA, while increasing year by year, had not kept pace with population growth and cost escalation. Furthermore, the lack of adequate resources had led to a deterioration in the quality of the Agency ' s programmes and the Agency had encountered considerable difficulties in addressing the emergency needs of the refugees.", "VI.46 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the main issues that had led to the financial situation of UNRWA were as follows:", "(a) Working capital had been consistently reduced over the past 10 years from $80 million to $42 million as at 1 January 2011, resulting in insufficient working capital; the reserve was insufficient to cover expenditures of $45 million to $50 million per month;", "(b) Low annual income, based on projected shortfalls of $62 million by the end of 2011;", "(c) Unfavourable internal and external factors resulting from salary increases due to inflation ($12 million), ageing staff and severance payments ($4 million) and additional requirements for food, medical supplies and utilities ($4 million) and serious challenges to the domestic economy of donor countries;", "VI.47 With regard to the payment of severance payments to its area staff, UNRWA was concerned that, with the implementation of IPSAS effective 1 January 2012, separation payments would be included as a liability in the Agency ' s balance sheet. As UNRWA ' s end-of-service liabilities are completely unfunded, its total liabilities will exceed its total assets by the end of 2013, with the result that the reported net assets will be negative. UNRWA expects that external auditors will express serious concerns about its financial viability. The Advisory Committee intends to revert to this issue in the context of its consideration of the UNRWA budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VI.48 In his proposed budget, the Secretary-General indicates that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/272, requested him to continue to support the institutional strengthening of the Agency by providing financial resources from the regular budget of the United Nations. Accordingly, the Secretary-General proposes an increase of $5 million for 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 26), para. 26.11). The Advisory Committee notes that the delayed impact of 14 new Professional posts approved by the General Assembly for 2010-2011 amounts to $2,283,200, or 46 per cent of the total increase proposed by the Secretary-General.", "Reform process", "VI.49 The Advisory Committee recalls that UNRWA launched an organizational development plan to reform and strengthen management structures and procedures (A/64/7, para. VI.35). In this connection, the Advisory Committee was informed that the organizational development reform process had ended and had led to significant improvements in the way UNRWA operated, including the development of a medium-term strategy supported by a results-based planning system. In addition, UNRWA developed a new reform programme, the “continuing transformation”, aimed at improving its effectiveness in the delivery of health and education services, as well as its approach to poverty alleviation. The Advisory Committee was also informed that it was in that context that UNRWA had requested four posts for resource mobilization activities to maintain and increase the level of voluntary funding (see paras. VI.37 (c) and (d) above).", "VI.50 With regard to the resource mobilization activities envisaged by UNRWA, the Advisory Committee was informed that the post of Director of the Partnerships Division was requested in recognition of the fact that funding for development and humanitarian assistance was not the sole purview of Member States. Approximately 3.5 per cent of WFP and UNHCR resources come from private fund-raising, which currently accounts for only 0.1 per cent of UNRWA resources. The Agency therefore had great potential to increase voluntary contributions through partnerships with foundations, private entities and the general public. The Advisory Committee welcomes the initiatives taken by UNRWA to strengthen partnerships with non-traditional donors in order to broaden its donor base. The Advisory Committee also encourages UNRWA to continue to explore other reform and efficiency initiatives.", "Section 27 Humanitarian assistance", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals amount to $29,741,100 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $29,399,900 and projected extrabudgetary resources $496,114,400 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) This amount does not include grants earmarked for non-Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs activities through the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief (estimated at $15 million for 2012-2013) and the Central Emergency Response Fund (estimated at $80,000,000 for 2012-2013).", "VI.51 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 under section 27 amount to $29,741,100, representing an increase of $341,200, or 1.2 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. As indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, the increase reflects the Secretary-General ' s continued commitment to the gradual strengthening of the regular budget component of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and in response to General Assembly resolution 57/153, in which the Assembly stressed that the Office should benefit from adequate and more predictable funding (A/66/6 (Sect. 27), para. 27.8).", "VI.52 Table VI.6 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.6 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved posts 2010-2011 70 1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 3 D-1, 10 P-5, 16 P-4, 14 P-3, 5 P-2, 2 GS (PL), 15 GS (OL)", "Proposed 2012-2013 posts 72 1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 4 D-1, 11 P-5, 16 P-4, 14 P-3, 5 P-2, 2 GS (PL), 15 GS (OL)", "1 D-1 for subprogramme 3 and 1 P-5 for subprogramme 2", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed posts 2012-2013 1 879 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 12 D-1, 79 P-5, 218 P-4, 319 P-3, 58 P-2/1, 4 GS/PL, 161 GS/OL, 340 NO, 686 LL", "VI.53 The Secretary-General indicates that projected extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $496,114,400, representing 94 per cent of the overall resource requirements for the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, which would supplement resources provided from the regular budget to finance the activities of the Office. The extrabudgetary resources proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a projected decrease of $23,690,700 compared with 2010-2011. The decrease is the result of an exercise to align the requirements with the expected level of contributions (ibid., paras. 27.10 and 27.11).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VI.54 The Secretary-General proposes to establish one P-5 regular budget post for subprogramme 2, Coordination of humanitarian action and emergency response, in the External Relations and Support Mobilization Service, for the Chief of the Consolidated Appeals Process Section. The post would be responsible for the timely preparation of United Nations inter-agency humanitarian appeals; leading the development and implementation of inter-agency policies on the consolidated appeals process and good humanitarian donorship; and managing public information tools such as the financial tracking service and the online project system (ibid., para. 27.34). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the P-5 post of Chief of Section had been established in the biennium 2010-2011 and funded from extrabudgetary resources. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of the P-5 post under subprogramme 2, but points out that, in presenting the proposed resources, it should have accurately indicated that the source of funding has shifted from extrabudgetary resources to the regular budget.", "VI.55 One new D-1 post is proposed for the Chief of the Regional Programme and Policy Development Branch under subprogramme 3, Natural disaster reduction. The Secretary-General notes that the regional offices of the Strategy play an important role in the implementation of the mandate of the Strategy to act as the focal point for the coordination of disaster reduction activities by the United Nations system and to ensure synergy between the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in the socio-economic and humanitarian fields. Regional offices support regional cooperation frameworks for disaster risk reduction and the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action at the regional level (ibid., para. 27.41). In its resolution 65/157, the General Assembly recognized the increasing demands on the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the need for increased, timely, stable and predictable resources for its implementation. The Secretary-General indicates that the ISDR secretariat is currently fully funded from extrabudgetary resources and that the secretariat has taken a number of measures to enhance the predictability of funding by broadening the donor base and increasing non-earmarked funding; however, given the nature of extrabudgetary resources, such resources do not provide the necessary predictability and stability in funding the core and regular activities of the ISDR secretariat (ibid., para. 27.42). In its resolution 65/157, in which it requested the Secretary-General to consider how best to support the implementation of natural disaster reduction strategies, the Advisory Committee notes the intention of the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report containing recommendations in response to that resolution (ibid.). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the recommendations contained in the report on the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction included a proposal to establish the post of Chief of the Regional Programme and Policy Development Branch at the D-1 level under the regular budget. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of the D-1 post under subprogramme 3.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.56 The total non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General amount to $7,311,900, reflecting a decrease of $390,200, owing to reduced requirements under contractual services ($202,400), general operating expenses ($158,800), consultants ($14,700) and hospitality ($500), partially offset by increases under grants and contributions ($36,400), furniture and equipment ($23,900), other staff costs ($6,700) and supplies ($200). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments and observations", "VI.57 In table 27.21 of his report, the Secretary-General indicates that OIOS made a recommendation in the context of the audit by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the governance arrangements for the Common Humanitarian Fund for the Sudan, on which a feasibility review would be conducted in 2011. In this audit, OIOS found that the responsibility of the executing agencies of the Common Humanitarian Fund was limited to the submission of project implementation reports and did not require that monitoring, evaluation and audit findings be taken into account when approving projects and allocating funds (A/65/271 (Part I), para. 33). OIOS recommended that the Humanitarian Coordinator for the Sudan use the monitoring, evaluation and audit findings of executing agencies in the allocation process in order to improve the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the common humanitarian fund projects (AN2010/590/05, recommendation 4). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs had assessed the feasibility of the proposal and had decided to develop in 2011 a general monitoring and evaluation framework for the Sudan Common Humanitarian Fund, which would be annexed to the Fund ' s guidelines. A workshop was held in April 2011 to improve the management of national pooled funds through strengthened monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of enhanced accountability for the Fund ' s projects and expects that the development of the overarching framework, which will serve as a sound basis for monitoring and evaluation, will be completed expeditiously.", "Part VII. Public information", "Section 28 Public information", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $179,432,200 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $184,996,600 Projected extrabudgetary resources $6,339,100 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) Including other assessed resources of $1,433,000, the information contained in table 28.6 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 28) is revised to reflect the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the peacekeeping support account and extrabudgetary resources of $4906,100.", "VII.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 28 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $179,432,200 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $5,564,400, or 3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), table 28.6).", "VII.2 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed that the overall reduced requirements were due mainly to the streamlining of the activities of the Department of Public Information and, in particular, the introduction of more modern information management technologies (see annex). See also paras. VII.17-VII.20 below for a wider use of the Internet and social media for the dissemination of information (see also paras. VII.17-VII.20 below). See also paragraphs VII.14 to VII.16 below and the introduction of a number of online reporting and management tools (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.5). The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made by the Secretary-General to reduce requirements under section 28 and commends in particular him for the introduction of a number of measures that can be considered as “drivers of change” to change the way the Department operates and to achieve long-term efficiency gains.", "VII.3 Table VII.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VII.1 Staffing", "Proposed 2012-2013 posts 738 1 USG, 4 D-2, 20 D-1, 37 P-5, 75 P-4, 89 P-3, 58 P-2/1, 9 GS (PL), 226 GS (OL), 45 NO, 174 LL 723 1 USG, 4 D-2, 20 D-1, 36 P-5, 75 P-4, 89 P-3, 58 P-2/1, 9 GS (PL), 217 GS (OL), 51 NO, 163 LL 1 new 1 subprogramme 3, 1 P-2/1, 13 GS (OL) 1 P-4 and 1 P-2 from subprogramme 2 to subprogramme 3 to subprogramme 2 reclassifications 6 LL to 4 GS (OL) abolished, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS (OL) redeployed from subprogramme 3 to 1 P-3 from subprogramme 3 to subprogramme 3 (1 P-3) and 6 LL to 4 GS (OL) abolished, 1 P-2/1, 13 GS (OL) (1 P-4) from subprogramme 3 to subprogramme 3 (1 P-3) and 1 P-3 (1 P-3) from subprogramme 3 to subprogramme 3 (1 P-3 (OL) and 3 GS(OL) (1 P-4) and 3 GS (1 P-3) (XB)", "(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 4 other assessed posts funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 10 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VII.4 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one P-2/1 post in the Education Outreach Group (subprogramme 3) (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.49). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that the current staffing of the Unit (2 Professional and 1 General Service (Other level)) is insufficient to support the anticipated expansion of activities during the biennium 2012-2013, which will focus on expanding the Organization ' s relationship with academic and educational institutions. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as young people were the Department ' s main audience (see also para. VII.13 below), there was a strategic need for educational outreach. The incumbent of the proposed post would be responsible, inter alia, for assisting in the organization of United Nations student conferences; collecting information and conducting research on the themes of those conferences; serving as a focal point for academic institutions interested in cooperating with the United Nations; helping to identify and propose outreach opportunities and activities; and providing support to the United Nations Academic Impact programme, which encourages academic institutions to contribute substantively to the implementation of United Nations mandates. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the P-2/1 post proposed for the Education Outreach Group.", "Redeployment", "VII.5 The following four posts are proposed for redeployment:", "(a) One P-5 post of Director of United Nations Information Centres in the information components of United Nations field offices to the United Nations Information Centre in Nairobi (subprogramme 1) to strengthen the latter ' s staffing structure, which provides advice and support to the development of information strategies for small United Nations offices and programmes in Kenya and East Africa and disseminates relevant information to the media and the public, and is the central source of information on the work of the United Nations at the local, regional and global levels (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.33);", "(b) One P-4 post for an Information Officer from the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2) to outreach services (subprogramme 3) to strengthen the NGO Relations Group (ibid., para. 28.41);", "(c) One P-3 Information Officer from Outreach Services (subprogramme 3) to the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (subprogramme 2) to ensure that the staffing of the Office is adequate to meet the complexity of the work undertaken (ibid., para. 28.40);", "(d) One P-2/1 post for an Associate Administrative Officer from the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (subprogramme 2) to the Outreach Service (subprogramme 3) to complement the administrative support and oversight functions of the Outreach Division (ibid., para. 28.49).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. Through the establishment of new posts, the redeployment of one post to outreach services and the establishment of the P-2/1 post referred to in paragraph VII.4 above, the Advisory Committee expects that the Department of Public Information will be able to further expand its outreach activities.", "Reclassification", "VII.6 The Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of six Local level posts (1 United Nations Information Centre in Algiers and 5 United Nations field offices in Belarus, Eritrea, Georgia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan) to the National Officer level. The proposed reclassifications are intended to ensure that the level of the posts corresponds to the professional nature of the functions performed by the incumbent and to help attract qualified local professionals with relevant expertise (ibid., paras. 28.33 and 28.34). The Advisory Committee points out that the Secretary-General ' s proposals are in line with its earlier recommendation to make the widest possible use of national staff at the Professional and General Service levels (see A/60/7, paras. 70 and 71). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of six posts from the Local level to the National Officer level.", "Conversion to established posts", "VII.7 The Secretary-General also proposes the conversion of four General Service (Other level) positions currently funded under general temporary assistance to established posts. The conversion to established posts of the four positions (subprogramme 2) of the Website Unit of the News and Media Division is proposed because of the Department ' s commitment to ensuring parity among the six official languages and because of the continuing nature of the functions performed by the incumbents (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.41). Bearing in mind that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/107 B, requested the Department of Public Information to further improve the actions taken to achieve full parity among the six official languages on the United Nations website, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the conversion of four General Service (Other level) positions to established posts at the same level.", "Abolition", "VII.8 The following 20 posts are proposed for abolishment:", "(a) The abolition of one P-5 Chief of Section, one P-2 Librarian and nine General Service (Other level) Library Assistant posts as a result of improved technology and change processes in the Dag Hammarskjöld Library (subprogramme 3) (see also para. VII.20 below) (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.49);", "(b) One General Service (Other level) post of Secretary and three General Service (Other level) posts of Public Information Assistant in the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2), as a result of the realignment of resources to increase productivity (ibid., para. 28.41);", "(c) The abolition of five Local level posts in Bucharest (2 posts), Lomé, Lima and Port-of-Spain (subprogramme 1) after a review of the requirements of the information centres of the Department of Public Information and their ability to carry out related functions within existing capacity, taking into account trends in retirement and vacancies (ibid., para. 28.34).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolishment of these posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VII.9 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $36,574,700, a decrease of $3,676,400, or 9.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee was informed from the supplementary information provided to it that the Secretary-General was proposing to reduce requirements under all objects of expenditure except travel of representatives. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 28.", "General comments and recommendations", "Vacancy factors", "VII.10 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 30 April 2011, 36 of the 738 regular budget posts approved for the Department for the biennium 2010-2011 were vacant, representing a vacancy rate of 4.9 per cent. The Advisory Committee was informed from additional information provided that many of the vacant posts in the Department were in the field. The Advisory Committee attaches importance to public information activities in the field, through which the work of the Organization is communicated to people everywhere and information is tailored to specific audiences in the regions, countries and places, to better inform and support the goals and activities of the United Nations. (See also paragraphs VII.21 to VII.24 below. The Advisory Committee therefore urges the Secretary-General to fill all remaining vacancies in the field as soon as possible.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VII.11 In paragraph 28.13 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 28)/Corr.1), the Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for monitoring and evaluation amount to $2,792,000, equivalent to 292 work-months of staff.", "VII.12 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Evaluation and Communication Research Unit, the entity responsible for monitoring and evaluation, was located in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General. Three Professional-level staff and two General Service staff participated on a full-time basis in monitoring and evaluation activities. The Advisory Committee was further informed that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Department would assess:", "(a) The coverage and usefulness of weekly briefings for relevant non-governmental organizations;", "(b) The effectiveness of the Annual Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations and the United Nations Citizen Ambassadors Programme in promoting civil society participation in the work of the United Nations;", "(c) The effectiveness of the Global Model United Nations in increasing young people ' s understanding of the work of the Organization;", "(d) User satisfaction with internal communication tools (iSeek and Intranet);", "(e) The usefulness of the Messengers of Peace programme in promoting media coverage of priority issues;", "(f) Coverage and impact of public information products;", "(g) Effectiveness of sustainable development campaigns to raise awareness of relevant issues;", "(h) Whether the United Nations web site (www.un.org) is easy to view and use and is able to respond in a timely manner to user questions.", "The Advisory Committee notes that the Department of Public Information will undertake extensive monitoring and evaluation activities during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving information on the results of those activities and any follow-up action taken and lessons learned in future reports. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Youth as a strategic focus of the Department ' s work", "VII.13 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 28.2 of the budget document that the Department of Public Information has made youth a strategic focus of its communications efforts. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as part of its strategy to involve youth from around the world in key United Nations-related issues, the Department had launched a number of initiatives, including the Global Model United Nations, a series of global student videoconferences on a number of themes, the United Nations Academic Impact programme, measures to ensure the participation of youth in the annual meeting of non-governmental organizations and a number of outreach activities. The Advisory Committee welcomes the emphasis placed by the Department on promoting the work of the United Nations among young people. The Advisory Committee expects the Secretary-General to continue his efforts in this regard and to identify further opportunities for youth participation. The Advisory Committee is of the view that effective use of new media (see paras. VII.14-VII.16 below) should be an important part of those efforts.", "Use new media", "VII.14 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed that the evolving and continuing information revolution in the technological field provided fertile ground for strengthening and modernizing the services provided by the Department of Public Information. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that a number of expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement for the biennium 2012-2013 refer to the use of the Internet and online social networking tools to enhance understanding of and support for the work of the United Nations.", "VII.15 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in addition to operating its own website (www.un.org), the United Nations currently had access to a number of social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook and Yoku. The Advisory Committee was provided with the following table showing social media traffic on the platforms managed by the Department of Public Information as at 3 June 2011:", "The platform, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr'r YouTube, new wave, potatoes, cool.", "Attention/browsing/Subscriptions 111 699 400 561 1 121 166 3 3 362 499 330 865 366 242 2 171 676", "VII.16 The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to make United Nations publications in electronic form more accessible to readers worldwide, the Sales and Marketing Group had launched electronic books and application links (“apps”) on tablet computers and mobile reading devices. The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts of the Department of Public Information to continue to expand its audience through the use of the Internet and social networking tools. In recent years, the Internet and social networking tools have become increasingly popular and, if used effectively, can help to shape the Organization ' s image in conditions, accessible and accessible. At the same time, however, the Advisory Committee points out that more traditional means of communication, such as radio and print media, continue to be an important component of efforts to ensure the effective dissemination of the Organization ' s message, particularly in developing countries.", "Modernization of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library", "VII.17 The Advisory Committee notes that the continuing development and information revolution in the technological field referred to above also provides the Department of Public Information with the opportunity to modernize the operations of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library to ensure better service to United Nations staff and representatives and to serve as a virtual gateway to United Nations information for researchers and the general public worldwide (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.6).", "VII.18 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that of the resources proposed under this section, $650,000 would be used for the modernization of the Library. These resources will be used to purchase the technical solutions required for upgrading and customization of the current information management system, to transfer data and to train staff. These resources will also cover system-related contractual services, installation and change management measures. The Advisory Committee was further informed that, in the long term, a separate project would be undertaken to review the global activities of United Nations libraries with a view to improving policy coherence and further harmonizing systems. To that end, the Department of Public Information will initiate a review in late 2011 within the framework of the Steering Committee for the Modernization and Integrated Management of United Nations Libraries, which was established following the issuance of the report of the Secretary-General entitled “Strengthening of the United Nations: an agenda for further change” (A/57/387).", "VII.19 The Advisory Committee notes that the measures outlined in the preceding paragraph will be implemented in conjunction with the ongoing project to digitize United Nations parliamentary documentation for the period 1946-1993 and upload those documents to ODS. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a total of five staff members were currently involved in the project, which was launched in January 1999. As at 31 October 2010, some 225,000 documents (1,900,000 pages) had been digitized and uploaded to ODS. Some 3,750,000 pre-1993 documents remain to be processed, but only 25 per cent of them are expected to be classified as important documents requiring digitization. [7] The Advisory Committee was further informed that the Department of Public Information had initiated discussions with the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management and the Office of Information and Communications Technology on the establishment of a separate project to digitize United Nations documentation, which would make it possible to digitize all pre-1993 documents within five years. Once the project is implemented, there will be an opportunity to review the number of library staff currently engaged in digitization. The Advisory Committee recognizes the benefits of this project, which will make it possible to further reduce costs, and encourages the departments and offices concerned to conclude the related negotiations as soon as possible.", "VII.20 The Advisory Committee notes that the technical improvements and process improvements to be implemented during the biennium 2012-2013 will result in the abolition of 11 posts (1 P-5, 1 P-2 and 9 General Service (Other level)) in the Library (see para. VII.8 above). The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts to streamline and modernize library operations, which are expected to result in a reduction in post costs, and looks forward to an update on the status of the projects outlined above, including an assessment of their impact, in future submissions, indicating whether they will contribute to future savings and lessons learned.", "United Nations information centres", "VII.21 The regular budget requirements of $40,808,400 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 for the network of United Nations information centres provide for the continuation of 246 posts (39 Professional, 161 Local level and 46 National Officers) and related non-post resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.34). These posts are distributed among 53 United Nations information centres worldwide, of which 25 are headed by staff of the Department of Public Information and the remaining 28 are headed by the corresponding United Nations Resident Coordinator. As the main sources of information on the United Nations system in the countries where the centres are located, the centres are responsible for promoting public understanding of and support for the goals and activities of the United Nations and for disseminating information on the work of the Organization to people around the world, in particular in developing countries.", "VII.22 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, approved the establishment of a new United Nations information centre in Luanda. The proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 includes resources related to the delayed impact of six posts established for the Centre (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.34). In response to a question on the current status of the information centre in Luanda, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Government of Angola had recently approved the redeployment of resources for the construction of the necessary office space and that the Department of Public Information was working with the Office of Legal Affairs to develop the relevant host country agreement.", "VII.23 During its consideration of the proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed by the representatives of the Secretary-General that, in view of the prevailing economic situation and the Organization ' s difficulties in obtaining an adequate space at reasonable cost, the Department of Public Information had begun to reassess and rationalize its strategy for the operation of United Nations information centres. In order to mitigate the impact of increased expenditures resulting from additional safety and security measures and increases in rent and utilities, the Department is reducing the field office space allocated to United Nations information centres by donating library collections to local universities or sharing space with other members of the United Nations country team. As indicated in paragraph VII.8 above, the Secretary-General also proposes the abolishment of five Local level posts in four United Nations information centres, following a review of requirements and the possibility of reallocating functions within existing staffing levels. The Advisory Committee was informed that, over the long term, the strategy of the Department of Public Information was to ensure that information centres were able to take advantage of the comparative advantages they provided to United Nations country teams and the Secretariat, as they were well-versed in local environments and languages and could provide professional advocacy support and guidance. In the future, the centres will devote more effort to helping clients access electronic information resources and outreach activities outside the premises.", "VII.24 The Advisory Committee is convinced that the role of United Nations information centres in disseminating information on the work of the Organization and disseminating such information in a form that is easily understood by local audiences is essential to promote broad support for the Organization and its objectives and has therefore long supported United Nations information centres. In view of the constraints and uncertainties faced by the information centres, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the Secretary-General should include in future reports a detailed plan of action to ensure that the network of United Nations information centres can continue to operate effectively in the medium to long term.", "Update on measures taken to improve the professional skills of the Cartographic Unit", "VII.25 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it urged the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly, as a matter of priority, proposals on how to improve the professional skills of the Cartographic Unit (A/64/7, para. VII.12). The Advisory Committee was informed from the responses to the question on the current status of the proposals that the majority of the design staff of the Cartographic Unit (6 out of 11 staff) were Cartographic Assistants at the General Service level. For these staff, promotion to the Professional level is possible only through the G-to-P competitive examination, and there is currently no dedicated graphics examination, except in the area of web design and development. The Advisory Committee was further informed, however, that staff of the Unit had priority access to external training opportunities for upgrading their skills. In view of the importance of the Cartographic Unit in promoting United Nations information, the Advisory Committee urges the Secretary-General to continue to take steps to enhance the professional skills of the Unit ' s staff and to provide them with more opportunities for career development.", "Publications", "VII.26 Table 28.3 of the budget document summarizes the recurrent and non-recurrent publications to be issued by the Department of Public Information during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that the number of publications projected in the table will decrease from 71 in 2010-2011 to 61 in 2012-2013 and that all 61 are recurrent publications. While the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that a number of Member States had requested the Department of Public Information not to send hard copies of publications, as those texts could be downloaded from the web, it was informed from the additional information available that only 10 of the 61 publications to be issued by the Department (2 editions of the Yearbook of the United Nations and 8 issues of the UN Chronicle) were available in electronic format. The Advisory Committee recommends that the Department of Public Information continue to oversee the publications programme to ensure that it is able to meet the evolving needs of Member States. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "VII.27 In a related matter, the Advisory Committee notes that in its report on the financial statements of the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009, the Board recommended that the Administration re-examine and, where necessary, redistribute the mandate and activities of the Publications Board (A/65/5 (Vol. I), para. 251). In table 28.26 of the budget document, the Secretary-General describes the steps taken and envisaged in response to that recommendation, including the establishment of the Working Group of the Publications Board and the Working Group on Publications. The Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving information on the results of that work in due course.", "Enhancing the Department ' s responsiveness to the needs of the Organization", "VII.28 The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that public information activities play a vital role in influencing public perceptions of how the Organization discharges its mandated responsibilities (see also A/64/7, para. VII.2). But now that the relevance of mainstream media is being challenged by the growing popularity of non-mainstream channels, news and communications platforms are expanding rapidly and constantly retrofitting, and social media tools are changing the way people access and share information, the Advisory Committee wonders whether it is time for the Department of Public Information to make the following assessment: How to better serve the needs of the Organization in its public information activities, how to enhance the creativity and innovation of its work and how to continue to contribute to the work of the United Nations in ways that are closer to the daily lives of people around the world. The Advisory Committee notes that the matter falls within the purview of the Committee on Information and therefore requests the Secretary-General to refer the matter to that Committee for further consideration.", "Common support services", "Section 29 Management and support services", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $531,865,200 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $525,971,200 Projected extrabudgetary resources $462,698,600 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). ^ (b) Includes $251,005,200 in other assessed resources, and the information contained in table 29.1 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 29) has been revised to reflect the decisions taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the peacekeeping support account and extrabudgetary resources of $21169,400.", "VIII.1 The overall objectives of the activities to be implemented under part VIII of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 are: (a) to enhance the efficiency and accountability of the United Nations in the management of its resources in the four broad management areas of finance, human resources, information and communications technology and support services, including procurement and infrastructure; (b) to support the intergovernmental processes of the United Nations; (c) to secure funding for the mandated programmes and activities of the Secretariat; and (d) to support the implementation of those programmes and activities. Part VIII of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 includes section 29, Management and support services, which is divided into seven subsections, which are discussed separately below, and part VIII, which also includes section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology.", "VIII.2 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29, Management and support services, amount to $531,865,200 before recosting, representing an increase of $5,894,000, or 1.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Section 29A Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $32,816,100 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $26,126,100 Projected extrabudgetary resources $190,781,300 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). ^ (b) Includes $160,313,800 in other assessed resources, and the information contained in table 29.1 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 29) has been revised to reflect the decisions taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the peacekeeping support account and extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $30467,500.", "VIII.3 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29A amount to $32,816,100 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $6,690,000, or 25.6 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29A), table 29A.4). Changes are outlined in paragraph 29A.10 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)). As indicated in the budget document, the increase relates mainly to the enterprise resource planning project component (“Umoja”) and reflects the share of the regular budget requirements of Umoja for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VIII.4 In paragraph 29A.11 of his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)), the Secretary-General indicates that regular budget resources would also be supplemented with other assessed resources of $171,165,300, comprising $103,191,700 under the enterprise resource planning project and $67,973,600 under the support account for peacekeeping operations. During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under section 29A, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations, the total other assessed resources for that section had been reduced to $160,313,800, comprising $94,370,400 under the enterprise resource planning project and $65,943,400 under the support account for peacekeeping operations. The Office also has extrabudgetary resources from two sources, estimated at $30,467,500, for programme support income, which represents reimbursement for services provided by the central administration for extrabudgetary activities and technical cooperation reimbursement resources, including $27,702,100 for the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.5 The main responsibilities of the Department of Management and the priorities for the biennium 2012-2013 are outlined in paragraphs 29A.1 to 29A.9 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)). In addition, the Secretary-General will submit a report on the implementation of resolution 64/259 on the accountability framework and a progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project for consideration by the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29A), para. 29A.30 and Assembly resolution 64/243). During its consideration of the proposed budget, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on current activities in those two areas.", "Accountability system", "VIII.6 With regard to the development of an accountability system in the Secretariat, the Advisory Committee was informed that activities had been undertaken and that progress had been made, in particular in the following areas: (a) The clear link between institutional and individual accountability is recognized in the 2011 senior managers ' compact; (b) clear roles and responsibilities are defined in accordance with the financial and staff regulations and rules to ensure systematic reporting and monitoring of delegation of authority; (c) a conceptual framework for results-based management is developed in line with the framework approved by Member States in General Assembly resolution 63/276, while meeting the Organization-specific normative and operational requirements; (d) an enterprise risk management policy and methodology is developed to guide the adoption of enterprise risk management and the strengthening of the internal control framework; and (e) a performance management system is piloted to initiate lessons-learned activities following its wider application throughout the Organization. The Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving more details on the progress made by the Secretariat in developing an accountability system and will comment on this issue in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned report.", "Enterprise resource planning project (“Umoja”)", "VIII.7 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposed budget for section 29A, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretariat anticipated that the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project would be delayed and that there had been a lack of a manager for the project since 31 May 2011. In view of this, the Project Steering Committee decided to implement the project in a phased manner, focusing on the initial phase of the system and focusing primarily on the functions required to support the adoption of IPSAS. To this end, the secretariat has established a partnership with the WFP ICT team to undertake a “match-gaps” analysis of existing processes in the WFP enterprise resource planning system (WINGS II) and in Umoja. The Advisory Committee was informed that WFP had already met the requirements of IPSAS and that it was expected that the joint work would help to align some of the Umoja solutions with those of the WINGS II system, and that it could also enable the United Nations to build on the lessons learned by WFP in its transition to IPSAS.", "VIII.8 The joint work is expected to be completed in August 2011, after which an assessment and next steps will be taken to expedite project implementation. It was understood that the Secretariat could not provide any specific information on the extent of delays and the impact of such delays until the “match-gaps” analysis and assessment had been completed. The Committee was further informed that the Secretary-General would report on the achievements of the project and propose measures to reduce delays in the next progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.9 With regard to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, the Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards is completed at the United Nations by 2014. The Advisory Committee points out that the United Nations strategy is to synchronize the adoption of IPSAS with the implementation of the new enterprise resource planning system, as the Organization ' s existing information technology systems cannot meet IPSAS requirements without extensive and costly adjustments. The Advisory Committee also recalls that the adoption of IPSAS was previously postponed from 2012 to 2014 to implement the “pilot first” strategy for the deployment of an enterprise resource planning system throughout the Organization (see A/64/380).", "VIII.10 The Advisory Committee regrets to be informed that the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system is expected to be delayed, as any delay may result in additional costs and impact on the transition to IPSAS planned for 2014, which is already behind schedule (see para. VIII.9 above). In its previous report (A/65/576, para. 29), the Advisory Committee stressed the importance of the continued commitment of the Secretary-General, the Management Committee and the Project Steering Committee to facilitate the Organization ' s adaptation to the changes and improved working methods resulting from the introduction of enterprise resource planning. The Advisory Committee continues to believe that increased commitment is essential for the successful implementation of the project. At this stage, the Advisory Committee trusts that priority should be given to putting the project on track, avoiding further delays, cost overruns and the inefficient use of resources earmarked for the project.", "VIII.11 A progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system should be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, prior to its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (see para. VIII.5 above). The report should provide a comprehensive and thorough analysis of organizational and implementation factors impeding the progress of the project and of lessons learned. The report should also provide clear recommendations on future actions and how to achieve organizational objectives. While the Advisory Committee accepts the Secretary-General ' s focus on IPSAS implementation during the first phase (see para. VIII.7 above), it emphasizes that the follow-up investment by Member States is due in part to management improvements and changes facilitated through the enterprise resource planning system, including the implementation of results-based management and risk management, the strengthening of the internal control framework, enhanced performance and accountability and increased efficiency and effectiveness. These improvements remain the basic organizational objectives that should not be ignored in the Secretary-General ' s recommendations on the future direction of the project.", "VIII.12 The Secretary-General will also need to ensure that the current deficiencies do not persist and that the necessary safeguards are in place, including a robust project governance and oversight mechanism, which will ensure early detection, referral to the appropriate level and prompt remedial action. The Advisory Committee also expects that the Secretary-General will make every effort to implement the project through the effective use of resources approved for the project, the improvement of project management and the prioritization of activities in a phased manner. Pending consideration of the above-mentioned progress report of the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee is not in a position to recommend commitment against the resources proposed for the enterprise resource planning project in accordance with the project timetable approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262 (see para. VIII.17 below).", "VIII.13 In its previous reports on the progress made in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system (A/65/576, A/64/7/Add.9 and A/63/487), the Advisory Committee made a number of comments and expressed concern about a number of issues, including the delays in the deployment of project team personnel, the lengthy process of recruiting subject matter experts, the need for greater cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology in cataloguing and discarding the upcoming replacement system for the enterprise resource planning system, the need for greater cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the Department of Field Support in the implementation of technical activities and infrastructure, and the complexity and number of interfaces to be developed between the enterprise resource planning system and the human resources management system Inspira. In its previous reports, the Advisory Committee also stressed the need to keep the governance and project management arrangements under review and to adjust them, as appropriate, in the light of experience. The Advisory Committee trusts that these observations remain relevant and requests the Secretary-General to take them into account in the preparation of the next progress report on the project and in his proposals for its continuation.", "VIII.14 Table VIII.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.1 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved posts for 2010-2011", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013", "Extrabudgetary (a)", "Proposed 2012-2013 10 1 D-1, 7 P-4/3, 2 GS (OL)", "(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes eight other assessed posts (funded entirely from the support account for peacekeeping operations), and the information contained in table 29.1 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 29) has been revised to reflect the decisions taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the peacekeeping support account and two extrabudgetary posts (funded from programme support income).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.15 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 52 regular budget posts in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "VIII.16 It is noted from the notes to table 29A.5 of the budget document that, in addition to the other posts funded from assessed and extrabudgetary resources listed in table VIII.1 of the present report, there are 90 temporary posts for the enterprise resource planning project approved by the General Assembly in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/260. These posts are funded under the cost-sharing formula for the ERP project: 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations (other assessed) and 23 per cent from extrabudgetary resources. As indicated in paragraph VIII.17 below, the Advisory Committee will revert to the issue of committed resources for the enterprise resource planning project in the context of its consideration of the next progress report of the Secretary-General on the enterprise resource planning system.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.17 The non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $18,586,900 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $6,588,200 compared with the appropriation of $11,998,700 for the current biennium. During the biennium 2012-2013, the bulk of the non-post resources proposed are for the enterprise resource planning project, which will be provided on a lump-sum basis, in the form of grants and contributions, in the amount of $17,806,300 under subprogramme 2. In view of its comments and recommendations on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system in paragraphs VIII.7 to VIII.13 above, the Advisory Committee will make recommendations on this budget proposal in the context of its consideration of the next progress report of the Secretary-General on the enterprise resource planning system.", "VIII.18 With regard to the remaining items, the Secretary-General proposes a net decrease in the provision for the following items: Contractual services ($49,000, or 15.1 per cent), general operating expenses ($4,600, or 4.3 per cent) and supplies and materials ($2,200, or 6.8 per cent). The decrease is offset in part by additional requirements for furniture and equipment to replace office furniture and automation equipment that is no longer cost-effective for maintenance ($20,600, or 101.5 per cent). It is recommended that the Secretary-General ' s proposals for non-post resources be approved, with the exception of those for the enterprise resource planning system under grants and contributions (see para. VIII.17 above).", "General comments and recommendations", "VIII.19 In view of the core responsibility of the Department of Management for ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of administrative processes and promoting normative management practices across the Secretariat, the Advisory Committee trusts that the Office of the Under-Secretary-General is in a unique position to lead by example and that greater efforts can be made to achieve significant efficiency gains and cost-effectiveness gains in the context of the proposed budget for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee urges the Office to continue its efforts to intensify its efforts to improve the efficiency of procedures and service delivery and to report fully on concrete achievements in the next budget submission.", "Section 29B Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $37,441,900 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $38,552,500 Projected extrabudgetary resources $61,864,600 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) Includes other assessed resources in the amount of $39,539,200, and amends the information contained in table 29B.4 of A/66/6 (Sect. 29B) to reflect the decisions taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 69/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations; and includes extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $22,325,400.", "VIII.20 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29B amount to $37,441,900 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,110,600, or 2.9 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), table 29B.1). The decrease is due mainly to reduced requirements related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS).", "VIII.21 In addition, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $61,864,600 would be available to the Office for carrying out its programme of work. Of this amount, $39,539,200 relates to the support account for peacekeeping operations, $19,594,500 relates to programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by central administration to extrabudgetary activities, funds and programmes and $2,730,900 from other extrabudgetary resources. The amount of $39,539,200 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decisions taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, thereby amending the figures indicated in paragraph 29B.14 and table 29B.4 of the report of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B)).", "VIII.22 The main responsibilities of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts are set out in paragraph 29B.3 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B)). In paragraphs 29B.5 to 29B.10, the Secretary-General highlights the priorities of the Office for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that the Office will continue to play a leadership role in the implementation of IPSAS throughout the Secretariat and in accelerating the implementation of results-based management. The Office will also continue to work closely with the Umoja team to implement the enterprise resource planning system and will focus on, inter alia, strengthening internal controls, enhancing risk management, streamlining processes and improving the efficiency of its services.", "VIII.23 The Advisory Committee notes that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts will continue to focus on further improving results-based budgeting and assisting in the implementation of results-based management, improving budget presentation, implementing periodic self-evaluations and strengthening cooperation with other departmental partners in monitoring and evaluation. The Office is also co-chair of the task force requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/259 to propose proposals for accelerating the implementation of results-based management and the development of a conceptual framework for results-based management, to be reported to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), paras. 29B.6-29B.7). The Committee reiterates the importance of results-based budgeting as an essential tool for measuring budget performance. It looked forward to reviewing the Secretary-General ' s proposals for results-based management in the context of its consideration of the report.", "VIII.24 Table VIII.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.2 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013", "(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 95 other assessed posts (funded exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 75 extrabudgetary posts (funded through programme support income).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.25 In the Financial Information Operations Service, it is proposed to abolish one General Service (Other level) post, as information technology support functions are no longer provided by the Service but by the Office of Information and Communications Technology, in accordance with the established service-level agreements (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.53). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.26 Non-post resources of $2,999,600 are proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $959,300 compared with the appropriation of $3,958,900 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General proposes net reductions under other staff costs ($36,700, or 2.9 per cent), consultants ($491,400, or 100 per cent), travel of staff ($42,000, or 18.4 per cent) and contractual services ($457,600, or 30.3 per cent). These reductions are offset in part by increased requirements for general operating expenses ($27,800, or 11.4 per cent), supplies and materials ($3,800, or 3.2 per cent) and furniture and equipment ($36,800, or 37.7 per cent). As indicated above, these reductions are mainly due to reduced requirements related to the implementation of IPSAS (see also paras. VIII.27 and VIII.28 below). The Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed.", "General comments and recommendations", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "VIII.27 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of the costs associated with the implementation of IPSAS, as shown in table VIII.3. The Committee was informed that the requirements for IPSAS were funded through non-recurrent provisions and that the level of resources was based on a biennial programme of work aligned with the phased implementation of IPSAS and the Umoja timeline. In an effort to harmonize and synchronize the implementation of IPSAS and Umoja, certain activities have been deferred from 2010-2011 to 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.3 Breakdown of costs related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "(United States dollars)", "2010-2011 Revised appropriation 2012-2013 One-time costs Additional requirements Proposed budget", "Posts 1 177 500 – – – 1 177 500", "General temporary assistance", "Consultants and experts 491,400 (491,400) —", "Official travel 156 500 (156,500) 108 100 108 100", "Contractual services 609,000 (586,800) 90 700 112 900", "General operating expenses 15 300 (0,400) 4,500 19 400", "Supplies and materials 4,300 – 4,000 8,300", "Furniture and equipment", "Total 3,120,500 (1,901 735,800 1 954,700 600) ^ (a)", "(a) One-time costs relate mainly to data cleansing of non-expendable property, requirements for expert advice and requirements for training.", "VIII.28 The estimated resource requirements proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 for the implementation of IPSAS include the following:", "(a) $1,177,500 under executive direction and management for the continuation of four posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 GS/OL) in the IPSAS Implementation Unit;", "(b) $524,300 under general temporary assistance for four P-3 asset-accounting positions to support data preparation for non-expendable property and consumables at Headquarters, the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the United Nations Office at Vienna and the regional commissions;", "(c) $108,100 under travel of staff to provide for on-site visits to the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the United Nations Office at Vienna and the regional commissions for ad hoc asset accounting in New York to work with property managers and finance officers in those locations; two annual meetings of the Task Force on Accounting Standards; and travel of a member of the IPSAS implementation team to participate in two of the eight meetings planned by the IPSAS Board in 2012-2013;", "(d) $112,900 under contractual services to meet the requirements for IPSAS dissemination and conceptual training, including computer-based, instructor-led training courses for approximately 1,300 staff, as well as specialized expertise.", "VIII.29 The Advisory Committee requested clarification on the functional differences between the IPSAS implementation team in the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts and the United Nations system-wide IPSAS implementation team in the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Committee was informed that the CEB team addressed cross-cutting issues and promoted knowledge-sharing among United Nations system organizations, while the United Nations IPSAS team focused on ensuring successful implementation of IPSAS within the Secretariat. Table VIII.4 summarizes the core functions of each team.", "Table VIII.4 Core functions of the CEB IPSAS implementation team and the United Nations IPSAS implementation team", "United Nations IPSAS Implementation Team (CEB)", "Monitor the activities of the IPSAS Board in charge of IPSAS and ensure that the interests of the United Nations system are duly represented at the Board ' s quarterly meetings Identify and clarify changes related to IPSAS implementation in the financial regulations and rules and policies covering all areas of the Secretariat ' s operations", "Support to the High-level Committee on Management Task Force on Accounting Standards in providing written comments from United Nations system organizations on all consultancy papers and discussion papers issued by the IPSAS Board on new IPSAS standards; service to the United Nations IPSAS Steering Committee; and support to project managers in all management reporting and oversight", "Impact on the development of new IPSAS guidelines and guidance issued by the IPSAS Board", "Support the High-level Committee on Management task force to (a) issue IPSAS guidance documents for United Nations system organizations as necessary to ensure consistency of interpretation of IPSAS across the United Nations system; and (b) guide Secretariat-wide efforts to translate new/revised policies into standard operating procedures to update these guidance documents (currently over 60) in line with the impact of new guidelines and guidance issued by the IPSAS Board", "Interactions with the technical team of the Panel of External Auditors of the United Nations system organizations to (a) highlight inconsistencies in audit approaches and observations on similar accounting treatments across the United Nations system; and (b) assist Umoja in performing the operational functions required to comply with the new/revised financial regulations and rules, policies and procedures and proactively engage them in addressing potential issues in the interpretation and application of IPSAS within the United Nations system", "Facilitation of meetings of the CEB system-wide IPSAS Steering Committee and the High-level Committee on Management Task Force on Accounting Standards and reporting to the High-level Committee on Management on the progress of IPSAS implementation across the United Nations system", "To facilitate the exchange of information and experience between the organizations of the United Nations system before, during and immediately after the implementation of IPSAS and to lead the Secretariat-wide in the change management required to adapt to changes in policies and procedures resulting from the adoption of IPSAS; this includes the implementation of a communication plan and a training plan", "Managing the implementation of IPSAS throughout the Secretariat and the transition to institutionalized arrangements after implementation", "VIII.30 The Committee will revert to this matter in the context of its consideration of the next report of the Secretary-General on progress in the implementation of IPSAS, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see also paras. VIII.7-VIII.9 above).", "Other issues", "VIII.31 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at the beginning of June 2011, a total of eight posts remained vacant under section 29B, including the post of Deputy Controller at the D-2 level and the post of Director of Contributions at the D-1 level. The Committee notes that the outgoing Deputy Controller retired on 30 April 2011; at the time of its consideration of the proposed budget in June 2011, the post had been vacant for more than one month. The Committee has commented on the issue of vacant posts in chapter I above. The Committee reiterates that vacancy announcements should be issued six months before expected retirement. The Committee is of the view that the delay in filling the post of Deputy Controller clearly illustrates the continuing deficiencies in the process of advance planning, recruitment and placement of staff. The Committee urges the Secretary-General to actively pursue succession planning and to issue timely vacancy announcements to ensure that such situations are avoided in the future.", "VIII.32 The Secretary-General indicates that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts has continued to improve its operations on the basis of a review of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the organizational structure, staffing, management framework and operations undertaken in previous bienniums (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.5). The Committee recalls that an external review of the organizational structure, staffing, management framework and operations of the Office was conducted during the biennium 2006-2007, which identified a number of problems, such as inadequate information systems and a heavy reliance on manual and time-consuming weak processes. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Committee requested that detailed information be provided in the next proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 on the specific measures taken by the Office in that regard and the savings achieved as a result of those measures (see A/64/7, para. VIII.16).", "VIII.33 While the Advisory Committee notes that efforts have been made and are planned by the Office to improve the efficiency of its services, such as the implementation of e-remittances from vendors and automated travel payment cards (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.9), it is of the view that more sustained efforts are required to improve working methods and streamline business processes, with a view to achieving more tangible and measurable efficiency gains and increasing cost-effectiveness. The Committee believes that the Office is in a unique position to lead by example in this regard. It urged the Office to continue and strengthen its efforts to improve the efficiency of its processes and service delivery and to report fully in the next budget submission.", "Section 29C Office of Human Resources Management", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals amount to $73,184,600 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $74,614,600 and the projected extrabudgetary resources of $30,928,600 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). (b) Includes other assessed resources in the amount of $22,647,400, with the information contained in table 29C.4 of A/66/6 (Sect. 29C) amended to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations; and extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $8281,200.", "VIII.34 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29C for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $73,184,600 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,430,000, or 1.9 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.4).", "VIII.35 Table VIII.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.5 Staffing", "Proposed for 2012-2013 177 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 17 P-5, 23 P-4, 19 P-3, 14 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL), 84 GS (OL)", "(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 47 other assessed posts (funded exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 17 extrabudgetary posts (funded through programme support income).", "Recommendations on posts", "VIII.36 The Secretary-General proposes to redeploy two General Service (Other level) posts from the Strategic Planning and Staffing Division (component 2) to the Learning, Development and Human Resources Services Division (component 3) as a result of the transfer of the Personnel Records Unit from the former to the latter (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.36). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.37 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $30,596,900, reflecting a decrease of $1,633,600, or 5.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation of $32,230,500 for 2010-2011. The Secretary-General proposes to reduce resources under all non-post objects of expenditure. The Advisory Committee was informed by the representatives of the Secretary-General that these reductions would be achieved by streamlining production and service delivery, so as to provide the best possible service at the lowest possible cost.", "VIII.38 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the estimated requirements of $22,310,900 for contractual services under component 3, Learning, development and human resources services, reflect a decrease of $1,755,900, or 7.3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation of $24,066,800 for the previous biennium. The Committee was informed that the decrease was due mainly to the reprioritization of training activities, including a review of consultants ' costs. As a result of this review, the higher special rates paid to learning consultants will be eliminated: it is expected that during the biennium 2012-2013, the standard rates applicable to all consultants working for the United Nations will be paid to these consultants. In addition, to achieve further savings, the Secretary-General is revising the current policy on travel of learning consultants. Currently, learning consultants receive the same daily subsistence allowance as staff members while travelling on behalf of the Organization. Under the new policy, they would receive a lump sum to cover their travel and accommodation costs, while other travel policies applicable to staff, including rules on the standard of accommodation for travel, would no longer apply. The Advisory Committee welcomes the steps taken to reduce the consultancy costs of the Office of Human Resources Management. The Committee comments further on the use of consultants in chapter I above.", "VIII.39 On a related matter, during its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for this section, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in order to further limit non-post expenditures, the Secretary-General was also in the process of revising the relevant administrative instruction relating to travel to provide for economy class travel for all future staff members involved in training-related activities funded by the Office of Human Resources Management, regardless of the length of their journey. The Advisory Committee welcomes this initiative and looks forward to receiving information on the resulting savings in future budget submissions.", "VIII.40 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that under component 2, strategic planning and staffing, the Secretary-General proposes a reduction of $33,700 under travel of staff. The decrease is due to reduced outreach travel, as potential job-seekers now have access to the United Nations career portal via the Internet, and because outreach missions will be better planned and organized, for example, for more than one country per trip. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in order to ensure that outreach efforts were not adversely affected by resource reductions, discussions were under way with some Member States on funding for travel. In addition, the Office of Human Resources Management continued its outreach to permanent missions of unrepresented or underrepresented countries or countries at risk. The Advisory Committee stresses the importance of making every effort to ensure compliance with the organizational mandates related to equitable geographical distribution and gender balance, while welcoming the proposal to reduce requirements for travel by introducing efficiency measures and using online tools. At the same time, however, the Advisory Committee stresses the importance of continuing the current outreach methods, which remain an effective means of attracting potential job-seekers.", "VIII.41 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Human resources management reform", "VIII.42 In paragraph 29C.1 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the Office of Human Resources Management plays a strategic role in supporting the Organization ' s efforts to adapt its human resources capacity to meet new challenges and to create new entities. In its substantive work, the Office develops and maintains the human resources management infrastructure, provides advice, monitors performance and develops the skills and potential of Secretariat staff, in line with the mandates of the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolutions 63/250, 65/247 and 65/248, approved a number of human resources management reform initiatives. As the Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 29C.3 of his report, the reform initiatives provided for in those resolutions relate to contractual arrangements and the harmonization of conditions of service, recruitment, mobility and career development.", "VIII.43 The Advisory Committee was informed that during the current biennium, the Office of Human Resources Management had been working to ensure that the new contractual arrangements set out in General Assembly resolutions 63/250 and 65/247 were implemented and that, at the end of the transition period, on 1 July 2011, the harmonization of conditions of service for field staff approved in resolution 65/248 would be fully implemented. The Office has also launched a new talent management system and its electronic support tool, called Inspira (see also paras. VIII.48-50 below), and continues to focus on improving staff development opportunities by strengthening learning programmes and the Voluntary Network Exchange Initiative (VINEs). Upon enquiry, the Committee was also informed that it was too early to draw conclusions on potential cost savings and/or efficiency gains resulting from new contractual arrangements and the harmonization of conditions of service, as some elements of the reform had only just been implemented. The Committee looks forward to receiving information from the Secretary-General on the benefits of new contractual arrangements and harmonization of conditions of service in his next report on human resources management.", "VIII.44 Some of the activities to be carried out by the Office of Human Resources Management during the biennium 2012-2013 are listed in paragraph 29C.4 of the budget document, including the implementation of the human resources management scorecard to enhance accountability and strengthen monitoring capacity; the further expansion of staff training and development programmes; the continued development and enhancement of the information technology tools necessary to ensure the efficient management of the Organization ' s human resources; and the improvement and modernization of medical services, in particular to improve the health of personnel in hardship duty stations.", "VIII.45 During its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for this section, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that human resources management was one of the six priority issues to be addressed by the recently established change management team. The Committee was also informed that for the remainder of the biennium 2010-2011, the Office of Human Resources Management would work closely with the team to identify areas where human resources management reform initiatives could be implemented more effectively and existing activities could be further streamlined. Two specific areas of focus will be recruitment and staff mobility. Recruitment aspects include measures necessary in response to the recent independent review of civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict (see A/65/747-S/2011/85). With regard to staff mobility, the Office is already developing a comprehensive proposal on mobility that will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. The Committee emphasizes that the issue of staffing is at the heart of United Nations reform management efforts. The Committee also stresses that the respective activities of the change management team and the Office of Human Resources Management should be clear, compatible and complementary, rather than duplicative and unnecessarily complex. The Committee comments further on the role and functions of the Change Management Team in chapter I above.", "VIII.46 The Advisory Committee has stressed the importance of human resources management reform on several previous occasions (see A/63/526, para. 5, and A/64/7, para. VIII.29). The Committee remains supportive of the continued leadership role of the Office of Human Resources Management in the implementation of reform initiatives.", "Recruitment and staffing", "VIII.47 The Advisory Committee notes from table 29C.11 of the budget document that the Secretary-General intends to reduce the average number of days from the date of issuance of vacancy announcements to the date of selection to 120 for all regular vacancies during the biennium 2012-2013 from an estimated 210 days in 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in order to achieve the target of 120 days, the Office of Human Resources Management had, inter alia, significantly reset its recruitment targets to more accurately reflect the division of responsibilities among the different actors in the recruitment process. The new human resources management scorecard is being used to monitor compliance with 11 steps of the staffing time frame, each with a specific supervisor and a target time frame. In addition, the performance of each department, office and field operation in recruitment is reported annually to the Senior Management Performance Board within the framework of the senior managers ' compacts.", "VIII.48 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 61/244, approved the implementation by the Organization of the new talent management system, including the new technological infrastructure for e-staffing, the learning management system and the reporting and management data system, ePAS and the career website (see A/65/305/Add.3, para. 2). As shown in figure II of document A/65/305/Add.3, to date, regular budget resource requirements for the new system, called Inspira, amount to $2.9 million, distributed over the bienniums 2008-2009 and 2010-2011.", "VIII.49 The Advisory Committee also recalls, however, that in its report on the proposed budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, it indicated that the delayed deployment of Inspira was due to the fact that the system had not proved user-friendly. Accordingly, the Secretariat has decided to focus on the stabilization and enhancement of the existing modules of the system before launching the other modules (A/65/827, paras. 180-184). In its response to the request for updated information on the status of the implementation of Inspira, the Committee was informed that the planned roll-out of the revision referred to in paragraph 182 of the above-mentioned report, namely, the development and roll-out of the remaining modules following the completion of the stabilization exercise in the second half of 2011, was still on track.", "VIII.50 The Advisory Committee notes the efforts being made by the Office of Human Resources Management to reduce recruitment time frames and looks forward to receiving information on the results achieved. With regard to the deployment of Inspira, the Committee reiterates its previous request that the Secretary-General ensure that the shortcomings identified are addressed as soon as possible and that he update the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on progress achieved and lessons learned.", "Learning and development", "VIII.51 Regular budget resources for component 3, Learning, development and human resources services, for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $38,406,500 before recosting (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.4). As shown in table 29C.3 of the budget document, this component represents 52.5 per cent of the total regular budget resources for section 29C. The outputs to be delivered under this component are set out in paragraph 29C.35 of the budget document and include: the provision of a wide range of training programmes aimed at building and maintaining the leadership and management capacity of the Organization; the enhancement of human and financial resources management expertise for programme managers and staff with administrative responsibilities; the enhancement of the information technology skills of Secretariat staff; the establishment and enhancement of language skills; and support for career development and the upgrading of substantive skills. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that, for the biennium 2012-2013, the Organization is expected to provide training courses for 63,830 participants at a total cost of $22,310,900. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the per capita cost of mandatory training courses ranged from approximately $11 to $5,880. Online training courses require an initial start-up fee, but no ongoing per capita cost.", "VIII.52 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to evaluate the impact of its learning and development activities, the Office of Human Resources Management conducts annual assessments and periodic needs assessments to determine whether training programmes meet the requirements of the Organization. The introduction of new policies and/or work practices, as well as comments received from course participants and staff at large, informed the development of new programmes and/or the updating of existing ones. The Office ' s basic approach to evaluation and monitoring is guided by a four-step framework developed by the Investment Gains Institute. Currently, evaluation efforts are focused mainly on the first and second steps of the framework, with the aim of assessing the value of training courses in the eyes of participants and their impact on their level of confidence. Further, greater emphasis will be placed on the third and fourth levels of the framework, assessing the operational impact of training courses and the ultimate return on the Organization ' s investments. However, such assessments are more resource-intensive, as they have to be conducted over a period of six to nine months.", "VIII.53 The Advisory Committee recognizes that the learning and staff development activities undertaken by the Office of Human Resources Management are necessary if the United Nations is to build a highly qualified workforce that can deliver the Organization ' s mandate in the most effective and efficient manner. In view of the significant resources allocated to such activities, the Committee stresses the need to continue to strive for efficiency gains, including a more selective approach to training programmes on non-substantive skills, while providing all staff with access to training.", "VIII.54 The Advisory Committee also reiterates its previous recommendation that training programmes and training objectives should be linked to mandate implementation and organizational objectives (A/65/743, para. 115) and stresses the need for robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess whether the programmes provided meet the needs identified. In this connection, the Committee is of the view that the performance management system currently being strengthened (see A/65/305) should include training-related indicators for managers and staff to ensure that programme managers are responsible for identifying skills gaps and assessing the impact of training activities on the performance of their units. The Secretary-General should provide more specific information on training activities in his next report on human resources management, including information on all resources invested in such activities for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013.", "Emergency Preparedness and Support Unit", "VIII.55 In paragraph 29C.13 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the Emergency Preparedness and Support Unit was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/260 to develop a dedicated capacity to assist survivors and dependants of casualties of malicious acts, natural disasters or other emergencies. The role and responsibilities of the Unit, which is located in the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management, are described in paragraph 29C.14. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the total estimated requirements for the Unit for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $1,994,700 before recosting, including $1,328,200 for other staff costs for the continuation of five positions (2 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-2 and 1 GS (OL)), funded under general temporary assistance and $666,500 for other non-post costs. As indicated in paragraph 29C.17 of the budget document, the estimated resource requirements for the Unit reflect a decrease of $211,300 owing to the discontinuation of one-time requirements for consultants and furniture and equipment pending a review of the resource requirements of the Unit by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The review will be part of the General Assembly's consideration of the Secretary-General's proposal for an integrated emergency management framework. The Advisory Committee is disappointed that the Secretary-General ' s proposals for an integrated emergency management framework will not be considered in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, as originally requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/260. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will submit his report to the General Assembly as soon as possible.", "“UN Cares” programme", "VIII.56 Under component 4, Medical services, the Secretary-General proposes an increase of $350,000 under grants and contributions as a contribution by the Secretariat to the implementation plan and budget of the United Nations system common programme entitled “The United Nations is interested” for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.42). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the “UN Cares” programme had been launched by the Secretary-General in 2008 to enhance the capacity of the United Nations system to respond to HIV/AIDS in its own workplace, with a view to mitigating the impact of the epidemic on United Nations personnel, their families and the Organization as a whole. The programme is funded on a voluntary basis by 20 organizations of the common system, with a total approved budget of approximately $2.6 million. Current efforts have focused on building capacity at Headquarters and in the field through advocacy, the development of online tools and training. To that end, the “UN Cares” team (four staff members at Headquarters and five regional coordinators) is currently working with over 300 focal points in some 125 countries.", "VIII.57 With regard to the coordination between the “United Nations Care” team and staff working on HIV/AIDS-related issues in peacekeeping operations, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that “United Nations Care” had been working with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations since its inception through its mission-level HIV/AIDS advisers and focal points. Many peacekeeping operations are guided by the minimum standards set by “UN Cares”. The Committee was informed, however, that full-time HIV/AIDS advisers at the mission level had specific responsibilities in the training of uniformed personnel and could not replace the “United Nations Concerned” regional coordinators. The Committee was also informed that the United Nations share of the “UN Cares” budget on a per capita basis did not include provisions for staff of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, as the Department already had dedicated staff to HIV/AIDS-related activities. The Committee supports the important work carried out within the framework of the “UN Cares” programme. The Secretary-General should provide detailed information on the results achieved in future budget submissions.", "Conduct of salary surveys", "VIII.58 The Advisory Committee notes that the outputs included in component 1, Policy, include salary surveys to determine the salaries, allowances and other conditions of service of locally recruited staff in the General Service and related categories serving the organizations of the United Nations common system worldwide, as well as the annual review, approval and publication of salary scales and allowances based on the analysis of data collected in the context of the comprehensive and interim salary surveys at 168 duty stations (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.23 (c) (iii) (c)). The Committee also notes from the information provided to it that such activities are funded from both the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources (the support account for peacekeeping operations and programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration).", "VIII.59 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore the possibility of using commercially available data for local salary surveys in order to reduce the human and financial resource costs of salary surveys (A/64/7, para. VIII.50). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the International Civil Service Commission had studied this option in its recent review of the General Service salary survey methodology. The Commission has established a working group to evaluate the use of salary survey data provided by vendors and, on the basis of that evaluation, has recommended that such data be used as the remaining source for the completion of surveys when the usual minimum of 20 employers could not be surveyed because of participation issues. Several options for the use of vendor data were evaluated, including outsourcing data collection and customization of ready-made data. However, for support-level work similar to that in the General Service category, the vendor database is generally not sufficiently robust. In addition, the customization of data is more expensive and will introduce a significant degree of volatility; allowances and other benefits included under the current methodology are not always recorded in the supplier database; and the representation of public/non-profit employers is generally very low.", "Section 29D Office of Central Support Services", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $176,844,300 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $174,871,100 Projected extrabudgetary resources $105,001,300 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated. ^ (b) Other assessed resources totalling $28,504,800 are included, and the information contained in table 29D.4 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 29D) has been amended to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources of $76,496,500.", "VIII.60 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 29D amount to $176,844,300 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,973,200, or 1.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29D), table 29D.1). The net increase is the net result of increases under posts ($3.6 million), maintenance of communications equipment ($1.4 million), rental of premises ($1.5 million) and other maintenance ($1.1 million) and decreases under contractual services ($3.8 million) and electrical maintenance ($1.9 million). This change is explained in paragraph 29D.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.61 In addition, the Office could utilize other assessed and extrabudgetary funds, estimated at $105,001,300, to carry out its programme of work. Of that amount, $28,504,800 relates to the support account for peacekeeping operations and $76,496,500 relates to other extrabudgetary resources, including reimbursement for support to extrabudgetary administrative structures and extrabudgetary substantive activities, reimbursement for technical cooperation, the Trust Fund for German Language Translation, travel and common services and the Special Account for the Maintenance of the United Nations Headquarters Building. The amount of $28,504,800 relating to the support account for peacekeeping operations reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 to amend the figures in paragraph 29D.9 and table 29D.4 of the report of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.62 The main responsibilities of the Office of Central Support Services and priorities for 2012-2013 are outlined in paragraphs 29D.1 to 29D.5 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)). The main factors affecting the Secretary-General ' s budget proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 are as follows:", "(a) Restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section in line with the operational and technical requirements of the new broadcast video system (see paras. VIII.63-VIII.66 and VIII.79-VIII.82 below);", "(b) Building in-house capacity in the Equipment Engineering Section to handle routine electrical maintenance (see paras. VIII.67-VIII.68 below);", "(c) Implementation of an enhanced security pass system to meet international standards for travel documents promoted by the International Civil Aviation Organization;", "(d) The gradual reoccupation of the Secretariat Building in 2012 and the need to restore some of the services that had been reduced as a result of the reduced availability of space during the renovation.", "Restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section", "VIII.63 Under long-term arrangements, broadcast audio-visual support capacity is provided entirely through contractual services. Currently, the Broadcast and Conference Support Section is staffed by 86 personnel, comprising 17 United Nations staff from the Television, Radio/Conference and Special Events Unit and 69 contractual personnel responsible for broadcasting audio-visual services. The Advisory Committee was informed that, in view of the upcoming implementation of the new broadcast audio-visual system in activities related to the capital master plan, an independent technical evaluation of the Section was conducted from March to June 2010, which concluded that its current capacity was insufficient or inappropriate to effectively manage the new system to be implemented. The main findings of the technical review included:", "(a) The Secretariat relies too heavily on contractual services for this core function and requires regular contract negotiations, making the continuity of services unpredictable;", "(b) Owing to the outsourcing of the entire operation, which will include technical operators and supervisors, contractual personnel are autonomous and essentially self-administered. As such, they make important resource allocation decisions that should have been made by United Nations personnel, such as the time required for task allocation and completion;", "(c) Existing outsourcing arrangements, tailored to specific needs, required contractors to provide technical operators and supervisors, thus reducing the number of contract bidders, as managers in the market were not as readily available as technical operators;", "(d) The workflow of the Section remained manual, inefficient and largely unrecorded;", "(e) The current engineering and support capacity of the existing United Nations system is based on outdated broadcasting and meeting operations technology, which will soon be replaced by the new digital system in activities related to the capital master plan. As a result, the skills of contractual personnel are outdated and do not keep pace with the technological developments in the broadcasting industry;", "(f) The Section has a flat organizational structure, with no middle management, with too many staff reporting directly to the Chief at the P-5 level.", "VIII.64 The Secretary-General indicates that the main recommendation of the independent evaluation is that the in-house capacity to provide low-level core management and engineering maintenance services should be built through the establishment of posts to provide services currently provided by 17 of the 69 contractual personnel. Technician functions such as photographers, studio technicians and video editors will continue to be outsourced to the remaining 52 contractual personnel. The incumbent of the proposed 17 posts would be responsible for recording, maintaining up-to-date knowledge and technical system configuration of business processes and training of operators. They will also ensure that effective working methods and processes are implemented and that the technical capacity of the new system is fully utilized. The Secretary-General anticipates that the proposed restructuring will ensure effective control over business management and build the technical capacity and capacity of the Secretariat, thus ensuring business continuity. The risk to the Organization of labour disputes or the insolvency of suppliers will also be minimized. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed restructuring was fully in line with the guidelines established by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/256 on outsourcing. Figure VIII.I provides the current and proposed organization chart of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section.", "VIII.65 The Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 29D.19 of his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)) that the proposed restructuring would reduce ongoing expenditures compared with the current arrangements. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the annual cost of contractual personnel amounted to $2,567,400, while the estimated requirements for United Nations staff at full cost at 2011 rates amounted to $2,219,800. The proposed restructuring is expected to result in long-term and sustained savings of approximately $1 million per biennium, including a reduction of approximately $0.7 million in salaries and overtime and a decrease of $0.3 million in management costs. As a result of the application of vacancy rates (50 per cent for Professional staff and 35 per cent for General Service staff) in the first year of the establishment of new posts, the initial cost savings for the first biennium were higher, but only temporary. In addition to these directly identifiable savings, the Secretary-General anticipates greater benefits from 2014-2015, including savings resulting from the optimization of resource allocation and more competitive bidding for contractual functions. The Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving updated information on the restructuring of the Section in the future, including an assessment of the impact of improved working methods and processes, efficiency gains, cost savings and other benefits.", "VIII.66 The Advisory Committee was updated on the status of implementation of the new broadcast audio-visual system and was informed that, in order to comply with the capital master plan schedule, the Secretary-General was taking a number of measures during the current biennium to transition to new organizational arrangements, pending consideration of the above proposals by the General Assembly. The Committee ' s comments on these transitional measures are contained in paragraphs VIII.79 to VIII.82 below.", "Equipment Engineering Section", "VIII.67 The Organization ' s electrical maintenance operations are currently fully outsourced. The Advisory Committee was informed that a total of 19 contractual personnel were on-site to perform this function. As indicated in paragraph 29D.20 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)), an independent evaluation of electrical maintenance functions conducted in the first half of 2010 confirmed that 70 per cent of all electrical work orders related to routine maintenance. This is done at a lower cost to established staff than to contractual staff. Such in-house capacity can also reduce the risk of power outages in critical infrastructure by responding more quickly to issues that need to be addressed urgently in the first place.", "VIII.68 Taking into account the findings of the independent evaluation, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of seven Trades and Crafts posts to form an in-house electrical workshop to perform routine maintenance functions currently provided by contractors. This in-house capacity will be supplemented by a team of professional contractors, who will be responsible for major alterations and preventive maintenance. The Secretary-General indicates that such arrangements are common to other large institutional buildings in New York City; this would also reduce the Organization ' s vulnerability to unpredictable contract negotiations. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish an in-house workshop for building services was expected to result in savings of approximately $830,000 per biennium. Table VIII.7 compares expenditure under existing and proposed arrangements. The Advisory Committee welcomes the work to build in-house capacity in the electrical maintenance function. The Secretary-General is therefore requested to provide an update on efficiency gains and cost savings in the next budget submission.", "Proposed staffing", "VIII.69 Table VIII.6 provides a summary of the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.6 Staffing", "Posts", "Regular budget", "Approved for the biennium 2010-2011", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 345 1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 13 P-4, 15 P-3, 8 P-2/1, 13 GS (PL), 182 GS (OL), 100 TC;", "(a) 26 1 P-4, 5 P-3, 5 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 7 TC;", "Extrabudgetary (b)", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 100 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 41 P-4/3, 6 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 42 GS (OL), 3 TC;", "^ (a) Includes 24 posts to be converted from contractual services.", "(b) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 78 other assessed posts (funded exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 22 posts funded from reimbursement for support to extrabudgetary administrative structures, extrabudgetary substantive activities and technical cooperation reimbursement resources.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.70 The Secretary-General proposes an increase of 26 regular budget posts, from 319 in the current biennium to 345 in 2012-2013, including 1 P-4, 5 P-3, 5 General Service (Principal level), 8 General Service (Other level) and 7 Trades and Crafts. The increase is due mainly to the establishment of 24 posts to perform functions currently performed by the Broadcast and Conference Support Section through contractual services and electrical maintenance functions in the Equipment Engineering Section. [8] The overall requirements for these posts amount to $61,583,800, an increase of $3,623,300 over the appropriation of $57,960,500 for 2010-2011. The increase reflects the net effect of: (a) The delayed impact of two new Professional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-2) approved in the biennium 2010-2011 to strengthen oversight management of overseas properties and two new General Service (Other level) posts approved in the biennium 2010-2011 to adapt the help desk function to the service request tracking system; and (b) the proposed establishment of 26 posts, including 24 posts to replace existing contractual services positions. The proposed post changes are outlined in paragraph 29D.8 (b) of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.71 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of 17 posts related to the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, including:", "(a) Four P-3 posts for Supervisors to manage production operations, job orders and engineering operations;", "(b) Five General Service (Principal level) posts for Supervisors Assistants to assist in the management of production operations, job orders assignment and engineering operations;", "(c) Eight General Service (Other level) posts for Maintenance Technicians to provide essential engineering maintenance services.", "In the proposed restructuring, the total number of staff in the Section would remain at 86, but would consist of 34 United Nations staff and 52 contractual personnel instead of the current 17 United Nations staff and 69 contractual personnel. The Advisory Committee was provided with detailed information on the proposed restructuring (see paras. VIII.63-VIII.66 above). The Advisory Committee was also informed that the transitional measures being taken during the current biennium prior to the proposed restructuring were discussed in paragraphs VIII.79 to VIII.82 below. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal.", "VIII.72 It is proposed to establish seven Trades and Crafts level electrical maintenance posts in the Equipment Engineering Section to establish in-house construction services workshops to meet routine maintenance requirements, conduct routine inspections and minor electrical work and respond to first-time emergency issues. The Advisory Committee was provided with new information on the rationale and expected benefits of the new organizational arrangements for electrical maintenance services, as highlighted in paragraphs VIII.67 to VIII.68 above. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish seven Trades and Crafts posts in the Equipment Engineering Section.", "VIII.73 It is proposed to establish a P-4 post of Programme Officer in the Facilities Management Service to review and develop policies and procedures in the areas of facilities management, office space, asset inventory and gift management, oversee their implementation and establish a Secretariat-wide compliance mechanism, including oversight and implementation of audit recommendations. While the Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of these functions, it is not convinced of the need for an additional full-time staff member. Taking into account the existing capacity of the Service, the Advisory Committee recommends against the proposed establishment of the P-4 post of Programme Officer.", "VIII.74 It is proposed to establish a new post of Travel Documents Officer at the P-3 level in the Travel and Transportation Section to assist in the implementation of the enhanced United Nations laissez-passer system, including the integrated management of issuing duty stations (Headquarters, United Nations Office at Geneva and United Nations Office at Vienna). The Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent would be responsible for coordinating and liaising with offices and entities, including the Office of Information and Communications Technology, to address issues related to the hosting of the system; vendors, related to technical matters and equipment upgrades; the Department of Safety and Security, related to perimeter security access control; the Umoja Project Task Force, related to human resources data and asset management; the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), related to lost or stolen travel documents databases; and the International Civil Aviation Organization. The Secretary-General indicates that the size and complexity of the new laissez-passer system requires dedicated support from full-time staff with specific technical expertise, and that the Passport and Visa Team does not have such capacity. For the reasons provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.75 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $115,260,500, reflecting a decrease of $1,650,100, or 1.4 per cent, compared with the appropriation of $116,910,600 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General proposes net reductions of $43,500 for other staff costs, $1,567,400 for contractual services and $475,600 for general operating expenses. The decrease is offset in part by additional requirements for consultants ($74,800, or 26.5 per cent), travel of staff ($5,500, or 4.2 per cent), supplies and materials ($181,200, or 8.7 per cent) and furniture and equipment ($187,300, or 10.8 per cent). Details of increases and decreases by category of expenditure are provided in paragraph 29D.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.76 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the overall decrease of $1,567,400 under contractual services relates mainly to the proposed establishment of 17 posts to replace the existing conference engineer position provided by the Broadcast and Conference Support Section through contractual services and the proposed establishment of 7 electrical maintenance posts in the Equipment Engineering Section, offset in part by additional requirements for information technology services for the new broadcast audio-visual system and for proprietary software and printing related to the implementation of the new laissez-passer system.", "VIII.77 The Advisory Committee also notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the proposed requirements under general operating expenses for rental of premises for the Facilities Management Service would increase by $1,719,100 as a result of the provision of office space for all new posts approved at Headquarters for 2010-2011 and contractual obligations arising from the provision of additional space to accommodate temporary staff and contractual personnel, as well as from the existing lease of United Nations leased premises. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was provided with a table (see table VIII.8) showing the expiry date, annual rental estimates and space for all United Nations leased real estate, and a distinction was made between the long-term lease signed by the Facilities Management Service, the capital master plan swing space, the capital master plan swing space leased by the Facilities Management Service and the real estate leased by the Facilities Management Service for Umoja. The Advisory Committee will revert to the matter in the context of its consideration of the next annual progress report on the capital master plan project, to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "VIII.78 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for non-post resources.", "Transitional measures related to the implementation of the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section", "VIII.79 In his report on associated costs related to the capital master plan, the Secretary-General first proposed the replacement of the Organization ' s obsolete broadcasting equipment and the installation of a new digital system. [9] In accordance with the revised capital master plan schedule, the planned procurement of the broadcast audio-visual system, originally scheduled for 2010, was postponed to 2011. In order to ensure effective integration and coordination of activities at all stages, the acquisition and management of the broadcast audio-visual system will be undertaken by the construction manager of the capital master plan. [10] Four major radio/video projects were identified: media asset management system, permanent broadcasting facilities, conference management and simultaneous interpretation, and audio-visual. The Advisory Committee was informed that four contracts for broadcast audio-visual systems would be awarded in the second half of 2011, effective July 2011. Figure VIII.II summarizes the timetable for the implementation of the audiovisual broadcasting system. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the award would be followed by the design review phase of the workflow and process configuration; this should be the responsibility of United Nations managers and engineers rather than contractual personnel. The Secretary-General indicates that, in view of this, the 17 positions proposed for conversion from contractual services to posts will need to be filled and the incumbents trained in the new system prior to the start of the design review phase, which is expected to commence in October 2011.", "VIII.80 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that, in view of the limited time available, the Secretary-General had decided that the functions of the 17 posts proposed for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section would be accommodated from general temporary assistance within existing resources for the biennium 2010-2011, pending the review of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 at the main part of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. In this connection, the Advisory Committee points out that the provision for the above-mentioned 17 general temporary assistance positions will be sustainable until 31 December 2011 and that the functions of the positions will continue into the biennium 2012-2013 only after the General Assembly has taken a decision on the Secretary-General ' s proposals for restructuring the Broadcast and Conference Support Section. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the recruitment process to fill the temporary positions had been initiated in early 2011, job descriptions had been finalized in March and April 2011, vacancies had been issued and interviews had been completed on 17 June 2011. The selection process was still under way at the time of the Advisory Committee ' s consideration of the Secretary-General ' s proposals. The Advisory Committee was informed that once the temporary positions were filled, the services outsourced to contractors would be reduced accordingly under the terms of the contract and standard outsourcing arrangements, which provided for flexibility to increase or reduce contractual services in accordance with the needs of the Organization.", "VIII.81 The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to meet the requirements of the capital master plan schedule and therefore endorses the rationale for the Secretary-General ' s decision to initiate the current restructuring transition measures for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section. The Advisory Committee remains concerned, however, that this process was initiated before the General Assembly had an opportunity to consider the Secretary-General ' s proposals. The Advisory Committee recalls that the measures taken in this regard during the biennium 2010-2011 should be limited to the extent possible in order to avoid a situation in which the proposed restructuring has in fact been implemented without the specific approval of the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee requests that a comprehensive update on the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section be submitted to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General ' s budget proposals. The Advisory Committee emphasizes that the actions initiated in connection with the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section are subject to a decision that the General Assembly may take on this issue.", "VIII.82 In addition, the Advisory Committee stresses that, in the new arrangements for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, due consideration should be given by the Secretary-General to the fair treatment of contractual personnel who have been working for the Organization for many years to ensure that they are able to compete for temporary positions established. The Advisory Committee also stressed the importance of ensuring that the recruitment process was managed in a fair and impartial manner. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was assured that the modalities for the recruitment and selection process would be fully in line with the guidelines established by the Office of Human Resources Management and would be reviewed by the competent internal review bodies. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the selection process included the conduct of technical skills tests designed with the assistance of an expert who also provided similar services for a well-respected technical training and certification body in the broadcasting industry, the Institute of Broadcast Engineers. The Committee also emphasizes the importance of ensuring that long-serving contractual personnel have the opportunity to undergo retraining in order to operate the new system planned for the capital master plan.", "Figure VIII.I Current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section (a)", "(a) The current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section includes a general temporary assistance position funded from the capital master plan budget, which represents the associated costs of the capital master plan.", "Table VIII.7 Current and projected costs of electrical maintenance contracts", "Current costs of electrical maintenance contracts", "(United States dollars)", "Contractor ' s fee Type Number Rate per hour Annual cost", "Chief, 1 129.44 282 696.96", "Clerk 1 40.16 87 709.44", "Chief-in-Chief - shift 1, 110,92 211 968.12", "Level A electrician", "Building maintenance department electrician (a) — day shift", "Electricians in building maintenance - night work", "Electricians — Trades and Crafts (b) 5,7941 758 762.55", "Total 19 3 290 337.96", "(a) Electricians in the building maintenance sector are electricians who undertake maintenance work and minor alterations and extensions.", "^ (b) “Wasters” means workers on shifts.", "Projected cost of electrical maintenance contracts in proposed organizational arrangements", "(United States dollars)", "Contractor ' s fee Type Number Rate per hour Annual cost", "Chief, 1 129.44 247 359.84", "Administrative Assistant 1 40.16 76 745.76", "Level A electrician", "Total 7 1 445 002.65", "Category United Nations costs", "Chief (TC 7) 1 115 685.00 115 685.00", "Skilled electrician (TC 6) 2 108 590.00 21719.00", "Skilled Electrical Assistant (TC 5) 3 101 530.00 304 590.00", "Electrical Apprenticeship (TC 4) 4 94 467.00 377 868.00", "Total 10 1 016 341.00", "Savings 829 994.31", "Table VIII.8 United Nations leased real estate", "(as at May 2011)", "Cost estimates for rental of United Nations-owned premises (United States dollars) CB Conference Building 442238 Basement not applicable 691000 (GA) General Assembly not applicable 316441 DHL Dag Hammarskjöld Library 116554 (NL) North Lawn 99 466 (NLB) North Lawn 99 466 North Lawn North Lawn Pending determination 39,286 (U) UNITAR continued lease 28,987 United Nations leased real estate Estimated annual rental cost 28,987 Square foot Capital Master Plan swing space (AB) Albano Building 2017 9 807 549 1670 (M) Madison Avenue 380 January 2014 26 027 486 (CS) Court Building 3 April 2018 UNITAR continued lease of 28,060 466 United Nations lease lease (US$) DHP, Dag Hammarskjöld Daily News Building, December 2014", "Note: The calculation includes variable operating costs.", "Figure VIII.II Timetable for the implementation of the broadcast audio-visual system", "Section 29E Administration, Geneva", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated. ^ (b) Includes, for presentation purposes only, appropriations relating to library services at Geneva.", "VIII.83 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 29E amount to $142,828,300 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of 553,700, or 0.4 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.6). The net increase is due to a number of factors, as explained in paragraph 29E.6 of the budget document.", "VIII.84 For the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget resources will be supplemented by extrabudgetary resources estimated at $33,947,500, reflecting an increase of $1,834,300 over the biennium 2010-2011. These resources include the continuation of 142 posts and the proposed establishment of an additional P-3 post in the Human Resources Management Service. Various services will be provided on a reimbursable basis to the extrabudgetary administrative structure of the United Nations organizations based in Geneva and to extrabudgetary substantive activities in a number of areas (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.8).", "VIII.85 In paragraph 29E.5 of the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General indicates that during the biennium 2012-2013 the Division of Administration of the United Nations Office at Geneva will: (a) assist the Under-Secretary-General for Management in coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the management reform at the United Nations Office at Geneva; (b) provide administrative and other support services to 21 departments and offices of the United Nations Secretariat in connection with their operations at Geneva and to entities of the United Nations common system; (c) maintain and protect the assets and property of the United Nations in Geneva, including new facilities and equipment, in accordance with the headquarters minimum operating security standards; (d) provide and strengthen, in coordination with the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the information and communications technology infrastructure, knowledge-sharing, information security and networks at the United Nations Office at Geneva; (e) coordinate preparations for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system and the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards at Geneva; and (f) ensure the continuity of the administrative support operations provided to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other departments and offices of the Secretariat and other entities of the United Nations common system in Geneva in the event of emergency.", "VIII.86 With regard to facilities, the Secretary-General indicates that preparations continue for the development of a comprehensive renovation and renovation programme for the Palais des Nations, known as the “strategic heritage plan”. However, the Secretary-General indicates that the renovation work under the strategic heritage plan will not commence until the General Assembly has taken a decision in this regard and the capital master plan has been completed (A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.5 (c)). In this regard, the Secretary-General indicates that the conceptual engineering study of the plan has been completed. The Advisory Committee was informed that, owing to the delay in the completion of the study, the results of the study would be reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, rather than to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, as requested in resolution 64/243.", "VIII.87 The Advisory Committee was informed that the strategic heritage plan included the renovation and renovation of three conference rooms at the Palais des Nations. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the renovation and renovation of the remaining 18 conference rooms, which began in 2001, had been completed. Nevertheless, the Secretary-General indicates that other urgent and remedial work that could not be deferred to the biennium 2014-2015 must be undertaken to address the rapid ageing of the facility. The related requirements, estimated at $5.8 million, are included in the project proposals for Geneva and reported under section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance. The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to implement these projects in order to avoid more costly maintenance costs in the future and to ensure the physical safety of personnel at the Palais des Nations. The Advisory Committee was assured that these emergency maintenance related to health, safety and security were not related to issues related to the strategic heritage plan and did not prejudge the relevant actions or decisions on the plan. However, the Advisory Committee expects that these tasks will be aligned with the anticipated work on the strategic heritage plan.", "VIII.88 Table VIII.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.9 Staffing", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013", "(a) From section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, to section 29E, subprogramme 7, Library services.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.89 The Secretary-General proposes to redeploy 54 posts from conference management, Geneva, under section 2 to subprogramme 7, Library services, under section 29E, Administration, Geneva (ibid., para. 29E.7). The proposal is intended to better reflect the established organizational reporting lines and is in line with the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its report on the evaluation of the integrated global management initiative of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (see A/64/166). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "VIII.90 It is proposed to abolish three General Service (Other level) posts, one for the Procurement and Transportation Section under subprogramme 4 and two for subprogramme 7, Library services. The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed abolishment of those posts was the result of an ongoing analysis of resource requirements, taking into account the reduction in clerical functions in certain areas as a result of the increased use of technology in existing working methods. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions (see also chap. I, para. 62 above).", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.91 Non-post resources of $54,632,100 are proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting an increase of $842,900, or 1.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The increased requirements reflect the net result of reduced requirements for supplies and materials ($111,500) and increased requirements in the following areas:", "(a) Other staff costs ($604,200), due mainly to the increase of general temporary assistance at the P-4 level for 16 months ($215,000) for business continuity experts and general temporary assistance at the P-3 level ($360,000) to support the construction project management efforts undertaken in the next biennium;", "(b) Contractual services ($136,800), due mainly to additional requirements for sound engineers to support the sessions of the Human Rights Council ($83,900);", "(c) General operating expenses ($123,700), owing mainly to additional requirements for business continuity and information technology infrastructure upgrades;", "(d) Furniture and equipment ($79,700), owing to increased requirements for business continuity ($421,900), largely offset by reductions in other areas;", "(e) Travel of staff ($10,000), owing to increased travel requirements to attend meetings of the Business Continuity Management Unit at Headquarters.", "VIII.92 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Business continuity", "VIII.93 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals, fully justified, for post and non-post resources for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that a total of $895,000 is proposed in the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Geneva, which is directly related to business continuity management. The Advisory Committee has commented further on business continuity in chapter I above.", "Section 29F. Administration, Vienna", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for regular budget posts by budget section, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated. ^ (b) Includes, for presentation purposes only, appropriations relating to library services at Geneva.", "VIII.94 Regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 29F The amount of $39,553,600 before recosting reflects a net decrease of $842,400, or 2.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29F), para. 29F.12). The net decrease is attributable to a number of factors, as explained in paragraph 29F.12 of the budget document.", "VIII.95 During the biennium 2012-2013, projected extrabudgetary resources estimated at $12.8 million will be allocated to the Division for Management from the support budget and programme support income of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as reimbursement for support services provided to extrabudgetary activities, funds and programmes. This is in line with the estimate of $12,756,600 for the biennium 2010-2011 and provides for the continuation of 61 posts.", "VIII.96 As indicated in the proposed programme budget (ibid., paras. 29F.2-29F.4), the Division for Management of the United Nations Office at Vienna provides administrative support to the Vienna-based units of the United Nations Secretariat, including UNODC, the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the International Trade Law Division, the secretariat of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, the United Nations Information Service, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "VIII.97 In accordance with the tripartite memorandum of understanding signed in 1997 and subsequent amendments, the Division also provides some administrative support on a common service basis to other international organizations based at the Vienna International Centre: the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. The Division also provides reimbursable but limited administrative support to the offices of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other United Nations entities, such as the United Nations Environment Programme, located at the Vienna International Centre and to the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute in Turin, Italy.", "VIII.98 Table VIII.10 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.10 Staffing", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.99 The Secretary-General proposes the redeployment of one P-3 post and one General Service (Other level) post from conference management, Vienna, under section 2, to subprogramme 4, Support services, of section 29F, Administration, Vienna. The proposal is intended to better reflect the established organizational reporting lines and is in line with the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its report on the evaluation of the integrated global management initiative of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (see A/64/166). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.100 The non-post resources of $19,929,900 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $842,400, or 4.2 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The reduced requirements reflect reduced requirements for other staff costs ($209,000), general operating expenses ($828,700), supplies and materials ($85,300) and furniture and equipment ($124,200). The decrease is offset in part by increased requirements for grants and contributions ($254,800), consultants ($60,000), travel of staff ($40,000) and contractual services ($50,000). The increased requirements for consultants, travel of staff and contractual services relate to activities in support of business continuity management (see para. VIII.104 below).", "VIII.101 Provisions under grants and contributions reflect increased requirements for the Office ' s share of building management costs compared with 2010-2011. The provision for the proposed requirements reflects the projected increase in the available building space allocated as a result of the reoccupation of Building C. The Advisory Committee was informed that the level of maintenance costs to be paid by the United Nations for the premises could be determined only after approval of the UNIDO budget at the end of 2011. The Secretary-General indicates that, should there be a significant change in the level of assessment for the United Nations Office at Vienna, the matter would be brought to the attention of the General Assembly in accordance with established practice. (A/66/6 (Sect. 29F), para. The Advisory Committee was informed that it was intended to discuss the additional requirements for the current biennium in the context of the second performance report for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Cost-sharing arrangements", "VIII.102 The Secretary-General indicates that during the biennium 2010-2011, progress was made in cost-sharing among the VIC-based organizations. In the area of translation and interpretation services, the revised methodology was agreed with UNIDO and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in the past, translation costs had varied depending on the use of internal resources or external translation contractors. The main change in the revised methodology was the establishment of a standard rate for translation per page. The Advisory Committee was informed that, while the change was not expected to result in direct cost savings, it would reduce the administrative workload to determine the cost of each translation. In addition, the new approach makes the costs associated with organizations using such services more predictable. The Advisory Committee welcomes this initiative and is of the view that reduced administrative workload could free resources for other tasks. The Advisory Committee encourages the Office to identify, where possible, other savings from this process change and to report thereon in the context of the next proposed programme budget. With regard to buildings management, the Secretary-General notes that the independent external review, chaired by UNIDO, recommended a change to the current cost-sharing methodology; this proposal is currently under consideration by the Vienna-based organizations (ibid., para. 29F.7).", "Asbestos removal project", "VIII.103 With regard to asbestos removal at the Vienna International Centre, the Secretary-General indicates that building C, where the main conference area is located, will be reactivated during the biennium 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, although most asbestos removal work was nearing completion, the project also included renovations prior to re-entry. The Advisory Committee was informed that the work was expected to be completed in early 2013. The Advisory Committee notes that the project was expected to be completed by mid-2011 (see A/62/6 (Sect. 28F), para. 28F.8). The Advisory Committee expects that every effort will be made to ensure that the remaining work is completed without further delay in order to ensure that the building is reopened on time.", "Business continuity", "VIII.104 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, requested the Secretary-General to submit, fully justified, proposals on post and non-post requirements for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Vienna includes proposals directly related to business continuity management, totalling $608,000. The Advisory Committee has commented further on business continuity in chapter I above.", "Section 29G. Administration, Nairobi", "A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General, by budget section, is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "VIII.105 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 29G amount to $29,196,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $60,100, or 0.2 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. A number of factors contributing to the net increase are detailed in paragraph 29F.7 of the budget document.", "VIII.106 As indicated in paragraph 29G.1 of the budget document, the United Nations Office at Nairobi provides full administrative and other support services to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), under memorandums of understanding and specific service agreements, in the areas of human resources management, information and communications technology services, accounting and procurement. Under the respective agreements, the Office also manages common support services for offices of other United Nations system organizations located in Nairobi. The Office is also responsible for the management of United Nations facilities in Nairobi. The responsibilities of the Office are set out in Secretary-General ' s bulletin ST/SGB/2009/3.", "VIII.107 For the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget resources will be complemented by extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $27,375,300, reflecting an increase of $2,064,600 over the biennium 2010-2011. This amount represents 46.5 per cent of the total requirements for the United Nations Office at Nairobi. Extrabudgetary resources relate to common support services provided by the United Nations Office at Nairobi, and the main component of the funding comes from reimbursement for services provided by UNEP and UN-Habitat. In addition, the Secretary-General indicates that the workload and related income for common services provided to the offices of the United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies in Nairobi have increased significantly and is expected to continue (A/66/6 (Sect. 29G), para. 29G.8). The Advisory Committee was informed that the increase was due in part to the move of more offices to the United Nations complex and that it was expected that the delivery of public services would increase by up to 20 per cent over the next biennium.", "VIII.108 Table VIII.11 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.11 Staffing", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassification", "VIII.109 With regard to the reclassification proposal, the Secretary-General recalls the 2008 review by the Office of Human Resources Management of the internal organization and post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi (ibid., para. 29G.4). The Secretary-General indicates that the review concluded that the post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi was lower than that of the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office at Vienna. The Secretary-General indicates that it is proposed that the post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi be adjusted in a gradual manner to the level of the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna.", "VIII.110 The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposals in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 were the second phase in the implementation of the review by the Office of Human Resources Management, following the reclassification of four P-4 posts in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee was also informed that it was intended to present the remaining recommendations of that review in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "VIII.111 The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that the posts requested for the United Nations Office at Nairobi should reflect the longer-term strategy of the Office and its operational requirements and should clearly and objectively combine the grade structure of the posts with the functions assigned to them (see A/64/7, para. VIII.89).", "VIII.112 During the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of two P-5 posts to the D-1 level, the Chief of the Human Resources Management Service and the Chief of the Support Services Service, and the reclassification of two P-4 posts to the P-5 level, the Chief of the Personnel Administration Section and the Chief of the Procurement Section of the Human Resources Management Service.", "VIII.113 With regard to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief of the Human Resources Management Service to the D-1 level, the Advisory Committee was informed that the number of personnel administered by the United Nations Office at Nairobi in 2010 was 2,359, compared with 1,118 at the United Nations Office at Vienna and 4,272 at the United Nations Office at Geneva. In addition to overseeing the work of the Personnel Administration Section and the Recruitment and Classification Section, the Chief of the Human Resources Management Service supervises the Staff Training and Development Unit and the Joint Medical Service, which provides services to all Nairobi-based agencies, funds and programmes. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the Chief of the Human Resources Management Service was responsible for overseeing the work of 71 staff of the Service. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief of the Human Resources Management Service.", "VIII.114 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the staffing of the Human Resources Management Services of the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna, as shown in table VIII.12.", "Table VIII.12 Staffing of the Human Resources Management Service", "United Nations Office at Nairobi", "D-1 1 — 1 — 1 ^ (a) —", "P-5 1 2 1 – 3^ (a) –", "P-4 3 4 1 1 — —", "P-3 3 2 2 1 6 —", "P-2 1 – – 2 —", "Subtotal 9 8 5 2 13 —", "GS(PL) 2 2 3 —", "GS(OL) 20 26 11 10 –", "N0 – – 5", "LL – – 14 40", "Subtotal 22 28 14 10 14 45", "Total 31 36 19 12 27 45", "(a) Reflects the proposed reclassification of P-5 to D-1 and P-4 to P-5 for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VIII.115 With regard to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief of the Personnel Administration Section from the P-4 to the P-5 level, the Advisory Committee notes the number of staff administered by the Office. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "VIII.116 The Secretary-General also proposes the reclassification of the post of Chief of Support Services from P-5 to D-1. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Service was responsible for the management and maintenance of the buildings at the United Nations complex in Nairobi, the coordination of local and international procurement and the operation of the registration and other general services provided to all offices in the complex, including mail, pouch, travel and shipping services. The Committee was also informed that the recommendation to upgrade the post of Chief of the Service to the D-1 level was in line with the recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "VIII.117 With regard to the proposal to upgrade the post of Chief of the Procurement Section in Support Services Services from the P-4 to the P-5 level, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the level of procurement activities under way in the Office. During the biennium 2008-2009, the Office issued 3,939 purchase orders valued at $94 million, and the level of activities projected for 2010-2011 is estimated at 3,900 purchase orders valued at $115 million. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the proposed reclassification to the P-5 level was in line with the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "VIII.118 In line with their responsibilities, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief of Support Services to the D-1 level and the reclassification of the post of Chief of the Procurement Section to the P-5 level. The Advisory Committee expects that the strengthening of the management of the Service will enable more rapid and effective support to the clients of UNEP, UN-Habitat and other offices. The Advisory Committee requests that information in this regard be provided in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Redeployment", "VIII.119 The redeployment of three posts (D-1, P-2 and General Service (Local level)) from executive direction and management to subprogramme 2, Budget and Financial Management Service, is proposed to reflect the current organizational structure (see also para. VIII.123 below). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.120 For the biennium 2012-2013, non-post resources of $8,965,500 are proposed, reflecting an increase of $182,100, or 2 per cent, over the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease of $627,900 under general operating expenses reflects adjustments based on expenditure patterns in the areas of utilities, building maintenance and rental of furniture and equipment. The decrease is offset in part by increased requirements for business continuity management, mainly in the following areas:", "(a) Furniture and equipment ($202,700), mainly to cover requirements for a forward medical station and information and communications technology related to business continuity management;", "(b) Supplies and materials ($142,100), mainly for medical vaccines, supplies and equipment;", "(c) Travel of staff ($60,000); to cover the travel of the Business Continuity Management Coordinator, including travel to the field office in Kenya to train key personnel.", "VIII.121 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, requested the Secretary-General to submit, with full justification, proposals on post and non-post requirements for the ongoing business continuity management process in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the total resources proposed for the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Nairobi, which relate directly to business continuity management, amount to $1,213,400. The provision includes the continuation of two positions under general temporary assistance approved in resolution 64/243. The Advisory Committee ' s further comments on business continuity are contained in chapter I above.", "VIII.122 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Organizational structure", "VIII.123 In its report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee emphasized the fact that the organizational structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, as set out in Secretary-General ' s bulletin ST/SGB/2009/3, was different from that contained in the budget document (A/64/7 (Sect. 28G), para. VIII.88). The redeployment proposed in paragraph VIII.119 above is intended to address this variance. The Advisory Committee was informed of the need to revise the Secretary-General ' s bulletin to reflect the establishment of the post of Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The Committee was also informed that the revision would also include the updating of the organizational chart and governance structure of the Office. The Advisory Committee trusts that the necessary revisions to the Secretary-General ' s bulletin will be completed in a timely manner.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VIII.124 According to the Secretary-General, approximately $246,600 (regular budget) and $5,600 (regular budget) Extrabudgetary resources will be used for monitoring and evaluation activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 29G), para. 29G.9). The Advisory Committee was informed that the Office did not have a full-time staff member dedicated to these tasks, and that the staff members performed the work as part of their overall responsibilities. Further comments of the Advisory Committee on monitoring and evaluation are contained in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee is of the view that effective monitoring and evaluation of programme activities is a key management function and expects that the Office will ensure that sufficient resources are made available for this purpose.", "Section 30 Office of Information and Communications Technology", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $75,120,000 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $72,120,000 Projected extrabudgetary resources $40,377,400 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated. ^ (b) Includes other assessed resources in the amount of $20,037,200, with the information contained in table 30.4 of document A/66/6 (Sect.", "VIII.125 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 30 amount to $75,120,000 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $3,000,000, or 4.2 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), table 30.4; see also para. VIII.129 and table VIII.14 below). The increase is mainly attributable to additional non-post requirements for subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations, to promote and support resource management services for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), para. 30.8). The peacekeeping support account would provide $20,037,200 and other extrabudgetary resources would provide $20,340,200 to supplement the regular budget resources available to the Office. The provision of $20,037,200 for the support account for peacekeeping operations was a decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, which revised the figures provided in paragraph 30.9 and table 30.4 of the report of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)).", "VIII.126 In its resolution 65/259 (sect. XVII, para. 8), the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals for the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report A/65/491 and to submit new and/or revised proposals to the Assembly in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In response to that request, the Secretary-General submitted a report entitled “Enterprise information and communications technology initiatives in the United Nations Secretariat” (A/66/94) for consideration by the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. The report also responds to previous resolutions in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 proposals for the implementation of the enterprise content management and customer relationship management programme (resolution 64/243, paras. 125 and 126) and for the development of a unified ICT disaster recovery plan and business continuity approach (resolutions 63/262, 63/269 and 64/243, para. 127).", "VIII.127 In his report, the Secretary-General proposes four revised, cross-cutting, organization-wide initiatives aimed at implementing an ICT strategy that comprehensively addresses corporate ICT needs: (a) “Improving enterprise ICT management”; (b) “Utilizing knowledge through ICT”; (c) “Enhanced ICT services”; and (d) “Building a resilient ICT infrastructure”. These initiatives will be implemented over the four-year period from 2012 to 2015, and are proposed to be funded under the approved cost-sharing arrangements for the enterprise resource planning project. [11] For the biennium 2012-2013, the total resource requirements for the four initiatives are estimated at $42,822,500, comprising $6,423,400 under the regular budget, $26,550,000 under the support account for peacekeeping operations and $9,849,100 under the special account for programme support costs. The Advisory Committee was informed that a separate report of the Secretary-General (A/66/94) was submitted as the enterprise ICT initiative proposal spanned multiple financial periods and was proposed to be funded from multiple sources of funding. In its second report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee provided comments and recommendations on four initiatives, contained in document A/66/7/Add.1.", "VIII.128 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget share of the proposed resource requirements for the four initiatives is not reflected under section 30 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and therefore cannot fully reflect the overall regular budget requirements of the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Office of Information and Communications Technology had encountered some time constraints as the General Assembly had adopted resolution 65/259 on 24 December 2010 and had not had time to prepare and submit a revised budget to the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts by the deadline of 15 December 2010. In paragraph 31 of chapter I above, the Advisory Committee indicates that, should the Secretary-General be unable to submit a complete budget document for each proposal, an indicative estimate of the related resource requirements should be reflected at least under section 30 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "VIII.129 However, in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was provided with an advance version of the report of the Secretary-General on enterprise ICT initiatives, which would enable it to consider the total regular budget resources and activities proposed for the biennium. The above-mentioned report on the enterprise ICT initiative in the United Nations and the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/66/7 and Add.1) should be considered in the context of the Secretary-General ' s proposals for section 30 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with an updated table (table VIII.14) showing the total regular budget resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and the enterprise ICT initiative (A/66/94). As shown in table VIII.14, taking into account the regular budget share of the requirements of $6,423,400 for the four proposed ICT initiatives, the total amount proposed for section 30 for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $81,543,375, representing an increase of 13.1 per cent over the appropriation for 2010-2011.", "VIII.130 In paragraph 5 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction)), the Secretary-General refers to his change management initiative aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Organization. The Advisory Committee was informed that the initiative would examine and update the Organization ' s modus operandi in six areas, including information and communications technology. In particular, the goal is to achieve a “paperless environment” by 2015, focusing on electronic record-keeping, electronic signature and knowledge management programmes. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the simultaneous promotion of multiple initiatives does not facilitate a clear understanding of the Secretary-General ' s overall approach to change management. The Advisory Committee recommended that the Secretary-General should be requested to ensure that the activities envisaged in that regard would complement, rather than duplicate, the work of the Office of Information and Communications Technology and other departments and offices with similar initiatives and that close coordination and cooperation was maintained between the Office ' s team and the Change Management Initiative team, which was responsible for ICT initiatives in the long term.", "VIII.131 The Advisory Committee was provided with further details on the change management initiative, which are discussed in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Office of Information and Communications Technology had appointed a change coordinator to work closely with the change management team, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the senior management team to ensure cooperation and implementation of the change proposals within the Office. In addition, the Office will second a staff member to the change management team on a part-time basis.", "VIII.132 Table VIII.13 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.13 Staffing", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013", "(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 12 other assessed posts funded exclusively from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 12 extrabudgetary posts funded through the telecommunications support account.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.133 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 137 regular budget posts in the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "VIII.134 In his report on enterprise ICT initiatives, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of 14 additional regular budget posts to strengthen the Office of Information and Communications Technology, distributed as follows: executive direction and management; subprogramme 5, strategic information and communications technology management and coordination; subprogramme 6, information and communications technology operations; and programme support. As indicated above, the Advisory Committee has made observations and recommendations on these requests in its related report (A/66/7/Add.1). In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in the context of its consideration of the proposals for the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in the report of the Secretary-General contained in document A/65/491, the General Assembly decided to approve the establishment in 2011 of seven general temporary assistance positions at the P-4 level, of which five would be funded from within existing resources (resolution 65/259, part XVII, para. 15). The Advisory Committee was informed that funding for the five positions had not yet been identified and that the remaining two positions had been funded on a one-time basis in 2011, although their continuation was not proposed under section 30 of the proposed budget for 2012-2013.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.135 The non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,196,500, reflecting a net increase of $3,000,000 compared with the appropriation for the current biennium. The changes are summarized in paragraph 30.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and reflect the combined results of the proposed increases and decreases under individual objects of expenditure. The Secretary-General proposes a net increase of $289,400 under executive direction and management for change management-related activities (see para. VIII.136, below) and a net increase of $3,343,800 under non-post resources under subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations, of which $2,758,900 relates to general temporary assistance to meet the increasing demand for strengthened and supportive resource management services at Headquarters and offices away from Headquarters. The increase is offset in part by decreases under most other non-post categories, including travel of staff ($100,900, or 18.4 per cent), contractual services ($91,000, or 0.6 per cent), supplies and materials ($175,600, or 40.1 per cent), furniture and equipment ($188,900, or 17.2 per cent) and grants and contributions ($63,400, or 100 per cent).", "VIII.136 With regard to the request of $289,400 for executive direction and management, as proposed in paragraph 30.8 (a) of the report of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)), the Secretary-General indicates that the additional resources are required as a result of additional resources required under contractual services to provide professional services for the implementation of change management and to support awareness-raising and implementation of the ICT strategy. These services will include the organization, planning, development and implementation of large and complex campaigns on the implementation of ICT initiatives and ICT strategies. The Advisory Committee requested further justification in support of the Secretary-General ' s request. The Advisory Committee is of the view that activities in support of the ICT strategy and related awareness-raising should be carried out by a clear understanding of the Organization ' s staff rather than by external consultants and that, therefore, in-house capacity in this area should be developed. The Advisory Committee therefore recommends against approval of the proposed increase of $289,400 under contractual services. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the remaining proposals of the Secretary-General for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Format and presentation", "VIII.137 Resource requirements for the Office of Information and Communications Technology are presented for the second time in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, and the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/262, established the Office as an independent organizational unit under a separate section of the budget. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/64/7), the Advisory Committee highlighted a number of areas where improvements were needed in the presentation of the proposed budget for the Office. While the Advisory Committee notes some progress, it remains firmly of the view that many of its previous observations and recommendations remain relevant. It would therefore be desirable for the Office to take those observations and recommendations into account in preparing the next budget submission. The Advisory Committee recommends that, in preparing the next budget submission, the Office continue its efforts to adequately reflect its programme of work within the logical framework, with clear objectives, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement. The Office should also provide clear information on its mandated activities and mandated outputs.", "VIII.138 The Advisory Committee also notes that the budget document does not provide a sufficiently clear picture of the staffing level of the work programme of the Office, including general temporary assistance and contractual services, in addition to established posts. For example, while an increase of $3.3 million in non-post resources is requested in paragraph 30.26 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)), little information is provided on the proposed requirements for general temporary assistance, contractual personnel or consultants. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of the proposed resources, including the number of work-months and grade levels of the proposed general temporary assistance and contractual personnel, as well as the services or functions requested of them. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, unlike other departments and offices, the Office of Information and Communications Technology relied heavily on contractual services in order to provide flexibility and capacity to meet the demand for one-time ICT projects, which was a best practice, namely, that staff positions were normally reserved for agency-specific functions and activities that required long-term maintenance of institutional interests and memory. Since a large number of ICT services were provided through temporary and contractual staff, the Advisory Committee recommended that the Secretary-General should be requested, as a matter of routine, to provide the General Assembly with a breakdown of the use of those categories of expenditure, distinguishing between personnel costs and other requirements. The Committee also urges the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to make the budget document clearer and more comprehensive and to provide sufficient details to enable the General Assembly to better understand the activities of the Office, its staffing structure, the services provided and the proposed utilization of resources. Increased clarity of terminology is critical to the success of the Office ' s promotional activities, both within the Secretariat and with Member States.", "VIII.139 The Advisory Committee also notes the tendency to use highly technical terms in the budget document and the supplementary information provided to it. While the Advisory Committee recognizes that, in view of the nature of the activities of the Office, the use of some technical terms is unavoidable, in order to improve clarity and transparency, it requests that, in the preparation of budget proposals, due regard be paid to the use of language that is simple and comprehensible so as to be read by non-experts and, where appropriate, a glossary of all technical terms and concepts used.", "Cost of information and communications technology services", "VIII.140 In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee stressed that ICT services should be provided in the most cost-effective manner, that actual costs must be determined accurately and that transparent information on the costing of those services should be provided to client departments (A/64/7, para. VIII.122). The costing of outputs and services is a long-term problem. In paragraph 29 of its resolution 56/253, the General Assembly emphasized that the system of costing outputs was an important component of an effective and transparent decision-making process. Most recently, the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/262 (sect. VI, para. 4), requested the Secretary-General to continue to refine the costing methodology for support services.", "VIII.141 The Advisory Committee was informed that the cost-recovery mechanism had existed since the biennium 2000-2001 and had been implemented as part of the budget process in consultation with the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts. It was determined that, as demand for ICT services continued to grow and exceeded supply, the central funding approach had proved to be an ineffective control mechanism and that there was a need to regulate and monitor the demand for such services. The established cost-recovery mechanism allows client departments to budget and monitor their own use of ICT services and provides important information for the Office of Information and Communications Technology to plan its workload and expenditures. The Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts transfers funds provided for service-level agreements under departmental budgets to extrabudgetary accounts for specific objects of expenditure, which are shown in table VIII.15. These resources are provided to the Office of Information and Communications Technology under the relevant subprogramme for the provision of services to cover: (a) telephone and network services; (b) desktop services; and (c) hosting services.", "VIII.142 The Advisory Committee was further informed that there was a segregation between fixed costs, which were budgeted under the Office of Information and Communications Technology, and variable expenditures, which were funded through a cost-recovery mechanism. Fixed costs relate to capital expenditures and the cost of shared resources, such as facilities and management, administrative staff and training, and could be converted to include depreciation of hardware based on the replacement cycle, software maintenance and licence fees and the cost of dedicated in-house and outsourced personnel to provide ICT services. With regard to desktop services, there are three service-level agreement schemes providing different levels of support: level A for full support; level B for secondary support; and level C for minimum support. Table VIII.16 compares the different levels of service and support provided by each plan.", "VIII.143 In this connection, the Advisory Committee enquired whether such an arrangement would encourage departments and offices to procure the same level of ICT services from external vendors on the basis of specifications and standards established by the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Advisory Committee was informed that, while organizational units in smaller organizations could access ICT services through external vendors, that approach was not conducive to economies of scale for the Secretariat and, in the long term, would further decentralize ICT capacity, resulting in increased costs.", "VIII.144 Currently, provisions for ICT service level agreements are included in the budgets of the receiving departments and offices and appear under the broad category of extrabudgetary resources in the overview of section 30 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), table 30.4). The Advisory Committee is of the view that the budget document must provide full and transparent information on the cost-recovery income of the Office of Information and Communications Technology, including information on the amount of ICT services paid by departments, offices and any other entities. Information must also be provided on the use of those resources by the Office, including the funding of posts in the Office. In this connection, the Advisory Committee is also of the view that income from cost recovery in the Office of Information and Communications Technology should be included in a separate category in the overview of budget sections (see chap. I, paras. 115-117, above). The Advisory Committee further reiterates that user departments should be provided with information on the basis for pricing and costing these services.", "Organizational arrangements for the Office of Information and Communications Technology", "VIII.145 By its resolution 63/262, the General Assembly established the Office of Information and Communications Technology as a separate organizational unit under a separate section of the budget, headed by the Chief Information Technology Officer at the Assistant Secretary-General level. In the same resolution, the Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at the main part of its sixty-fifth session an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangements, including the possibility of changing the position of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the present organizational structure. However, in his report on progress in the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491), the Secretary-General assessed the internal structure of the Office of Information and Communications Technology but did not address the placement of the Office within the organizational structure. In its resolution 65/269, the General Assembly reiterated its earlier request that an in-depth assessment be undertaken and that a report thereon be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-eighth session for its consideration.", "VIII.146 The Advisory Committee remains firmly of the view that management and reporting arrangements must provide the Office with overall direction to ensure the effectiveness of the Organization ' s ICT architecture and its oversight and accountability. The Advisory Committee points out that, in order to ensure continued confidence in the Office, it is essential that the organizational arrangements established be both formal and substantive in purpose. Given the considerable investment being made in ICT infrastructure, systems and services and the strategic importance of ongoing initiatives such as the implementation of the ICT strategy and the enterprise resource planning project, the Secretary-General should be requested to critically review the current arrangements and make any adjustments as needed to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency and to respond fully to the request of the General Assembly to submit an in-depth assessment report for consideration no later than at its sixty-eighth session.", "Replacement of information and communications technology equipment", "VIII.147 During its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee noted that a number of departments and offices had decided to defer the replacement of ICT equipment in order to reduce requirements under furniture and equipment. The Advisory Committee enquired as to the position taken by the Office of Information and Communications Technology on these proposals and, in the context of the current financial downturn, whether it was considering even a temporary change in the standard replacement cycle. The Office of Information and Communications Technology indicated that user departments and offices could, if they so wished, defer the replacement of personal computers until after the current four-year cycle and that, if there were problems with personal computers, personal computers could be borrowed before new computers were procured. The Office also indicated that, in general, the frequency of failure and maintenance had increased significantly after four years of use. In addition, the extension of the current replacement cycle for Headquarters personal computers could affect plans to convert to Windows 7 operating systems by July 2014, as more than half of existing personal computers do not have the minimum conditions to support Windows 7 and must be replaced by July 2014. It was also noted that the Windows XP software currently used by the United Nations would no longer be supported by Microsoft after July 2014.", "Table VIII.14 Proposed regular budget resources under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, of the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and proposed regular budget resources for enterprise information and communications technology initiatives (A/66/94)", "(United States dollars)", "2012-2013 A/66/94 ^ (b) A/66/6 (Sect. 30) and A/66/94 Resource growth (c) Appropriation A/66/6 (Sect. 30) {a) Object of expenditure as a percentage", "Posts 34 923 500 34 923 500 432 540 35 356 040 432 540 1.2", "Other staff costs", "Consultants", "Travel of staff", "Contractual services", "General operating expenses", "Supplies and materials", "Furniture and equipment", "Grants and contributions", "Total 72 120 000 75 120 000 6 423 375 81 543 375 9 423 375 13.1", "(a) All figures for the biennium 2012-2013 are before recosting.", "(b) The figures represent the share of the resource requirements for enterprise ICT proposals apportioned to the regular budget.", "(c) Resource growth compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table VIII.15 Extrabudgetary accounts for specific objects of expenditure using cost-recovery mechanisms", "Note", "307,379 Contractual services to support data-processing services of the Centre", "307 3710 Provision for office automation equipment", "307 3711 Provision to support the data-processing infrastructure of the Centre", "405 4304 Rental and maintenance of data-processing equipment", "Table VIII.16 Comparison of service-level agreement plans for desktop services", "Level A service level agreement, level B service level agreement, level C service level agreement Description of services Components covered per year (United States dollars) Network accounts 400 400 400 Network infrastructure, licences, maintenance, contractual services and inter-building operator fees E-mail accounts 360 360 360 E-mail infrastructure, licences, maintenance and contractual services Central administration software 50 50 50 50 Contractual services to maintain and configure desktop computer software to install anti-virus software for each desktop, upgrade operating systems and applications Acquisition of desktop computer licences 125 125 125 Microsoft Office, ant-SPAM, PDFwriter software licence costs 40 40 40 40 1 40 gigabytes of personal data storage, backup and restoration services Contractual services for help desk services 54 542 125 Help desk services; Hazardous waste disposal, hardware support, loan equipment and remote support licences; C level service level service-level agreement to include only limited service desk contractual services for the Office of Information and Communications Technology for diagnostic purposes 645 0 local area network management, including complete user registration, training, diagnosis and on-site technical support", "Part IX", "Internal oversight", "Section 31 Internal oversight", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $39,025,300 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $38,925,000 Projected extrabudgetary resources $73,664,400 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). ^ (b) Includes other assessed resources in the amount of $57,170,200, and amends the information contained in table 31.4 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 31) to reflect the decisions taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 69/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $16494,200.", "IX.1 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 31 amount to $39,025,300 before recosting, representing an increase of $100,300, or 0.3 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011.", "IX.2 The increase is attributable to an increase of $1,590,400 in post requirements over the resources approved for 2010-2011 of $32,640,900, reflecting the delayed impact of three posts approved for 2010-2011 (under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation); the proposed establishment of one new post under executive direction and management; and the proposed conversion of six positions funded under general temporary assistance from subprogramme 2 to established posts. The increase is offset in part by a decrease of $1,490,100 under non-post resources, mainly attributable to reduced requirements under general temporary assistance, consultants, travel of staff, contractual services, general operating expenses, supplies and materials and grants and contributions. In terms of programme components, the increase is offset by additional requirements of $259,000 under executive direction and management and $15,000 under programme support, respectively, and reduced requirements of $173,700 under programme of work, mainly related to subprogramme 1, Internal audit, and subprogramme 3, Investigations.", "IX.3 The Advisory Committee notes that, in accordance with paragraph 2 (d) of its terms of reference (General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex), the Independent Audit Advisory Committee submitted its review of the proposed programme budget for the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/85). In this connection, the Advisory Committee met with the Chairman of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and exchanged views with him.", "IX.4 Table IX.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table IX.1 Staffing", "Posts approved for 2010-2011 115 USG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 13 P-5, 28 P-4, 20 P-3, 12 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 24 GS (OL), 1 LL proposed for 2012-2013 122 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 13 P-5, 28 P-4, 23 P-3, 15 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 24 GS (OL), 1 LL, 1 new 1 ASG, 6 new P-3 and 3 P-2 posts funded under general temporary assistance 5 redeployment of 1 P-4 post from Nairobi to New York, 1 P-2 post from Vienna to Nairobi, 1 P-3 and 2 P-2 posts from Vienna to New York 1 P-3 and 2 P-2 posts (a), 24 GS (OL), 1 new 1 ASG, 6 new 12 P-3 and 3 P-2 redeployments from general temporary assistance 1 P-4 to New York, 1 P-4 to OL-4 P-4 and 1 P-4 to GS (1 P-3 and 1 GS) to New York", "(a) The number of posts includes 103 posts under other assessed contributions, and the information provided in table 31.5 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 31) is amended to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations and 46 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IX.5 The Advisory Committee was informed by the Office of Internal Oversight Services that the overall vacancy rate in the Office had fallen from 17 per cent as at 30 August 2010 to 11 per cent as at 30 April 2011 and was expected to further decrease to 7.4 per cent after August 2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the posts of Director of the Inspection and Evaluation Division (D-2) and Director of the Investigations Division (D-2) became vacant on 1 January 2008 and 1 August 2006, respectively. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the recruitment process had now been completed and that the selected candidates would take office in August 2011; the functions of the posts would be performed by the acting directors of the divisions during that period. The Advisory Committee notes the high vacancy rate in the history of OIOS, welcomes its reduction and urges the Office to intensify its efforts to fill all outstanding vacancies.", "Executive direction and management", "IX.6 The Secretary-General requests the establishment of an Assistant Secretary-General post to support the Office of the Under-Secretary-General in the discharge of its responsibilities (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.18). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the functions of the post included oversight of operational activities; direction and management of the work of the Executive Office; ensuring the coordination of the work of the divisions and leading interdivisional activities or tasks; developing and overseeing the implementation of the OIOS outreach programme; advising the Under-Secretary-General on operational policy issues of OIOS; following up on all resolutions and decisions of the governing bodies, including the Independent Audit Advisory Committee; representing OIOS on organizational issues and managing OIOS in the absence of the Under-Secretary-General, as assigned. The Advisory Committee was further informed that the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post would allow the Under-Secretary-General to focus more on strategic issues of OIOS and to interact with stakeholders to expand the Office ' s capacity to participate; enhance coordination and cooperation among the three divisions; enhance accountability for the results, impact and use of resources of OIOS and ensure continuity of leadership during the transition period between the absence or appointment of the Under-Secretary-General. The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to better support the Under-Secretary-General in his responsibilities to ensure effective coordination, direction and management of the work of the Executive Office among subprogrammes and to assist in the implementation of the OIOS mandate. However, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the proposed functions do not require a post at the Assistant Secretary-General level. The Advisory Committee therefore recommends approval of one post at the D-2 level to provide the required support. The appropriate level of the post will be further reviewed in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015 in the light of experience gained.", "Subprogramme 2. Inspection and evaluation", "IX.7 The conversion of six general temporary assistance positions (3 P-3 and 3 P-2) to established posts is proposed to support a greater focus on inspection and evaluation and to strengthen the implementation of the programme of work (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.28). The Advisory Committee recalls that nine general temporary assistance positions (1 D-2, 3 P-3, 4 P-2, 1 GS (OL)) were proposed for conversion to established posts in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. Pending an assessment by the Inspection and Evaluation Division of the feasibility of the recommendations of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the conversion of three positions (1 D-2, 1 P-2, 1 GS (OL)), while the recommendation of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee is based on a risk assessment methodology at the subprogramme level, which is currently used at the programme level (A/64/7, paras. IX.8-IX.10). In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations of the Advisory Committee.", "IX.8 The Advisory Committee notes that the Inspection and Evaluation Division has concluded that the application of a risk assessment methodology at the subprogramme level is not feasible owing to the lack of data on 12 proxy risk indices at the subprogramme level (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.29). The Independent Audit Advisory Committee shares this view, but continues to emphasize that programme-level risk assessment is essential for the effective allocation of resources (A/66/85, para. 16). The Secretary-General indicates that the resubmission of the conversion of six general temporary assistance positions is in line with General Assembly resolution 62/236 and that the continuing nature of the functions performed by those positions justifies the conversion. In view of this, the Advisory Committee has no objection to accepting the conversion of six positions (3 P-3, 3 P-2) from the Inspection and Evaluation Division to posts.", "Subprogramme 3, Investigations", "IX.9 The amount of $9,939,600 proposed for human resources for 2012-2013 under subprogramme 3 provides for the continuation of 35 posts (27 Professional, 7 General Service, 1 Local level). This is an increase of $59,900 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 and is due to the following adjustments in salaries and common staff costs related to the redeployment of five posts between duty stations within the subprogramme:", "(a) The redeployment of one Investigator (P-4) post from Nairobi to New York to meet the requirements related to the consolidation of the responsibilities of the Procurement Task Force and to provide additional support to all offices on procurement issues as a result of the reduced demand for procurement investigations under the regular budget in Nairobi;", "(b) In addition, and taking into account the fact that capacity in Vienna exceeds requirements, one Associate Investigator (P-2) post is redeployed from Vienna to Nairobi to meet reduced requirements for procurement investigations in lieu of the P-4 post referred to in paragraph IX.9 (a) above;", "(c) Redeployment of two Associate Investigator (P-2) posts from Vienna to the Professional Operations Section in New York to provide investigative support related to the new system of administration of justice;", "(d) Redeployment of one Investigator (P-3) post from Vienna to New York to strengthen the Forensic Unit at Headquarters.", "IX.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that a similar request was made in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. In response to the request for the redeployment of seven posts made at that time, the Advisory Committee recommended approval of the redeployment of five posts (see A/64/7, paras. IX.11 and IX.21), which was again requested. The Advisory Committee also notes that, as indicated in the budget fascicle, the Secretary-General proposes that these redeployments not be made in advance of any needs that might arise as a result of the pilot project decided upon by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/287, but rather in order to use resources more effectively to meet the investigation needs identified under the regular budget. The Advisory Committee refers to the preliminary report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the pilot project and the report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the implementation of the project, submitted to the General Assembly at its resumed sixty-fifth session (see A/65/782, paras. 29-31, and A/65/827, paras. 212-214).", "IX.11 The Advisory Committee recalls that it has expressed the view that investigations, unlike audits, are reactive in nature and are conducted only when required. As a result, the resources in question are inevitably subject to a change in demand (A/64/7, para. IX.22). The Advisory Committee therefore notes, as indicated in the proposed budget, that with regard to the investigative workload, the number of new cases handled under the regular budget in 2010 was 19 in New York, 13 in Vienna and 8 in Nairobi (A/66/7, sect. 31, para. 31.39).", "IX.12 Taking into account its views expressed in the past, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposal to redeploy three posts (1 P-3, 2 P-2) from Vienna to New York, one post (P-2) from Vienna to Nairobi and one post (P-4) from Nairobi to New York to meet the established regular budget investigative requirements and related workload.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IX.13 Non-post resources of $4,794,000 are proposed for 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $1,490,100 compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011; this is mainly due to a decrease in other staff costs ($806,200) under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation, owing to the proposed conversion of six general temporary assistance positions to posts in 2010-2011 (see para. IX.7 above).", "IX.14 The resources proposed for travel of staff amount to $1,857,800, a decrease of $342,800 compared with the resources of $2,200,600 approved for 2010-2011. This is mainly reflected under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation ($235,200), as a result of fewer inspections of monitoring and evaluation at the programme level, resulting in fewer trips to offices away from Headquarters and lower requirements for daily subsistence allowance owing to fewer days in field locations. The decrease ($102,700) under subprogramme 3, Investigations, reflects past expenditure patterns and efforts to use alternatives such as videoconferencing and teleconferencing.", "IX.15 The resources proposed for consultants amount to $866,100, a decrease of $156,100 compared with the amount of $1,022,200 approved for 2010-2011. The decrease is mainly reflected under subprogramme 1, Internal audit ($103,300), as a result of reduced requirements for subject matter experts for the implementation of the workplan for 2010-2011 and subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation ($32,000), owing to reduced requirements for travel of consultants owing to the shorter duration of planned travel.", "IX.16 The overall decrease of $76,100 under general operating expenses compared with the resources of $441,500 approved for 2010-2011 is due mainly to a reduction in standard rates for telephone and facsimile services at Headquarters, which are concentrated under programme support ($420 per staff member per year in 2012-2013 compared with $1,400 per staff member per year in the 2010-2011 budget period).", "IX.17 The provision under contractual services reflects a net decrease of $60,100 over the resources of $1,149,700 approved for 2010-2011 and reflects the discontinuation of requirements for software acquired under executive direction and management (a decrease of $50,900) and reduced requirements under subprogramme 3, Investigations, owing to reduced requirements related to the case management system acquired in 2010-2011 ($174,000). With regard to the latter, the Advisory Committee was informed that, during the testing phase of the software, there was a clear recognition that the technical deficiencies of the system would make it an incomplete programme, particularly for peacekeeping missions. Accordingly, the resources allocated for 2010-2011 would not be utilized and the unutilized balance would be reported in the context of the second performance report. A low-cost alternative system to meet all accessibility, security and case management requirements ($130,100) has been identified and included in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "IX.18 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed.", "General comments and recommendations", "IX.19 The Advisory Committee notes that, as indicated in the report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (A/66/85), the Internal Audit Division has identified the highest organizational risks, their likely causes and related key internal controls based on inherent risks in the preparation of audit plans and the prioritization of audit assignments for 2012-2013. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee was concerned about the use of a risk model based on inherent risks, which was not suitable for making proposals on overall resource requirements. However, the Advisory Committee also notes the efforts made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services to eventually guide OIOS in identifying residual risks (see A/66/85, para. 11, and A/65/827, para. 204). The Independent Audit Advisory Committee acknowledges that the proposed audit of key controls should allow for the identification of residual risks to the Organization and therefore supports the proposals of the Office of Internal Oversight Services contained in the proposed budget for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee encourages the Office of Internal Oversight Services to continue its efforts to improve its risk assessment methodology. The Advisory Committee also concurs with the recommendation of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee that the divisions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, including the Internal Audit Division, demonstrate the value of the services provided to the Organization by reporting on the results achieved.", "IX.20 With regard to subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation, the Advisory Committee notes that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/244, the programme evaluation cycle has been reduced from the current 11 to 13 years to eight years. The Inspection and Evaluation Division proposes a phased approach, reducing the cycle from 10 to 8 years. Accordingly, the Division plans to evaluate five programmes during the biennium 2012-2013: the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNHCR, UNODC, UNEP and ECA. Noting that most of the above-mentioned programmes are funded from extrabudgetary resources, and taking into account the request of the General Assembly and the Advisory Committee ' s view that extrabudgetary activities should not be financed from the regular budget, and vice versa, the Division expressed its intention to seek funding from the programmes (see A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.33 and A/66/85, para. 18). The Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services informed the Advisory Committee that the current funding arrangements were too complex and needed to be streamlined and that OIOS was considering the matter and intended to make proposals to the General Assembly. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls its observations and recommendations made in its report on funding arrangements for the Office of Internal Oversight Services (A/61/880), as well as General Assembly resolution 61/275 (Part III), in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to revise the funding arrangements proposed in the report of the Secretary-General (A/61/810) taking into account the recommendations contained in paragraphs 31 to 40 of the report of the Advisory Committee (A/61/880).", "Part X", "Jointly financed administrative activities and special expenses", "Section 32 Jointly financed administrative activities", "The Secretary-General ' s proposal (full budget) amounts to $37,723,800 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $37,125,400 for the United Nations share of $10,993,800 for 2012-2013 (a) the United Nations share of $11,993,400 for 2010-2011 (a) and the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "X.1 The resource requirements under section 32 relate to three United Nations agencies based on inter-agency co-financing:", "(a) International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) and its secretariat;", "(b) Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) and its secretariat;", "(c) The secretariat of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB), including the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) project.", "X.2 The full budgets of ICSC and JIU are submitted to the General Assembly for its consideration and approval in accordance with the established arrangements. The full budget of CEB, including the IPSAS project, is submitted for the information of the General Assembly, but the United Nations share is submitted for approval by the General Assembly.", "X.3 The comments of CEB member organizations on the original ICSC and JIU budgets submitted are provided in the annex to the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), annex). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that the initial ICSC proposal showed a 0.59 per cent increase, which was supported by five of the eight member organizations that provided comments; the other three organizations maintained a zero-growth budget. Comments from member organizations indicated that they were generally opposed to the increase in the level of the budget and referred to the financial constraints they faced. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the original budget proposals of JIU showed a 10.2 per cent increase. There was consensus among 11 member organizations that the proposed growth could not be supported in the current economic environment. Most member organizations face zero nominal growth in their 2012-2013 budgets, while some member organizations anticipate a real decrease in their income.", "X.4 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information indicating that 10 CEB member organizations responded to requests for comments on the budget proposals of the CEB secretariat. The member organizations unanimously supported the zero nominal growth budget of the CEB secretariat.", "X.5 The Advisory Committee was provided with additional information showing the conclusions of the Finance and Budget Network of the High-level Committee on Management of CEB, on the basis of which the High-level Committee on Management “approved a zero-growth budget for 2012-2013 for all jointly financed activities (jointly financed activities of the Department of Safety and Security, the CEB secretariat, JIU and ICSC) and stated that “best efforts will be made to absorb any recosting adjustments through efficiency gains” (CEB/2011/3, para. 95 (e)). In a separate decision, the High-level Committee on Management approved the extension of the work of the IPSAS project team until the end of 2013, with the corresponding resource requirements for 2012-2013 of $1,896,000, the strategic direction and activities of which were approved by the Finance and Budget Network (ibid., para. 95 (b)).", "X.6 With regard to section 32, Jointly financed administrative activities, the full budgetary requirements for the biennium 2012-2013, including regular budget resources requirements, amount to $37,723,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $598,400, or 1.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6). The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 32 amount to $10,993,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $999,600, or 8.3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5).", "X.7 The Advisory Committee notes the net decrease in the United Nations regular budget share under this section, which represents the combined effect of a decrease in the United Nations share of the requirements of the two secretariats of ICSC and CEB and an increase in the United Nations share of the requirements of the Joint Inspection Unit and the IPSAS project. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the rationale for cost-sharing among the organizations depended on the proportion of work carried out by the entities on behalf of the Organization. For ICSC, its work is related to the conditions of service of staff, personnel statistics are a decisive measure, while for the CEB secretariat, its work encompasses system-wide issues, with 50 per cent of cost-sharing percentages based on personnel, 50 per cent on the scale of activities and 50 per cent on the level of personnel and activities measured by the level of audited expenditure (see also para. X.14 below).", "ICSC International Civil Service Commission", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals (full budget) $17,616,900 ^ (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $17,714,000 for the United Nations share of $5,884,000 for 2012-2013 {a) the United Nations share of $6,910,900 for 2010-2011 {a) the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "X.8 Full budgetary requirements for the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC), including regular budget resources, amount to $17,616,900 before recosting, representing a decrease of $97,100, or 0.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6).", "X.9 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for ICSC under section 32 amount to $5,884,000 before recosting, a decrease of $1,026,900, or 14.9 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). The proposed reduction in the level of resources is the combined result of a reduction in the United Nations share of the full budget of ICSC from 39 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011 to 33.4 per cent in the biennium 2012-2013 and a reduction in the full budget of ICSC (ibid., para. 32.17). Table X.1 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are provided in annex I.", "Table X.1 Staffing", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on post and non-post resources", "X.10 The Advisory Committee notes that, as indicated in the supplementary information, the proposed budget includes a provision of $922,700 for consultants, whose activities are mainly related to the collection of data on prices, salaries and housing costs for each duty station. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, wherever possible, data collection activities were carried out by Secretariat staff, sometimes with the assistance of staff of the organizations of the common system. The Committee was also informed that consultants were often required to provide expertise that was often not available within the common system for ICSC studies. With regard to the use of consultants for data collection at field duty stations rather than by staff of the United Nations system, the Advisory Committee was informed that the use of consultants could avoid conflicts of interest. The Advisory Committee was also informed, in this connection, that the current methodology approved by ICSC provided that price data collected by its secretariat staff would be used only for comparison with price information collected by independent pricing staff at other duty stations. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the data-collection methodology used by ICSC is costly. The Advisory Committee recommends that ICSC consider alternative and cost-effective methods of data collection that would preserve the integrity of the process.", "X.11 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals for ICSC for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Joint Inspection Unit", "The Secretary-General's proposals (full budget) amount to $12,744,300 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 ($12,694,300) and the United Nations share for 2012-2013 ($3,007,700) and (a) the United Nations share for 2010-2011 ($2,982,800). (a) The figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "X.12 The full budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU), including regular budget resource requirements, amount to $12,744,300 before recosting, representing an increase of $50,000, or 0.4 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.6).", "X.13 The Advisory Committee notes that the United Nations share of the Unit ' s regular budget requirements under section 32 amounts to $3,007,700 before recosting, an increase of $24,900, or 0.8 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). Table X.2 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are provided in annex I.", "Table X.2 Staffing", "Proposed posts for 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on post and non-post resources", "X.14 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, since the biennium 1996-1997, the related percentage share in the JIU budget had been determined through expenditures reported in the audited accounts of participating organizations. It is assumed that the larger the activities of an organization, the greater the level of oversight. The scale of activities is measured by audited expenditure figures. The above methodology explains why the percentage share of the United Nations in the JIU budget increased from 23.5 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011 to 23.6 per cent in the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments and recommendations", "Implementation of recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "X.15 The Advisory Committee notes that the acceptance and implementation rate of JIU recommendations was 50 per cent in the biennium 2008-2009 and is expected to increase to only 53 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, while the implementation rate of 50 per cent was not ideal, the rate of implementation of evaluation and more strategic reports was generally much lower than that of audit reports. It is further explained that the JIU recommendations address strategic issues, which require processes at the level of the governing bodies of all participating organizations and take years, unlike those focused on compliance and audit recommendations related to individual organizations. Nevertheless, the Advisory Committee recommended that the Unit should continue to develop action-oriented recommendations and advice and report on its implementation in the next budget.", "Consultants", "X.16 The Advisory Committee notes that the resource requirements for consultants in the proposed budget for JIU amount to $170,300, an increase of $50,000 over the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements include $147,900 for technical expertise for the implementation of the web-based tracking system and $22,400 for specialized advice and technical services for the Inspectors. While the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed activities, it recommends that the Unit be urged to make greater use of the expertise available within its secretariat and the United Nations common system to provide such specialized advice and technical services to the Inspectors. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee recommends that the requirements for consultants for the biennium 2012-2013 be maintained at the 2010-2011 level (see also paras. X.17 to X.20 below).", "Web-based tracking system", "X.17 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a web-based system was being developed to track information related to JIU recommendations. The system will track the status of acceptance, implementation and impact of the Unit ' s reports, notes and letters or recommendations to participating organizations; manage the consideration of the Unit ' s reports by legislative bodies; and provide statistical information on the types of acceptance, implementation and impact of the Unit ' s recommendations contained in reports, notes and letters, which are eventually presented in the annual report of the Unit.", "X.18 The Advisory Committee was informed that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/270, had authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments in the amount of $71,300, representing the United Nations share of the total development costs of $302,000 for the web-based system, and had invited other participating organizations to contribute. The Advisory Committee was also informed that seven organizations, namely, UNDP, UNICEF, the International Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, WTO and the International Atomic Energy Agency, had declined their contributions; four organizations, namely, UNFPA, UNOPS, ICAO and the World Meteorological Organization, had committed $7,852, $11,174, $3,322 and $1,208, respectively, totalling $23,556; four organizations, namely, WFP, ITU, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, were expected to provide written confirmations totalling $40,770; and three organizations, namely, the World Health Organization, the Universal Postal Union and the International Maritime Organization, were expected to respond, with potential contributions amounting to $34,428. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the funds available for the development of the system for 2011 amounted to $185,626, including $71,300 authorized by the General Assembly, the above-mentioned discretionary contributions and an additional $50,000 from savings in the 2010-2011 budget. The Committee was also informed that the above-mentioned funds, as well as the provision of $147,900 proposed in the 2012-2013 budget, would be sufficient to cover the cost of developing and implementing the system in 2012.", "X.19 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the estimated cost of maintaining and operating the system amounted to $466,800 per biennium and did not include it in the proposed budget for 2012-2013. This amount includes part-time services provided by two Professional-level staff to ensure quality control, as well as training of focal points and recurrent maintenance costs. The Advisory Committee notes that a number of participating organizations, such as UNDP and UNICEF, have refused to contribute to the project because they currently face resource constraints, which have resulted in a decision by the governing bodies of member organizations to increase their budget at zero. The Advisory Committee also notes that UNFPA questions the higher requirements under consultants, travel and training on the grounds that modern web-based systems are designed to enable users to direct their own operations in a visual manner.", "X.20 The Advisory Committee is concerned about the capacity and willingness of member organizations to fund the recurrent costs of maintaining the web-based tracking system. The Advisory Committee notes the views expressed by member organizations. Taking into account its comments in paragraph X.16 above, the Advisory Committee is of the view that any additional requirements for the implementation of the web-based tracking system should be met through a more rational use of resources under travel of staff and consultants, as well as contributions from member organizations. Subject to those comments, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals for the budget of the Unit for the biennium 2012-2013.", "United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, including the International Public Sector Accounting Standards project", "The Secretary-General's proposal (full budget) amounts to $7,362,600 (a) $6,717,100 for the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 and $2,102,100 for the United Nations share for 2012-2013.", "X.21 The full budget resources requested for CEB, including regular budget resources requirements, amount to $7,362,600 before recosting, representing an increase of $645,500, or 9.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6). The increase of $645,500 includes $81,000 requested for the CEB secretariat and $564,500 requested for the IPSAS project.", "X.22 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for CEB under section 32 amount to $2,102,100 before recosting, an increase of $2,400, or 0.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). Table X.3 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are provided in annex I.", "Table X.3 Staffing", "Posts approved for 2010-2011 14 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 5 GS (OL) proposed for 2012-2013 14 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 5 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "X.23 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the process of filling two vacant posts (one D-2 and one P-4) was under way. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the D-2 post of Executive Director had been vacant since the commencement of special leave without pay in November 2010. No action had been taken to fill the post until the incumbent had been elected as the chief administrative officer of another international organization and steps were being taken to open the recruitment for vacant posts. With regard to the post at the P-4 level, the Advisory Committee was informed that the post had been publicly recruited between 30 December 2010 and 28 February 2011 and that candidates were currently under consideration.", "X.24 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following a review of the former Chief Executives Board, the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC), in 2000, CEB had been established, consisting of four committees, each headed by a secretariat headed by a D-1 officer. The objective of the review was to transform ACC into the Chief Executives Board and rationalize its subsidiary machinery into a two-pillar structure — the High-level Committee on Programmes and the High-level Committee on Management — supported by a single jointly financed secretariat to ensure coherence of support and action. The Advisory Committee was informed that the two locations of the CEB secretariat were based on the current practice of providing support to the subsidiary management bodies in Geneva and to the Senior Management Coordination Mechanism in New York and the High-level Committee on Programmes as the preparatory programme body. The head of the secretariat and the Secretary of CEB report directly to the Chairman of CEB — the Secretary-General. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the role and functions of the CEB secretariat had been reviewed in 2007 and that the review had not changed the dual location structure but confirmed its appropriateness. Nevertheless, the Advisory Committee questions the structure of the CEB secretariat and believes that there is considerable scope for strengthening management and financial effectiveness. The Advisory Committee urges the Secretary-General to present proposals for consolidating the CEB secretariat in a cost-effective and functional manner and to report thereon in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. Subject to those comments, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "X.25 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that resources proposed under consultants, travel of staff and contractual services for the CEB secretariat amount to $42,300, $268,500 and $312,300, respectively. Under consultants, the activities proposed by the Secretary-General include an analysis of emerging issues of concern to intergovernmental bodies. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the range of areas covered by the required expertise indicated that it was difficult to anticipate specific consultancy services. With regard to travel of staff, it was explained that the proposed activities included training and learning programmes in the area of inter-agency representation. Finally, under contractual services, the Advisory Committee was informed that the activities proposed included training in areas such as negotiation and mediation for CEB secretariat staff. The Advisory Committee is of the view that it is not necessary to carry out the above-mentioned activities in the implementation of the mandate of CEB, which, it points out, is mandated to coordinate the policies and programmes of its member organizations. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee recommends that the proposed budget for consultants, travel of staff and contractual services be reduced by 10 per cent, to $4,200, $26,800 and $31,200, respectively.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards project", "X.26 According to the Secretary-General, the High-level Committee on Management of CEB, at its meeting in March 2011, approved the extension of the IPSAS project team until the end of 2013 and approved its 2012-2013 budget. The High-level Committee on Management also decided that the continuation of the project until 2015 would depend on a review to be conducted before the end of 2013.", "X.27 The Advisory Committee notes that the increase of $564,500 (or 42.4 per cent) in the budget for the IPSAS project is due to an increase of $254,000 in standard costs for three Professional-level positions (1 P-5, 2 P-4), from half-time to full-time engagement of one General Service staff member, and a new provision of $316,500 for consultancy services in specific areas where expertise is not available within the public system (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), para. 32.43).", "X.28 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Professional level positions were responsible for four strategic activities, namely, promotion and dissemination; monitoring and follow-up activities of the IPSAS Board; coordination of different accounting practices; and guidance and support. The role of consultants is to support or supplement project teams in areas where there is no specific in-house expertise and to manage different accounting practices. The Committee was also informed that the adoption of IPSAS was expected to significantly enhance the harmonization and comparability of financial information among the organizations of the United Nations common system. Given that IPSAS is based on principles and has some degree of freedom of interpretation of the Standards, there will be some differences in reporting among the organizations. In this regard, an external review of the role of the IPSAS team was conducted in 2010, which recommended that the project use consultants and experts for the following purposes:", "(a) A high degree of consensus on key issues at critical stages of the project life cycle;", "(b) Access to expertise in specific areas not available within the United Nations system, such as new issues; new and revised IPSAS guidelines; different accounting policy research issues; donor reporting; the accounting treatment of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund; financial instruments with specific guidance; and the system-wide review process for 2012.", "X.29 The Advisory Committee encourages the Secretary-General to develop in-house staff capacity to reduce reliance on external consultants for the provision of support following the implementation of IPSAS.", "X.30 The Advisory Committee was also informed that, by the end of 2010, 9 out of 23 organizations had implemented IPSAS and 11 others were working towards its implementation by or in 2012. It was explained that six of the organizations that had implemented IPSAS had prepared fully compliant financial statements and received unqualified audit opinions by the end of 2010. The Advisory Committee notes the progress made by the United Nations common system towards the full implementation of IPSAS. The Advisory Committee recommends that the role of the IPSAS project team in the CEB secretariat be kept under review as more organizations transition to IPSAS.", "Section 33 Special expenses", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals (full budget) $112,178,000 (a) the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $114,134,100 and the projected extrabudgetary resources of $23,437,500 (a) are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "X.31 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 33 amount to $112,178,000 before recosting, a decrease of $1,956,100, or 1.7 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 33), table 33.1).", "After-service health insurance", "X.32 The resource requirements of $100,649,100 (before recosting) under after-service health insurance reflect a decrease of $3,382,500 (3.3 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The estimated requirements of $23,437,500 under extrabudgetary resources would provide for retirees from peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary activities of the Organization. According to the Secretary-General, the proposed level of resources reflects the fact that, owing to the expansion of peacekeeping operations, a large number of new staff have been insured, thereby containing an increase in premiums, which has been factored into the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011. The number of participants in the Headquarters-administered insurance plans is projected to increase by an average of 6.5 per cent, Geneva by an average of 7 per cent and the United Nations Office at Vienna by an average of 7 per cent.", "X.33 In his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 33) (para. 33.4), the Secretary-General explained that the General Assembly, in its resolution 61/264, had approved changes to the after-service health insurance provisions for new staff recruited on or after 1 July 2007. Under the terms of the resolution, retired staff members are eligible for after-service cost-sharing health insurance if they have participated in a United Nations contributory health insurance plan for at least 10 years and are also participants in a United Nations health insurance plan at the time of separation. In the case of staff members recruited prior to 1 July 2007, those who have retired for at least five years of participation in a United Nations contributory plan are also eligible to do so, provided that full contributions are paid for the period of 10 years of participation in a cost-sharing insurance plan.", "X.34 In its resolution 64/241, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General, inter alia, to report to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on additional measures taken to reduce the Organization ' s costs related to health-care plans. According to the Secretary-General, one such measure would be the implementation during the biennium 2010-2011 of a new requirement for the United States plan, which would apply to all after-service health insurance participants who were insured as at 1 January 2011, were under 75 years of age and qualified for part B of the Medicare plan. The Committee trusts that all possible measures are being taken to reduce the Organization ' s costs associated with the health-care plan.", "General insurance", "X.35 The general insurance requirements of $6,772,200 reflect an increase of $1,189,000 (21.3 per cent) over the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. According to the Secretary-General, the provision is based on the terms of the contract recently concluded with the insurance provider at Headquarters. The increased requirements are attributable to an increase of $1,242,900 under the general insurance plan, offset in part by a decrease of $53,900 under insurance for terrorist acts (ibid., paras. 33.17 and 33.18).", "X.36 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information (see table X.4) showing the composition of the increased requirements for general insurance, mainly as a result of the increase in property insurance premiums owing to the anticipated completion of the renovation of the Headquarters building under the capital master plan. The Secretary-General explained that once the renovation work had been completed, insurance would be converted from a separate builder ' s risk property insurance plan for the capital master plan to property insurance.", "Table X.4 General insurance", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Estimated resource growth 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Air travel (a) 282.0 38.6 320.6", "Foreign general liability insurance 22.2 (0.1) 22.1", "Headquarters general liability insurance", "Headquarters vehicles", "Letter of credit paid to JP Morgan Chase Bank 15.1 (0.1) 15.0", "External consultancy", "External actuarial services 20.1 (0.1) 20.0", "External legal services 40.3 (0.2) 40.1", "Total aviation insurance 25.2 (5.1) 20.1", "Property insurance (b) 2 819.4 1389.3 4 208.7", "Self-insurance fund 402.8 (2.0) 400.8", "General insurance 4 075.2 1 242.9 5 318.1", "Insurance for terrorist acts", "Total general insurance", "(a) Aviation travel insurance policies cover Headquarters, the regional commissions, the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office at Vienna.", "(b) Property insurance policies cover Headquarters, ECA, ESCWA and ECLAC.", "Compensation", "X.37 The requirements for compensatory payments amount to $2,699,400, an increase of $176,400 (7.0 per cent) over the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is based on expenditure trends for the period 2006-2009 under appendix D to the Staff Rules of the United Nations. The proposed budget does not include any changes related to the current inter-agency review of appendix D to the Staff Rules, as they will be submitted to the General Assembly for its consideration (ibid., paras. 33.11-33.16).", "Bank charges", "X.38 The resources requested under bank charges amount to $822,200, which is the same as the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements relate to the maintenance of bank accounts, the cost of electronic funds transfers and other services provided by banks, based on the current pattern of expenditure.", "Payment of pensions to former Secretaries-General", "X.39 The requirements for the payment of pensions to former Secretaries-General amount to $1,235,100, an increase of $61,000 (5.2 per cent) over the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements relate to the retirement allowance of three former Secretaries-General and the retirement allowance of a widow of a former Secretary-General, calculated at half, based on the maximum retirement benefit payable effective 1 January 2010.", "X.40 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposals.", "Part XI Capital expenditures", "Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals in the amount of $63,916,100 ^ (a) a revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $60,326,800 for projected extrabudgetary resources, a summary of the regular budget posts indicated by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "XI.1 Section 34 includes provisions for the modernization of existing buildings and technical facilities of major United Nations properties worldwide, which are grouped in three components: (a) alterations and improvements; (b) major maintenance; and (c) the United Nations enterprise network. Staff and related costs for the administration and management of the activities proposed under this section are included under the main sections of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, including New York, Vienna, Geneva and the regional commissions.", "XI.2 The resource requirements requested by the Secretary-General for section 34 amount to $63,916,100 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $3,589,300 (5.9 per cent) compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), table 34.3). The increase is the combined result of increased requirements for major maintenance projects ($15,338,800, or 72.2 per cent) and for the United Nations enterprise network ($1,793,800, or 32.4 per cent) and reduced requirements for alteration and improvement projects ($13,543,300, or 40.4 per cent).", "XI.3 The criteria for determining that a project falls under the category of alteration and improvement or major maintenance are set out in paragraphs 34.2 and 34.3 of the proposed budget. Table 34.3 of the budget document provides the distribution of resources by component and location. Table 34.4 shows the status of the projects proposed for the biennium 2012-2013. The Secretary-General also distinguishes between new, recurrent and multi-year projects. Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with definitions of those categories and a detailed list of projects by component, location and category for 2012-2013 (see table XI.4).", "XI.4 Table XI.1 provides a summary of total requirements by duty station for alteration, improvement and major maintenance projects.", "Table XI.1 Summary of overall requirements by duty station", "2010-2011 appropriation Proposed 2012-2013 Variance", "Headquarters 11 937 100 18 872 400 6 935 300 581", "Geneva 10 743 100 17 192 800 6 449 700 60.0", "Vienna 3 726 900 4 147 800 420 900 11.3", "Nairobi 11 344,300 6 302 100 (5,042,200) (44.4)", "ESCAP 2,418 400 3 703 200 1 284 800 53.1", "ECLAC 2 108.100 2 670 700 1 307 800 96.0", "ECA 7 946,900 3 246 000 4 700 900 (59.2)", "ESCWA 4,564,700 450 000 (4 114 700) (90.1)", "Comments and observations", "Headquarters", "XI.5 Total requirements for alteration, improvement or major maintenance projects at Headquarters for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $18,872,400, an increase of $6,935,300 (58.1 per cent) over the appropriation for the current biennium. As indicated in paragraph 34.24 of the budget document, the proposed requirements take into account the schedule for the reoccupation of the Secretariat and Conference Buildings by the capital master plan in 2012 and the restoration of some of the services that were reduced during the renovation period. The Advisory Committee was informed that the swing space was expected to be vacated between the second half of 2012 and 2013 and that the Facilities Management Service would be required to manage the swing space until the relocation was completed. The North Lawn, the Library, the General Assembly Building and the basement area of the Secretariat Building will maintain normal operations. The proposed provision for 2012-2013 also includes $4,981,600 for the renovation of the information and communications technology infrastructure, as well as requirements for the acquisition of servers, additional data storage and network capacity, and $3 million for the replacement of data exchanges in offices outside the compound, which were installed in 2002-2003 and are close to the end of their useful life cycle.", "United Nations Office at Geneva", "XI.6 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243 (Part XI, para. 133), approved an amount of $1.1 million for the conduct of a conceptual engineering study in 2010-2011 for the full renovation and renovation of the United Nations Office at Geneva under the strategic heritage plan (see also A/64/7, para. XI.12). In paragraph 34.15 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 34)), the Secretary-General indicates that the conceptual engineering study was completed in early 2011 and that a report will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session to report on the results of the study and to recommend further steps for the development of the strategic heritage plan. In its resolution 64/243 (Part XI, para. 136), the Assembly also stressed that the implementation of the strategic heritage plan should not begin until the Assembly had taken a decision on the plan and until the capital master plan had been completed. The Advisory Committee agrees that major project implementation should be sequenced in a manner that enables the Organization and Member States to better plan their expenditures.", "XI.7 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office at Geneva amount to $17,192,800, an increase of $6,449,700, or 60.0 per cent, over the appropriation for the current biennium. As indicated in paragraph 34.28 of the budget document, the increase is due mainly to additional resources of $5.8 million required to address urgent repairs related to health, safety and security that cannot be postponed. The Advisory Committee was informed that the main projects envisaged included: (a) maintenance, waterproofing and insulation of the E building; (b) replacement of the glass ceiling in the General Assembly Hall in the A building; and (c) replacement of two passenger elevators in the General Assembly building. While the strategic heritage plan envisages future renovations, the Advisory Committee recognizes the need for the immediate implementation of these projects in order to avoid further damage to the buildings, resulting in additional maintenance costs in the future, and to ensure the safety of staff, delegates and other personnel at the Palais des Nations (see para. VIII.87 above).", "Standardized access control project", "XI.8 An increase of $2.3 million is proposed for 2012-2013 to meet one-time requirements for the implementation of the second and final phases of the standardized access control project at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Vienna and ESCAP. The Advisory Committee recalls that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 59/276, the Secretary-General submitted a report (A/60/695) outlining the proposed scope, concept and revised course of action for the implementation of standardized access control at all major duty stations of the Organization in two phases. In his report (A/64/532), the Secretary-General described a detailed strategy for the implementation of the second phase of the standardized access control project and presented cost estimates to enhance protection measures, including the implementation of intrusion protection, video surveillance and access control. During the biennium 2010-2011, the second phase of the standardized access control project was implemented at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, ECA and ESCWA (see A/64/7/Add.15, paras. 15-20, and General Assembly resolution 64/243, para. 139).", "United Nations Enterprise Network", "XI.9 A provision of $7,331,100 is proposed under component III, United Nations enterprise network, to be implemented in a phased manner during the biennium 2012-2013. The provision of $4,133,100 reflects requirements for the continued implementation of the Internet protocol telephone system at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Vienna, ESCAP, ECLAC and ECA, and $2,291,300 for integrated maintenance contracts at all offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions, as well as for the harmonization of vendor modalities (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), sect. 34.56). The Advisory Committee was informed that such an approach would have the following benefits: (a) there would be significant discounts at all locations worldwide; (b) the problem could be identified more quickly, thus minimizing the unexpected downtime of the Organization ' s network; and (c) interoperability would reduce the risk of multiple vendors recriminations at the time of the accident and could also implement common end-user telephone procedures in all offices.", "XI.10 Information on the background and phased implementation of the enterprise network project is provided in paragraphs 34.53 to 34.56 of the budget document. As indicated, the project has taken an Organization-wide initiative to convert the traditional telephone system into an Internet protocol telephone. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed of the detailed status of the conversion of Internet protocol phones at each duty station, which is summarized in table XI.2. The Advisory Committee was informed that, although the Internet protocol telephone project had been launched as part of the standardization of the enterprise network, special provisions for implementation at offices away from Headquarters had been included in the budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The project is expected to be fully implemented in 2014-2015. The total cost of the Internet protocol telephony project from 2010 to 2015 is estimated at $17,624,100. Should the current proposal be approved, the remaining requirements for 2014 and 2015 would amount to $8,650,000. Table XI.3 Breakdown of costs by duty station", "Table XI.2 Status of implementation of Internet protocol telephony projects by duty station", "The requirements for phase II of the UNOG Alcatel Building (the useful life has expired) 1994 The implementation of the Internet Protocol Telephone Project 2006 The Palais des Nations - Internet Protocol Telephone Project is included in the budget for the current biennium", "Table XI.3 Total requirements for Internet protocol telephony by duty station", "(United States dollars)", "Funds requested for 2012-2013", "UNOG - 1 525 200 6 994 000", "UNOV — 112,000 —", "United Nations Office at Nairobi", "ECA - 1 484,400 —", "ESCAP 1 441 000 746,500 —", "ECLAC — 265,000 —", "Total 4 841 000 4 133 100 8 650 000", "Asset management overseas", "XI.11 Capital expenditure resources are requested centrally under section 34 to ensure a consistent and systematic approach to the management of facilities, major maintenance and construction work. In its report (A/65/518), the Advisory Committee stressed the importance it attached to the central leadership role of the Office of Central Support Services in ensuring that the needs and priorities related to the construction, major maintenance and overall management of United Nations facilities were addressed from an Organization-wide perspective. The Advisory Committee further stated that the role of the Office should be strengthened and that clearer lines of authority and responsibility should be established (see also A/64/7/Add.11). In its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations of the Advisory Committee and, in implementation of that resolution, the Secretary-General established the Overseas Asset Management Unit under the Facilities Management Service to provide further support and guidance to offices away from Headquarters in the planning and management of major construction projects. The Secretary-General indicates that this measure has increased the level of guidance, support and technical advice provided to offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions in the planning, management and oversight of their major construction projects. (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), para. 34.7). The Advisory Committee encourages the Secretary-General to continue to exercise the leadership and coordination role of the Overseas Asset Management Unit in order to make it an effective tool for improving the forecasting of medium- and long-term needs of the Organization as a whole, improving the efficiency of the planning and budgeting of the Organization ' s assets and improving its overall management efficiency.", "XI.12 The Advisory Committee recalls that a strategic capital review of facilities at all offices away from Headquarters was launched in May 2009 to address issues related to global facilities management, to determine the application of an Organization-wide approach to the development of new facilities and major maintenance needs and priorities of existing facilities, and to ensure adequate support to duty stations involved in such work. (see A/65/351, paras. The results of this review will form the basis for a 20-year strategic capital plan. The Advisory Committee notes that the Office of Central Support Services has begun the review process, which will be conducted in three phases, as indicated in paragraph 34.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 34)). The Secretary-General expects to complete the final phase in January 2013 and submit a report to the General Assembly at the end of 2013, which will report on the results of the review and present a 20-year capital master plan and priority strategy for the global premises of the United Nations Secretariat. In this connection, the Advisory Committee emphasizes the important role of the Overseas Asset Management Unit. The Committee also reiterates the need to draw on lessons learned and accumulated expertise in the planning and implementation of the capital master plan at Headquarters and the construction project at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The Advisory Committee also stresses that the 20-year global strategic plan should enhance efficiency and cost-effectiveness and contribute to better management of United Nations facilities.", "Recommendations", "XI.13 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposals under section 34.", "Table XI.4 Proposed projects by category", "Definitions:", "• Multi-year projects are non-recurrent construction, alteration or improvement projects that, because of their size and complexity, have to be implemented in phases for longer than one biennium", "• Recurrent projects relate to requirements that must be provided for each biennium to ensure that buildings remain in good working condition", "• New projects are newly implemented construction, alteration or improvement projects, which are non-recurrent in nature and require only one biennium", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Office of the Secretary-General", "Part XII", "Safety and security", "Section 35", "Safety and security", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General (regular budget) $238,745,700 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $238,447,700 (jointly financed budget) $243,800,300 (a) Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $243,605,700 Projected extrabudgetary resources $13,310,100 (b) A summary of the regular budget posts proposed by the Secretary-General by budget section is contained in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, the figures in the present report are based on the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting). ^ (b) Includes $7,603,400 for other assessed resources and amends the information contained in table 35.6 of A/66/6 (Sect. 35) to reflect the decision of the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations; and $5706,700 for extrabudgetary resources.", "XII.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 35 amount to $238,745,700 before recosting. The net increase of $298,000, or 0.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The provision includes the United Nations share of jointly financed safety and security costs. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors, as explained in paragraph 35.9 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 35)).", "XII.2 The Secretary-General indicates that, as the Department of Safety and Security has the dual responsibility for providing safety and security services to staff, delegates, visitors and United Nations system field operations in all major locations, the activities of the Department are funded partly from the regular budget and partly from other organizations covered by the field security management system (ibid., para. 35.7).", "XII.3 The gross budget for jointly financed activities for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $243,800,300 before recosting. The net increase of $194,600, or 0.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase is due to a number of factors, as explained in paragraph 35.10 of the budget document. The Secretary-General indicates that the financial responsibility of each participating organization is based on its representation in the field (ibid., para. 35.7). The Advisory Committee was informed that the United Nations share of the gross budget for jointly financed activities was estimated at 23.74 per cent, or approximately $57.9 million, for the biennium 2012-2013.", "XII.4 The Secretary-General indicates that for the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget and co-financing resources under this section will be supplemented by: (a) the support account for peacekeeping operations; (b) reimbursement for security and safety services provided to United Nations funds and programmes; and (c) funds earmarked by donors to support much-needed security measures. For the biennium 2012-2013, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources are estimated at $13,676,400 (ibid., para. 35.11).", "XII.5 Table XII.1 below summarizes the regular budget and jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table XII.1", "Staffing", "1 USG, 2 P-4, 1 ASG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-5, 1 P-5, 1 P-5, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-3, 1 P-3, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-4, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 P-3, 2 P-3, 1 P-3, 2 P-3, 2 P-3, 2 P-3, 2 P-3, 2 P-3, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 P-3, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-5, 2 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 and 1 P-3, 2 and", "(a) The temporary posts previously approved for the biennium 2010-2011 are now proposed to be established.", "(b) Includes 18 other assessed posts and 22 extrabudgetary posts funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "XII.6 The Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security informed the Advisory Committee that the Department sought to stabilize its staffing establishment at the level approved for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that a number of proposals had been made to restructure and realign existing positions to ensure that the management structure provided the necessary oversight and management for security operations worldwide. The Advisory Committee notes that the Department of Safety and Security has undergone a period of continuous expansion since its establishment, with 204 new posts approved for 2010-2011 alone. The Advisory Committee concurs with the Secretary-General ' s intention to stabilize the current staffing of the Department of Safety and Security. The Advisory Committee is of the view that, in view of the existing staffing growth, the Department should critically review and assess existing resources in the light of current operational needs and priorities and, if necessary, should redeploy resources to activities or duty stations that it deems necessary.", "Executive direction and management", "Regular budget", "Reclassification", "XII.7 The Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of the Special Assistant position in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General from the P-5 to the D-1 level to establish a Chief of Staff position. In presenting this proposal, the Secretary-General emphasized the level of inter-ministerial, intra-ministerial, inter-agency and system-wide coordination on security, human resources, common system and legislative issues. The Secretary-General also indicates that the Chief of Staff will complement the leadership of the Department and act as a bridge to transform the strategic vision into a coherent and well-directed operation that will inform the Department, other departments of the Secretariat and Member States and other actors within and outside the United Nations system (ibid., paras.", "XII.8 The Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification of the Special Assistant post. In making this recommendation, the Advisory Committee took into account the recent appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General. The Advisory Committee is of the view that this appointment should strengthen the capacity of the Department in a number of areas highlighted in the rationale for the proposed post of Chief of Staff. In this connection, the Advisory Committee also recalls that, in proposing the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post through the reclassification of the existing D-2 Deputy post, the Secretary-General emphasized the need for a senior official to be responsible for the day-to-day overall management of the Department and for strengthening internal management (see A/64/6 (Sect. 34) Add.1, para. 34.21).", "XII.9 The Secretary-General proposes to merge the Policy, Planning and Coordination Unit, which issues policies and standards for the entire security management system, with the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit, which is responsible for compliance review, into the Compliance and Policy Service. According to the Secretary-General, the merger of the two units would maximize the use of existing resources and enable inspectors carrying out compliance functions to contribute to policy development and increase the exposure of policy developers to compliance issues (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), para. 35.21). It is proposed that one of the existing P-5 posts in both units be reclassified to the D-1 level to head the new Service. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of policy development and compliance review in security management and the need for information to be shared between the two areas. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General ' s proposals to merge the Policy, Planning and Coordination Unit with the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit and to reclassify the post of Chief of the new Service to the D-1 level.", "XII.10 The Secretary-General is also proposing the reclassification of the existing four P-3 posts in the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to the P-4 level. The Secretary-General indicates that the responsibilities of these positions are to participate in the development of compliance-related procedures and guidelines, to monitor strategies and to develop and implement the Department ' s evaluation policy. In his supplementary information to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General states that one of the lessons learned from the Compliance Inspection Mission is that, regardless of the individual professional competence of the Compliance Officer, the qualifications or field experience of a P-3 Compliance Officer are insufficient in dealing with the Chief Security Officer at the P-5 or senior P-4 level or in reporting to designated officials at the D-2 level or above. In the opinion of the Advisory Committee, the main task of the Compliance Officer is to ascertain whether the policies and procedures of the Department are being fully complied with. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the classification at the P-3 level should not be a factor affecting its ability to monitor and report on such compliance. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to the P-4 level.", "Subprogramme 1. Security and safety coordination", "Regular budget", "New posts", "XII.11 Five new General Service (Other level) posts are proposed for the establishment of a canine unit in the Safety and Security Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva (ibid., para. 35.28). The establishment of these temporary posts was approved for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish these five General Service (Other level) posts.", "XII.12 Eight new Local level posts are proposed for the Safety and Security Service in Addis Ababa. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that these posts are requested for the operation of the perimeter access control system at the security control centres. They were previously temporary posts funded from one-time provisions for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of the eight Local level posts.", "Reclassification", "XII.13 The Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of two posts from P-5 to D-1 for the Chief of the Security and Safety Service in Geneva and Nairobi (ibid., para. 35.28). In addition, under jointly financed activities, it is proposed that the post of Chief of the Security and Safety Service in Vienna be reclassified to the D-1 level (see para. XII.20 below). In his supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that these posts need to be reclassified to accurately reflect the full range of terms of reference for the positions, including the responsibility to provide safety and security services to staff, delegates and visiting dignitaries on United Nations premises at those duty stations. The Secretary-General also indicates that it is important for the chiefs of security to establish and maintain an extensive network of working relationships, and emphasizes that the interlocutors involved include senior-level officials. It was indicated that the reclassification would enable the chiefs of security to exercise their authority, decision-making autonomy and dialogue at the appropriate level.", "XII.14 With regard to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief of the Safety and Security Service in Geneva, the Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent would serve as the Chief Security Adviser for Belgium, France, Monaco and Switzerland. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the Chief of the Service was responsible for security coordination for 40 agencies, funds and programmes in Switzerland, 24 in Belgium and 11 in France.", "XII.15 The Advisory Committee was informed that the Chief of the Safety and Security Service in Nairobi also acted as Chief Security Adviser for the Designated Official for Kenya. Accordingly, the incumbent is responsible not only for the Gigiri compound but also for the security of staff and dependants in 43 other United Nations offices throughout Kenya. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the complex threat environment in Kenya was one reason for the proposed reclassification of the post. The extensive operation of United Nations agencies in areas currently under security phase III is a reflection of this threatening environment.", "XII.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that the primary responsibility for the security of diplomatic missions rests with the host Government, while the Department of Safety and Security is primarily responsible for the security of United Nations premises. However, while host countries were willing to assume that responsibility, their absorptive capacity varied among duty stations. To that end, the Advisory Committee had previously recommended that, where host countries had well-established security structures and instruments, the United Nations should focus on strengthening cooperation and coordination with national and/or local law enforcement agencies, and where those conditions did not exist, special attention should be paid to strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to ensure its own security (A/59/539, para.", "XII.17 The Advisory Committee is of the view that the level of the interlocutors with whom the Chiefs of the Security and Safety Services in Geneva and Nairobi interact are not a reason to upgrade their posts. However, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the overall security environment in the specific locations is a factor affecting the level of responsibilities of the Chief Security Adviser. Accordingly, with regard to this post in Nairobi, the Advisory Committee notes the description of the current increase in the security phase in some parts of the country and the overall level of existing threats. Taking these factors into account, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Nairobi, to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the reclassification of the Chief of the Security and Safety Service at Geneva to the D-1 level.", "XII.18 In the Security and Safety Service in Nairobi, it is proposed that one of the existing P-3 posts be reclassified to the P-4 level to create the position of Deputy Chief of Service. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the Officer will be responsible for the day-to-day management and administration of security and safety operations at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and for providing policy advice and developing security contingency plans. The Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent of the Deputy Chief would also be responsible for the management of the security and safety support programme for the various units, including the Administrative Unit, the Security Risk Management Unit, the Security Systems Unit, the Training and Development Unit and the Security Unit. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification of the post of Deputy Chief of the Security and Safety Service in Nairobi to the P-4 level, taking into account the functions described.", "XII.19 At Headquarters, the Secretary-General proposes to reclassify the existing P-3 post of Administrative Officer in the Division of Headquarters Security and Safety Services to the P-4 level. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that it is indicated that the reclassification of the post is required as a result of the increased responsibilities of the position, which include coordinating the implementation of and responding to compliance visits and audits by the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the Joint Inspection Unit; management reports on the security and safety services at Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters, regional commissions and the Tribunals; monitoring the implementation of relevant recommendations; and drafting policies and standard operating procedures. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the current level of the post is sufficient to effectively carry out the responsibilities described and therefore does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification.", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.20 It is proposed to establish five new Security Officer posts in the Safety and Security Service in Vienna to establish a canine unit (ibid., para. 35.32). The establishment of these temporary posts was approved for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General ' s proposal to establish the five Security Officer posts.", "Reclassification", "XII.21 It is proposed that the post of Chief of the Security and Safety Service in Vienna be upgraded to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent of the post was responsible not only for the safety and security of staff and visitors in the vicinity of the Vienna International Centre, but also for serving as the Chief Security Adviser for designated officials for Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the incumbent was responsible for overseeing the safety and security of 18 agencies, funds and programmes. Taking into account the factors described in paragraph XII.17 above, the Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the reclassification of the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna, to the D-1 level. The Secretary-General also proposes the reclassification of an existing P-3 post in the Security and Safety Service in Vienna to the P-4 level for a Deputy Chief of Service position. The reclassification is proposed for the same reasons as the proposed Deputy Chief of the Nairobi Office (see para. XII.18 above). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the reclassification of the post to the P-4 level as the Deputy Chief of the Security and Safety Service at Vienna.", "Subprogramme 2, Regional field coordination and support", "Component 1, regional field operations coordination", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.22 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of 10 new Local level posts. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that these posts are proposed to increase national staff in duty stations where there is a need to strengthen support for the five security information and operations centres (two in Asia and the Pacific, two in East Africa and one in the Middle East). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of 10 new Local level posts. The Advisory Committee expects that a flexible approach to the use of these posts will enable the staffing of the centres to be adjusted through redeployment to meet changing operational requirements and priorities.", "Reclassification", "XII.23 With regard to field operations, the Secretary-General proposes to reclassify seven positions of Chief Security Adviser from P-5 to D-1. As indicated in paragraph 35.40 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 35)), the peacekeeping missions in which the six positions are located are referred to as “super-missions”, with a strength of between 5,000 and 25,000 personnel, including between 160 and 1,100 security personnel under the direct supervision of the Chief Security Adviser. In addition, it is proposed that the post of Chief Security Adviser in Pakistan be reclassified to the D-1 level, as the security management system in Pakistan is comparable to a large peacekeeping operation, in line with its size, complexity and responsibilities, as well as complex humanitarian emergencies. According to the Secretary-General, the proposal is based on the Department ' s analysis of 25 duty stations by complexity, operation and size. The proposal also takes into account the benchmarking report of the Department of Field Support on security functions in 29 field operations led by the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Field Support (ibid., paras. 35.39 to 35.41).", "XII.24 As emphasized in paragraph XII.16 above, the host country ' s capacity to assume security responsibilities for United Nations staff varies from duty station to duty station and the complexity of the security environment in which the United Nations operates varies. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the combination of these factors could justify the Secretary-General ' s proposal to upgrade the post of Chief Security Adviser in a number of locations to the D-1 level. At the same time, the Advisory Committee points out that the overall security environment at specific duty stations may change. Accordingly, in order to enable the Department to adapt to such changes in operational priorities, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the reclassification of four P-5 posts to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee expects that the use of these posts will be flexible so that they can be redeployed to certain duty stations when they are most in need of managers at the corresponding levels.", "XII.25 In the context of field operations, the Secretary-General is also proposing the downward reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P2/1 level to provide additional opportunities at the junior level (ibid., para. 35.41). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this will also help to streamline the current field staffing, which is dominated by Professional posts at the middle level (P-3 and P-4). The Advisory Committee was informed that the establishment of these posts at the P-2/1 level would be achieved through the redistribution of functions among existing staff, with the new P-2/1 post assuming responsibilities appropriate to its grade level. The Advisory Committee notes that, of the total current staffing levels under the regular budget and jointly financed activities, the authorized number of posts in the Professional and higher categories amounts to 427, of which 361 are at the P-3 and P-4 levels and only 13 are at the P-2/1 level (ibid., table 35.7). The Advisory Committee sees merit in the establishment of additional posts at the junior level in the Department and welcomes the addition of those posts through a re-evaluation of the existing staffing establishment. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level.", "XII.26 The Secretary-General proposes to reclassify the P-5 post of Chief of the Threat and Risk Assessment Unit to the D-1 level. In addition, it is proposed to reclassify one P-4 post in the Unit to the P-5 level, as explained in the supplementary information, in order to provide an appropriate level of business continuity. The Advisory Committee was informed that since the introduction of the new security phase system in January 2011, the importance of the concept of threat and risk analysis had increased significantly. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was also informed that the Unit had a major United Nations system-wide role in identifying new threats, identifying areas of vulnerability and developing mitigation strategies and measures. It is considered necessary to propose the reclassification of the post of Chief of the Unit to ensure the level of coordination and oversight required at Headquarters and in the field, as well as to adequately provide the necessary expertise and experience in the areas of analysis, assessment and crisis management. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Chief of the Unit oversees eight professional analysts at Headquarters and provides technical oversight for 19 professional analysts positions in the field and 25 analysts in five security information and operations centres in field locations. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of threat and risk assessment throughout the security management system and the level of judgement required in this area. The Advisory Committee therefore recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief of the Threat and Risk Assessment Unit to the D-1 level. With regard to the reclassification of one P-4 post to the P-5 level in the Unit, the Advisory Committee is not convinced that the justification provided is sufficient and therefore does not recommend approval of the proposal.", "XII.27 In the Division of Regional Operations, it is proposed that one existing P-4 post be reclassified to the P-5 level. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the reclassification is intended to strengthen the Department ' s internal capacity to carry out liaison and coordination activities with non-governmental organizations in the field. The Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent of the post would head the Non-Governmental Liaison Unit in the Office of the Director of Regional Operations. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the current level of the post is sufficient for the effective performance of liaison functions with non-governmental organizations and therefore does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification to the P-5 level.", "Post abolishments", "XII.28 The Secretary-General proposes to abolish two P-4 positions in the field (ibid., para. 35.41). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this is explained to compensate for the proposed establishment of 10 new Local level positions in the Security Information and Operations Centres (see para. XII.22 above). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition.", "Component 2, field support", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.29 Four new security trainers posts are proposed for establishment in Nairobi, including one P-4, one P-3 and two Local level posts, to provide support to the African region as part of the regionalization training services (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), paras. 35.57-35.58). The Advisory Committee was informed that the implementation of regional training activities was considered a more effective and cost-effective way of training security officers across Africa. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the provision for contractual services under this subprogramme has been reduced by approximately $150,000, as explained in connection with training activities in Nairobi. The Advisory Committee welcomes the reduction in contractual services resulting from the use of the regional training centre in Nairobi. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of one new P-3 post and two new Local level posts at the Training Centre. The Advisory Committee notes the proposed redeployment of the existing P-4 and P-3 posts from Headquarters to the Centre and therefore does not recommend approval of the new P-4 post.", "XII.30 The Secretary-General proposes to establish a new P-4 post to provide aviation risk management capacity at Headquarters and to coordinate the Department ' s aviation safety activities and programmes (ibid., para. 35.58). The Advisory Committee recalls that the Secretary-General had proposed the establishment of the post for the current biennium (A/64/6 (Sect. 34)/Add.1, paras. 34.81 to 34.84). Following its consideration of the request, the Advisory Committee had recommended the establishment of a temporary post at the P-4 level, to be completed by the end of the biennium 2010-2011, and had indicated that any future requests for resources for the Aviation Risk Management Office should be accompanied by an evaluation of its activities (A/64/7/Add.16, para. 70).", "XII.31 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent of the temporary post had only begun work in May 2011. It is therefore too early to provide the required evaluation of activities in this area. In the light of these circumstances, the Advisory Committee recommends the continuation of the temporary post for the biennium 2012-2013 in order to continue these functions. The Advisory Committee reiterates its request that any future proposals in this area be accompanied by an evaluation of the Department ' s aviation risk management activities.", "Redeployment", "XII.32 As part of the proposal to strengthen the regional training centres, it is proposed that two posts (P-4 and P-3) be redeployed from the Training and Development Section at Headquarters to Nairobi. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "Regular budget", "XII.33 Non-post resources of $86,119,500 proposed under the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $4,300,900, or 4.8 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease is mainly attributable to reduced requirements under other staff costs ($4,597,800), furniture and equipment ($2,105,900), supplies and materials ($867,100), general operating expenses ($594,000) and contractual services ($510,000). The decrease is offset in part by an increase of $4,298,800 under grants and contributions to cover the United Nations share of the costs of jointly financed activities (see para. XII.3 above). The increase is due to the increase in United Nations field staff.", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "XII.34 Non-post resources of $60,356,000 are proposed under jointly financed activities for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $9,450,000, or 13.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011. Despite the decrease under individual objects of expenditure, the majority of the decrease is under other staff costs ($5,686,300), owing to a decrease of $5,248,700 as a result of the significant reduction in premiums for the malicious acts insurance policy following the new three-year policy. The reduced requirements also relate to general operating expenses ($1,451,600), furniture and equipment ($1,199,500), travel of staff ($689,700) and consultants ($297,800).", "XII.35 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "XII.36 The Secretary-General indicates that resources for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities are estimated at $2,455,900 for the biennium 2012-2013. This includes the cost of one P-5, two P-4, three P-3 and two General Service (Other level) posts in the Compliance Evaluation and Monitoring Unit and related support costs. The Advisory Committee notes that no information has been provided on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken to date or planned for the next biennium. The Advisory Committee requests that such information be provided in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. The Advisory Committee comments further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Implementation of the standardized access control project", "XII.37 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Secretary-General had proposed to implement the standardized access control system in two phases at all major United Nations locations. The first phase of the standardized access control project aims to ensure that perimeter protection and electronic access control are in compliance with the headquarters minimum operating security standards, while the second phase aims to ensure that the perimeter layers define security in line with those standards.", "XII.38 In his report A/64/532, the Secretary-General proposes to implement the second phase of the standardized access control project at eight duty stations. Following its consideration of the proposal, the Advisory Committee recommended that security enhancements should be prioritized and implemented in phases, to be implemented in ESCWA, the United Nations Office at Nairobi and ECA in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee also recommends that the needs of the remaining duty stations be reviewed and prioritized during the biennium 2010-2011, taking into account lessons learned from initial implementation, and that revised resource requirements be presented in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/64/7/Add.15, para. 20). This recommendation was endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243.", "XII.39 The Advisory Committee was informed that it had been decided to defer most of the expenditure for the second phase of the standardized access control project. It was indicated that many of the security enhancements and upgrades in the second phase of the standardized access control project were high-technology projects, involving access control and document production, vehicle identification and access, closed-circuit television surveillance systems and integrated communications systems. The Advisory Committee was informed that the cost of such security systems was decreasing, that new technologies were about to become operational and that the development of wireless technology could help to save infrastructure and connectivity costs. It was therefore stated that the delay could have significant cost-effectiveness for the Organization in the future. However, an additional $2.3 million is proposed for the implementation of the second phase of the standardized access control project at three other duty stations (Bangkok, Geneva and Vienna). The Advisory Committee was informed that the implementation in those locations involved critical security upgrades, which could lead to malfunctions in obsolete system components and security vulnerabilities. The Advisory Committee requests that an update on the status of the second phase of the standardized access control project be included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Geographical diversity and gender parity in staffing", "XII.40 The Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security informed the Advisory Committee that the Department had relied heavily on the employment of former military and police personnel and that there was a need to broaden the recruitment base. In making that proposal, the Secretary-General also indicated the need to recruit a new team of officers. It was also indicated that the downward reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level was proposed as a means of expanding recruitment, thus contributing to the strengthening of geographical diversity and gender parity in the Department.", "XII.41 The Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security also indicated that he recognized that more needed to be done by the Department of Safety and Security with regard to the goal of geographical diversity and gender parity in staffing. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 59/276, established the Department of Safety and Security and urged the Secretary-General to ensure that the recruitment of staff in the Professional and higher categories in the Department was made from a wide geographical base. While the Advisory Committee notes the recent appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General for Safety and Security, it notes that no D-1 or D-2 posts in the Department are currently occupied by female staff. The Advisory Committee welcomes the emphasis that has been placed on this area and expects that, during the next biennium, the staffing of the Department will make visible progress in terms of geographical diversity and gender parity.", "Part XIII", "Development Account", "Section 36", "Development Account", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $23,651,300 Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $23,651,300", "XIII.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the Development Account for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $23,651,300, which is the same as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The appendix to the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 36)) contains a list of projects proposed for financing the Development Account for the biennium 2012-2013. Table 2 of the proposed budget summarizes the requirements for major objects of expenditure.", "XIII.2 The budget document outlines the background to the establishment of the Development Account and the decisions of the General Assembly since its establishment to recost it and increase its appropriations (ibid., paras. Pursuant to those decisions of the General Assembly, the current level of resources of $23,651,300 represents an increase of $10,586,300 over the amount of $13,065,000 initially approved by the Assembly for the establishment of the Account in the biennium 1998-1999.", "Seventh progress report of the Secretary-General", "XIII.3 In his seventh progress report on the implementation of projects funded from the Development Account (A/66/84, table 1), the Secretary-General indicated that 204 projects had been funded in seven consecutive tranches since the biennium 1998-1999, with a total appropriation of $127,614,500. All projects in the first four tranches have been completed and projects in the fifth, sixth and seventh tranches are still under implementation. Table 1 of document A/66/84 summarizes the status of the tranches as at 30 April 2011, including the number of projects, the level of appropriations, the theme and the implementation rate. Details of ongoing projects, including project names, implementing entities, appropriations and expenditures, are contained in annexes I and II to the report.", "XIII.4 The objective of the Development Account is to finance capacity-building projects in priority areas of the United Nations development agenda for the benefit of developing countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 36), para. 36.5). The Advisory Committee recalls that during its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it was informed that efforts were being made at that time to reflect clearly the results achieved through those projects within the operational framework of the United Nations development system and the United Nations development assistance framework at the country level (A/64/7, para. XIII.3). In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that sections II and III of the seventh progress report provide information on the Development Account in the context of United Nations development work and outline and assess the results of such projects in support of the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. The Secretary-General also indicates that more projects are now linked to the United Nations Development Assistance Framework and that active consultations are expected with the United Nations country team (A/66/84, para. 46).", "XIII.5 Section IV of the seventh progress report provides an analysis of the implementation status of projects in the fifth tranche, based on the final reports of the implementing entities. The Advisory Committee was informed that of the 40 projects funded under the tranche, the project performance assessment included 30 projects implemented during the period 2006-2009, while the remaining 10 projects were still in the implementation phase (ibid., table 1, footnote a). The conclusions of the Secretary-General ' s progress report indicate that the review of the fifth tranche projects has shown that they are intended to have the broadest possible impact in helping to achieve all the Millennium Development Goals or to address the overriding goal of poverty reduction. In addition, projects financed by the Development Account are aligned with the Millennium Development Goals, providing a useful strategic focus for the Account and guidance to its partners and recipient countries (ibid., para. 39).", "XIII.6 The Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly take note of the seventh progress report of the Secretary-General.", "Proposed projects for the eighth tranche for the biennium 2012-2013", "XIII.7 The Secretary-General indicates that the overall theme of the eighth tranche of the Development Account project is “Supporting Member States in meeting their interconnected and multiple development challenges and accelerating progress towards the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals” (A/66/6 (Sect. 36), para. 36.6). The project proposals include information on the executing agency, background, objectives, budget outline and main activities, which are contained in the annex to the proposed budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the Development Account Steering Committee, at its meeting in March 2011, endorsed 40 projects proposed for funding under the eighth tranche (ibid., para. 36.9). Within the purview of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs, these projects will be implemented by 10 Secretariat entities, namely the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNODC, UN-Habitat and the five regional commissions (ibid., para. 36.7).", "XIII.8 The Secretary-General also indicates that, since its establishment, the Account has funded 204 projects, 150 of which are still in progress and/or require programme management support (ibid., para. 36.10). In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that, in order to provide programme support to the Development Account, the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/243, approved two additional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-4) for the Department of Economic and Social Affairs for the biennium 2010-2011 to assist the Development Account programme managers in upgrading programme management and expanding the scope of programme management mandates (ibid., para. 36.10).", "XIII.9 The Secretary-General also indicates that the management of the Development Account has become more complex and expanded in scope, as has the expectations of Member States for its programming, monitoring and evaluation (ibid.). The Advisory Committee recalls that the management and administration of the Development Account has been improved and strengthened over the years, including the establishment of a four-year project implementation cycle, the need to submit detailed project documents and final evaluation reports in accordance with the comprehensive logical framework, as well as the establishment of a steering committee and a capacity development office, the redesign of the website and improved Internet-based coordination to make project information and impact more accessible (A/64/7, paras. XIII.6-XIII.7). The Secretary-General indicates that over the next two years, the management of the Development Account will focus on strengthening monitoring and evaluation and better integrating lessons learned into the programming of new projects (A/66/84, para. 38). The Advisory Committee concurs with the Secretary-General ' s emphasis on the importance of project monitoring and evaluation and looks forward to continuing to give appropriate attention to such activities. The Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly approve the Secretary-General ' s proposals for the Development Account.", "Part XIV", "Staff assessment", "Section 37", "Staff assessment", "The Secretary-General ' s proposals amount to $537,622,800 (a) for the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 ($550,749,900) and (a) for the present report at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "XIV.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 37 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $537,622,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $13,127,100, or 2.4 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease of $13,127,100 in the proposed resources for staff assessment reflects a net decrease in staff assessment requirements related to the proposed posts and other staff costs for the biennium 2012-2013, offset in part by the delayed impact of the 248 new posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 37), para. 37.3 and A/66/6 (Introduction), table 10).", "XIV.2 The Secretary-General indicates that, in accordance with the budgetary procedures of the United Nations, the salaries and related emoluments of United Nations staff members are subject to the assessment rates set out in regulation 3.3 of the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. For purposes of comparison with the proposed budgets of other organizations of the United Nations system, staff costs are shown net of staff assessment under each expenditure section of the programme budget. Accordingly, the overall difference between gross and net emoluments is shown in the present section. In addition, amounts withheld in the form of staff assessment are considered income to the Organization. Accordingly, the amount requested under this section would also be included under income section 1, Income from staff assessment (A/66/6 (Sect. 37), paras.", "Estimated income", "Income section 1", "Staff assessment income", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $558,973,300", "IS1.1 The total estimated amount of $558,973,300 for 2012-2013 for staff assessment comprises (a) the total resources requested under section 37 for expenditure sections of the programme budget ($554,561,800 after recosting) and (b) staff assessment ($4,411,500) under income section 3, Services to the public.", "IS1.2 The Advisory Committee notes that income from staff assessment not otherwise disposed of by specific resolution of the General Assembly is credited to the Tax Equalization Fund established by the Assembly in its resolution 973 A (X) of 15 December 1955 and is credited to Member States in accordance with the scale of assessments for the regular budget applicable for the financial year concerned (A/66/6 (Income sect. I), para. IS1.2).", "Income section 2", "General income", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $52,495,800", "IS2.1 The total estimated income for the biennium 2012-2013 under this section amounts to $52,495,800, an increase of $12,008,000 over the estimates approved for 2010-2011. Estimates of income include income from rental of premises, reimbursement for services provided by specialized agencies and others, bank interest, sale of used equipment, refunds of prior years ' expenditures, contributions from non-member States, television and similar services and miscellaneous income. As shown in income section 2, table IS2.1, the increase in the estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 is attributable mainly to the projected increase in income from rental of premises ($12,417,900), offset in part by a projected decrease in bank interest ($387,300) and a projected decrease in miscellaneous income ($189,900).", "IS2.2 Income from rental of premises is derived from rental payments made by a number of specialized agencies and other entities associated with United Nations activities for the use of United Nations premises in New York, Geneva, Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi and Santiago. Table IS2.2 provides the approved 2010-2011 and projected 2012-2013 estimates for each of the above six locations. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated net increase of $12,417,900 is due mainly to increased rental income from Nairobi ($11,000,000), Headquarters ($562,300), Geneva ($793,900) and Bangkok ($61,700) (A/66/6 (Income sect.2), paras. IS2.1-IS2.2).", "Income section 3", "Services to the public", "IS3.1 Income section 3, Services to the public, comprises: (a) the programme of work, which covers the operations of the United Nations Postal Administration, the sale of United Nations publications, visitor services, revenue services of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, gift sales, news-stand operations, garage operations, catering operations and other commercial operations-related activities; and (b) programme support, which is provided to the Revenue Accounts Unit of the Accounts Division of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts.", "Net income (after recosting)", "Revised estimates for 2010-2011 ($2,557,000)", "IS3.2 As shown in table IS3.1 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Income sect. 3)), the net income estimates for 2012-2013 amount to $62,200, which is the net result of projected total expenditure of $38,782,700 after recosting and projected gross income of $38,844,900. A net loss of $2,557,000 is estimated for the current biennium. Table IS3.4 of the budget document provides estimates of gross and net income by activity under this section, as explained in paragraph IS3.5. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed budget for 2012-2013 assumes that the implementation of the capital master plan will continue to have a negative impact on certain services at Headquarters. While the Advisory Committee notes that the capital master plan will affect the income generated by some public services at Headquarters, it is encouraged by the projected net income of $62,200 for the biennium 2012-2013 and trusts that efforts will be made by all concerned to bring the net income to that minimum.", "Sale of United Nations publications", "IS3.3 The Advisory Committee notes that, in the budget document, the programme of work for 2012-2013 emphasizes the continuation of the initial successful e-publishing programme launched during the current biennium, which includes smartphone applications; electronic books for readers such as Kindle, iPad and Nook; and the establishment of the United Nations e-book collection as a subscription-based platform, primarily for libraries (ibid., paras. IS3.30 and IS3.31). According to the Secretary-General, the evolution of the market for e-books and e-publishing technologies offers an infinite opportunity to promote and increase income.", "IS3.4 In this connection, the Advisory Committee enquired about the sale of printed books, electronic books and mobile applications for the general public and young audiences. The Advisory Committee was informed that an average of 12,500 copies of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were sold annually in print, 14,000 copies of the Charter of the United Nations and 3,000 copies of Basic Facts about the United Nations. With regard to the three publications, 1,600 mobile application versions for apple equipment were sold from June 2010 to May 2011, and 700 electronic versions were sold from August 2010 to May 2011, not including the sale of Nook and Sony e-books because relevant data were not available. In addition, three free applications, such as AIDSInfo, were recently launched to publicize the activities of the Organization. In addition, a printed and electronic school toolkit is planned for 2012 to educate young audiences. The Advisory Committee welcomes these initiatives to use new technologies and platforms to promote United Nations activities and to educate a wider audience and young people.", "Visitors ' services", "IS3.5 With regard to guided tours at Headquarters, paragraphs IS3.47 and IS3.48 indicate that the following external factors will continue to affect the ability of the guided tours operation to generate income in the next biennium: (a) Under the capital master plan, the Conference and General Assembly Buildings will be closed and renovated; (b) security and safety constraints; and (c) the current global economic downturn and fluctuations in tourism trends in the host city. In view of the trend towards higher fares for the tourism industry in the host city, it is normally planned to increase the cost of guided tours for all categories of visitors annually. However, as the capital master plan will result in the closure of a number of sites to visitors, fees will remain at the 2010-2011 level for 2012-2013. As a result, the price of guided tours will continue to be lower than most sites in the host city. The Advisory Committee is of the view that, once the capital master plan project is completed, consideration should be given to increasing the cost of guided tours at Headquarters and improving the services provided to visitors. In this regard, a comparative analysis of the host city tourist destination charges could be made with a view to recommending an increase in the cost of guided tours at Headquarters in the context of the programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "IS3.6 Table IS3.17 of the budget document provides information on the actual and estimated number of visitors at Headquarters, Geneva and Vienna from 1993 to 2013. In 2012, the estimated number of visitors was 300,000 at Headquarters, 95,000 at Geneva and 52,500 at Vienna. The Advisory Committee notes that, as a result of the construction of the Nairobi complex, the United Nations Office at Nairobi has not yet formally launched a guided tour operation. It is expected that, with the formal establishment of the Visitors Service, the number of visitors may reach approximately 7,000 per year in 2012-2013. In view of the new operations to be launched and the location of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the Office could explore opportunities for cooperation with local tour operators to increase the number of visitors to the Office.", "Sale of gifts", "IS3.7 The budget document indicates that under the current arrangements for the capital master plan, the gift shop at Headquarters, which is currently operated by the contractor, will be closed for renovation effective 1 April 2012 (A/66/6 (Income sect. 3), para. IS3.70-IS3.72). The budget document further indicates that in preparation for the reopening of the General Assembly Building in 2014, efforts will be made to enter into a new gift centre contract and to establish an online sales platform. The Advisory Committee was informed of the Secretary-General ' s intention to include in the new gift centre contract a section on the online sale of United Nations gifts and welcomes this initiative.", "Estimated expenditure", "A summary of the Secretary-General ' s regular budget posts by budget section, by budget section, is provided in table 5 of the Introduction to the budget. A summary of posts by source of funds and grade level is contained in annex I to the present report. ^ (a) Figures in the present report are based on 2010-2011 revised rates (i.e., before recosting), unless otherwise indicated.", "IS3.8 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for income section 3 amount to $37,604,000 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $2,109,300, or 5.3 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The proposed decrease is due mainly to reduced requirements for posts ($924,700) and other staff costs ($1,180,200). Table IS3.6 of the budget document summarizes the requirements by object of expenditure.", "IS3.9 The table below summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General ' s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Staffing", "Proposed for the biennium 2012-2013", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Temporary freeze on posts and transfers", "IS3.10 As a result of the reduction in activities resulting from the renovation projects under way in Vienna and at Headquarters, the Secretary-General proposes to freeze for the biennium 2012-2013 the following seven posts:", "(a) One P-4 and two General Service (Other level) posts for the United Nations Postal Administration at Vienna (ibid., para. IS3.20);", "(b) One P-3 and three General Service (Other level) in the Visitors Service, New York (ibid., para. IS3.55). The budget document indicates that the four posts have been temporarily frozen during the current biennium.", "IS3.11 The Advisory Committee enquired about the practice of freezing posts and was informed that it would normally be applied to posts in various services under income sections if it was anticipated that the level of activity would decrease within a certain period of time, but would be resumed later. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed temporary freeze of these posts.", "IS3.12 It is proposed to redeploy one General Service (Other level) post from the United Nations Publications Sales Service in Geneva to New York, where the operation has recently been consolidated (ibid., paras. IS3.6 and IS3.35). The Secretary-General indicates that the closure of the Sales and Marketing Section in Geneva in 2010 led to the reorganization of the Sales and Marketing Section at Headquarters, the establishment of an electronic publishing unit and the realignment of the functions of some staff positions to meet new requirements. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as a result of the restructuring of the Sales and Marketing Section at Headquarters, new activities and operational requirements had increased, the last remaining vacant post in Geneva was proposed for redeployment. The Advisory Committee therefore has no objection to the proposed redeployment of the post.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IS3.13 Table IS3.6 of the budget document summarizes the requirements by object of expenditure. The non-post resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $18,725,500. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General ' s proposal for non-post resources.", "Annex I", "Number of posts by source of funds and grade level", "Posts other than peacekeeping operations", "2010-2011 (approved) Number 2012-2013 (proposed) Percentage", "Regular budget, expenditure sections", "USG 34 0.3 34 0.3", "ASG 28 0.3 29 0.3", "D-2 101 1.0 105 1.0", "D-1 277 2.7 287 2.8", "Professional level 4 121 39.6 4 129 39.9", "General Service and other levels 5 746 55.3 5 679 54.9", "Subtotal 10 307 99.1 10 263 99.1", "Regular budget, income sections", "Professional level 15 0.1 15 0.1", "General Service and other level", "Subtotal 89 0.9 89 0.9", "Total", "Other, assessed (a)", "D-2 8 0.6 8 0.6", "D-1 23 1.7 23 1.8", "Professional level 852 64.6 843 64.8", "General Service and other level", "Total 1 318 100.0 1 301 100.0", "Extrabudgetary", "ASG 6 0.0 6 0.0", "D-2 44 0.3 48 0.4", "D-1 186 1.4 197 1.5", "Professional level 3 597 27.5 3 577 27.4", "General Service and other levels 9 254 70.7 9 214 70.6", "Total 13 087 100.0 13 042 100.0", "(b) International tribunals", "USG 2 0.2", "2010-2011 (approved) Number 2012-2013 (proposed) Percentage", "ASG 2 0.2", "D-2 2 0.2 Not available", "D-1 7 0.6", "Professional level 501 42.9", "General Service and other level", "Total 1 169 100.0", "(a) The estimates for posts for the biennium 2012-2013 have been approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "(b) In accordance with the presentation of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the approved posts for oversight services of the Office of Internal Oversight Services relating to the Tribunals for the biennium 2010-2011 are shown under “Other, assessed”.", "Approved civilian posts for all peacekeeping operations ^ (a)", "Financial period ended 30 June", "2011", "International staff (b)", "Professional category and above", "USG 8", "ASG 21 20", "D-2 38", "D-1 110 110", "P-5 313 311", "P-4 781 748", "P-3 1 259 1 145", "P-2/P-1 363", "Subtotal 2 893 2 668", "Field Service level", "Security Service level 0 0", "Total, international staff", "National staff (c) 14 870 15 089", "Total 21 551 21 151", "(a) Approved for the period, excluding posts funded under the support account and UNLB.", "(b) Excludes temporary positions under general temporary assistance.", "(c) Where applicable, including National Officers.", "C. Jointly financed posts", "2010-2011 (approved)", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "USG - 0.0 - 0.0", "ASG - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-2 - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-1 1 0.6 1 0.6", "Professional level 87 50.0 87 50.0", "General Service and other levels", "Subtotal 174 100.0 174(a) 100.0", "13. International Trade Centre", "USG - 0.0 - 0.0", "ASG 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-2 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-1 5 3.1 5 3.0", "Professional level", "General Service (Other level)", "Subtotal", "32. Jointly financed administrative activities", "USG - 0.0 - 0.0", "ASG - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-2 3 3.7 3 3.7", "D-1 5 6.2 5 6.2", "Professional level 36 44.4 36 44.4", "General Service and other level 37 45.7 37 45.7", "Subtotal 81 100.0 81 100.0", "35. Safety and security", "USG - 0.0 - 0.0", "ASG - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-2 1 0.1 1 0.1", "D-1 2 0.2 11 1.1", "Professional level 362 38.0 353 36.8", "General Service and other level", "Subtotal 953 100.0 960 100.0", "Total 1,370^ (c) 1,379^ (d)", "^ (a) Two posts (1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) approved for the Library Unit for the biennium 2010-2011 are not included to form a basis for comparison with the staffing situation for the biennium 2012-2013.", "(b) Under the current arrangements, a detailed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted to the General Assembly in the fourth quarter of 2011.", "(c) Excludes 90 temporary posts (1 D-2, 8 D-1, 21 P-5, 37 P-4, 9 P-3, 1 P-2, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 12 General Service (Other level)) for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project funded from the regular budget, the support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/260.", "(d) Excludes 90 temporary posts (1 D-2, 8 D-1, 21 P-5, 37 P-4, 9 P-3, 1 P-2, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 12 General Service (Other level)) for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project funded from the regular budget, the support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, approved by the General Assembly in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/260, and 14 posts proposed under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, related to information and technology initiatives (2 D-2, 2 P-5, 10 P-4) funded from the regular budget, the support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources.", "Annex II", "Summary of proposed changes in established and temporary posts", "A. Proposed abolishment of posts (total: 147)", "Section 1 Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "2 GS (OL) Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "Section 2 General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "Meetings and publishing services, New York 37 Trades and Crafts, 4 General Service (Other level)", "Documentation services, Geneva 2 P-5, 2 P-4", "Section 3 Political affairs", "Security Council Affairs 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)", "1 P-4, 1 GS (OL)", "Section 5 Peacekeeping operations", "United Nations Truce Supervision Organization", "Section 9. Economic and social affairs", "Statistics 1 P-3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS (OL)", "Coordination of Economic and Social Council Support", "2 GS (OL)", "Sustainable development 1 P-5", "2 General Service (Other level)", "2 General Service (Other level)", "1 GS (OL)", "Section 12 Trade and development", "Programme support 1 GS (OL)", "International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "Programme support 1 GS (OL)", "Section 19 Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific", "5 P-3, 2 P-2, 1 National Officer", "Section 20. Economic development in Europe", "Executive direction and management 1 P-4", "1 P-3, 1 GS (OL)", "1 GS (OL)", "Statistics 2 P-2", "1 P-2", "Section 21. Economic and social development in Latin America", "Executive direction and management", "Linkages with the global economy, regional integration and cooperation", "1 P-2", "1 P-2", "1 P-2", "Subregional activities in Mexico and Central America", "Subregional activities in the Caribbean", "1 P-4, 1 P-2, 3 Local level", "Section 22 Economic and social development in Western Asia", "Economic Development and Integration", "Information and Communications Technology for Regional Integration", "Programme support 1 Local level", "Section 24 Human rights", "1 P-3, 1 GS (OL) in support of human rights treaty bodies", "Section 28 Public information", "Strategic communications services 5 Local level", "Information Services 4 GS (OL)", "Outreach and knowledge-sharing services 1 P-5, 1 P-2/1, 9 GS (OL)", "Section 29B Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts", "1 GS (OL)", "Section 29E Administration, Geneva", "1 GS (OL)", "Library services 2 GS (OL)", "Section 35 Safety and security", "Security and Safety Organization 10 GS (OL), 11 LL", "B. Proposed new posts (total: 63)", "1 P-4 for the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Annex III", "New posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, contractual services and extrabudgetary funding", "A. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance", "A total of 14 positions previously funded under general temporary assistance are proposed for conversion to established or temporary posts, resulting in an increase in the staffing establishment of the following sections and programmes: ^ (a)", "Section 24 Human rights", "Support to the Human Rights Council, its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms", "Section 28 Public information", "Information Services 4 GS (OL)", "Section 31 Internal oversight", "Inspection and evaluation 3 P-3, 3 P-2", "^ (a) In addition, 10 Professional level posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)) are proposed for conversion from temporary to established posts under section 7, International Court of Justice. The status of the proposed conversion from temporary to established status has no net resource impact.", "B. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from contractual services", "A total of 24 posts are proposed for conversion from contractual services to established posts, resulting in an increase in the staffing establishment of the following sections and programmes:", "Section 29D Office of Central Support Services", "Broadcast and Conference Support Section 4 P-3, 5 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL)", "7 Trades and Crafts Section", "C. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from extrabudgetary funding", "A total of two positions previously funded under extrabudgetary resources are proposed for conversion to established or temporary posts, resulting in an increase in the staffing establishment of the following sections and programmes:", "Section 3 Political affairs", "Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process", "Section 27 Humanitarian assistance", "Coordination of humanitarian action and emergency response", "Annex IV", "Proposed reclassification of posts (total: 55)", "Section 1 Overall policymaking, direction and coordination 1 P-5 to D-1", "Section 2 11 P-4 to P-5", "Section 3 Political affairs 1 Field Service to Local level", "Section 5 Peacekeeping operations 13 Field Service to Local level", "1 Field Service to National Officer", "Section 18 Economic and social development in Africa", "1 Local level to National Officer", "Section 22 Economic and social development in Western Asia", "Section 26 Palestine refugees 4 D-1 to D-2", "1 P-4 to P-5", "Section 28 Public information 6 Local level to National Officer", "Section 29G Administration, Nairobi 2 P-5 to D-1 and 2 P-4 to P-5", "Section 35. Security 4 P-5 to D-1, 6 P-3 to P-4", "Annex V", "Positions expected to continue to be funded under general temporary assistance as at 31 March 2011 and for the biennium 2012-2013", "1 Administrative Assistant, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer, 1 Administrative Officer,", "Annex VI", "Status of posts approved in General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities", "Resolution 63/260 Status of approved posts budget sections and subprogramme Level as at July 2011", "9. Economic and social affairs", "1 P-5 filled effective 1 July 2009", "1. Coordination of Economic and Social Council support", "2. 1 P-5 to UN-Women pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 64/289 and 65/259", "2 P-4", "2 P-3", "3. Social policy and development 1 P-4 filled in November 2010", "4. Sustainable development 1 P-4 filled in December 2009", "1 P-3 is proposed for abolition during the biennium 2012-2013", "6. Population 1 P-4 filled in November 2010", "9. Sustainable forest management 1 P-5 was filled in July 2010", "10. Financing for development 1 P-4 was filled in January 2011", "Subtotal 8 (2 P-5, 3 P-4, 1 P-3)", "Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "1. Least developed countries: 1 P-4 filled in December 2010", "2. Landlocked developing countries: 1 P-4 filled in May 2010", "3. Small island developing States 1 P-4 was filled in April 2010", "Subtotal (a) 3 P-4", "11. United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development", "1. Coordination of global advocacy and support for the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development", "2 P-3 filled in February 2010 and August 2010, respectively", "Subtotal 3 (1 P-4, 2 P-3)", "(a) Does not include posts transferred to UN-Women.", "12. Trade and development The vacancy announcement for a P-4 post was again posted, as none of the candidates interviewed met the requirements of the post. Before being filled, the post was used to hire temporary experts to service a project on regional and monetary cooperation experiences in more developing regions. 5. One D-1 post for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes 18. Executive direction and management for economic and social development in Africa The final review was sent to the central review bodies, one P-5 was filled on 29 April 2011 and one P-4 was filled on 9 May 2010 and the post was filled between 22 December 2009 and 11 March 2011. A shortlist of candidates to replace the former incumbent is currently being developed, with one P-3 not yet evaluated, and a shortlist of candidates is being developed at the Local level pending completion of the review of the joint administrative support arrangements with the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology. 20. The current incumbent of the post (Economic Affairs Officer) was appointed effective 1 May 2010. The incumbent will retire in August 2012. It is proposed that the post be abolished effective 1 January 2013. 3. The incumbent of the post (Statistician) was appointed on 1 August 2010. 5. One P-4 post, Economic Affairs Officer, was appointed on 8 August 2010. One P-3 programme support post (Economic Affairs Officer) in Almaty is currently vacant owing to the delayed establishment of the Almaty office. The Economic Commission for Europe initiated the posting of the post on 15 September 2010. However, it is now proposed that the post be abolished effective 1 January 2012. 2. Natural resources and infrastructure In April 2010, the post was again vacant as the incumbent was upgraded to P-5. The post has been filled on a temporary basis until 31 December 2011. 3. One P-4 for economic development and integration was filled on 12 January 2010. Post vacancy announcements were reissued and closed on 11 July 2011. 5. Statistics for evidence-based policymaking: 1 P-3", "{\\cHFFFFFF}{\\cH00FFFF}", "11-45064 (C) 280911 290911", "♪ 1145064 ♪", "[Chuckles]", "Note: The following abbreviations relating to posts are used in the present report: DSG, Deputy Secretary-General; USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; PL, Principal level; OL, Other level; LL, Local level; NO, National Officer; FS, Field Service; SS, Security Service; TC, Trades and Crafts.", "The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is contained in documents A/66/6 (Introduction), (Sects. 1-7), (Sect. 8 and Corr.1), (Sects. 9-15), (Sect. 16 and Corr.1), (Sects. 17-25), (Sect. 26 and Corr.1), (Sect. 27), (Sect. 28 and Corr.1), (Sects. 29A-E), (Sect. 29F and Corr.1), (Sect. 29G), (Sects. 30-35), (Sect. 36 and Corr.1) and (Sect. 37) and (Income Sects.1-3).", "[2] It should be noted that, unless specifically indicated for 2012-2013 rates, the revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e., before recosting) are used for all budget resources referred to in the present report.", "In addition, the detailed proposed programme budget for the International Trade Centre (A/66/6 (Sect. 13)/Add.1) will be submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of the World Trade Organization in the fourth quarter of 2011, in accordance with established procedures.", "[4] That is, 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 23 per cent from the special account for programme support costs.", "[5] Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the figures provided for each budget section reflected provisions for specific categories of expenditure primarily for ICT, as follows: under data-processing equipment, estimates for the acquisition and replacement of hardware and software, as well as licences and online service orders; under supplies and materials, items such as printer cartridges, carbon powder, colour ink, server components, computer spare parts and CD-ROMs; under contractual services, experts and consultants specifically engaged for the development or implementation of information technology projects; under rental and maintenance; and under human resources, posts and training resources that could be identified directly for information technology. In this regard, the Secretary-General clarified that, as many staff members spend some time dealing with ICT-related issues, the real human resources component could exceed the figures presented.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2010/13-E/CN.15/2010/13; E/2010/28, chap. I.A; E/2010/30-E/CN.15/2010/20, chap. I.A, resolution III.", "[7] Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that “important” United Nations documents included the official records of the principal organs of the United Nations, including resolutions, minutes of meetings, reports of committees and other principal organs, budgetary and financial reports and reports of preparatory meetings for major United Nations conferences.", "[8] The Secretary-General is proposing the establishment of these posts in the form of a proposal to convert contractual services to posts. In paragraph 84 of chapter I above, the Advisory Committee has commented further on this issue and has indicated that, in future budget proposals, similar proposals should be made as requests for new posts.", "[9] A/63/582; see also the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/63/736) and General Assembly resolution 63/270.", "[10] See A/65/511/Add.1, A/65/725 and General Assembly resolution 65/259.", "[11] That is, 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 23 per cent from the special account for programme support costs." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是按照大会第65/216号决议提交的，其中大会请秘书长进一步征求会员国和联合国系统相关机构关于如何应对全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的意见，并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出一份实质性报告。本报告摘要提出收自阿塞拜疆、保加利亚、古巴、科威特、巴拿马、秘鲁、塞内加尔和塞尔维亚等国政府的意见，以及来自世界贸易组织的意见，并提出如何应对全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的建议。", "* A/66/150。", "一、 导言", "1. 在第65/216号决议，大会注意到秘书长关于全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的报告(A/65/171)，并请秘书长进一步征求会员国和联合国系统相关机构的意见，并根据这些意见，向大会第六十六届会议提出一份实质性报告，包括提出如何应对全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的建议。", "2. 根据这一要求，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处于2011年4月28日发信请各方就这个问题发表意见。截至2011年7月15日，人权高专办收到了阿塞拜疆、保加利亚、古巴、科威特和塞尔维亚各国政府以及世界贸易组织的答复。这份报告还载有从巴拿马、秘鲁和塞内加尔政府收到的答复摘要，这些国家在2010年回复时已过了截止日期，无法将它们的意见载入上一份报告。", "二. 从各国政府收到的答复", "阿塞拜疆", "3. 阿塞拜疆政府列出了处理各种问题的国家方案，如区域发展；能源，包括替代和可再生能源；就业，包括移徙、人口组成和人口发展；社会保护和老人保障；卫生；教育；环境；难民和国内流离失所者，包括提高他们的生活水平，增加其就业机会；贩运人口和暴力；青年政策与良政善治，提高透明度和打击腐败。", "保加利亚", "4. 保加利亚政府认为，有了稳定的经济和金融框架，才可以推动社会的民主发展，促进对所有人权的充分尊重。有一个开放的、可预计的、有章可循的、公平和不歧视的多边贸易和金融体制，将可促进发展中国家的民主和透明的参与。保加利亚表示将致力实现公平和民主运作的透明的国际经济体系，促进民主和自由的思想。保加利亚指出它赞同欧洲的基本原则和价值观，如自由、平等、法治和尊重人权等等，并积极努力实现这些目标。保加利亚参与世界贸易组织和联合国系统的工作。两个组织的目标都是要建立一个公平、开放和民主再分配的制度，这将有助于在全世界推动民主治理，保证落实人权和各项公民权利。", "古巴", "5. 古巴政府指出，联合国系统是一个普遍参与和比较有代表性的论坛，由联合国发挥核心作用，重新界定当前全球化进程的各种论据，使它的潜在好处惠及世上所有人民，非常重要。它提到相互依存的联系日益增加，在世界某地正在发生的事情可对其他地区数以百万计人民的生活产生影响。在这方面，古巴指出，根据共同责任原则，在多边框架内，对于具有全球影响的这些进程，所有人民均应享有参与管治的固有权利。", "6. 古巴提到，在新自由主义全球化过程中，国家在落实发展权，在维护、提供或保证获得教育、保健和社会保障等基本公共服务方面的作用及经济和金融能力，都在消减。这加深了不平等情况，而且在大多数情况下，剥夺了无数人的经济、社会和文化权利，在某些情况下，还剥夺了大多数人的经济、社会和文化权利。新自由主义全球化助长了各种邪恶和罪行，如贩毒、卖淫和色情活动，包括人口贩运、恋童癖、种族主义和种族歧视，仇外心理和不容忍。《世界人权宣言》宣布，《发展权利宣言》重申，1993年世界人权会议的协商一致意见再次申明，人人有权享有能充分实现其权利和自由的社会和国际秩序，可是这种权利仍然远未实现。", "7. 古巴指出，新自由主义全球化通过区域自由贸易协定或世界贸易组织框架内的贸易“自由化”鼓吹的自由市场经济机制和不平等者之间的“平等”往往有利于发达国家，还会长期固定和加深发达国家与南方国家之间的不平等。关于补贴，古巴指出，尽管事实上发达国家和他们控制的贸易和金融机构主张在发展中国家放松市场管制和取消补贴，可是发达国家仍继续补贴农业，并封闭其市场，使大多数发展中国家的主要出口无法入市。", "8. 关于全球化的政治方面，古巴提到各权力中心和它们倾向于将其代议制形式民主作为独一无二的体系予以全球化；并批评它们对公民权利和政治权利提出带偏见的解释，这些解释脱离经济、社会和文化权利的落实情况，优先考虑政治权利。古巴强调1993年《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的协商一致意见申明，必须考虑到国家和区域的特殊性，以及在历史、文化和宗教遗产方面的差异。古巴指出，南北人员流动远远没有自由化。相反，移民到工业化国家的限制增加，为了阻止日益壮大的移民浪潮，甚至威胁使用武力。此外，古巴强调，技术转让也没有自由化。知识产权制度的目的是保护发达国家及其企业的垄断和主导地位，使发展中国家永远依赖它们，这个制度反而得到加强。", "9. 古巴指出，如果继续适用新自由主义政策，人人享有人权就会成为不可实现的虚幻目的。它强调这些政策对下列各方面会产生严重后果：和平；国家、区域和国际稳定；保护和合理利用资源；最后影响到人类的存亡绝续。古巴强调必须在全球一级采取符合发展中国家需要的政策和措施，发展中国家应参与制定和实施这些政策。整个国际社会，特别是迄今从国际合作中受益最多的国家，必须紧急加强有利于落实所有人权的国际合作与秩序。在这方面，国际团结是必不可少的。", "10. 对于当前全球化思想所造成的问题，寻求解决办法的主要障碍是工业化国家缺乏真正的政治意愿，不愿履行先前作出的承诺，无意改变当前的游戏规则。当前新自由主义全球化加剧了各种挑战，如发达不足、贫困和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等等，迄今由发达国家和国际机构设计来解决这些挑战的办法，都只是治标不治本的有限措施，不足以解决当今世界严重的问题和巨大的不平等。", "11. 古巴指出，如果真有政治意愿，从每年花在武备、征服战争和商业宣传的数千亿美元中，拿出相对较少的资源，即可为千百万人实现生命权和落实发展做很多事情。", "12. 古巴强调将发展置于国际经济议程的中心地位的重要性，以期消除贫穷以及消除贫富之间的差距。必须建立一个公平、透明和民主的国际体系，在各个领域贯彻落实影响深远的、综合全面的和同时并举的创新措施，可以从取消外债开始。古巴指出，应增加官方发展援助，官发援应当是无条件的，不应受捐赠者的经济和政治利益所制约。古巴提议恢复优惠贸易协定，想方设法补偿日益深化和加剧的不平等，并建议国际金融机构汰旧换新，联合国进行改革，推行民主化，使其发挥真正效用。古巴提出征收促进发展税。", "13. 对于当前的新自由主义秩序，全球提出质疑和批评的社会各界人士不断增多，古巴表示同意它们的立场。人类只能生存于一个普遍实现社会正义，更为人道和更加公平的秩序。最后，古巴重申，不公平的、利己的和不平等的国际秩序既不能解决人类今天面临的严重问题，也不能应对未来的主要挑战。", "科威特", "14. 科威特介绍了它的国家发展计划，其目的是提高公民的生活标准，支持人权和社会发展。为了应对全球金融危机的影响，科威特通过增加公共开支，努力恢复经济，公共开支是经济活动的主要驱动力，其重点是推动公共投资，加快重大发展项目的实施。科威特还让私营部门在一些项目的融资、实施和管理中发挥主导作用，从而鼓励投资。", "15. 科威特指出，它已颁布或修订法律和法规，以加强稳定性，增加透明度，为国内投资和外国投资营造有利环境。关于这些事态发展，科威特的答复中有详细解释。此外，科威特准备按照人权理事会普遍定期审议框架，编制人权状况国家报告，已在这方面采取步骤。", "巴拿马", "16. 巴拿马政府指出，它已采取一系列行动，以履行就关于全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的大会第64/160号决议作出的承诺。为此，巴拿马政府在2006年创立了社会保护制度秘书处，凡是负责向通过绘制贫困图和社会脆弱性研究确定的极端贫困乡镇提供服务的政府机构，都参与其中，将极端贫困家庭纳入国家发展的大流。截至2010年1月，该方案已照顾了63 072户家庭。巴拿马的答复中详细解释了政府采取的各种政策和方案，向没有养老金的老人和性暴力的受害者提供支助；消除饥饿和营养不良；保护家庭生活权利；防止和取缔童工；以及收养儿童的权利。巴拿马介绍了婴儿咨询委员会在卫生、教育和普及哺乳室和幼儿中心的工作环境等领域提出的政策建议。", "17. 巴拿马指出，全球化进程缩短了国家、人民、文化和代与代之间的距离。在这种和睦关系中，每个人都可享受他/她的权利，各国应以文化合适方式确保发展权。为了应对全球化的影响，社会发展部重点关注各优先群体。在这方面，已实施一系列活动，确保加强老年人的参与、意识、保护和安全。同时，巴拿马已在国家一级促进土著人民的权利，以及实施《土著人民权利宣言》。此外，已发起一个过程，建立一个机构间和多部门的网络，以促进尊重年轻人的人权。巴拿马支持扩大青年参与的空间，以提高他们对公共政策的影响。", "秘鲁", "18. 秘鲁政府指出，全国人权理事会的意见说明了秘鲁所作的贡献。秘鲁希望全球化是在尊重人权和人的尊严大环境下的一个过程；有助于同与它保持关系的国家实现一体化；并向这些国家及其公民，不论性别、种族或社会阶层，提供谋求进步的机会。秘鲁承认人权的普遍性，批准了有关的国际文书，这些文书已纳入秘鲁内部立法，有助于实现人权的充分享受。", "19. 秘鲁指出，全球化是一个结构转变的过程，在每一个国家影响到其公民的公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利，而且还制造了必须面对的困难。全球化必须按照普遍公认的价值观，造福每个公民，提高国家的收入水平。在这方面，秘鲁在诸如农业、贸易、减贫和尊重文化多样性等领域实施多项政策，将经济增长与尊重人权挂钩。秘鲁详细介绍了这些方案。", "20. 至于良政善治与透明度，秘鲁确认经济领域不能与社会和政治领域分开。在这方面，为了确保增长与繁荣，市场力量所基于的价值观应当有助于提高资源较少人群的生活水平。", "21. 关于全球化带来的社会、环境和文化后果，秘鲁强调必须建立机制，促进生态可持续发展。在这方面，秘鲁制订了环境法，创建了全国环境影响评价制度，其中对可能有重大环境后果的所有建筑、工程、服务和其他活动，以及公共政策、计划和方案，订立了某些规范。这个制度的有关规定之一是进行环境影响研究，这是一套管理工具，包括从技术上评估拟议活动及其可预见的直接和间接的环境影响，包括物质影响和社会影响，短期影响和长期影响。这些研究有助于查明必要的措施，防止破坏环境或将破坏程度降低到可接受的水平。", "塞内加尔", "22. 塞内加尔政府指出，在不断增长的市场力量的压力下，人权被减损为基本的公民和政治权利，正如经济、社会和文化权利不断被侵蚀一样。塞内加尔指出，公民权利和政治权利直接在国家主权之下，只要不超出法律规定的范围，在国内大多受到保护。对于经济、社会和文化权利，在当前全球化失控和非人化的情况下，市场力量正在营造的新经济秩序严重危害到人权的充分享受。", "23. 塞内加尔指出，新自由主义经济体制在全球扩张，是通过自由化、放松管制、私有化和削减公共开支实现的，是国际金融和贸易机构对各国施加压力的结果。这些政策对世界上大部分人口产生了可怕的后果，如贫困和营养不良。疾病扩散传播、教育系统恶化、大规模失业、就业不稳定、腐败和洗钱惊人增加、环境退化、社会结构破坏、普遍贫困、不安全、武装暴力和恐怖主义威胁都是全球化带来的影响，有可能严重影响到人权的享受。", "24. 塞内加尔指出，在当前的经济体系下，跨国公司的势力日益显著，在“竞争”和“任由市场力量发挥作用”的名义下，国家被排除在经济决策之外。最大的跨国公司其营业额相当于甚或高于许多国家的国内生产总值(GDP)，有六七个跨国公司的交易额还超过了100个最贫穷国家加起来的国内生产总值。跨国公司的工作方法和活动的唯一目标是追求最大的利润，为了达到目的，他们会不择手段。塞内加尔着重指出，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第1条规定的人民自决和处置其自然资源的权利已日益成为问题。在世界上部分地区，包括在非洲，财富被有组织的掠夺，所有人都被剥夺了谋生手段。在尼日尔河三角洲地区，石油巨头们的活动迫使南尼日利亚人民反抗，他们要分享财富，要维护健康的环境。", "25. 在一些传统社会权利出了问题的部门放松管制，吸引投资，会为权力的滥用开辟道路，导致违反《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第7条和第11条。结果，人人有公平的工作条件，使自己和家人过上体面生活的权利，都不再得到保证。塞内加尔认为，水、能源、教育、卫生、住房等基本服务的私有化，加上削减公共开支，加剧了不发达国家人口的贫困化，其中绝大多数人仍生活在联合国开发计划署指标所定的贫困线以下。对穷人和贫困地区的居民来说，安全饮用水成为奢侈品。公共医疗服务下降，对穷人更为不利。尽管国家未能采取措施，确保人人可充分行使享有能达到的最高身心健康标准的权利，穷人和偏远地区居民仍然无法获得私人医疗服务。对于商业化现象，教育也不能幸免。国家很少会考虑到，划拨给教育的公共开支是用于人力资本形成的投资，应给予优先。根据塞内加尔的经验，经常会看到国家想办法脱身，教育质量因而恶化。由于成本很高，接受得高质量的教育日益成为一种特权。", "26. 塞内加尔建议了一些措施，以调和全球化和人权。它强调市民有权就有关公共政策问题的解决方案质疑当局的重要性，特别是如果涉及经济和社会权利。通过公民的参与，治人者与治于人者都可以引导国际贸易和金融机构尊重《世界人权宣言》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，使全球化体现人道的面孔。全球化需要一个法律框架，其中人权是不可或缺的元素。由于市场规则不能再置诸国际法律文书的管辖范围以外，人应该是推行全球化的目的，而不仅仅是全球化的手段。", "27. 塞内加尔认为，公民的参与也将导致跨国公司尊重有关的国际人权文书，如侵犯到其中所载权利，要承担责任。这些企业不享有任何主权，因而没有管辖豁免，对于它们在世界各地严重侵犯人权的行为，它们应负责纠正。", "28. 人民的参与预期也可以促使各国在与国际金融机构谈判时履行自己的承诺。塞内加尔认为，凡是关于市场自由化的决定，不应再通过国家干预措施强加给人民。这样的决定，包括法律或国际条约，在签署和批准之前，都必须受民主选举产生的或依法有管辖权的机构控制，必要时要通过全民投票予以批准或否决。对于私有化、放松管制和削减公共开支，也需要这样做。", "29. 塞内加尔指出，公众参与将有助于保护个人和人民的权利和自由，不用屈从或依赖市场规律。由于市场并不是一个民主和透明的当局，其真正的决策者并不享有代表全世界各国作出决策的合法权力，应当扩大经济及社会理事会的任务和权能，使它成为全球市场的全球观测站以及动力和调控中心。", "塞尔维亚", "30. 塞尔维亚指出，它通过了2009-2017年国家可持续发展战略以及实施这一战略的行动计划。然而，由于全球经济危机，该战略和行动计划所设想的很多措施都无法在2010年期间实施。结果，经过一段绝对贫困人口大幅下降的时期后，生活在绝对贫困线下的人数又再增加，所有其他贫穷指标也跟着恶化。经济活动的下降和随之而来的失业率上升，导致这种恶化。就业率从2009年的50%下降到2010年的37.9%，这是连续第二年就业人数减少。塞尔维亚还强调，该国各地在创造和分配收入方面，差异很大。", "31. 塞尔维亚指出，2009-2010期间的特点是从减贫概念逐渐转为提倡社会普惠包容，旨在消除贫困的根源，向人民提供适当的生活水平，为人民在经济、社会和文化领域的积极参与创造条件。塞尔维亚注意到，在保障人权方面，优先事项包括推行改革，消除结构性赤字，如果有关任务属于几个国家机关的职权范围，尤其需要协调。对职权需要有明确的定义，以履行国际人权文书和实施相关规范所产生的义务。塞尔维亚强调有必要制定一个行之有效的关于实施人权，包括落实少数人权利的措施的报告和监督制度。保障落实少数人权利的优先重点主要在于进一步加强某些少数民族的社会经济状况，拉近塞尔维亚少数民族成员同大多数人之间的民族距离。", "三. 从联合国组织收到的答复", "世界贸易组织", "32. 世界贸易组织强调，如同人权机制那样，透明度、一致性和公平是多边贸易体制背后的驱动力。开放国际贸易可导致经济增长和发展，有助于提高生活水平，从而可实际行使促进就业、获得教育机会和保健等已公布的权利。这样做的前提是，现有规则是全球性的、公正的，反映了所有依循这些规则的人的期望。目前共同构成多边贸易体制的一套规则和协议并不完全符合上述条件，也不能完全反映世贸组织在当今全球化世界中面临的构成和需求方面的变化。需要更新变革是世界贸易组织在2001年推出多哈回合谈判的最重要原因。驱使人们有这样的信念的最强大的力量，是不断变化的经济、社会和环境局势，以及共同需要设法解决在国际议程中占主要地位的发展挑战和扶贫挑战。", "33. 这种方向的改变反映在世贸组织的日常运作中，也反映在其成员的谈判立场。各成员国都在努力将发展中国家和最不发达国家的利益置于世贸组织的核心，都在努力改革多边贸易体制和职能，使大多数成员获得更大份额的世界贸易增长，以满足它们的经济和发展需要。保证市场准入，修订各项规则，使其向发展中国家倾斜，制订需求驱动的可持续技术援助和能力建设方案，都是在世贸组织运作中让发展起核心作用的例子。各成员集中注意推动实施多哈发展议程，并使多边贸易体制长期继续运作并进一步改善，是非常重要的。", "34. 世贸组织强调多边贸易体制对经济增长、发展和就业所作的贡献。贸易是公认能推动全球化的一种力量，贸易已清楚确立了其在促进经济发展中的作用。它为许多发展中国家产生了收益，在2008年的经济和金融危机中，人们看到了贸易量锐减对增长、就业和稳定的反向影响。尽管金融市场有趋于稳定的迹象，但危机的后果依然存在，特别影响到许多发展中国家。然而，最近的统计数据显示贸易如何帮助世界逃避衰退。2010年出口量破记录激增14.5%后(发达国家12.9%，发展中国家16.7%)，世界贸易增长速度有望恢复正常，即2011年增长6.5%(发达国家4.5%，发展中国家9.5%)。世贸组织预测2011年世界国内生产总值增长3.1%，2010年是3.6%。虽然由于日本和中东局势恶化，不能排除恶化的危险，但这些数字仍然非常令人鼓舞，显示出全球经济已恢复到危机前的水平。", "35. 在危机期间，人们担心保护主义措施的增加会创造螺旋下降的风险。这种趋势在发达国家和发展中国家都可以看到。对于任何保护主义的抬头，预料发展中国家都会受害较多，因为他们的出口往往对各种保护主义行动特别敏感，也因为它们普遍缺乏必要的安全网，以帮助那些受影响的人。世贸组织经常贸易政策审议机制报告了其成员所采取的措施，显示它们进一步陷入了采取更多贸易限制措施的境地，但采取高强度保护主义的做法已受到控制。但是，由于发达国家失业率高，欧洲大大紧缩开支，显然会维持保护主义的压力，世贸组织成员应保持警觉，应继续努力开放市场，而不是关闭市场。因此，大力敦促世贸组织成员推动完成多哈发展议程。有了宏大的、平衡的和面向发展的成果，就可以确保全球贸易体系保持开放，支持所有国家的发展努力。完成多哈发展议程是维护个别经济体的贸易利益，支持多边贸易体制，抵御保护主义爆发的最可靠的方法。", "36. 世贸组织指出，在努力履行关于全球发展伙伴关系的千年发展目标8并积极推动实现关于向发展中国家提供负担得起的药物的千年发展目标8具体目标E中，它占据最重要的位置。在获取负担得起的药物方面，关于与贸易有关的知识产权协定和公共卫生问题的《多哈宣言》给予贫穷国家更大的灵活性。现在的强制性许可证制度更为有效，它允许根据强制性许可证生产专利药的非专利版，出口到无法自己生产药物的国家。", "37. 贸易援助是一种刺激，许多发展中国家和最不发达国家都需要这种援助，以保持竞争力，并利用贸易作为减贫的工具。危机对流动资金供应及其后的贸易信贷供应的影响是众所周知的。世贸组织强调以负担得起的利率提供贸易融资的重要性，并指出日益需要在发展中国家建设稳定和长期的生产能力和基础设施网络。自2005年以来，贸易援助每年增长10%，使2009年新的承诺总额超过410亿美元。贸易援助和多哈回合谈判的圆满结束是国际社会的两个全球工具，应该用来对付危机的负面影响。两者都源自共同利益，出自相互合作，为重振多边合作提供了又一个机会。加强多边贸易规则，长期保持各国贸易政策的雄心与期待，是改进全球治理，使其更为有效的重要倍增效应因素。", "四. 结论和建议", "38. 2011年是《发展权利宣言》二十五周年。《宣言》定义发展权为一项不可剥夺的人权，据此人人有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治的发展(第1.1条)。《宣言》列明了发展权的特殊要求，包括把人置于发展的中心；确保积极、自由和有意义的参与；确保不歧视；公平分配的发展带来的好处；尊重自决和对自然资源的主权；并将推动其他公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利的所有过程通报周知。", "39. 要分享全球化的好处，分担全球化的重负，国际合作与国与国之间的团结是必不可少的。这涉及所有领域的合作，包括援助、贸易、投资、减免债务、转让技术、获取药物、发展筹资和气候变化。在这方面，全球经济治理改革至关重要，以确保所有国家和人民都可以平等得到全球化的好处。这种改革必须考虑到让发展中国家、最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家、内陆发展中国家和民间社会加强和有效参与全球决策，以创造更有利的国际条件，推动尊重所有人权的公平、普惠包容和可持续的发展。在天灾人祸日益频繁的这个世界上，各民族和各国之间团结合作，对人类的存亡绝续至关重要。", "40. 尊重所有公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利、法治、打击腐败，并承诺实行良政善治，包括打造透明、负责、问责、包容和参与性的政府，顺应人民的需要和愿望，是谋求和平与安全、经济和政治的稳定与发展所必不可少的。各国以及在国家和国际两级的非国家行为者都应尊重这些原则。当前世界各地都在反对独裁政权，证明侵犯人权、国家的财富和资源分配不公、腐败、排斥和歧视，不可能长期被容忍。", "41. 民众对发达国家不满，因为它们的经济政策没有以人为本，未能公平地提高人民的经济和社会福利，导致人口的某些部分，包括穷人、青年、移民和妇女的经济和社会边缘化。鉴于这些事态发展，各国应想方设法促进人民和民间社会积极、自由和有意义地参与决策机制。", "42. 在2010年关于千年发展目标的大会第六十五届会议高级别全体会议上，会员国确认，在实现千年发展目标的努力中，人权至关重要。实现千年发展目标的努力应纳入问责、平等、不歧视、参与和透明等人权原则。", "43. 国际社会应加强努力，在筹备2012年联合国可持续发展(里约+20)会议时，实施包容、公平和权基办法，并把重点放在落实社会最弱势部分的权利。在谈判之中，应重点突出可持续发展的人权方面。", "44. 各国应努力谋求多哈回合谈判的圆满结束，建立一个保证尊重所有人权，包括尊重发展权的开放、有章可循、透明和公平的多边贸易体制。", "45. 各国在地方、国家、区域和国际各级制订和执行贸易和投资领域的政策或作出任何承诺之前，应考虑和评估贸易、投资和发展政策对人权的影响。", "46. 工商企业的活动可能影响人权。因此，必须采取协调一致的措施，防止工商企业侵犯人权。鼓励国家和工商企业遵守人权理事会于2011年6月16日赞同的《企业与人权指导原则》，用以执行秘书长特别代表就人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题制订的联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架。这些指导原则首次提供了一套全球性标准，以预防和应对企业活动对人权产生不利影响的风险。", "––––––––––––––" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 65/216, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek further the views of Member States and relevant agencies of the United Nations system on the issue of globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights and to submit a substantive report on the subject to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The report summarizes views expressed in replies received from the Governments of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Kuwait, Panama, Peru, Senegal and Serbia, as well as from the World Trade Organization, and provides recommendations on ways to address the impact of globalization on the full enjoyment of all human rights.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/216, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights (A/65/171), and requested the Secretary-General to seek further the views of Member States and relevant agencies of the United Nations system and to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a substantive report on this subject based on these views, including recommendations on ways to address the impact of globalization on the full enjoyment of all human rights.", "2. Pursuant to that request, on 28 April 2011, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a request for views on this issue. As at 15 July 2011, the Office had received responses from the Governments of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Kuwait and Serbia and from the World Trade Organization. The present report also contains summaries of responses that were received from the Governments of Panama, Peru and Senegal in 2010 after the submission deadline and therefore could not be included in the aforementioned report.", "II. Replies received from Governments", "Azerbaijan", "3. The Government of Azerbaijan provided a list of State programmes dealing with various issues, such as regional development; energy, including from alternative and renewable sources; employment, including migration, demography and population development; social protection and its extension to the elderly; health; education; the environment; refugees and internally displaced persons, including improving their living standards and increasing their employment opportunities; human trafficking and violence; youth policy; and good governance, increasing transparency and fighting corruption.", "Bulgaria", "4. The Government of Bulgaria stated that it was of the view that only a stable economic and financial framework could encourage the democratic development of societies and full respect for all human rights. The existence of an open, predictable, rule-based, equitable and non-discriminatory multilateral trade and financial system would foster the democratic and transparent participation of the developing countries. Bulgaria expressed its commitment to the achievement of an equitably and democratically functioning transparent international economic system, promoting the ideas of democracy and freedom. Bulgaria stated that it worked actively for the attainment of that goal by supporting basic European principles and values, such as liberty, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights. It participated in the work of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations system, both of which had the objective of establishing an equitable, open and democratic reallocation system, which, in turn, would lead to the achievement of democratic governance and ensure human and civil rights worldwide.", "Cuba", "5. The Government of Cuba stated that it attached great importance to the central role that the United Nations system should play as a universal and more representative forum in redefining the bases of the current process of globalization such that its potential benefits could reach all the peoples of the world. It referred to growing links of interdependence, explained by the fact that events taking place in one part of the world had consequences for the lives of millions of people in other parts. In this context, Cuba stated that under the principle of shared responsibility and within the multilateral framework, all peoples should enjoy the intrinsic right to participate in the governance and administration of those processes that had a global impact.", "6. Cuba referred to the diminishing role and economic and financial capacity of the State to realize the right to development and to maintain, provide or guarantee basic public services, such as education, health care and social security in the process of neo-liberal globalization. This had deepened inequality and, in most cases, deprived millions of people, in some cases the majority of the population, of their economic, social and cultural rights. Neo-liberal globalization had contributed to the expansion of vice and crime, such as drug-trafficking, prostitution and pornography, including human trafficking, paedophilia, racism and racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance. The right of every person to a social and international order in which rights and freedoms could be fully realized, as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, reiterated in the Declaration on the Right to Development and reaffirmed by consensus at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993, was far from being achieved.", "7. Cuba stated that the mechanisms of free market economy and the “equality” between unequals promoted by neo-liberal globalization through regional free trade agreements or trade liberalization within the framework of WTO tended to favour developed countries and perpetuate and deepen the inequalities between the latter and the countries of the South. With regard to subsidies, Cuba stated that, despite the fact that developed countries and the trade and financial institutions they controlled advocated market deregulation and the elimination of subsidies in developing countries, developed countries continued to provide agricultural subsidies and kept their markets closed to the main exports of the majority of developing countries.", "8. With respect to the political aspect of globalization, Cuba referred to the centres of power and their tendency to globalize their formal representative democracy as a unique system; and criticized the biased interpretation of civil and political rights according to which the latter was given priority and was divorced from the realization of economic, social and cultural rights. Cuba highlighted the consensus of the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action that affirmed the importance of taking into consideration national and regional particularities, as well as differences in historical, cultural and religious heritage. It stated that policies restricting the movement of persons between the South and the North were far from having been liberalized. Instead, restrictions on migration to the industrialized world were increasing, even threatening the use of military force to stop the growing wave of migration. Cuba stressed that, furthermore, the transfer of technology had not been liberalized. On the contrary, the intellectual property regimes, which were aimed at protecting the monopoly and dominance of developed countries and their enterprises and perpetuated the dependency of developing countries, were being strengthened.", "9. Cuba stated that the continued application of neo-liberal policies would render the realization of all human rights for all an unattainable and illusory objective. It highlighted the grave consequences of those policies for peace; national, regional and international stability; the preservation and rational use of resources; and, consequently, the survival of humanity. Cuba underlined the need to adopt policies and measures at the global level which corresponded to the needs of developing countries and were formulated and implemented with their participation. The international cooperation and order conducive to the realization of all human rights must be strengthened urgently by the entire international community, in particular by those who had benefited the most from such cooperation to date. In that respect, international solidarity was indispensable.", "10. The main obstacle to finding solutions to problems caused by the current philosophy of globalization was the absence of real political will on the part of industrialized countries to fulfil the commitments previously undertaken and to change the prevailing rules of the game. The approaches and initiatives designed to date by developed countries and international institutions to address the challenges exacerbated by the current neo-liberal globalization, such as underdevelopment, poverty and HIV/AIDS, were only limited palliative remedies and were insufficient to resolve the serious problems and enormous inequalities existing in the contemporary world.", "11. Cuba stated that if real political will existed, much could be done, with relatively few resources out of the hundreds of billions of dollars spent annually on armaments, wars of conquest and commercial publicity, to realize the right to life and to development of millions of people.", "12. Cuba emphasized the importance of placing development at the centre of the international economic agenda with a view to eradicating poverty and eliminating the disparities between the rich and the poor. It was necessary to establish an equitable, transparent and democratic international system in which far-reaching, comprehensive, innovative and simultaneous measures were implemented in various areas, starting with the cancellation of external debt. Cuba stated that official development assistance should increase, should be unconditional and should not be subject to the economic and political interests of donors. It suggested a return to preferential trade agreements and ways of compensating for the deep and growing inequalities, and recommended that the international financial institutions be replaced and that the United Nations be reformed and democratized in order to make it truly effective. It proposed the creation of a tax for development.", "13. Cuba expressed its agreement with the positions of growing social sectors worldwide that questioned and criticized the current neo-liberal order. Humanity would be able to survive only with a more humane and equitable order in which social justice prevailed. Lastly, Cuba reiterated that the unfair, egotistical and unequal international order could solve neither the severe problems that humanity confronted today nor the major challenges of the future.", "Kuwait", "14. Kuwait provided information on the national development plan, which was aimed at raising the standard of living of its citizens and supporting human and community development. In order to address the impact of the global financial crisis, Kuwait had engaged in efforts to revive its economy through the strengthening of public expenditure, which was the main driver of economic activity, with a focus on public investment to accelerate the implementation of major development projects. It had also encouraged investment by giving the private sector a leading role in the financing, implementation and management of some of the projects.", "15. Kuwait stated that it had enacted or amended laws and legislation to reinforce stability and transparency, thereby contributing to an enabling environment for domestic and foreign investment. Those developments were explained in detail in the response of Kuwait. In addition, Kuwait was engaged in preparing a national report on the human rights situation in the country within the framework of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council, and had taken steps in that regard.", "Panama", "16. The Government of Panama stated that it had taken a series of actions in order to fulfil the commitments undertaken with respect to General Assembly resolution 64/160 on globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights. In this context, in 2006 the Government had created the Social Protection System Secretariat, involving various governmental institutions that provided services to townships mired in extreme poverty identified through poverty mapping and social vulnerability analyses, to integrate families living in extreme poverty into the dynamics of national development. As of January 2010, the programme had taken care of 63,072 households. The Government had adopted various policies and programmes, as explained in detail in the reply of Panama, on the provision of support to elderly persons who did not have pensions and to victims of sexual violence; on combating hunger and malnutrition; on the protection of the right to family life; on the prevention and eradication of child labour; and on child adoptions. Panama provided information regarding policy recommendations made by the Advisory Council on Infancy in the areas of health, education and a working environment with universal access to breastfeeding rooms and childcare centres.", "17. Panama stated that the process of globalization had shortened the distance between countries, peoples, cultures and generations. In this rapprochement, every person claimed his or her rights, and States should guarantee the right to development in a culturally appropriate manner. In order to respond to the effects of globalization, the Ministry of Social Development focused on priority groups. In this respect, a series of activities to ensure the participation, awareness, protection and security of elderly persons had been implemented. Likewise, Panama had been promoting the rights of indigenous peoples, as well as the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, at the national level. Furthermore, a process had been initiated to establish an inter-institutional and multisectoral network to promote respect for the human rights of young people. Panama supported the strengthening of spaces for youth participation in order to improve their impact on public policies.", "Peru", "18. The Government of Peru stated that its contribution was informed by the views expressed by the National Human Rights Council. Peru hoped that globalization would be seen as a process in the larger context of respect for human rights and the dignity of persons; would serve to integrate countries with which it maintained relations; and would provide opportunities for progress to those countries and their citizens, regardless of gender, race or social class. Peru had recognized the universal nature of human rights by ratifying the relevant international instruments, which had been integrated into its internal legislation, contributing to achieving the full enjoyment of human rights.", "19. Peru stated that globalization was a process of structural transformation that affected respect for the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of citizens in every country, and created difficulties that must be addressed. Globalization must benefit every citizen and elevate the income levels of countries in accordance with universally recognized values. In this respect, Peru had implemented policies oriented towards linking economic growth with respect for human rights in areas such as agriculture, trade, poverty reduction and respect for cultural diversity. Detailed information on those programmes was provided by Peru.", "20. With regard to good governance and transparency, Peru recognized that the economic sphere could not be separated from the social and political spheres. In this respect, in order to ensure growth and prosperity, market forces should be based on values that helped to improve the living standards of those with fewer resources.", "21. With regard to the social, environmental and cultural consequences of globalization, Peru emphasized the need to put in place mechanisms to promote ecologically sustainable development. In this respect, Peru had enacted an environmental law creating a national system for environmental impact evaluation, which established certain norms for all construction, work, services and other activities, as well as public policies, plans and programmes, that might have significant environmental consequences. Among the requirements of the system was the conduct of environmental impact studies, which were management tools that included a technical evaluation of the proposed activity and its foreseeable direct and indirect impacts on the environment, both physically and socially, in the short and long terms. Such studies served to identity the measures necessary for preventing damage or reducing it to tolerable levels.", "Senegal", "22. The Government of Senegal stated that under pressure from growing market forces, human rights were being reduced to basic civil and political rights, as economic, social and cultural rights were constantly being eroded. Senegal stated that civil and political rights, which were directly under the sovereignty of States, were largely protected within States, subject to the limits laid down by law. In the case of economic, social and cultural rights, under the current conditions of uncontrolled and dehumanizing globalization, market forces were establishing a new economic order that was seriously jeopardizing the full enjoyment of human rights.", "23. Senegal stated that the global expansion of the neo-liberal economic system proceeded by means of liberalization, deregulation, privatization and cuts in public expenditure as a result of pressures exerted on States by international financial and trade institutions. Such policies had appalling consequences, such as poverty and malnutrition, for the majority of the world’s population. The proliferation of diseases, the deterioration of educational systems, mass unemployment, job insecurity, the phenomenal rise of corruption and money-laundering, environmental degradation, the destruction of the social fabric, widespread poverty, insecurity, armed violence and the threat of terrorism were the effects of globalization and were likely to seriously affect the enjoyment of human rights.", "24. Senegal stated that, within the current economic system, the power of transnational corporations was becoming more prominent, while the State was excluded from economic decision-making in the name of “competition” and the “free play of market forces”. The turnover of the largest such corporations was equivalent to or greater than the gross domestic product (GDP) of many countries, and that of half a dozen of them exceeded the GDP of the 100 poorest countries. The working methods and activities of transnational corporations were determined by the sole objective of profit maximization, for the attainment of which they resorted to all possible means. Senegal stressed that the right of peoples to self-determination and to dispose of their natural resources, as laid down in article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, was increasingly in question. With the organized looting of wealth in parts of the world, including in Africa, entire populations were deprived of their means of subsistence. The activities of oil giants in the Niger Delta had provoked a revolt by the people of southern Nigeria, who claimed their share of wealth and their right to a healthy environment.", "25. Deregulation for the purpose of attracting investment in sectors where traditional social rights were in question opened the way to abuse and led to the violation of articles 7 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Thus, the right of all persons to fair working conditions to provide a decent living for themselves and their families was no longer guaranteed. In the view of Senegal, the privatization of essential services — water, energy, education, health and housing — and cuts in public spending had worsened the impoverishment of the populations of underdeveloped countries, where the overwhelming majority still lived below the poverty threshold according to United Nations Development Programme indicators. Access to safe drinking water had become a luxury for the poor and the inhabitants of the deprived zones. The decline in public health services had disadvantaged the poor. While measures to ensure the full exercise of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health were not made available by States, private health services remained out of reach for the poor and people living in remote areas. Education was no exception to the phenomenon of commercialization. Only rarely did States consider public expenditure on education as investment in human capital formation and make it a priority. According to Senegal, it was quite common to see the State disengage and the quality of education deteriorate. Access to quality education was increasingly becoming a privilege, owing to its high cost.", "26. Senegal recommended some measures to reconcile globalization and human rights. It stressed the importance of the empowerment of citizens in questioning public authorities regarding the solution of public policy problems, especially in relation to economic and social rights. The participation of citizens should allow both governors and governed to lead the international trade and financial institutions to respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the international covenants on civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights so as to give globalization a human face. Globalization needed a legal framework of which human rights were an essential element. Given that the rule of the market could no longer be beyond the reach of international legal instruments, the human person should be the end, not just the means, of globalization.", "27. In the view of Senegal, citizen participation would also lead transnational corporations to respect the relevant international human rights instruments by assuming responsibility for the violation of rights contained therein. Those enterprises which did not enjoy any sovereignty, and thus no jurisdictional immunity, should address the serious infringement of human rights for which they were responsible throughout the world.", "28. The participation of people was also expected to induce States to honour their commitments while negotiating with international financial institutions. Senegal believed that decisions regarding market liberalization should no longer be imposed on people through State intervention. Such decisions, including laws or international treaties prior to signature and ratification, must be controlled by democratically elected or legally competent bodies and, where necessary, must be approved or rejected by referendum. The same was true for privatization, deregulation and cuts in public spending.", "29. Senegal stated that public participation would help to shield the rights and freedoms of individuals and peoples from subordination to or dependence on the law of the market. As the market was not a democratic and transparent authority and its true decision makers did not have the legitimacy to make decisions on behalf of nations throughout the world, the mission and competence of the Economic and Social Council should be broadened to make it a global observatory and a centre of impetus and regulation for the global market.", "Serbia", "30. Serbia stated that it had adopted a national strategy for sustainable development for the period 2009-2017 and an action plan for the implementation of the strategy. However, a large number of measures envisaged in the strategy and the action plan could not be implemented in 2010 owing to the global economic crisis. Consequently, a period of substantial decrease in absolute poverty had been followed by an increase in the number of people living below the absolute poverty line, accompanied by a deterioration in all other poverty indicators. The fall in economic activity and the consequent rise in unemployment had contributed to that deterioration. The employment rate had fallen from 50 per cent in 2009 to 37.9 per cent in 2010, which was the second consecutive year to witness a decrease in employment. Serbia also emphasized the big differences in the generation and distribution of income between regions in the country.", "31. Serbia stated that the period 2009-2010 was marked by a gradual shift from the concept of decreasing poverty to that of social inclusion aimed at eliminating the causes of poverty, providing an adequate level of living standards and creating conditions for the active participation of the population in the economic, social and cultural spheres. Serbia noted that the priorities in guaranteeing the exercise of human rights included the carrying out of reforms, the elimination of the structural deficit, in particular where the coordination of tasks falling within the competence of several State bodies was concerned. There needed to be a clear definition of competences for the fulfilment of obligations arising from international human rights instruments and the implementation of relevant norms. Serbia stressed the need to develop a system of functional reporting on and supervision over the implementation of measures with respect to human rights, including minority rights. The priority in guaranteeing the exercise of minority rights lay primarily in strengthening further the social and economic situation of persons belonging to certain national minorities and reducing the ethnic distance of the majority of the Serbian population from members of national minorities.", "III. Replies received from United Nations organizations", "World Trade Organization", "32. The World Trade Organization stressed transparency, coherence and equity as the driving forces behind the multilateral trading system, much as was the case with human rights mechanisms. Opening up international trade could lead to growth and development, helping to raise standards of living and thereby contribute to the actual implementation of proclaimed rights such as those relating to employment, access to education and health care. This presupposed that existing rules were global and just and reflected the expectations of all that adhered to them. The current set of rules and agreements that collectively formed the multilateral trading system did not fully meet that condition, nor did it entirely reflect the changing composition and demands that WTO faced in today’s globalized world. The need for updating and change was the most important reason for the WTO membership to launch the Doha Round of negotiations in 2001. The strongest drivers of that conviction were the changing economic, social and environmental circumstances and a shared need to address the development and poverty challenges dominating the international agenda.", "33. That change in direction was reflected in the daily operations of the organization, as well as in the negotiating positions of its members. The States members of WTO sought to place the interests of the developing and least developed countries at the heart of WTO and reform the multilateral trading system and functions so that the majority of its membership could secure a larger share in the growth of world trade that would meet their economic and development needs. Providing guaranteed market access, reforming the rules in favour of developing countries and building demand-driven and sustainable technical assistance and capacity-building programmes were examples of the central role that development played in the operations of WTO. It was crucial that members focus on the way forward in implementing the Doha Development Agenda and on the continued functioning and further improvement of the multilateral trading system in the long term.", "34. WTO stressed the contribution of the multilateral trading system to economic growth, development and employment. Trade was recognized as one of the driving forces of globalization and the role that trade played in fostering economic development had been clearly established. It had generated gains for many developing countries, and the reverse effects of collapsing trade volumes on growth, employment and stability had been seen during the 2008 economic and financial crisis. Despite the signs of stabilization in the financial markets, the aftermath of the crisis persisted, in particular for many developing countries. However, recent statistics showed how trade had helped the world to escape recession. After the record-breaking 14.5 per cent surge in the volume of exports in 2010 (12.9 per cent for developed countries and 16.7 per cent for developing countries), world trade growth was expected to return to a more normal rate of expansion of 6.5 per cent in 2011 (4.5 per cent for developed countries and 9.5 per cent for developing countries). WTO had projected a 3.1 per cent growth rate of world GDP for 2011, against 3.6 per cent in 2010. Although the risk of deterioration could not be excluded, owing to the situation in Japan and the Middle East, those figures remained very encouraging and showed that the global economy had recovered to its pre-crisis level.", "35. During the crisis, there was a fear that an increase in protectionist measures would run the risk of creating a downward spiral. This trend was visible in both developed and developing countries. The developing countries were expected to suffer more as a result of any surge in protectionism, because their exports were often particularly sensitive to the various protectionist actions and because they generally lacked the safety nets necessary to help those affected. WTO reports on measures taken by its members — as part of its regular Trade Policy Review Mechanism — had indicated further slippage towards more trade-restrictive actions, but resort to high-intensity protectionism had been contained. However, WTO members should remain vigilant and continue to work towards opening up markets rather than closing them, as high unemployment in developed countries and severe belt-tightening in Europe would clearly maintain protectionist pressures. Therefore, WTO members were strongly urged to advance the conclusion of the Doha Development Agenda. An ambitious, balanced and development-oriented outcome would ensure that the global trading system remained open to support the development efforts of all countries. Concluding the Doha Development Agenda would be the surest way of safeguarding individual trade interests and the multilateral trading system against an outbreak of protectionism.", "36. WTO stated that it was at the forefront of efforts to fulfil Millennium Development Goal 8 on the global partnership for development and actively promoted the attainment of target E of Millennium Development Goal 8, which aimed to provide access to affordable medicines in developing countries. The Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health had given poor countries additional flexibility to gain access to affordable medicines. The system of compulsory licensing was now more effective and allowed generic versions of patented medicines to be made under compulsory licence for exports to countries that could not manufacture the medicines themselves.", "37. Aid for Trade was a stimulus that many developing and least developed countries needed in order to remain competitive and to use trade as a tool for poverty reduction. The effects of the crisis on the availability of liquidity and the subsequent supply of trade credit were well known. WTO emphasized the importance of trade financing at affordable rates and stated that more was needed in terms of building stable and longer-term productive capacity and infrastructural networks in developing countries. Since 2005, Aid for Trade had grown by 10 per cent a year, bringing total new commitments to more than $41 billion in 2009. Aid for Trade and the successful conclusion of the Doha Round were the two global tools that the international community should use to combat the negative effects of the crisis. Both were born out of mutual interests and cooperation and provided a further opportunity to reinvigorate multilateral cooperation. Strengthening the multilateral trading rules and locking in countries’ trade policy ambitions and aspirations were important multipliers of improved and more efficient global governance.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "38. The year 2011 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development. The Declaration defines the right to development as an inalienable human right by virtue of which everyone has the right to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development (article 1.1). The Declaration sets out the particular requirements of the right to development, which include putting the human person at the centre of development; ensuring active, free and meaningful participation; securing non-discrimination; fairly distributing the benefits of development; respecting self-determination and sovereignty over natural resources; and informing all processes that advance other civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.", "39. International cooperation and solidarity between States are indispensable for the sharing of the benefits and burdens of globalization. This concerns all spheres of cooperation, including aid, trade, investment, debt relief, transfer of technology, access to medicines, financing for development and climate change. In this regard, the reform of global economic governance is vital so as to ensure that all countries and peoples can benefit equally from globalization. Such reform must take into consideration the enhanced and effective participation of developing countries, least developed countries, small island developing States, landlocked developing countries and civil society in global decision-making, in order to create more favourable international conditions for equitable, inclusive and sustainable development respectful of all human rights. In a world that bears witness to increasingly frequent natural and man-made disasters, solidarity among peoples and nations is essential to human survival.", "40. Respect for all civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, the rule of law, the fight against corruption and commitment to good governance practices, including transparent, responsible, accountable, inclusive and participatory government responsive to the needs and aspirations of people, are indispensable to peace and security, economic and political stability and development. These principles should be well respected by States and non-State actors at both the national and the international levels. Current developments throughout the world against authoritarian regimes prove that violations of human rights, the inequitable distribution of national wealth and resources, corruption, exclusion and discrimination will not be tolerated in the long term.", "41. The world has also witnessed popular dissatisfaction in developed countries, with economic policies that have not put people at their centre and thus failed to equitably increase the economic and social welfare of people and led to the economic and social marginalization of certain sectors of the population, including the poor, youth, migrants and women. In the light of these developments, States should look for ways to enhance the active, free and meaningful participation of people and civil society in decision-making mechanisms.", "42. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in 2010, Member States recognized that human rights were essential in efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Efforts towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals should incorporate the human rights principles of accountability, equality, non-discrimination, participation and transparency.", "43. The international community should strengthen its efforts to implement an inclusive, equitable and rights-based approach in the lead-up to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) Conference in 2012 and to focus on addressing the rights of the most vulnerable sectors of society. The human rights dimensions of sustainable development should feature prominently in negotiations.", "44. States should work towards a meaningful conclusion of the Doha Round of negotiations to ensure an open, rules-based, transparent and fairer multilateral trading system that guarantees respect for all human rights, including the right to development.", "45. Prior to designing and implementing policies or undertaking any commitments at the local, national, regional and international levels in the area of trade and investment, States should consider and assess the impacts of trade, investment and development policies on human rights.", "46. The activities of business enterprises may affect human rights. As such, concerted measures are necessary to prevent business-related human rights abuses. States and businesses are encouraged to observe the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, endorsed by the Human Rights Council on 16 June 2011, for implementing the United Nations “protect, respect and remedy” framework developed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The Guiding Principles provide — for the first time — a global standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/216, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek further the views of Member States and relevant bodies of the United Nations system on how to address globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights and to submit a substantive report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report summarizes comments received from the Governments of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Kuwait, Panama, Peru, Senegal and Serbia, as well as from the World Trade Organization, and makes recommendations on how to address globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights.", "* A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/216, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights (A/65/171) and requested the Secretary-General to seek further the views of Member States and relevant bodies of the United Nations system and, on the basis of those views, to submit a substantive report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, including recommendations on how to address globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights.", "2. In response to that request, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a letter on 28 April 2011 requesting comments on the issue. As at 15 July 2011, OHCHR had received replies from the Governments of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Kuwait and Serbia, as well as from the World Trade Organization. The report also contained a summary of the replies received from the Governments of Panama, Peru and Senegal, which had reached the deadline for their responses in 2010 and were unable to include their comments in their previous reports.", "Replies received from Governments", "Azerbaijan", "3. The Government of Azerbaijan has outlined national programmes to address various issues, such as regional development; energy, including alternative and renewable sources of energy; employment, including migration, demographic composition and population development; social protection and protection of the elderly; health; education; environment; refugees and internally displaced persons, including improving their standard of living and increasing their employment opportunities; human trafficking and violence; youth policy and good governance, improving transparency and combating corruption.", "Bulgaria", "4. The Government of Bulgaria believes that a stable economic and financial framework can foster the democratic development of society and promote full respect for all human rights. An open, predictable, rule-based, equitable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system would promote democratic and transparent participation by developing countries. Bulgaria expressed its commitment to achieving a fair and democratic functioning and transparent international economic system that promotes the idea of democracy and freedom. Bulgaria noted its endorsement of European fundamental principles and values, such as freedom, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, and its active efforts to achieve these goals. Bulgaria participates in the work of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations system. Both organizations aim to establish a fair, open and democratic redistribution system that will help to promote democratic governance and guarantee the implementation of human and civil rights throughout the world.", "Cuba", "5. The Government of Cuba notes the importance of the United Nations system as a universal and more representative forum, with the United Nations playing a central role in redefining the various arguments of the current globalization process so that its potential benefits reach all the peoples of the world. It referred to the growing interdependence and the impact that what was happening in one part of the world could have on the lives of millions of people in other parts of the world. In this regard, Cuba points out that, in accordance with the principle of shared responsibility, all peoples should have the inherent right to participate in governance within a multilateral framework for these processes with global implications.", "6. Cuba mentioned that, in the context of neoliberal globalization, the role of the State in the implementation of the right to development, in maintaining, providing or guaranteeing access to basic public services such as education, health care and social security, as well as economic and financial capacity, were diminishing. This deepens inequality and, in most cases, deprives countless people of their economic, social and cultural rights, and in some cases the majority of them. Neoliberal globalization has fostered evils and crimes such as drug trafficking, prostitution and pornography, including human trafficking, paedophilia, racism and racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that the Declaration on the Right to Development reaffirms that the consensus of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights reaffirmed that everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which his rights and freedoms can be fully realized, but that this right is still far from being realized.", "Cuba noted that neo-liberal globalization, through regional free trade agreements or trade “liberalization” within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), promotes a free market economy mechanism and “equality” between the unequals, often in favour of the developed countries, and also perpetuates and deepens inequalities between the developed countries and the countries of the South. With regard to subsidies, Cuba noted that, despite the fact that developed countries and the trade and financial institutions under their control advocated market deregulation and the elimination of subsidies in developing countries, developed countries continued to subsidize agriculture and closed their markets, leaving the main exports of most developing countries out of the market.", "8. With regard to the political aspects of globalization, Cuba referred to the centres of power and their tendency to globalize their representative forms of democracy as a unique system, and criticized their biased interpretations of civil and political rights, which were divorced from the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights and gave priority to political rights. Cuba stressed that the consensus in the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirmed that national and regional particularities and differences in historical, cultural and religious heritage must be taken into account. Cuba noted that movement between North and South was far from liberalized. On the contrary, restrictions on migration to industrialized countries have increased in order to stem the growing wave of migration and even to threaten to use force. In addition, Cuba stressed that technology transfer had not been liberalized. The system of intellectual property rights, which was designed to protect the monopoly and dominance of developed countries and their enterprises and to enable developing countries to rely on them forever, had been strengthened.", "9. Cuba noted that if neoliberal policies continued to be applied, human rights for all would become an unrealistic goal. It emphasizes that these policies have serious consequences for peace; for national, regional and international stability; for the protection and rational use of resources; and, finally, for the survival of humankind. Cuba stressed the importance of adopting policies and measures at the global level that correspond to the needs of developing countries, which should be involved in their formulation and implementation. The international community as a whole, and in particular the countries that have so far benefited most from international cooperation, must urgently strengthen international cooperation and order in favour of the implementation of all human rights. In this regard, international solidarity is essential.", "10. The main obstacle to finding a solution to the problems posed by the current thinking on globalization was the lack of real political will on the part of the industrialized countries to fulfil previous commitments and to change the current rules of the game. The current neo-liberal globalization has exacerbated challenges, such as underdevelopment, poverty and HIV/AIDS, which have so far been designed by developed countries and international institutions to address only limited measures to address the symptoms and root causes and are insufficient to address the serious problems and enormous inequalities of today ' s world.", "11. Cuba noted that, if there was genuine political will, with relatively few resources, from the hundreds of billions of dollars spent each year on armed, conquering war and commercial propaganda, much could be done for the realization of the right to life and development of millions of people.", "12. Cuba stressed the importance of placing development at the centre of the international economic agenda with a view to eradicating poverty and the gap between rich and poor. An equitable, transparent and democratic international system must be established to implement far-reaching, comprehensive and simultaneous innovations in all areas, starting with the cancellation of external debt. Cuba noted that official development assistance should be increased and that it should be unconditional and not subject to the economic and political interests of donors. Cuba proposed the revival of preferential trade agreements, seeking ways to compensate for deepening and deepening inequalities, and suggested that the international financial institutions should be reformed and that the United Nations should be reformed and democratized to make it truly effective. Cuba proposed a tax for development.", "13. Cuba agreed with the growing number of people from all sectors of society who questioned and criticized the current neoliberal order. Human beings can only survive a universal order of social justice, more humane and more equitable. In conclusion, Cuba reiterates that an unfair, self-serving and unequal international order neither addresses the serious problems facing humanity today nor addresses the main challenges of the future.", "Kuwait", "14. Kuwait presented its national development plan, which aimed to improve the standard of living of citizens and support human rights and social development. In response to the impact of the global financial crisis, Kuwait had sought to restore the economy by increasing public spending, which was the main driver of economic activity and focused on promoting public investment and accelerating the implementation of major development projects. Kuwait also encouraged investment by giving the private sector a leading role in the financing, implementation and management of projects.", "Kuwait stated that it had enacted or amended laws and regulations to enhance stability, increase transparency and create an enabling environment for domestic and foreign investment. These developments are explained in detail in Kuwait's response. In addition, Kuwait was prepared to prepare its national report on the human rights situation within the framework of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council and had taken steps in that regard.", "Panama", "16. The Government of Panama stated that it had taken a series of actions to fulfil its commitments under General Assembly resolution 64/160 on globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights. To that end, in 2006 the Government of Panama established the Secretariat of the Social Protection System, in which all government agencies responsible for providing services to the extremely poor communes identified through poverty mapping and social vulnerability studies participate in the integration of extremely poor families into national development flows. As of January 2010, 63,072 families had been cared for under the programme. Panama ' s response contained a detailed explanation of the policies and programmes adopted by the Government to provide support to older persons without a pension and to victims of sexual violence; to combat hunger and malnutrition; to protect the right to family life; to prevent and combat child labour; and to adopt children ' s rights. Panama presented the policy recommendations of the Baby Advisory Board in the areas of health, education and universal breastfeeding rooms and the working environment of childcare centres.", "17. Panama noted that the process of globalization had reduced the distance between nations, peoples, cultures and generations. In this harmonious relationship, everyone has his/her rights, and States should ensure the right to development in a culturally appropriate manner. To address the impact of globalization, the Ministry of Social Development focused on priority groups. In this regard, a number of activities have been implemented to ensure greater participation, awareness, protection and safety of older persons. At the same time, Panama has promoted the rights of indigenous peoples at the national level and has implemented the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In addition, a process has been initiated to establish an inter-agency and multisectoral network to promote respect for the human rights of young people. Panama supports the expansion of space for youth participation in order to increase their impact on public policies.", "Peru", "18. The Government of Peru noted that the observations of the National Human Rights Council illustrated the contribution made by Peru. Peru hoped that globalization would be a process in the larger context of respect for human rights and human dignity; that it would facilitate the integration of countries with which it had relations; and that it would provide opportunities for progress to those countries and their citizens, regardless of gender, race or social class. Peru recognizes the universality of human rights and has ratified the relevant international instruments, which have been incorporated into Peruvian domestic legislation and contribute to the full enjoyment of human rights.", "19. Peru noted that globalization was a process of structural transformation that affected the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of its citizens in every country and created difficulties that had to be faced. Globalization must benefit every citizen and raise the income level of the country, in accordance with universally recognized values. In that regard, Peru had implemented policies in areas such as agriculture, trade, poverty reduction and respect for cultural diversity, linking economic growth to respect for human rights. Peru provided detailed information on these programmes.", "20. With regard to good governance and transparency, Peru recognized that the economic sphere could not be separated from the social and political spheres. In this regard, in order to ensure growth and prosperity, the values on which market forces are based should help to raise the standard of living of the less resourced population.", "21. With regard to the social, environmental and cultural consequences of globalization, Peru stressed the importance of establishing mechanisms to promote ecologically sustainable development. In this regard, Peru has developed environmental law and created a national environmental impact assessment system, which establishes certain norms for all construction, engineering, services and other activities that may have significant environmental consequences, as well as for public policies, plans and programmes. One of the relevant provisions of the system is environmental impact studies, a set of management tools that include technical assessment of the proposed activities and their foreseeable direct and indirect environmental impacts, including physical and social impacts, short-term and long-term impacts. These studies help to identify measures necessary to prevent environmental damage or to reduce it to an acceptable level.", "Senegal", "22. The Government of Senegal noted that, under pressure from growing market forces, human rights are being reduced to basic civil and political rights, just as economic, social and cultural rights are being eroded. Senegal noted that civil and political rights are directly under the sovereignty of the State and are largely protected at the domestic level, provided that they do not go beyond what is provided for by law. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, the new economic order that market forces are creating in the current context of globalization, which is out of control and dehumanization, seriously jeopardizes the full enjoyment of human rights.", "Senegal noted that the global expansion of the neo-liberal economic system, through liberalization, deregulation, privatization and cuts in public expenditure, was the result of pressure on States by international financial and trade institutions. Those policies had terrible consequences for a large part of the world ' s population, such as poverty and malnutrition. The spread of disease, the deterioration of the educational system, massive unemployment, job insecurity, the alarming increase in corruption and money-laundering, environmental degradation, the destruction of the social fabric, widespread poverty, insecurity, armed violence and the threat of terrorism are all effects of globalization and have the potential to seriously affect the enjoyment of human rights.", "Senegal noted that, under the current economic system, transnational corporations (TNCs) are becoming increasingly powerful, and that the State is excluded from economic decision-making in the name of “competition” and “learn to market forces”. The largest TNCs have a turnover equal to or even higher than the gross domestic product (GDP) of many countries, and six or seven TNCs have a turnover of more than 100 of the poorest countries combined. The only objective of the working methods and activities of transnational corporations was to maximize profits, and they would do whatever they could to achieve that end. Senegal highlighted that the right of peoples to self-determination and to dispose of their natural resources, as provided for in article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, has become increasingly problematic. In parts of the world, including in Africa, wealth is systematically plundered and all people are deprived of their means of subsistence. In the Niger Delta region, the activities of the oil giants forced the people of South Nigeria to resist, share wealth and maintain a healthy environment.", "25. Deregulation and the attraction of investment in sectors where traditional social rights are at risk can open the way to abuse of power, leading to violations of articles 7 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. As a result, the right of everyone to fair working conditions and to a decent life for himself and his family is no longer guaranteed. Senegal believes that the privatization of basic services such as water, energy, education, health and housing, together with the reduction of public expenditure, have contributed to the impoverishment of the population in the underdeveloped countries, the vast majority of whom still live below the poverty line set by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) targets. For the poor and the inhabitants of poor areas, safe drinking water is a luxury. The decline in public health services is more detrimental to the poor. Despite the failure of the State to take measures to ensure the full exercise of the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, the poor and people living in remote areas still lack access to private health services. Education is not immune to commercialization. It is rarely taken into account that public expenditure on education is an investment in human capital formation and should be given priority. In Senegal ' s experience, it was often observed that the State had managed to escape, thereby worsening the quality of education. Access to quality education is increasingly a privilege because of its high cost.", "26. Senegal recommended measures to reconcile globalization and human rights. It stressed the importance of the right of citizens to challenge the authorities for the resolution of issues relating to public policy, especially if economic and social rights were involved. Through the participation of citizens, the rulers and those governed can lead international trade and financial institutions to respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and to make globalization a human face. Globalization requires a legal framework in which human rights are an indispensable element. Since market rules could no longer be excluded from the jurisdiction of international legal instruments, human beings should be the object of globalization, not just its means.", "27. Senegal believed that the participation of citizens would also lead to the responsibility of transnational corporations for respecting the relevant international human rights instruments and for violating the rights contained therein. Such enterprises did not enjoy any sovereignty and therefore did not have immunity from jurisdiction and were responsible for redressing their gross violations of human rights throughout the world.", "28. People ' s participation is also expected to enable States to fulfil their commitments in their negotiations with international financial institutions. Senegal believes that any decision to liberalize markets should no longer be imposed on people through State intervention. Such decisions, including laws or international treaties, must be subject to the control of democratically elected or legally competent bodies before signing and ratifying them and, if necessary, approved or vetoed by referendum. This is also required for privatization, deregulation and cuts in public spending.", "Senegal stated that public participation would contribute to the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and people without subjugation or dependence on market patterns. Since the market was not a democratic and transparent authority, its true decision-makers did not have the legitimate power to make decisions on behalf of the countries of the world, the mandate and power of the Economic and Social Council should be expanded to become a global observatory of global markets and a centre of power and regulation.", "Serbia", "30. Serbia indicated that it had adopted a national sustainable development strategy for 2009 - 2017 and an action plan for its implementation. However, owing to the global economic crisis, many of the measures envisaged in the strategy and action plan could not be implemented during 2010. As a result, the number of people living below the absolute poverty line has increased and all other poverty indicators have worsened after a period of sharp decline in absolute poverty. The decline in economic activity and the resulting rise in unemployment contributed to this deterioration. The employment rate fell from 50 per cent in 2009 to 37.9 per cent in 2010, the second year in a row. Serbia also highlighted the wide disparities in income generation and distribution across the country.", "Serbia noted that the period 2009-2010 was characterized by a gradual shift from the concept of poverty reduction to the promotion of social inclusion, aimed at eliminating the root causes of poverty, providing an adequate standard of living for the population and creating conditions for its active participation in the economic, social and cultural spheres. Serbia noted that in the area of human rights protection, priorities included the implementation of reforms to eliminate structural deficits, particularly if the task was within the competence of several national bodies, coordination was needed. A clear definition of the mandate was needed in order to fulfil the obligations arising from international human rights instruments and the implementation of relevant norms. Serbia stressed the need for an effective reporting and monitoring system on the implementation of human rights, including measures to implement minority rights. The priority for guaranteeing the implementation of minority rights is mainly to further strengthen the socio-economic situation of certain minorities and to bring the members of the Serb minority closer to the ethnic distance between the majority of the population.", "Replies received from United Nations organizations", "World Trade Organization", "32. The World Trade Organization emphasized that transparency, coherence and equity were the driving forces behind the multilateral trading system, as was the case with human rights mechanisms. The opening up of international trade can lead to economic growth and development and contribute to a better standard of living, thus effectively exercising declared rights such as employment promotion, access to education and health care. This is based on the premise that the existing rules are global and fair and reflect the expectations of all who follow them. The current set of rules and agreements that together constitute the multilateral trading system does not fully meet these conditions, nor does it fully reflect the changes in the composition and needs of the WTO in today ' s globalized world. The need for renewed change was the most important reason why the World Trade Organization had launched the Doha Round in 2001. The most powerful force driving this belief is the changing economic, social and environmental situation and the common need to address the development and poverty reduction challenges that dominate the international agenda.", "33. This shift in direction is reflected in the day-to-day functioning of WTO and in the negotiating positions of its members. Member States were working to place the interests of developing and least developed countries at the heart of WTO, and to reform the multilateral trading system and its functions so that the majority of members would receive a greater share of world trade growth to meet their economic and development needs. Securing market access, revising rules to favour developing countries and developing demand-driven sustainable technical assistance and capacity-building programmes are examples of the centrality of development in the functioning of WTO. It was important for members to focus on advancing the implementation of the Doha Development Agenda and to keep the multilateral trading system operational in the long term and to further improve it.", "WTO emphasized the contribution of the multilateral trading system to economic growth, development and employment. Trade, a recognized force for globalization, had clearly established its role in promoting economic development. It has generated gains for many developing countries, and during the 2008 economic and financial crisis, the reverse impact of a sharp decline in trade on growth, employment and stability was seen. Despite signs of stabilization of financial markets, the consequences of the crisis persisted, particularly affecting many developing countries. However, recent statistics show how trade has helped the world escape from recession. After a record increase of 14.5 per cent in exports in 2010 (12.9 per cent in developed countries and 16.7 per cent in developing countries), world trade growth is expected to return to normal, with 6.5 per cent growth in 2011 (4.5 per cent in developed countries and 9.5 per cent in developing countries). The World Trade Organization projected growth of 3.1 per cent of world GDP in 2011 and 3.6 per cent in 2010. While the risk of deterioration cannot be ruled out as a result of the deterioration of the situation in Japan and the Middle East, these figures remain very encouraging, indicating that the global economy has returned to pre-crisis levels.", "35. During the crisis, there was concern that an increase in protectionist measures would create a downward spiral risk. This trend can be observed in both developed and developing countries. Developing countries are expected to suffer disproportionately from any rise in protectionism, as their exports tend to be particularly sensitive to protectionist actions and because they generally lack the safety nets necessary to help those affected. The regular trade policy review mechanism of WTO reported on measures taken by its members, indicating that they were further mired in more trade-restrictive measures, but that high-intensity protectionism had been contained. However, given the high unemployment rates in developed countries and the significant austerity in Europe, it was clear that protectionist pressures would be maintained and WTO members should remain vigilant and continue their efforts to open rather than close markets. WTO members were therefore strongly urged to contribute to the completion of the Doha Development Agenda. An ambitious, balanced and development-oriented outcome would ensure that the global trading system remained open and supportive of the development efforts of all countries. The completion of the Doha Development Agenda was the surest way to safeguard the trade interests of individual economies, support the multilateral trading system and resist protectionism.", "36. WTO noted that it was at the forefront of efforts to implement Millennium Development Goal 8, on a global partnership for development, and to contribute actively to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 8, target E, on the provision of affordable medicines to developing countries. In terms of access to affordable medicines, the Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and public health gave poor countries greater flexibility. The current system of compulsory licensing was more effective, allowing for the production of generic versions of patented medicines under compulsory licences to be exported to countries that could not produce them themselves.", "Aid for trade is a stimulus that many developing and least developed countries need in order to remain competitive and to use trade as a tool for poverty reduction. The impact of the crisis on the availability of liquidity and subsequent trade credit is well known. WTO stressed the importance of providing trade finance at affordable rates and noted the increasing need to build stable and long-term productive capacities and infrastructure networks in developing countries. Aid for Trade has grown by 10 per cent annually since 2005, bringing the total of new commitments in 2009 to over $41 billion. Aid for Trade and the successful conclusion of the Doha Round were two global instruments of the international community that should be used to counter the negative effects of the crisis. Both derive from common interests and from mutual cooperation, and provide another opportunity to revitalize multilateral cooperation. Strengthening multilateral trade rules and maintaining the ambitions and expectations of national trade policies over the long term are important multipliers for improving global governance and making it more effective.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "38. 2011 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development. The Declaration defines the right to development as an inalienable human right whereby everyone has the right to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development (art. 1.1). The Declaration sets out the special requirements of the right to development, including placing the human person at the centre of development; ensuring active, free and meaningful participation; ensuring non-discrimination; equitably distributing the benefits of development; respecting self-determination and sovereignty over natural resources; and informing all processes that advance other civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.", "39. International cooperation and solidarity were essential if the benefits of globalization were to be shared and the burden of globalization shared. This involves cooperation in all areas, including aid, trade, investment, debt relief, technology transfer, access to medicines, financing for development and climate change. In this regard, reform of global economic governance is essential to ensure that the benefits of globalization are equally available to all countries and peoples. Such reform must take into account the strengthening and effective participation of developing countries, least developed countries, small island developing States, landlocked developing countries and civil society in global decision-making in order to create more favourable international conditions for equitable, inclusive and sustainable development that respects all human rights. In a world where natural and man-made disasters are becoming more frequent, solidarity and cooperation among peoples and nations are essential to the survival of humankind.", "40. Respect for all citizens, political, economic, social and cultural rights, the rule of law, the fight against corruption and the commitment to good governance, including transparent, accountable, accountable, inclusive and participatory government, responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people, are essential to the pursuit of peace and security, economic and political stability and development. All States and non-State actors at the national and international levels should respect those principles. The current rejection of authoritarian regimes in all parts of the world proved that violations of human rights, inequitable distribution of wealth and resources, corruption, exclusion and discrimination could not be tolerated for long.", "41. The population was dissatisfied with the developed countries because their economic policies were not people-centred and failed to equitably improve the economic and social well-being of their people, resulting in the economic and social marginalization of certain segments of the population, including the poor, youth, migrants and women. In the light of these developments, States should find ways to promote the active, free and meaningful participation of people and civil society in decision-making mechanisms.", "42. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, in 2010, on the Millennium Development Goals, Member States recognized that human rights were essential in efforts to achieve the Goals. Efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals should incorporate the human rights principles of accountability, equality, non-discrimination, participation and transparency.", "43. The international community should strengthen its efforts to implement an inclusive, equitable and rights-based approach in preparation for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), with a focus on the rights of the most vulnerable segments of society. In the negotiations, the human rights dimension of sustainable development should be highlighted.", "44. States should work towards a successful conclusion of the Doha Round, with an open, rule-based, transparent and equitable multilateral trading system that guaranteed respect for all human rights, including the right to development.", "45. States should consider and assess the human rights implications of trade, investment and development policies before formulating and implementing policies or making any commitments at the local, national, regional and international levels in the area of trade and investment.", "46. The activities of business enterprises may affect human rights. Concerted measures must therefore be taken to prevent human rights violations by business enterprises. States and business enterprises are encouraged to comply with the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, endorsed by the Human Rights Council on 16 June 2011, to implement the United Nations “protect, respect and remedy” framework developed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. For the first time, the Guiding Principles provide a global set of standards to prevent and respond to the risks of adverse human rights impacts from business activities.", "{\\cHFFFFFF}{\\cH00FFFF}" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目2", "财务、预算和行政事项", "2010年财务状况年度审查", "署长的报告", "摘要", "本报告概述了开发署2010年底的财务状况。总收入（捐款、利息和其他收入）为59.5亿美元，2009年这一数字为57.9亿美元，增长了3%。捐款总额从2009年的53.4亿美元增至54.9亿美元，增长了3%。支出总额从2009年的55.3亿美元增至59.9亿美元，增幅为8%。", "为经常（核心）资源提供的捐款在2010年减少了5%，从2009年总额10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元。捐款的下降要求开发署在其规划的核心支出中制定一个相应的减少量以避免动用业务准备金。因此，开发署与经常资源有关的支出减少了8%，由2009年的11.7亿美元降至10.8亿美元。", "为其他（非核心）资源提供的捐款增加了4%，从2009年的41.3亿美元增至43.1亿美元。这一增长主要归因于有着特殊发展情况的国家中的方案。为这些方案提供的捐款从2009年的11.5亿美元增至16.6亿美元，增幅为44%。在为其他资源提供的捐款中，双边合作伙伴的捐款增长了13%，由2009年的15.6亿美元增至17.6亿美元。多边合作伙伴的捐款也由2009年的15.5亿美元增至17.4亿美元，增加了12%。方案国提供的地方资源减少了4%，从2009年的7.2亿美元降至6.9亿美元。其他资源支出总计达到46.7亿美元，较2009年的41.8亿美元增长了12%。", "其他或“指定用途”资源是对开发署经常或“指定用途”资源基础的重要补充。2010年，开发署得到的资助中有78%来自指定用途资源，18%来自未指定用途资源，联合国资本发展基金（资发基金）和联合国妇女发展基金（妇发基金）补足了剩余的4%。开发署能否履行其多边任务，为发展提供有效的能力建设支持，取决于是否有足够的核心供资。这种核心供资使开发署能够作为一个灵活、具有前瞻性的组织开展业务，并有能力从事注重长期成效和可持续性的综合管理和方案制定工作。", "开发署在国家一级协调联合国系统，并继续在建立发展的一致性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。对多方捐助信托基金、联合方案和对联合国其他机构的支助的资金流总价值达11.5亿美元，而2009年这一数字为17.8亿美元。这一减少量主要是由于对多方捐助信托基金和联合方案的捐款的降低，从2009年的12.5亿美元降至6.1亿美元，这一下降在很大程度上是由于对三项最大的多方捐助信托基金的捐款的减少，其中的两项基金已完全分配了资源，在未来几年将接近尾声。", "本报告包括妇发基金2010年全年的数据，该基金于2010年7月2日被合并入妇女署。因为妇女署的创建决议即大会第64/289号决议规定，妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作，所以这应该是最后一次在本报告中重点介绍妇发基金的财务状况。", "决定的要点", "执行局不妨：(a) 注意到DP/2011/33号和DP/2011/33/Add.1号文件；(b) 注意到经常资源不断减少，经常资源对开发署履行其任务、保持其多边、公正和普遍的特性以及提供充足和有保障的经常供资基础而言十分必要；(c) 敦促所有会员国支持开发署实现其经常资源目标，并尽早承诺向开发署2011年及以后经常资源提供捐款，如有可能通过多年认捐做出承诺；(d) 回想可预测的供资和及时支付的重要性，以避免经常资源资金中的流动性约束。", "目录", "章次 页 次", "一、导言 4", "二、开发署概况 4", "三、经常资源 7", "A. 收入 8", "B. 支出 9", "C. 未用资源余额 11", "四、其他资源 11", "A. 收入 11", "B. 支出 15", "C. 费用回收政策 17", "D. 未用资源余额 18", "E. 其他 19", "五、联合国改革和对其他联合国组织的支助 20", "A. 开发署的行政代理职能 20", "B. 对联合国各组织的支助 20", "C. 联合国发展协调活动 20", "D. 联合国授权的安保费用 21", "六、国际公共部门会计准则 21", "七、开发署经管的基金 22", "A. 联合国资本发展基金 22", "B. 联合国妇女发展基金 22", "附件", "一. 开发署概况", "A. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的年度收入和支出报表 24", "B. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债、准备和基金余额 25", "一、导言", "1. 本报告概述了开发署截至2010年底的财务状况和2009年的可比数字。报告分析了开发署总体层面上的各项活动，然后分析了经常（或核心）资源，“其他”（或非核心）资源，包括联合国志愿人员方案（志愿人员方案）、大会所设基金——联合国资本发展基金（资发基金）和联合国妇女发展基金（妇发基金）和其他活动。本报告载有妇发基金2010年全年的数据，该基金于2010年7月2日被合并入妇女署。因为大会第64/289号决议规定妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作，所以这应该是最后一次在本报告中重点介绍妇发基金的财务状况。附件一 是对总体数字的概述，附件二列有本文件所用术语的定义。本报告增编（DP/2011/33/Add.1）中的表1还提供了开发署所开展的所有活动的概况。报告正文中的百分比参考了附件中的数据。", "2. 根据执行局在第2009/22号决定中的建议，在2010年首次报告了下列四项粗略成本分类领域中的支出：(a) 发展；(b)管理；(c) 联合国发展协调；以及 (d) 特殊目的。此外，未列入这四项粗略成本分类中的其他支出也作为总支出的一部分进行报告。", "二、开发署概况", "3. 从总体水平来看，2010年，开发署的总收入取得小而显著的增长，支出也呈上升趋势。在开发署的活动中，18%由核心资源供资，78%由非核心资源供资，另有4%与妇发基金和资发基金有关。", "4. 收入总额的定义是捐款、利息收入和其他收入的总和。收入总额增至59.5亿美元，比2009年的57.9亿美元收入增长了3%。捐款总额从53.4亿美元增至54.9亿美元，增长了3%；利息增至1.2亿美元（2009年为1亿美元），其他收入增至3.6亿美元（2009年为3.5亿美元）。", "5. 为核心资源提供的捐款减少了5%，从2009年的10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元，而执行局第2007/32号决定批准的战略计划的综合财务资源框架中2010年核心资源的捐款目标为14亿美元。", "6. 非核心捐款总额达到43.1亿美元，相较2009年的41.3亿美元增幅为4%。这一增长主要归因于面临特殊发展情况的国家中的方案。为这些方案提供的捐款从2009年的11.5亿美元增至16.6亿美元，增幅为44%。双边捐款达到17.6亿美元，较2009年的15.6亿美元增长13%，其中对特殊发展情况国家的捐款由2009年的6.33亿美元增至10亿美元。多边合作伙伴委托开发署管理的非核心资源达到17.4亿美元，较2009年的15.5亿美元增长了12%，其中对特殊发展情况国家的捐款由2009年的4.95亿美元增至6.14亿美元。方案国政府及其他支持其本国发展的地方合作伙伴通过开发署调拨的地方资源共计6.9亿美元，较2009年的7.2亿美元减少了4%。", "7. 其他资源被指定用于特定方案和活动，并作为开发署非指定用途经常资源基础的重要补充。为经常资源提供的捐款降至等同于其他资源捐款的22%的水平，而2009年这一比率为25%。开发署能否履行任务规定，维持其多边、公平和普遍性质，取决于是否有充足和稳固的经常供资基础，来支持注重长期成效和可持续发展成果的战略性和灵活的管理方法。", "8. 总支出持续增长，由2009年的55.3亿美元增至59.9亿美元，增幅为8%。在这59.9亿美元中，49.4亿美元（82%）用于发展活动，5.18亿美元（9%）用于管理活动，1.25亿美元（2%）用于联合国发展协调活动，2.2亿美元（4%）用于特殊目的活动，还有1.9亿美元（3%）用于未列入这四项粗略成本分类的其他活动。以下图1显示了总收入和总支出的变化趋势。", "图1. 2001至 2010年收入和支出总额比较", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "9. 2010年底，未用资源结余总额为50.3亿美元，而2009年为51.9亿美元。在这50.3亿美元中，经常资源项下为2.83亿美元，其他资源项下为44.9亿美元、资发基金项下为5 300万美元、妇发基金项下为2.06亿美元。因开发署需在充分供资的基础上开展所有其他资源活动，所持现金用于不相关联的目的，所以不将某个项目的资源结余与另一个项目混合或“分享”，承付的资源或资金开支也没有可替代性。共有17.8亿美元，即其他资源捐款的41%是在最后一个季度收到的，因此只能被列入方案，在未来几年交付。未用经常资源余额也持续下降，从2009年的3.54亿美元减至2.83亿美元。此时，未用资源的大部分已列入方案，将在未来几年交付。", "10. 如下文图2所示，大部分资金是在2010年的最后一个季度收到的。收到的经常资源捐款的数额也同时减少，这导致了三季度末的低流动性，开发署迅速行动，减少了已计划的核心支出，以维持所需的流动资金比率。捐款减少的主要原因是由于以美元和本币支付的捐款减少以及汇率的波动。开发署的对冲活动部分地抵消了这一影响。截至2010年底，开发署的年终流动资金头寸仍较低，约为3.1个月的运转资金。这接近执行局要求的最低门限值：三至六个月的经常资源支出。因此，开发署未动用业务准备金。然而，由于其他资源的可替代性不足，若要开发署的计划有效实施并实现成果，会员国恪守承诺并不拖延其对经常资源的捐款便显得至关重要。", "图 2. 2010年各季度经常（核心）和其他（非核心）资源收入", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "11. 开发署完全致力于联合国的改革举措，并致力于优化在国家一级的协调作用，以支持国家的发展努力。开发署作为行政代理人所管理的多方捐助者资助的信托基金和联合方案的总收入由2009年的17.8亿美元减至11.5亿美元。这一下降在很大程度上是由于对三项最大的多方捐助信托基金捐款的减少，其中的两项基金已完全分配了资源，在未来几年将接近尾声。这11.5亿美元包括开发署作为行政代理人管理的多方捐助信托基金和联合方案的6.12亿美元和开发署提供的管理和业务服务5.35亿美元。此外，开发署为联合国发展协调活动提供了1.25亿美元。", "三、经常资源", "12. 就经常资源而言，包括利息收入和其他收入在内的收入总额比2009年减少了3%，从10.5亿美元减至10.2亿美元。尽管支出总额减少了8%，从11.7亿美元减至10.8亿美元。但支出仍超过了收入总额（如下文图3所示）。其结果是，不包括业务准备金的可动用资源结余从2009年的3.54亿美元减至2.83亿美元。", "图 3. 2001-2010年经常资源收入和支出", "（单位：十亿美元）", "[]", "A. 收入", "13. 与2009年相比，包括利息和其他收入在内的总收入从10.5亿美元减至10.2亿美元，减少了3%。", "捐款", "14. 经常资源捐款从2009年的10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元，减少了5%。", "15. 如下文表1所示，10个最大的捐助者的捐款额按美元计算减少了5%，从2009年的8.28亿美元降至7.86亿美元。然而大多数双边捐助者维持了它们的捐款，一些捐助者增加了捐款，包括澳大利亚、比利时、芬兰和大韩民国。七个经济合作与发展组织的发展援助委员会国家减少了它们的本币捐款。共有55个成员国为核心资源捐款。这包括印度的500万美元、中华人民共和国的400万美元和沙特阿拉伯的200万美元，均维持了2009年的捐款额。孟加拉国、埃及、希腊、哈萨克斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、摩洛哥、南非和土耳其均在2010年恢复了捐款。", "表1. 2009-20010年10个最大捐助者的经常资源捐款", "捐助者\t捐款额（本币） 捐款额（百万美元） \n\t2009年\t2010年\t变化（%）\t2009年\t2010年\t变化（%）\n 荷兰 90 90 - 122 121 -1 \n 挪威 770 770 - 123 118 -4 \n 美利坚合众国       103 99 -4 \n 瑞典 720 630 -13 91 88 -3 \n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t58\t55\t-5\t93\t85\t-9\n 日本*       74 73 -1 \n 丹麦 320 320 - 55 58 5 \n 瑞士 54 54 - 54 56 4 \n 加拿大 50 50 - 48 48 - \n 西班牙 45 30 -33 65 40 -38 \n 10个最大捐助者共计 不详 不详 不详 828 786 -5 \n 其他 不详 不详  不详 186 181 -3 \n 总资源       1 014 967 -5 资料来源：DP/2011/33/Add.1表7。 \n*日本的捐款是以美元认捐和收到的。", "利息收入", "16. 2010年，经常资源的利息收入为1 400万美元，而2009年为1 000万美元。与2009年相同，尽管目前金融市场波动较大，开发署成功地避免了投资中遭受任何本金损失。", "其他收入", "17. 其他收入（主要包括杂项收入和汇兑收益）为4 800万美元，较2009年的3 800万美元有所增长。这一增长的原因是汇率升值和汇率收益。", "B. 支出", "18. 根据执行局在第2009/22号决定中的建议，在2010年首次报告了下列四项粗略成本分类领域中的支出：(a) 发展；(b)管理；(c) 联合国发展协调；以及 (d) 特殊目的。此外，未列入这四项粗略成本分类中的其他支出也作为总支出的一部分进行报告。", "19. 经常资源的支出总额下降了8%，由2009年的11.7亿美元减至10.8亿美元。", "发展支出", "20. 发展支出包括方案和发展实效活动，达6.27亿美元，其中7 480万美元用于发展实效活动。发展活动支出包括用于援助巴勒斯坦人民方案的400万美元（2009年为500万美元）。", "21. 总计1.08亿美元（发展支出总额的17%）用于面临特殊发展情况的国家。", "管理和两年期支助预算支出", "22. 两年期支助预算净支出从3.92亿美元减至3.63亿美元，降低了约7%。这与两年期第一年典型的预算执行情况保持一致，由于执行局核准的投资分布于两年内，并采取有意的措施减低第一年的支出。经核准的投资在管理领域(支助预防危机和恢复活动、知识管理、以及在非洲地区的运行保障)和发展实效领域（加强在气候变化地区的实质性响应和贡献、实现千年发展目标、预防危机和恢复、以及南南合作）开展。这些投资被 2010-2011两年期支助预算其他领域中预算的减少所抵消。", "23. 在2010-2011年间，使用大会第2009/22号决定中核准的分类来报告两年期支助预算支出。根据分类，2010年，两年期支助预算中的62%用于管理活动，12%用于发展实效活动，21%用于联合国发展协调活动，还有5%用于特殊目的活动。", "24. 政府对当地办事处费用的捐助有助于支付开发署国家办事处两年期支助预算费用，对开发署而言，是重要的收入来源。这些捐助可以用现金和/或实物的形式进行。这些捐助也体现了所在国政府对开发署国家办事处的存在价值的肯定。", "25. 政府对当地办事处费用的实物捐助（1 100万美元）比2009年（略低于1 110万美元）略有增加。2010年政府对当地办事处费用的现金捐助比2009年增加了约100万美元（4%），超过了2009年总额，增至2 600万美元。署长对很多方案国为达成其当地办事处费用责任所做出的改善表示感激。但是，对于不遵守义务的情况，开发署将维持原有做法，从存在大额当地办事处费用赤字的国家截留部分机构预算资源。", "联合国发展协调支出", "26. 用于联合国发展协调活动的支出支助了联合国系统内发展活动的协调工作。2010年，在这些活动方面的净支出总额达到9 400万美元。", "特殊目的支出", "27. 用于特殊目的活动的净支出为4 300万美元。特殊目的活动所表示的交叉活动可进一步的分为三个类别：大会授权的活动、开发署管理的非开发署行动以及资本投资。大会授权的活动的支出总额为2 500万美元，其中包括人力资源合同改革、联合国授权的安保费用和采用国际公共部门会计准则。用于开发署管理的非开发署行动（联合国志愿人员方案和资发基金）的支出为1 800万美元。", "其他支出", "28. 根据新的成本分类体系，其他支出为8 800万美元。其中，有4 600万美元支出是由于货币重新估值和汇率波动造成的。作为国际公共部门会计准则准备工作的一部分，开发署继续审查在过去15至20年内资产负债表账户上增加的余额，并在清理数据方面取得了相当大的进展。这一进展正在进行中，并结合进一步的尽职调查，可确认供资不再可用的支出。", "29. 一名独立的顾问精算师对截至2009年12月31日的离职后健康保险进行估值。根据此研究，资发基金的应计负债估计数为1 100万美元；妇发基金为2 000万美元；开发署为4.3亿美元，共计4.61亿美元。应计负债总额比2007年12月31日的上次精算报告中估计的4.66亿美元低500万美元。截至2010年12月31日，仅就开发署而言的离职后健康保险准备金为4.29亿美元，无准备金负债为 3 400万美元，这是开发署4.29亿美元应计负债和2010年4.63亿美元离职后健康保险准备金之间的差额。2001年制订的开发署离职后健康保险供资战略的目的是在十五年内为其离职后健康保险债务提供充分资金。资发基金和妇发基金将在未来几年中为其离职后健康保险债务供资。", "30. 如以往几年，离职后健康保险整个负债情况载于财务报表的一份说明中。在2012年采用国际公共部门会计准则后，离职后健康保险的整个负债数额将作为负债载于财务状况报表中。", "C. 未用资源余额", "31. 2010年底，经常资源未用余额（不包括业务准备金）为2.83亿美元，较2009年的3.54亿美元大幅减少。占未用资源总余额的6%，比2009年的7%有所下降。", "32. 相当数量的基金（2.8亿美元或向经常资源捐款的29%）在2010年最后一季度收到，这一模式扭转了年末报告的未用经常资源余额。此外，还因业务准备金等管理原因而预留了特定现金余额。在其他情况下，余额被指定用于未来负债（例如离职后健康保险）的审慎管理。其他余额用于常规运作，包括结算应付账款、未付债务和与其他联合国机构的基金间业务。", "33. 开发署经常资源稳妥的资金周转数额应相当于三到六个月的支出，按2010年的支出水平计算，流动资金总额应在2.69亿美元至5.38亿美元之间。经常资源收到的捐款减少，加之2010年前三季度收到的捐款的数额较低，导致了第三季度末的流动性低。因此，开发署必须迅速采取行动，减少已计划的核心支出，以维持所需的流动资金比率。捐款减少的主要原因是由于以美元和本币支付的捐款的减少以及汇率波动。开发署的对冲活动部分地抵消了后者的影响。但截至2010年底，开发署的年终流动资金头寸约为3.1个月的运转资金，比去年年末约3.5个月的水平有所减少。", "34. 根据执行局第1999/9号决定，在DP/1999/5/Rev.1和DP/1999/CRP.9/Rev.1号文件的基础上修改了开发署经常资源业务准备金数额的计算公式。根据2010年最终收支数据，将把业务准备金从2.38亿美元下调至2.26亿美元的新水平。减少的1 200万美元将转拨至开发署的一般资源。", "四、其他资源", "35. 其他资源包括费用分摊、信托基金、有偿支助服务、初级专业人员方案以及管理事务协议等杂项活动。有偿支助服务和杂项活动在下文图4中显示为“其他”。", "A. 收入", "36. 其他资源总收入增长了1.93亿美元（4%），从2009年的45.2亿美元增至47.1亿美元。", "捐款", "37. 图4显示了2009-2010年按供资机制分列的其他资源捐款。", "图 4. 2009-2010年按供资机制分列的其他资源捐款", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "38. 其他资源捐款共计43.1亿美元，较2009年的41.3亿美元增长了4%。下表2显示了对2009年和2010年按供资来源分列的其他资源捐款的比较。", "表2. 2009-2010年按供资来源分列的其他资源捐款比较", "（单位：10亿美元）", "供资来源 捐款\n 2009年 2010年 变化（%）", "双边捐助者 1.56 1.76 13", "多边合作伙伴来源 1.55 1.74 12", "地方资源 0.72 0.69 -4", "其他来源 0.30 0.12 -60", "共计 4.13 4.31 4", "双边捐助者", "39. 来自双边捐助者的其他资源捐款增加了13%，从2009年的15.6亿美元增至17.6亿美元。图5列出了2010年向其他资源捐款最多的10个双边捐助者。", "图5. 2010年向其他资源捐款最多的10个双边捐助者", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "多边合作伙伴来源", "40. 多边合作伙伴委托给开发署的其他资源增至17.4亿美元，较2009年的15.5亿美元增加了12%。图6列示了2010年向其他资源捐款的多边合作伙伴。", "地方资源（政府）", "41. 来自地方资源的捐款（不包括管理服务协议）占2010年收到的其他资源捐款总额的16%。这一资源的总额从2009年的7.2亿美元减至6.9亿美元，减少了4%，超过了战略计划中要求的资源组合调整率。这一下降的原因部分在于方案优先事项发生改变，各办事处根据战略计划中的构想，逐渐从提供采购服务转向发布战略咨询。", "42. 地方资源捐款中约有67%来自10个方案国政府（请见图7）。在捐款最多的10个国家中，阿根廷、埃及、委内瑞拉、多米尼加共和国和中国增加了捐款，而巴西、哥伦比亚、秘鲁、巴拿马和乌拉圭则减少了其捐款。由于提供捐款的成员国的数量的增加，捐款最多的10个国家在地方资源捐款总额中所占的百分比继续呈下降趋势：从2007年占总额的78%降至2008年的72%，又降至2009年的71%，再降至2010年的67%。", "图6. 2010年向其他资源捐款的多边合作伙伴", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "图 7. 2009-2010年向地方资源捐款最多的10个国家", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "43. 向管理服务协议的捐款减少了62%，从2009年的3.25亿美元减至1.22亿美元。DP/2011/33/ Add.1号文件中的表12列示了管理服务协议收入的分配情况。", "利息收入", "44. 利息收入由2009年的0.92亿美元增至1.04亿美元，增幅为12%。", "其他收入", "45. 其他收入为2.97亿美元，与2009年持平。其他收入主要包括支助服务费用，偿付共同事务、其他支助服务和联合国安全和安保部提供的外勤安保的款项，以及来自其他供资来源的收入。", "B. 支出", "46. 其他资源的总支出为46.7亿美元，较2009年的41.8亿美元增长了12%。", "发展支出", "47. 用于发展活动的总支出为40.9亿美元，其中7 370万美元用于发展实效活动。下文图8显示了包括管理服务协议（全球-其他）在内的分区域发展支出，其中不包括援助巴勒斯坦人民方案。用于援助巴勒斯坦人民方案的发展支出为5 270万美元。", "图8. 其他资源: 2010年按区域分列的发展支出", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "48. 在总计40.9亿美元的发展支出中，15.6亿美元（38%）用于面临特殊发展情况的国家。如图9所示，用于阿富汗的支出最多，为7.55亿美元，或其他资源发展支出总额的18%。", "图9. 2010年用于特殊发展情况国家的其他资源发展支出", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "49. 在15.6亿美元用于面临特殊发展情况国家的发展支出中，9.58亿美元（62%）由双边捐助者供资，1.79亿美元（12%）由欧洲联盟供资，1.36亿美元（9%）由全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金供资，1.77亿美元（11%）由多方捐助信托基金供资，还有1.06亿美元（6%）由其他多方捐助者供资。", "联合国发展协调", "50. 在其他资源类别中，用于联合国发展协调活动的总额为3 200万美元，这由双边合作伙伴供资。", "管理支出", "51. 2010年，用于管理活动的支出总计达2.72亿美元。其中包括用于信托基金的2 600万美元和用于偿付支助收入的2.46亿美元。在这2.46亿美元中有2.2亿美元用于与方案和项目相关的活动。", "特殊目的支出", "52. 2010年，特殊目的支出总额为1.77亿美元。其中包括用于初级专业人员方案的5 200万美元，联合国安全和安保部出资的用于现场安保人员的8 000万美元，用于偿付联合国志愿人员支助服务的1 100万美元。余下的3 400万美元则用于“一个联合国基金”、“变更管理基金”、“禽流感和人类流感协调基金”等其他支出。", "其他支出", "53. 2010年，其他支出（成本分类所定义的）总计1.02亿美元。其中1.01亿美元用于国家办事处的共同事务活动。", "C. 费用回收政策", "54. 执行局第2004/30号和第2007/18号决定核可了这一建议，即经常资源和其他资源均应支持战略计划中制定的优先事项，并且经常资源不应补贴其他资源供资方案的费用，开发署的费用回收政策规定，在国家和总部两级交付的其他资源供资方案所涉的一切费用均通过具体的费用回收机制全额回收。", "55. 开发计划署尽一切努力收回在国家和总部两级以及向其他联合国实体交付的与其他资源供资方案和项目相关的一般管理和实施费用，目的在于收回提供服务的费用，使得开发署核心两年期支助预算不需承担其未计划承担的支助服务费用。", "56. 下文表3显示了2010年费用回收收入和利用总额。", "57. 收入总额由2009年的3.94亿美元增至4.23亿美元，增幅为7%。支出总额从3.18亿美元增至3.44亿美元，增长了8%。在表3中列出的2.85亿美元费用回收收入中，有2.37亿美元属于支出分摊和信托基金一般管理支助收入，未被列入其他资源的其他收入总额。开发署在2010-2011年两年期支助预算文件(DP/2010/3)中报告了准予费用回收政策的例外。2010年，开发署准予了对两项额外一般管理服务的减免：（1）对向海地问题特使办公室的捐款收取0%的管理费，（2）对向亚太经社会防范海啸、灾害和气候变化多方捐助者信托基金的捐款管理费降至4%。", "表 3. 2010年费用回收", "（单位：百万美元）", "费用回收\t方案和项目交付\t有偿支助服务\t共计\n 收入： \n 一般管理/实施支助服务 237 237 \n 共同事务 107 107 \n 各机构有偿服务 11 31 42 \n 利息 8 8 \n 行政代理费 5 5 \n 其他 24 24 \n 收入共计 285 138 423 \n 支出： \n 工作人员/人事费用 142 31 173 \n 一般业务费用 78 93 171 \n 支出共计 220 124 344", "D. 未用资源余额", "58. 至2010年底，未用的其他资源为44.9亿美元，较2009年的45.5亿美元减少了1%。未用的其他资源占未用资源总余额的89%。未用资源余额包括费用分摊24.9亿美元（2009年为24.8亿美元）、信托基金11.4亿美元（2009年为11.9亿美元）、有偿支助服务8.4亿美元（2009年为8.6亿美元）、以及政府对应现金捐助0.2亿美元（2009年为0.2亿美元）。截至2010年12月31日，已有76%的未用资源被完全列入方案，将在未来几年交付。", "59. 捐款的接受模式造成了捐款高峰出现在年底。2010年，有41%其他资源捐款在第四季度收到。例如，开发署阿富汗紧急信托基金2010年全年2.38亿美元捐款中的60%（1.44亿美元）在第四季度收到，开发署苏丹紧急信托基金2010年全年1.17亿美元捐款中的50%（5 900万美元）在第四季度收到。这一模式使年终未用资金余额失真。", "60. 按照财政条例，开发署需在充分供资的基础上开展所有其他资源活动。根据目前的合作伙伴协议，所有项目余额被完全分离以用于会计和报告之目的。所持现金用于不相关联的目的，不会将某个项目的资源余额与另一个项目混合或“分享”，承付的资源或资金支出也没有可替代性。此外，还因业务准备金等管理原因而拨出了特定现金余额。在其他情况下，余额被指定用于未来负债（例如离职后健康保险）的审慎管理，或用于结算流动负债等常规运作的需要。", "61. 开发署断定，考虑到方案周期和执行局批准及财务条例和细则中记载的开发署任务和治理框架，未用余额总量是合理的。然而，开发署期待能为更好地协调核心及非核心资源而寻求制订综合资源框架。这一框架将通过合并机构及方案预算，使得能够在一个统一的核心和非核心资源框架内总体审视资源。这应该会促进战略资源的计划、分配和监控，并加强基于结果的资源分配。", "E. 其他", "联合国志愿人员方案", "62. 2010年，来自158个国家的7 765名志愿人员在132个国家从事7 960项任务。这些行动的资金由开发署经常资源支助，总额达到2.35亿美元。其中的9%由直接向联合国志愿人员提供的捐款（特别志愿人员基金、费用分摊、信托基金和全额供资安排）支付。其余部分则由联合国方案及包括开发署在内的其他联合国组织、基金和方案直接支付。", "初级专业人员方案", "63. 2010年，共有24个政府与开发署签订了提供初级专业人员的协议。截至2010年12月31日，开发署管理364名初级专业人员和39名驻地协调员特别助理，而截至2009年12月31日管理的初级专业人员为350名，驻地协调员特别助理为29名。在403名初级专业人员中，有224人为开发署和关联基金工作，在这其中有24%的人员（57名初级专业人员/驻地协调员特别助理）在纽约和其他总部地点工作。", "64. 开发署收到为初级专业人员方案提供的捐款为4 500万美元，而2009年为5 700万美元。包括支助费用在内的支出总额从2009年的4 700万美元增至2010的5 200万美元。2010年底的资源余额为3 100万美元，较2009年的3 800万美元有所减少（2008年为2 800万美元）。", "外地住房准备金", "65. 1979年设立了2 500万美元准备金，用于为国际征聘、开发署供资的外勤人员提供住房，在特殊情况下也用于办公用房。2010年外地住房准备金住房和办公房舍业务的未用资源余额为112万美元，而2009年为65万美元。外地住房准备金作为国际公共部门会计准则准备工作和开发署遗留余额审查的一部分正在接受审查。这将会导致一些调整。", "直接预算支助", "66. 执行局第2009/24号决定原则上核准了一项为期四年的试点（从2009年9月开始），使开发署能够应受援国请求，依照DP/2009/36及Corr. 1和2号文件提供的指导方针，根据开发署的任务和相对优势，逐案向联合供资和部门预算支助提供财政捐款。", "67. 布基纳法索政府请求开发署参与该国两个政府制定的优先领域，即艾滋病毒/艾滋病和促进人权的部门预算支助，该请求于2009年获准。这两项举措均属于开发署的核心任务。2010年，开发署对布基纳法索部门预算支助的捐款共计12万美元，占艾滋病毒/艾滋病部门预算资金的1%，占促进人权部门预算资金的1%。这笔资金从经常资源中划拨，数额低于执行局在资源规划框架中规定的核心供资年度授权支出限额的10%上限。", "五、联合国改革和对其他联合国组织的支助", "68. 除自身的业务活动之外，开发署还在国家一级协调联合国系统，继续在构造发展的一致性方面发挥着重要作用。根据现有数据，用于多方捐助信托基金、联合方案和支助联合国其他组织的资金流动总额为11.5 亿美元，2009年为17.8亿美元。", "A. 开发署的行政代理职能", "69. 开发署通过代表联合国发展系统在联合方案和多方捐助信托基金行政代理机构发挥作用，以及作为参与的联合国组织发挥方案实施作用，继续为联合拟订方案活动提供重要的支持。2010年，开发署代表联合国系统为联合方案和多方捐助信托基金接收的捐款总值为6.1亿美元（2009年为12.5亿美元）。捐款额的降低与之前的上升势头相反，并与七年间年均捐款总额7.14亿美元形成对比。这一下降缘于持续的全球经济衰退以及针对千年发展目标成就基金、扩充的“一体行动”资助窗口、和苏丹共同人道主义基金这三项最大的多方捐助信托基金捐款的减少。其中的两项基金已完全分配了资源，在未来几年将接近尾声。 2010年，多方捐助信托基金办事处作为行政代理人向所有参与组织转拨的资金总值为9.69亿美元。其中包括转入开发署，用于开发署各方案的基金3.57亿美元（2009年为2.83亿美元）。 这些被转拨的基金被纳入2009年12.3亿美元未用余额中。", "B. 对联合国各组织的支助", "70. 开发署国家办事处向联合国其他组织提供业务支助。用于这些服务的资金记入机构服务清结账户，包括用于支助联合国其他组织的5.31亿美元资金流动，较2009年（5.28亿美元）略微增长。", "C. 联合国发展协调活动", "71. 开发署在联合国系统协调工作和支助国家发展的国家一级协调工作中发挥着重要的作用。联合国发展协调活动由经常资源和其他资源共同供资，2010年的总计支出为1.26亿美元（9 400万美元来自经常资源，另有3 200万美元来自其他资源）。开发署鼓励会员国继续支助这项活动。", "D. 联合国授权的安保费用", "72. 执行局第2010/1号决定核准了署长的提议，特许在2010至2011年期间最多再动用指定用于联合国授权安保措施的5 800万美元经常资源中的另外30% （1 740万美元）。", "73. 第72段提及的5 800万美元是2010-2011年为联合国授权的安保措施所预留的8 500万美元总额中的一部分，此外还有2 500万美元由其他资源供资，另有200万美元来自联合国安全和安保部前一期超额收费的贷款。2010年，开发署支出3 300万美元（2009年为3 900万美元），包括其他资源中的支出1 100万美元（2009年为1 000万美元）。在2010年支出的3 300万美元中，1 700万美元用于联合国外勤安保协调方案（2009年为2 100万美元），1 600万美元用于按照最低运作安保标准合规情况，对国家办事处（包括在总部）进行的评估和投资（2009年为1 800万美元）。", "六、国际公共部门会计准则", "74. 大会第60/283号决议批准采用《国际公共部门会计准则》，这对透明财务报告、强有力的问责制和良好的治理而言至关重要。采用《国际公共部门会计准则》将通过对资产和负债进行更完整的披露和核算从而提高透明度，并改善管理及对金融和非金融资产的追踪与报告。将全面确认年假和离职后健康保险等雇员费用和相关义务，并充分地分配至产生这些费用的各活动的基金来源。", "75. 开发署的目标是自2012年1月1日起采用《国际公共部门会计准则》方案。通过这一方案，开发署规划了其大多数的《国际公共部门会计准则》政策，界定了制度的变化，并开始了过渡和变更管理过程，提升工作人员的认识、理解和技能。", "76. 执行局第2008/1号决定批准截至2009年底动用900万美元经常资源用于采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的费用。2008-2009两年期，开发署在采用公共部门会计准则的准备工作中花费了520万美元。此外，执行局第2010/1号决定批准在2010至2011年期间总额1 300万美元用于与《国际公共部门会计准则》有关的活动。其中1 100万美元将用于一次性项目费用，例如政策制定、系统配置和报告、以及全球培训。剩下的200万美元用于向新职位供资，为期六个月，这些新职位将从事采用公共部门会计准则所需的额外工作。对这些职位会有持续需求。2010年，开发署在为采用《国际公共部门会计准则》所需的准备工作上花费了180万美元。", "77. 为确保遵守公共部门会计准则的最有效方法，开发署建立了全球共享服务中心，以便集中记录开发署国家办事处收集与《国际公共部门会计准则》相关的复杂功能，并对国家办事处提供支助以确保成功过渡并继续遵守国家公共部门会计准则。集中记录这些功能的选择是在成本效益分析后做出的，这是处理公共部门会计准则复杂性的最有效选择。建立全球共享服务中心及其选址的决定以一家独立咨询公司所开展的综合性研究为基础。这一决定基于一些关键因素，包括技能和费用的可用性。目前正与政府就选定的地点进行协商。预计全球共享服务中心将于2012年1月1日开始运作。", "七、开发署经管的基金", "78. 本报告增编（DP/2011/33/Add.1）表5(a)提供了开发署管理的两个基金的详细数据。", "A. 联合国资本发展基金", "79. 2010年，资发基金在49个最不发达国家中的40个国家开展业务，特别侧重冲突后国家。2010年捐款总额为3 800万美元（2009年为3 500万美元）。因汇率和财政危机造成的一个主要捐助者捐款额的显著减少，使经常资源额略有降低。而其他资源同时大幅增长。资源的总体前景依然乐观，特别是在其他资源的总量和多样化方面。", "80. 2010年方案支出总额保持不变，仍为4 000万美元。其他资源支出占方案资源总额的44%。所有的方案支出都用于与开发署共同开展的联合方案。资发基金还向东帝汶的小额供资机构发放了23万美元的贷款（另有1 000万美元赠款，已列于支出项下）。资发基金核心和非核心业务准备金总额仍为2 500万美元。因此，资发基金能够在维持其流动资金的同时实施其计划的发展、管理和财务成果。", "81. 总额4 000万美元的方案支出并不包括开发署根据执行局第2007/34号决定划拨给资发基金的300万美元。这部分资金由资发基金全额使用，但目前由开发署分别记账和报告。此外，开发署两年期支助预算中还拨付了1 000万美元用于资发基金的管理支出。", "B. 联合国妇女发展基金", "82. 妇发基金于2010年7月2日并入妇女署。但因妇女署的创建决议，即大会第64/289号决议规定，妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作。下列数字包括了妇发基金2010年的全年数据。", "83. 妇发基金为有创意的方案和战略提供财政和技术援助，以增强妇女力量，促进性别平等。妇发基金把提升妇女人权摆在其全部工作的核心位置，重点围绕四个战略领域开展活动：(a) 减少女性贫困；(b) 消除暴力侵害妇女行为；(c) 扭转艾滋病毒/艾滋病在妇女和女童中的蔓延趋势；以及(d) 在和平与战争时期，实现民主治理中的性别平等。", "84. 妇发基金的捐款总额从2009年的1.65亿美元增至1.71亿美元，增加了600万美元（4%）。自愿捐款增加了1 300万美元（21%），费用分摊部分减少了600万美元（8%），而次级信托基金部分减少了1 200万美元（43%）。", "85. 方案支出从2009年的1.23亿美元增至1.79亿美元，增加了5 600万美元（46%）。经常资源支出从2009年的4 900万美元增至2010年的8 000万美元，增加了3 100万美元（63%）。费用分摊支出从2009年的5 300万美元增至7 100万美元，增加了1 800万美元（32%）。次级信托基金支出从2009年的2 100万美元增至2 900万美元，增加了800万美元（39%）。", "86. 截至2010年12月31日，未用资源为2.06亿美元，较截至2009年12月31日的2.28亿美元减少了2 200万美元。2010年12月的资源由已批准的项目预算全额支助。根据执行局1997年1月第97/4号决定，对业务准备金数额进行了审查，准备金从2009年12月31日的2 000万美元增至2010年12月31日的2 100万美元。", "附件一", "开发署概况", "A. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的年度收入和支出报表", "（单位：千美元）", "经常资源 其他资源 基金 共计^(a)\n 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/-", "收入", "捐款 967 132 1 013 -5% 4 311 319 4 129 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 487 686 5 342 3% 599 137 474", "减去：转入两年前支助预算 (9 632) (8 671) -11% - -   - - - (9 632) (8 671) -11%", "捐款净额 957 500 1 004 -5% 4 311 319 4 129 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 478 054 5 333 3% 928 137 803", "利息收入 14 165 10 173 39% 103 661 92 306 12% 1 438 2 127 -32% 119 264 104 606 14%", "其他收入净额 48 084 38 480 25% 297 127 297 389 - 11 495 16 678 -31% 356 706 352 547 1%", "收入共计 1 019 749 1 053 -3% 4 712 107 4 518 4% 222 168 218 543 2% 5 954 024 5 790 3% 581 832 956", "支出", "发展 626 849     4 092 353     219 564     4 938 766", "联合国发展协调 93 752     31 705     -     125 457", "管理 224 082     271 771     22 226     518 079", "特殊目的 43 430     176 908     -     220 338", "其他支出 87 733     101 795     140     189 668", "支出共计 1 075 846 1 166 -8% 4 674 532 4 177 12% 241 930 182 988 32% 5 992 308 5 526 8% 574 244 806", "收支盈余（亏损） (56 097) (112 50% 37 575 341 588 -89% (19 762) 35 555 -156% (38 284) 264 150 -114% 993)", "上两年期债务节减额 596 15 682 -96% - - - - - - 596 15 682 -96%", "从（向）准备金转账 (16 000) (14 000) -14% (2 000) (5 000) 60% (1 390) (6 910) 80% (19 390) (25 910) 25%", "向捐助者退款和从（向）其他基金转账 (48) (32 879) 100% (99 062) (85 878) -15% (799) (2 098) 62% (99 909) (120 17% 855)", "准备金和基金结余调整数               1 982 - - 1 982 -", "1月1日基金余额 354 412 498 602 -29% 4 550 006 4 299 6% 280 690 252 161 11% 5 185 108 5 050 3% 296 059", "12月31日基金余额 282 863 354 412 -20% 4 486 519 4 550 -1% 258 739 280 690 -8% 5 028 121 5 185 -3% 006 108", "资料来源： DP/2011/33/Add.1，表1(a)。", "^(a) 包括一般管理支助服务费用。", "B. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债以及准备金和基金余额", "(单位：千美元)", "经常资源 其他资源   基金   共计\n 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/-", "资产", "现金 53 904 25 929 108% 30 34 -12% 3 554 6 404 -45% 57 488 32 367 79%", "现金与投资——托管基金 847 956 1 324 -36%             847 956 1 324 -36% 804 804", "政府信用证       49 195 108 460 -55%       49 195 108 460 -55%", "用于下列用途所持投资：", "业务准备金 238 000 222 000 7%             238 000 222 000 7%", "离职后医疗保险准备金 429 268 373 276 15%             429 268 373 276 15%", "经常资源 142 746 602 527 -76% 7 230 492 446 -99% 361 807 343 405 5% 511 783 1 438 -64% 378", "其他资源 4 688 388 4 266 10%             4 688 4 266 10% 293 388 293", "医药保险计划 48 283 45 073 7%             48 283 45 073 7%", "投资小计 5 546 685 5 509 1% 7 230 492 446 -99% 361 807 343 405 5% 5 915 6 345 -7% 169 722 020", "现金、信用证和投资共计 6 448 545 6 859 -6% 56 455 600 940 -91% 365 361 349 809 4% 6 870 7 810 -12% 902 361 651", "政府和执行机构预付款项 11 834 22 269 -47% 135 297 125 452 8% 1 050 668 57% 148 181 148 389 -", "应收账款和迟延费用 17 371 29 017 -40% 29 340 24 167 21% 1 685 1 286 31% 48 396 54 470 -11%", "核心资源应付款项       4 730 611 4 378 8%   4 810   4 730 4 383 8% 995 611 805", "其他资源应付款项 42 763 118 644 -64%             42 763 118 644 -64%", "项目厅、人口基金和联合国往来账户经常账户 185 668 -               185 668 -", "应计利息 29 897 34 360 -13% 22 199 21 742 2% 2 474 2 394 3% 54 570 58 496 -7%", "贷款             5 169 5 168   5 169 5 168 -", "特别资本化资产 1 570 1 570 - 1 -         1 571 1 570 -", "外地住房活动准备金       34 741 34 844 -       34 741 34 844 -", "资产共计 6 737 648 7 065 -5% 5 008 644 5 186 -3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 12 616 -4% 762 140 031 037", "负债", "支付给政府和执行机构的预付款 1 213 2 267 -46% 8 601 16 087 -47% 907 850 7% 10 721 19 204 -44%", "未清偿债务 37 617 53 313 -29% 213 131 239 539 -11% 9 104 6 734 35% 259 852 299 586 -13%", "应付账款 120 488 127 217 -5% 138 138 135 242 2% 26 119 5 634 361% 284 745 268 093 6%", "应付给其他资源和基金的款项 4 730 524 4 383 8%             4 730 4 383 8% 806 524 806", "其他资源和基金应付给核心资源的款项       8 200 93 187 -91% 34 563 25 457 36% 42 763 118 644 -64%", "应付给项目厅、人口基金和联合国往来账户的款项 - 163 502               - 163 502", "递延负债——托管基金 895 389 1 383 -35%             895 389 1 383 -35% 254 254", "递延负债——离职后医疗保险 429 269 373 276 15%             429 269 373 276 15%", "其他债务 715 1 145 -38% 16 060 16 079 - 707 561 26% 17 482 17 785 -2%", "债务总计 6 215 215 6 487 -4% 384 130 500 134 -23% 71 400 39 236 82% 6 670 7 027 -5% 780 745 150", "准备金和基金余额", "业务准备金 238 000 222 000 7% 109 995 108 000 2% 45 600 44 209 3% 393 595 374 209 5%", "捐赠基金       3 000 3 000         3 000 3 000 -", "外地住房准备金核准金额       25 000 25 000         25 000 25 000 -", "特殊资本资源 1 570 1 570               1 570 1 570 -", "未用资源余额 282 863 354 412 -20% 4 486 519 4 550 -1% 258 739 280 690 -8% 5 028 5 185 -3% 006 121 108", "未用资源和特殊资本资源余额 284 433 355 982 -20% 4 486 519 4 550 -1% 258 739 280 690 -8% 5 029 5 186 -3% 006 691 678", "负债、准备金和未用资源余额共计 6 737 648 7 065 -5% 5 008 644 5 186 -3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 12 616 -4% 762 140 031 037" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 September to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 2 of the provisional agenda", "Financial, budgetary and administrative matters", "Annual review of the financial situation, 2010", "Report of the Administrator", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the financial position of UNDP at the end of 2010. Total income (contributions, interest and other income) rose by 3 per cent to $5.95 billion, from $5.79 billion in 2009. Total contributions increased by 3 per cent to $5.49 billion, from $5.34 billion in 2009. Total expenditures increased significantly, by 8 per cent to $5.99 billion, from $5.53 billion in 2009.", "Contributions to regular (core) resources decreased in 2010 to $967 million, 5 per cent below the 2009 level of $1.01 billion. This reduction required UNDP to institute a corresponding reduction in planned core expenditures to avoid drawing on the operational reserve. Consequently, UNDP expenditures related to regular resources decreased by 8 per cent to $1.08 billion, from $1.17 billion in 2009.", "Other (non-core) resources contributions increased by 4 per cent to $4.31 billion, from $4.13 billion in 2009. This increase is mainly attributable to programmes in countries with special development situations. The contributions for such programmes grew by 44 per cent to $1.66 billion, compared to $1.15 billion in 2009. Among other resources contributions, contributions from bilateral partners increased by 13 per cent, from $1.56 billion in 2009 to $1.76 billion. Multilateral partners also increased their contributions by 12 per cent, to $1.74 billion, from $1.55 billion in 2009. Local resources provided by programme countries decreased by 4 per cent, from $0.72 billion in 2009 to $0.69 billion. Other resources expenditures amounted to $4.67 billion, a 12 per cent increase compared to $4.18 billion in 2009.", "Other or “earmarked” resources represent an important complement to the regular or “unearmarked” resource base of UNDP. In 2010 UNDP was funded by 78 per cent earmarked resources, and 18 per cent from unearmarked resources, with the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) making up the remaining 4 per cent. The ability of UNDP to fulfill its multilateral mandate and deliver effective capacity-building is contingent on sufficient core funding. This core funding allows UNDP to operate as a flexible, forward-looking organization, with the ability to pursue integrated management and programming approaches focused on long-term effectiveness and sustainability.", "UNDP coordinates the United Nations system at the country level, and continues to play a vital role in forging development coherence. The value of fund flows to multi-donor trust funds (MDTFs), to joint programmes and to support other United Nations organizations totaled $1.15 billion, compared to $1.78 billion in 2009. The decrease was due primarily to a fall in contributions to multi-donor trust funds and joint programmes, from $1.25 billion in 2009 to $610 million, a drop due in large part to a reduction in contributions to the three largest MDTFs, two of which have fully allocated their resources and are winding down in the coming years.", "This report contains figures for the entire year 2010 for UNIFEM, which was merged into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. Since the UN-Women founding resolution, General Assembly resolution 64/289, states that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, this is the last time that UNIFEM shall be featured in the present report.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish: (a) to take note of documents DP/2011/33 and DP/2011/33/Add.1; (b) note the continuing decrease in regular resources, which are necessary for UNDP to fulfil its mandate, to preserve its multilateral, impartial and universal character, and to provide an adequate and secure regular funding base; (c) to urge all Member States to support UNDP in reaching its regular resources targets and to commit, as early as possible, contributions to UNDP regular resources for 2011 and onwards, if possible through multi-year pledges; and (d) to recall the importance of funding predictability and timeliness of payments to avoid liquidity constraints in regular resources.", "Contents", "Chapter Page\t\nI.Introduction 4\t\nII.UNDPoverall 4\t\nIII.Regularresources 7\t\nA.Income 7\t\nB.Expenditure 8\t\nC.Balanceofunexpendedresources 10\t\nIV.Otherresources 11\t\nA.Income 11\t\nB.Expenditures 14\t\nC.Cost-recoverypolicy 17\tD.Balanceofunexpendedresources 1718 \nE.Others \nV.UnitedNationsreformandsupporttootherUnitedNationsorganizations 19\t\nA.UNDPadministrativeagentfunction 19\t\nB.SupporttoUnitedNationsorganizations 19\tC.UnitedNationsdevelopmentcoordinationactivities 1919 \nD.UnitedNationsmandatedsecuritycosts \nVI.Internationalpublicsectoraccountingstandards 20\t\nVII.FundsadministeredbyUNDP 20\t\nA.UnitedNationsCapitalDevelopmentFund 20\t\nB.UnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen 21\t\nAnnex \nI.UNDPoverview A.Statementofincomeandexpendituresfortheyearended31December2010,with 22 \ncomparativefiguresfor2009 B.Assets,liabilitiesandreserves,andfundbalancesasof31December2010,with 23 \ncomparativefiguresfor2009", "I. Introduction", "1. This report provides an overview of the financial position of UNDP at the end of 2010 with comparative figures for 2009 where available. The analysis of UNDP activities at the aggregate level is followed by analyses of regular or core resources, “other” or non-core resources, including for the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme, and the funds established by the General Assembly – the UNCDF, and other activities. This report contains figures for the entire year 2010 for UNIFEM, which was merged into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. Since the General Assembly resolution 64/289 states that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, this is the last time that UNIFEM shall feature in the present report. Annex I reflects an overview of the aggregate figures, and Annex II contains the definitions of the terms used in this document. Table 1 of the addendum to the present report (DP/2011/33/Add.1) continues with a summary of all activities undertaken by UNDP. The percentages in the body of the report reference data in the annexes.", "2. In accordance with the recommendation made by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22, for the first time expenditures are reported in 2010 in four broad cost-classification areas: (a) development; (b) management; (c) United Nations development coordination; and (d) special purpose. In addition, other expenditures, which do not fall within the four broad cost classifications, are also reported as part of overall expenditures.", "II. UNDP overall", "3. At the aggregate level, UNDP saw a small yet significant increase in total income in 2010, combined with continued growth in expenditures. UNDP was funded by 18 per cent core resources and 78 per cent non-core resources, with 4 per cent pertaining to UNIFEM and UNCDF.", "4. Total income is defined as the sum of contributions, interest income and other income. Total income increased to $5.95 billion, an increase of 3 per cent compared to the 2009 income of $5.79 billion. Total contributions increased by 3 per cent from $5.34 billion to $5.49 billion; interest income increased to $0.12 billion (from $0.10 billion in 2009); and other income increased to $0.36 billion (from $0.35 billion in 2009).", "5. Contributions to core resources decreased by 5 per cent to $967 million, compared to $1.01 billion in 2009 and the 2010 target of $1.4 billion contained within the integrated financial resources framework of the strategic plan, approved by the Executive Board in its decision 2007/32.", "6. Non-core contributions reached a total of $4.31 billion, 4 per cent above the $4.13 billion reached in 2009. This increase is mainly attributable to programmes in countries facing special development situations. The contributions to these programmes grew by 44 per cent to $1.66 billion, compared to $1.15 billion in 2009. Bilateral contributions amounted to $1.76 billion, an increase of 13 per cent compared to $1.56 billion in 2009, with contributions for countries with special development situations growing from $633 million in 2009 to $1 billion. Non-core resources entrusted to UNDP by multilateral partners reached $1.74 billion, an increase of 12 per cent over the $1.55 billion of 2009, with contributions received for countries with special development situations growing from $495 million in 2009 to $614 million. Local resources, channelled through UNDP by programme country Governments and other local partners in support of their own national development, amounted to $0.69 billion, a decrease of 4 per cent compared to $0.72 billion in 2009.", "7. Other resources are earmarked for specific programmes and activities and represent an important complement to the unearmarked regular resource base of UNDP. Regular resources contributions have dropped to a level which is equivalent to 22 per cent of other resources contributions, compared to 25 per cent in 2009. The ability of UNDP to fulfil its mandate and to preserve its multilateral, impartial and universal character depends upon an adequate and secure regular funding base to support strategic and flexible management approaches focused on long-term effectiveness and sustainable development results.", "8. Total expenditures continued to increase, growing by 8 per cent to $5.99 billion, from $5.53 billion in 2009. Of the $5.99 billion, $4.94 billion (82 per cent) was spent on development activities, $518 million (9 per cent) on management activities, $125 million (2 per cent) on United Nations development coordination activities, $220 million (4 per cent) on special purpose activities, and $190 million (3 per cent) on activities other than those that fall under the four broad cost classifications. Figure 1 below presents the trend of overall income and expenditures.", "Figure 1. Overall income and expenditures, 2001 to 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "9. The overall balance of unexpended resources at the end of 2010 fell to $5.03 billion, from $5.19 billion in 2009. The $5.03 billion consisted of $283 million under regular resources, $4.49 billion under other resources, $53 million under UNCDF and $206 million under UNIFEM. As UNDP is required to operate on a fully funded basis for all other resources activities, the cash is held for discrete purposes, without commingling or “sharing” of balances for one project with another project, or fungibility of resources for commitment or disbursement of funds. A total of $1.78 billion, or 41 per cent of other resources contributions, were received in the last quarter, and thus can only be programmed for future years’ delivery. The balance of unexpended regular resources also continued to drop: from $354 million in 2009 to $283 million. At this point in time, the majority of unexpended resources have been programmed and will be delivered in future years.", "10. As shown in Figure 2 below, the majority of funds were received in the last quarter of 2010. Together with the decrease in the level of regular resources contributions received, this resulted in low liquidity at the end of third quarter, and UNDP acted swiftly to reduce planned core expenditures in order to maintain the required liquidity ratio. The decrease in contributions was due mainly to reduced contributions in United States dollars and local currencies, as well as exchange rate movements. The effect of this was partially offset by UNDP hedging activity. At the end of 2010, the UNDP year-end liquidity position remained low, at approximately 3.1 months of working capital. This is close to the minimum threshold of liquidity requested by the Executive Board: three to six months of regular resources expenditures. Accordingly, UNDP did not draw from its operational reserve. Nevertheless, as other resources are not fungible, if UNDP planning is to be effective and results achieved, it is vital that Member States adhere to their commitments and do not delay their regular resource contributions.", "Figure 2. Regular (core) and other (non-core) resources income by quarter, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "11. UNDP is fully committed to United Nations reform initiatives and to the optimization of its country-level coordination role in support of national development efforts. Total income for trust funds and joint programmes funded by multiple donors and managed by UNDP in its role as administrative agent decreased to $1.15 billion from $1.78 billion in 2009. This drop was due in large part to a reduction in contributions to the three largest multi-donor trust funds (MDTFs), two of which have fully allocated their resources and are winding down in the coming years. The $1.15 billion figure includes $612 million ($1.25 billion in 2009) for MDTFs and joint programmes for which UNDP serves as administrative agent, and $535 million for management and operational services provided by UNDP. In addition, UNDP provided $125 million for the United Nations development coordination activities.", "III. Regular resources", "12. For regular resources, total income inclusive of interest income and other income decreased by 3 per cent compared to 2009, from $1.05 billion to $1.02 billion. Although total expenditures decreased by 8 per cent from $1.17 billion to $1.08 billion. They exceeded total income (shown in Figure 3 below). As a result, the unexpended resource balance, exclusive of operational reserves, decreased to $283 million, from $354 million in 2009.", "Figure 3. Regular resources income and expenditures 2001-2010", "(in billions of dollars)", "[]", "A. Income", "13. Compared to 2009, total regular resources income inclusive of interest income and other income decreased by 3 per cent, from $1.05 billion to $1.02 billion.", "Contributions", "14. Regular resources contributions decreased by 5 per cent to $967 million, from $1.01 billion in 2009.", "15. As shown in Table 1 below, contributions from the top 10 donors to regular resources decreased by 5 per cent in dollar terms to $786 million from $828 million in 2009. Whereas most bilateral donors maintained their contributions, some increased, including Australia, Belgium, Finland and the Republic of Korea. Seven of the Development Assistance Committee countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reduced their contributions in local currency. A total of 55 Member States contributed towards core resources including India at $5 million, the People’s Republic of China at $4 million, and Saudi Arabia at $2 million, all of which maintained the same contributions as in 2009. Bangladesh, Egypt, Greece, Kazakhstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Morocco, South Africa and Turkey all resumed contributions in 2010.", "Table 1. Regular resources contributions from top 10 donors, 2009-2010", "Donor\tContributionsinlocalcurrency Contributionsinmillionsofdollars \n\t2009\t2010\tPercentchange\t2009\t2010\tPercentchange\n Netherlands 90 90 - 122 121 -1 \n Norway 770 770 - 123 118 -4 \nUnited States ofAmerica 103\t99\t-4\n Sweden 720 630 -13 91 88 -3 \nUnited Kingdomof Great Britainand NorthernIreland\t58\t55\t-5\t93\t85\t-9\n Japan*       74 73 -1 \n Denmark 320 320 - 55 58 5 \n Switzerland 54 54 - 54 56 4 \n Canada 50 50 - 48 48 - \n Spain 45 30 -33 65 40 -38 \nTotal of top 10donors\tN/A\tN/A\tN/A\t828\t786\t-5\n Others N/A N/A  N/A 186 181 -3 \n Total resources       1,014 967 -5 Source: Table 7,DP/2011/33/Add.1. \n* Japan’scontributionsare pledged andreceived in US$.", "Interest income", "16. Interest income on regular resources was $14 million, compared to $10 million in 2009. As in 2009, UNDP successfully avoided any loss of principal in its investments despite ongoing financial market volatility.", "Other income", "17. Other income, which mainly includes miscellaneous income and exchange gains, was $48 million, up from $38 million in 2009. The increase was in part due to currency revaluation and exchange rate gains.", "B. Expenditure", "18. In accordance with the recommendation made by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22, expenditures are reported in 2010 (for the first time) in the four broad cost-classification areas: (a) development; (b) management; (c) United Nations development coordination; and (d) special purpose. In addition, other expenditures, which do not fall under any of the four broad cost classifications, are also reported as part of overall expenditures.", "19. Total regular resources expenditures decreased by 8 per cent, from $1.17 billion in 2009 to $1.08 billion.", "Development expenditures", "20. Expenditures on development, which includes programmes and development effectiveness activities, reached $627 million, of which $74.8 million was for development effectiveness activities. Development activities expenditures include $4 million for the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People (2009: $5 million).", "21. A total of $108 million (17 per cent of total development expenditures) was spent in countries facing special development situations.", "Management and Biennial support budget Expenditures", "22. Net biennial support budget expenditures decreased by approximately 7 per cent, from $392 million to $363 million. This was in line with typical budgetary performance in the first year of a biennium, as investments endorsed by the Executive Board are spread over two years and deliberate measures are taken to reduce spending in the first year. The endorsed investments were undertaken in the areas of management (support to crisis prevention and recovery activities, knowledge management, and operational support in the Africa region) and development effectiveness (strengthened substantive response and contributions in the areas of climate change, Millennium Development Goals achievement, crisis prevention and recovery, and South-South cooperation). These investments were offset by budget reductions in other areas of the 2010-2011 biennial support budget.", "23. For the 2010-2011 period, biennial support budget expenditures are reported using the categories endorsed by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22. By category, 62 per cent of the biennial support budget expenditures in 2010 was spent on management activities, 12 per cent on development effectiveness activities, 21 per cent on United Nations development coordination activities, and 5 per cent on special purpose activities.", "24. Government contributions towards local office costs (GLOC) represent an important source of income by helping to defray biennial support budget costs for UNDP country offices. These contributions can be made as cash and/or as an in-kind donation. They also represent an acknowledgement by host Governments of the value they place on the UNDP country office presence.", "25. The value of GLOC in-kind contributions increased slightly ($11 million) compared to 2009, (just under $11 million). GLOC cash contributions for 2010 increased by approximately $1 million (4 per cent) over 2009 levels to $26 million. The Administrator appreciates improvements made by many programme countries in meeting their GLOC obligations. In cases of non-compliance, however, UNDP will maintain the option of withholding a portion of institutional budget resources from countries with significant GLOC deficits.", "United Nations development coordination expenditures", "26. Expenditures on United Nations development coordination activities support the coordination of development activities of the United Nations system. The net expenditures on these activities amounted to a total of $94 million in 2010.", "Special purpose expenditures", "27. Net expenditures incurred on special purpose activities equaled $43 million. Special purpose activities represent cross cutting activities that are further classified into three groupings: General Assembly mandated activities, non-UNDP operations administered by UNDP, and capital investments. A total of $25 million was spent on General Assembly mandated activities, which include human resources contractual reform, United Nations mandated security costs and adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). On non-UNDP operations administered by UNDP (UNV programme and UNCDF) $18 million was spent.", "Other expenditures", "28. Under the new cost classification system, other expenditures were $88 million.Of that amount, $46 million was due to the revaluation of currencies and exchange-rate fluctuations. As part of its preparations for IPSAS, UNDP is continuing its review of balances that have grown on balance sheet accounts over the past 15 to 20 years, making considerable progress in cleaning the data. This process is ongoing, and with further due diligence may result in the identification of expenditures for which funding is no longer available.", "29. An independent consulting actuary undertook a valuation of After-Service Health Insurance (ASHI) benefits, as of 31 December 2009. On the basis of that study, the accrued liability estimates for UNCDF are $11 million; UNIFEM, $20 million; and UNDP, $430 million, totalling $461 million. The total accrued liability represents a decrease of $5 million below the $466 million estimated in the previous actuarial report of 31 December 2007. As of 31 December 2010, the ASHI reserve for UNDP alone is $429 million, and the unfunded liability stands at $34 million, which represents the difference between the accrued UNDP liability of $429 million and the projected ASHI reserve for 2010 of $463 million, as per the aforementioned actuarial report. The UNDP ASHI funding strategy established in 2001 aims at achieving full funding of the UNDP ASHI liability within 15 years. UNCDF and UNIFEM will fund their ASHI liabilities in future years.", "30. As in prior years, the full ASHI liability is disclosed in a note to the financial statements. Upon the adoption of IPSAS in 2012, the full amount of the ASHI liability will be shown as a liability in the statement of financial position.", "C. Balance of unexpended resources", "31. The balance of unexpended regular resources, excluding the operational reserve, fell significantly to $283 million at the end of 2010, compared to $354 million in 2009. This represented 6 per cent of the overall balance of unexpended resources, a reduction from 7 per cent in 2009.", "32. A significant amount of funds ($280 million or 29 per cent of contributions to regular resources) were received in the last quarter of 2010, a pattern which distorts the unexpended regular resources balance reported at year-end. In addition, specific cash balances are set aside for regulatory reasons such as for the operational reserve. In other cases, balances are earmarked for prudent management of future liabilities (e.g., ASHI). Other amounts are for routine operations, including the settlement of accounts payable, unliquidated obligations and inter-fund transactions with other United Nations agencies.", "33. A prudent level of liquidity for UNDP regular resources would be the equivalent of expenditures for three to six months, implying a total liquidity of between $269 million and $538 million at the 2010 expenditure level. The decrease in regular resources contributions received, combined with the low level of contributions received in the first three quarters of 2010, resulted in low liquidity at the end of third quarter. Thus UNDP had to act swiftly to reduce planned core expenditures in order to maintain the required liquidity ratio. The decrease in contributions was due mainly to reduced contributions in US dollars and local currency, as well as exchange-rate movements. The effect of the latter was partially offset by UNDP hedging activity. However, at the end of 2010 the UNDP year-end liquidity position represented approximately 3.1 months of working capital, a decrease from the level of approximately 3.5 months at the previous year-end.", "34. In accordance with Executive Board decision 1999/9, the formula for the calculation of the level of the UNDP regular resource operational reserve was amended on the basis of documents DP/1999/5/Rev.1 and DP/1999/CRP.9/Rev.1. Based on the final income and expenditure data for the year 2010, the operational reserve will be adjusted downwards to a new level of $226 million, from $238 million. The $12 million will be transferred to the general resources of UNDP.", "IV. Other resources", "35. Other resources are composed of: cost sharing, trust funds, reimbursable support services, the Junior Professional Officer (JPO) programme and miscellaneous activities, such as management service agreements (MSAs). Reimbursable support services and miscellaneous activities are shown as “Others” in Figure 4 below.", "A. Income", "36. Overall income for other resources increased by $193 million (4 per cent); from $4.52 billion in 2009 to $4.71 billion.", "Contributions", "37. Other resources contributions by funding mechanism for 2009-2010 are shown in Figure 4.", "Figure 4. Other resources contributions by funding mechanism, 2009-2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "38. Other resources contributions totaled $4.31 billion, an increase of 4 per cent from $4.13 billion in 2009. A comparison of other resources contributions between 2009 and 2010, by funding source, is set out in Table 2 below.", "Table 2. Comparison of contributions by funding source, 2009-2010", "(in billions of dollars)", "Funding source Contributions\n 2009 2010 Per cent change", "Bilateral donors 1.56 1.76 13", "Multilateral partner sources 1.55 1.74 12", "Local resources 0.72 0.69 -4", "Other sources 0.30 0.12 -60", "Total 4.13 4.31 4", "Bilateral donors", "39. Other resources contributions received from bilateral donors increased 13 per cent to $1.76 billion, up from $1.56 billion in 2009. Figure 5 represents the top 10 bilateral donors that contributed to other resources in 2010.", "Figure 5. Other resources contributions, top 10 bilateral donors, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "Multilateral partner sources", "40. Other resources entrusted to UNDP by multilateral partners have increased by 12 per cent to $1.74 billion, compared to $1.55 billion in 2009. Figure 6 represents the breakdown of multilateral partners that contributed to other donor resources in 2010.", "Figure 6. Other resources contributions, multilateral partners, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "Local resources (Governments)", "41. Contributions from local resources, excluding MSAs, represented 16 per cent of total other resources contributions received in 2010. This pool of resources decreased by 4 per cent, from $0.72 billion in 2009 to $0.69 billion, exceeding the rate of portfolio realignment called for within the strategic plan. This decrease was due in part to a shift in programmatic priorities, with offices gradually moving away from providing procurement services to delivering strategic advice, as envisaged in the strategic plan.", "42. Of local resources contributions, 67 per cent came from the Governments of 10 programme countries (see Figure 7). Among the top 10 countries, Argentina, Egypt, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and China increased their contributions , and Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Panama and Uruguay decreased their contributions. As the number of contributing Member States increased, the percentage share of the top 10 countries to the total local resources continued to drop: from 78 per cent of the total in 2007, to 72 per cent in 2008, to 71 per cent in 2009 and to 67 per cent in 2010.", "Figure 7. Local resources contributions (top 10 countries), 2009-2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "43. MSAs contributions decreased by 62 per cent, from $325 million in 2009 to $122 million. The distribution of MSA income is shown in Table 12 in DP/2011/33/Add.1.", "Interest income", "44. Interest income increased by 12 per cent from $92 million in 2009 to $104 million.", "Other income", "45. Other income was $297 million, the same level as in 2009. Other income was largely made up of: fees for support services; reimbursements for common services, other support services and field security provided for the United Nations Department of Safety and Security; and income from other funding sources.", "B. Expenditures", "46. Overall expenditures of other resources amounted to $4.67 billion, a 12 per cent increase compared to $4.18 billion in 2009.", "Development expenditures", "47. Total expenditures for development activities equaled $4.09 billion, of which $73.7 million was for development effectiveness activities. Development expenditures by region, including MSAs (Global-Other), and excluding the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People, is shown in Figure 8 below. Development expenditures incurred for the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People amounted to $52.7 million.", "Figure 8. Other resources: development expenditures ^(/)by region, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "48. Of the total development expenditures of $4.09 billion, $1.56 billion (38 per cent) was incurred in the countries facing special development situations. As Figure 9 illustrates, Afghanistan accounted for the largest expenditure: $755 million, or 18 per cent of the total, of other resources development expenditures.", "Figure 9. Other resources development expenditures: countries in special development situations, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "49. Of the development expenditures of $1.56 billion incurred in countries facing special development situations, $958 million (62 per cent) was funded by bilateral donors, $179 million (12 per cent) by the European Union, $136 million (9 per cent) funded by The Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria, $177 million (11 per cent) was funded from multi-donor trust funds, and $106 million (6 per cent) funded by other multilateral donors.", "United Nations development coordination", "50. A total of $32 million was spent on United Nations development coordination activities in the other resources category. This was funded by bilateral partners.", "Management expenditures", "51. Total expenditures for management activities in 2010 amounted to $272 million. This consisted of $26 million for trust funds and $246 million for reimbursable support services. Of the $246 million, $220 million was incurred on activities related to programmes and projects.", "Special purpose expenditures", "52. Special purpose expenditures in 2010 amounted to $177 million. This included $52 million for the Junior Professional Officer (JPO) programme, $80 million for field security officers funded by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security, and $11 million incurred by UNV for its reimbursable support services. The remaining $34 million was incurred for other expenditures such as the One UN Fund, the Change Management Fund, Programme Acceleration Fund, Avian and Human Influenza Coordination Fund and so forth.", "Other expenditures", "53. Other expenditures (as defined in the cost classification) in 2010 amounted to $102 million. Of this, $101 million was spent on common service activities in country offices.", "C. Cost recovery policy", "54. In line with decisions 2004/30 and 2007/18, whereby the Executive Board endorsed the recommendation that both regular resources and other resources should fund and support the priorities set out in the strategic plan and regular resources should not subsidize the costs of programmes funded by other resources, the UNDP cost-recovery policy establishes that all costs associated with the delivery of other resources-funded programmes at the country and Headquarters levels are to be fully covered through specific cost-recovery mechanisms.", "55. UNDP makes all efforts to recover the general management and implementation costs associated with the delivery of other resources-funded programmes and projects at the country and Headquarters levels as well as to other United Nations entities. The objective is to recover the costs of providing services, so that the UNDP core biennial support budget does not bear the cost of providing support services that it was never intended to bear.", "56. The total cost-recovery income and utilization in 2010 is shown in the Table 3 below.", "Table 3. Cost recovery, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "Cost recovery\tProgrammeandprojectdelivery\tReimbursablesupportservices\tTotal\n Income: \nGeneralmanagement/implementationsupport services\t237 237\n Common services 107 107 \n Agencies reimbursable services 11 31 42 \n Interest 8 8 \n Administrative agent fees 5 5 \n Other 24 24 \n Total income 285 138 423 \n Expenditures: \n Staff/personnel costs 142 31 173 \n General operating expenses 78 93 171 \n Total expenditures 220 124 344", "57. Total income increased by 7 per cent from $394 million in 2009 to $423 million. Total expenditures increased by 8 per cent from $318 million to $344 million. Included in the cost-recovery income of $285 million listed in Table 3 is the general management support income of $237 million from cost sharing and trust funds that is not included in the total other income of other resources. In the 2010-2011 biennial support budget document (DP/2010/3), UNDP reported on the exceptions granted on the cost-recovery policy. In 2010 UNDP has granted two additional general management support waivers: (i) a 0 per cent fee for a contribution to the Office of the United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, and (ii) a reduced 4 per cent fee for a contribution to the Regional Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness administered by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.", "D. Balance of unexpended resources", "58. The balance of unexpended other resources at the end of 2010 decreased by 1 per cent to $4.49 billion, compared to $4.55 billion at the end of 2009. Unexpended other resources represented 89 per cent of the overall balance of unexpended resources. The balance of unexpended resources consists of $2.49 billion ($2.48 billion in 2009) from cost sharing, $1.14 billion from trust funds ($1.19 billion in 2009), and $0.84 billion (0.86 billion in 2009) from reimbursable support services, with the remaining $0.02 billion from government cash counterpart contributions ($0.02 billion in 2009). Approximately 76 per cent of other resources amounts were fully programmed as of 31 December 2010 and will be delivered in future years.", "59. The pattern of receipt of contributions influences the peak levels of cash at the year-end. In 2010, 41 per cent of other resources contributions were received in the fourth quarter. To illustrate, UNDP Afghanistan received 60 per cent ($144 million) of its total 2010 contributions of $238 million in the fourth quarter, and UNDP Sudan received 50 per cent, or $59 million, of its 2010 total contributions of $117 million in the fourth quarter. This pattern distorts year-end unexpended resource balances.", "60. UNDP is required to operate on a fully funded basis for all other resources activities, per the financial regulations. In accordance with current partnership agreements, all project balances are fully segregated for accounting and reporting purposes. The cash is held for discrete purposes, with no commingling or “sharing” of balances between projects, or fungibility of resources for commitment or disbursement of funds. In addition, specific cash balances are set aside for regulatory reasons, such as the operational reserve. In other cases, balances are earmarked for prudent management of future liabilities (i.e., ASHI), or are held to meet the requirements of routine operations, such as to settle current liabilities.", "61. UNDP concludes that the level of unspent balances is reasonable, taking into account the programme cycle, as well as the UNDP mandate and governance framework as approved by the Executive Board and as documented in the financial regulations and rules. However, looking forward UNDP will seek to develop an integrated resource framework with the intent of better coordinating core and non-core resources. This framework would enable resources to be considered collectively, through the merger of the institutional and the programme budget, and within a unified framework of core and non-core resources. This should facilitate strategic resource planning, allocation and monitoring, as well as strengthen results-based resource allocation.", "E. Others", "United Nations Volunteers programme", "62. In 2010, 7,765 volunteers, representing 158 nationalities, carried out 7,960 assignments in 132 countries. These operations were supported by UNDP regular resources, and amounted to $235 million. Of this, 9 per cent was covered from contributions made directly to UNV (special voluntary fund, cost sharing, trust funds and full funding arrangements). The rest was covered by direct charges to programmes of the United Nations and other United Nations organizations, funds and programmes, including UNDP.", "Junior Professional Officer (JPO) programme", "63. A total of 24 Governments had agreements with UNDP for the provision of JPOs in 2010. As of 31 December 2010, UNDP administered 364 JPOs and 39 Special Assistants to the Resident Coordinator (SARCs). This compared to 350 JPOs and 29 SARCs as of 31 December 2009. Of the 403 JPOs/SARCs, 224 worked with UNDP and affiliated funds, while UNDP administered 179 JPOs on behalf of other United Nations agencies and partners. Twenty-four per cent (57 JPOs/SARCs) of UNDP and affiliated JPOs/SARCs served in New York and at other headquarters locations.", "64. UNDP received $45 million in contributions for the JPO programme, as compared to $57 million in 2009. Total expenditures including support costs increased to $52 million in 2010 from $47 million in 2009. The resource balance available at the end of 2010 was $31 million, a decrease from $38 million in 2009 ($28 million in 2008).", "Reserve for field accommodation (RFA)", "65. In 1979, a reserve of $25 million was established to finance the RFA, which provides housing for internationally recruited, UNDP-financed field personnel, and, exceptionally, office accommodation. The unexpended resource balance in 2010 of the RFA was $1.12 million, compared to $0.65 million in 2009. The RFA is now under review as part of a UNDP review of legacy balances and preparations for IPSAS. This may result in adjustments.", "Direct budget support", "66. Via decision 2009/24, the Executive Board endorsed, in principle, a four-year pilot (commencing September 2009) which allows UNDP financial contributions to pooled funding and to sector budget support, on a case-by-case basis upon the request of the recipient country, in accordance with the mandate and comparative advantage of UNDP, and in line with the guidance provided in DP/2009/36 and Corr. 1 and 2.", "67. A request from the Government of Burkina Faso for UNDP participation in sector budget support was approved in 2009 for two projects in priority areas established by the Government: HIV/AIDS and human rights promotion. Each initiative falls within the core mandate of UNDP. The UNDP contribution to sector budget support in Burkina Faso for 2010 amounted to approximately $120,000 (depending on the exchange rate). This represented 1 per cent of the HIV/AIDS sector budget funds and 1 per cent of the human rights promotion sector budget funds. This amount is funded from regular resources and is below the cap of 10 per cent of the annual authorized spending limit of core funds contained in the resource planning framework established by the Executive Board.", "V. United Nations reform and support to other United Nations organizations", "68. In addition to its own operational activities, UNDP coordinates the United Nations system at a country level, and continues to play a vital role in forging development coherence. Based on the available data, the value of fund flows for multi-donor trust funds, joint programmes and support to other United Nations organizations totaled $1.15 billion, compared to $1.78 billion in 2009.", "A. UNDP administrative agent function", "69. UNDP continues to provide significant support to joint programming activities, through its role as administrative agent of joint programmes and MDTFs on behalf of the United Nations development system, and through its programme implementation role as a participating United Nations organization. The total value of contributions received by UNDP on behalf of the United Nations system for joint programmes and MDTFs was $610 million in 2010 (2009: $1.25 billion). This drop in contributions is in contrast to the previous upward trend and to the seven-year average annual contributions level of $714 million. The drop is a reflection of both the ongoing worldwide economic downturn and the reduction in contributions to the three largest MDTFs: the Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund, the Expanded Delivering as One Funding Window and the Sudan Common Humanitarian Fund. Two of these funds have fully allocated their resources and will be winding down in the coming years. The total value of funds transferred by the MDTF Office, in its role as administrative agent for all participating organizations, was $969 million in 2010. This includes $357 million (2009: $283 million) in funds transferred to UNDP for UNDP programmes. The funds transferred incorporated a portion of the 2009 unspent balance of $1.23 billion.", "B. Support to United Nations organizations", "70. UNDP country offices provide operational support to other United Nations organizations. The funds for those services are recorded in agency services clearing accounts, which involved $531 million in fund flows to other United Nations organizations. This was a slight increase over 2009 ($528 million).", "C. United Nations development coordination activities", "71. UNDP plays important roles in United Nations system coordination and in country-level coordination in support of national development. United Nations development coordination activities are funded by both regular and other resources, and combined expenditures in 2010 were $126 million ($94 million for regular resources and $32 million from other resources). UNDP encourages Member States to continue to support this activity.", "D. United Nations mandated security costs", "72. In decision 2010/1, the Executive Board endorsed the proposal of the Administrator to grant exceptional authority, during 2010-2011, to access up to an additional 30 per cent ($17.4 million) of the $58 million from regular resources earmarked for security measures mandated by the United Nations.", "73. The $58 million mentioned in paragraph 72 forms part of the total amount of $85 million reserved in 2010-2011 for security measures mandated by the United Nations, with the remaining $25 million provided from other resources, and $2 million from a credit from prior period overbillings by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security. In 2010, UNDP spent $33 million (2009: $39 million), including $11 million (2009: $10 million) in other resources. Of the $33 million spent in 2010, $17 million (2009: $21 million) was spent on the United Nations field security coordination programme, and $16 million (2009: $18 million) on country office assessments of and investments in compliance with the minimum operating security standards, including at Headquarters.", "VI. International public sector accounting standards (IPSAS)", "74. The adoption of IPSAS was mandated in General Assembly resolution 60/283, and is essential for transparent financial reporting, strong accountability and good governance. IPSAS adoption will result in increased transparency through more complete disclosure and accounting of assets and liabilities, and improved management, tracking and reporting of financial and non-financial assets. Employee costs and associated obligations, such as annual leave and After-Service Health Insurance, will be recognized in full, and fully allocated to the respective funding sources of the activities from which they arise.", "75. UNDP is on target for the adoption of IPSAS on 1 January 2012. Through the IPSAS programme, UNDP formulated most of its IPSAS policies, defined system changes, and commenced the transition and change-management processes, raising staff awareness, understanding and skills.", "76. In decision 2008/1, the Executive Board approved $9 million from regular resources for the 2008-2009 biennium to cover the costs of introducing the IPSAS by the end of 2009. UNDP spent $5.2 million during the 2008-2009 biennium on preparations to adopt IPSAS. In addition, the Executive Board in its decision 2010/1 approved a total of $13 million for IPSAS-related activities during 2010-2011. This included $11 million for one-off project costs, such as policy formulation, systems configuration and reporting, and global training. The remaining $2 million went to fund new positions, for a period of six months, which were required to do the additional work required to adopt IPSAS. These positions will be required on an ongoing basis. UNDP spent $1.8 million in 2010 on the required preparations to adopt IPSAS.", "77. To ensure the most efficient means of compliance with IPSAS, UNDP is establishing a global shared service centre (GSSC) to centralize the recording of complex IPSAS-related functions on behalf of UNDP country offices, and to provide support to them to ensure a successful transition to and ongoing compliance with IPSAS. The choice to centralize these functions was made following a cost-benefit analysis, and represents the most efficient option for addressing the complexity of IPSAS. The decision to establish the GSSC, including the location, was made on the basis of a comprehensive study carried out by an independent consulting firm. The decision was based on a few key factors, including the availability of skills and cost. Negotiations are currently under way with the government of the selected location. It is anticipated that the GSSC will be operational by 1 January 2012.", "VII. Funds administered by UNDP", "78. Table 5(a) in the addendum to the present report (DP/2011/33/Add.1) provides detailed data for the two funds administered by UNDP.", "A. United Nations Capital Development Fund", "79. In 2010, UNCDF operated in 40 of the 49 least developed countries, focusing particularly on post-conflict countries. Total contributions in 2010 amounted to $38 million, ($35 million in 2009). This included a slight decrease in the volume of regular resources due to exchange rates and a significant reduction by one major donor because of the fiscal crisis. It also included a substantial increase in other resources. The overall resource outlook remains positive, especially in terms of volume and diversification of other resources.", "80. Total programme expenditures remained constant at $40 million (. Other resources expenditures accounted for 44 per cent of total programme resources. All programme expenditures were joint programmes with UNDP. UNCDF also disbursed $230,000 in loans (together with $10 million in grants, already reflected in expenditures) to microfinance institutions in Timor-Leste. The total operational reserve for both UNCDF core and non-core remained at $25 million. Accordingly, UNCDF was able to deliver its planned development, management and financial results while sustaining its liquidity.", "81. The total of $40 million of programme expenditures excludes $3 million allocated to UNCDF by UNDP in accordance with Executive Board decision 2007/34. This amount was fully expended by UNCDF but is being recorded and reported separately by UNDP. In addition, there was $10 million in the UNDP biennial support budget for UNCDF management expenditures.", "B. United Nations Development Fund for Women", "82. UNIFEM was merged into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. However, since the UN-Women founding resolution, General Assembly resolution 64/289, states that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, the figures hereunder cover the entire year 2010 for UNIFEM.", "83. UNIFEM provides financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies to foster women’s empowerment and gender equality. Placing the advancement of women’s human rights at the centre of all its efforts, UNIFEM focuses its activities on four strategic areas: (a) reducing poverty among women; (b) ending violence against women; (c) reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS among women and girls; and (d) achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times of peace as well as war.", "84. Total contributions to UNIFEM increased by $6 million or 4 per cent to $171 million, up from $165 million in 2009. Voluntary contributions increased by $13 million or 21 per cent, and cost-sharing by $6 million or 8 per cent, while sub-trust funds decreased by $12 million or 43 per cent.", "85. Programme expenditures increased by $56 million, or 46 per cent, to $179 million, up from $123 million in 2009. Regular resources expenditures increased to $80 million in 2010, up from $49 million in 2009, an increase of $31 million or 63 per cent. Cost-sharing expenditures increased by $18 million or 32 per cent to reach $71 million, up from $53 million in 2009. Sub-trust fund expenditures increased by $8 million or 39 per cent to reach $29 million, up from $21 million in 2009.", "86. Unexpended resources at 31 December 2010 were $206 million, a decrease of $22 million from the $228 million of 31 December 2009. These resources at December 2010 are fully supported by approved project budgets. The level of the operational reserve was reviewed in accordance with Executive Board decision 97/4 of January 1997, and the reserve was increased to $21 million as at 31 December 2010, from $20 million at 31 December 2009.", "Annex I", "UNDP overview", "A. Statement of income and expenditures for the year ended 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "(in thousands of dollars)", "a/\n Regular Other Funds Total resources resources", "2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/-", "Income", "Contributions 967,132 1,013,599 -5% 4,311,319 4,129,137 4% 209,235 199,738 5% 5,487,686 5,342,474 3%", "Less: transfer to (9,632) (8,671) -11% - -   - - - (9,632) (8,671) -11% biennial support budget", "Contributions – net 957,500 1,004,928 -5% 4,311,319 4,129,137 4% 209,235 199,738 5% 5,478,054 5,333,803 3%", "Interest income 14,165 10,173 39% 103,661 92,306 12% 1,438 2,127 -32% 119,264 104,606 14%", "Other income – net 48,084 38,480 25% 297,127 297,389 - 11,495 16,678 -31% 356,706 352,547 1%", "Total income 1,019,749 1,053,581 -3% 4,712,107 4,518,832 4% 222,168 218,543 2% 5,954,024 5,790,956 3%", "Expenditures", "Development 626,849     4,092,353     219,564     4,938,766", "UN development 93,752     31,705     -     125,457 coordination", "Management 224,082     271,771     22,226     518,079", "Special purpose 43,430     176,908     -     220,338", "Other expenditures 87,733     101,795     140     189,668", "Total expenditures 1,075,846 1,166,574 -8% 4,674,532 4,177,244 12% 241,930 182,988 32% 5,992,308 5,526,806 8%", "Excess (shortfall) (56,097) (112,993) 50% 37,575 341,588 -89% (19,762) 35,555 -156% (38,284) 264,150 -114% of income over expenditures", "Savings on 596 15,682 -96% - - - - - - 596 15,682 -96% obligations of prior biennium", "Transfer (to)/from (16,000) (14,000) -14% (2,000) (5,000) 60% (1,390) (6,910) 80% (19,390) (25,910) 25% reserves", "Refunds to donors (48) (32,879) 100% (99,062) (85,878) -15% (799) (2,098) 62% (99,909) (120,855) 17% and transfers (to)/from other funds", "Adjustments to               1,982 - - 1,982 - reserves and fund balances", "Fund balances, 1 354,412 498,602 -29% 4,550,006 4,299,296 6% 280,690 252,161 11% 5,185,108 5,050,059 3% January", "Fund balances, 31 282,863 354,412 -20% 4,486,519 4,550,006 -1% 258,739 280,690 -8% 5,028,121 5,185,108 -3% December", "Source: Table 1(a), DP/2011/33/Add.1.", "^(a/) Includes General Management Support service cost.", "B. Assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "(in thousands of dollars)", "Regular Other   Funds   Total resources resources\n 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/-", "Assets", "Cash 53,904 25,929 108% 30 34 -12% 3,554 6,404 -45% 57,488 32,367 79%", "Cash and 847,956 1,324,804 -36%             847,956 1,324,804 -36% investments - funds held in trust", "Government letters       49,195 108,460 -55%       49,195 108,460 -55% of credit", "Investments held for:", "Operational reserve 238,000 222,000 7%             238,000 222,000 7%", "Reserve for 429,268 373,276 15%             429,268 373,276 15% After-Service Health Insurance", "Regular resources 142,746 602,527 -76% 7,230 492,446 -99% 361,807 343,405 5% 511,783 1,438,378 -64%", "Other resources 4,688,388 4,266,293 10%             4,688,388 4,266,293 10%", "Medical insurance 48,283 45,073 7%             48,283 45,073 7% plan", "Subtotal 5,546,685 5,509,169 1% 7,230 492,446 -99% 361,807 343,405 5% 5,915,722 6,345,020 -7% investments", "Total cash, letters 6,448,545 6,859,902 -6% 56,455 600,940 -91% 365,361 349,809 4% 6,870,361 7,810,651 -12% of credit and investments", "Advances from 11,834 22,269 -47% 135,297 125,452 8% 1,050 668 57% 148,181 148,389 - Governments and executing agencies", "Accounts receivable 17,371 29,017 -40% 29,340 24,167 21% 1,685 1,286 31% 48,396 54,470 -11% and deferred charges", "Funds due from core       4,730,611 4,378,995 8%   4,810   4,730,611 4,383,805 8% resources", "Funds due from 42,763 118,644 -64%             42,763 118,644 -64% other resources", "Funds due from 185,668 -               185,668 - UNOPS, UNFPA and UN current account", "Accrued interest 29,897 34,360 -13% 22,199 21,742 2% 2,474 2,394 3% 54,570 58,496 -7%", "Loans             5,169 5,168   5,169 5,168 -", "Special capitalized 1,570 1,570 - 1 -         1,571 1,570 - assets", "Reserve for field       34,741 34,844 -       34,741 34,844 - accommodation activities", "Total assets 6,737,648 7,065,762 -5% 5,008,644 5,186,140 -3% 375,739 364,135 3% 12,122,031 12,616,037 -4%", "Liabilities", "Advances to 1,213 2,267 -46% 8,601 16,087 -47% 907 850 7% 10,721 19,204 -44% Governments and executing agencies", "Unliquidated 37,617 53,313 -29% 213,131 239,539 -11% 9,104 6,734 35% 259,852 299,586 -13% obligations", "Accounts payable 120,488 127,217 -5% 138,138 135,242 2% 26,119 5,634 361% 284,745 268,093 6%", "Funds due to other 4,730,524 4,383,806 8%             4,730,524 4,383,806 8% resources & funds", "Funds due to core       8,200 93,187 -91% 34,563 25,457 36% 42,763 118,644 -64% resources by other resources & funds", "Funds due to UNOPS, - 163,502               - 163,502 UNFPA and UN current account", "Deferred liability 895,389 1,383,254 -35%             895,389 1,383,254 -35%\n trust", "Deferred liability 429,269 373,276 15%             429,269 373,276 15%\n Health Insurance", "Other liabilities 715 1,145 -38% 16,060 16,079 - 707 561 26% 17,482 17,785 -2%", "Total liabilities 6,215,215 6,487,780 -4% 384,130 500,134 -23% 71,400 39,236 82% 6,670,745 7,027,150 -5%", "Reserves and fund balances", "Operational reserve 238,000 222,000 7% 109,995 108,000 2% 45,600 44,209 3% 393,595 374,209 5%", "Endowment fund       3,000 3,000         3,000 3,000 -", "Reserve for field       25,000 25,000         25,000 25,000 - accommodation authorized level", "Special capital 1,570 1,570               1,570 1,570 - resources", "Balance of 282,863 354,412 -20% 4,486,519 4,550,006 -1% 258,739 280,690 -8% 5,028,121 5,185,108 -3% unexpended resources", "Balance of 284,433 355,982 -20% 4,486,519 4,550,006 -1% 258,739 280,690 -8% 5,029,691 5,186,678 -3% unexpended resources and special capital resources", "Total liabilities, 6,737,648 7,065,762 -5% 5,008,644 5,186,140 -3% 375,739 364,135 3% 12,122,031 12,616,037 -4% reserves and balance of unexpended resources" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 2 of the provisional agenda", "Financial, budgetary and administrative matters", "Annual review of the financial situation, 2010", "Report of the Administrator", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the financial position of UNDP at the end of 2010. Total income (contributions, interest and other income) was $5.95 billion, compared to $5.79 billion in 2009, an increase of 3 per cent. Total contributions increased by 3 per cent, from $5.34 billion in 2009 to $5.49 billion. Total expenditure increased by 8 per cent to $5.99 billion, from $5.53 billion in 2009.", "Contributions to regular (core) resources decreased by 5 per cent in 2010, from a total of $1.01 billion in 2009 to $967 million. The decline in contributions requires UNDP to establish a corresponding reduction in its planned core expenditure to avoid using the operational reserve. As a result, UNDP regular resources-related expenditure decreased by 8 per cent, from $1.17 billion in 2009 to $1.08 billion.", "Contributions to other (non-core) resources increased by 4 per cent, from $4.13 billion in 2009 to $4.31 billion. This increase is due mainly to programmes in countries with special development situations. Contributions to these programmes increased by 44 per cent, from $1.15 billion in 2009 to $1.66 billion. Bilateral partners increased their contributions to other resources by 13 per cent, from $1.56 billion in 2009 to $1.76 billion. Contributions from multilateral partners also increased by 12 per cent, from $1.55 billion in 2009 to $1.74 billion. Local resources provided by programme countries decreased by 4 per cent, from $720 million in 2009 to $690 million. Other resources expenditures totalled $4.67 billion, an increase of 12 per cent from $4.18 billion in 2009.", "Other or `earmarked' resources are an important complement to the regular or `earmarked' resource base of UNDP. In 2010, UNDP received 78 per cent of its funding from earmarked resources, 18 per cent from unearmarked resources and the remaining 4 per cent from the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). The ability of UNDP to fulfil its multilateral mandate to provide effective capacity-building support for development depends on adequate core funding. This core funding enables UNDP to operate as a flexible, forward-looking organization and has the capacity to undertake integrated management and programming that focuses on long-term effectiveness and sustainability.", "UNDP coordinates the United Nations system at the country level and continues to play a crucial role in building development coherence. The total value of financial flows to multi-donor trust funds, joint programmes and support to other United Nations agencies amounted to $1.15 billion, compared to $1.78 billion in 2009. This decrease is mainly due to a decrease in contributions to multi-donor trust funds and joint programmes, from $1.25 billion in 2009 to $610 million, largely due to a decrease in contributions to the three largest multi-donor trust funds, two of which have fully allocated resources and are nearing completion in the coming years.", "The present report includes data on UNIFEM for the whole of 2010, which was consolidated into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. As the founding resolution of UN-Women, General Assembly resolution 64/289, provides that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, this should be the last time that the financial situation of UNIFEM is highlighted in the present report.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish to: (a) take note of documents DP/2011/33 and DP/2011/33/Add.1; (b) take note of the continuing decline in regular resources, which is necessary for UNDP to fulfil its mandate, maintain its multilateral, impartial and universal character and provide an adequate and secure regular funding base; (c) urge all Member States to support UNDP in achieving its regular resources targets and to commit, as early as possible, contributions to UNDP regular resources for 2011 and beyond, if possible through multi-year pledges; and (d) recall the importance of predictable funding and timely disbursement to avoid liquidity constraints in regular resources funds.", "Contents", "Chapter Page", "Introduction", "II. UNDP profile 4", "Regular resources", "Income", "B. Expenditure", "Balance of unexpended resources", "Other resources", "A. Income", "Expenditure", "C. Cost recovery policy 17", "Balance of unexpended resources", "E. Other 18", "V. United Nations reform and support to other United Nations organizations 20", "A. UNDP administrative agent functions 20", "B. Support to United Nations organizations", "C. United Nations development coordination activities", "D. United Nations-mandated security costs", "VI. International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Funds administered by UNDP", "United Nations Capital Development Fund", "B. United Nations Development Fund for Women", "Annex", "I. UNDP overview", "Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "B. Assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "Introduction", "1. The present report provides an overview of the financial position of UNDP at the end of 2010 and comparative figures for 2009. The report analyses UNDP activities at the corporate level, followed by an analysis of regular (or core), “other” (or non-core) resources, including the United Nations Volunteers (UNV), funds established by the General Assembly - the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and other activities. The present report contains data on UNIFEM for the whole of 2010, which was consolidated into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. Since General Assembly resolution 64/289 provided that UN-Women would become operational on 1 January 2011, this should be the last time the financial situation of UNIFEM is highlighted in the present report. Annex I provides an overview of the overall figures and annex II contains definitions of the terms used in the present document. Table 1 in the addendum to the present report (DP/2011/33/Add.1) also provides an overview of all UNDP activities. The percentages in the body of the report refer to the data in the annex.", "2. As recommended by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22, the following four broad cost classification areas were reported for the first time in 2010: (a) development; (b) management; (c) United Nations development coordination; and (d) special purpose. In addition, other expenditures not included in the four rough cost classifications are reported as part of total expenditures.", "UNDP overview", "3. Overall, in 2010 UNDP registered a small and significant increase in total income and an upward trend in expenditure. Of UNDP activities, 18 per cent were funded from core resources, 78 per cent from non-core resources and 4 per cent related to UNIFEM and UNCDF.", "4. Total income is defined as the sum of contributions, interest income and other income. Total income increased to $5.95 billion, up 3 per cent from $5.79 billion in 2009. Total contributions increased by 3 per cent, from $5.34 billion to $5.49 billion; interest increased to $120 million (in 2009 it was $100 million) and other income increased to $360 million (in 2009 it was $350 million).", "5. Contributions to core resources decreased by 5 per cent, from $1.01 billion in 2009 to $967 million, compared to the 2010 target of $1.4 billion for core resources in the integrated financial resources framework of the strategic plan approved by the Executive Board in its decision 2007/32.", "6. Total non-core contributions amounted to $4.31 billion, an increase of 4 per cent from $4.13 billion in 2009. This increase is mainly attributable to programmes in countries facing special development situations. Contributions to these programmes increased by 44 per cent, from $1.15 billion in 2009 to $1.66 billion. Bilateral contributions reached $1.76 billion, an increase of 13 per cent from $1.56 billion in 2009, with contributions to countries in special development situations increasing from $633 million in 2009 to $1 billion. Non-core resources entrusted to UNDP by multilateral partners amounted to $1.74 billion, an increase of 12 per cent from $1.55 billion in 2009, with contributions to countries in special development situations increasing from $495 million in 2009 to $614 million. Local resources channelled through UNDP by programme country Governments and other local partners in support of their own development totalled $690 million, a decrease of 4 per cent from $720 million in 2009.", "7. Other resources are earmarked for specific programmes and activities and serve as an important complement to the UNDP non-earmarked regular resource base. Contributions to regular resources fell to a level equivalent to 22 per cent of other resources contributions, compared to 25 per cent in 2009. The ability of UNDP to fulfil its mandate and maintain its multilateral, equitable and universal character depends on an adequate and well-established regular funding base to support strategic and flexible management approaches that focus on long-term effectiveness and sustainable development results.", "8. Total expenditure continued to increase, from $5.53 billion in 2009 to $5.99 billion, an increase of 8 per cent. Of the $5.99 billion, $4.94 billion (82 per cent) was spent on development activities, $518 million (9 per cent) on management activities, $125 million (2 per cent) on United Nations development coordination activities, $220 million (4 per cent) on special purpose activities and $190 million (3 per cent) on other activities not included in the four broad cost classifications. Figure 1 below shows the trend in total and total income.", "Figure 1. Comparison of total income and expenditure from 2001 to 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "9. At the end of 2010, the balance of unexpended resources totalled $5.03 billion, compared to $5.19 billion in 2009. Of that $5.03 billion, $283 million was under regular resources, $4.49 billion under other resources, $53 million under UNCDF and $206 million under UNIFEM. As UNDP is required to carry out all other resources activities on a fully funded basis, cash held for unrelated purposes, there is no commingling or “sharing” of the resource balance of a project with another, nor is there an alternative to the resources or funds incurred. A total of $1.78 billion, or 41 per cent of other resources contributions, was received in the last quarter and therefore can only be programmed and delivered in the coming years. The balance of unexpended regular resources also continued to decline, from $354 million in 2009 to $283 million. At this point, most of the unexpended resources are programmed and will be delivered in the coming years.", "10. As shown in figure 2 below, most of the funds were received in the last quarter of 2010. Contributions to regular resources were also reduced, resulting in low liquidity at the end of the three quarters, and UNDP moved quickly to reduce planned core expenditures to maintain the required liquidity ratio. The decrease is due mainly to a decrease in contributions paid in United States dollars and local currency and exchange rate fluctuations. This was partially offset by UNDP hedge activities. At the end of 2010, UNDP ' s year-end liquidity position remained low, at approximately 3.1 months of operating capital. This is close to the minimum threshold required by the Executive Board: three to six months of regular resources expenditure. As a result, UNDP did not utilize the operational reserve. However, as alternative resources are inadequate, it is critical that Member States adhere to their commitments without delaying their contributions to regular resources if UNDP plans are to be effectively implemented and results achieved.", "Figure 2. Income from regular (core) and other (non-core) resources by quarter 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "11. UNDP is fully committed to United Nations reform initiatives and to optimizing its coordination role at the country level in support of national development efforts. Total income from multi-donor-funded trust funds and joint programmes managed by UNDP as an administrative agent decreased from $1.78 billion in 2009 to $1.15 billion. This decline is due in large part to a decrease in contributions to the three largest multi-donor trust funds, two of which have fully allocated resources and are nearing completion in the coming years. The $1.15 billion includes $612 million for multi-donor trust funds and joint programmes managed by UNDP as an administrative agent and $535 million for management and operational services provided by UNDP. In addition, UNDP contributed $125 million to United Nations development coordination activities.", "Regular resources", "12. For regular resources, total income, including interest income and other income, decreased by 3 per cent compared to 2009, from $1.05 billion to $1.02 billion. Although total expenditure decreased by 8 per cent, from $1.17 billion to $1.08 billion. However, expenditures still exceeded total income (see figure 3 below). As a result, the balance of available resources, excluding the operational reserve, decreased to $283 million from $354 million in 2009.", "Figure 3. Regular resources income and expenditure, 2001-2010", "(Billions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Income", "13. Compared to 2009, total income, including interest and other income, decreased by 3 per cent, from $1.05 billion to $1.02 billion.", "Contributions", "14. Contributions to regular resources decreased by 5 per cent to $967 million from $1.01 billion in 2009.", "15. As shown in table 1 below, contributions from the top 10 donors decreased by 5 per cent in dollar terms, from $828 million in 2009 to $786 million. Most bilateral donors, however, maintained their contributions, and some increased their contributions, including Australia, Belgium, Finland and the Republic of Korea. Seven Development Assistance Committee countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development reduced their contributions in local currency. A total of 55 member States contributed to core resources. This included $5 million from India, $4 million from the People ' s Republic of China and $2 million from Saudi Arabia, all of which maintained contributions for 2009. Bangladesh, Egypt, Greece, Kazakhstan, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Morocco, South Africa and Turkey all resumed their contributions in 2010.", "Table 1. Regular resources contributions from the top 10 donors, 2009 - 200010", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * The contribution of Japan was pledged and received in United States dollars.", "Interest income", "16. Interest income from regular resources was $14 million in 2010, compared to $10 million in 2009. As in 2009, despite the current high volatility of financial markets, UNDP succeeded in avoiding any loss of principal in investments.", "Other income", "17. Other income (mainly miscellaneous income and exchange gains) amounted to $48 million, an increase from $38 million in 2009. This increase was due to exchange rate appreciation and exchange rate gains.", "B. Expenditure", "18. As recommended by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22, expenditures in the following four broad cost classification areas were first reported in 2010: (a) development; (b) management; (c) United Nations development coordination; and (d) special purpose. In addition, other expenditures not included in the four rough cost classifications are reported as part of total expenditures.", "19. Total regular resources expenditure decreased by 8 per cent, from $1.17 billion in 2009 to $1.08 billion.", "Development expenditure", "20. Development expenditure included programme and development effectiveness activities amounting to $627 million, of which $74.8 million was for development effectiveness activities. Expenditures for development activities included $4 million for the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People ($5 million in 2009).", "21. A total of $108 million (17 per cent of total development expenditure) was spent on countries facing special development situations.", "Management and biennial support budget expenditure", "22. Net biennial support budget expenditure decreased by about 7 per cent, from $392 million to $363 million. This is in line with the typical budget performance for the first year of the biennium, as investments approved by the Executive Board are spread over two years and deliberate measures are taken to reduce expenditures for the first year. Approved investments are in the areas of management (support for crisis prevention and recovery activities, knowledge management, and operational security in the African region) and development effectiveness (strengthening substantive response and contribution in climate change areas, achieving the Millennium Development Goals, crisis prevention and recovery, and South-South cooperation). These investments were offset by budget reductions in other areas of the 2010-2011 biennial support budget.", "23. During 2010-2011, biennial support budget expenditures were reported using the classification approved by the General Assembly in its decision 2009/22. In 2010, 62 per cent of the biennial support budget was allocated to management activities, 12 per cent to development effectiveness activities, 21 per cent to United Nations development coordination activities and 5 per cent to special purpose activities.", "24. Government contributions to local office costs (GLOC) help to cover the biennial support budget costs of UNDP country offices and are an important source of income for UNDP. These contributions may be made in cash and/or in kind. These contributions also reflect the recognition by the host Government of the value of the presence of UNDP country offices.", "25. GLOC in-kind contributions ($11 million) represented a slight increase over 2009 (just under $11.1 million). GLOC cash contributions for 2010 increased by approximately $1 million (4 per cent) over 2009 and exceeded the total for 2009 by $26 million. The Administrator is grateful for the improvements made by many programme countries in achieving their GLOC responsibilities. However, in the case of non-compliance, UNDP will maintain its practice of retaining part of the institutional budget resources from countries with large local office cost deficits.", "United Nations expenditures for development coordination", "26. Expenditures on United Nations development coordination activities support the coordination of development activities within the United Nations system. In 2010, total net expenditures on these activities amounted to $94 million.", "Special purpose expenditure", "27. Net expenditures for special-purpose activities amounted to $43 million. The cross-cutting activities expressed by special purpose activities can be further divided into three categories: activities mandated by the General Assembly, non-UNDP operations managed by UNDP and capital investments. Expenditures for activities mandated by the General Assembly totalled $25 million, including human resources contractual reform, United Nations-mandated security costs and the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Expenditures for non-UNDP operations administered by UNDP (United Nations Volunteers programme and UNCDF) amounted to $18 million.", "Other expenditure", "28. Under the new cost classification system, other expenditures amounted to $88 million. Of this amount, $46 million was incurred as a result of currency revaluation and exchange rate fluctuations. As part of its preparations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, UNDP continued to review the balance added to the balance sheet accounts over the past 15 to 20 years and made considerable progress in data cleansing. This progress is ongoing and, in conjunction with further due diligence, can identify expenditures for which funding is no longer available.", "29. An independent consulting actuary valued after-service health insurance as at 31 December 2009. Based on this study, the accrued liability of UNCDF is estimated at $11 million; UNIFEM $20 million; and UNDP $430 million, totalling $461 million. The total accrued liability was $5 million lower than the $466 million estimated in the previous actuarial report as at 31 December 2007. As at 31 December 2010, the after-service health insurance reserve for UNDP alone was $429 million and the unfunded liability was $34 million, representing the difference between the accrued liability of $429 million for UNDP and the after-service health insurance reserve of $463 million for 2010. The UNDP after-service health insurance funding strategy, developed in 2001, aims to fully fund its after-service health insurance liabilities within 15 years. UNCDF and UNIFEM will fund their after-service health insurance liabilities in the coming years.", "As in previous years, the overall after-service health insurance liability is reflected in a note to the financial statements. Following the adoption of IPSAS in 2012, the full amount of after-service health insurance liabilities will be reflected as liabilities in the statement of financial position.", "C. Balance of unexpended resources", "31. The unspent balance of regular resources (excluding the operational reserve) at the end of 2010 was $283 million, a significant decrease from $354 million in 2009. This represents 6 per cent of the overall balance of unexpended resources, down from 7 per cent in 2009.", "32. A significant number of funds ($280 million, or 29 per cent of contributions to regular resources) were received in the last quarter of 2010, a pattern that reversed the unexpended regular resources balance reported at the end of the year. In addition, specific cash balances were set aside for management reasons such as the operational reserve. In other cases, the balance is earmarked for prudent management of future liabilities, such as after-service health insurance. Other balances relate to routine operations, including the settlement of accounts payable, outstanding obligations and inter-fund operations with other United Nations agencies.", "33. The prudent level of liquidity for UNDP regular resources should be equivalent to three to six months of expenditure, with total liquidity ranging from $269 million to $538 million at 2010 expenditure levels. The decrease in contributions to regular resources, combined with the lower level of contributions received in the first three quarters of 2010, resulted in low liquidity at the end of the third quarter. UNDP must therefore act quickly to reduce planned core expenditures in order to maintain the required liquidity ratio. The decrease is due mainly to the decrease in contributions in United States dollars and in local currency and exchange rate fluctuations. UNDP hedge activities partially offset the latter. At the end of 2010, however, UNDP had a year-end liquidity position of approximately 3.1 months, down from approximately 3.5 months at the end of last year.", "34. In accordance with Executive Board decision 1999/9, the formula for calculating the level of the UNDP regular resources operational reserve was revised on the basis of documents DP/1999/5/Rev.1 and DP/1999/CRP.9/Rev.1. Based on final income and expenditure data for 2010, the operational reserve will be revised downwards from $238 million to a new level of $226 million. The $12 million decrease will be transferred to UNDP general resources.", "Other resources", "Other resources include miscellaneous activities such as cost-sharing, trust funds, reimbursable support services, the Junior Professional Officers programme and management service agreements. Reimbursable support services and miscellaneous activities are shown as “others” in figure 4 below.", "Income", "36. Total other resources income increased by $193 million (4 per cent), from $4.52 billion in 2009 to $4.71 billion.", "Contributions", "37. Figure 4 shows other resources contributions by funding mechanism, 2009-2010.", "Figure 4. Other resources contributions by funding mechanism, 2009-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "38. Other resources contributions totalled $4.31 billion, an increase of 4 per cent from $4.13 billion in 2009. Table 2 below shows a comparison of other resources contributions by funding source for 2009 and 2010.", "Table 2. Comparison of other resources contributions by funding source, 2009-2010", "(Billions of United States dollars)", "Source of funding 2009 Change 2010 (%)", "Bilateral donors 1.56 1.76 13", "Multi-partner sources 1.55 1.74 12", "Local resources 0.72 0.69-4", "Other sources 0.30 0.12 - 60", "Total 4.13 4.31 4", "Bilateral donors", "39. Other resources contributions from bilateral donors increased by 13 per cent, from $1.56 billion in 2009 to $1.76 billion. Figure 5 shows the top 10 bilateral donors that contributed to other resources in 2010.", "Figure 5. Top 10 bilateral donors contributing to other resources in 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Sources of multilateral partners", "40. Other resources entrusted to UNDP by multilateral partners increased to $1.74 billion, up 12 per cent from $1.55 billion in 2009. Figure 6 shows the multilateral partners that contributed to other resources in 2010.", "Local resources (Government)", "41. Contributions from local resources (excluding management service agreements) accounted for 16 per cent of total other resources contributions received in 2010. The overall level of resources decreased from $720 million in 2009 to $690 million, a decrease of 4 per cent, exceeding the resource portfolio adjustment rate requested in the strategic plan. This decrease is due in part to a change in programme priorities and the gradual shift of offices from the provision of procurement services to the issuance of strategic advice, as envisaged in the strategic plan.", "42. Approximately 67 per cent of local resource contributions came from 10 programme country Governments (see figure 7). Among the top 10 countries, Argentina, Egypt, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic and China increased their contributions, while Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Panama and Uruguay reduced their contributions. As a result of the increase in the number of contributing member States, the top 10 continued to show a downward trend in the percentage of total local resources contributions: From 78 per cent of the total in 2007 to 72 per cent in 2008, it fell to 71 per cent in 2009 and 67 per cent in 2010.", "Figure 6. Multilateral partners contributing to other resources, 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Figure 7. Top 10 countries contributing to local resources, 2009-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "43. Contributions to management service agreements decreased by 62 per cent, from $325 million in 2009 to $122 million. Table 12 of document DP/2011/33/Add.1 shows the distribution of management service agreement income.", "Interest income", "44. Interest income increased by 12 per cent to $104 million, from $92 million in 2009.", "Other income", "45. Other income was $297 million, the same as in 2009. Other income consists mainly of the cost of support services, reimbursement for common services, other support services and field security provided by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security, and income from other funding sources.", "B. Expenditure", "46. Total other resources expenditure was $4.67 billion, an increase of 12 per cent from $4.18 billion in 2009.", "Development expenditure", "Total expenditure on development activities amounted to $4.09 billion, of which $73.7 million was for development effectiveness activities. Figure 8 below shows subregional development expenditures, including management service agreements (MSAs) (global-other), excluding the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People. Development expenditures for the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People amounted to $52.7 million.", "Figure 8. Other resources: development expenditure by region, 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Of the total development expenditure of $4.09 billion, $1.56 billion (38 per cent) was spent on countries facing special development situations. As shown in figure 9, Afghanistan had the largest expenditure of $755 million, or 18 per cent of total other resources development expenditure.", "Figure 9. Other resources development expenditure for countries in special development situations, 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "49. Of the $1.56 billion spent on development in countries facing special development situations, $958 million (62 per cent) was funded by bilateral donors, $179 million (12 per cent) by the European Union, $136 million (9 per cent) by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, $177 million (11 per cent) by multi-donor trust funds and $106 million (6 per cent) by other multi-donors.", "United Nations development coordination", "50. In the other resources category, the total amount spent on United Nations development coordination activities was $32 million, funded by bilateral partners.", "Management expenditure", "51. In 2010, expenditure on management activities totalled $272 million. This included $26 million for trust funds and $246 million for reimbursement of support income. Of that $246 million, $220 million was for programme and project-related activities.", "Special purpose expenditure", "52. In 2010, total expenditure for special purposes amounted to $177 million. This included $52 million for the Junior Professional Officers programme, $80 million for on-site security personnel funded by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security and $11 million for UNV support services. The remaining $34 million relates to other expenditures, such as the One United Nations Fund, the Change Management Fund and the Avian and Human Influenza Coordination Fund.", "Other expenditure", "53. In 2010, other expenditures (defined by cost classification) totalled $102 million. Of this amount, $101 million was spent on common services activities at country offices.", "C. Cost recovery policy", "54. In its decisions 2004/30 and 2007/18, the Executive Board endorsed the recommendation that both regular and other resources support the priorities set out in the strategic plan and that regular resources should not subsidize the costs of other resources-funded programmes. The UNDP cost recovery policy provides that all costs associated with other resources-funded programmes delivered at the country and headquarters levels are fully recovered through specific cost recovery mechanisms.", "55. UNDP makes every effort to recover general management and implementation costs associated with other resources-funded programmes and projects delivered at the country and headquarters levels, as well as to other United Nations entities, with the aim of recovering the cost of service delivery so that the core biennial support budget of UNDP does not cover the costs of support services that it does not plan to bear.", "56. Table 3 below shows the total cost recovery income and utilization in 2010.", "57. Total income increased by 7 per cent from $394 million in 2009 to $423 million. Total expenditure increased by 8 per cent, from $318 million to $344 million. Of the $285 million in cost-recovery income shown in table 3, $237 million represents expenditure-sharing and trust fund general management support income and is not included in the total other income. Exceptions to the cost recovery policy granted were reported in the 2010-2011 biennial support budget document (DP/2010/3). In 2010, UNDP granted relief for two additional general management services: (1) a 0 per cent management fee on contributions to the Office of the Special Envoy for Haiti and (2) a 4 per cent reduction in the management fee for contributions to the ESCAP Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness.", "Table 3. Cost recovery in 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Cost recovery Programme and project delivery reimbursable support services Total income: General management/implementation support services Common services 107 107 107 Agencies reimbursable services 11 31 42 Interest 8 8 Administrative agent fees 5,5 Other 24 24 Total income 285 138 423 Expenditure: Staff/personnel costs 142 31 173 General operating expenses 78 93 171 Total expenditure 220 124 341", "Balance of unexpended resources", "58. Unexpended other resources at the end of 2010 amounted to $4.49 billion, a decrease of 1 per cent from $4.55 billion in 2009. Unexpended other resources accounted for 89 per cent of the overall balance of unexpended resources. The balance of unexpended resources includes $2.49 billion in cost-sharing ($2.48 billion in 2009), $1.14 billion in trust funds ($1.19 billion in 2009), $840 million in reimbursable support services ($860 million in 2009) and $20 billion in government cash counterpart contributions ($20.0 million in 2009). As at 31 December 2010, 76 per cent of unexpended resources were fully programmed and will be delivered in the coming years.", "59. The pattern of receipt of contributions resulted in peaks at the end of the year. In 2010, 41 per cent of other resources contributions were received in the fourth quarter. For example, 60 per cent ($144 million) of the UNDP Emergency Trust Fund for Afghanistan contributions of $238 million for the full year of 2010 were received in the fourth quarter, and 50 per cent ($59 million) of the UNDP Emergency Trust Fund for the Sudan received contributions of $117 million for the full year of 2010. This model distorts year-end unspent fund balances.", "60. In accordance with financial regulations, UNDP is required to undertake all other resources activities on a fully funded basis. Under the current partnership agreement, all project balances are completely segregated for accounting and reporting purposes. Cash holdings are used for unrelated purposes and the balance of resources of a project is not commingled or “shared” with another project, and there is no substitute for the resources or funds incurred. In addition, specific cash balances were allocated for management reasons, such as the operational reserve. In other cases, the balance is earmarked for the prudent management of future liabilities (e.g. after-service health insurance) or for the settlement of routine operational requirements such as current liabilities.", "61. UNDP determined that the total unspent balance was reasonable, taking into account the programme cycle and the UNDP mandate and governance framework as documented in the Executive Board approval and financial regulations and rules. However, UNDP looks forward to seeking an integrated resources framework for better coordination of core and non-core resources. The framework would allow for an overall review of resources within a unified core and non-core resources framework, through the consolidation of institutions and programme budgets. This should facilitate the planning, allocation and monitoring of strategic resources and enhance results-based resource allocation.", "E. Other", "United Nations Volunteers programme", "62. In 2010, 7,765 volunteers from 158 countries performed 7,960 assignments in 132 countries. These actions were supported by UNDP regular resources, totalling $235 million. Of these, 9 per cent was covered by direct contributions to UNV (SVF, cost-sharing, trust funds and full funding arrangements). The remainder is paid directly by United Nations programmes and other United Nations organizations, funds and programmes, including UNDP.", "Junior Professional Officers programme", "63. In 2010, a total of 24 Governments signed agreements with UNDP for the provision of Junior Professional Officers. As at 31 December 2010, UNDP administered 364 Junior Professional Officers and 39 Special Assistants to Resident Coordinators, compared to 350 Junior Professional Officers and 29 Special Assistants to Resident Coordinators as at 31 December 2009. Of the 403 Junior Professional Officers, 224 work for UNDP and associated funds, 24 per cent (57 Junior Professional Officers/Special Assistant to the Resident Coordinator) in New York and other headquarters locations.", "64. UNDP received $45 million in contributions for the Junior Professional Officers programme, compared to $57 million in 2009. Total expenditure, including support costs, increased from $47 million in 2009 to $52 million in 2010. The resource balance at the end of 2010 was $31 million, down from $38 million in 2009 ($28 million in 2008).", "Reserve for field accommodation", "65. A reserve of $25 million was established in 1979 to provide accommodation for internationally recruited UNDP-funded field staff and, in exceptional circumstances, for office accommodation. The balance of unexpended resources for housing and office accommodation operations in the reserve for field accommodation in 2010 was $1.12 million, compared to $650,000 in 2009. The reserve for field accommodation is under review as part of the preparation for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and the review of UNDP legacy balances. This would lead to some adjustments.", "Direct budget support", "66. In decision 2009/24, the Executive Board approved in principle a four-year pilot (starting in September 2009) to enable UNDP to provide, at the request of recipient countries and in accordance with the guidelines provided in documents DP/2009/36 and Corr.1 and 2, financial contributions to joint funding and sector budget support on a case-by-case basis, based on the mandate and comparative advantage of UNDP.", "67. The request of the Government of Burkina Faso for UNDP to participate in sector budget support in the priority areas set by the two Governments, namely, HIV/AIDS and the promotion of human rights, was approved in 2009. Both initiatives fall within the core mandate of UNDP. In 2010, UNDP contributions to sector budget support in Burkina Faso totalled $120,000, representing 1 per cent of the HIV/AIDS sector budget and 1 per cent of the human rights sector budget. This amount is allocated from regular resources, which is below the ceiling of 10 per cent of the annual authorized expenditure limit for core funding set by the Executive Board in the resource planning framework.", "V. United Nations reform and support to other United Nations organizations", "68. In addition to its own operational activities, UNDP continues to play an important role in shaping development coherence by coordinating the United Nations system at the country level. Based on available data, total financial flows for multi-donor trust funds, joint programmes and support to other United Nations organizations amounted to $1.15 billion, compared to $1.78 billion in 2009.", "A. UNDP administrative agent functions", "69. UNDP continues to provide important support to joint programming activities through its role as administrative agent for joint programmes and multi-donor trust funds on behalf of the United Nations development system and as a participating United Nations organization in programme implementation. The total value of contributions received by UNDP on behalf of the United Nations system for joint programmes and multi-donor trust funds in 2010 was $610 million ($1.25 billion in 2009). The decline in contributions contrasted with the previous upward trend and contrasted with an annual average of $714 million over seven years. This decline is due to the continued global economic downturn and the decline in contributions to the three largest multi-donor trust funds, the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, the expanded “Delivering as one” funding window and the Sudan Common Humanitarian Fund. Two of these funds have fully allocated resources and will be coming to an end in the coming years. In 2010, the value of funds transferred by the MDTF Office as administrative agent to all participating organizations was $969 million. This includes $357 million transferred to UNDP for UNDP programmes ($283 million in 2009). These transferred funds were included in the unspent balance of $1.23 billion in 2009.", "B. Support to United Nations organizations", "70. UNDP country offices provide operational support to other United Nations organizations. Funds for these services are recorded in the corporate services clearing account, including $531 million in financial flows to support other United Nations organizations, a slight increase over 2009 ($528 million).", "C. United Nations development coordination activities", "71. UNDP plays an important role in United Nations system coordination and country-level coordination in support of national development. United Nations development coordination activities are co-financed by regular and other resources, with a total expenditure of $126 million in 2010 ($94 million from regular resources and $32 million from other resources). UNDP encourages Member States to continue to support this activity.", "D. United Nations-mandated security costs", "72. In its decision 2010/1, the Executive Board approved the Administrator ' s proposal to grant up to 30 per cent ($17.4 million) of the $58 million in regular resources earmarked for United Nations-mandated security measures for the period 2010 to 2011.", "73. The $58 million referred to in paragraph 72 is part of the total $85 million set aside in 2010-2011 for United Nations-mandated security measures, in addition to $25 million funded from other resources and $2 million from a loan from the United Nations Department of Safety and Security that was overcharged in the previous period. In 2010, UNDP spent $33 million ($39 million in 2009), including $11 million in other resources ($10 million in 2009). Of the $33 million spent in 2010, $17 million related to the United Nations field security coordination programme ($21 million in 2009) and $16 million related to the assessment of and investment in country offices (including headquarters) in line with minimum operating security standards compliance ($18 million in 2009).", "VI. International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "74. The adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/283, is essential for transparent financial reporting, strong accountability and good governance. The adoption of IPSAS will increase transparency and improve management and the tracking and reporting of financial and non-financial assets through more complete disclosure and accounting of assets and liabilities. Employee costs and related obligations, such as annual leave and after-service health insurance, will be fully recognized and fully distributed to the source of funding for the activities from which these costs arise.", "75. UNDP aims to adopt the International Public Sector Accounting Standards programme effective 1 January 2012. Through this programme, UNDP has planned most of its IPSAS policies, defined system changes and initiated a transition and change management process to enhance staff awareness, understanding and skills.", "76. In its decision 2008/1, the Executive Board approved the use of $9 million in regular resources for the costs of IPSAS adoption by the end of 2009. During the biennium 2008-2009, UNDP spent $5.2 million on preparations for the adoption of IPSAS. In addition, in its decision 2010/1, the Executive Board approved a total of $13 million for IPSAS-related activities for the period 2010-2011. Of this amount, $11 million will be used for one-time project costs, such as policy development, system configuration and reporting, and global training. The remaining $2 million would provide funding for new positions for a period of six months, which would undertake the additional work required for the adoption of IPSAS. There will be a continuing need for these positions. In 2010, UNDP spent $1.8 million on the preparatory work required to adopt IPSAS.", "77. To ensure the most effective approach to IPSAS compliance, UNDP has established a Global Shared Service Centre to centralize the collection of complex IPSAS-related functionalities by UNDP country offices and to provide support to country offices to ensure a successful transition and to continue to comply with national IPSAS. The choice to centralize these functions was made after a cost-benefit analysis, which is the most effective option to address the complexity of IPSAS. The decision to establish the Global Shared Service Centre and its location was based on a comprehensive study conducted by an independent consulting firm. This decision is based on a number of key factors, including the availability of skills and costs. Consultations with the Government on selected locations are ongoing. The Global Shared Service Centre is expected to become operational on 1 January 2012.", "VII. Funds administered by UNDP", "78. Table 5 (a) of the addendum to the present report (DP/2011/33/Add.1) provides detailed data on the two funds administered by UNDP.", "A. United Nations Capital Development Fund", "79. In 2010, UNCDF operated in 40 of the 49 least developed countries, with a particular focus on post-conflict countries. Total contributions in 2010 amounted to $38 million ($35 million in 2009). The significant decrease in contributions from one of the major donors due to the exchange rate and the financial crisis resulted in a slight decrease in regular resources. At the same time, other resources increased significantly. The overall outlook for resources remains optimistic, particularly with regard to the total and diversification of other resources.", "80. Total programme expenditure remained unchanged at $40 million in 2010. Other resources expenditure represented 44 per cent of total programme resources. All programme expenditures are for joint programmes with UNDP. UNCDF also disbursed $230,000 in loans to microfinance institutions in Timor-Leste (an additional $10 million in grants, already included under expenditure). The total core and non-core operational reserves of UNCDF remained at $25 million. As a result, UNCDF is able to sustain its liquidity while implementing its planned development, management and financial results.", "Programme expenditure totalling $40 million does not include $3 million allocated by UNDP to UNCDF in accordance with Executive Board decision 2007/34. This part of the funds is fully utilized by UNCDF, but is currently accounted for and reported separately by UNDP. In addition, $10 million was allocated to UNCDF management expenditure in the UNDP biennial support budget.", "B. United Nations Development Fund for Women", "82. UNIFEM was incorporated into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. However, as a result of its founding resolution, General Assembly resolution 64/289, UN-Women became operational on 1 January 2011. The following figures include UNIFEM data for 2010.", "83. UNIFEM provides financial and technical assistance for innovative programmes and strategies to empower women and promote gender equality. UNIFEM has placed the advancement of women ' s human rights at the centre of all its work, focusing on four strategic areas: (a) reducing female poverty; (b) eliminating violence against women; (c) reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS among women and girls; and (d) achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times of peace and war.", "84. Total UNIFEM contributions increased by $6 million (4 per cent) to $171 million, from $165 million in 2009. Voluntary contributions increased by $13 million (21 per cent), the cost-sharing component decreased by $6 million (8 per cent) and the sub-trust fund component by $12 million (43 per cent).", "85. Programme expenditure increased by $56 million (46 per cent) to $179 million, from $123 million in 2009. Regular resources expenditure increased by $31 million (63 per cent) from $49 million in 2009 to $80 million in 2010. Cost-sharing expenditure increased by $18 million (32 per cent) to $71 million from $53 million in 2009. Sub-trust fund expenditure increased by $8 million (39 per cent) to $29 million from $21 million in 2009.", "86. Unexpended resources amounted to $206 million as at 31 December 2010, a decrease of $22 million from $228 million as at 31 December 2009. Resources for December 2010 were fully supported from approved project budgets. In accordance with Executive Board decision 97/4 of January 1997, the level of the operational reserve was reviewed and the reserve increased from $20 million as at 31 December 2009 to $21 million as at 31 December 2010.", "Annex I", "UNDP overview", "A. Statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "(a) 2010 +/ - 2010 2009 +/ - 2010 2009 +/ - 2010", "Income", "Contributions 967 132 1 013-5% 4 311 319 4 129 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 487 686 5 342 3% 599 137 474", "Less: Transfer to biennial support budget (9,632) (8,671) - 11% - (9,632) - (8,671) - 11%", "Net contributions", "Interest income 14 165 10 173 39 per cent 103 661 92 306 12 per cent 1 438 2 127 32 per cent 119 264 104 606 14 per cent", "Net other income 48 084 38 480 25% 297 127 297 389 - 11 495 16 678 - 31% 356 706 352 547 1%", "Total income 1 019 749 1 053-3% 4 712 107 4 518 4% 222 168 218 543 2% 5 954 024 5 790 3% 581 832 956", "Expenditure", "Development 626 849 4 092 353 219 564 4 938 766", "United Nations development coordination 93 752 31 705 - 125 457", "Management 224 082 271 771 22 226 518 079", "Special purpose 43 430 176 908 - 220 338", "Other expenditure 87 733 101 795 140 189 668", "Total expenditure", "Excess (deficit) of income over expenditure (56,097) (112 50 per cent 37 575 341 588-89 per cent (19 762) 35 555-156 per cent (38 284) 264 150-114 per cent 993)", "Savings on prior biennium obligations", "Transfers from (to) reserves (16,000) (14,000) - 14 per cent (2,000) (5,000) 60 per cent (1,390) (6,910) 80 per cent (19,390) (25,910) 25 per cent", "Refunds to donors and transfers from (to) other funds (48) (32,879) 100 per cent (99,062) (85,878)-15 per cent (2,098) 62 per cent (99,909) (120,17 per cent,855)", "Adjustments to reserves and fund balances", "Fund balance, 1 January 354 412 498 602 - 29 per cent 4 550 006 4 299 6 per cent 280 690 252 161 11 per cent 5 185 108 5,050 3 per cent 296 059", "Fund balance as at 31 December 282 863 354 412 - 20 per cent 4 486 519 4 550 - 1 per cent 258 739 280 690 - 8 per cent 5 028 121 5 185 - 3 per cent 006 108", "Source: Table 1(a) of DP/2011/33/Add.1.", "^ (a) Includes general management support services costs.", "B. Assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Regular resources Other resources Funds 2010 +/ - 2010 2009 +/ - 2009 +/ - 2010 2009 +/ - 2010", "Assets", "Cash 53 904 25 929 108% 30 34 - 12% 3 554 6 404 - 45% 57 488 32 367 79%", "Cash and investments — funds held in trust 847 956 1 324-36 per cent 847 956 1 324-36 per cent 804 804 804 804 804", "Government letters of credit 49 195 108 460 - 55 per cent 49 195 108 460 - 55 per cent", "Investments held for the following purposes:", "Operational reserve 238 000 222,000 7% 238,000 222,000 7%", "After-service health insurance reserve", "Regular resources", "Other resources 4 688 388 4 266 10% 4 688 4 266 10% 293 388 293", "Medical Insurance Scheme 48 283 45 073 7% 48 283 45 073 7%", "Subtotal investments 5 546 685 5509 1% 7 230 492 446 - 99% 361 807 343 405 5% 5 915 6 345 - 7% 169 722 020", "Total cash, letters of credit and investments", "Advances from Governments and implementing agencies 11 834 22 269 - 47 per cent 135 297 125 452 8 per cent 1,050 668 57 per cent 148 181 148 389 -", "Accounts receivable and deferred charges 17 371 29 017 - 40% 29 340 24 167 21% 1 685 1 286 31% 48 396 54 470 - 11%", "Core resources payable 4 730 611 4 378 8% 4 810 4 730 4 383 8% 995 611 805", "Other resources payables 42 763 118 644 - 64% 42 763 118 644 - 64%", "Current accounts of UNOPS, UNFPA and the United Nations", "Accrued interest 29 897 34 360-13% 22 199 21 742 2% 2 474 2 3% 54 570 58 496-7%", "Loans 5 169 5 168 5 169 5 168 -", "Special capitalized assets 1,570 1 570 - 1 - 1 571 1 570 -", "Reserve for field accommodation activities 34 741 34 844 - 34 741 34 844 -", "Total assets 6 737 648 7 065-5% 5 008 644 5 186-3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 12 616-4% 762 140 031 037", "Liabilities", "Advances to Governments and implementing agencies 1 213 2 267 - 46 per cent 8 601 16 087 - 47 per cent 907 850 7 per cent 10 721 19 204 - 44 per cent", "Unliquidated obligations", "Accounts payable", "4 730 524 4 383 8% 4 730 4 383 8% 806 524 806 806", "Other resources and fund payables to core resources 8,200 93 187 - 91 per cent 34 563 25 457 36 per cent 42 763 118 644 - 64 per cent", "Due to UNOPS, UNFPA and United Nations current accounts - 163 502 - 163 502", "Deferred liabilities - funds held in trust 895 389 1 383 - 35 per cent 895 389 1 383 - 35 per cent 254 254", "Deferred liabilities - after-service health insurance", "Other liabilities 715 1 145 - 38 per cent 16 060 16 079 - 707 561 26 per cent 17 482 17 785 - 2 per cent", "Total debt 6 215 215 6 487 - 4% 384 130 500 134 - 23% 71,400 39 236 82% 6 670 7 027 - 5% 780 745 150", "Reserves and fund balances", "Operational reserve 238 000 222,000 7% 109 995 108,000 2% 45 600 44 209 3% 393,595 374 209 5%", "Endowment Fund 3 000 3 000 3 000 3,000 -", "Amount approved for reserve for field accommodation", "Special capital resources 1 570 1 570 1 570 1 570 - 570 -", "Balance of unexpended resources", "Balance of unexpended resources and special capital resources 284 433 355 982 - 20% 4 448 519 4 550 - 1% 258 739 280 690 - 8% 5 029 5 186 - 3% 006 691 678", "Total liabilities, reserves and unexpended resources balance" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目13", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要 会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行 及后续行动", "阿根廷：[1] 订正决议草案", "世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议的后续行动", "大会，", "回顾其2009年7月9日第63/303号决议，其中大会赞同《世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果》，[2]", "又回顾其2009年7月31日第63/305号决议，其中大会决定设立一个大会不限成员名额特设工作组，就《世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果》所列问题采取后续行动，", "还回顾大会决定注意到就《世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果》所列问题采取后续行动的大会不限成员名额特设工作组的进展情况报告，[3]", "深为关切世界金融和经济危机持续产生的各种不利影响，特别是对发展的不利影响，确认全球增长正在恢复，有必要维持复苏，因为复苏极为脆弱，且不均衡，强调必须继续解决体制弱点和不平衡，", "注意到国家、区域和国际各级作出重要努力，以应对金融和经济危机带来的挑战，从而确保全面恢复增长，创造高质量的就业机会，改革和加强金融系统，并建立强劲、可持续和均衡的全球增长，", "认识到必须确保就世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果采取适当的后续行动，", "决定在大会第六十六届会议期间进一步探讨世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议政府间后续进程的最有效模式，并在这方面请大会主席与全体会员国进行开放、包容、及时和透明的协商。", "[1] ^(*) 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "[2] 第63/303号决议，附件。", "[3] A/64/884。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 13", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "Argentina:* revised draft resolution", "Follow-up to the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/303 of 9 July 2009, by which it endorsed the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[1]", "Recalling also its resolution 63/305 of 31 July 2009, by which it decided to establish an ad hoc open-ended working group of the General Assembly to follow up on the issues contained in the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,", "Recalling further its decision to take note of the progress report of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group of the General Assembly to follow up on the issues contained in the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[2]", "Expressing deep concern about the ongoing adverse impact, particularly on development, of the world financial and economic crisis, recognizing that global growth is returning and that there is a need to sustain the recovery, which is fragile and uneven, and stressing the need to continue to address systemic fragilities and imbalances,", "Taking note of the important efforts undertaken nationally, regionally and internationally to respond to the challenges posed by the financial and economic crisis, in order to ensure a full return to growth with quality jobs, to reform and strengthen financial systems and to create strong, sustainable and balanced global growth,", "Recognizing the need to ensure proper follow-up to the outcomes of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,", "Decides to further explore, at its sixty-sixth session, the most efficient modalities of the intergovernmental follow-up process of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development and in this regard, requests the President of the General Assembly to hold open, inclusive, timely and transparent consultations with all Member States.", "[1] * On behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of 77 and China.", "Resolution 63/303, annex.", "[2] A/64/884." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 13", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "Argentina: [1] revised draft resolution", "Follow-up to the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/303 of 9 July 2009, in which it endorsed the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[2]", "Recalling also its resolution 63/305 of 31 July 2009, in which it decided to establish an open-ended ad hoc working group of the General Assembly to follow up on the issues contained in the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,", "Recalling further its decision to take note of the progress report of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group of the General Assembly to follow up on the issues contained in the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[3]", "Expressing deep concern about the ongoing adverse impacts, particularly on development, of the world financial and economic crisis, recognizing that global growth is recovering and that there is a need to sustain the recovery, which is fragile and uneven, and stressing the need to continue to address institutional weaknesses and imbalances,", "Noting the important efforts made at the national, regional and international levels to address the challenges posed by the financial and economic crisis, thus ensuring a comprehensive return to growth, creating quality jobs, reforming and strengthening the financial system and achieving strong, sustainable and balanced global growth,", "Recognizing the importance of ensuring proper follow-up to the outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,", "Decides to explore further during its sixty-sixth session the most effective modalities of the intergovernmental follow-up process to the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development, and in this regard requests the President of the General Assembly to hold open, inclusive, timely and transparent consultations with all Member States.", "[1] ^ (*) On behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of 77 and China.", "[2] Resolution 63/303, annex.", "[3] A/64/884." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(i)", "可持续发展：山区可持续发展", "山区可持续发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第64/205号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告山区可持续发展状况，本报告就是应此要求编写的，其中介绍了各国和国际山区可持续发展的状况，包括对未来挑战的总体分析，并就如何根据联合国环境与发展会议通过的《21世纪议程》第13章、《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》（“约翰内斯堡执行计划”）和千年发展目标等现有政策框架以及即将举行的联合国可持续发展会议，继续促进和有效维持世界各地山区发展提出了建议，供大会审议。本报告由联合国粮食及农业组织在各国政府、联合国系统相关机构和其他组织的协作下编写。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会于1998年通过第53/24号决议，宣布2002年为国际山地年，并鼓励各国政府、联合国系统和所有其他行为体加以利用，以提高对山区可持续发展重要性的认识。2003年，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)编写了关于国际山地年各项成就的报告，由秘书长转交大会（A/58/134）。", "2. 2002年国际山地年以《21世纪议程》着重探讨山区问题的第13章为行动基础，致力于保护山区生态系统和提高山区人民福祉。国际山地年作为采取长期有效行动执行第13章的一个促进因素取得了许多成就，包括帮助认识山区对生命的重要性以及改善山区环境和山区居民生计的必要性。在国际山地年活动的支持下，有78个国家设立了在国家一级采取行动的委员会，与利益攸关方在山区问题上的伙伴关系也得到加强，2002年8月26日至9月4日于南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界首脑会议还推出了国际促进山区可持续发展伙伴关系。", "3. 国际山地年促成大会通过第57/245号决议，从2003年起将每年的12月11日定为国际山地日，并鼓励国际社会每逢此日在所有级别举办活动，突出山区可持续发展的重要性。", "4. 大会在第59/238号、第60/198号和第62/196号决议中分别决定，将在第六十届、第六十二届和第六十四届会议题为“可持续发展”的议程项目下，审议与山区可持续发展有关的分项目。在这三届会议上，秘书长都向大会提交了题为“山区可持续发展”的报告（A/60/309、A/62/292和A/64/222）。", "5. 大会第64/205号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告山区可持续发展的执行情况，本报告正是应此要求，由粮农组织在各国政府、联合国系统相关机构和其他组织的协作下编写。", "二. 背景和挑战", "6. 人们日益认识到，山区是一个事关全球的脆弱生态系统。作为地球上大部分淡水的来源，山区蕴藏着丰富的生物多样性，是热门的娱乐和旅游目的地，也是重要的文化多样性、知识和遗产所在地。山区约占世界陆地面积的四分之一，为世界上大约12%的人口提供生活支持，并为一半以上人口提供基本的货物和服务。然而，世界上许多最贫穷和粮食匮乏者也居住在山区。因此，必须确保山区生态健康并改善其经济和社会状况，造福山区居民，也造福生活在低地的居民。", "7. 1992年联合国环境与发展会议通过《21世纪议程》，其中载有题为“管理脆弱生态系统：山区可持续发展”的一章，[1] 此后，对山区生态系统和社区重要性的认识与日俱增。支持和维护山区生态系统的承诺和意愿在国际山地年期间有所增强，这个问题在各级议程中的位置也日益鲜明。2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过《约翰内斯堡执行计划》，在第42段中阐述了处理山区可持续发展所需的行动。这些措施与《21世纪议程》第13章一道，成为山区可持续发展的总体政策框架。", "8. 虽然对山区问题的认识有所提高并已取得实际成果，但在按照千年发展目标实现减贫、防止环境退化和实现山区可持续发展方面，仍然面临重大制约。", "9. 设立国际山地年已有九年，许多挑战依然存在。面对水和其他自然资源的需求不断增加、旅游业不断增长、向外移民速度加快、冲突发生异常频繁以及在日益全球化世界中工业、矿业和农业带来的压力，山区社区及其环境仍然十分脆弱。全球经济放缓，加上粮食价格飞涨，造成饥饿和营养不良人数急剧增加，而山区人民尤其易受粮食短缺的影响。气候变化的威胁和后果带来了新的挑战，需要立即给予关注并采取步调一致的行动。明确需要增加对山区的供资和投资，加强协调与协作，并巩固当前有利环境，推出扶持性更强的法律、政策和体制。", "10. 定于2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会，将为确保山区可持续发展在全球议程中的突出位置、保证继续拥有政治承诺、以及结合近期事态发展和诸如气候变化、自然灾害增加、水源稀缺、荒漠化、粮食和能源危机等当前全球挑战审查山区议程，提供一个重要机会。", "11. 对山区的货物和服务的需求稳步增加。在绿色经济框架内，新的投资机会正在显现，特别是可再生能源和生态系统服务（例如淡水和生物多样性养护）。这些机会提供了经济发展空间，但也增加了对本已脆弱的环境和稀缺资源的压力。落实体制安排，确保社会、生态和经济资本的平衡发展，是保证这些新机遇能够造福山区和遏制山区社会及生态系统退化的关键所在。", "三. 国家行动", "12. 国家一级的行动是山区可持续发展取得进展的一个关键因素。本报告因篇幅所限，无法载述各国进行的诸多活动。以下各节将选列在国家一级采取的行动。", "非洲", "13. 在摩洛哥，一个位于高阿特拉斯山区乌塔特流域（米德勒特省）的项目正在协助关键利益攸关方通过流域管理防治荒漠化。该项目由粮农组织实施，是由西班牙供资的一个区域间方案的组成部分。摩洛哥政府还在粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处的支持下实施了一个改善安蒂阿特拉斯山区藏红花生产的项目，并通过该项目获得了有关生产和加工的技术、社会和经济方面的宝贵资料，以及对整个藏红花价值链的全面了解。", "14. 几内亚积极实施由全球环境基金供资的区域富塔贾隆高地自然资源综合管理项目。区域项目协调单位就设在几内亚，29个试点项目场地也有18个位于该国。所有试点场地都已完成基线测量和流域管理计划，改善自然资源管理和增强地方生计的措施也已经拟订，将于2011年秋季启动实施。", "亚洲", "15. 吉尔吉斯斯坦正在全球环境基金、联合国环境规划署（环境署）和联合国大学的支持下实施帕米尔高原和帕米尔-阿莱山脉土地可持续管理项目。山区社区已收到用于缓解环境压力，包括防止土地退化和土壤侵蚀的小额赠款以及野生动物养护资金。许多国际组织和非政府组织一直与山区当地市镇当局保持合作，支持最近通过的“牧场法”（2009年）。", "16. 中国从2009年开始在该领域实施一些相关计划和政策，并已将这些计划和政策纳入林业发展第十二个五年规划，以提高森林覆盖率和增强森林碳汇能力。由主管部委和政府机构共同支持的国家主要计划和战略包括国家森林保护计划第二阶段、三北防护林发展计划、野生动物养护和自然保护区发展计划、退耕还林计划和综合农业发展计划。", "17. 巴基斯坦地震灾区中期生计恢复项目由地震重建和恢复管理局实施，瑞典提供资金，粮农组织提供技术支持，已于2011年6月圆满完成。除了为所有地震灾区拟订1 789份社区生计恢复计划以及开展能力建设活动之外，该项目还在17个流域拟订并实施了流域统筹协作管理计划。实地活动包括滑坡防治、自然资源管理、生计改善和体制创新等。", "18. 土耳其政府2008年启动实施的山区可持续发展项目由粮农组织提供资金和技术支持，已于2010年12月圆满完成。随后拟订的一份战略文件将山区可持续发展纳入国家规划进程的主流。在地方一级，马尼萨省云达吉山区实施了一个试点项目，通过实地具体实情，试验和展示山区可持续发展努力。", "欧洲", "19. 瑞士政府在国家和国际两级继续在山区可持续发展领域作出广泛参与和承诺，包括向山区论坛和山区研究倡议提供资金。瑞士仍是山区伙伴关系的主要捐助方。为筹备2012年的联合国可持续发展大会，瑞士率先提出对1992年联合国环境与发展会议以来在山区可持续发展方面取得的进展进行区域和全球评估。瑞士将于2011年10月主办卢塞恩世界山区会议，期间将推出山区可持续发展报告，并讨论未来在该领域的挑战和机遇。作为《阿尔卑斯公约》现任主席国，瑞士的目标是通过着手处理政治问题和推动相关辩论，促进整个阿尔卑斯山区的协作。瑞士政府将推出创新性山区可持续发展公私伙伴关系，于2011年在包括瑞士韦尔比耶在内的全球南方和北方四个地区，推出新的庆祝国际山地日论坛。", "20. 在波兰苏台德山区，由于过去五、六年间在粮农组织、全球环境基金、欧盟委员会EQUAL方案和一些私营基金会的资助下实施了促进山区可持续发展理念的重大项目，当地非政府组织已经成功地与一些合作伙伴，包括地方和区域政府、农业大学、山区文化中心以及国家和景观保护区，组建成一个真正的山区联盟。这一联盟对该国其他山区省份起到示范作用。", "21. 在意大利，持续使用欧洲联盟资金支持山区研究和合作项目，为一系列广泛议题的相关工作提供了便利，包括气候变化效应、自然灾害、综合风险管理、不受气候变化影响的空间规划、生态网络和可持续旅游。在国际一级，意大利继续参加山区伙伴关系的活动并为其秘书处提供资助。意大利发展合作署支持多个山区项目，例如由联合国环境署和EV-K²-CNR（意大利国家研究理事会）委员会共同实施的“高海拔环境研究站”项目。意大利坚决地致力于确保山区在关键国际进程中、包括在联合国可持续发展大会之后获得适足关注。", "拉丁美洲", "22. 自2009年以来，阿根廷山区可持续发展委员会在国家和国际层面一直非常活跃，不仅设立了以各类山区对话为目标的国家和各省山区平台，还改进了现有与不同地区和省份的对话。该委员会推出了能使安第斯山南部各国参与并增进与各山区框架进行区域接触和开展联合活动的地方和各省山区委员会。2011年6月，委员会与山区伙伴关系秘书处一道，为安第斯山南部各国与欧洲从事山区可持续发展研究的实体代表举办了国际研讨会。", "23. 厄瓜多尔正准备实施一个关于增进安第斯山区可持续发展参与式管理的项目。由全球环境基金供资的钦博拉索火山自然资源管理项目已于2011年6月启动，该基金国家委员会最近还批准了安第斯山区可持续发展联盟提出的高安第斯山区生态系统碳与生物多样性项目立项申请。通过流域管理防治荒漠化和土壤退化项目作为由西班牙供资的一个区域间方案的组成部分，继续在马纳维省实施，并由粮农组织提供技术支持。2011年7月，一个由粮农组织供资、山区伙伴关系秘书处提供支持、在科托帕希地区实施的项目成功地开发出可持续山区示范农场并拟订了开发计划。", "24. 在危地马拉，造林激励方案及小农林业和复合农林从业激励方案促进了由天然和人工山林提供环境服务和公益产品的机制。从2009年到2010年，高原地区共有12 482公顷人工森林和39 919公顷天然森林接受监督并获得认证。危地马拉已投入6 978 114美元用于激励森林管理，产生48 000多个工作机会，涉及大约300个土著社区。危地马拉副总统办公室已批准设立机构间预防和打击滥砍滥伐委员会，并实施一项旨在加强危地马拉高原地区森林管理的试点行动计划。", "25. 在秘鲁，多方利益攸关方全国山区生态系统工作组于2011年启动第二阶段工作，在国家一级和国际一级实施多个方案。皮乌拉、安卡什、阿普里马克和库斯科地区政府正在实施气候变化适应方案，而在皮乌拉、安卡什和瓦努科，“印加大道”生物多样性可持续利用方案和地方农作物品种就地长期养护项目正在实施。秘鲁还与厄瓜多尔和哥伦比亚一道，在阿普里马克和皮乌拉地区实施区域安第斯山森林生态系统管理方案。", "26. 墨西哥政府正通过国家林业委员会实施一个由世界银行和全球环境基金资助的项目，以提高在上游流域和山区实施全国环境服务付费方案的实效，并增加提供可产生地方和全球利益的生态系统服务。该项目还促进了地方环境服务付费机制，由环境服务的直接用户按照匹配资金计划提供财务支持。", "27. 智利严重依赖山区生态系统提供水源、能源、矿物和旅游以及为土著居民提供自给性生活环境。为设立由外交部推动的国家山区委员会，2011年9月将为安第斯区域各国（阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国）举办一次培训班。培训重点将是正在融化的雪盖和冰川，以及针对气候变化的环境和经济影响制订管理政策的必要性。", "四. 国际行动", "A. 专题倡议", "生物多样性养护和山区生态系统", "28. 2004年，《生物多样性公约》秘书处通过了关于山区生物多样性的工作方案。《公约》缔约方会议在2010年于日本举行的第十次会议上对该方案的执行情况进行了深入审查，并指出，(a) 工作方案成功地汇聚了国际山地社区，并提高了各组织机构促进生物多样性养护和可持续利用的能力；(b) 截至2009年，约有14.4%混合山区系统生物群落得到了保护；(c) 庆祝国际山岳日活动以及很多区域和地方倡议正在使更多人认识到山区生物多样性的重要性。", "29. 2010年，《保护喀尔巴阡山脉及其可持续发展框架公约(《喀尔巴阡公约》)养护和可持续利用生物和景观多样性议定书》生效。为了支持该《议定书》的执行，在欧洲联盟东南欧方案下核准了BIOREGIO喀尔巴阡项目。环境署维也纳办事处是《喀尔巴阡公约》的临时秘书处，也是奥地利-斯洛伐克跨境项目“阿尔卑斯-喀尔巴阡走廊”的合作伙伴，该项目旨在重建阿尔卑斯山脉和喀尔巴阡山脉之间的生态走廊。", "30. 国际生物多样性计划的全球山区生物多样性评估方案为山区生物多样性养护和可持续利用政策作出了贡献。2010年，该方案启动了山区生物多样性门户，使人们可以针对具体山区查阅基本生物多样性数据。2010年7月，该方案在瑞士举办了题为“山区生物多样性的重要功能”的国际会议。在瑞士发展合作机构的支持下，该方案为《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议编写了题为“山区生物多样性和全球变化”的小册子。", "31. 在第十次会议期间，山区伙伴关系秘书处举办了一次会外会，以探讨如何更有效地执行有关山区生物多样性的工作方案。国际山区综合开发中心举办了两次会外会，分别题为：(a) “在不断变化的气候条件下兴都库什山脉-喜马拉雅地区面临的山区生物多样性养护和管理方面的挑战”；(b) “生物多样性养护方面的跨境合作：采用《生物多样性公约》规定的‘生态系统办法’和适应气候变化的战略”。", "32. Ev-K2-CNR委员会利用意大利和巴基斯坦政府提供的资金，在巴基斯坦北部顺利启动了“卡拉库拉姆中部国家公园和缓冲区社会、经济和环境发展”项目。该项目旨在支持地方当局和利益攸关方建设该公园及其缓冲区的自然资源管理能力，重点在于减贫。委员会与卡拉库拉姆国际大学、世界野生动植物基金会、阿加汗农村支助方案以及若干地方和国家非政府组织开展合作。", "33. 2010年，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)设在俄罗斯科学院地理学研究所的人与生态圈方案山区组与卡通山生物圈保护区和国际自然保护联盟-世界保护区委员会山地保护区网络携手，在阿尔泰举办了题为“阿尔泰-萨彦生态区域的气候变化和生物多样性的连通性养护”的国际讲习班。该讲习班通过了阿尔泰-萨彦-贝加尔越境连通性养护管理倡议行动计划(俄罗斯联邦、哈萨克斯坦、中国和蒙古)。", "气候变化", "34. 正如世界各地冰川迅速后退所揭示的那样，山区为气候变化发出了早期信号。至关重要的是研究和监测山区生物、物理和环境健康，以便更好地了解、管理和减轻气候变化的负面影响。", "35. Ev-K2-CNR委员会启动了高海拔环境研究站项目，以研究山区的气候和环境。目前，该项目的监测网络包括世界各地14个站址。在埃佛勒斯峰南口(8 000米)安装了最高的自动气象站，并且在Changri Nup 冰川上5 700米高的地方安装了冰川上自动气象站，通过研究气候对冰川动态的影响、包括大气中炭黑的影响、尤其是炭黑对冰雪融化过程的影响，加强了对喜马拉雅山脉大气的监测。", "36. 2009年6月，在《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处于波恩举行的会议上，山区研究倡议与德国观察和德国联邦环境机构共同主办了题为“山区的适应：目前山区适应气候变化的方向和研究需求”的会外会。这项倡议与山区伙伴关系、列支敦士登政府和瑞士发展与合作机构合作，在《框架公约》缔约方会议第十五届会议上举办了一次会外会，重点讨论气候变化对山区造成的挑战。", "37. 国际生物多样性计划的全球山区生物多样性评估方案编写了一份报告，以说明气候变化对欧洲山区生物多样性的影响。该报告概括介绍了有关今后预期气候变化情况的近期文献资料，讨论了气候变化对山区生物多样性的影响，并就适应措施提出了建议。", "38. 全球高山环境观察研究倡议的目标是建立和维持一个基于站点的网络，以长期监测气候变化对世界各地高山系统脆弱的高山生态系统及生物多样性的影响。该倡议在安第斯地区尤其活跃，它支持了一个有10个站点的区域监测系统评估气候变化对安第斯高山生物多样性的影响。", "39. 山区伙伴关系秘书处积极促进人们更好地认识到气候变化对山区造成的威胁，并推动其成员为此开展的工作。瑞士发展与合作机构在山区伙伴关系范畴内为《框架公约》缔约方会议第十五届会议编制了一份文件，标题是“山区和气候变化——从了解到采取行动”。在缔约方会议第十六届会议期间，秘书处与成员国举办了两次会外会，内容分别为：(a) 山区适应气候变化的影响：地方和国家一级的创新办法；(b) 山区适应气候变化的区域办法。", "40. 2011年6月，粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处举办了一次会议，与会者来自亚美尼亚、孟加拉国、不丹、哥伦比亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、摩洛哥、尼泊尔、秘鲁、斯洛文尼亚、塔吉克斯坦、国际山区综合开发中心和《框架公约》秘书处，目的是讨论两项有关山区的主要举措：一种是2009年尼泊尔总理在缔约方会议第十五届会议上宣布的尼泊尔政府“山区倡议”，其目的是在《框架公约》秘书处内部为山区问题建立更强有力的政治游说集团；另一种是亚美尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦政府正式建立的内陆山区发展中国家集团。", "41. 2011年6月，山区伙伴关系秘书处与国际山区综合开发中心收到世界银行提供的赠款，用于支助山区气候变化影响、适应和发展战略倡议。该倡议将侧重于提高出席《框架公约》缔约方会议各届会议的各国代表团成员以及政治家、科学家和开展气候变化政策工作的执行人员对山区与气候变化之间关系的认识。该倡议将增强各国代表团和专家就国际支助开展谈判和调动国际支助的能力，从而促进山区生态系统适应气候变化。", "42. 2010年12月，德国联邦环境、自然保护与核安全部宣布为环境署、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和国际自然保护联盟基于生态系统的适应方案，包括为山区联合项目，提供1 000万欧元的资金。该方案的试验阶段为期四年(2011-2014年)，将把重点放在尼泊尔、秘鲁和乌干达的山区。", "荒漠化", "43. 干地山区生态系统在所有山区中占三分之一以上，并在这些地区提供了多达90%的淡水供应。在干旱的山区，贫穷和粮食无保障似乎尤其严重。此外，世界各地的生物多样性热点中有四分之一以上位于此类地区。山区伙伴关系秘书处、联合国防治荒漠化公约秘书处和瑞士发展与合作机构正在编写一份联合出版物，其标题是“高原和干地：山区——干旱地区的复原力来源”，目的是促使更多人关注这些脆弱的干旱生态系统，并促进关于这一系统的可持续发展议程。", "44. DESIRE是一个包括26个国际伙伴的综合研究项目，其资金在欧洲联盟第六个框架方案(2007-2012年)下提供，该项目已为易发生荒漠化的地区制订并试行可持续土地管理战略。DESIRE在地中海和世界各地的16个站点中有11个位于山区或丘陵环境，在这里，荒漠化的威胁因退化和侵蚀而加重。作为DESIRE项目的一部分，伯尔尼大学发展与环境中心制订了根据当地情况查明、评价和选择最有前景的可持续土地管理战略的参与式方法。", "山区水", "45. 山区水资源日益紧张，严重影响到山区和低地。目前，这一关键问题通过世界各地的活动、科学出版物和研究方案得到了更多关注，但需要开展更加协调一致的努力，以应对适当水质和充足供水方面日益严峻的挑战。", "46. 国际山区综合开发中心已被亚太水论坛指定为亚洲山区水管理亚太知识中心。该中心也是关于喜马拉雅水资源专题的阿布扎比对话知识论坛的知识伙伴。在世界银行的支持下，该中心启动了大喜马拉雅地区河水管理利益共享小额赠款研究方案。", "流域管理", "47. 自2009年以来，粮农组织牵头的全球流域管理经验审查的后续行动得到了相当重视。技术资料手册“新一代流域管理方案和项目”以及题为“为什么投资于流域管理？”的政策文件继续广为分发。在厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、巴基斯坦和西非，经全球审查提出的建议正作为若干实地项目的一部分得到采用。", "48. 欧洲林业委员会山区流域管理工作队第二十七届会议于2010年4月在斯洛伐克共和国举行，其专题是“山区流域森林和水综合管理：经验和展望”。工作组第二十八届会议将于2011年9月在土耳其举行，其专题是“水滋养森林-森林维持水分”。", "49. 国际山区综合开发中心正在兴都库什山脉-喜马拉雅地区重点进行综合流域管理做法能力建设。关于参与式综合流域管理的国际培训课程定期举办，并不断对其进行调整，以纳入新出现的专题。使社区流域计划不受气候变化影响的措施已得到执行，其重点是发展高海拔农业企业，使良好做法相互结合，以推动绿色经济。2011年3月，该中心和粮农组织举办了一次讲习班，以讨论在亚太地区执行和实地试行新一代流域管理技术的长期方案。", "50. 拉丁美洲流域管理技术合作网络的目标是增强流域管理技术能力，其重点是经验交流、知识管理和跨国合作。该网络继续在监测和促进拉丁美洲的合作行动以及分享经验方面发挥关键作用。", "灾害风险管理", "51. 山区灾害风险管理日益得到重视，在气候变化影响方面尤为如此。喜马拉雅山冰川湖溃决和阿尔卑斯山岩崩的风险日益增加，它们不过是其中两个例子。", "52. 中亚山区伙伴关系在吉尔吉斯坦开展的自然灾害风险综合管理项目使生活在试点村庄的山地社区得以更好地为自然灾害做准备，并获取修建桥梁和水坝的新知识和技能。", "53. 国际滑坡协会及其伙伴举办的第二届世界滑坡论坛将于2011年10月在粮农组织总部举行，其议程上有25次专题会议，这一全球重要会议的重点是“将科学付诸实践”。", "54. 国际山区综合开发中心与世界气象组织(气象组织)合作启动了区域洪水信息系统方案，其目标是通过减轻喜马拉雅地区易发洪水的脆弱性，尽量降低生命和财产损失。该中心和气象组织正在合作提高数据质量，加强有效的数据收集和传播，以及改善区域合作。", "土著人民问题", "55. 由于在社会经济和政治被边缘化，生活在山区等较为不利地区的土著群体属于世界最贫穷的人口之列。然而，从他们管理和保护山区生态系统的做法和经验中可以吸取许多经验教训。", "56. 世界山区人民协会的目标是让人们关注山区人民的心声和需要。该协会提议建立区域中心，以促进山区人民与国家决策者、供资机构和国际行动者之间的互动与合作。该协会还正在精心策划全球特许社区、领土和自然资源管理活动，并且正在安排评估在实现《21世纪议程》第13章规定的目标方面取得的进展，以便为2012年联合国可持续发展大会做好准备。", "57. 设在秘鲁的“学习之家”组织是一个侧重于保护安第斯山脉生物多样性的土著人非政府组织，其目标是使土著人民的心声在全球一级得到关注。2008年，在完成Acomayo和Canas省四连湖复原环境项目第一阶段之后，“学习之家”启动了“百万株土生树木活动”。", "两性平等", "58. 山区妇女面临着整个发展中世界的妇女所面临的许多同样挑战，但这些挑战因海拔过高、地形陡峭和与世隔绝而进一步加剧。", "59. 妇女促进农业和自然资源管理改革组织实施了题为“农村妇女领导作用”的项目，以加强女领导人在各个级别农村组织中的作用和发言权，并促进有代表性的农妇组织参与国家、区域和全球一级的战略政策对话和谈判领域。迄今为止，该项目在尼泊尔培训了35名农民领导人，在菲律宾培训了30名农民领导人；这些领导人又培训了200多名农村妇女。", "60. 国际山区综合开发中心就与两性平等、适应气候变化和发展有关的各种问题举办了多项活动。喜马拉雅地区的一个主要问题是由于男性大规模外出，越来越多的妇女承担起从事山区农业的任务，这一点增加了妇女的工作量，使其更为辛苦。", "为环境服务付费", "61. 鉴于山区资源在全球的重要性，山区在采用创新性融资机制方面，包括在为环境服务付费计划方面，有着巨大的潜力。", "62. 自2009年以来，艾伯丁裂谷保护协会与美国世界野生动植物基金会、剑桥大学以及当地各机构合作，力求评估乌干达、刚果民主共和国和卢旺达之间的跨界地区，即大维龙加地区的环境商品和服务存量。小组制作了一系列地图，以说明四类主要生态系统服务的分布和相关性：储水量；碳固存；木材和非木材林业产品；旅游。评估结果明确说明包括维龙加火山和鲁文佐里山在内的维龙加地块内的高海拔自然生态系统在为低地提供环境效益方面发挥的重大作用。", "63. 吉尔吉斯斯坦新采用的牧场票是一种为环境服务付费的创新手段，它取代了过去使用的牧场租用制，牧场使用费如今是按照牲畜头数而不是按照公顷数支付的。牧场票是农民根据季节性牧场的容量调整牲畜数目的经济手段，因此可防止牧场退化。", "高质量的山区产品", "64. 高质量山区产品的推广、加工和销售日益成为改善世界各地山地社区居民生计的重要手段。", "65. 2011年，粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处发布了一个手册，介绍在厄瓜多尔科多帕希地区的项目中有机生产安第斯山作物的情况，该手册提供技术信息说明不采用化学品的传统和创新性耕作技术。该项目表明，传统山区产品不仅有助于家庭粮食保障、健康和均衡饮食，而且如果在合适的市场上售出，还可大大提高家庭收入。在摩洛哥印发了技术手册介绍种植藏红花的良好做法，这是上文提及的粮农组织-山区伙伴关系藏红花价值链项目的成果。", "旅游业", "66. 山区旅游业是一个潜在的长期收入来源，能创造积极效果，还能用于养护和利益共享。", "67. 世界旅游组织制定了一套指标，以帮助管理人员就动植物群丧失或退化、土壤侵蚀、水质和旅游业的经济惠益等对山区环境有特别重复关系的问题，作出知情决定。", "68. 2011年，在世界旅游组织的协助下，拟订了《喀尔巴阡公约》可持续旅游议定书草案文本，并在《喀尔巴阡公约》缔约方大会第三次会议期间获得通过和签署。", "政策和法律", "69. 全球环境基金资助的富塔贾隆高原综合自然资源管理区域项目由非洲联盟、粮农组织和环境署联合实施。该项目涉及8个西非国家(冈比亚、几内亚、几内亚比绍、马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔、塞内加尔和塞拉利昂)。项目的一个重要组成部分是建立区域性法律和体制框架，用于加强跨界自然资源管理的区域合作，并在参与国家内变通适用和统一养护法律，从而减轻土地退化的成因和负面影响。", "70. 自1991年以来，欧洲民选山区代表协会促进区域和地方的决策者参与制定欧洲政策，用于解决山区问题，特别是涉及区域、环境和运输事宜的问题。其主要目标是确保欧洲联盟的政策体现和考虑山区的具体情况。目前，欧洲民选山区代表协会包括来自11个国家成员的10 000个市、100个省和50个地区的成员。该协会还参与了若干欧洲项目。", "教育", "71. 国际山区可持续管理研究和培训方案由山区伙伴关系秘书处、教科文组织和意大利都灵大学农学院于2007年启动。该培训方案由皮徳蒙特地区政府、地方当局、安第斯地区可持续发展联合会、国际山区综合开发中心和瑞士发展与合作机构资助。2010年培训课程重点是保护山区生物多样性，2011年重点是自然灾害和灾害风险管理。每年培训约30名来自发展中国家的专家。", "72. 教科文组织在比利时佛兰芒政府的资助下，制定了一份山地国家教学资料包。该资料包主要针对世界各山地国家的中学教师和学生。该资料包采用创新性方法来进行环境教育，目的是激发学生的好奇心，更好地传播科学信息和环境知识。", "73. 中亚大学最近成立了山区社会研究中心，旨在通过研究物质、社会、经济和文化资产的可持续发展和管理，支持和提高山区社会的抗灾能力和生活质量。该中心的奖学金方案有助于建设中亚的研究能力，帮助制定明智的政策和做法，促进山区可持续发展。", "74. 苏格兰珀斯学院的山区研究中心自2009年来担任联合国教科文组织的山区可持续发展问题的主席工作，该中心自2004年以来，开办了关于管理山区可持续发展的网上理科硕士课程。在这一经验的基础上，该中心正协同一些亚洲机构，制定硕士水平的课程。", "研究", "75. 2011年，山区研究倡议与山区伙伴关系秘书处合作，帮助发展和支持了一个由重点研究撒哈拉以南非洲山区气候变化问题的科学家组成的网络，为政府间气候变化专门委员会的第五次评估报告、联合国可持续发展大会以及《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《生物多样性公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》缔约方会议之前的活动作出了贡献。在瑞士发展与合作机构的支持下，山区研究倡议促成粮农组织和比勒陀利亚大学之间达成了一项协议，内容是为非洲山区全球变化研究网络设立一个协调单位。", "76. 教科文组织通过其人与生物圈方案，继续实施其名为“山区全球变化——制定山区生物圈保护区适应战略”的全球项目。该项目研究包括气候变化在内的全球变化的主要驱动力和影响，涉及领域包括生物多样性、水资源供应、土地利用变化和山区经济等。研究结果将让人们更好地了解变化将如何影响山区环境和生计。", "77. 山区研究中心为欧洲环境署协调了一项欧洲山区综合评估，该评估于2010年9月出版。该中心在苏格兰举办了有关全球变化与世界山区的国际会议，共有来自五大洲60个国家的450人参与。该中心还负责就一个名为“欧洲地理特点与发展潜力”的两年期项目中关于山区方面的工作提交报告，该项目由欧洲本土发展和凝聚力观测网络资助，旨在提供一致框架来描述过去趋势，并为领土政策和区域发展绘制地理特征潜在的未来发展。", "78. 山区研究倡议举办了两期综合讲习班，一期是关于气候变化和山区水资源，另一期是关于山区粮食安全的驱动因素。开办讲习班是为今后关于以下主题的讨论做准备：山区城市增长；建设山区相配合的人类-自然系统的抗灾能力；山区生态系统服务的脆弱性和管理。", "79. 中国科学院协同山区研究倡议，制定和推广了一个名为“第三极环境”的国际项目，该项目的重点是调查全球变化的性质及其对青藏高原及其周围山脉的影响。自2009年以来，中国科学院每年都举办第三极环境讲习班，制定战略性科学计划，以组织该区域和欧洲所有国家的团体开展研究工作。", "80. 2010年，教科文组织人与生物圈方案的山区小组发起了一个由俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院的研究机构、伙伴大学和生物圈保护区组成的联盟，目的是共同制定一项关于在全球当前变化背景下保护阿尔泰-萨彦-贝加尔跨境生态区的可持续发展和保护景观多样性的战略。这项研究目前是在与哈萨克斯坦、中国和蒙古的区域研究机构以及包括开发署、国际山区综合开发中心和国际自然及自然资源保护联盟在内的一些国际机构伙伴关系安排下开展的。", "交流和网络", "81. 山区论坛是一个全球网络，目的是分享信息和知识，促进山区可持续发展。目前，山区论坛在其区域网络(亚太、安第斯信息网络和欧洲山区论坛)的支持下，7 000多名个人成员提供服务，提供5 600多个数字资源。山区论坛作为信息交流中心，提供用户对话平台，支持了全球山区社区。最新的电子论坛是关于安第斯山脉的水文环境服务的利益共享机制。安第斯信息网络作为安第斯地区可持续发展联合会的一个方案，目前在帮助开展关于气候变化、水资源管理和农村创新的若干政策对话。", "82. 2010年，国际山岳日的主题是“山区少数民族和土著人民”，以强调这些群体所面临的威胁，并确认他们对克服饥饿和营养不良、生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球性挑战所作出的宝贵贡献。2011年国际山岳日将重点关注山林问题，将与2011国际森林年联系起来。", "83. 国际同行评审季刊《山区研究与发展》汇集了研究结果和经过验证的发展经验，增强了各方对山区可持续发展关键问题的知识。自2009年以来，该季刊有了网络版，开放供所有用户查访。该季刊还编有了关于变化世界中的山林、农业生物多样性以及保护区管理工具和方法等主题的专刊。该刊物的编辑部是伯尔尼大学发展与环境中心的一部分。", "84. 为了促进相互学习和共享知识，2010年11月，在哈萨克斯坦举行了2010年中亚山区伙伴关系论坛，主题为“中亚山区社区和气候变化——呼吁采取行动：地方视角下的全球性挑战”。该论坛汇集了来自中亚、欧洲和拉丁美洲代表各利益攸关方群体的100多名与会者。", "B. 伙伴关系、跨界合作和供资机制", "联合国可持续发展大会", "85. 意大利和瑞士政府、粮农组织、世界银行、环境署和国际山区综合开发中心等山区伙伴关系成员正在共同努力，让联合国可持续发展大会进程关注山区生态系统和山区人民的观点。这些组织已经形成战略联盟，以便将山区伙伴关系定位为推动迈向绿色增长的媒介，并为山区可持续发展寻求持续政治承诺。由瑞士政府发起的关于自1992年联合国环境与发展会议以来在山区可持续发展方面所获进展的区域调查结果和全球评估，以及“卢塞恩世界山区会议”的成果将被纳入联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程。", "伙伴关系", "86. 山区伙伴关系成员不断增多，目前已有180多个成员，包括各国政府、政府间组织和主要团体。2008年，山区伙伴关系秘书处为了向成员提供更有效的服务和支持，开始权力下放进程。目前，山区伙伴关系秘书处包括中央和地方中心，分别设在罗马的粮农组织(中央中心)、秘鲁的安第斯生态区可持续发展联合会(拉丁美洲中心)、尼泊尔的国际山区综合开发中心(亚洲-太平洋中心)内，还包括环境署在维也纳主办的环境参考资料中心。", "跨界合作", "87. 2003年，继国际山年和比什凯克全球山区首脑会议之后，中亚山区社区联盟成立，该联盟由吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的41个山区村庄组成。该联盟旨在通过能力建设以及促进其成员和世界各地的山区社区网络之间分享经验，改善山区生计。", "88. 阿根廷、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁等国联手倡导采取区域办法，推动安第斯地区的发展。这些国家联合在山区伙伴关系背景下设立了安第斯倡议。帕拉莫安迪诺项目是委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁的一项区域倡议，由全球环境基金资助，由安第斯地区可持续发展联合会执行。该项目旨在攻克养护生物多样性方面的主要障碍并保护帕拉莫地区的水文。安第斯生态系统水文监测倡议是一项区域倡议，旨在提供、改善和共享关于安第斯地区水文和全球变化影响的相关信息。", "89. 自2009年以来，发展与环境中心及其地方和国际合作伙伴支持了塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦开展关于帕米尔-阿莱山脉的可持续土地管理的跨界倡议。这个由全球环境基金资助的倡议旨在解决中亚的重要淡水资源和生物多样性热点地区之一的土地退化和贫穷这两个相互关联的问题。", "90. 环境署继续领导的一个倡议通过促进《阿尔卑斯山公约》和《喀尔巴阡公约》与高加索、迪纳拉弧型地区和巴尔干地区等其他山区分享经验，以推动制定区域合作的法律框架。环境署在环境与安全倡议框架内，支持巴尔干边境地区的山区开展跨界合作。这项工作有助于地区稳定并改善环境。环境署还推动了关于迪纳拉弧型地区的具有法律约束力的协议的谈判工作。", "91. 国际山区综合开发中心在环境署的支持下，发起了神山神圣景观区域养护倡议。为在中国、印度和尼泊尔的神山神圣景观跨界倡议中实施养护和生态系统管理活动，制定了区域合作框架草案。运用了创新性和高度参与的方法，以便为区域合作提供政策有利环境、机构网络和知识库。", "供资机制", "92. 对世界银行在山区可持续发展方面的投资的初步投资组合进行的分析表明，2000-2010年期间全球投资额约为660亿美元。东欧、中亚和拉丁美洲获得的山区可持续发展投资以各约160亿美元领先，其次是东亚和太平洋地区，约为130亿美元。非洲和南亚获得的山区投资分别约为88亿和83亿美元，而在中东和北非，只有少量金额与山区可持续发展直接相关。", "93. 国际农业发展基金的一部分任务是资助经济增长、赋予政治权力、公民平等和减少山区人民的贫困。该基金支持发展创新型农村金融服务，如汇款资金机制，以及发展基于指数的天气保险和相关服务，这些服务正在山区等地进行试验和测试。", "五. 建议", "94. 自秘书长上一次就山区可持续发展问题向大会提出报告以来，在执行、宣传、机构加强和国际合作方面，取得了重大进展。尽管如此，仍然有许多工作要做，特别是考虑到当前的全球性挑战，包括气候变化、自然灾害、粮食和能源危机、水资源日益短缺、荒漠化、生态系统退化、生物多样性的丧失和迁移。虽然山区及其居民遭受了这些挑战带来的不成比例的影响，但寻求解决之道的过程或许会发现重大机遇。山区系统是实现长期可持续发展、减贫和向绿色经济过渡的重要基石。为了以符合《21世纪议程》第13章、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和千年发展目标的方式努力处理这些挑战，大会不妨再次申明各国政府或可采纳的一些行动方针如下：", "1. 有关国际进程的建议", "(a) 继续努力，确保山区问题成为处理减贫、粮食安全、气候变化和对山区可持续发展至关重要的其他问题的发展议程和进程的优先事项；", "(b) 在相关情况下促进建立区域机制，以协调和统筹山区可持续发展跨界合作；并加强《阿尔卑斯公约》和《喀尔巴阡公约》等现有机制，推动交流经验教训；", "(c) 支持山区伙伴关系的协作努力，并鼓励有关政府、民间社会和私营部门机构在国家和区域一级积极参与；", "(d) 加大努力，保护山区生物多样性，并鼓励各利益攸关方开展合作，以便更有效地执行《生物多样性公约》秘书处关于山区生物多样性的工作计划；", "(e) 支持将山区问题更好地纳入政府间讨论，特别是在《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》范畴内进行的关于气候变化和防治荒漠化问题的政府间讨论；利用山林的碳储存和固存潜力以及降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放(降排)方案和降排加方案对山林的考虑；", "(f) 将山区可持续发展纳入绿色经济战略，确保体制安排到位，让山区社区受益于这些新出现的机会，保护山区资源面不受日益增加的需求的影响；", "(g) 促进政府、国际组织、非政府组织、研究机构和民间社会之间的交流与合作，以确保山区可持续发展问题在联合国可持续发展大会议程上占据突出位置；", "2. 政策建议", "(h) 鼓励继续保留已有的或设立新的全国委员会或类似的体制安排、机构和机制，以加强部门间协调和协作，促进山区可持续发展；", "(i) 鼓励民间社会和私营部门更多参与制订和执行与山区可持续发展有关的方案；", "(j) 鼓励制定和实施专门针对山区问题并能紧急应对当前面临的气候变化和粮价飞涨等挑战的战略、方案、政策和法律；通过双边、多边和南南合作以及权力下放的合作等非传统安排，支持发展中国家和经济转型国家；", "(k) 制定适应和减缓气候变化战略，同时考虑到山区环境和社区的具体情况；将这些战略纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》的国家适应行动方案进程；", "(l) 加大对山区灾害风险管理的重视，特别是在落石、雪崩、冰湖溃决洪水、山体滑坡和气候变化影响方面；", "(m) 通过创新性管理办法、经改进的跨越行政边界的体制机制和为子孙后代保障水资源的前瞻性政治决定，促进养护和可持续利用日益稀缺的山区资源，特别是水资源；", "(n) 拟订战略、方案和政策，促进山区粮食安全，以便对山区社区受影响特别严重的粮价飞涨和相关挑战作出及时反应；", "(o) 加强公共服务，特别是卫生和教育部门，并改善山区的交通和通讯基础设施；", "(p) 支持教育、推广和能力建设方案，特别是在地方山区社区中，以在各级推进山区可持续发展；", "(q) 通过更有效地参与决策过程，确保土著人民的文化、传统和知识得到充分确认并纳入山区发展政策和规划；并确保对土地和自然资源的使用权和商定权利得到尊重；", "(r) 促进加强山区妇女在影响其社区、文化、生计和环境的规划和决策过程中的作用；", "3. 有关金融机制的建议", "(s) 增加全球、区域、国家和社区各级促进山区可持续发展的投资和供资水平，包括利用创新性财务机制和做法，如为环境服务付费和绿色经济带来的机会；", "(t) 促进和提供扶持性的有利环境，以发展来自山区的高品质产品和服务，作为改善生计和保护山区环境的一种手段，并鼓励私营部门更加积极地参与高品质山区产品的整个价值链，使山区社区更容易打入国内和国际市场；", "4. 有关提高认识的建议", "(u) 支持各级继续发展和实施关于山区可持续发展的交流、能力建设和宣传方案；充分利用每年12月11日国际山岳日提供的契机；", "(v) 加大努力，提高对气候变化影响以及山区面临的风险和危害的认识；", "5. 有关研究的建议", "(w) 支持在各级开展更多、更协调的研究工作，以更好地了解影响山区的变化的环境、经济和社会驱动因素，并促进从山区收集分类数据，作为作出采取适当政策和方案的知情决定的依据；", "(x) 在气候变化的背景下，加大力度，监测山区的冰川和径流模式，以评估未来的水供应情况并特别关注气候变化对干地山区生态系统的水文影响。", "[1] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，1992年6月3日至14日，里约热内卢》，第一卷，《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一，第13章。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (i) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: sustainable mountain development", "* A/66/150.", "Sustainable mountain development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report was prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 64/205, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the status of sustainable development in mountain regions. The report describes the status of sustainable mountain development at the national and international levels, including an overall analysis of the challenges that lie ahead, and provides suggestions for consideration by the Assembly as to how to continue to promote and effectively sustain development in mountain regions around the world within the existing policy context, including chapter 13 of Agenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”), the Millennium Development Goals and the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The report was prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in collaboration with Governments, relevant agencies of the United Nations system and other organizations.", "I. Introduction", "1. In 1998, the General Assembly adopted resolution 53/24, by which it proclaimed 2002 the International Year of Mountains. The resolution encouraged Governments, the United Nations system and all other actors to take advantage of the year in order to increase awareness of the importance of sustainable mountain development. In 2003, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) prepared a report on the achievements of the year, which was transmitted to the General Assembly by the Secretary-General (A/58/134).", "2. The International Year of Mountains in 2002 built on chapter 13 of Agenda 21, which focused on mountain issues, and was dedicated to protecting mountain ecosystems and improving the well-being of mountain people. The year acted as a catalyst for long-term, effective action to implement chapter 13, and it achieved much by raising awareness of the importance of mountains to life and the need to improve mountain environments and the livelihoods of the inhabitants of mountain areas. The activities of the year supported the establishment of 78 national committees for country-level action and strengthened partnerships with stakeholders in mountain issues, culminating in the launch of the International Partnership for Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions (Mountain Partnership) at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002.", "3. The International Year of Mountains led to the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 57/245, by which it designated 11 December as International Mountain Day, as from 2003, and encouraged the international community to organize events at all levels on that day to highlight the importance of sustainable mountain development.", "4. In its resolutions 59/238, 60/198 and 62/196, the General Assembly decided to consider, at its sixtieth, sixty-second and sixty-fourth sessions, respectively, under the agenda item entitled “Sustainable development”, sub-items related to sustainable mountain development. At each of those sessions, the Secretary-General submitted reports entitled “Sustainable mountain development” to the Assembly (A/60/309, A/62/292 and A/64/222).", "5. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/205, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the status of implementation of sustainable development in mountain regions. The report was prepared by FAO in collaboration with Governments, relevant agencies of the United Nations system and other organizations.", "II. Background and challenges", "6. There is increasing awareness that mountains, as the source of most of the Earth’s freshwater, repositories of rich biological diversity, popular destinations for recreation and tourism and areas of important cultural diversity, knowledge and heritage, are fragile ecosystems of global importance. Covering about one quarter of the world’s land surface, mountains provide life support for about 12 per cent of the world’s population, as well as essential goods and services to more than half of humankind. Yet many of the world’s most impoverished and food-insecure people live in mountain regions. Consequently, there is a need to ensure the ecological health and the economic and social improvement of mountain areas, both for the sake of mountain inhabitants and for people living in lowland areas.", "7. Awareness of the importance of mountain ecosystems and communities has increased since the adoption of Agenda 21, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, which contained a chapter entitled “Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development”.[1] Commitment and will to support and sustain mountain ecosystems were strengthened during the International Year of Mountains, and the subject has gained an increasingly high profile on agendas at all levels. In the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, actions required to address the sustainable development of mountain regions are set out in paragraph 42. Along with chapter 13 of Agenda 21, these measures serve as the overall policy framework for sustainable mountain development.", "8. Despite increased recognition of mountain issues and tangible results, significant constraints remain to alleviating poverty, averting environmental degradation and attaining sustainable development in mountain regions, in line with the Millennium Development Goals.", "9. It is nine years since the International Year of Mountains, yet many challenges remain. Mountain communities and their environments are still vulnerable to growing demands for water and other natural resources, expanding tourism, greater rates of out-migration, disproportionate incidence of conflict and the pressures of industry, mining and agriculture in an increasingly globalized world. The global economic slowdown, paired with soaring food prices, has dramatically increased the number of hungry and undernourished people, and mountain people are particularly vulnerable to food shortages. The threats and consequences of climate change provide new challenges requiring urgent attention and concerted efforts. There is a clear need for higher levels of funding and investment in mountain areas, for enhanced coordination and collaboration and for a stronger enabling environment with more supportive laws, policies and institutions.", "10. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, offers an important opportunity to ensure that sustainable mountain development has a prominent place on the global agenda, to secure renewed political commitment to such development and to review the mountain agenda, taking into account recent developments and current global challenges such as climate change, increasing natural disasters, water scarcity, desertification and the food and energy crisis.", "11. The demand for goods and services from mountains is growing steadily. In the context of a green economy, new opportunities for investment are emerging, especially for renewable energy and ecosystem services (for example, freshwater and biodiversity conservation). These opportunities offer scope for economic development, but they also place increased pressure on an already fragile environment and scarce resources. The implementation of institutional arrangements, which ensure a balanced development of social, ecological and economic capital, is essential in order to guarantee that these new opportunities are beneficial and do not perpetuate the degradation of social and ecological systems in mountain areas.", "III. National actions", "12. Action at the national level is a key factor in achieving progress in sustainable mountain development. It is beyond the scope of the present report to describe the multitude of activities undertaken by countries. The following sections provide selected examples and highlights of actions being taken at the national level.", "Africa", "13. In Morocco, a project in the Outat watershed in the high Atlas mountains (Midelt province) provides assistance to key stakeholders in combating desertification through watershed management. The project is implemented by FAO as a component of a Spanish-funded interregional programme. The Government of Morocco, with the support of FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat, has implemented a project for improving the production of saffron in the Anti-Atlas mountains. The project generated valuable information regarding the technical, social and economic aspects of production and processing, as well as a comprehensive overview of the saffron value chain.", "14. Guinea is active in the implementation of the regional Fouta Djallon Highlands Integrated Natural Resources Management Project, funded by the Global Environmental Facility. Guinea hosts the Regional Project Coordination Unit, and 18 of the 29 project pilot sites are located in the country. A baseline survey and a watershed management plan have been developed for all pilot sites, as have interventions related to improving natural resources management and enhancing local livelihoods, which will be initiated in the fall of 2011.", "Asia", "15. Kyrgyzstan, with support from the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations University, is operating the sustainable land management project in the High Pamir and Pamir-Alai mountains. Mountain communities have received small grants to mitigate the pressure on environment, including land degradation and soil erosion, as well as funding for wildlife conservation. Many international organizations and non‑governmental organizations have been working with local municipal authorities in mountain areas to support the recently adopted “Pasture law” (2009).", "16. Since 2009, China has implemented a number of plans and policies in this area that have been incorporated into the twelfth five-year plan for forestry development, which aims to improve forest coverage and forest carbon-sink capacity. The major national plans and strategies being jointly supported by competent ministries and governmental agencies include: the second phase of the Natural Forest Protection Programme; the Three North Shelterbelt Development Programme; the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Programme; the Programme for Converting Cropland to Forests and Grasslands; and the Integrated Agricultural Development Programme.", "17. The medium-term livelihood rehabilitation project in earthquake-affected areas of Pakistan, implemented by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority, with Swedish funding and technical support from FAO, was successfully completed in June 2011. In addition to the development of 1,789 community livelihood rehabilitation plans throughout the earthquake-affected areas as well as extended capacity-building activities, the project developed and implemented integrated and collaborative watershed management plans in 17 watersheds. Field activities included landslide stabilization, natural resource management, livelihood improvement and institutional innovation.", "18. The project on sustainable mountain development, initiated by the Government of Turkey in 2008, with financial and technical support from FAO, was successfully completed in December 2010. Subsequently a strategic document was developed to mainstream sustainable mountain development in the national planning process. At the local level, a pilot project was implemented in the Yuntdagi mountains, Manisa province, to experiment with and display sustainable mountain development efforts in a concrete field reality.", "Europe", "19. The deep engagement and commitment of the Swiss Government in the field of sustainable mountain development, at both the national and international levels, continues, including through its funding of the Mountain Forum and the Mountain Research Initiative. Switzerland remains the main donor for the Mountain Partnership. In preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, in 2012, Switzerland has initiated regional and global assessments on the progress made in sustainable mountain development since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Switzerland will host the Lucerne World Mountain Conference in October 2011, during which reports on sustainable mountain development will be presented and future challenges and opportunities in this area discussed. During its current Presidency of the Alpine Convention, Switzerland aims to foster collaboration throughout the Alps by taking up relevant political issues and sparking debate. The Government will launch an innovative public-private partnership for sustainable mountain development, with a novel forum celebrating International Mountain Day, to be launched in 2011 in four regions in the global South and North, including Verbier in Switzerland.", "20. In the Sudety mountains of Poland, as a result of important projects implemented during the last five to six years to promote the idea of sustainable mountain development, financed by FAO, the Global Environment Facility, the EQUAL programme of the European Commission and some private foundations, local non‑governmental organizations successfully established a real mountain alliance with a number of partners, including local and regional governments, agricultural universities, mountain culture centres and national and landscape protected areas. This alliance serves as a model for other mountain provinces in the country.", "21. In Italy, the consistent use of European Union funds to support research and cooperation projects in mountain areas has facilitated work on a wide range of issues, primarily the effects of climate change, natural hazards, integrated risk management, climate-proof spatial planning, ecological networks and sustainable tourism. At the international level, Italy continues to participate in the activities of the Mountain Partnership and provides financial support to its secretariat. The Italian Development Cooperation supports a number of projects in mountain areas, for example the “Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment” project, jointly implemented by UNEP and the Ev-K2-CNR (Italian National Research Council) Committee. Italy is strongly committed to ensuring that mountains receive adequate attention in key international processes, including after the holding of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Latin America", "22. Since 2009, the Committee for Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions of Argentina has been very active, both nationally and internationally. A national and provincial mountain platform targeting dialogue in the various mountain zones was established, while existing dialogues with different regions and provinces have been improved. The Committee has launched local and provincial mountain committees capable of involving the southern countries of the Andes and enhancing regional contacts and joint activities with mountain frameworks. In June 2011, the Committee, with the Mountain Partnership secretariat, organized an international workshop of the southern Andean countries with representatives from European entities working on sustainable mountain development.", "23. Ecuador is preparing to implement a project on the enhancement of participatory management for sustainable development in the Andes. A project funded by the Global Environment Facility on the management of the natural resources of the Chimborazo volcano was launched in June 2011 and the Facility’s National Committee recently approved the project identification form for a project on carbon and biodiversity in high Andean ecosystems, which was presented by the Consortium for the Sustainable Development in the Andean Region. Implementation of a project on combating desertification and degradation through watershed management, a component of a Spanish-funded interregional programme, is ongoing in the Manabi province with technical support from FAO. In July 2011, an FAO-funded project, implemented in the Cotopaxi area, with the support of the Mountain Partnership secretariat, successfully developed models for sustainable mountain agricultural farms as well as development plans.", "24. In Guatemala, the Forest Incentive and the Smallholder Forestry and Agroforestry Vocation Incentive programmes promote mechanisms for environmental services and public goods provided by natural and planted mountain forests. From 2009 to 2010, 12,482 hectares of forest plantations and 39,919 hectares of natural forests were supervised and certified in the highlands. Guatemala invested $6,978,114 in incentives for forest management, generating more than 48,000 jobs and involving around 300 indigenous communities. The Vice-Presidency of Guatemala has endorsed the establishment of an inter-agency commission for the prevention and combat of illegal logging and the implementation of a pilot action plan aimed at strengthening forest management in the Guatemalan highlands.", "25. In Peru, a multi-stakeholder national working group on mountain ecosystems initiated its second phase in 2011, implementing numerous programmes at both national and international levels. The regional governments of Piura, Ancash, Apurimac and Cuzco are implementing programmes on adaptation to climate change, while in Piura, Ancash and Huánuco, a programme on the sustainable use of biodiversity in the “Gran Ruta Inca” and the in situ long-term conservation project for local varieties of crops are under way. Together with Ecuador and Colombia, Peru is involved in the regional programme for the management of Andean Forest ecosystems in the regions of Apurimac and Piura.", "26. The Government of Mexico, through the National Forestry Commission, is undertaking a project with financial support from the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility to improve the effectiveness of the national programme for payments for environmental services in upper watersheds and mountain areas and to increase the provision of ecosystem services that generate local and global benefits. The project also promotes local mechanisms for payments for environmental services, with financial support from direct users of environmental services under a scheme of matching funds.", "27. Chile depends heavily on mountain ecosystems for water, energy, minerals, tourism and the provision of subsistence habitat for indigenous peoples. To create a national committee for mountains, promoted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a training workshop is scheduled to be held in September 2011 for the countries of the Andean region (Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)). The focus will be on melting snow caps and glaciers and the need for policies to manage the environmental and economic impacts of a changing climate.", "IV. International actions", "A. Thematic initiatives", "Biodiversity conservation and mountain ecosystems", "28. In 2004, the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted its programme of work on mountain biological diversity. At its tenth meeting, held in Japan in 2010, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, undertook an in‑depth review of the status of the programme’s implementation and noted that: (a) the programme of work was successful in bringing together the international mountain community and improving the capabilities of institutions and organizations to promote conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; (b) as of 2009, about 14.4 per cent of the mixed mountain system biomes were protected; (c) the observance of International Mountain Day and many regional and local initiatives are raising awareness of the importance of mountain biological diversity.", "29. In 2010, the Protocol on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological and Landscape Diversity to the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (the Carpathian Convention) entered into force. To support the implementation of the Protocol, the “BIOREGIO Carpathians” project was approved under the European Union South-Eastern Europe programme. UNEP Vienna, the interim secretariat of the Carpathian Convention, is a partner in the Austria-Slovakia cross-border project “Alpine Carpathian Corridor”, which aims to re-establish the ecological corridor between the Alps and the Carpathians.", "30. The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) Programme of DIVERSITAS International contributes to policy on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in mountain regions. In 2010, the programme launched its portal on mountain biodiversity, permitting mountain-specific access to primary biodiversity data. In July 2010, it organized an international conference on the “Functional significance of mountain biodiversity” in Switzerland. With the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the programme prepared a booklet on “Mountain biodiversity and global change” for the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "31. During the tenth meeting, the Mountain Partnership secretariat organized a side event to explore more effective implementation of the programme of work on mountain biological diversity. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development organized two side events, entitled: (a) “Facing the challenges of mountain biodiversity conservation and management in a changing climate across the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region”; and (b) “Transboundary cooperation for biodiversity conservation: A strategy towards ‘ecosystem approach’ of the Convention on Biological Diversity and adaptation to climate change”.", "32. The Ev-K2-CNR Committee has successfully launched its project “Social, economic and environmental development of Central Karakorum National Park and buffer zone” in the north of Pakistan, with funding from the Governments of Italy and Pakistan. The project aims to support local authorities and stakeholders in building capacity in natural resources management in the park and its buffer zone, with a focus on poverty reduction. The Committee collaborates with Karakorum International University, the World Wildlife Foundation, the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme and several local and national non-governmental organizations.", "33. In 2010, the Mountain Group of the Man and the Biosphere programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which is hosted at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Science joined the Katunskiy Biosphere Reserve and the International Union for Conservation of Nature-World Commission on Protected Areas Mountain Protected Areas Network, to hold an international workshop in the Altai entitled “Climate change and connectivity conservation of biodiversity in the Altai-Sayan eco-region”. The workshop adopted a plan of action for the Transboundary Altai-Sayan-Baikal Connectivity Conservation Management initiative (Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia).", "Climate change", "34. As revealed by the rapid retreat of glaciers worldwide, mountains are early indicators of climate change. It is vital to study and monitor the biological, physical and environmental health of mountains in an effort to better understand, manage and mitigate the negative effects of climate change.", "35. The Ev-K2-CNR Committee launched the Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE) project to study climate and environment in mountain regions. The project’s monitoring network currently includes 14 sites around the world. The installation of the highest automatic weather station at Mount Everest South col (8,000 metres) and the supraglacial automatic weather stations at 5,700 metres on the Changri Nup glacier strengthened the atmospheric monitoring in the Himalayas through the study of climatic impacts on glacier dynamics, including the effects of black carbon in the atmosphere, including its effects on the snow-ice melting processes.", "36. In June 2009, the Mountain Research Initiative co-sponsored a side event with Germanwatch and the German Federal Environment Agency at the meeting organized by the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Bonn on “Adaptation in mountain regions: Current directions and research needs for adaptation to climate change in mountain regions”. The Initiative collaborated with the Mountain Partnership, the Government of Liechtenstein and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in organizing a side event at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention to highlight the challenges posed by climate change to mountain regions.", "37. The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment programme of DIVERSITAS prepared a report on the impacts of climate change on mountain biodiversity in Europe for the Council of Europe. The report gives an overview of recent literature about expected future climatic changes, discusses the impact of climate change on mountain biodiversity and furnishes recommendations on adaptation measures.", "38. The Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments aims to establish and maintain a site-based network for long-term surveillance of the impact of climate change on fragile Alpine ecosystems and biodiversity in high mountain systems worldwide. The initiative is particularly active in the Andean region, supporting a regional monitoring system of 10 sites to assess the impact of climate change on biodiversity in the high Andes.", "39. The Mountain Partnership secretariat actively promotes better awareness about the threats posed by climate change to mountain areas and facilitates the work of its members in this context. A document was prepared by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation for the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention in the context of the Mountain Partnership on “Mountains and climate change — from understanding to action”. During the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties, the secretariat organized, with member countries, two side events on: (a) adapting to the impacts of climate change in mountain areas: innovative approaches at local and national level; and (b) regional approaches for climate change adaptation in mountain areas.", "40. In June 2011, a meeting was organized by FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat, with participants from Armenia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Morocco, Nepal, Peru, Slovenia, Tajikistan, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the secretariat of the Framework Convention, to discuss two major initiatives on mountains: the “Mountain Initiative” of the Government of Nepal, which was announced in 2009 at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties by the Prime Minister of Nepal, to establish a stronger political lobby for mountain issues within the secretariat of the Framework Convention; and the Group of Mountain Landlocked Developing Countries, which was formally established by the Governments of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.", "41. In June 2011, the Mountain Partnership secretariat along with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, received a grant from the World Bank to support a strategic initiative on climate change impacts, adaptation and development in mountain regions. The initiative will focus on raising awareness about the relationship between mountains and climate change among members of national delegations to the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, as well as politicians, scientists and practitioners working on climate change policy. The initiative will empower national delegations and experts to negotiate and mobilize international support to promote climate change adaptation for the mountain ecosystems.", "42. In December 2010, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety announced 10 million euros in funding for the programme of UNEP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature on ecosystem-based adaptation, including the joint project in mountain regions. The pilot phase of the programme will focus on the mountain regions of Nepal, Peru and Uganda for a period of four years (2011-2014).", "Desertification", "43. Dryland mountain ecosystems represent more than one third of all mountains and provide up to 90 per cent of the freshwater supply in those areas. Poverty and food insecurity appear to be particularly exacerbated in arid mountain areas. In addition, more than one quarter of the world’s biodiversity hotspots are in such locations. The Mountain Partnership secretariat, the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation are preparing a joint publication entitled “Highlands and drylands: mountains, a source of resilience in arid regions” to draw greater attention to, and promote a sustainable mountain development agenda on, these fragile, arid ecosystems.", "44. DESIRE, an integrated research project including 26 international partners funded under the European Union sixth framework programme (2007-2012), has developed and tested sustainable land management strategies for areas vulnerable to desertification. Eleven of the 16 DESIRE sites, which are in the Mediterranean and across the world, are located in mountainous or hilly environments where the threat of desertification is aggravated by degradation and erosion. As part of the DESIRE project, the Centre for Development and Environment of the University of Bern has developed a participatory methodology to identify, evaluate and select the most promising sustainable land management strategies based on local contexts.", "Mountain water", "45. Mountain water resources are increasingly under pressure, with serious implications both for mountain and lowland areas. Greater attention is being paid to this critical issue through events, scientific publications and research programmes around the world, but more concerted efforts are required to face the growing challenges of adequate water quality and supply.", "46. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development has been designated as the Asia-Pacific knowledge hub for water management in Asian mountain regions by the Asia-Pacific Water Forum. The Centre is also the knowledge partner of the Abu Dhabi Dialogue Knowledge Forum on the subject of Himalayan water. With the support of the World Bank, the Centre has launched a small grant research programme on sharing benefits from water management from the rivers of the greater Himalayan region.", "Watershed management", "47. Since 2009, the follow-up to the FAO-led global review of watershed management experiences has received considerable attention. The technical resource book, The new generation of watershed management programmes and projects, and the policy document entitled “Why invest in watershed management?” continue to be widely disseminated. Recommendations from the global review are being applied as part of several field projects in Ecuador, Guatemala, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan and West Africa.", "48. The twenty-seventh session of the European Forestry Commission Working Party on the Management of Mountain Watersheds, entitled “Integrated forest and water management of mountain watersheds: experiences and perspectives”, was held in the Slovak Republic in April 2010. The twenty-eighth session of the Working Group will take place in September 2011 in Turkey on the theme “Water for forests — forests for water”.", "49. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development is focusing on capacity-building for integrated watershed management practices in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. International training courses on participatory integrated watershed management are held regularly and are constantly being customized to incorporate emerging thematic issues. Climate proofing of community watershed plans has been implemented with a focus on the development of high-altitude agribusiness, linking good practices to advance a green economy. In March 2011, the Centre and FAO organized a workshop to discuss a long-term programme to implement and field test the new generation of watershed management techniques in the Asia-Pacific region.", "50. The Latin American Technical Cooperation Network on Watershed Management aims to increase technical capacity in watershed management, focusing on exchanges of experience, knowledge management and transnational cooperation. The network continues to play a key role in monitoring and fostering collaborative actions and the sharing of experiences in Latin America.", "Disaster risk management", "51. Disaster risk management in mountain areas is receiving increased attention, particularly in the context of the impact of climate change. The growing risks of glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas and of rockfalls in the Alps are only two examples.", "52. The Integrated Management of Natural Disaster Risks project, carried out by the Central Asia Mountain Partnership in Kyrgyzstan, has allowed mountain communities living in the pilot villages to be better prepared for natural disasters, acquiring new knowledge and skills for the construction of bridges and dams.", "53. The Second World Landslide Forum, which is being organized by the International Consortium on Landslides and its partners, will take place in October 2011 at FAO headquarters. With 25 thematic sessions on its agenda, the focus of this important global event is “Putting science into practice”.", "54. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), has launched a programme on regional flood information systems, with the goal of minimizing the loss of lives and property by reducing flood vulnerability in the Himalayan region. The Centre and WMO are working together to improve data quality, effective data collection and dissemination and regional cooperation.", "Indigenous peoples issues", "55. Indigenous groups living in less-favoured areas, such as mountains, are among the poorest in the world owing to socio-economic and political marginalization. Nevertheless, many lessons can be learned from their approaches to and experiences in managing and conserving mountain ecosystems.", "56. The World Mountain People Association aims to make the voice and the needs of mountain peoples heard. It proposes to create regional centres for interaction and cooperation between mountain peoples and national policymakers, funding agencies and international actors. The Association is also elaborating global charter communities, territories and natural resources management activities and is organizing an assessment on progress made on the goals set out in chapter 13 of Agenda 21 in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "57. Yachay Wasi, based in Peru, is an indigenous non-governmental organization that focuses on the protection of biodiversity in the Andes and aims to make the voice of indigenous peoples heard at the global level. In 2008, after completing the first phase of an environmental project recovery of the circuit of four lakes in the provinces of Acomayo and Canas, Yachay Wasi launched its “Million native trees campaign”.", "Gender", "58. Mountain women face many of the same challenges faced by women throughout the developing world, but those challenges are further accentuated by altitude, steep terrain and isolation.", "59. Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management has implemented a project entitled “Rural women’s leadership” to strengthen the role and voice of women leaders in rural organizations at all levels and to promote the participation of representative women farmers’ organizations in the strategic policy dialogue and negotiation arena at the national, regional and global levels. To date, the project has trained over 35 leaders among farmers in Nepal and 30 in the Philippines; these leaders have, in turn, trained over 200 rural women.", "60. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development has organized a number of events on a variety of issues related to gender, climate change adaptation and development. One of the major problems in the Himalayan region is the growing feminization of mountain agriculture owing to the massive male migration, which has increased women’s workload and drudgery.", "Payment for environmental services", "61. Mountain regions have a significant potential for the deployment of innovative financing mechanisms, including payment for environmental services schemes, given the global importance of their resources.", "62. Since 2009, the Albertine Rift Conservation Society, in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund of the United States, the University of Cambridge and various local institutions, has sought to assess the stock of environmental goods and services coming from the Greater Virunga region, a transboundary area between Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. The team produced a series of maps depicting the distribution and relevance of four major ecosystem services: water yield; carbon sequestration; timber and non-timber forest products; and tourism. The outcomes clearly show the major importance of high-altitude natural ecosystems in the Virunga massif, including the Virunga volcanoes and the Rwenzori mountains, in providing environmental benefits to lowland areas.", "63. The pasture ticket, newly introduced in Kyrgyzstan, is an innovative payment for environmental services tool, replacing the old pasture renting system, whereby pasture use is now paid for in livestock units instead of hectares. The pasture ticket is an economic instrument for farmers to regulate livestock numbers depending on the capacity of the seasonal pastures, and, thus, protects against pasture degradation.", "High-quality mountain products", "64. The promotion, processing and marketing of high-quality mountain products are becoming increasingly important for the improvement of the livelihoods of the inhabitants of mountain communities around the world.", "65. In 2011, a manual about the organic production of Andean crops was published by FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat on a project in the Cotopaxi area of Ecuador, providing technical information about traditional and innovative cultivation techniques without the use of chemicals. The project demonstrated that traditional mountain products not only contribute to family food security, health and a balanced diet, but can also significantly increase family income if sold in the right markets. In Morocco, a technical manual on good practices in growing saffron was issued as a result of the FAO-Mountain Partnership project on the saffron value chain mentioned above.", "Tourism", "66. Tourism in mountain areas is a potential long-term source of income that can create positive effects, which can also be channelled towards both conservation and benefit-sharing.", "67. The World Tourism Organization has developed a set of indicators to assist managers in making informed decisions regarding issues of particular concern to mountain environments, including loss or degradation of flora and fauna, erosion, water quality and the economic benefits of tourism.", "68. In 2011, the draft text of the Protocol on Sustainable Tourism to the Carpathian Convention was elaborated with the assistance of the World Tourism Organization and was adopted and signed on the margins of the Third Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Carpathian Convention.", "Policy and law", "69. The Fouta Djallon Highlands Integrated Natural Resources Management Project, funded by the Global Environmental Facility, is jointly implemented by the African Union, FAO and UNEP. The project involves eight countries in West Africa (the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, the Niger, Senegal and Sierra Leone). One important component of the project is to mitigate the causes and the negative impacts of land degradation through the establishment of a regional legal and institutional framework for cooperation in transboundary natural resources management and the adaptation and harmonization of conservation laws within participating countries.", "70. Since 1991, the European Association of Elected Representatives from Mountain Areas has promoted the participation of regional and local decision makers in the formulation of European policy for mountain issues, in particular issues related to regional, environmental and transport matters. Its main objective is to ensure that the specificities of mountain regions are reflected and considered in European Union policies. The Association currently includes members from 10,000 municipalities, 100 provinces and 50 regions from 11 national members. The Association also participates in a number of European projects.", "Education", "71. The International Programme on Research and Training on Sustainable Management of Mountain Areas was launched in 2007 by the Mountain Partnership secretariat, UNESCO and the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Turin, Italy. The training programme is funded by the government of the Piedmont region, local authorities, the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. In 2010, the training course focused on protecting mountain biodiversity and in 2011 on natural hazards and disaster risks management. Each year around 30 experts from developing countries are trained.", "72. UNESCO has prepared a teaching resource kit for mountain countries with funding by the Flemish Government of Belgium. The kit targets schoolteachers and students in secondary schools in mountain areas of countries worldwide. It offers a creative approach to environmental education and is designed to stimulate students’ curiosity and allow for a better transmission of scientific information and environmental knowledge.", "73. The University of Central Asia has established the Mountain Societies Research Centre, dedicated to supporting and enhancing the resilience and quality of life of mountain societies through research on the sustainable development and management of physical, social, economic and cultural assets. The Centre’s fellowship programme builds Central Asian capacity to conduct research to inform policy and practice to promote sustainable mountain development.", "74. The Centre for Mountain Studies at Perth College in Scotland, which, since 2009, has hosted the UNESCO Chair in sustainable mountain development, has run an online Master of Science in managing sustainable mountain development since 2004. Building on this experience, the Centre is developing Masters-level courses in collaboration with institutions in Asia.", "Research", "75. In 2011, in collaboration with the Mountain Partnership secretariat, MRI has promoted the development and support of a network of scientists focused on global change research in the mountains of sub-Saharan Africa contributing to the activities leading to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. With support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the Mountain Research Initiative brokered an agreement between FAO and the University of Pretoria to create a coordination unit for the Global Change Research Network for African Mountains.", "76. UNESCO, through its Man and the Biosphere programme, continues to implement its worldwide project on “Global change in mountain sites — developing adaptation strategies in mountain biosphere reserves”. The project studies key drivers for and impacts of global changes, including climate change, in fields including biological diversity, availability of water resources, land use change and mountain economies. The results will provide a better understanding on how change will affect mountain environments and livelihoods.", "77. The Centre for Mountain Studies has coordinated an integrated assessment of Europe’s mountain areas for the European Environment Agency, which was published in September 2010. The Centre organized an international conference on global change and the world’s mountains in Scotland, bringing together 450 participants from 60 countries and five continents. The Centre is also responsible for reporting on the mountain perspective for the two-year project entitled Geographic Specificities and Development Potentials in Europe, funded by the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion, which aims to provide a coherent framework to characterize past trends and to map out the potential future development of the geographical specificities for territorial policy and regional development.", "78. The Mountain Research Initiative has implemented two synthesis workshops, one on climate change and mountain water resources and the other on drivers of food security in mountain regions. The workshops are in preparation for further discussions on: urban growth in mountain regions; building resilience in coupled human-natural systems in mountains; and the vulnerabilities and management of ecosystem services in mountains.", "79. Together with the Mountain Research Initiative, the Chinese Academy of Science has developed and promoted the “Third pole environment”, an international project focused on investigating the nature and impacts of global change on the Tibetan plateau and the surrounding mountain ranges. Since 2009, the Academy has organized annual “Third pole environment” workshops to develop a strategic science plan to organize research efforts by groups from all of the countries in the region and in Europe.", "80. In 2010, the Mountain Group of UNESCO Man and the Biosphere programme initiated a consortium of research institutions of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, partner universities and biosphere reserves, with the objective of developing a strategy for sustainable development and landscape diversity conservation in the transboundary Altai-Sayan-Baikal eco-region within the context of current global changes. The research is being conducted under partnership arrangements with regional research institutions in Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and several international institutions, including UNDP, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.", "Communications and networking", "81. The Mountain Forum is a global network promoting sustainable mountain development through information and knowledge sharing. With support from its regional networks (Asia-Pacific, InfoAndina and European Mountain Forum) the Forum currently serves more than 7,000 individual members, providing access to more than 5,600 digital resources. The Forum also supports the global mountain community by serving as an information clearing house and providing platforms for dialogue among its users. The most recent e-forums were related to benefit-sharing mechanisms for hydrological environmental services in the Andes. A programme of the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region, InfoAndina currently supports the implementation of several policy dialogues on climate change, water management and rural innovation.", "82. In 2010, the theme of the International Mountain Day, “Mountain minorities and indigenous peoples”, highlighted the threats faced by those communities, but also acknowledged the invaluable contributions they make towards overcoming the global challenges of hunger and malnutrition, biodiversity loss and climate change. The 2011 International Mountain Day will focus on mountain forests and will be linked to the International Year of Forests 2011.", "83. The international peer-reviewed quarterly journal Mountain Research and Development enhances knowledge on key sustainable mountain development issues by bringing together research findings and validated development experience. Since 2009, the journal has been available online, with open access for all users. The journal also produces special issues on subjects including mountain forests in a changing world, agro-biodiversity and management tools and methods for protected areas. The editorial office of the journal is part of the Centre for Development and Environment at the University of Bern.", "84. The Central Asia Mountain Partnership Forum 2010, a learning and knowledge sharing event entitled “Mountain communities of Central Asia and climate change — call to action: Global challenges in local perspectives”, took place in November 2010 in Kazakhstan. It brought together more than 100 participants from Central Asia, Europe and Latin America, representing a variety of stakeholder groups.", "B. Partnerships, transboundary cooperation and funding mechanisms", "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "85. Members of the Mountain Partnership, including the Governments of Italy and Switzerland, FAO, the World Bank, UNEP and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, are working together to draw attention to mountain ecosystems and the views of mountain peoples in the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development processes. These organizations have formed a strategic alliance to position the Mountain Partnership as an agent for transformation towards green growth and to secure renewed political commitment for sustainable mountain development. Regional findings and global assessments on progress made in sustainable mountain development since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, initiated by the Government of Switzerland, and the outcomes of the “Lucerne World Mountain Conference” will be channelled into the preparation processes for the Conference.", "Partnerships", "86. The Mountain Partnership has a growing membership, which currently includes more than 180 members, including Governments, intergovernmental organizations and major groups. In 2008, the Mountain Partnership secretariat began a process of decentralization to provide more effective services and support to its members. Today, the secretariat consists of the central and decentralized hubs hosted, respectively, by FAO in Rome (central hub), the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region in Peru (Latin America hub), the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development in Nepal (Asia-Pacific hub), and the University of Central Asia in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia hub), as well as the Environmental Reference Centre hosted by UNEP in Vienna.", "Transboundary cooperation", "87. In 2003, the Alliance of Central Asian Mountain Communities, an association of 41 mountain villages in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, was established in the wake of the International Year of Mountains and the Bishkek Global Mountain Summit. The Alliance aims to improve livelihoods in mountain areas through capacity development and the sharing of experiences among its members and within networks of communities in mountain areas worldwide.", "88. Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru have joined forces to promote a regional approach to development in the Andean region. Together these countries created an Andean initiative in the context of the Mountain Partnership. The Paramo Andino Project is a regional initiative of Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, funded by the Global Environment Facility and executed by the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region. The project is aimed at overcoming key barriers to biodiversity conservation and protecting the hydrology of the Paramo area. The hydrological monitoring of Andean ecosystems initiative is a regional undertaking to generate, improve and share information related to Andean hydrology and the impacts of global change.", "89. Since 2009, the Centre for Development and Environment and its local and international partners have supported Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in a transboundary initiative on sustainable land management in the Pamir-Alai mountains. This initiative, funded by the Global Environment Facility, aims to address the interlinked problems of land degradation and poverty within one of Central Asia’s crucial freshwater sources and biodiversity hotspots.", "90. UNEP continues to lead an initiative that builds on experience sharing of the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions with other mountain regions, such as the Caucasus, the Dinaric Arc and the Balkans, to facilitate the development of a legal framework of regional cooperation. In the framework of the Environment and Security Initiative, UNEP supports transboundary cooperation in mountain areas in border regions of the Balkans. This work contributes to the stabilization of the region and the improvement of the environment. UNEP also facilitates the negotiations for a legally binding agreement of the Dinaric Arc.", "91. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, with UNEP support, has initiated the regional Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative. A draft regional cooperation framework was developed for implementing conservation and ecosystem management activities within the transboundary Kailash Sacred Landscape initiatives in China, India and Nepal. An innovative and highly participatory approach was implemented to create a policy enabling environment, institutional networks and the knowledge base for regional collaboration.", "Funding mechanisms", "92. A preliminary portfolio analysis of World Bank investments in sustainable mountain development indicates investments of approximately $66 billion globally for the 2000-2010 period. Investments in sustainable mountain development in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Latin America lead, with about $16 billion each, closely followed by investments of about $13 billion in East Asia and the Pacific. Africa and South Asia received investments in mountain regions amounting to about $8.8 billion and $8.3 billion, respectively, while only small amounts were directly associated with sustainable mountain development in the Middle East and North Africa.", "93. Funding economic growth, political empowerment, citizenship equality and poverty reduction of mountain peoples forms part of the mandate of the International Fund for Agriculture Development. The Fund supports the development of innovative rural financial services, such as the Financing Facility for Remittances and the development of index-based weather insurance and related services, which are being piloted and tested, including in mountain areas.", "V. Recommendations", "94. Since the last report of the Secretary-General on the topic of sustainable mountain development, significant progress has been made in terms of implementation, awareness-raising, institutional strengthening and international collaboration. Nevertheless, much remains to be done, especially in the light of current global challenges, including climate change, natural disasters, the food and energy crises, increasing water scarcity, desertification, ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss and migration. While mountain regions and their inhabitants are disproportionally affected by such challenges, there may also be significant opportunities in the search for solutions. Mountain systems are essential building blocks for long-term sustainable development, poverty alleviation and the transition towards a green economy. The General Assembly, in its efforts to address those challenges in a manner that is consistent with chapter 13 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, may wish to reiterate some of the possible courses of action for Governments such as those set out below:", "1. Recommendations related to international processes", "(a) Renew efforts to ensure that mountain issues are prioritized within development agendas and processes dealing with poverty reduction, food security, climate change and other issues that are critical to sustainable development in mountain areas;", "(b) Promote, where relevant, the establishment of regional mechanisms for coordinated and integrated transboundary cooperation for sustainable mountain development; strengthen existing mechanisms, such as the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions, and promote the exchange of experiences and lessons learned;", "(c) Support the collaborative efforts of the Mountain Partnership and encourage the active involvement of relevant governmental, civil society and private sector institutions at the national and regional levels;", "(d) Increase efforts to conserve biodiversity in mountain areas and encourage multi-stakeholder cooperation for a more effective implementation of the plan of work on mountain biological diversity of the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity;", "(e) Support better integration of mountain issues in intergovernmental discussions, in particular discussions on climate change and combating desertification in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; take advantage of the potential of mountain forests for carbon storage and sequestration and of their consideration in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and REDD-plus programmes;", "(f) Integrate sustainable mountain development into strategies towards a green economy and ensure that institutional arrangements are in place to allow mountain communities to benefit from these emerging opportunities and protect mountain resources from increasing demand;", "(g) Foster exchange and collaboration between Governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and civil society to assure that sustainable mountain development receives a prominent place on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development;", "2. Policy recommendations", "(h) Encourage the continuation of existing or the establishment of new national committees or similar institutional arrangements, bodies and mechanisms to strengthen intersectoral coordination and collaboration for sustainable development in mountain areas;", "(i) Encourage greater engagement by civil society and the private sector in the development and implementation of programmes related to sustainable development in mountains;", "(j) Encourage the formulation and implementation of strategies, programmes, policies and laws that specifically address mountain issues and provide an urgent response to current challenges, including climate change and soaring food prices; support developing countries and countries with economies in transition through bilateral, multilateral and South-South cooperation, as well as through non-traditional arrangements, such as decentralized cooperation;", "(k) Develop strategies for adaptation and mitigation of climate change that take into account the specific situation of mountain environments and communities; integrate those strategies into the National Adaptation Programmes of Action process of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;", "(l) Enhance attention to disaster risk management in mountain areas, in particular with regard to rockfall, avalanches, glacial lake outburst floods, landslides and the impacts of climate change;", "(m) Promote the conservation and sustainable use of increasingly scarce resources from mountain areas, especially water, through innovative management approaches and improved institutional mechanisms that cross administrative boundaries, as well as forward-looking political decisions that safeguard those resources for future generations;", "(n) Elaborate strategies, programmes and policies for food security in mountains, allowing for timely responses to soaring food prices and related challenges, which disproportionally affect mountain communities;", "(o) Enhance public services, particularly in the health and education sectors, and improve transport and communication infrastructures in mountain areas;", "(p) Support education, extension and capacity-building programmes, in particular among local mountain communities, to further sustainable mountain development at all levels;", "(q) Ensure, through more effective engagement in the decision-making process, that indigenous peoples’ cultures, traditions and knowledge are fully recognized and included in development policy and planning in mountain regions, and that access and agreed upon rights to land and natural resources are respected;", "(r) Foster strengthening of the role of mountain women in planning and decision-making processes that affect their communities, cultures, livelihoods and environments;", "3. Recommendations related to financial mechanisms", "(s) Increase levels of investment and funding for sustainable mountain development at the global, regional, national and community levels, including through innovative financial mechanisms and approaches, such as payments for environmental services and opportunities offered by the green economy;", "(t) Promote and provide a supportive and enabling environment for the development of high-quality products and services from mountain areas as a means to improve livelihoods, protect mountain environments, encourage more active involvement by the private sector in the overall value chain for high-quality mountain products and improve access of mountain communities to national and international markets;", "4. Recommendations for awareness-raising", "(u) Support the continued development and implementation of communications, capacity-building and advocacy programmes for sustainable mountain development at all levels and take full advantage of the opportunities provided annually by the International Mountain Day on 11 December;", "(v) Increase efforts to enhance awareness of the effects of climate change, as well as the risks and hazards faced in mountain areas;", "5. Recommendations for research", "(w) Support increased and better coordinated research efforts at all levels in order to gain an improved understanding of environmental, economic and social drivers of change affecting mountain regions and promote the collection of disaggregated data from mountain areas as the basis for informed decision-making for appropriate policies and programmes;", "(x) In the context of climate change, increase efforts to monitor glaciers and run-off patterns in mountain areas in order to assess future water availability and pay specific attention to the hydrological impacts of climate change in dryland mountain ecosystems.", "[1] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolution Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I, chapter 13." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (i) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: sustainable mountain development", "Sustainable mountain development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In response to General Assembly resolution 64/205, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the state of sustainable mountain development, the present report provides information on the state of sustainable mountain development at the national and international levels, including an overall analysis of the challenges ahead, and makes recommendations for consideration by the Assembly on how to continue to promote and effectively sustain mountain development worldwide, in accordance with existing policy frameworks, such as chapter 13 of Agenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”) and the Millennium Development Goals, and the forthcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The report was prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in collaboration with Governments, relevant agencies of the United Nations system and other organizations.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. In 1998, the General Assembly adopted resolution 53/24, declaring 2002 the International Year of Mountains, and encouraged Governments, the United Nations system and all other actors to make use of it in order to raise awareness of the importance of sustainable mountain development. In 2003, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) prepared a report on the achievements of the International Year of Mountains, which was transmitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly (A/58/134).", "2. The International Year of Mountains, 2002, built on chapter 13 of Agenda 21, which focused on mountains, and aimed to protect mountain ecosystems and improve the well-being of mountain people. The International Year of Mountains, as a catalyst for long-term and effective action to implement chapter 13, had achieved many achievements, including helping to raise awareness of the importance of mountains for life and the need to improve mountain environments and livelihoods. With the support of the International Year of Mountains events, 78 countries have established committees to act at the national level and partnerships with stakeholders on mountain issues have been strengthened, and the International Partnership for Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions was launched at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002.", "The International Year of Mountains led to the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 57/245, by which 11 December of each year was designated as International Mountain Day, beginning in 2003, and encouraged the international community to organize events on that day at all levels to highlight the importance of sustainable mountain development.", "In its resolutions 59/238, 60/198 and 62/196, the General Assembly decided, respectively, that the sub-items relating to sustainable mountain development would be considered at its sixtieth, sixty-second and sixty-fourth sessions under the agenda item entitled “Sustainable development”. At all three sessions, the Secretary-General submitted reports to the General Assembly entitled “Sustainable mountain development” (A/60/309, A/62/292 and A/64/222).", "5. In response to General Assembly resolution 64/205, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of sustainable mountain development, the present report has been prepared by FAO in collaboration with Governments, relevant agencies of the United Nations system and other organizations.", "II. Background and challenges", "6. Mountain areas are increasingly recognized as a fragile ecosystem of global concern. As a source of most of the Earth ' s freshwater, mountains are rich in biodiversity, a popular destination for recreation and tourism and an important site for cultural diversity, knowledge and heritage. Mountain areas account for about a quarter of the world ' s land area, provide livelihood support to about 12 per cent of the world ' s population and provide basic goods and services to more than half of the population. Yet many of the world ' s poorest and food-insecure people also live in mountain regions. It was therefore important to ensure the ecological health of mountain areas and to improve their economic and social situation for the benefit of mountain populations as well as those living in lowland areas.", "Since 1992, when the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development adopted Agenda 21, which contains a chapter entitled “Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development”,[1] awareness of the importance of mountain ecosystems and communities has grown. The commitment and willingness to support and maintain mountain ecosystems has grown during the International Year of Mountains, and the issue has become more and more prominent on the agenda at all levels. The actions required to address sustainable mountain development were set out in paragraph 42 of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation adopted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. Together with chapter 13 of Agenda 21, these measures constitute the overall policy framework for sustainable mountain development.", "8. While awareness of mountain issues has increased and tangible results have been achieved, significant constraints remain in achieving poverty reduction, preventing environmental degradation and achieving sustainable mountain development in line with the Millennium Development Goals.", "9. Nine years after the establishment of the International Year of Mountains, many challenges remain. Mountain communities and their environments remain fragile in the face of increasing demand for water and other natural resources, growing tourism, increased rates of out-migration, unusually frequent conflicts and pressures from industry, mining and agriculture in an increasingly globalized world. The global economic slowdown, coupled with soaring food prices, has led to a sharp increase in hunger and malnutrition, and mountain people are particularly vulnerable to food shortages. The threats and consequences of climate change present new challenges that require immediate attention and concerted action. There is a clear need for increased funding and investment in mountain regions, enhanced coordination and collaboration, and the consolidation of the current enabling environment for more enabling laws, policies and institutions.", "10. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, will provide an important opportunity to ensure the prominence of sustainable mountain development on the global agenda, to ensure continued political commitment and to review the mountain agenda in the light of recent developments and current global challenges such as climate change, increased natural disasters, water scarcity, desertification, food and energy crises.", "Demand for goods and services in mountain regions has steadily increased. Within the framework of a green economy, new investment opportunities are emerging, particularly for renewable energy and ecosystem services (e.g., freshwater and biodiversity conservation). These opportunities provide a space for economic development, but also increase pressure on already fragile environments and scarce resources. The implementation of institutional arrangements to ensure the balanced development of social, ecological and economic capital is key to ensuring that these new opportunities benefit mountain regions and curb the degradation of mountain societies and ecosystems.", "National actions", "12. Action at the national level is a key factor in the progress of sustainable mountain development. Owing to space constraints, it is not possible to describe the many activities undertaken by States. Actions taken at the national level are selected in the following sections.", "Africa", "13. In Morocco, a project in the Uttat Valley (Midret Province) in the mountains of High Atlas is assisting key stakeholders in combating desertification through watershed management. The project, implemented by FAO, is part of an interregional programme funded by Spain. The Government of Morocco, with the support of FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat, has also implemented a project to improve the production of red flowers in the Anti-Atlas mountains, through which valuable information was obtained on the technical, social and economic aspects of production and processing, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the whole value chain of red flowers.", "Guinea is actively implementing the regional project on integrated management of natural resources in the Fouta Djallon Heights, funded by the Global Environment Facility. The regional project coordination unit is located in Guinea and 18 of the 29 pilot project sites are located in that country. Baseline measurements and watershed management plans have been completed at all pilot sites, and measures to improve natural resource management and enhance local livelihoods have been developed and will be launched in autumn 2011.", "Asia", "15. Kyrgyzstan is implementing a project on sustainable land management in the Pamir Plateau and Pamir-Alai Mountains with support from the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations University. Mountain communities have received small grants to mitigate environmental stress, including to prevent land degradation and soil erosion, and wildlife conservation funds. Many international and non-governmental organizations have been working with local municipal authorities in mountain areas to support the recently adopted “grazing land law” (2009).", "16. China has been implementing a number of relevant plans and policies in this area since 2009, and has incorporated them into the twelfth five-year plan for forestry development to improve forest cover and enhance forest carbon sink capacity. Major national plans and strategies, supported by the competent ministries and government agencies, include the second phase of the National Forest Conservation Plan, the Tri-North Conservation Forest Development Plan, the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Plan, the Reforestation Plan and the Integrated Agricultural Development Plan.", "17. The mid-term livelihood recovery project in the earthquake-affected areas of Pakistan was implemented by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority, with funding from Sweden and technical support from FAO, and was successfully completed in June 2011. In addition to the development of 1,789 community livelihood recovery plans and capacity-building activities for all earthquake-affected areas, the project developed and implemented integrated and collaborative watershed management plans in 17 watersheds. Field activities included landslides control, natural resource management, livelihood improvement and institutional innovation.", "18. The sustainable mountain development project launched by the Government of Turkey in 2008 with financial and technical support from FAO was successfully completed in December 2010. A strategy paper was subsequently developed to mainstream sustainable mountain development into national planning processes. At the local level, a pilot project to test and demonstrate sustainable mountain development efforts through field-specific facts was implemented in the Yundage Mountains of Manissa Province.", "Europe", "19. The Government of Switzerland continued to make extensive participation and commitment at the national and international levels in the area of sustainable mountain development, including funding for the Mountain Forum and the Mountain Research Initiative. Switzerland remains the main donor to the Mountain Partnership. In preparation for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Switzerland took the lead in proposing regional and global assessments of progress made in sustainable mountain development since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Switzerland will host the Lucerne World Mountain Conference in October 2011, during which a report on sustainable mountain development will be launched and future challenges and opportunities in this area discussed. As the current Chair of the Alps Convention, Switzerland aims to promote collaboration throughout the Alps by addressing political issues and promoting relevant debates. The Government of Switzerland will launch an innovative public-private partnership for sustainable mountain development and a new Forum to celebrate International Mountain Day in the four regions of the global South and North, including Verbier, Switzerland, in 2011.", "20. In the Sudeten Mountains of Poland, as a result of major projects to promote the concept of sustainable mountain development over the past five to six years, funded by FAO, GEF, the EQUAL programme of the European Commission and private foundations, local non-governmental organizations have succeeded in forming a genuine mountain alliance with a number of partners, including local and regional governments, agricultural universities, mountain cultural centres and national and landscape reserves. This alliance serves as a model for other mountainous provinces of the country.", "21. In Italy, the continued use of European Union funds to support research and cooperation projects in mountain regions facilitated work on a wide range of issues, including climate change effects, natural disasters, integrated risk management, spatial planning against climate change, ecological networks and sustainable tourism. At the international level, Italy continues to participate in the activities of the Mountain Partnership and to provide financial support to its secretariat. The Italian Agency for Development Cooperation supports a number of mountain projects, such as the “High Elevation Environmental Research Station” project, jointly implemented by UNEP and the EV-K2-CNR (National Research Council of Italy). Italy is strongly committed to ensuring that mountain regions receive adequate attention in key international processes, including following the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Latin America", "22. Since 2009, Argentina ' s Mountain Sustainable Development Commission has been active at the national and international levels, not only through the establishment of national and provincial mountain platforms aimed at dialogue on all types of mountains, but also through the improvement of existing dialogues with different regions and provinces. The Commission launched local and provincial mountain committees that enable countries in the southern Andes to participate and enhance regional contacts and joint activities with mountain frameworks. In June 2011, the Commission, together with the Mountain Partnership secretariat, organized an international seminar for representatives of entities of the Southern Andean countries and Europe engaged in research on sustainable mountain development.", "Ecuador is preparing to implement a project on promoting participatory management for sustainable development in the Andean mountain regions. The Global Environment Facility (GEF)-funded project on the management of the natural resources of the Chimborazo volcano was launched in June 2011, and the Fund ' s National Committees have recently approved the application of the Alliance for Sustainable Development of the Andean Mountains for a project on carbon and biodiversity in the high Andean mountain ecosystems. The project on combating desertification and soil degradation through watershed management, as part of an interregional programme funded by Spain, continued to be implemented in Manawi Province with technical support from FAO. In July 2011, a project funded by FAO and supported by the Mountain Partnership secretariat in the Kotopahi region successfully developed sustainable mountain demonstration farms and development plans.", "24. In Guatemala, the Afforestation Incentive Programme and the Small Farmers Forestry and Agroforestry Incentive Programme have promoted mechanisms for the provision of environmental services and public goods from natural and artificial mountain forests. Between 2009 and 2010, a total of 12,482 hectares of planted forests and 39,919 hectares of natural forests in the highlands were monitored and certified. Guatemala has invested $6,978,114 in stimulating forest management, generating more than 48,000 jobs involving some 300 indigenous communities. The Office of the Vice-President of Guatemala has approved the establishment of an inter-agency commission to prevent and combat deforestation and the implementation of a pilot action plan aimed at strengthening forest management in the highlands of Guatemala.", "25. In Peru, the Multi-stakeholder National Working Group on Mountain Ecosystems launched its second phase in 2011 to implement programmes at the national and international levels. The regional governments of Piura, Ankash, Apurimac and Cusco are implementing climate change adaptation programmes, while in Piura, Ankash and Huanuko, the “Indo-wide” programme for the sustainable use of biodiversity and long-term conservation of local crop varieties is being implemented. Together with Ecuador and Colombia, Peru is also implementing a regional Andean Forest Ecosystem Management Programme in the Apurimac and Piura regions.", "The Government of Mexico, through the National Forestry Commission, is implementing a project funded by the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility to improve the effectiveness of national payment programmes for environmental services in upstream watersheds and mountains and to increase the provision of ecosystem services that generate local and global benefits. The project also promotes local payment mechanisms for environmental services, with direct users of environmental services providing financial support under the matching funds scheme.", "27. Chile relies heavily on mountain ecosystems to provide water, energy, minerals and tourism, as well as a subsistence living environment for indigenous populations. A training course will be held in September 2011 for the countries of the Andean region (Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)) for the establishment of the National Mountain Commission, facilitated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The focus of training will be on melting snow cover and glaciers and the need for management policies to address the environmental and economic impacts of climate change.", "IV. International actions", "Thematic initiatives", "Biodiversity conservation and mountain ecosystems", "28. In 2004, the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a programme of work on mountain biological diversity. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention, at its tenth meeting, held in Japan in 2010, conducted an in-depth review of the implementation of the programme and noted that (a) the programme of work had successfully brought together international mountain communities and enhanced the capacity of organizations and institutions to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; (b) as of 2009, about 14.4 per cent of the biological communities of mixed mountain systems had been protected; and (c) the observance of International Mountain Day and many regional and local initiatives were increasing awareness of the importance of mountain biodiversity.", "29. In 2010, the Protocol on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological and Landscape Diversity to the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (Carpathian Convention) entered into force. In support of the implementation of the Protocol, the BIORGIO Carpathian project was approved under the European Union South-East Europe Programme. UNEP Vienna is the interim secretariat of the Carpathian Convention and is a partner in the Austria-Slovakia cross-border project, the Alps-Carpathian Corridor, which aims to rebuild the ecological corridor between the Alps and the Carpathians.", "30. The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment Programme of the International Biodiversity Plan contributes to policies for the conservation and sustainable use of mountain biodiversity. In 2010, the programme launched the Mountain Biodiversity Portal, which provides mountain-specific access to basic biodiversity data. In July 2010, the programme organized an international conference in Switzerland entitled “Key functions of mountain biodiversity”. With the support of the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation, the programme prepared a brochure for the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity entitled “Mountain biodiversity and global change”.", "31. During the tenth meeting, the Mountain Partnership secretariat organized a side event to explore how to implement the programme of work on mountain biodiversity more effectively. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development organized two side events entitled: (a) “The challenges to the conservation and management of mountain biodiversity in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region under changing climatic conditions”; and (b) “Transboundary cooperation in biodiversity conservation: applying the `ecosystem approach' of the Convention on Biological Diversity and strategies for adaptation to climate change”.", "With funding from the Governments of Italy and Pakistan, the Ev-K2-CNR Commission successfully launched the project “Social, Economic and Environmental Development of Central Karakulam National Park and Buffer Zone” in northern Pakistan. The project aims to support local authorities and stakeholders in building natural resource management capacity in the park and its buffer zone, with a focus on poverty reduction. The Commission cooperates with the Karakulam International University, the World Wildlife Fund, the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme and a number of local and national non-governmental organizations.", "In 2010, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Human and Ecobiology Programme Mountain Group, based at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, organized an international workshop entitled “Climate Change and Biodiversity Connectivity Conservation in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion” in Altai, in conjunction with the Carton Hill Biosphere Reserve and the International Union for Conservation of Nature-World Commission on Protected Areas Network of Mountain Protected Areas. The workshop adopted the action plan for the Altai-Sayan-Begar transboundary connectivity conservation management initiative (Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia).", "Climate change", "34. As the rapid retreat of glaciers around the world revealed, mountains sent early signals of climate change. Research and monitoring of biological, physical and environmental health in mountain regions is essential to better understand, manage and mitigate the negative impacts of climate change.", "35. The Ev-K2-CNR Commission initiated a project on high-altitude environmental research stations to study the climate and environment in mountain regions. Currently, the project ' s monitoring network includes 14 sites worldwide. The highest automated weather station has been installed at the southern mouth of Everest (8,000 metres) and at 5,700 metres high on the Changri Nup glacier. The monitoring of the Himalayan atmosphere has been enhanced by studying the impact of climate on the dynamics of the glacier, including the impact of carbon black in the atmosphere, particularly on the melting process of ice and ice.", "In June 2009, at a meeting of the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Bonn, the Mountain Research Initiative co-sponsored a side event with German Watch and the German Federal Environmental Agency entitled “Access to mountain regions: current directions for climate change adaptation in mountain regions and research needs”. The initiative, in collaboration with the Mountain Partnership, the Government of Liechtenstein and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, organized a side event at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, which focused on the challenges of climate change in mountain regions.", "37. The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment Programme of the International Biodiversity Plan prepared a report on the impact of climate change on mountain biodiversity in Europe. The report provides an overview of recent literature on projected future climate change, discusses the impacts of climate change on mountain biodiversity and suggests adaptation measures.", "38. The objective of the Global Alpine Environment Observation Research Initiative is to establish and maintain a site-based network for long-term monitoring of the impacts of climate change on high mountain ecosystems and biodiversity, which are fragile in mountain systems around the world. The initiative is particularly active in the Andean region, where it supports a 10-site regional monitoring system to assess the impact of climate change on the biodiversity of the Andean highlands.", "39. The Mountain Partnership secretariat has been active in raising awareness of the threat posed by climate change to mountain regions and in facilitating the work of its members in this regard. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, in the context of the Mountain Partnership, prepared a paper for the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention entitled “Mountains and climate change — learning to take action”. During COP 16, the secretariat organized two side events with member States on: (a) adaptation of mountains to the impacts of climate change: innovative approaches at the local and national levels; and (b) regional approaches to climate change adaptation in mountain regions.", "In June 2011, FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat organized a meeting with participants from Armenia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Morocco, Nepal, Peru, Slovenia, Tajikistan, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the secretariat of the Framework Convention to discuss two major initiatives on mountains: the Government of Nepal's Mountain Initiative, announced by the Prime Minister of Nepal at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties in 2009, aimed at building a stronger political lobby for mountain issues within the secretariat of the Framework Convention; and the Group of Landlocked Mountain Developing Countries, formally established by the Governments of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.", "41. In June 2011, the Mountain Partnership secretariat and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development received a grant from the World Bank to support the Initiative on Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Development Strategies in Mountain Regions. The initiative will focus on raising awareness of the relationship between mountains and climate change among members of national delegations attending sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, as well as politicians, scientists and practitioners of climate change policy. The initiative will enhance the capacity of delegations and experts to negotiate and mobilize international support for international support, thus contributing to climate change adaptation in mountain ecosystems.", "42. In December 2010, the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety of Germany announced the funding of 10 million euros for UNEP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ecosystem-based adaptation programme, including joint mountain projects. The four-year pilot phase of the programme (2011-2014) will focus on mountain areas in Nepal, Peru and Uganda.", "Desertification", "Dryland mountain ecosystems account for more than one third of all mountain areas and provide up to 90 per cent of freshwater supplies in those areas. Poverty and food insecurity appear to be particularly severe in arid mountain regions. In addition, more than a quarter of the world ' s biodiversity hotspots are located in such areas. The Mountain Partnership secretariat, the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation are preparing a joint publication entitled “Highlands and drylands: mountains — a source of resilience in arid areas”, with the aim of increasing attention to these fragile arid ecosystems and promoting the sustainable development agenda for such systems.", "44. DESIRE is a comprehensive research project involving 26 international partners funded under the sixth framework programme of the European Union (2007-2012), which has developed and piloted sustainable land management strategies for desertification-prone areas. The threat of desertification is exacerbated by degradation and erosion in 11 of the 16 DESIRE sites in the Mediterranean and around the world, located in mountainous or hilly environments. As part of the DESIRE project, the University of Bern Centre for Development and Environment developed a participatory methodology for identifying, evaluating and selecting the most promising sustainable land management strategies based on local conditions.", "Mountain Water", "45. The increasing stress on water resources in mountain regions has severely affected mountain and lowland areas. This critical issue is now receiving increased attention through activities, scientific publications and research programmes around the world, but more concerted efforts are needed to address the growing challenges of adequate water quality and adequate water supply.", "46. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development has been designated by the Asia-Pacific Water Forum as the Asia-Pacific Knowledge Centre for Water Management in Mountain Regions of Asia. The Centre is also a knowledge partner of the Abu Dhabi Dialogue Knowledge Forum on the Himalayan Water Resources theme. With the support of the World Bank, the Centre launched a small grants research programme on shared benefits of river water management in the Greater Himalayan region.", "Watershed management", "47. Since 2009, considerable attention has been given to the follow-up to the review of global experiences in watershed management led by FAO. The technical resource manual “New generation watershed management programmes and projects” and the policy paper entitled “Why invest in watershed management?” continued to be widely distributed. In Ecuador, Guatemala, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan and West Africa, the recommendations of the global review are being used as part of a number of field projects.", "The twenty-seventh session of the Working Party on Mountain Basin Management of the European Forestry Commission was held in the Slovak Republic in April 2010 on the theme “Integrated mountain basin forest and water management: experiences and perspectives”. The twenty-eighth session of the Working Group will be held in Turkey in September 2011 on the theme “Water for Forests-Forest Maintenance”.", "49. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development is focusing on capacity-building in integrated watershed management practices in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. International training courses on participatory integrated watershed management are held on a regular basis and are continuously adapted to incorporate emerging topics. Measures to protect community basins from the effects of climate change have been implemented, with a focus on the development of high-altitude agricultural enterprises and the integration of good practices to promote a green economy. In March 2011, the Centre and FAO organized a workshop to discuss a long-term programme for the implementation and field-testing of new-generation watershed management technologies in the Asia-Pacific region.", "50. The goal of the Technical Cooperation Network for Basin Management in Latin America is to enhance technical capacity in watershed management, focusing on exchange of experience, knowledge management and transnational cooperation. The Network continues to play a key role in monitoring and promoting cooperative action in Latin America and in sharing experiences.", "Disaster risk management", "51. Disaster risk management in mountain regions is receiving increasing attention, especially with regard to climate change impacts. The increasing risk of glacial lake outbursts and landslides in the Himalayan mountains are but two examples.", "52. The Central Asian Mountain Partnership integrated natural disaster risk management project in Kyrgyzstan enabled mountain communities living in pilot villages to better prepare for natural disasters and acquire new knowledge and skills for building bridges and dams.", "The second World Landslides Forum, organized by the International Landslides Association and its partners, will be held at FAO headquarters in October 2011 with 25 thematic sessions on its agenda, a major global conference that will focus on “Making science work”.", "54. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), launched the Regional Flood Information System programme, which aims to minimize loss of life and property by reducing vulnerability to floods in the Himalayan region. The Centre and WMO are working together to improve data quality, enhance effective data collection and dissemination and improve regional cooperation.", "Indigenous issues", "55. Owing to socio-economic and political marginalization, indigenous groups living in more disadvantaged areas, such as mountains, are among the poorest in the world. However, many lessons can be learned from their approaches and experiences in managing and protecting mountain ecosystems.", "56. The goal of the World Mountain Peoples Association is to draw attention to the voices and needs of mountain peoples. The Association proposed the establishment of regional centres to promote interaction and cooperation between mountain people and national policymakers, funding institutions and international actors. The Association is also carefully designing global concession communities, territories and natural resource management activities and is organizing an assessment of progress towards the goals set out in chapter 13 of Agenda 21 in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "The House of Learning in Peru is an indigenous non-governmental organization focused on the protection of the biodiversity of the Andes, with the aim of sensitizing indigenous peoples' voices at the global level. In 2008, after the completion of the first phase of the project for the restoration of the environment of the four lakes in the provinces of Acomayo and Canas, the “School of Learning” launched a “millions of native tree activities”.", "Gender", "58. Mountain women face many of the same challenges faced by women throughout the developing world, but these challenges are further exacerbated by high altitude, steep terrain and isolation.", "Women for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management implemented a project entitled “Rural Women's Leadership” to strengthen the role and voice of women leaders in rural organizations at all levels and to facilitate the participation of representative women's farmers' organizations in strategic policy dialogue and negotiation areas at the national, regional and global levels. To date, the project has trained 35 farmers leaders in Nepal and 30 farmers leaders in the Philippines, who have trained more than 200 rural women.", "60. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development organized a number of activities on various issues related to gender equality, climate change adaptation and development. One of the main problems in the Himalayan region is the large-scale outing of men and the increasing number of women taking on the task of working in mountain agriculture, which increases the workload and hardship of women.", "Payment for environmental services", "61. Given the global importance of mountain resources, mountains have great potential for innovative financing mechanisms, including payment schemes for environmental services.", "62. Since 2009, the Alberta Rift Valley Protection Association, in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund of the United States, Cambridge University and local institutions, has sought to assess the stock of environmental goods and services in the transboundary area between Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, the Greater Virunga region. The Panel produced a series of maps to illustrate the distribution and relevance of four major ecosystem services: water storage; carbon sequestration; wood and non-wood forest products; and tourism. The results of the assessment clearly indicate the important role of the high-altitude natural ecosystem in the Virunga plot, including the Virunga volcano and the Ruwenzori Mountains, in providing environmental benefits to the lowlands.", "63. The newly introduced rangeland ticket in Kyrgyzstan is an innovative means of paying for environmental services, replacing the former rangeland rental system, which is now paid on the basis of livestock headages rather than hectares. The ranger ticket is an economic means for farmers to adjust the number of livestock to the capacity of seasonal pastures, thus preventing their degradation.", "High-quality mountain products", "64. The promotion, processing and marketing of high-quality mountain products is increasingly becoming an important means of improving the livelihoods of mountain communities around the world.", "65. In 2011, FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat published a manual on organic production of Andean crops in projects in the Codopaxi region of Ecuador, which provides technical information on traditional and innovative farming techniques that do not use chemicals. The project shows that traditional mountain products not only contribute to household food security, health and a balanced diet, but can also significantly increase household income if sold in the appropriate market. A technical manual on good practices in the cultivation of red flowers was published in Morocco as a result of the above-mentioned FAO-Mountain Partnership project on the red flowers value chain.", "Tourism", "66. Mountain tourism is a potential long-term source of income, which can have positive effects and can be used for conservation and benefit-sharing.", "67. The World Tourism Organization has developed a set of indicators to assist managers in making informed decisions on issues that are particularly duplicative to mountain environments, such as loss or degradation of flora and fauna, soil erosion, water quality and economic benefits of tourism.", "68. In 2011, with the assistance of the World Tourism Organization, the text of the draft protocol on sustainable tourism to the Carpathian Convention was developed and adopted and signed during the third meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Carpathian Convention.", "Policies and laws", "69. The Global Environment Facility-funded regional project on integrated natural resource management in the Futa Djallon plateau was implemented jointly by the African Union, FAO and UNEP. The project involves eight West African countries (Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Sierra Leone). An important component of the project is the establishment of a regional legal and institutional framework to enhance regional cooperation in the management of transboundary natural resources and to adapt and harmonize conservation laws within participating countries in order to reduce the causes and negative impacts of land degradation.", "70. Since 1991, the Association of Elected Mountain Representatives in Europe has promoted the participation of regional and local decision makers in the formulation of European policies to address mountain issues, particularly those related to regional, environmental and transport matters. Its main objective is to ensure that the specific situation of mountain regions is reflected and taken into account in European Union policies. Currently, the Association of Elected Mountain Representatives in Europe includes 10,000 municipalities, 100 provinces and 50 districts from 11 countries. The Association is also involved in several European projects.", "Education", "71. The International Research and Training Programme for Sustainable Mountain Management was launched in 2007 by the Mountain Partnership secretariat, UNESCO and the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Turin, Italy. The training programme is funded by the Piedmont Regional Government, local authorities, the Andean Association for Sustainable Development, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. The training course in 2010 focused on the protection of mountain biodiversity and in 2011 on natural disasters and disaster risk management. Approximately 30 experts from developing countries are trained annually.", "72. UNESCO, with financial support from the Flemish Government of Belgium, developed a teaching kit for mountain countries. The kit is aimed primarily at secondary school teachers and students in mountain countries around the world. The kit uses innovative approaches to environmental education, with the aim of stimulating students ' curiosity and better disseminating scientific information and environmental knowledge.", "73. The University of Central Asia recently established the Centre for Social Research in Mountain Regions, which aims to support and enhance the resilience and quality of life of mountain societies through research on the sustainable development and management of material, social, economic and cultural assets. The Centre ' s scholarship programme helped to build research capacity in Central Asia and helped to develop informed policies and practices for sustainable mountain development.", "74. The Mountain Research Centre at Perth College, Scotland, has chaired UNESCO ' s work on sustainable mountain development since 2009, and since 2004 it has conducted an online Master of Science course on managing sustainable mountain development. Based on this experience, the Centre is working with a number of Asian institutions to develop master ' s-level courses.", "Research", "75. In 2011, the Mountain Research Initiative, in collaboration with the Mountain Partnership secretariat, helped to develop and support a network of scientists focusing on climate change issues in mountain regions of sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and activities leading up to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. With the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the Mountain Research Initiative led to an agreement between FAO and the University of Pretoria to establish a coordinating unit for the African Network for Research on Global Change in Mountain Regions.", "Through its Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO continues to implement its global project entitled “Global change in mountain regions — developing adaptation strategies for mountain biosphere reserves”. The project examines the main drivers and impacts of global change, including climate change, in areas such as biodiversity, water supply, land-use change and mountain economies. The findings will provide a better understanding of how change will affect mountain environments and livelihoods.", "77. The Mountain Research Centre coordinated a comprehensive European mountain assessment for the European Environment Agency, which was published in September 2010. The Centre organized an international conference on global change and world mountains in Scotland, with 450 participants from 60 countries on five continents. The Centre is also responsible for reporting on the work on mountain areas of a two-year project entitled “European Geographic Characteristics and Development Potential”, funded by the European Indigenous Development and Cohesion Watch Network, which aims to provide a coherent framework for describing past trends and the potential future development of geographical features for territorial policy and regional development.", "78. The Mountain Research Initiative organized two comprehensive workshops, one on climate change and water resources in mountain regions and the other on drivers of food security in mountain regions. Workshops were held in preparation for future discussions on the following themes: urban growth in mountain regions; building resilience of mountain-based human-natural systems; and vulnerability and management of mountain ecosystem services.", "The Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Mountain Research Initiative, has developed and promoted an international project entitled “Third Polar Environment”, which focuses on the nature of global change and its impact on the Tibetan plateau and the surrounding mountains. Every year since 2009, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has held third-polar environmental workshops to develop strategic scientific plans to organize research work by groups in all countries of the region and Europe.", "80. In 2010, the Mountain Group of the Human and Biosphere Programme of UNESCO launched a coalition of research institutions at the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, partner universities and biosphere reserves, with the aim of developing a strategy for the sustainable development and protection of landscape diversity of the Altai-Sayan-Begar transboundary ecological zone in the context of current global changes. The study is currently being carried out under partnership arrangements with regional research institutions in Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia and with a number of international agencies, including UNDP, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.", "Communication and networking", "81. The Mountain Forum is a global network aimed at sharing information and knowledge for sustainable mountain development. Currently, with the support of its regional network (Asia-Pacific, Andean Information Network and European Mountain Forum), the Mountain Forum provides services to over 7,000 individual members and more than 5,600 digital resources. The Mountain Forum, which serves as a clearing house for information, provides a user dialogue platform and supports global mountain communities. The most recent e-forum is a benefit-sharing mechanism for hydrological environmental services in the Andes. The Andean Information Network, a programme of the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region, is currently contributing to several policy dialogues on climate change, water resources management and rural innovation.", "In 2010, the theme of the International Mountain Day was “Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Mountain Regions”, to highlight the threats faced by these groups and to recognize their valuable contribution to overcoming global challenges such as hunger and malnutrition, loss of biodiversity and climate change. International Mountain Day 2011 will focus on mountain forests and will be linked to the International Year of Forests 2011.", "83. The quarterly international peer review, Mountain Research and Development, brings together research findings and validated development experiences and enhances knowledge of key issues of sustainable mountain development. Since 2009, the quarterly magazine has been available online and is open to all users. It also produces special issues on mountain forests in a changing world, agricultural biodiversity and protected area management tools and methods. The editorial section of the publication is part of the Centre for Development and Environment of the University of Berne.", "In order to promote mutual learning and knowledge sharing, the 2010 Mountain Partnership Forum for Central Asia was held in Kazakhstan in November 2010 on the theme “Communities and climate change in mountain regions of Central Asia: Call for action: a global challenge in a local perspective”. The Forum brought together more than 100 participants representing various stakeholder groups from Central Asia, Europe and Latin America.", "B. Partnerships, cross-border cooperation and funding mechanisms", "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "85. The Governments of Italy and Switzerland, FAO, the World Bank, UNEP and members of the Mountain Partnership, such as the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, are working together to focus the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development process on mountain ecosystems and the perspectives of mountain peoples. These organizations have formed strategic alliances to position the Mountain Partnership as a vehicle for moving towards green growth and to seek sustained political commitment for sustainable mountain development. The results of the regional survey and global assessment, initiated by the Government of Switzerland, on progress made in sustainable mountain development since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and the Lucerne World Mountain Conference will be incorporated into the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Partnerships", "86. The Mountain Partnership has grown in membership and now has more than 180 members, including Governments, intergovernmental organizations and major groups. In 2008, the Mountain Partnership secretariat began the decentralization process in order to provide more effective services and support to its members. Currently, the Mountain Partnership secretariat comprises central and local centres, located within the FAO (central centre) in Rome, the Consortium for the Sustainable Development of Andean Ecoregions (Latin America centre) in Peru, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (Asia-Pacific centre) in Nepal and the Environmental Reference Centre, hosted by UNEP in Vienna.", "Cross-border cooperation", "87. In 2003, following the International Year of Mountains and the Bishkek Global Mountain Summit, the Central Asian Mountain Community Alliance, comprising 41 mountain villages in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, was established. The Alliance aims to improve mountain livelihoods by building capacity and facilitating the sharing of experiences among its members and mountain community networks around the world.", "88. Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru joined forces to promote a regional approach to development in the Andean region. These countries have jointly established the Andean Initiative in the context of the Mountain Partnership. The Paramo Andino project is a regional initiative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, funded by the Global Environment Facility and implemented by the Andean Consortium for Sustainable Development. The project aims to tackle the main obstacles to the conservation of biological diversity and to protect the hydrology of the Paramo region. The Andean Ecosystem Hydrological Monitoring Initiative is a regional initiative aimed at providing, improving and sharing information on the effects of hydrology and global change in the Andean region.", "89. Since 2009, the Centre for Development and Environment and its local and international partners have supported transboundary initiatives on sustainable land management in the Pamir-Alai Mountains in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The Global Environment Facility-funded initiative aims to address the interrelated issues of land degradation and poverty in one of the major freshwater resources and biodiversity hot spots in Central Asia.", "UNEP continues to lead an initiative to promote the development of a legal framework for regional cooperation by facilitating the sharing of experiences between the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions and other mountain regions such as the Caucasus, the Dinara Arc and the Balkans. Within the framework of the Environment and Security Initiative, UNEP supports transboundary cooperation in mountain areas along the Balkan border. This work helps to stabilize the region and improve the environment. UNEP also facilitated the negotiation of a legally binding agreement on the Dinarar arc.", "91. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, with the support of UNEP, launched the Mountain Sanctuary Regional Conservation Initiative. A draft regional cooperation framework has been developed for the implementation of conservation and ecosystem management activities in the Sanctuary Landscape Transboundary Initiative in China, India and Nepal. Innovative and highly participatory approaches have been used to provide an enabling policy environment, institutional networks and knowledge base for regional cooperation.", "Funding mechanisms", "92. An analysis of the World Bank ' s initial portfolio of investments in sustainable development in mountain regions shows that global investment for the period 2000-2010 was approximately $66 billion. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Latin America led about $16 billion each in investments for sustainable mountain development, followed by East Asia and the Pacific, about $13 billion. While Africa and South Asia received approximately $8.8 billion and $8.3 billion, respectively, in mountain areas, only a small amount was directly related to sustainable mountain development in the Middle East and North Africa.", "93. Part of the mandate of the International Fund for Agricultural Development was to finance economic growth, political empowerment, civil equity and poverty reduction for mountain people. The Fund supports the development of innovative rural financial services, such as remittance financing mechanisms, as well as index-based weather insurance and related services, which are being piloted and tested, including in mountain areas.", "Recommendations", "94. Since the last report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly on sustainable mountain development, significant progress has been made in implementation, advocacy, institutional strengthening and international cooperation. Nevertheless, much remained to be done, particularly in the light of current global challenges, including climate change, natural disasters, the food and energy crises, the increasing scarcity of water resources, desertification, ecosystem degradation, loss and migration. While mountain regions and their inhabitants are disproportionately affected by these challenges, the search for solutions may identify significant opportunities. Mountain systems are important building blocks for long-term sustainable development, poverty reduction and the transition to a green economy. In order to address these challenges in a manner consistent with chapter 13 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, the General Assembly may wish to reaffirm some of the courses of action that Governments may wish to adopt, as follows:", "Recommendations on international processes", "(a) Continue its efforts to ensure that mountain issues are prioritized in the development agenda and processes that address poverty reduction, food security, climate change and other issues critical for sustainable mountain development;", "(b) Promote, where relevant, the establishment of regional mechanisms to coordinate and integrate transboundary cooperation for sustainable mountain development; and strengthen existing mechanisms, such as the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions, to facilitate the exchange of lessons learned;", "(c) Support the collaborative efforts of the Mountain Partnership and encourage the active participation of relevant Governments, civil society and private sector institutions at the national and regional levels;", "(d) Intensify efforts to protect mountain biological diversity and encourage cooperation among stakeholders in order to implement more effectively the workplan of the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity on mountain biological diversity;", "(e) Support better integration of mountain issues into intergovernmental discussions, in particular on climate change and combating desertification in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; and take advantage of the carbon storage and sequestration potential of mountain forests and the consideration of mountain forests in the REDD and REDD-plus programmes;", "(f) Integrate sustainable mountain development into green economy strategies and ensure that institutional arrangements are in place to enable mountain communities to benefit from these emerging opportunities and to protect mountain resources from increasing demand;", "(g) Promote communication and cooperation among Governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and civil society to ensure that sustainable development in mountain regions is high on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development;", "2. Policy recommendations", "(h) Encourage the continuation of existing or the establishment of new national committees or similar institutional arrangements, institutions and mechanisms to enhance intersectoral coordination and collaboration for sustainable mountain development;", "(i) Encourage greater participation of civil society and the private sector in the development and implementation of programmes related to sustainable mountain development;", "(j) Encourage the development and implementation of strategies, programmes, policies and laws that are specific to mountain issues and that urgently address current challenges such as climate change and soaring food prices; and support developing countries and countries with economies in transition through non-traditional arrangements such as bilateral, multilateral and South-South cooperation and decentralized cooperation;", "(k) Develop climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, taking into account the specific circumstances of mountain environments and communities, and integrate them into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change national adaptation programme of action process;", "(l) Increased attention to disaster risk management in mountain regions, in particular with regard to landslides, avalanches, glacial lake outburst floods, landslides and climate change impacts;", "(m) Promote the conservation and sustainable use of increasingly scarce mountain resources, in particular water resources, through innovative management approaches, improved institutional mechanisms across administrative boundaries and forward-looking political decisions to secure water resources for future generations;", "(n) Develop strategies, programmes and policies to promote food security in mountain regions in order to respond in a timely manner to soaring food prices and related challenges that affect mountain communities in particular;", "(o) Strengthening public services, in particular the health and education sectors, and improving transport and communications infrastructure in mountain regions;", "(p) Support education, extension and capacity-building programmes, especially in local mountain communities, to advance sustainable mountain development at all levels;", "(q) Ensure, through more effective participation in decision-making processes, that indigenous peoples ' cultures, traditions and knowledge are fully recognized and integrated into mountain development policies and planning; and that rights to land and natural resources and agreed rights are respected;", "(r) Promote the strengthening of the role of mountain women in planning and decision-making processes that affect their communities, cultures, livelihoods and environment;", "Recommendations on financial mechanisms", "(s) Increase the level of investment and financing for sustainable development in mountain regions at the global, regional, national and community levels, including through innovative financial mechanisms and practices, such as access to environmental services and green economy opportunities;", "(t) To promote and provide an enabling environment for the development of high-quality products and services from mountain regions as a means of improving livelihoods and protecting mountain environments, and to encourage more active private sector participation in the entire value chain of high-quality mountain products, making mountain communities more accessible to national and international markets;", "Recommendations on awareness-raising", "(u) Support the continued development and implementation of communication, capacity-building and advocacy programmes on sustainable mountain development at all levels; take full advantage of the opportunity provided by the International Mountain Day on 11 December each year;", "(v) Increase efforts to raise awareness of the impacts of climate change and the risks and hazards faced by mountain regions;", "Recommendations for studies", "(w) Support increased and more coordinated research at all levels to better understand the environmental, economic and social drivers of change affecting mountain regions and promote the collection of disaggregated data from mountain regions as a basis for informed decisions on appropriate policies and programmes;", "(x) In the context of climate change, increase efforts to monitor glaciers and run-off patterns in mountain regions to assess future water availability and to pay particular attention to the hydrological impacts of climate change on dryland mountain ecosystems.", "[1] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I, chap. 13." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目72", "国际法院的报告", "秘书长关于协助各国通过国际法院解决争端的信托基金", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据《秘书长关于协助各国通过国际法院解决争端的信托基金的订正职权范围、准则和规则》(A/59/372，附件)第16段的规定提交，是在题为“国际法院的报告”的议程项目下向大会第六十五届会议提交的报告(A/65/309)的后续。", "二. 任务", "2. 1989年，根据《联合国财务条例和细则》，经与国际法院院长协商后，设立了本信托基金。根据《订正职权范围》，基金向各国提供财政援助以支付下列相关费用：(a) 根据《规约》第三十六条第一款，依照特别协定将某一争端提交国际法院的费用；(b) 根据《规约》第三十六条第一和第二款，以申请书向法院提交争端的费用，但必须符合某些条件(见A/59/372，附件，第6㈡段)；或(c) 执行法院判决的费用。", "三. 受益人", "^(*) A/66/150。", "3. 联合国任一会员国、《国际法院规约》的任何其他当事国或遵守《规约》第三十五条第二款规定的法院《规约》的任一非当事国，均可申请资助，但需符合《订正职权范围》第6段的规定。", "4. 在本报告所述期间(2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日)，基金没有收到任何申请。", "四. 捐助", "5. 国家、政府间组织、国家机构和非政府组织以及自然人和法人均可向基金提供自愿捐助。", "6. 在本报告所述期间，芬兰向基金提供了捐助：", "国家 数额(美元) 财政年度", "芬兰 13 720.00 2010", "共计 13 720.00", "7. 截至2011年6月30日，基金余额总额为891 205.79美元。该数额不包括已支付的资助。", "五. 需求评估", "8. 《联合国宪章》第一条第一项确认，“以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则”解决国际争端是联合国的基本宗旨之一，也是维持国际和平与安全的重要手段。法院是本组织的主要司法机关。如上所述，建立基金是为了促使争端当事国决定通过国际法院寻求司法解决争端。我在以前的报告中提到，尽管多次发出呼吁，但基金资源数额自成立以来逐渐减少。我感谢在本报告所述期间向基金提供捐助的会员国，但我也注意到，捐款数额仍然很低。因此，我大力促请所有国家和其他相关实体认真考虑向基金定期提供大笔捐助。", "六. 捐助方法", "9. 向基金提供自愿捐助可以通过银行转账或采用支票方式。支票抬头请写“联合国普通信托基金”，注明捐款给“ICJ Trust Fund(TJA)”，并寄至：", "United Nations Treasury", "380 Madison Avenue", "New York, N.Y. 10017", "United States of America", "Attention: Room No. M-19000", "如需了解银行转账详情，请与联合国金库联系(电话：＋1 212 963 5801；传真：1 212 963 2086)。", "10. 如需进一步资料，请与法律事务厅法律顾问办公室联系(电话：＋1 212 963 5377；传真：＋1 212 963 6430)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 72 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice", "Report of the Secretary-General", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 16 of the Revised Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules of the Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice (A/59/372, annex), and is subsequent to the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/309) under the agenda item entitled “Report of the International Court of Justice”.", "II. Mandate", "2. The Trust Fund was established in 1989 under the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, following consultations with the President of the International Court of Justice. In accordance with the Revised Terms of Reference, financial assistance is to be provided to States for expenses incurred in connection with: (a) a dispute submitted to the Court by way of a special agreement, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute; (b) a dispute submitted to the Court by way of an application on the basis of Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, of its Statute, provided certain conditions are fulfilled (see A/59/372, annex, para. 6 (ii)); or (c) the execution of a judgment of the Court.", "III. Beneficiaries", "3. Subject to the requirements of paragraph 6 of the Revised Terms of Reference, an application for financial assistance from the Fund may be submitted by any State Member of the United Nations, any other State party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice or any State not party to the Statute of the Court having complied with Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute.", "4. During the period under review (1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011), the Fund did not receive any applications.", "IV. Contributions", "5. Voluntary contributions to the Fund may be made by States, intergovernmental organizations, national institutions and non-governmental organizations, and by natural and juridical persons.", "6. During the period under review, Finland made the following contribution to the Fund:", "State Amount (United States Financial year dollars)", "Finland 13 720.00 2010", "Total 13 720.00", "7. As of 30 June 2011, the total balance of the Fund was $891,205.79. This amount excludes awards that have already been paid.", "V. Needs assessment", "8. The Charter of the United Nations, in Article 1, paragraph 1, recognizes the settlement of international disputes “by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law” as one of the basic purposes of the United Nations and as an essential tool for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Court is the principal judicial organ of the Organization. As noted above, the Fund was created with a view to facilitating a decision by parties to a dispute to seek judicial settlement of their dispute through the Court. As noted in my previous reports, despite numerous appeals, the Fund has had a decreasing level of resources since its inception. While I am grateful to the Member State that contributed to the Fund during the period under review, I also note that the number of contributions remains very low. Thus, I strongly urge all States and other relevant entities to give serious consideration to making contributions to the Fund, substantially and on a regular basis.", "VI. How to contribute", "9. Voluntary contributions to the Fund can be made by bank transfer or by cheque. Cheques should be to the order of the United Nations General Trust Fund, indicating “ICJ Trust Fund (TJA)” in the reference field, and sent to:", "United Nations Treasury", "380 Madison Avenue", "New York, N.Y. 10017", "United States of America", "Attention: Room No. M-19000", "For bank transfer details, please contact the United Nations Treasury (tel: + 1 212 963 5801; fax: 1 212 963 2086).", "10. For any additional information, please contact the Office of the Legal Counsel, Office of Legal Affairs (tel: + 1 212 963 5377; fax: + 1 212 963 6430)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 72 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "Secretary-General ' s Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Introduction", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 16 of the Revised Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules of the Secretary-General's Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice (A/59/372, annex) and follows up on the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session under the agenda item entitled “Report of the International Court of Justice” (A/65/309).", "II. Mandate", "2. The Trust Fund was established in 1989 in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and in consultation with the President of the International Court of Justice. Under the Revised Terms of Reference, the Fund provides financial assistance to States to cover the following related costs: (a) The costs of submitting a dispute to the International Court of Justice by special agreement, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute; (b) the costs of submitting a dispute to the Court by application, in accordance with Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Statute, subject to certain conditions (see A/59/372, annex, para. 6 (ii)); or (c) the costs of implementing the judgment of the Court.", "Beneficiaries", "A/66/150.", "3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 6 of the Revised Terms of Reference, any Member of the United Nations, any other State party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice or any State not party to the Statute of the Court which complies with Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute may apply for financial assistance.", "4. During the reporting period (1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011), the Fund received no applications.", "Contributions", "5. Voluntary contributions to the Fund may be made by States, intergovernmental organizations, national institutions and non-governmental organizations, as well as by natural and juridical persons.", "During the reporting period, Finland contributed to the Fund:", "Country Amount (US$) Fiscal year", "Finland 13 720.00 2010", "Total 13 720.00", "7. As at 30 June 2011, the total fund balance was $891,205.79. This amount does not include funds paid.", "V. Needs assessment", "Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations recognizes that the settlement of international disputes “by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law” is one of the basic purposes of the United Nations and an important means of maintaining international peace and security. The Court is the principal judicial organ of the Organization. As noted above, the Fund was established to facilitate the decision of States parties to a dispute to seek judicial settlement of their dispute through the International Court of Justice. As I mentioned in my previous reports, despite repeated appeals, the level of resources of the Fund has gradually decreased since its inception. While I am grateful to those Member States that contributed to the Fund during the reporting period, I also note that the level of contributions remains low. I therefore strongly urge all States and other relevant entities to give serious consideration to making substantial and regular contributions to the Fund.", "VI. Donor law", "Voluntary contributions to the Fund may be made by bank transfer or by cheque. Cheques should be addressed to the “General Trust Fund for the United Nations”, indicating contributions to the “ICJ Trust Fund (TJA)” and addressed to:", "United Nations", "380 Madison Avenue", "New York, N.Y. 10017.", "United States of America", "Attention: Room No.", "For bank transfer details, please contact the United Nations Treasury (tel: +1 212 963 5801; fax: 1 212 963 2086).", "10. For further information, please contact the Office of the Legal Counsel, Office of Legal Affairs (tel.: +1 212 963 5377; fax: +1 212 963 6430)." ]

[ "2011年8月17日安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议，并向安全理事会提交关于安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议执行情况的最新全球调查报告(见附件)，供安全理事会审议。", "调查报告由反恐怖主义委员会执行局根据截至2011年5月的现有资料编写，对各区域和次区域执行第1373(2001)号决议的情况进行了评估，并总结了在各主要专题领域执行该决议方面取得的进展。", "调查报告评估了风险和威胁的演变程度以及执行情况的影响，查明了在执行决议方面的差距，并就切实可行地执行决议的新方法提出了建议。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的", "第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会", "主席", "H.S.普里(签名)", "附件", "关于会员国执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议情况的全球调查报告", "目录", "页次\n缩写表 4\n1.导言 5\n2.按区域分类的评估 8\nA.非洲 8\n北非 8\n东非 11\n南部非洲 15\n西非和中部非洲 19\nB.亚洲 24\n东亚 24\n太平洋岛屿 26\n东南亚 29\n南亚 33\n中亚和高加索地区 36\n西亚 40\nC.拉丁美洲 44\n中美洲和加勒比 44\n南美洲 47\nD.欧洲和北美 50\n东南欧 50\n东欧 54\n西欧、北美和其他国家 58\n3.按专题领域进行的评估 63\nA.立法 64\nB.打击资助恐怖主义的行为 66\nC.执法 68\nD.边境管制 71\nE.国际合作 73\nF.人权 76\n附件：重要反恐文书 79", "缩写表", "东盟 东南亚国家联盟\n 独联体 独立国家联合体", "中非经共体 中非国家经济共同体", "西非经共体 西非国家经济共同体", "海合会 海湾合作委员会", "国际民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "伊加特 政府间发展管理局", "劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "基金组织 国际货币基金组织", "海事组织 国际海事组织", "国际刑警组织 国际刑事警察组织", "国际船舶和港口设施保安规则 1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》国际船舶和港口设施保安规则", "北约 北大西洋公约组织", "美洲组织 美洲国家组织", "欧安组织 欧洲安全与合作组织", "南盟 南亚区域合作联盟", "南共体 南部非洲发展共同体", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "西非经货联盟 西非经济和货币联盟", "一. 导言", "1. 关于会员国执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议情况的本全球调查系反恐怖主义委员会执行局依照安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议的要求编写，该决议要求反恐执行局更新2009年11月发布的前一次调查(S/2009/620)。", "2. 安理会还在第1963(2010)号决议中表示打算在2011年9月28日召开一次对联合国更广大会员国开放的反恐怖主义委员会特别会议，以纪念第1373(2001)号决议通过十周年。安理会把本调查与将在那次会议上举行的讨论联系起来，要求在2011年6月30日之前将本调查编写完毕。", "3. 安理会还要求，除了记录第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况外，调查报告还应逐地区评估风险和威胁的演变程度，查明执行方面的差距，并提出弥补这些差距的途径。", "4. 调查报告依据了在会员国提供的资料和最新资料基础上编撰的数据、关于国家访问的报告(委员会访问了60多个国家)、区域研讨会，以及国际、区域和次区域组织提供的资料。委员会执行局为192个会员国编写的初步执行评价也记录了这些数据。如同以往的版本，本调查报告由委员会执行局的专家根据其对截至2011年4月所得的资料所作的职业判断编写。", "5. 调查的重点是决议论及的主要专题领域，即反恐立法、打击资助恐怖主义行为、执法、边境管制和国际合作。调查还考虑到与决议的要求有关的保护人权状况。关于各区域执法和边境管制的章节，总体上较2009年调查有所扩大，原因是专家查明了评估这些领域进展情况的更多标准。", "6. 如同以往的调查，调查报告的第二节按区域和次区域评估了第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况。本调查使用的区域和次区域分类不一定反映出联合国或其他国际组织或区域组织使用的经济和政治分类。第二节还概述了取得的进展，查明了区域的强项和弱点，提出面对某些执行方面困难的国家组可能受益于采取区域或次区域办法的领域。调查报告的这一节提到在某些领域取得显著进展的具体国家。然而，不应把没有提到其他国家看作是对其执行情况的否定。", "7. 第三节提供了为履行决议的规定应制订的一般标准和建议的做法，并指出在某些重要专题领域决议执行情况的一般性全球趋势。对一般读者来说，这一专题部分可能更加有用，因为它提供了自决议通过以来，在应对恐怖主义的挑战方面，国际社会从最广泛的意义上说取得进展的较全面情况。", "8. 在每一节的最后，都有会员国和委员会及其执行局为加强决议在每个次区域或专题领域的执行而可以采取的三个实际步骤的优先建议。希望这些建议对在反恐领域工作的其他国际组织和双边捐助者有所助益。", "9. 调查报告的附件中载有重要反恐文书的清单。", "一般性评论", "10. 安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议充分保持了其时事性，是联合国在反恐领域的一个重要文件。在第1373(2001)号决议通过后的十年里，这一全球努力取得了许多进展。就国际恐怖主义提出的威胁和有效应对这一威胁的手段而言，这一决议加强了会员国之间的团结和对话。这一积极的趋势也受益于安全理事会关于恐怖主义问题的其他附属机构的工作，以及大会在2006年通过的全球反恐战略(第60/288号决议)和反恐执行工作队的相关工作。", "11. 用最简单的定量措施——自决议通过以来国际反恐文书的批准率——来评估，会员国已明确显示出对国际合作的政治承诺增加。例如：2001年9月28日，共有50个国家签署了1999年《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》(下称《制止资助恐怖主义公约》)(四个成为缔约国)，到2001年底，另有82个国家签署了该公约，另有12个国家成为缔约国。截至2011年5月1日，加入《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的国家总数达到173个。另一个例子是：2001年9月28日，有28个国际加入1997年《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》，到2011年5月1日，这一数字增加到164个。", "12. 其他领域的积极发展也很明显。多数国家现在已经按照决议和相关国际文书规定的义务，采取措施在其国内法规中，把恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪。许多国家成立了金融情报中心和其他机制，保证更有效地防止资助恐怖主义的行为。新的边境安全系统，例如像国际民用航空组织(国际民航组织)要求得那样加强货物检查和在多数国家采用机器可读旅行证件，都使恐怖分子的跨国活动变得复杂起来。国家间的信息交流得到改善，法律互助似乎更加系统。出现这些进步，许多是由于双边捐助者、联合国系统各机构和其他人持续承诺提供与各国执行决议相关的技术援助。", "13. 过去十年进步的结果是，自2001年9月以来，威胁国际社会的某些恐怖主义网络削弱了。在某些国家，基地组织被迫进一步转入地下，对该组织的一些成员进行了成功的起诉，定罪和判刑，或对其进行了刑事诉讼。国际合作还帮助检方找到在世界不同地区活动的其他恐怖团体，包括那些被列入安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会综合名单的人。警惕性的提高和世界各地警察和情报工作的效力提高，使得一些恐怖阴谋在执行之前就被挫败，这无疑拯救了许多生命。", "14. 然而，恐怖主义的威胁在世界许多地区依然很高。虽然有些恐怖分子的网络被破坏，其他的网络改变了它们的行动方法。例如，正如制裁基地组织和塔利班委员会的监测组所观察的那样，伊斯兰马格里布基地组织通过绑架赎金募集了相当数额的金钱，并受益于更多利用南美洲毒品生产者在萨赫勒的走私路线(见S/2011/245)。据报道，南亚和中亚的一些团体也在越来越多地把武器和毒品走私作为收入来源。恐怖团体还利用某些国家持续和(在某些情况下)越来越不稳定的局势，这使得他们在行动时不怕政府当局对其进行瓦解。此外，尽管乌萨马·本·拉丹被击毙，这可能引起基地组织领导层的断裂，但该组织仍然是一股有影响的危险力量。部分原因是它与伊斯兰马格里布基地组织和阿拉伯半岛基地组织等组织结盟，并继续有能力启发其他的团体和个人策划在世界所有地区发动攻击。", "15. 恐怖团体和个人更多地利用新的信息和通信技术，往往越过国境进行招募、煽动和募集资金，这造成了特殊的威胁。网络证明是从事恐怖活动的重要工具，因为在监管其内容方面，涉及重大的技术和法律挑战。因被控内容非法而受到阻挡和失去能力的网页，常常在几小时内就能够在别处的网上被重新激活。因特网和其他新通信技术的监管必然受到各国尊重言论自由的义务的限制，而言论自由是国际人权的基石。然而，第1373(2001)号决议要求各国制止招募恐怖分子，安全理事会第1624(2005)号决议要求各国禁止和防止煽动实施恐怖行为。在今后的岁月里，这些问题继续构成挑战。", "16. 如本调查报告所显示，在各国执行第1373(2001)号决议的其他领域，国际反恐工作仍然存在差距。若想充分履行按照引渡或起诉的原则将恐怖分子绳之以法的义务，需要在更多的国家通过执行立法，并做出更多的承诺，在引渡不可行时对恐怖主义案件提出起诉。某些国家需要进一步加强司法系统，以便以完全符合法治的方式来对恐怖主义进行起诉。确保管理松懈的陆地和海上边界安全问题对许多国家仍是重大挑战，大多是因为资源方面的限制。", "17. 在打击资助恐怖主义领域仍然存在挑战，包括需要更有效地监测新支付方法，非正规货币和价值转移系统以及使用现金运送人。还需要更有效地防止滥用非政府组织，同时确保监管与风险的程度相称，而不是任意实施。", "18. 实际上在所有区域，各国在确保其反恐措施遵守国际法，包括国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法规定的所有义务方面，继续面临挑战。最后，许多国家面对一系列其他问题，例如发展方面相互竞争的优先事项，培训机会有限，对政府预算的持续压力，这影响到它们在执行决议方面取得的进展。", "19. 在第1373(2001)号决议通过后的十年里，人们越来越认识到，尽管执法措施是决议的中心，但有效的应对措施必须包括法律和社会政策的其他方面。首先必须把恐怖主义作为在任何情况下都不可开脱的罪行。然而，它也是以非人、令人憎恶和不可接受的方式表达冤情。不仅是安全机构，而且是整个社会必须以坚定的决心面对这个问题，加强对话和扩大文明间的了解，提高对恐怖主义受害者痛苦的认识，并在包括发展、教育、社会融入和人权在内的许多领域采取政策。如2011年4月与欧洲委员会合作在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的反恐怖主义委员会与国际、区域和次区域组织特别会议所确认，预防工作至关重要。", "20. 在这方面，特别重要的是，安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议鼓励反恐执行局在会员国的同意下，与它们讨论如何制订全面和综合的国家反恐战略，其中包括按照国际法规定的义务，注重导致恐怖活动的因素。同样重要的是，安理会第1963 (2010)号决议强调区域和次区域组织在反恐方面可以发挥的作用，尤其是通过加强会员国全面执行第1373(2001)号决议的能力和促进提供技术援助。这两个方法对于应对恐怖主义的挑战都是必不可少的。", "21. 尽管过去十年肯定取得了进展，但要使各会员国和各区域免于恐怖主义的威胁，显然仍任重道远。", "二. 按区域分类的评估", "A. 非洲", "北非", "(阿尔及利亚、埃及、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、苏丹和突尼斯)", "委员会访问了该次区域五个国家。", "一般性评论", "22. 北非比非洲其他次区域受到更多恐怖主义的影响，已经法律和行动方面采取了各种应对做法。所有北非国家均在立法上采取了反恐措施。但这些措施往往缺乏国际反恐文书中规定的犯罪行为的确切定义。这可能引起人权和法治方面的关注。已经获取了反恐方面的专门知识，并采用了创新的做法，目的是为了防止进一步招募可能的恐怖分子，或者是为了制止可能导致暴力行为的激进化。", "23. 北非最近的政治和安全事态发展可能导致某些国家修正其目前的战略，尤其是为了确保遵守法治和处理人权方面的关注，同时保持该地区打击恐怖主义等重罪的能力。", "24. 作为一般性评论，应更好协调该次区域的执法措施，尤其是在行动层面，而且这些措施应受到司法的监督。漫长的海洋边界和开放式陆地边界仍然是对边境管制的挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "25. 所有的受访国都已颁布立法，授予其司法、检察和执法当局打击恐怖主义所需的能力。在将指称的恐怖主义罪行实施者送上法庭方面，主要依靠得到特别立法补充的刑法典。已在几个国家成功地进行了与恐怖主义有关的起诉。但有些国家继续利用过度宽泛的恐怖主义定义，将劝告这些国家按照国际反恐文书将恐怖主义罪行纳入其国内刑法。几个受访国正在采取这种做法，制定新的立法，以加强遵守国际人权法规定的义务。例如突尼斯在2009年修订了第2003-75号法，将煽动实施恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪，以便将“煽动仇恨”和“宗教激进化”与恐怖主义罪行分开。阿尔及利亚最近解除了紧急状态。受访国还把招募人员实施恐怖行为和为恐怖分子提供庇护所定为刑事罪，并为其实施制订了行动措施。所有受访国都把利用自己的领土实施或筹备实施针对其他国家的公民、设施和外交代表的恐怖行为定为刑事罪。它们还把针对这些目标的恐怖行为视为针对本国国家安全的行为。然而，国家应以同样方式把针对另一国的行为定为刑事罪。简言之，有必要将“引渡或起诉”的原则纳入国家立法，即便在与那个国家没有直接联系的情况下。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "26. 自前一次调查以来，次区域各国取得了进展，所有国家都制定了反洗钱法。突尼斯在2009年8月修订了其反洗钱法，摩洛哥目前正在对其自己的反洗钱法进行修订。虽然所有国家都设立了金融情报中心，但只有埃及的中心在充分运作，并且是埃格蒙特集团的成员。摩洛哥的金融情报中心在2009年10月收到和处理了其第一批可疑交易报告。所有的国家均加入了1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，但只有几个国家依照《公约》规定将该罪行定为刑事罪。这可能削弱它们在国际一级开展有效合作的能力。突尼斯和阿拉伯利比亚民众国(分别于2009和2010年)将客户尽职调查、保存记录和报告可疑交易的义务延伸到其他指定的非金融业务和专业，从而扩大了反洗钱法和打击资助恐怖主义行为义务的范围。资产冻结条款虽然尚未完全符合决议的规定，但已经在多数国家颁布，在某些情况下已经成功冻结了恐怖分子的资产。制定了监管慈善和非营利组织的法律，但并非所有国家都已经审查了其法律框架，以防止将非营利部门滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的。自前一次调查以来，突尼斯已修订了其反洗钱法，以加强其管制捐款的审慎规则。为控制货币跨界流动而采取的措施主要是为了解决在兑换控制方面的担忧，而不是为了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为。", "执法", "27. 所有国家都依赖内政部或其他相关部委颁布的内部条例作为对刑法典的补充，以监管其执法机构的工作。受访国设立了专门的反恐单位和体制机构，并有能力进行调查和利用相对先进的技术。在受访国，政策层面的机构间合作水平已经很高，并已下传到行动层面。然而，内部协调、尤其是情报交换方面的内部协调主要是通过会议和私人接触来进行。有必要采用更多技术手段，以便进行实时的行动情报交流。除了阿拉伯司法部长理事会的定期会议外，在次区域一级没有定期和体制化的行动情报交流。为北非设立一个国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)次区域办事处，将有助于改善该次区域各国间的合作。此外，所有国家都必须加强对执法活动的司法监督，以确保在调查与恐怖主义有关的案件中尊重人权，防止对执法人员有罪不罚。在该次区域几个国家最近事态发展的同时，安全机构发生了改变。例如，埃及和突尼斯都解散了它们的国家安全部队，因为指控这些部队在反恐时侵犯了人权。所有国家均采取措施管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。有五个国家批准了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》(下称《管制火器议定书》)。", "边境管制", "28. 受访国采取了筛查旅行者和检测伪造旅行证件的措施，包括在国际机场进行这些检查。在一些边境站，仍实行人工登记信息。几个国家可以改进身份证件和旅行证件发放程序的安全性和统一性。该次区域多数国家在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。所有的受访国均使用国际刑警组织的数据库，有些正在采取步骤，将其扩大到边境站。几个国家(例如阿尔及利亚、埃及和突尼斯)制定了实际措施，检查货币和无记名可转让票据的出入境携带。这种措施包括报关单、报告无记名可转让票据的义务，以及授权海关官员没收现金。", "29. 除一国之外，所有国家均加入了1951年《关于难民地位的公约》(下称《难民公约》)及其1967年议定书。然而，联合国人权机制对没有充分遵守不推回难民原则提出了关注。可以在所有国家，尤其是在处于南方边界的国家加强防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的措施。阿尔及利亚试图解决这个问题，2009年在塔曼拉塞特省为边防卫队增加了第四个旅。有六个国家加入了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》(下称《打击贩运人口议定书》)，五个国家加入了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》(下称《打击偷运移民议定书》)。除一个国家外，所有国家均表示愿意实施世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，并启动了这一程序。2010年4月启动了马格里布海关合作理事会，并在世界海关组织区域情报联络处的所在地卡萨布兰卡设立了一个培训中心。", "30. 有四个国家执行了《2001年联合国从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》(下称《小武器问题行动纲领》)。2010年，除一个国家外，该次区域的所有国家均向联合国提交了一份附加报告，说明其执行该行动纲领的情况。关于海事安全，所有受访国均执行了国际海事组织(海事组织)《国际海上人命安全公约》国际船舶和港口设施保安规则(1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》的一个修正案)。然而，对最新执行情况以及安全措施测试的不合规定之处，以及所观察到的受访国港口安全措施的差距感到关切。所有国家继续执行1944年《国际民用航空公约》(《芝加哥公约》)附件17和附件9的相关安全条款。在阿拉伯利比亚民众国，2009年10月26日批准了国家民用航空安全方案。自前一次调查以来，阿尔及利亚、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、毛里塔尼亚和摩洛哥接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团。", "国际合作", "31. 该次区域批准国际反恐文书的比率较高。2010年，阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯又加入了一个或更多的国际文书，阿尔及利亚成为该次区域第一个批准所有文书的国家。然而，如上所述，几个国家依赖过度广泛的恐怖主义法律定义，这可能引起国际合作方面的困难。几乎所有的国家都仍需要颁布法律互助和引渡方面的法律。总的来说，各国在阿拉伯国家联盟相关机构、其公约(其在该次区域的批准比率高)和双边条约框架内开展合作。有必要改善信息的交流，并加强与其它区域国家的合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "32. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 加强法律框架，通过审查其法律框架是否适当等方式，采取措施进一步保护其非营利组织，并加强其金融情报中心的能力；", "(b) 继续加强入境点和开放式边界沿线的边境安全，以防止和制止恐怖分子跨界货物和武器/爆炸物以及货币和无记名可转让票据的流动，实施国际民航组织、世界海关组织和海事组织等专门机构规定的国际最佳守则和标准；", "(c) 加强对警务活动的司法监督方案，促进与相关国际和区域机制继续对话，以确保在反恐时遵守国际人权义务。", "33. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更积极与相关区域组织(如非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心、非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟)互动协作，重点开展旨在克服挑战和加强第1373 (2001)号决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 继续推进与受访国的密切对话，特别是鉴于目前该次区域的事态发展；", "(c) 更积极地与该次区域各国互动协作，包括进行后续访问，并抓住机会，在经过该次区域时与相关国家的官员举行双边会晤。", "东非", "(布隆迪、科摩罗、吉布提、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、莫桑比克、卢旺达、塞舌尔、索马里、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域四个国家。", "一般性评论", "34. 由于非洲之角的政局持续不稳和各种武装团体的活动，恐怖主义对东非次区域的威胁依然很高。2009年，政府间发展管理局(伊加特)反恐能力建设方案在积极的气氛中通过了关于引渡和法律互助的公约，这些公约加强了成员国之间进行反恐合作的法律框架，从而加强了国家和区域安全。", "35. 该次区域在边境管制方面面临重大挑战(例如面临海盗行为和其他在海上实施的罪行的持续威胁)，这些挑战耗尽了用于反恐的现有国家资源。漫长和基本上开放的陆地和海洋边界继续对各国政府提出重大挑战。边界划定问题和边境社区的意向使得该次区域某些地区的有效边境管理复杂化。", "36. 将通过对执法工作进行更有效的国家协调和改善次区域的信息交流，来加强次区域的反恐工作。", "评估领域", "立法", "37. 所有国家均已制定了一些立法措施，但这些措施并没有将国际反恐文书中所列罪行充分列入国内法律。在四个受访国中，有两个尚未通过已经制订了几年的反恐法律草案。尽管在起诉方面存在挑战，肯尼亚已经对发生在其境内的恐怖活动成功地进行了审判。另外两个国家在五年多前开始实施反恐法律，但没有报告相关的调查或起诉。鉴于该次区域的脆弱性，有必要采取更多的措施将招募人员定为刑事罪。并非所有的国家都就其对恐怖行为的管辖权提供了充足的资料，但几乎所有的国家都采取部分措施，授予它们对在其境内所犯罪行的管辖权。整个次区域都没有适用“引渡或起诉”的原则，因为各国没有将其明确纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "38. 九个国家加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。少数国家已通过了把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪的立法，其他国家至少制定了部分措施。大多数国家制定了反洗钱法，但没有几个国家在立法和行动层面制定措施，以便毫不拖延地冻结资金。对某些国家来说，制定定期的实地方案以便对报告实体进行视察，从而确保遵守反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的要求，是一个重大的挑战，因为那是一个耗费资金的做法。有几个国家设立了金融情报中心，但尚未运作。少数国家规定了报告资助恐怖主义行为的义务，但关于可疑交易的报告很少。该次区域的八个国家须接受东南非洲反洗钱工作组、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)或世界银行进行的相互评价报告，但只有五个国家是东南非洲反洗钱工作组的成员。除一个国家外，所有国家均制定了规范非营利组织的立法，但只有一个国家采取并有效实施了防止通过非营利组织资助恐怖主义的法律规定。没有国家对非营利部门进行审查或就资助恐怖主义进行风险评估。委员会的访问表明，该区域各国(主要是以现金交易为基础的经济体)需要在对现金和无记名可转让票据的流动没有实行最低门槛要求的地方实施这一要求，从而加强对现金运送人的控制。", "执法", "39. 大多数国家主要依赖刑事诉讼法来监管其执法机构的工作。几乎所有国家都缺乏开展有效调查或利用数据库和法证等先进工具的能力。某些国家存在用于内部协调和恐怖主义问题研究的反恐和安全机构。肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚联合共和国各有一个国家反恐中心；乌干达则有一个国家安全委员会。如果有必要，将通过使政策一级的协调下传到行动一级，来加强内部协调。信息交换将受益于技术的改进(例如通过建立数据库并使它们与所有相关的执法机构连接)。可通过现有的区域机构，如东非警察局长合作组织以及国际刑警组织驻内罗毕办事处，加强次区域合作。为确保反恐措施与法治和各国的国际人权义务保持一致而通过主管司法当局和其它当局对执法进行的监督不力。该次区域几乎有半数国家已经采取措施管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让，有六个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。其他国家则需要改进在这方面的立法。大多数受访国有必要加强危机管理计划，以确保获取证据，防止二次爆炸的伤亡，并确保在发生大型恐怖袭击时做到充分疏散。", "边境管制", "40. 该次区域各国平常是使用人工方法检查身份旅行证件。关于原始证件以及身份证和护照发放程序健全性的资料提供得很少。次区域所有国家均在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。然而，筛查这种旅行证件的读取器尚未在次区域推广。尽管该区域各国设立了国际刑警组织国家中心局，但缺乏能力和无法延伸至边境站阻碍了对国际刑警组织服务的利用。委员会对该区域的访问表明，各国需要制订风险指标并提高探测方法方面的能力，从而加强对立法的实施，防止现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动。", "41. 几乎所有国家都加入了1951年《难民公约》，但联合国人权机制对某些国家没有建立充分的法律框架以防止驱回难民表示关注。并非所有进入港都有自动化操作的移民处理程序/系统，而且监测观察清单的能力非常有限。检查假冒证件、通信以及获取和储存旅行者数据的设备即使有，也需要购置或升级。七个国家加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》，监测货物的流动在该区域仍是一个巨大挑战。除两个国家外，所有国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，但各国需要做更多的工作，以确保贸易链，提高在风险管理方面的能力，并鼓励机构协调和边境站的信息交换。", "42. 过去两年，厄立特里亚、肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了报告。除了内陆国家外，所有国家都指定了一个国家机构负责港口和船只安全，并按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》制定了安全计划。这方面需要进一步加强的措施包括实施1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》的其他方面，实施远程识别和跟踪系统，按照国际劳工组织(劳工组织)的标准，为所有海员和船员进行登记，并颁发安全身份证件。", "43. 管制武器和爆炸物的法律没有对武器中介活动和中间商或转让武器载有明确的规定。管理松懈的边界继续对有效的边境管制构成挑战，应该做出更多努力，制订区域办法和最佳做法(例如社区警务)，以应对这些挑战。肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国认识到在这方面与边境社区接触很重要，并定期与社区领导人接触，讨论边境问题。自前一次调查公布后，四个国家接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，两个国家接待了第一周期后续访问团。", "国际合作", "44. 自2009年以来，批准国际文书的水平未变，并有很大差别。有一个国家加入了14项文书，其邻国之一却一项也没有加入。通过引渡和法律互助法律的国家甚少。这限制了它们对其他国家的相关请求做出积极回应的能力。如上文第34段所述，2009年，伊加特成员国内政部长就一项引渡公约草案和一项司法互助公约达成协议，这些公约如果得到充分实施，将加强一些东非国家之间在刑事事项上的合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "45. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 通过并实施列明国际反恐文书中所列一切恐怖主义罪行的全面、统一的国家反恐法律框架，同时与国际人权标准保持一致；", "(b) 加强政策和行动层面的内部协调；", "(c) 加大力度，加强入境点和开放边界沿线的边境安全，并通过制订区域办法和最佳做法(例如社区警务)等方式，预防和阻止恐怖分子的跨界流动，同时按照国际最佳准则和做法，防止和阻止货币和无记名可转让票据、货物、武器/爆炸物的实际跨界携带。", "46. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更积极地与相关区域组织(非洲联盟、东非共同体、东非警察局长合作组织、东南非洲反洗钱工作组和伊加特反恐能力建设方案)互动协作，重点开展旨在克服不足和改进该决议执行情况的活动；", "(b) 继续推进与该次区域各国开展的密切对话，包括通过与面临威胁和挑战的具体国家打交道的联合国各办事处，这些威胁和挑战可以影响这些国家和该次区域其他国家对付恐怖主义的能力；", "(c) 继续积极与该次区域开展互动协作，包括通过促进技术援助、举办讲习班和其他次区域活动(例如2010年7月在内罗毕举办的边境管理讲习班)，以及通过把执行者和业务官员聚集在一起的举措开展后续行动。", "南部非洲", "(安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、毛里求斯、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚、津巴布韦和斯威士兰)", "委员会访问了该次区域一个国家。", "一般性评论", "47. 尽管南部非洲各国已对反恐作出承诺，但很多国家缺乏全面执行第1373(2001)号决议所需的技术和财政资源。南部非洲的自然资源、跨界犯罪以及小武器在以往冲突中的供应使该次区域可能易受洗钱者、国际罪犯、毒品贩子和恐怖团体的影响。", "48. 南部非洲的会员国已从南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织的倡议中受益，这些倡议重点预防和打击跨界犯罪，包括军火和武器贩运(该次区域的一个重大问题)。东南非洲反洗钱工作组在该次区域发挥着关键作用，因为该工作组负责评价其成员国在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为方面采取的措施，并负责制订次区域政策和方案，以了解次区域在洗钱和资助恐怖主义方面的趋势，并确定打击此类行为的行动和解决方案。南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)建立区域预警中心的努力令人鼓舞。", "49. 几个国家感觉很难履行其报告和执行义务，或许是因为这些国家需要解决其他紧迫的关切问题。批准国际文书的比率有很大差别。有几个国家批准了10多项文书，不过，除了两个国家之外，所有国家都需要进一步采取行动，把这些文书全面纳入国内法。", "50. 该次区域非正式经济占主导地位，这使金融交易难以追踪。该次区域国家的经济以现金为基础，容易发生资助恐怖主义和洗钱的现象。为了减少这一风险，应鼓励这些国家继续努力促进包容性金融，设立金融情报中心且使其运作，并审查非营利部门以确保其不会被滥用于资助恐怖主义等非法目的。由于货币和其它无记名可转让票据的实际跨界携带也仍可能用于资助恐怖主义，因此需要通过采用申报表来加强边境管制。", "51. 对于小武器的跨界流动和供应问题，次区域所有国家都应采取协调一致的应对措施。正如非洲其他区域一样，该次区域漫长的海上和陆地边界对边境管制提出了挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "52. 该次区域10个国家中，只有毛里求斯和南非制定了全面的反恐立法，而且只有南非曾在该框架内提出诉讼。联合国人权机制对两个国家不当适用反恐措施表示关切。有四个国家已把招募恐怖分子行为适当地定为刑事罪，而其余国家或者部分程度上这么做了，或者根本没有这么做。有四个国家已采取适当的法律措施把提供庇护所定为刑事罪；有四个国家在部分程度上这么做了；有两个国家没有提供有关资料。有五个国家制定了立法措施，禁止利用其领土实施或筹划针对其它国家或其公民的恐怖行为。该次区域大多数国家在法律上遇到的挑战说明，仍然需要鼓励这些国家将国际反恐文书全面纳入其国内立法，并加强检察和司法部门在反恐案件上的机构能力。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "53. 该次区域有六个国家加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。有四个国家已适当地把资助恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪，有三个国家根本没有这么做。2010年7月，安哥拉颁布了立法，其中规定了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的预防和限制措施。2010年4月15日，安哥拉申请加入东南非洲反洗钱工作组。大部分国家制定了反洗钱立法，其中有四个国家将资助恐怖主义列为前提罪行。在采取立法和行动措施以毫不拖延地冻结资金方面，大多数国家仍然遇到挑战。有六个国家制定了与报告义务有关的一些措施，包括报告资助恐怖主义行为的措施，但只有一个国家的措施是充分的。在大多数情况下，这些措施扩大至银行，但不清楚是否包括其它金融及非金融行业和职业。", "54. 在采取措施设立金融情报中心方面取得了进展。目前，有四个机构可被视为已在全面运作，其中有三个(马拉维、毛里求斯和南非)也是埃格蒙特集团的成员。毛里求斯和南非散发的可疑交易报告引发了许多调查工作，并导致对几起洗钱案件提出诉讼。有六个国家制定了一些管制非营利组织的立法措施。只有南非对其非营利组织管制框架进行了审查。不过，没有一个国家为确保非营利组织不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的而对其非营利部门进行审查或开展风险评估。有六个国家已采取措施控制货币流动(申报制度)。毛里求斯告知委员会，2009年《金融法》对其《海关法》进行了修正，2009年10月1日，该国建立了跨界携带货币申报制度，该制度取代了以前的披露制度。其他国家没有提供这一领域的充分资料。", "执法", "55. 有四个国家建立了由适当机构管理的专门反恐组织结构。南非采取了综合反恐战略，且在其各机构间建立了适当水平的合作、信息分享和行动协调。2010年，毛里求斯在总理办公厅设立了反恐股，由国家反恐委员会负责监督。所有国家都是南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织的成员，因此能够分享预警信息。成员国就涉及被盗机动车辆、武器和弹药贩运及毒品走私和贩运等罪行开展了具体行动。不过，只有在受访国才有可能看到国际刑警组织在当地的国家中心局成功地让有关执法机构与国际刑警组织情报来源相互联系上。2010年7月，南共体为了加强其成员之间的沟通设立了区域预警中心。该中心由外交部、武装部队、警方以及国家安全和情报机构的代表组成。该中心将帮助南共体成员国查明任何危机、冲突或自然灾害的迹象。有两个国家说明了通过司法程序有效监督执法活动的情况。", "56. 所有国家都采取了一些管制武器和爆炸物生产、销售和转让的步骤，不过，除了一个国家之外，其管制武器和爆炸物的立法没有对军火中介活动和中间商、武器转运或安全理事会的军火禁运作出明确规定。只有五个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。《南共体关于管制火器、弹药和其他有关物资的议定书》对南共体成员国具有约束力。南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织在执行该《议定书》方面起到了推动作用，并在这方面提出了很多提案，包括统一立法、能力建设、联合跨界行动、解除武装、复员、重返社会以及发展和破坏。该组织还为执行《南共体议定书》制订了标准作业程序，并与很多成员国一起制订了建立统一数据库和火器标识方面的倡议。南非采用了火器管理的五个支柱战略，且参与次区域消除火器的工作。", "边境管制", "57. 有几个国家正采取步骤把其移民和公民身份有关程序计算机化。除南非之外，大多数国家边境点的旅客检查出入境系统仍为手工操作。南非的陆地口岸与中央数据库相链接，所有入境点都可进入中央自动化系统获取所有旅客的详细资料，这一系统还载有利用各执法机构提供的资料定期更新的警告名单。毛里求斯在2009年采用了新的边境管制系统，可在旅客抵达或离开国际机场时立即将其数据记录到一个数据库中。经授权的人员还可在线查阅这些资料。关于委员会未到访国家的海关在防止货币和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界携带方面的成效，现有资料有限。不过，反恐怖主义执行局设法了解到，南非采用了风险评估技术并在收缴未申报大额现金方面日益取得成功。", "58. 该次区域所有国家都批准了1951年《难民公约》。混合移民流动，特别是来自非洲之角和大湖区的混合移民流动，在南部非洲内部造成挑战，并给有限的现有人道主义资源带来压力。该次区域所有国家都在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。该次区域有两个国家计划采用电子护照。有四个国家报告了本国关于签发国民身份证件的规定，还有两个国家提出了国民身份证立法。目前正在通过加强管制和提高认识相结合的办法，应对伪造证件和骗取证件问题。有七个国家既加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》，也加入了《打击偷运移民议定书》。所有国家都签署了实施海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书。", "59. 所有国家都报告了其执行《小武器问题行动纲领》的情况，但总体而言，该次区域各国需要加强它们在这方面的方案及合作，并采用最新国际最佳做法和军备控制标准。南部非洲次区域小武器的跨界流动和供应仍然是值得关切的问题。《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》已在四个国家实施和适用，其中有三个国家指定了负责港口和船只安全的国家权力机构，有两个国家制定了所有港口的安全计划。只有在受访国(南非)才可能评估《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》其它方面的实施情况(实施达到了可接受的标准)。有四个国家部分实施了《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9中与安保有关的规定。纳米比亚和津巴布韦接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，安哥拉接待了第一周期后续访问团。", "国际合作", "60. 国际反恐文书的批准比率有很大差异。南非批准了其中13项文书，另外有四个国家(博茨瓦纳、莱索托、毛里求斯和斯威士兰)批准了至少10项文书。有三个国家批准了四项或不到四项文书。莱索托自2009年以来批准了五项文书，使其批准的文书总数达到11项。有四个国家制订了法律互助和引渡方面的综合国内法，其余国家或者在部分程度上执行了这一规定，或者根本没有这么做。还有一些次区域合作文书，主要包括1997年《南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织关于在打击犯罪方面开展合作和互助的协定》、《南共体刑事事项法律互助议定书》以及《南共体引渡议定书》。许多合作是通过南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织开展的。不过，在法律互助和引渡合作的实际内容方面缺乏资料。南非展示了提供法律互助的能力。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "61. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 落实其通过的国家反恐立法，同时铭记国际人权标准；", "(b) 审查其非营利部门，以确保其不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的，并对货币和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界携带活动进行管制和监测；", "(c) 更新本国在法律互助和引渡方面的立法，并充分执行南共体关于法律互助和引渡的有关议定书；", "(d) 在与次区域伙伴开展国际合作方面促进能力建设。", "62. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与东南非洲反洗钱工作组、南共体和南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织等有关次区域组织进行更积极的接触，重点开展旨在克服不足和加强决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 通过促进技术援助、举办讲习班和其他次区域活动等方式，继续与该次区域保持积极主动的接触；", "(c) 与东南非洲反洗钱工作组合作促进各国的能力建设，以建立/加强次区域的金融情报中心，并加强各国毫不拖延地冻结资金的立法和行动能力。", "西非和中部非洲", "(贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、佛得角、乍得、刚果、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥)", "委员会访问了该次区域六个国家。[1]", "一般性评论", "63. 伊斯兰马格里布基地组织特别对萨赫勒构成威胁，并对西非构成普遍威胁。这一威胁加重了该次区域各国面临的其他犯罪威胁(主要是洗钱、贩毒、非法贩运军火和恐怖分子跨界流动)。该次区域缺乏反恐行动计划，这阻碍了应对恐怖威胁的集体努力。漫长、无法接近和基本上开放的边境使得边境管理极难取得成效，并且助长了跨界犯罪集团和恐怖团体的活动。中部非洲还面临着几内亚湾等地武装暴力、犯罪和恐怖行为增多的局面。", "64. 是否有能力防止恐怖分子在该次区域(特别是在萨赫勒)的会员国境内组织起来和自由流动，不仅取决于双边和次区域合作是否见效，而且还取决于是否采取措施制订执法和边境管制方面的国际最佳准则和做法，以及是否对边境、海岸和内陆地区进行有效的保护和监测。所有国家的经济都以现金为基础，这增加了通过实际跨界携带货币和其它无记名可转让票据或通过其它汇款系统非正式转移金钱和价值的方式资助恐怖主义的风险。此外，该次区域在执法、法治和尊重人权方面仍然面临挑战。", "65. 自前一次调查以来，单个国家采取的反恐措施在防止潜在的恐怖行为方面发挥了作用，说明这方面的能力有所提高。2009年和2010年，在西非(马里、尼日利亚和塞内加尔)几次收缴了大量军用武器。这些收缴突出说明该次区域的海关机构在世界海关组织和反恐怖主义执行局的支持下开展了重要工作。在次区域一级，根据第一和第二阶段“COCAIR”行动的规定，中部非洲(和东非)所有机场如今都与世界海关组织海关执法网络数据库和国际刑警组织数据库实现连接，海关官员和边防警察在海关/警方联合平台框架内共享旅客资料和其他有关资料。", "66. 为了应付海上实施的犯罪增加的问题，西部和中部非洲海事组织(西中非海事组织)正在海事组织的协助下，通过设立海岸警卫队网络加强执法机构之间的合作。2010年，成员国和捐助者在加纳审查了在阿比让、达喀尔、拉各斯和黑角设立四个控制中心以及在安哥拉和加纳设立两个次区域协调中心的事宜。这个海岸警卫队网络应该能使北至毛里求斯、南至安哥拉的20个缔约国促进和开展旨在保护人的生命、执法、加强安全和保护环境的海上联合活动。", "评估领域", "立法", "67. 六个受访国建立了反恐立法框架，这些国家在该框架内主要依靠刑法和刑事诉讼法。2010年收缴了一批走私到尼日利亚的非法武器，在对此进行调查之后逮捕了一名被告人，目前正对其提出诉讼。与在塞内加尔一样，在尼日尔有一人因洗钱被定罪。大多数国家仍然需要将国际反恐文书中的罪行纳入国内法。受访国制订了制止招募恐怖分子的行动措施和政策。例如，布基纳法索重视打击暴力极端主义的工作，并且正在开展工作抵御招募恐怖分子的企图。提供庇护所的行为主要被定为 “协助”或“教唆”罪。几乎所有国家都把利用其领土对另一国公民、设施和外交代表实施或筹划恐怖行为定为刑事罪。不过，在几个国家，执行这些措施的国家能力有限。大多数国家尚未在其立法中确立对国际反恐文书中有关罪行的适当管辖权。并非所有国家都根据国际反恐文书的规定在其国内法中建立了“或引渡或起诉”原则。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "68. 除了两个国家之外，所有国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。西非在把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪方面取得了某些进展。自前一次调查以来，又有三个国家(科特迪瓦、尼日尔和多哥)已把西非经济和货币联盟(西非经货联盟)关于制止资助恐怖主义的指令纳入其国内立法。结果，有更多国家把报告义务扩大至资助恐怖主义行为，并将这一罪行列为洗钱的前提罪行。由于西非政府间打击洗钱行动小组发挥了积极主动的作用，西非国家的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的制度相对先进。所有国家都通过了反洗钱法。不过，除了几个近期对其反洗钱法进行修正的国家之外，大多数国家仍然需要对其反洗钱法进行审查，以使其符合国际标准。西非经货联盟中央银行已开始对适用于该联盟所有八个国家的《统一反洗钱法》进行修订。该法的修正案除其他外将涉及客户尽职调查义务。2010年，加纳通过了《经济犯罪和有组织犯罪法》，该国还设立了经济犯罪和有组织犯罪办公室，作为监测和调查经济犯罪和有组织犯罪的专门机构。", "69. 尽管可疑交易报告数量增加，但是除了在尼日利亚之外，已起诉并定罪的洗钱案很少(更不用说资助恐怖主义的案件)。司法机构的能力和独立性普遍需要加强。西非在金融情报中心方面取得了一些进展。又有两个国家建立了金融情报中心(使国家总数达到13个)。科摩罗和科特迪瓦加入了埃格蒙特集团，马里不久也将加入。除了尼日利亚和塞内加尔之外，其他国家的金融情报中心仍缺乏分析可疑交易报告的能力。西非经货联盟/《统一打击资助恐怖主义行为法》规定对恐怖分子的资产予以行政冻结。各国面临的挑战将是如何有效执行这一制度。总体而言，该次区域仍然需要建立适当程序，允许在不事先通知有关人员和实体的情况下毫不拖延地冻结其资产，其中包括相称的适当程序保障措施。", "70. 该次区域没有一个国家对非营利部门资助恐怖主义的情况进行审查，也没有就此开展风险评估。大多数国家都制定了关于货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的法律规定(例如申报制度)。除了未加入中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)的刚果民主共和国之外，中部非洲国家都采用了反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律框架，该框架包括自动执行的《中非经共体章程》，该《章程》把洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪；规定客户尽职调查和报告义务；规定设立金融情报中心。不过，有关该《章程》执行情况的资料很少。对成员执行“40＋9”反洗钱金融行动任务组关于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的建议的情况，中部非洲反洗钱行动小组缺乏评估能力。", "执法", "71. 大多数国家依靠刑事诉讼法管理其执法机构的工作。只有很少国家设立了特别或专门反恐执法部门。几乎所有国家都采用人工处理信息，这削弱了该制度的效力。有些国家愿意在内政部建立协调机制，包括行动层面的协调机制，却仍然在资源、管制和监督方面面临内部挑战。有些国家有待处理与恐怖主义案件有关的人权问题(例如，警察拘留超期和利用律师服务方面的限制)。马里和尼日尔是在阿尔及利亚塔曼拉塞特新设的次区域联合情报中心的成员。2010年在喀麦隆新设了国际刑警组织区域局，由国际刑警组织“非洲绿洲”(发展警务活动能力的项目)等项目负责为其提供支助，这将加强该次区域各国的能力。该区域局将与中部非洲警察局长委员会合作加强该次区域的安全。受访国的大部分国际机场都可接入国际刑警组织的“I-24/7”数据库。不过，几乎没有几个国家的陆地边界与国家中央局连接，因此无法利用国际刑警组织的工具。西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》于2009年9月29日开始生效，这是该次区域管制军火贩运活动的重要一步。该《公约》对军火中介活动进行管制，并禁止任何向恐怖分子供应武器的行为。有十一个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。该次区域没有制订反恐行动计划，除了包括非洲联盟所有成员国的非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心之外，该次区域的组织都没有成立专门的反恐部门。", "边境管制", "72. 大多数西非国家部分采取了检测伪造旅行证件的措施。中部非洲国家在这方面未提供充分信息。应大大提高身份证件和旅行证件签发程序的安全性和统一性。马里建立了公民登记计划国家试点委员会，以期实现系统计算机化，并最终可保障安全签发身份和旅行证件。大多数国家仍依赖人工操作的系统。有两个国家未在国际民航组织规定的期限内采用机器可读取的旅行证件。审查此类旅行证件的读取器尚未在该次区域广泛使用。大多数国家未制订货币申报程序。机构和行动能力的缺乏以及语言障碍阻碍了情报业务交流。需要在整个次区域更加切实地执行有关货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的现行法律规定(申报制度)。在塞内加尔，海关官员报告说，与非法现金出口有关的罪行日益增加，为此在该国与冈比亚和几内亚比绍的边境逮捕了一些人。", "73. 虽然除一个国家之外所有国家都加入了1951年《难民公约》及其议定书，但是，联合国人权机制仍对有些国家防止驱回难民的法律框架不适当表示关切。所有国家都部分执行了防止和制止恐怖分子跨界移动的措施，但漫长、开放式的陆地边界将继续对边境管制构成挑战。有19个国家加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》，有15个国家加入了《打击偷运移民议定书》。除了3个国家之外，所有国家都签署了实施世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，并部分执行了规定的措施。该次区域仍然没有制订适当统一的边境管理方案。大部分陆地边界警察哨所缺乏执行其任务的工具和设备，国家边境管制机构既没有相互充分合作，也没有与其邻国对应机构充分合作。", "74. 2010年，在筹备《小武器问题行动纲领》两年期会议期间，16个国家(首次包括几内亚、几内亚比绍和利比里亚)提交报告说明了其执行该《行动纲领》的情况。只有一个国家从未提交报告说明其执行情况。关于1974年《海上人命安全公约》的《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》，所有非内陆国家都指定了负责港口和船只安全的国家权力机构。除了在受访国(尼日利亚和塞内加尔)外，由于资料不足，无法评估《规则》在西非的执行情况。正如2010年海事组织/反恐怖主义执行局/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室在利伯维尔举办的讲习班所指出的那样，中部非洲国家需要加强其海上安全和安保措施。尚未这么做的国家应执行《海上人命安全公约》(2002年修正案)及其2005年议定书。这些国家还需要全面实施《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》及远程识别和跟踪系统；对所有海员和船员进行登记；并根据劳工组织的标准，包括根据2003年《海员身份证件公约》(修订本)(劳工组织第185号公约)，签发可靠的身份证件。最后，1944年《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9与安保有关的规定仅得到部分执行。佛得角、加蓬、尼日尔和多哥接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，中非共和国及圣多美和普林西比接待了第一周期后续访问团。", "国际合作", "75. 国际反恐文书的批准比率有很大差异。2009年和2010年，刚果民主共和国和马里加入了一个或更多国际反恐文书。这一次区域的国家仍需要加强其国内法律框架，以加强刑事事项上的合作，途径特别包括颁布关于引渡和法律互助的法律。2010年，加纳通过了《司法互助法》，该法加强了该国为执行有关法律互助协定和其他法律互助安排而作准备的能力。各国主要通过双边条约彼此合作。第五届非洲法语国家司法部长会议通过的关于执行国际反恐文书的《反恐司法互助和引渡公约》可加强该次区域很多国家之间的合作。同样，在非洲联盟(包括非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心)主持下通过的区域引渡和法律互助公约可加强国家间在刑事事项上的合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "76. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 采用列明国际反恐文书中所列一切恐怖主义罪行的全面、统一的国家反恐法律框架，有效执行反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律和法规，同时与国际人权标准保持一致；", "(b) 加强政策和行动层面的内部协调；", "(c) 加大力度，加强入境点和海上的边境安全，并通过参加讲习班(例如2011年4月国际移民组织与反恐怖主义执行局在努瓦克肖特合作举办的讲习班)等方式发展海岸警卫队网络、海关/警方机场联合平台以及开放式边境的社区警务等现有合作项目。", "77. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续与参与次区域工作的有关区域和次区域组织(非洲联盟、西非经共体、西非政府间打击洗钱行动小组和西中非海事组织)保持积极接触，重点开展旨在克服挑战和加强决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 协助为西非经共体提供技术援助，以期通过西非国家区域反恐行动计划，并在西非经共体主持下设立专门的次区域反恐办公室；", "(c) 进一步加强与下列组织的关系：中部非洲经济和货币共同体、中部非洲警察局长委员会、中部非洲反洗钱行动小组、西非警察局长委员会、世界海关组织西非(达喀尔)和中部非洲(喀麦隆杜阿拉)区域情报联络处。", "B. 亚洲", "东亚", "(中国、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国)", "委员会访问了该次区域一个国家。", "一般性评论", "78. 该次区域大多数国家都受到过恐怖袭击，有些袭击在其领土上进行，有些则针对它们在世界其他地方的国民。因此，对于保持警惕防范恐怖主义威胁的重要性具有高度认识，且大多数国家都已致力针对潜在的袭击加强防御。联合国综合清单列出了在该次区域开展活动的一些恐怖组织。", "79. 第1373(2001)号决议在东亚地区的执行取得了合理的良好进展，但挑战依然存在。立法已经制订——尽管并非都像建议的那样全面，也不总是完全符合国际规范。各国还在体制层面加强了对规定的反恐措施的执行。这方面的一个重要成果是更多地参加和参与了区域结构以及在双边基础上提供了技术援助。有一个国家未提交评估其反恐努力所需要的足够资料。", "评估领域", "立法", "80. 有四个国家已制订了全面的反恐法律。大多数国家已妥善处理了在国内法中把国际反恐文书列明的罪行定为刑事罪并对这些罪行确立管辖权的事项。不过，联合国人权机制对有些国家的恐怖主义罪行法律定义不精确以及被指司法侵权的问题提出了关切。在本次审查期间，蒙古和大韩民国已在一定程度上把为恐怖主义团体招募成员定为刑事罪。现在，所有国家都已在国内法中把为恐怖分子及其支持者提供庇护所和利用本国领土实施或准备实施针对其他国家或其公民的恐怖行为定为刑事罪。各国进一步提供资料说明它们如何落实这些规定将是有益的。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "81. 中国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国已批准1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》并在国内法中把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。这四个国家还制订了反洗钱法。一些国家把资助恐怖主义列为洗钱的前提罪行将进一步加强这些措施。上述四个国家都确保报告义务涵盖了资助恐怖主义的问题，并报告正在扩大客户尽职调查。这些国家已设立金融情报中心，并制订了立法以管制现金和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界流动。中国、日本和大韩民国已制订了规范非营利组织活动的法律条文。中国和大韩民国正考虑把报告义务扩大到包括非金融行业和专业。这四个国家也有规定允许冻结被指认者的资产，但这些规定还可进一步加强，例如建立足够的法律保障，使被指认个人或实体能够就指认提出上诉或请求对被冻结的资金给予人道主义豁免。", "执法", "82. 有四个国家已订立了指导执法机构的国内反恐战略和立法框架。四个国家设立国家执法单位并配备了适当工具，负责落实立法授权所支持的反恐措施和举措。不过，联合国人权机制对一些执法机构被指侵犯人权的情况表示了关切。有三个国家在本国执法主管部门之间建立了程度合理的协调与合作。所有国家都采取了一些步骤对军火和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让进行管制，但有些国家的国内立法对于军火中介活动、武器过境或安全理事会军火禁运问题并未载有明确规定。有一个国家尚未加入《管制火器议定书》。", "边境管制", "83. 有四个国家已出台了对照国家数据库中当局所掌握的涉案人资料对旅客进行筛查的程序。有四个国家使用了检测伪造旅行证件的现代化设备。这些国家报告说已采取控制措施确保旅行证件发放程序的健全和安全。中国、日本和大韩民国可以利用国际数据库对个人进行筛查。有四个国家已发放了符合证件安全国际标准的机器可读旅行证件。中国最近启动了该国的电子护照方案初步阶段。所有国家都颁布了法律以防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动，有四个国家采取了积极步骤缉拿罪犯。有四个国家签署或批准了《打击贩运人口议定书》，并有三个国家签署或批准了《打击偷运移民议定书》。中国、日本和大韩民国是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国，但其中有两个国家未提供足够信息，因此无法确定它们是否已设立一个可查出寻求庇护者中恐怖分子的有效制度。", "84. 有四个国家已签署了执行《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，以确保货物安全，防止其被用于恐怖主义目的，其中三个国家已达到较先进的执行阶段。这些国家中有三个已设立机制管制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动，尽管检测非法运送的方法还有待加强。有四个国家已出台了立法以执行确保民航安全的标准和惯例。所有国家都由国际民航组织通过其普遍保安审计计划进行了审计。有三个国家已建立了处理海事安全需求的法律框架，并按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》部分地执行了港口和船舶安全的强制性国际标准。有三个国家已就武器、弹药和爆炸物以及核、化学和生物材料及其运载工具的跨界流动出台了严格的管制措施。这三个国家执行了《小武器问题行动纲领》，但其中两国没有就行动纲领提出报告，而且似乎没有为打击军火走私订立一个国家实施方案。", "国际合作", "85. 有四个国家已批准了国际反恐文书中的至少12份。有三个国家出台了允许引渡、司法互助和信息交流的法律条文，并与其他国家缔结了相关的双边条约或作出其他安排。蒙古采取了类似的行动，但该国在这方面的努力还有待加强。有两个国家可以为加强合作努力增加与其他国家作出这种安排的数目。有三个国家出台了一些程序，禁止引渡可能面临酷刑或迫害危险的个人。有两个国家都没有就其驱回难民的惯例/程序提供资料。国际人权机制对有两个国家的引渡程序中缺少适当法律保障表示关切。中国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国都有构成其各自反恐战略之一部分的早期预警系统。除了一个几乎没有提供相关信息的国家之外，所有东亚国家都是反恐方面几个区域组织或国际合作机制的成员，并致力于加强这些关系。", "就执行决议的切实可行方法提出的建议", "86. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 审查本国的刑法，以确保把为恐怖行动和恐怖团体招募人员充分定为刑事罪；", "(b) 解决在把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪方面的不足之处，并将这种行为列为洗钱的前提罪行，同时解决在冻结恐怖分子资产方面的不足之处，尤其是要允许足够的保障并把人道主义豁免纳入冻结程序中；", "(c) 审查本国的刑法，以确保恐怖活动的法律定义和将恐怖分子绳之以法的程序严谨并符合关于法治的相关原则。", "87. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与就第1373(2001)号决议执行情况提供资料有限的国家进行更积极的接触；", "(b) 通过各种办法与有关国际和区域组织更紧密合作，包括促进提供方/捐助方的技术援助和组织讲习班及其他区域活动，以解决需要注意的具体执行问题；", "(c) 与国际和区域组织及各国进行更积极的互动协作，以推动经验的分享和技术援助的提供。", "太平洋岛屿", "(斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚(联邦)、瑙鲁、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图)", "委员会未访问该次区域任何国家。", "一般性评论", "88. 太平洋岛屿论坛各国地理位置偏僻、交通不便、幅员较小(一个不利于匿名的因素)且金融和商业部门相对简单，因此被认为恐怖主义危险较低。然而，由于重大的资源制约妨碍了在许多反恐领域落实规定的管制措施，该区域至少存在着被用作恐怖活动避风港的脆弱性。", "89. 太平洋区域存在跨国犯罪，其中包括贩毒、贩运人口和洗钱。太平洋岛屿论坛国家需要持续的能力建设(包括加强边境和海事安全管制)以处理这种犯罪与恐怖主义的任何潜在关联。", "90. 不过，太平洋岛屿论坛国家在按照第1373(2001)号决议执行各种反恐措施方面取得了良好进展。它们制订了反恐立法并努力进一步加强区域协调及合作，特别是在海事方面。打击跨国犯罪的执法努力有所增强，并可在需要时转化为反恐努力。已采取数项举措，提高对金融机构根据反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法按要求进行报告的认识。", "评估领域", "立法", "91. 很少有国家在其国内立法中充分编入了恐怖主义犯行。有七个国家关于法院管辖权的法律条文没有规定它们已加入的有关国际文书所要求的范围，尽管大多数国家都应用了“引渡或起诉”的原则。有六个国家把招募恐怖分子定为刑事罪，而萨摩亚的反恐法草案一旦通过，将产生同样效力。有两个国家采用了特别刑事程序，如预防性拘留和为某些调查技术规定的“特别权力”。然而，未就附带保障措施提供任何资料。有几个国家已为其反恐立法起草了修正案，但尚未颁布。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "92. 有十个国家加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，其中六个国家已把资助恐怖主义适当定为刑事罪。所有国家都已设立金融情报中心，其中三个已正常运作。其余中心的运作效率和效力水平参差不齐，需要技术援助以提高它们的能力，使其符合国际标准。虽然所有国家都已通过反洗钱立法，但在大多数情况下，相关规定都存在不足之处，包括未在洗钱的前提犯罪清单上列入资助恐怖主义的行为，并把某些相关的非金融行业和专业排除在有义务向金融情报中心提交可疑交易报告、进行客户尽职调查和适当保存记录的实体名单之外。在有些情况下，反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律从未被用作刑事诉讼或指控的依据。大多数国家已出台了管制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的法律。有七个国家已制订规范非营利组织的立法，但很少有国家采取措施防止通过这种组织对恐怖主义进行资助。对大多数国家而言，监管和监测替代汇款系统仍是一项挑战。", "执法", "93. 有十个国家设立了负责制订共同反恐战略和方针、指导执法努力和协调国内安全事务的国家安全机构(“法律机构联合小组”)或高级别中央办事处(由执法机构、司法部委和检察官组成)。各执法机构采用了各种机制维护法治，例如密切合作和积极执法。有三个国家设立了负责调查恐怖主义和其他罪行的打击跨国犯罪股。不过，各国的报告中并未载入资料说明执法机制或说明具体的特别刑事诉讼程序或特殊的调查技术。只有五个国家为国际刑警组织成员。所有国家都通过区域执法机制分享信息。在国内，执法机构依靠相关的法律规定、谅解备忘录以及国家中央机构的成员资格进行合作、协调及信息交流。不过，没有国家提供有关这方面实际机制的信息。所有国家都制订了法律以管制小武器和弹药的制造、拥有、获取、销售、转让、运输和供应，但这些法律未对军火中介活动、武器过境或安全理事会军火禁运作出明确规定。只有一个国家加入《管制火器议定书》。有关信息提供得太少，难以确定各国政府在反恐或监督反恐活动方面采取的体制或业务办法。各国政府看来认为恐怖主义威胁很低，因此把执法资源主要用于调查普通罪行。", "边境管制", "94. 所有国家都制订了移民和护照法，以监管移民和旅行证件问题。有九个国家对身份和旅行证件的发放实行了一些立法管制。有十个国家签发了机器可读旅行证件，有两个国家正朝这个方向采取步骤。所有国家似乎都对抵达和出发的旅客进行筛查，但有九个国家用于筛查旅客的数据性质不明。有三个国家报告说，它们对照国家数据库筛查旅客。没有国家提供足够信息说明为确保证件发放程序安全或在边界点查出犯罪分子而实行的实际管制措施。该次区域各国没有说明用于防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的程序或机制。有五个国家是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国，但只有一个国家批准了《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "95. 有四个国家签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，并正在向执行阶段迈进。没有提供资料说明为管制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动而实行的机制。应加强努力落实管制小武器、轻武器和爆炸物的立法，而只有四个国家执行了《小武器问题行动纲领》。大多数国家出台了设立国家航空安全主管机构和执行航空安全标准的法律，但很少有国家提供资料说明其执行《芝加哥公约》相关附件的情况。在审查期间，国际民航组织对五个国家进行了航空安全审计。提交给海事组织的报告显示，有七个国家似乎执行了《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》一些方面的规定，包括制订港口设施安全计划。不过，一些国家似乎并未按照该《规则》的要求根据安全审计/测试的结果定期更新其安全计划。有两个国家为加强对抵达船只的检查作出了协调一致的努力。尽管如此，现有资料无法清楚说明执行航空、海事或货物安全措施、实行边境管制或落实执行方案以确保小武器不落入未获授权个人手中的情况。", "国际合作", "96. 该次区域对国际反恐文书的批准情况达到了合理水平。有六个国家批准了十项或更多文书，斐济和瑙鲁批准了全部16项。其他国家继续在为批准作出努力。所有国家都作出了法律互助安排以促进区域和国际合作，并全都制订了引渡和司法互助法，但由于缺少资料，目前不可能确定双边和多边条约及安排的范围或数目或合作及协调的程度。关于犯罪和打击犯罪立法办法的信息交流大都局限在次区域和邻近的管辖区，一般都是在区域声明支持下通过区域机构完成。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "97. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 进一步将本国反恐框架制度化并审查各自的刑法，以确保将每一指定类别中的恐怖主义罪行适当定为刑事罪；并在适用时制订反恐立法；", "(b) 进一步建立本国金融情报中心和执法机构调查金融及与恐怖主义有关罪行的能力；", "(c) 加强各有关主管部门之间的信息分享并继续强化区域协调及合作。", "98. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与在该区域开展工作的国际和区域组织(亚洲开发银行、亚太反洗钱工作组、大洋洲海关组织、太平洋岛屿非政府组织协会和太平洋岛屿论坛秘书处)进行更积极的接触，并开展旨在克服不足和改进决议执行情况的活动；", "(b) 通过各种办法(包括与提供方/捐助方联合促进技术援助和举办讲习班及其他区域活动)更密切地与太平洋岛屿国家合作，以解决需要注意的具体执行问题；", "(c) 考虑今后访问该次区域(委员会未访问过该次区域任何国家)。", "东南亚", "(文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、东帝汶和越南)", "委员会访问了该次区域十个国家。", "一般性评论", "99. 该次区域的主要恐怖组织包括伊斯兰祈祷团(在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡特别活跃)、阿布沙耶夫集团、菲律宾的一批叛乱团体和泰国南部的叛乱分裂分子。主要是由于采取可有效的反恐执法措施，这些恐怖组织大都被认为在走下坡路，尽管它们仍有能力偶尔进行袭击(例如，伊斯兰祈祷团经过四年沉寂后于2009年7月在雅加达两家酒店进行自杀炸弹袭击，以及最近在棉兰老岛和泰国南部发生的一系列恐怖袭击)。不过，自2000年以来，印度尼西亚以恐怖主义罪名逮捕了600多人并起诉了约500人。这不仅从社会上清除了一大批危险人物，而且还向国际社会显示，恐怖主义是可以通过正常的刑事司法系统予以处理的。", "100.　该次区域各国的行动已远远超越了单纯以执法方式处理恐怖主义团体构成的挑战。它们积极推进不同信仰间的对话和公私合作伙伴关系、订立社区警务举措并尝试狱中改造方案，以努力从根源上解决暴力极端主义的问题。印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡已在这方面积累了一些经验和良好做法，可向有需要的国家提供技术援助。", "101.　除一个国家外，所有国家都在政策和(或)行动层面设立了专门的反恐机构。总体而言，执法能力大大加强。但是，至少有五个国家的刑事司法系统有待改进，以求更有效地将恐怖分子绳之以法。有四个国家在和平时期采用了毋须起诉或司法承诺的预防性(行政)拘留，这种做法一直是人权关切的一个问题。不过，有些国家正日益认识到以人权为基础的办法与有效反恐之间的关联性。", "102.　东南亚国家联盟(东盟)为设立一个区域合作反恐框架开展了工作。东帝汶目前正在申请加入东盟。《东盟打击恐怖主义公约》于2007年通过，但批准速度相当缓慢。柬埔寨和菲律宾于2010年批准了该公约，此前批准的还有新加坡和泰国。该公约还需要再有两个国家批准才能生效。多边和双边捐助方为各国的反恐能力建设积极提供了技术援助。", "评估领域", "立法", "103.　有八个国家把反恐措施纳入了其国内法或出台了特别的反恐法律。新加坡通过了纳入第1373(2001)号决议所有要素的全面反恐法律。柬埔寨最近出台了全面反恐法律。有三个国家仍必须制订适当的反恐法律条文。有些国家的恐怖主义定义似乎模糊不清或过于宽泛，应当根据国际规范进行调整。该次区域有半数国家没有把为恐怖主义团体招募成员定为刑事罪。大多数国家都没有把煽动恐怖主义定为刑事罪，而在已定为刑事罪的国家，定义一般都不够具体，从而令人担心这些法律可被用于压制言论自由。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "104.　虽然除一个国家外，所有国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，但该次区域几乎半数国家都没有充分地把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。有些国家未按照国际规范将洗钱定为刑事罪。反洗钱金融行动任务组的国际合作审查小组在2009年6月指出，该次区域有六个国家在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为方面存在不足之处。有四个国家没有负责冻结恐怖分子资产和资金的机制，而大多数国家的冻结机制并不总是能按照第1373(2001)号决议的要求“毫不拖延地”发挥作用。客户尽职调查和记录保存在大多数国家都有所改善。除一个国家外，所有国家都设立了金融情报中心，且所有国家都经历了要求它们处理的可疑交易报告数目显著增加。五个金融情报中心大幅度增强了与报告实体进行沟通和分析可疑交易报告的能力。马来西亚和新加坡被认为有能力向有需求的其他国家提供与金融情报中心职能有关的技术援助。在大多数国家，报告义务尚未延伸到所有被指认的非金融行业和专业。公职人员中对非营利部门被滥用于资助恐怖主义目的之风险的认识近几年来大有提高，并有许多国家正尝试审查本国的非营利部门，以确保实行适当的监管。作为新型支付方法等技术进步的反映，许多国家在管制替代汇款系统方面面临新挑战。大多数国家都制订了法律条文，以管制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动。", "执法", "105.　东帝汶最近完成了将国家警察部队制度化并整合成一个独立构架的进程。执法机构组织良好并设立了专门的反恐机构、委员会和单位。但是，在有些案件中，国际机制对安全部队被指侵犯人权的情况表示了关切。2010年7月，印度尼西亚设立了国家反恐局及其工作队，以制订反恐政策和协调相关政府机构之间的活动。执法官员在数个区域机构中得到了良好培训，这些机构包括位于印度尼西亚的雅加达执法合作中心、位于马来西亚的东南亚反恐怖主义区域中心和位于泰国的国际执法学院。东盟各国在东盟警察首长协会的框架之中开展工作并为其犯罪数据库提供资料，该数据库与国际刑警组织的数据库相连结以分享情报。不过，仍需注意机构间合作和情报分享。据信该区域的恐怖分子大都依赖常规武器。尽管有严格的法律和运营控制，但制造小武器和轻武器的工匠和家庭生意在整个区域都依然存在。只有柬埔寨和老挝人民民主共和国加入了《管制火器议定书》。", "边境管制", "106.　除一个国家外，所有国家都在国际民航组织规定的期限内发放了机器可读旅行证件。不过，有一个国家的机器可读旅行证件含有应当解决的安全隐患。该次区域约半数国家发放的旅行证件内置生物鉴别特征，从而使这些证件更加安全。许多国家的边境管制点缺少相关和可行的警务和情报“监视”信息，也未与国际刑警组织“I-24/7”数据库中的国际“监视”数据相连结。许多国家都未完全采用风险管理做法等现代化侦测方法，并缺少探测设备对过境货物进行检查。对现金和无记名可转让票据非法跨界流动的检测，以及海关、金融情报中心及执法人员之间在这方面的协调不是缺乏就是不足。", "107.　开放式陆海边境的管理对大多数国家而言都是一项巨大的挑战，一个重要原因是该区域覆盖了数以千计的岛屿，许多岛屿都人烟稀少。所有东盟国家都表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，有许多国家正在这方面取得良好进展。大多数国家都对小武器和轻武器的跨界流动进行了管制，但若干国家的检测方法有待加强。该次区域约半数国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交报告。在本次评估期间，有四个国家接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，有一个国家接待了第一周期后续访问团。总体而言，该区域的海事安全需要加强。大多数国家没有国内难民立法，且只有三个国家批准了1951年《难民公约》。不过，大多数国家在处理难民申请方面都改进了与难民署的合作。防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的实际措施还有待加强，尚有四个国家未批准《打击贩运人口议定书》，还有五个国家尚未批准《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "国际合作", "108.　有九个东盟国家加入了四项与航空有关的文书。约半数东盟国家批准了1988年海事文书，但没有国家批准2005年“修订海事议定书”。所有东盟国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。与核有关的文书和《关于在可塑炸药中添加识别剂以便侦测的公约》的批准率仍然偏低。有一个国家未加入任何相关文书。虽然《东盟打击恐怖主义公约》尚未生效，但东盟《刑事司法互助条约》获得九个国家批准，已经生效。大多数国家都通过了关于引渡的法律规定，但该次区域半数国家需要改进这些规定。有三个国家不依据对等原则引渡逃犯。大多数国家都指定了一个中央机构负责引渡和司法互助事宜。东盟成员国通过东盟警察首长协会交流信息并签署了《信息交流和建立联系程序协定》。该区域金融情报中心之间有关信息交流的谅解备忘录数目大幅度增加。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "109.　该次区域各国应：", "(a) 加强本国的立法和业务措施以充分解决以下问题：把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪；冻结机制(妥善注意适当法律程序)；金融情报中心的有效运作；根据要求管制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动；管制替代汇款和非营利部门；", "(b) 确保与国家犯罪数据库和国际刑警组织数据库相连接、对工作人员进行检测和检查方法方面的培训并购置必要的检测设备，以在入境点加强边境管制措施；", "(c) 通过培训和研讨会加强本国刑事司法系统，包括在获得公平审判的权利方面。", "110.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 加强同区域反恐机构的合作，这些机构包括国际执法学院、雅加达执法合作中心、东南亚反恐怖主义区域中心等等，以利于提供必要的技术援助和培训；", "(b) 组织区域活动以解决在管制现金运送人和非营利部门过程中存在的不足之处；", "(c) 与合作伙伴一道开展工作，精简捐助国和捐助组织向该次区域提供的双边技术援助，以避免重复并充分满足需要。", "南亚", "(阿富汗、孟加拉国、不丹、印度、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡)", "委员会访问了该次区域三个国家。", "一般性评论", "111. 信奉多种意识形态的各种团体使南亚各国遭受恐怖主义的严重伤害。活跃在该区域各地的恐怖团体有基地组织、塔利班分子、虔诚军等，它们继续威胁着该区域各国的和平与安全。管理松懈的边界、非法毒品生产、日益增加的犯罪活动、全球化以及有限的资源和应对能力促使该区域内外恐怖主义的威胁的国际化。在该区域，毒品生产与恐怖活动之间存在密切关联。各国打击恐怖主义的努力面临许多共同的挑战和制约因素。", "112. 区域各行为体(主要是南亚区域合作联盟(南盟))，早就认识到恐怖主义对其公民造成的威胁。早在1987年，该区域的政治领袖们就商定了南盟《制止恐怖主义区域公约》，该公约要求缔约方将公约规定的行为定为恐怖主义罪行，并为此目的呼吁其成员国之间就引渡、证据共享和其他形式的信息交换开展合作，并且合作起诉被指称犯下此类“恐怖行为”者。2004年新签订了《公约》的一项《附加议定书》，以应对资助恐怖主义的行为。为更有效地起诉刑事案件，该区域各国于2008年签署了南盟《刑事事项互助公约》。", "113. 尽管采取了这些举措，打击恐怖主义的区域努力继续面临重大挑战。各国试图实现和平解决冲突的努力是一个持续进程。在许多国家，机构能力的差距和有限的资源使其很难将反恐工作置于优先地位。此外，缺乏符合国际标准的反恐立法和专业化的反恐行动能力制约了这些机制的有效性。各国在建立反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的制度方面取得良好进展，但在行动层面需要更多的区域合作。", "评估领域", "立法", "114. 亚八个国家中有四个制定了法律，将为恐怖主义招募人员定为刑事罪，并且禁止利用其领土实施或筹划针对其他国家或其公民的恐怖行为。此外，有四个国家制定法律，将个人或组织向恐怖分子及其支持者提供庇护所定为刑事罪。五个国家的法院管辖权扩展到其国民在本国领土之外实施的行为(不论此人目前在该国境内与否)。很少有几个国家全面更新其法律框架，列入具体的反恐法律。相反，大多数国家选择对其刑法做出有限的修正。马尔代夫在国际刑警组织和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处的协助下，于2011年初开始起草一部反恐怖主义法。联合国人权机制曾对一些国家限制某些人权的反恐特殊规定表示关切，这些规定有可能反而给执行司法互助和引渡方面的国际协定造成困难。在这方面，一些国家如能审查国内立法以确保其完全符合国际反恐文书和人权义务，将从中受益。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "115. 除一个国家外，所有各国都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。该次区域近年来在反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法方面取得许多进展。例如，尼泊尔通过了《防止清洗资产(资金)法》(2008年)，孟加拉国通过了《防止洗钱法》(2009年)，巴基斯坦通过了《反洗钱法》(2010年)。印度是该区域惟一于2010年6月加入反洗钱金融行动任务组的国家。所有八个国家都设立了金融情报中心。考虑到南亚许多金融情报中心刚成立，能力发展是优先关切事项。该次区域各国是否有能力依照正当程序迅速冻结资产是一个关切事项。", "116. 在与该区域各国的对话中，委员会确认了一些良好做法，其中包括制定和强制执行相关措施以防止慈善和非营利基金为恐怖主义筹资。这一点在因发生自然或人为灾难而需要紧急调动大量外部资金时尤其重要(这些资金通常作为慈善捐款通过非营利组织支付)。旨在便利紧急救济工作的良好做法(例如简化登记、海关和签证发放程序)得到确认。所有八个国家都制定了管理非营利组织的法律，但似乎许多国家的执法工作都需要改进。此外，货币和价值转移系统仍存在许多脆弱环节。尽管一些南亚国家已经建立了现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动申报制度，但一些制度仅针对从境内流出的现金而忽略流入境内的现金。因此需要采取更多的立法措施。", "执法", "117. 委员会访问的三个国家都推出了综合反恐战略，并采取步骤制订由相关机构管理的专门的反恐体制架构和措施。这些国家均认识到各机构之间以及在区域与国家两级之间开展合作、共享资料和相互协调的重要性。三个受访国均发挥重要作用，创设了专门的反恐机构和/或警察单位，并确保为这些单位提供必要培训和工具以便履行其在一系列反恐领域中的职责。例如，不丹于2009年在其警察部门中设立了一支精英特种部队以应对恐怖主义。印度于2008年设立了国家调查局，负责对恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪进行调查和起诉。", "118. 该次区域缺乏保护证人及执法和司法人员的证人保护法和方案，唯一的例外是斯里兰卡，该国正在起草相关立法草案。联合国人权机制发现在一些情况下存在与过度使用暴力有关的严重关切事项，并且，就努力在执法机构的工作中实现人权保障制度化而言，仍然存在挑战。另一项挑战是加强区域合作以及执法人员之间的资料共享。各国应加强法律框架，将非法生产、持有和贩运小武器和爆炸物定为刑事罪。只有一个国家加入了《管制火器议定书》。", "边境管制", "119. 陆地边境管制存在很多疏漏，这一点对几乎所有国家都构成威胁。为此，四个国家颁布法律，惩处个人无证件跨越国界的行为。各国正在做出努力，加强控制身份证件和旅行证件的发放。各国均已建立发放机器可读旅行证件的程序。孟加拉国和尼泊尔于2010年开始发放机器可读旅行证件。印度的单一身份管理局于2010年9月29日开始发放单一身份号码，巴基斯坦设立了国家数据库和登记管理局，建立起一个先进的民事登记计算机系统，有助于便利身份和旅行证件的安全发放。一些国家已经采取行动步骤，以确保执行现金运送的相关法律。南亚海关官员参与了“阿特拉斯行动”(2009年10月26日至30日)，这次行动是有史以来最大的一次针对现金走私人员的多边行动，世界海关组织80个成员国参与其中。大多数国家应采取进一步实际措施，以查明并遏制现金非法跨界流动。所有国家均表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。各国均未制定关于庇护的国内法，而且仅有阿富汗加入了1951年《难民公约》及其1997年《议定书》。因此，在目前情况下，不能对难民进行系统甄别，以查明其是否与恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪活动有潜在联系。在把贩运人口和偷运移民定为刑事罪方面，只有印度加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "120. 需要进一步采取步骤，以实施遏制武器和爆炸物走私的实际措施。尽管2010年有三个国家、2008年有一个国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了报告，但另外四个国家从未向行动纲领提交过报告。作为国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划的组成部分，2009年和2010年对孟加拉国、不丹和尼泊尔的机场进行了审计。在海事安保方面，《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》(1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》)在次区域五个国家中适用且已生效，其中四个国家已经指定了负责船舶安全的国家管理局，三个国家指定了负责港口安全的国家管理局。", "国际合作", "121. 有两个国家加入了至少13项国际反恐文书。各国均未批准《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约2005年议定书》和《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为2005年议定书》。该区域在这方面的最新活动是巴基斯坦于2009年6月批准了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。在南盟恐怖犯罪监察股2010年6月的一次会议上，南盟会员国决定实时共享资料并在恐怖分子照片、恐怖事件和恐怖主义档案等许多相关领域交换数据。", "122. 为了增强南亚执法官员打击恐怖主义和相关犯罪的能力，并同时加强区域合作及执法人员之间的信息共享，反恐怖主义委员会执行局促成了(从2009年11月开始)举办一系列讲习班，这些讲习班的目的是将执法官员(主要是警官和检察官)聚集起来，分享处理国际犯罪和恐怖主义案件的经验、教训和最佳做法。所有八个南亚国家都积极参加了迄今为止召开的三次会议，南盟秘书处作为观察员列席。从2001年5月在不丹举行的第四次讲习班开始，将吸收法官参与该进程。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "123. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 解决资金转移系统中的薄弱环节，强化框架以防止慈善组织滥用来自海外的资金；", "(b) 制订保护证人、法官和执法人员的框架；", "(c) 加强区域合作及执法人员之间的资料共享，包括在相关人权问题方面。", "124. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续支持加强区域合作及执法人员之间资料共享的各项举措，例如为南亚从事反恐工作的警察、检察官、其他前线官员和民间社会代表举办区域讲习班；", "(b) 加强当前的努力，积极促使南盟参与委员会及其执行局支持的区域活动；", "(c) 考虑今后访问南亚所有国家，并且对已经访问过的国家进行后续访问。", "中亚和高加索地区", "(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦)", "委员会访问了一个中亚国家和三个高加索国家。", "一般性评论", "125. 以下一些因素妨碍了第1373(2001)号决议在中亚的执行工作：靠近阿富汗冲突(在阿富汗，毒品生产供养恐怖主义活动，滋生活跃的武器换毒品交易)；存在非法跨界运送现金的活动(向恐怖主义提供资助的潜在来源)；(该区域的政治动乱和内乱导致)过剩武器的流动；边境偏远且保护不足，外加缺乏人力和物质资源以确保有效的边境管制；存在大量移民工人(转而增加了对非正式汇款系统的使用，这是向恐怖主义提供资助的潜在来源)。此外，伊斯兰圣战组织、乌兹别克斯坦伊斯兰运动以及与之有关联的东突厥斯坦伊斯兰运动、所有与基地组织有关联的团体都在中亚区域的某些地区行动。因此，中亚各国面临严重的跨国恐怖威胁，需要采取区域协同且协调一致的应对措施。", "126. 中亚各国在遵照第1373(2001)号决议执行各种反恐措施方面取得了巨大进展。各国颁布了反恐立法和法律，管制小武器贸易。它们通过加强移徙管制，努力遏制恐怖分子的流动，并且通过加强特定的海关控制措施来提高货物安全性。各国还在反恐法律执行领域做出有力的努力，并且正在增加双边和多边合作。这些措施通过限制上述恐怖团体的扩张而取得了具体成果。", "127. 高加索是一个单独的地缘政治区域。该区域面临的各种恐怖威胁在源头和性质上有所不同，但后果相似。种族和边界争端未决导致的冲突破坏了制订有凝聚力的区域反恐对策的努力。此外，高加索还包括内陆产油国。因此，需要输油管网络来将石油和天然气从阿塞拜疆、土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦通过里海运送到格鲁吉亚和土耳其的港口。有人担心这个战略性的基础设施会成为恐怖袭击的目标，而高加索会成为恐怖团体从阿富汗进入欧洲的走廊。此外，阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚与俄罗斯联邦的高加索地区相邻，在该区域活动的恐怖团体有可能为寻求庇护所而穿过共同边界。", "128. 一些高加索国家已经采取步骤修改立法，尤其是通过建立刑事案件的司法保障制度，以遵守其国际人权义务。然而，该区域各国仍然存在一些缺陷。为寻求庇护者提供的程序性保障仍然薄弱。尽管许多国家加强了司法保障，但这些保障尚未得到有效执行，尤其是在调查的最初阶段和审判前阶段。酷刑、虐待和任意拘禁事件继续引起关切。因此，需要巩固已经取得的进展。", "评估领域", "立法", "129. 所有的中亚国家都已颁布反恐法律。在过去两年中，哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦在把国际反恐法律文书列明的罪行纳入本国刑法方面取得了进展。哈萨克斯坦还惩处了与招募恐怖分子和恐怖团体有关的犯罪。一些国家不妨审核其国内立法，以确保其完全符合各国际文书。应准确定义各项恐怖主义罪名，以维护合法性原则，同时确保这些罪名不会侵害受国际法保护的活动。至少在一个国家，恐怖主义罪的定义似乎过于宽泛，这有可能阻碍国际一级的合作。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "130. 中亚各国在执行反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为规定方面取得了具体进展。所有国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。2009年，哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦通过了适当的反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为法律，根据这些法律设立了金融情报中心，要求许多实体报告可疑交易，并确立了可疑交易的确定标准。依照委员会访问时提出的要求，阿塞拜疆重新定义了资助恐怖主义行为并将其定为刑事罪，大体上符合《制止资助恐怖主义公约》和反洗钱金融行动任务组特别建议二。2009-2010年期间，一些中亚国家进一步完善并扩展了在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为方面现有的法律。例如，乌兹别克斯坦制订了内部控制规则，确立了对未履行报告义务的实体的惩罚措施；土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦实施了严格的客户身份认证和保存记录程序。塔吉克斯坦于2009年10月设立了金融监测部(其金融情报中心)，于2010年11月起草了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为法新草案。在独立国家联合体(独联体)其他成员国工作的中亚移民工人的汇款被确认有潜在的洗钱和资助恐怖主义风险，需要关注。尽管这些资金是通过正式系统进行转移，但客户身份认证程序过于简化、高额汇款以及难以查明资金来源和目的，是引起关切的原因。当此类汇款通过非正式系统转移时，相关风险更大。此外，有人关切，产生于阿富汗的活跃的武器换毒品贩运行为可能会导致通过现金运送活动在相邻的中亚国家资助恐怖主义。一些中亚国家已经建立了跨境携带现金和无记名可转让票据的申报制度。阿塞拜疆修订了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为法律，规定了更严格的客户尽职调查措施。应当定期审查非营利组织部门，以确保非营利组织不容易被用于资助恐怖主义目的。", "执法", "131. 自上次调查以来，中亚各国通过加强机构间合作和资料共享以及在国内和国际两级建立和使用犯罪和其他数据库，加强了执法措施，以支持反恐执法努力。土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦正在使用各反恐执法机关都能进入的中央数据库。所有国家都参与了区域执法合作机制。土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦参与资料交换，并(在国内和国际两级)就针对恐怖主义相关人员的司法援助请求做出回应。出于执法工作所固有的人权因素，必须加强监督机制。乌兹别克斯坦建立了法律保障框架，以增强嫌疑人、被拘押者和被告的权利，调查关于这些权利受到侵犯和使用酷刑的申诉。所有国际都已采取一定步骤管制武器、弹药和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。三个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。在国家和国际两级，执法机关之间的合作与协调程序更为明确，以确保有效调查和起诉，这将让高加索各国受益。(例如，阿塞拜疆建立了一个统一的国家数据库，供各执法机关查阅移民、签证和边境管制资料。)此外，各国应更积极地确保有效起诉恐怖主义案件，采取良好做法并遵循公平审判的国际标准。", "边境管制", "132. 本次区域各国的报告表示，在执行与人员和货物跨界流动以及航空安全有关的立法和行动措施方面取得了进展。各国已经确立了相关程序，在发放旅行证件之前确定相关人员的真实身份，且多数国家发放了机器可读旅行证件。已经制订了防止恐怖分子跨界流窜的法律，所有国家均已批准《打击贩运人口议定书》，除两个国家外，所有国家都加入了《打击偷运移民议定书》。(但尚可改进防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流窜措施的执行工作。)2009年，土库曼斯坦颁布《移民服务法》，2011年，乌兹别克斯坦推出机器可读旅行证件。哈萨克斯坦在给予临时或永久居留权或批准入籍之前，根据综合名单、上海合作组织和独立国家联合体的观察清单以及双边和政府间协定对相关个人进行筛查。试图非法进入阿塞拜疆的人员被扣留在边界过境点的临时中心内，经过身份认证和采指纹等程序。亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚都发放机器可读旅行证件；阿塞拜疆还为其护照增添了一些安全特性，所有护照都通过一个集中控制的国家机构发放。除了一个国家外，所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国，但它们的甄别和排除机制执行工作可能有些不一致。", "133. 大多数国家都需要更好地实际执行查明和制止现金运送人的办法，以及发现现金和无记名可转让票据以其他方式非法流动的办法。不清楚各国筛查旅行人员、检查其行李并采取适当行动的程度。除一个国家外，所有国家均表示有执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向，阿塞拜疆正在执行自己的阿塞拜疆共和国2007-2011年海关系统发展国家方案。阿塞拜疆在国际边界过境点安装了武器探测和监视设备。2010年，亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了国家报告。阿塞拜疆对照内务部和国家安全事务局列出的全国“黑名单”，对申请合法持有火器许可的人员进行核查。为军事或执法目的进出口武器需要内阁批准。除哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦之外，高加索其他国家均未批准《管制火器议定书》。该次区域各国越来越多地参与区域项目和方案(这促进了信息和情报的索取、收集和分享)，作为增强能力以解决与边境有关的恐怖主义威胁和有组织犯罪的途径。一些国家缺少证件阅读机等技术设备和缺少充分的数据库链接，因而无法在边界过境点对旅行证件和货物进行全面、有效的筛查。", "国际合作", "134. 中亚和高加索八个国家中有七个已批准了12项国际反恐法律文书，吉尔吉斯斯坦正在积极考虑加入其尚未成为缔约方的6项文书。该区域各国均未批准《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约2005年议定书》和《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为2005年议定书》。尽管多数国家是内陆国，但仍应批准这两部2005年议定书并将其中的罪名移植到其各自的国内法中，以便在答复司法互助和引渡请求时，相关罪行能成为两国共认罪行。2009年，土库曼斯坦制定法律，在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为领域加强与外国的资料共享和司法互助。中亚国家所属的区域组织处理具体的反恐问题，包括在特殊区域背景下的立法、反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为、执法和边境安全。这些国家在上述多边框架下进行互动，但也应当扩大在司法互助和引渡事项中的双边联系，并在边境安全方面开展共同合作(尤其是因为恐怖主义威胁通常具有跨境性质)。没有任何一个国家能独自对抗恐怖主义，因为恐怖主义威胁的跨国性质要求与其他国家进行合作和协调。在高加索地区，恐怖活动、持续敌对和石油工业的存在综合在一起，需要在执行反恐措施方面开展强有力的合作。为此原因，必须在执法、边境安全、司法互助和引渡领域建立有效、持久和全面的区域协作机制。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "135. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 确保建立、维护和更新国家犯罪和相关数据库，并使其与执法和边境管理机关联网；", "(b) 确保在主要的边界过境点安装技术设备(文件阅读器、扫描仪和欺诈检测设备)；", "(c) 加紧对(正式和非正式)汇款系统的管制和监测，包括现金和无记名可转让票据的实物跨界流动。", "136. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更积极地与在该区域开展活动的各国际和区域组织(其中包括集体安全条约组织、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、上海合作组织地区反恐机构以及位于塔吉克斯坦杜尚别的欧安组织边界管理工作人员学院)进行互动协作，以便重点开展旨在克服缺陷和改进第1373(2001)号决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 通过不同方式(包括与援助提供方和捐助者合作为技术援助提供便利以及举办区域讲习班)，与中亚和高加索各国更密切合作，讨论需要关注的具体领域，包括加强刑事司法系统和为法官和检察官举办的专门方案；", "(c) 考虑将来对该次区域进行访问和后续访问，以便更积极地与各国互动协作。", "西亚", "(巴林、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门)", "委员会访问了该次区域七个国家。", "一般性评论", "137.　该次区域面临的威胁和挑战包括恐怖主义、区域冲突、政治过渡和内乱造成的动荡及海盗行为。总体而言，该次区域各国自第1373(2011)号决议通过以来已加强其反恐措施。然而，还需要对其中一些措施作出细微调整，使之符合国际准则以及执行决议的最佳标准和做法(包括遵守法治和国际人权义务)。次区域各国应确保对执法活动进行有效司法监督，防范滥权行为，防止有罪不罚。", "138.　该次区域若干国家的经济发达地位和邻近地区的政治不稳定局面可能带来资金流入恐怖团体的风险。因此，需要加强金融部门安全和对汇款和现金跨界流动的管制。", "139.　一些司法管辖地区对非营利组织部门严加监管。(例如，科威特和沙特阿拉伯已取缔在自动服务亭募款的做法，相关部委总体上对慈善机构进行更加严密的监管。)应增强连通性，以促进慈善机构和执法机构数据库之间的信息交流。", "140.　由于该次区域部分地区持续存在恐怖主义威胁，应加强边境管制，进行旅客筛查，防止武器走私。一些国家还应更有效地处理该区域存在大批寻求庇护者这一问题，特别是应加入1951年《难民公约》。", "评估领域", "立法", "141.　大多数国家的反恐法律框架主要依赖本国的刑法以及其他特别法令。大多数国家有能力对恐怖案件进行调查。在一些司法管辖地区，恐怖行为犯罪人已被逮捕并随后被绳之以法。然而，一些国家依赖于过于宽泛的法律定义和特殊刑事诉讼程序，这已引起联合国人权机制的关注，并可能造成国际合作方面的困难。一些国家将本国已加入的国际公约看作是国内立法的组成部分。然而，阿拉伯联合酋长国已积极主动地将国际文书中列明的大多数罪行纳入国内立法，沙特阿拉伯和其他几个司法管辖地区也正在审议为此制定的法律草案。若干国家已将为实施恐怖行为而进行的招募活动定为刑事罪。沙特阿拉伯已经制定一个颇有前途的恐怖分子改邪归正方案。阿拉伯联合酋长国已制定在该国所有社区促进宽容和温和的政策，以此作为建立社区复原能力、防范招募活动和煽动激进行为的措施。大多数国家把为恐怖分子提供庇护所定为刑事罪，还把利用本国领土对其他国家的公民、设施或外交代表实施或筹备实施恐怖行为定为刑事罪，并且把对这些目标实施的任何恐怖行为视为危害其国家安全的行为。但是，各国还应依照国际反恐文书，将“引渡或起诉”的原则纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "142.　七个国家已加入《打击资助恐怖主义公约》(其中也门在2010年成为缔约国)。次区域大多数国家已通过反洗钱方面的立法和规定，并建立了多个监管机构。然而，在打击资助恐怖主义行为方面需要制定类似措施，特别是行动方面的措施。例如，大多数国家尚未将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪，也没有将其定为洗钱罪的前提罪行。将资助恐怖主义行为部分定为刑事罪的国家还应确保纳入《打击资助恐怖主义公约》第2条的所有内容。报告义务已经扩及资助恐怖主义行为，这主要限于已部分地将资助恐怖主义定为刑事犯罪的那些国家。其他国家可能已通过中央银行通告，规定对资助恐怖主义行为有报告义务，但没有制定将这些罪行的犯罪人绳之以法的任何法律框架。大多数国家已制定更多的法律和法规，以确保把客户尽职调查和保存记录要求扩大到指定的非金融业务和行业。大多数国家已制定扣押和没收措施。2010年，约旦修正了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律，以使之符合国际标准，其中包括颁布一项关于行政冻结恐怖分子资金的指示。总体而言，次区域大多数国家为冻结与恐怖主义有关联资金所采取的措施还有待进一步加强，包括简化程序和业务以毫不拖延地冻结资金。", "143.　大多数国家已建立金融情报机构。巴林、黎巴嫩、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和阿拉伯联合酋长国的金融情报机构是埃格蒙特集团的成员。其他金融情报机构尚待进入全面运作，可从上述更先进的机构获得经验和协助。2009年，伊朗司法机构和经济和金融事务部成功建立了基于计算机的反洗钱培训试点方案，设在金融情报机构。大多数国家已制定充足的法律法规，对非营利组织的登记进行监管。一些国家还在安全部门主持下采取监管措施。在沙特阿拉伯，慈善组织和协会的账户须遵守沙特阿拉伯货币机构关于在商业银行开户和使用账户的规则。然而，大多数国家尚未对其非营利部门进行风险评估，以确保该部门不会遭到滥用，被用来资助恐怖主义。大多数国家已制定法律措施对现金运送进行监管，一些国家建立了披露制度。", "执法", "144.　所有受访国都通过了反恐战略，并建立了由执法机构负责管理的专业化反恐机制架构和措施。根据观察，这些国家已经拥有比较先进的调查能力。整个区域的取证和技术能力参差不齐，委员会到访的海湾合作委员会国家似乎拥有比较先进的能力。社区警务发挥重要作用，(例如，在一个受访国，政府利用移动“智能”电话向公众通告重大事件，并利用基于互联网的社交网络服务登载警方提供的信息。)大多数国家在政策一级进行内部协调和信息交流，并通过人工或亲自联络而不是电子方式“下达”到行动一级。如果利用共同或联网的数据库，可增强这种合作/协调工作。", "145.　阿拉伯内政部长委员会和海湾合作委员会是该次区域各国之间增强区域政策合作的两个论坛。后者特别是通过利用含有适当生物特征的国民身份证，加强国家和区域安全，为其公民跨越共同边境提供便利。海湾合作委员会打击恐怖主义常设安全委员会每年举行会议，并于2009年通过一项海湾合作委员会成员国反恐官员培训指导计划。联合国人权机制对该区域部分地区在打击恐怖主义过程中过度使用武力和虐待被羁押人表示关切，有鉴于此，各国似乎需要对执法活动进行更系统的监督，例如由司法机关进行监督。所有国家已采取一些步骤，对武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让进行监管，但只有四个国家已批准《管制火器议定书》。大多数国家已制定包括申报制度在内的法律措施，对货币跨界流动进行监管。", "边境管制", "146.　大多数国家已实施识别伪造旅行文件的措施。阿拉伯联合酋长国在证件安全和旅行证件查验方面采取多层面做法，其中包括对旅行证件进行初步筛查，并由一个设备精良的刑事鉴定证件审查实验室对可疑证件进行复检。约旦已向各主要过境点的官员提供先进的证件欺诈识别设备，供其使用。现场观察表明，这些设备被经常用来查明旅行证件欺诈。该次区域所有国家都在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。所有受访国都已使用国际刑警组织数据库。然而，大多数国家还需要把与国际刑警组织数据库的联网扩大到边境哨所，供前沿官员使用。大多数国家已建立查明和制止现金运送的行动机制。约旦海关署已设立反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为股，该股可以进入各种内部和外部数据库，并与所有边境哨所合作。", "147.　只有两个国家已加入1951年《难民公约》，极少数国家制定了关于寻求庇护者的法律，主要依赖难民署驻该区域办事处协助管理这些程序。联合国机制对若干国家缺乏防止驱回难民的法律和实际措施表示关切。大多数国家在批准任何形式的临时和永久居留之前对申请人进行审查。海湾合作委员会成员在这方面使用了先进技术。阿拉伯联合酋长国对照国家数据库中的警告名单，对抵达后申请签证的个人进行核对，这份名单包括拉丁文和阿拉伯文字母拼写。移民当局还使用虹膜识别移民系统，对移民劳工人数最多的国家的国民进行核查。七个国家已加入《打击贩运人口议定书》或《打击偷运移民议定书》(其中三个国家加入了两个议定书)，但是，很难对执行工作进行衡量。所有国家已签署执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，并已部分执行必要措施。在阿拉伯联合酋长国，中央海关情报股将信息/情报输入到电子通关系统的风险说明中。科威特已将风险说明纳入电子通关系统。", "148.　巴林、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、约旦、阿曼、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和也门已提交关于2009-2010年期间《小武器问题行动纲领》执行情况的报告。然而，各国仍然需要加强各项方案及合作，执行最新的国际最佳做法和军火管制标准。整个次区域已部分执行《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》。阿拉伯联合酋长国的杰贝阿里港是中东最大的港口。因此，阿拉伯联合酋长国认真对待海事安全和威胁防范工作，并已建立先进的系统、基础设施和程序，以评价和应对各种风险，同时确保提供畅通的贸易便利。总体而言，大多数国家可以通过利用远程识别和跟踪系统，对悬挂外国国旗的船只或对其自动识别系统以外的船只进行跟踪，以此改善海上能力。所有报告国已部分执行《国际民用航空公约》附件17以及附件9中关于安全的相关规定。阿拉伯联合酋长国和约旦均已接待了国际民航组织普遍安全审计计划第二周期访问团，伊朗伊斯兰共和国接待了第一周期后续访问团。阿拉伯联合酋长国和约旦对机场一级的航空安全政策、方案和安全管制的执行作出了一些重大改进。", "国际合作", "149.　约旦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门均已又加入一项反恐文书，巴林又加入了三个项文书。巴林和阿拉伯联合酋长国现已加入14项文书。只有少数国家已制定关于引渡和司法互助的国内规定。海湾合作委员会成员和阿拉伯国家联盟成员在引渡和法律互助方面依循各自相关的统一示范立法。然而，这都仅限于该区域的惯例，而这一惯例还受到多边和双边条约的约束。与该区域以外的国家进行法律互助和引渡主要受双边条约的约束，而且通常是在收到国际刑警组织发出的通知后才对引渡予以考虑。大多数国家应从“政治罪”豁免中排除其已加入的国际反恐文书中列明的罪行。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "150.　本次区域各国应：", "(a) 培训检察官和法官以及其他相关执法官员，以切实执行最近通过的反恐和(或)反洗钱法律，并适当关注国际人权义务；", "(b) 加强打击资助恐怖主义的立法和法规框架，包括把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪，采取必要措施，毫不拖延地冻结资金，并对非营利部门进行风险评估；", "(c) 继续采取措施，通过执行相关国际最佳准则和做法加强边境安全。", "151.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更加积极地与阿拉伯国家联盟、海湾合作委员会、伊斯兰会议组织、中东和北非金融行动特别工作组等相关区域组织互动协作，重点开展旨在克服挑战和改善决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 继续推进与该区域受访国开展的密切对话，特别是考虑到该次区域目前的事态发展。这还将有助于查明促进技术援助的最佳方式，例如，通过举办讲习班和开展其他区域活动，处理在执行方面需要关注的具体问题；", "(c) 对西亚各国进行进一步后续访问，并利用访问该区域的机会与相关国家官员举行双边会晤，以此更加积极地与次区域各国进行互动协作。", "C. 拉丁美洲", "中美洲和加勒比", "(安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、格林纳达、危地马拉、海地、洪都拉斯、牙买加、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯以及特立尼达和多巴哥)", "委员会访问了该次区域两个国家。", "一般性评论", "152.　中美洲和加勒比区域的恐怖主义威胁程度依然很低。在整个区域，还没有记录或发现本土恐怖主义以及恐怖团体或恐怖主义嫌疑人的活动。然而，刑事犯罪活动不断升级及其对社会造成的破坏性影响，依然是该次区域各国所面临的最大安全挑战。一系列因素导致了犯罪和不安全的局面，其中主要是非法毒品贸易、非法贩运武器、贩运人口、帮派交战、失业、腐败，以及在某些情况下刑事司法制度没有能力将犯罪人绳之以法。尽管没有把恐怖主义具体说成是一种普遍存在的现象，但这无疑是一个令人关注的领域，因为上述许多因素有可能在该区域助长恐怖主义行为。此外，由于其所处的地理位置(其中包括广阔、开放的海洋边界以及众多的小岛屿国家)，该区域在海洋领域容易受到犯罪活动的影响，因此在海上和边境的有效管制方面面临挑战。由于用来应对挑战的人力和物质资源存在制约，这些挑战变得复杂化。然而，各国政府为了解决这些问题，继续执行必要措施，并开展双边和区域合作。小武器易于获得已成为中美洲令人严重关切的问题。处于流通之中的未登记小武器达到200多万件。", "153.　该次区域在遵守第1373(2001)号决议方面取得了良好的进展，特别是在打击资助恐怖主义行为以及采取与港口和机场管制有关的措施方面。同样，已通过反恐立法，为司法和检察机关提供了将恐怖分子绳之以法的足够法律权限。各国已制定区域性机制，确保在金融系统管制、执法和边境管制方面进行协调一致的法律和体制能力建设，并确保开展合作，对人权和避免活动重复给予关注。", "评估领域", "立法", "154.　中美洲和加勒比各国都已出台反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义立法，其中包括对恐怖主义和资助恐怖主义罪行作出规定。然而，各国尚未将各国际文书规定的罪行全面纳入国内法。所有国家都禁止本国国民利用其领土实施或筹备针对其他国家的恐怖行为，三分之一的国家已制定适当措施，以制止为恐怖团体招募成员，把为恐怖分子或其支持者提供庇护所定为刑事罪，在国内法中对相关犯罪规定充足的管辖权。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "155.　大多数中美洲和加勒比国家已批准《打击资助恐怖主义公约》，并已通过反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的立法，将资助恐怖主义单独定为一种罪行，并作为洗钱的前提罪行。尽管各国已建立金融情报中心，对特别交易报告作出分析，但是，其中一些中心需要开展行动方面的能力建设。各国还可以改善金融机构遵守客户尽职调查标准的情况，特别是在涉及政治风险人物方面。许多国家已制定立法，对现金和无记名可转让票据的实物跨界流动进行管制。2009年，哥斯达黎加批准了《反恐怖主义法》，并将资助恐怖主义列入其中。2010年期间，伯利兹、牙买加和圣卢西亚修订了本国的打击资助恐怖主义法律规定，以进一步加强本国的各项制度。牙买加已启动一项方案，使其金融情报中心实现现代化。巴巴多斯也核准在金融情报中心增设六个职位，并将该中心的信息技术系统更新换代。安提瓜、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、百慕大、多米尼克、格林纳达、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚以及圣文森特和格林纳丁斯的金融情报中心已成为埃格蒙特集团的成员。若干国家尚未执行查明和毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资产的程序。约半数国家采取了一些措施，防范利用非营利部门资助恐怖主义。因此，在这方面必须作出进一步努力。", "执法", "156.　所有中美洲和加勒比国家已制定切实有效的执法措施，并缔结双边、区域和国际合作和信息交流协定。各国在国内和国际上增强了机构间合作、信息共享以及犯罪数据库的建立和使用情况，以支持执法和打击恐怖主义工作。该次区域各国均已加入国际刑警组织，并已设立国家中心局。一些国家还加入了中美洲和加勒比警察局长委员会，可以利用该委员会的数据库。然而，许多国家需要改善本国国家中心局的能力，以确保边境检查站与中央数据库连线。该次区域容易受到武器走私的影响，尽管17个国家已批准《管制火器议定书》，大多数国家的国内立法在管制涉及小武器和轻武器的各种非法活动方面存在漏洞。", "边境管制", "157.　在多国生物特征边境管制方案方面，加勒比区域走在前列，有15个国家和18个机场在运作上采用了相同的指纹和面部生物特征识别系统。该区域还制定了加勒比旅行通行证方案，为加勒比共同体的公民和合法居民过境提供安全和便利。该次区域所有国家利用各种本国和国际数据库，对游客以及申请签证或居留地位的人进行审查。所有国家都签发了机器可读旅行证件，一些国家还采用了旅客信息预报系统。三分之二的国家已建立各种机制，以在签发身份证之前确认公民的真实身份，但还需要增强身份证和旅行证件签发程序的安全性和健全性。", "158.　约有半数国家已对小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物的非法贩运实施海关管制，但还需要加强海关管制和官员培训。八个国家已就《小武器问题行动纲领》的执行工作提出报告。加勒比共同体特别工作组和美洲国家组织多层面安全秘书处已实施一项制止非法小武器扩散的区域计划。这一问题已被确定为对加勒比国家保障公民安全和免遭暴力的能力构成主要威胁。迄今，只有特立尼达和多巴哥不断更新本国义务。毒品和小武器贩运依然是该次区域的一项严重关切，特别是无人防守的边境地区。现金和无记名可转让票据的非法流动也是一个令人关切的问题。尽管许多国家已建立各种机制，对现金和无记名可转让票据的跨境流动进行管制，但侦测方法还有待加强。大多数国家表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，而且大多数国家已采取行动，执行其标准。国际民航组织在2009年和2010年对九个国家进行了航空安全审计。由于大多数国家尚未提供足够资料说明本国执行海事组织海事安全标准的情况，因此依然缺乏关于海事安全标准执行情况的资料。17个国家已加入1951年《难民公约》，其中半数以上已制定措施，防止庇护程序遭到滥用。除四个国家外，所有国家均已批准《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "国际合作", "159.　有一个国家(巴拿马)已批准15项国际反恐文书，三个国家已批准13项，而该次区域大多数国家已批准大约12项文书。然而，有两个国家批准的文书不到六项。约半数国家已制定关于引渡和法律互助的适当规定，其余国家正在这方面取得进展。然而，加勒比各国已通过《加勒比严重刑事事项法律互助条约》(涵盖与恐怖主义、资助恐怖主义、洗钱和毒品贩运有关的罪行)。该条约规定，各国有义务在与上述严重刑事犯罪有关的调查、起诉和司法程序的任何阶段，提供最大限度的法律互助。此外，20个国家是美洲国家组织美洲恐怖主义问题委员会成员，其中约半数国家已加入《美洲反恐怖主义公约》，并已批准《美洲刑事事项互助公约》。已经建立区域和双边执法合作机制，例如预警机制和情报合作。该次区域的合作不断改善，但还应得到进一步加强，特别是在边境地区，以期加强管制，防止可能发生的恐怖分子入侵和跨国犯罪扩散。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "160.　该次区域各国应：", "(a) 加强立法和实际措施，对小武器和轻武器的非法贩运进行规范和管制；", "(b) 继续改善边境管制措施，以更加有效地防止和发现非法跨界活动；", "(c) 改善货运处理领域的海关管制办法，以防范为恐怖主义目的进行的操纵。", "161.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续加强与各区域组织的伙伴关系，以支持该次区域的会员国切实执行第1373(2001)号决议；", "(b) 通过出访和加强对话，更加积极地与次区域各国开展互动协作，特别是与关键行为体和政策制定者互动协作，以提高对第1373(2001)号决议的了解，以及提高对切实执行决议的要求的了解；", "(c) 继续促进在已查明的需求领域提供技术援助，与国际和区域组织及捐助国合作，以进行能力建设。", "南美洲", "(阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、圭亚那、巴拉圭、秘鲁、苏里南、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域两个国家。", "一般性评论", "162. 该次区域受到的恐怖主义威胁被认为并不严重，但还是极易发生与恐怖主义有关的活动，特别是在某些地区。在该区域存在着一些活跃的国内叛乱团体，其中包括哥伦比亚的哥伦比亚革命武装力量游击队、秘鲁的“光辉道路”和图帕克-阿马鲁，以及巴拉圭人民军，这些活动均构成实际的安全威胁。在某些情况下，从生产和贩运非法毒品和其他跨国犯罪活动所得的收入被用于资助现存的非法武装团体。保持足够的边境安全管制仍面临挑战，特别是考虑到该次区域地理环境所造成的困难。", "163. 南美国家在按照第1373(2001)号决议执行各项反恐措施方面取得切实进展。各国均颁布反恐立法，大多数国家至少已批准了12项国际反恐文书。已作出努力，进一步加强区域协调与合作。不断加强执法力度，以打击跨国犯罪，并能够根据需要适应反恐局势。各国政府已出台若干举措，以提高金融机构对要求上报可疑交易的认识。", "评估领域", "立法", "164. 虽然尚无国家把16项国际反恐文书中的恐怖主义罪行完全纳入国内法，但有6个国家建立了全面的反恐法律框架。然而，执行反恐条款的情况有待改进，特别是有关边境管制和国际合作问题。智利、哥伦比亚、巴拉圭和秘鲁的反恐立法得到加强。有两个国家查明在编篡有关恐怖主义罪行的国内法方面的不足。巴拉圭最近通过一项打击恐怖主义的全面法律，并在有关反恐和打击资助恐怖主义的立法方面取得显著进展。大多数国家在提高其起诉和司法服务的能力方面取得进展。国际和区域组织继续发挥积极作用，在司法合作、预防犯罪和促进人权等领域提供培训和能力建设。有九个国家已采取措施，制止恐怖团体招募成员。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "165. 有11个国家是《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国，其中六个国家已将资助恐怖主义严格定为刑事罪。虽然所有国家都通过了反洗钱的立法，但在大多数情况下，有关规定存在缺陷，包括把某些相关非金融企业和行业排除在必须向金融情报中心报告可疑交易、进行客户尽职调查和保存记录的实体名单之外。所有国家都设立了金融情报中心，其中六个投入运作。其余的金融情报中心运作的效率和效力程度不同，某些需要技术援助，以提高其达到国际标准的能力。有7个国家将报告义务扩大到包括资助恐怖主义问题。哥伦比亚和秘鲁提高了毫不拖延地冻结与恐怖主义有关的资金和资产的能力，但其他一些国家尚未完全落实。尽管大多数国家都制定规范慈善组织的立法，但至少有十个国家仍需颁布和有效执行旨在防止通过非营利组织资助恐怖主义的立法(前一次调查时是12个国家)。秘鲁和乌拉圭在这一领域已取得改善。没有一个国家对其非营利组织部门进行全面审查，也没有对资助恐怖主义的问题进行风险评估。许多国家改进了关于现金运送者的措施，建立了报告现金跨界流动情况的申报和披露制度。大多数国家监测替代汇款系统的工作仍需改进，这些系统的监管和监测仍是必须应对的挑战。", "执法", "166. 有十个国家设立了国家机构或办公室(综合执法机构小组)或高级别中央办公室，以处理反恐事务。该次区域各国制定联合战略，并在其各自反恐机构之间建立联系。然而，各国的报告中未包含所使用的执法专项调查技术的资料，或现有的特定例外刑事诉讼程序的资料。所有国家都设立法律互助安排，以促进区域与国际合作以及信息共享。还利用了区域执法机制。包括通过预警和情报等开展的合作似乎是有效的。哥伦比亚、智利、巴拉圭和秘鲁还颁布立法，赋予其执法机关特别调查权力。所有国家都可获取国际刑警组织的数据，但在很多情况下，获取和利用这些数据的效果尚不清楚。在国内，执法机关依据有关立法规定、谅解备忘录和在国家中央合作机构中的成员资格，开展合作、协调和信息交流。有五个国家尚未加入《管制火器议定书》，但几乎所有国家都执行了美洲国家组织的立法，将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物定为刑事罪。有九个国家的有关立法似乎比较全面。大多数国家的政府似乎都坚决致力于确保执法机构尊重人权，但在某些情况下，安全部队侵犯人权的情况引起人们的严重关切。", "边境管制", "167. 该次区域所有国家都制定了移民和护照方面的法律，以规范移民和旅行证件的安全，并建立了在发放一个人的身分证件之前先确定此人真实身份的程序。所有国家都签发机读旅行证件。有九个国家执行了有效的旅客筛查程序。跨区域边界的合作有了大幅改善，包括共享信息和海关合作。然而，鉴于该次区域边界的管理松懈，可通过增加警察巡逻和购置监测设备，显着改善控制的效果。有九个国家表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。在报告所述期间，该次区域有七个国家报告了它们执行《小武器问题行动纲领》的情况。大多数国家对小武器和轻武器的跨界流动进行控制，并都在努力提高预防和侦察效果。然而，由于存在大量过去和现在的冲突中所使用的非法小武器和轻武器储存，控制和消除武器贩运活动成为边境管制机构和其他执法机构面临的一项挑战。", "168. 通过培训、举办提高认识讲习班和进行演习，该区域对现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动的管制情况继续得到改善。智利、哥伦比亚、秘鲁和乌拉圭在一些边界站点建立有效的控制，检测和防止非法流动的情况。2009年和2010年，有五个国家接受了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划的审计。大多数国家都出台建立国家航空安全当局和执行航空安全标准的法律，但很少有国家提供其执行《国际民用航空公约》有关附件情况的信息。整体看来，海事安全法规和标准的执行情况也有所改善。尽管取得进展，由于边境管理松懈和存在黑市贸易路线，边境管理继续构成挑战。有十个国家批准了1951年《难民公约》。所有国家都批准了《打击贩运人口议定书》，而且除两个国家外，所有国家都是《打击偷运移民议定书》的缔约国，但是应加大力度执行防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的法律。", "国际合作", "169. 该次区域在批准国际反恐文书方面取得了合理的进展。智利批准了14项文书，巴西、巴拉圭和秘鲁批准了13项，还有四个国家批准了12项。八个国家出台了关于引渡和法律互助的全面规定，其余国家正在这一领域取得进展。通过建立区域合作机制，改进了国际合作。所有国家都是美洲国家组织成员国，该组织提供了在政策和行动领域进行区域合作的机制。只有两个国家尚未批准《美洲反恐怖主义公约》。11个国家批准了《美洲刑事事项互助公约》，余下的一个国家是《公约》的签署国。只有两个国家批准了《美洲国家间引渡公约》，而其他五个国家是《公约》签署国。然而，参与区域合作的一些行为体之间似乎缺乏协调，特别是在引渡和法律互助事项上。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "170. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 对刑法进行审查，以确保每个指定类别中的罪行均适当定为刑事罪，必要时制定反恐立法规定；", "(b) 解决在将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪以及冻结恐怖分子资产方面的不足，并加强对非营利部门和替代汇款系统的监测；", "(c) 加强主管部门侦查货物、现金及其他货币票据非法流动的能力。", "171. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 加强与美洲国家组织/美洲反恐怖主义委员会/美洲管制药物滥用会员会、毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处、南美洲反洗钱金融行动特别工作组和捐助国就一系列问题，包括资助恐怖主义、反恐法律框架和边境管制问题的技术援助协调；", "(b) 考虑未来访问该区域，以便与有关国家更积极地互动协作。", "D. 欧洲和北美", "东南欧", "(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、黑山、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域三个国家。", "一般性评论", "172. 恐怖主义对东南欧国家的威胁程度被认为相对较低，虽然阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、匈牙利、黑山、塞尔维亚和斯洛文尼亚有时也利用反恐立法实施逮捕(2009年和2010年)，塞尔维亚还以恐怖主义罪行将罪犯绳之以法(2009年)。该次区域发生的大多数暴力行为均与民族主义议程相关。然而，各国当局越来越意识到出于宗教动机的激进主义和暴力极端主义的潜在影响。", "173. 该次区域各国在反恐努力方面，面临许多共同挑战和制约因素。区域范围的挑战包括有组织犯罪和恐怖主义之间存在潜在的联系，金融体系存在漏洞和缺陷，这有可能被利用来资助恐怖主义。该次区域也是人口、资金、武器和非法货物的主要过境路线。", "174. 通过建立新的合作机制和加强现有机制，区域合作不断得到改进。各国通过更新其立法，加强公检法和金融机构的能力，在很多情况下，作为其融入欧洲进程的一部分，继续发展在各个领域的反恐能力。一些国家制定了国家反恐战略，但执行程度需要改进，应更加关注预防方面，尤其是应对煽动恐怖主义的问题，以及激进主义导致暴力极端主义的威胁。", "175. 尽管改进了边界管理，对基础设施、人力资源与区域合作进行大量投资，但来自世界其他地区(特别是冲突地区)的难民和寻求庇护者继续利用东南欧进入欧洲大陆。邻近地区更多国家正处在不稳定时期，这增加了来自这些地区的移民和难民涌入的可能性，并有可能对东南欧国家形成重大挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "176. 该次区域大多数国家都制定了现代反恐立法，并制订了执行决议的全面法律框架。尽管如此，仍有4个国家在把恐怖罪行列入国内法律方面存在严重不足。检察和司法当局的能力仍需加强。此外，尽管全球金融危机使资源减少，但区域和次区域组织还是有必要在检察官和法官的培训以及将恐怖分子绳之以法的国家能力建设方面进行投资。总体来看，该次区域各国在把招募恐怖分子定为刑事罪方面取得良好进展。2010年期间，斯洛文尼亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国批准了《欧洲委员会防止恐怖主义公约》，因此该次区域所有国家都已成为这一重要区域文书的缔约国。对大多数国家而言，下一步是采取切实可行的措施和国家预防战略，因为该次区域仍然容易出现招募恐怖分子的问题。据信，还需在国际合作、复杂调查方法(包括酌情使用特殊侦查手段)和保障人权等领域提供更多的有关处理反恐案件方面的培训。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "177. 该次区域所有国家均为《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国，所有国家近年来都通过了新的反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义的法律。所有国家都将资助恐怖主义列为前提罪行，并将报告义务扩展至资助恐怖主义的行为。这些法律按照国际标准，合理地将洗钱和资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。其中大多数法律的起草得到了技术援助，其中一些是委员会访问后采取后续行动的成果。该次区域各国继续制定本国的监管制度，以有效执行该决议在金融方面的规定。例如：作为其新的《打击恐怖主义、洗钱及资助恐怖分子行为的战略》的一部分，黑山通过了2009-2012年期间执行战略的国家行动计划，重点是反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为。所有国家都成立了开展行动的金融情报中心，但其能力各不相同。在这方面，斯洛文尼亚的指定金融情报中心“防止洗钱办公室”即是很好的范例。欧洲委员会评估反洗钱措施特设专家委员会表示，该办公室组织机构健全，具有专业水平，似乎正在有效运作并与警方和其他有关国家机关建立了良好的工作关系。", "178. 另一方面，委员会对该次区域进行的若干访问以及其他国际和区域组织进行的评价表明，一些金融情报中心的能力仍需加强。非营利组织在该区域发挥了重要作用。尽管该次区域所有国家都制定立法监管非营利组织，但规范和监督程度还不够高。没有一个国家对其非营利部门进行过审查，也没有对资助恐怖主义问题进行风险评估。大多数国家仍缺乏毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资产的完整制度。必须加强立法措施，监测现金的跨界流动，以防止资助恐怖主义，尤其是利用现金进行交易的做法比较普遍，因此使该区域易受影响。", "执法", "179. 所有国家都制定了指导执法工作的法律，并设立了协调国家反恐工作的机构。最近，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及斯洛文尼亚改革了其机构间合作机制，以加强机构间合作。该区域各国的反恐协调机构的结构(包括报告、权利和组织结构)方面大不相同。然而，各国反恐工作的合作和协调对该次区域所有国家形成挑战，现已认真做出努力，以提高机构间合作的效率。有六个国家全面或部分制定了国家反恐战略。最近，克罗地亚和黑山更新其国家战略。各国必须进一步努力确保这些战略涵盖有效反恐措施的各个方面，并有必要开展更多工作，以有效执行国家战略。过去几年，已成立了包括预警和情报合作在内的区域执法合作机制，并大大改善了区域合作水平。一项关键的改进是，提高了会员国开展联合调查的能力。特别令人感兴趣的是，继续通过东南欧合作倡议打击跨界犯罪区域中心和最近成立的《东南欧警务合作公约》秘书处开展执法合作。该次区域各国对其易受武器贩运影响是有警觉的，已制定立法框架，将非法贩运定为刑事罪，管制武器和炸药的生产、销售和转让活动。批准《管制火器议定书》的程度非常高，只有一个国家尚未成为缔约国。", "边境管制", "180. 过去五年里，该次区域所有国家签发的机器可读旅行证件都具有强化安全功能。阿尔巴尼亚和克罗地亚处在发放符合欧洲联盟和国际民航组织标准的生物特征护照的高级阶段。这两个国家可望在2011年完成这一进程。所有国家在边界管理方面继续取得实质性进展，这也是欧洲一体化进程的一部分。自2009年以来，该次区域所有会员国都与欧洲管理成员国对外边境业务合作署签署了工作安排，从而改善整个区域边界管理的协调。区域边界管理方面的合作继续得到改善，包括确立了联合巡逻、信息共享以及边境管制和海关合作区域机制。除了一个国家外，所有国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书。尽管取得这一进展，该次区域在这方面却仍面临一些挑战，特别是一些内部边界号称是“绿色边界”，而整个区域的边境管理质量参差不齐。在三个受访国，边境警察没有能够侦测伪造旅行证件的必要设备；也没有建立有效的边界监控机制。在这些国家，正式的过境点往往没有同中央数据库相连接。", "181. 该次区域大多数国家在执行针对现金运送者采取的措施方面面临挑战。虽然许多国家努力增加筛查和检查活动，但大多数国家发现很难执行制止武器贩运的立法。2010年期间，有五个国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交报告，只有一个国家从来没提交过报告。总体而言，尽管取得了进展，边境管制和海关管理仍是挑战。", "182. 近年来，在防止恐怖分子滥用难民和庇护制度方面的努力取得了进展。例如，塞尔维亚在通过了2009-2014年期间塞尔维亚共和国制止非法移民国家战略之后，又于2009年7月通过了管理移民国家战略。该次区域所有国家都批准了《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的两个议定书，以及1951年《难民公约》。然而，从中东和非洲冲突地区涌入的移民和难民继续对各移民当局形成挑战。", "国际合作", "183. 批准国际反恐文书的比例相对较高。近年来，该次区域各国(如波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚和塞尔维亚)批准了一些最新的反恐文书。所有国家都制定了有关法律互助、引渡和信息交流的适当规定。在所有各级(公检法)与欧洲各国的合作水平很高。区域内国际合作大为改善。自2008年以来，《东南欧警务合作公约》秘书处和区域合作理事会在加强区域合作方面发挥了重要作用。尽管取得了这一进展，委员会对该区域进行的几次访问和举行的研讨会表明，需要进一步加强在反恐事项上的区域合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "184. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 建立反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的制度的能力，特别重视金融情报中心、冻结恐怖分子的资金和资产，以及对慈善组织的监管；", "(b) 加强区域合作机制的能力；", "(c) 加强边境安全，在边境管制和海关事务方面开展有效合作。", "185. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续与次区域合作机制互动协作，以加强这种合作；", "(b) 支持各国努力通过和执行全面的国家战略，尤其重视防范恐怖主义；", "(c) 鼓励各国加强边境安全，在边境管制和海关事务等领域开展有效合作。", "东欧", "(白俄罗斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、摩尔多瓦共和国、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克和乌克兰)", "委员会没有访问该次区域任何国家。", "一般性评论", "186. 该次区域容易受到一系列恐怖威胁。尽管恐怖威胁在大多数国家较少，但在其他国家、尤其是在俄罗斯联邦则较多，该国一直是恐怖袭击的目标。", "187. 所有国家都制定了应对恐怖主义的立法框架。但是，普遍需要改善国家和国际两级执法机构之间的信息交流、合作与协调。俄罗斯联邦最近颁布的立法力求在有关反恐实体之间采取更统一的举措。有必要更有效地执行第1624(2005)号决议，该决议鼓励宗教和文化之间的对话和理解，以应对出于极端主义和不容忍动机而煽动恐怖活动的行为。", "188. 该次区域地处连接西欧、东欧和东南欧的交通干线上。这一位置潜在地增加了有组织犯罪以及与走私和贩运毒品、武器和人口有关的活动以及洗钱所带来的风险。", "评估领域", "立法", "189. 该次区域大多数国家都把国际恐怖主义罪行编篡成法。几乎所有国家都规定禁止利用其领土实施或准备实施恐怖行为。此外，各国法院均对其本国国民在国外实施罪行或外国人在其领土实施罪行拥有管辖权。据信，大多数国家制定了全面和连贯的国家法律框架。2009年，俄罗斯联邦加重了对协助或参与恐怖活动(包括招募)的刑事制裁，并推出一项法律草案，加重了对与恐怖主义有关罪行的刑事责任。俄罗斯联邦还通过立法，保护恐怖主义受害者的权利，并出台有关涉嫌实施恐怖行为的个人拘留条件的措施。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰的《刑法》包含确立对审判以下罪行拥有管辖权的条款规定；其国民(无论届时是否在该国境内)在该国领土以外实施的恐怖罪行，和届时在该国境内的外国国民在该国领土以外实施的恐怖罪行。这些《刑法》还规定了“引渡或起诉”的原则。2009年，波兰通过了2009年至2011年保护波兰网络空间政府方案，还通过了一项法律草案，对《关于防止非法或不明来源的资产价值进入金融流通领域的法案》作出修订，并通过了修改《危机管理法》的法律草案。国际人权机制对该次区域采取的反恐措施的人权方面提出了一些关切。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "190. 所有国家都是《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国，所有国家都出台了反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法，并建立了加入埃格蒙特集团的金融情报中心。东欧国家继续加强其反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法和实践。俄罗斯联邦已推出关于监管非营利组织的立法，并修订了其反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的概念，以便把“资助恐怖主义”的概念纳入《刑法》所载关于非法获得核材料和放射性物质的罪行。2010年，白俄罗斯，俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰都成立了金融情报中心并全面投入运作，白俄罗斯和乌克兰通过了关于反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为法律的修正案，在客户身份识别、客户尽职调查、保存记录、确定实际所有人以及可疑交易方面进行了修正，并将对汇款的监督标准扩大到整个国家邮政系统。2009年，俄罗斯联邦更多地参与并协调涉及金融监管的机关的工作，成立了一个由有关部委、俄罗斯银行、议会和检察官办公室高级别代表组成的跨部门委员会。", "191. 2009年12月，斯洛伐克修订了《刑法典》，规定将资助恐怖主义自动视为刑事罪。2009年，波兰修订了《刑法典》，通过了一项新的《制止洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为法》，从而从更大的范围开展反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的工作。2009年10月，波兰在金融情报监察长办公室设立了打击资助恐怖主义行为部际咨询机构。爱沙尼亚的《国际制裁法》规定了金融制裁措施，并于2010年10月5日生效。2009年，匈牙利规定所有非营利组织必须作为非营利性商业协会进行登记，从而澄清了该国非营利组织部门的法律框架。2010年，匈牙利出台《电子注册法》，规定基金会必须进行电子注册，允许所有有关当局查阅登记册，并规定了出版安全理事会关于“制裁”的决议的程序。", "192. 属于欧洲联盟成员的6个该次区域国家通过采行欧洲议会和欧洲理事会2005年10月26日第1889/2005号规章(欧共体)，使用欧洲联盟关于管制现金进出共同体的申报制度。", "执法", "193. 为了有效应对恐怖威胁的不对称性质，必须通过建立执法部门、边境安全和情报机构之间持续不断的信息交流，来加强合作。该次区域大多数国家为国内机构之间的合作与协调做出了安排。2009年10月，俄罗斯联邦总统批准了反恐概念框架，建立了国家反恐机制，以加强国家反恐机构的互动。此外，2011年1月，俄罗斯联邦国家杜马一读通过一项法案草案，确定三个层次的恐怖威胁，并相应厘清了反恐机构的责任与协调。匈牙利于2010年9月1日建立了该国第一个反恐中心。该中心分析和评估对本国恐怖威胁的状况，保护总统和总理，并侦测恐怖主义和绑架行为。有关对执法机构的监督与问责的资料普遍很少。大多数国家出台了控制生产、销售和转让武器的立法，并在一定程度上把贩运武器和爆炸物定为刑事罪。有6个国家是《管制火器议定书》的缔约国。2010年，俄罗斯联邦推出了全面立法，以加强对武器和爆炸物进出口和流通的控制，指派总检察长办公室全面负责监督、调查和落实这些措施。", "边境管制", "194. 该次区域所有国家均发放机器可读旅行证件。2009年6月，爱沙尼亚采用了指纹生物鉴别技术，2009年12月采用了对照“芯片”图片查验指纹的技术。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰按照国际民航组织的规格签发机器可读旅行证件。自2006年以来，匈牙利一直在发放带有生物特征数据的电子护照，自2009年以来，发放可检验指纹的电子护照。乌克兰与波兰共同担任2012年欧洲足球协会联合会欧洲足球锦标赛的主办国，乌克兰在机场和其他边界管制站点扩大了获取国际刑警组织被盗和遗失旅行证件数据库的范围。", "195. 该次区域大多数国家认识到该次区域作为“中转”地区的重要性，纷纷出台有关庇护、旅客流动、预防和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的立法。此外，所有国家或者是《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》的签署国，或者是缔约国，并已批准1951年《难民公约》。难民署为白俄罗斯和乌克兰有关官员进行了培训，目的是确保有效和公平地执行1951年《难民公约》有关确定难民地位的规定。2010年，波兰通过了一项为期6年的方案，以重新训练其边防警卫，以应对当前的边界挑战。", "196. 除了一个国家外，该次区域所有国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书。2010年，俄罗斯联邦修订了一系列立法法案，对交通安全和非法干扰交通业务和基础设施的行为，规定了行政和刑事责任。民航组织完成了对白俄罗斯、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰和俄罗斯联邦机场和航空安全的安保审计。俄罗斯联邦报告说，按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》有关培训、通知和紧急情况下发出信号的规定，该国已采取措施，保护舰船与港口设施免遭恐怖袭击。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰在执行有关确保货物安全的标准和做法方面正取得进展。欧洲联盟6个成员国的海事安全得到欧洲海事安全局的监测和评估，该局检查船级社情况，评估港口国控制系统，跟踪问题船舶并保障船上设备符合标准。该机构监测欧洲和全世界20 000多艘船只的情况。", "197. 该次区域大多数国家都出台了管制武器进出口的法律。2010年，所有七个国家都向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了国家报告。", "198. 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰已采取措施，执行现金和其他货币票据跨越国际边界的申报和检查制度，但可能需要采取进一步行动，以确保海关人员有必要的资源，来检测并防止现金和其他货币票据非法跨越其边界的流动。", "国际合作", "199. 所有国家都批准了13项或更多的国际反恐文书。拉脱维亚是该次区域唯一加入所有16项文书的国家，爱沙尼亚则加入了15项文书。几乎所有国家都采取了预警系统和交流情报安排。几乎所有国家均有法律互助和引渡安排。七个国家加入了申根区。2009年，俄罗斯联邦批准了《独联体成员国之间反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为条约》。它还与外国的金融情报中心签署了51项协定，交流与资助恐怖主义有关的交易的情报。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰的刑事诉讼法都包含有关法律互助和引渡的规定。2009年，俄罗斯联邦通过纳入两国共认罪行的规定，修订了拒绝引渡要求的理由。俄罗斯联邦和里海沿岸国家签署了一项关于在该次区域合作打击可能发生的恐怖威胁的协定草案。", "200. 白俄罗斯和俄罗斯联邦定期参加由集体安全条约组织进行的反恐演习。俄罗斯联邦还参加由上海合作组织举行的反恐演习。俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰参加了北大西洋公约组织的“北约积极进取行动”，该行动涉及对海上交通的巡逻和监测，以遏止地中海盆地的恐怖活动。乌克兰表示愿意与其他国家交流信息，以了解恐怖主义和极端主义组织和团体的活动、计划和意图形成的威胁。2010年12月，独联体反恐中心成员国签署了一项协议，向主管机构提供专门数据库的信息，其中载有列入独联体国家间“通缉”名单的个人信息。此外，俄罗斯联邦的联邦安全局在特勤局、安全机构和执法组织负责人会议框架内，一直积极开发国际反恐数据库，该数据库连接20个国家和两个国际组织，通过控制进入的网站传递机密信息。", "201. 在国际范围，波兰已与包括法国和德国在内的几个国家签署了法律互助双边协定，并主办一个特警培训中心。在次区域打击有组织犯罪努力的框架内，德国、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、波罗的海国家和斯堪的纳维亚国家成立了一个有组织犯罪问题专家小组。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "202. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 制定更加统筹一致的办法和更加有效的机制，以确保国家和国际两级相关反恐机构之间进行强有力的合作并交流情报；", "(b) 加强对现金和无记名可转让票据实际跨界流动以及(正式和非正式的)汇款系统的管制/监测；", "(c) 提高其能力，毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子的资金和资产，并改进客户尽职调查工作。", "203 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 在2012-2013年期间，与白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰进行对话，并组织对这3个国家的访问，以便查明哪些执行领域需要引起注意；", "(b) 与有关区域组织(包括独联体反恐中心、集体安全条约组织和欧亚反洗钱与打击资助恐怖主义行为工作组)进行更密切的互动协作，重点开展旨在执行第1373(2001)号决议的活动，并继续与欧洲联盟及其附属机构大力合作；", "(c) 鼓励各国确保反恐措施的执行符合人权义务，并酌情建立有效的监督和问责机制。", "西欧、北美和其他国家", "(安道尔、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、塞浦路斯、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马耳他、摩纳哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、葡萄牙、圣马力诺、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国)", "委员会访问了该次区域九个国家。", "一般性评论", "204.　该次区域有几个国家被认为受到的恐怖威胁程度较低，但其他国家在30多年时间里遭受了程度显著的恐怖主义危害。数个国家最近成为得逞的和被挫败的恐怖袭击的受害者。这种持续的恐怖威胁来自各种国内民族主义团体和受政治动机驱策的团体，包括分裂主义组织、左翼和右翼团体以及支持某项特定政治议题(例如动物权利保护和反全球化)的激进团体，也来自基地组织等跨国组织。此外，许多国家都认定以宗教为基础的暴力极端主义的危险，认为这种极端主义可能导致本土恐怖分子的发展并吸引潜伏小组或独立行动的恐怖分子。据信该次区域一些国家面临的威胁程度仍然较高。尽管这些目标国的执法和国内安全机构尽了最大努力，但发生更多恐怖事件的风险依然存在。此外，许多国家正经历着在其境内策划、支持和资助冲突地区恐怖袭击的个人日益严重的威胁。", "205.　该次区域各国对于本国所面临的恐怖威胁非常警觉，并已投入大量资源扩大法律框架、建立和加强反恐机构，并努力增强执法和情报机构的能力。大多数国家都采用了尖端技术、信息共享机制和全面的防恐方法以保护本国利益。然而，许多国家的交通运输系统(尤其是重要基础设施)中仍然存在着种种弱点。许多国家还投资了一批社会方案以更好地了解和预防激进化及潜在的招募恐怖分子，而且所有国家都在一定程度上参加了反恐对话。与此同时，确保反恐措施符合人权义务的问题继续是该次区域一个重大的辩论主题。", "206.　该次区域各国都非常清楚认识到资助恐怖主义的威胁，并对相关风险保持了警觉。拥有大型金融部门的国家对可能被犯罪集团和恐怖团体利用的弱点特别警惕。这些国家大都是负有反恐任务的国际和区域机构的成员，其中包括欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟及其各附属机构(欧洲联盟司法合作股、欧洲刑警组织和欧洲管理成员国对外边境业务合作署)、国际刑警组织和北约。欧洲联盟成员国是一系列反恐文书和公约的缔约国，北约盟国及合作伙伴已制订了将恐怖主义、资助恐怖主义和网络攻击视为威胁的新战略。然而，该次区域继续面临诸多挑战和风险，例如跨国有组织犯罪和金融犯罪，这些犯罪可能与恐怖威胁有直接关联，也可能没有。许多国家还将继续大力处理激进化、暴力极端主义和恐怖分子跨界流动等问题。", "评估领域", "立法", "207.　该次区域16个欧洲联盟成员国全都批准了《欧洲委员会防止恐怖主义公约》，遵守了欧洲联盟各项反恐文书，并参加了欧洲委员会恐怖主义问题专家委员会进程以及欧洲联盟司法合作股的工作。大多数国家已完成了将欧洲联盟文书转化为国内法的工作。非欧洲联盟国家独立开展工作，制订反恐立法框架并将国际反恐文书中列明的罪行纳入国内法。大多数国家都通过了适当处理该次区域当前面临的恐怖主义危险并考虑到本国所受威胁程度的全面反恐法律。大多数国家都清楚界定了恐怖主义行为并继续在其刑法和刑事法典中增列了恐怖主义罪行。大多数国家都能将恐怖分子绳之以法并有这样做的政治意愿。澳大利亚、法国、德国、希腊、荷兰、土耳其、 联合王国、美国和其他几个国家已成功地以恐怖主义罪名对一些个人进行了审判和定罪。几乎所有国家都制订了禁止使用本国领土筹划和实施恐怖主义行为的立法，且大多数国家都已将为恐怖分子提供庇护所定为刑事罪。", "208.　所有国家在加强检察和司法能力方面都取得了进展。不过，只有20个国家采取了制止为恐怖团体招募人员的实际措施和国家战略。考虑到该次区域许多国家在招募恐怖分子方面所面临的问题，应当加大努力建立检察和执法部门在这方面的能力。澳大利亚、丹麦、法国、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、联合王国和美国都有海外省、属地和(或)领地，其中每一个都拥有程度不同的自治权和确定其自身反恐立法框架的能力。在可能时，各国政府与其领地合作，鼓励它们起草适当的本土反恐法，但在许多情况中，这些框架还需要改进。国际人权机制已对若干国家使用特别反恐措施和对与移民及庇护程序有关的问题提出了关切。各国应当确保在执行反恐立法时充分尊重人权。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "209.　该次区域所有30个国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，并已将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。所有国家都设立了作为埃格蒙特集团成员的金融情报中心。有23个国家是反洗钱金融行动任务组成员。属于欧洲联盟成员的那些国家还执行欧洲联盟关于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法，并通过了国家立法使之与相关的欧洲联盟指示保持一致。该次区域所有国家都出台了反洗钱法，多数国家都把资助恐怖主义定为洗钱的前前罪行。所有国家都将报告义务扩大到了包括资助恐怖主义，但有些国家还需要把报告义务扩大到包括相关的非金融行业和律师、会计师、信托和公司服务提供商、地产专业人士以及贵重金属和宝石营销商等专业人士。所有国家都已就违反行为制订了一一开列并广为公布的惩罚措施。", "210.　除两个国家之外，该次区域所有国家都出台了立法，通过申报或披露制度监测现金的跨界流动，但有几个国家需要改进其制度，以确保其既处理现金，也处理无记名可转让票据。属于欧洲联盟成员的那些国家都通过采纳2005年10月26日欧洲议会和理事会关于管制现金进出共同体问题的(EC)1889/2005号条例实施了申报制度。", "211.　该次区域所有国家都设立了运作正常的金融情报中心，尽管有些仍在致力于增进能力。例如，希腊的金融情报中心为弥补人手不足的弱点做出了大量努力，工作人员数目从2005年的19人增至2009年末的28人，还将从其他几个机构再借调10名工作人员。新西兰金融情报中心的人员编制从9人扩大到了2011年初的21人。", "212.　虽然该次区域各国在打击资助恐怖主义行为方面运作水平普遍较高，但许多国家都需要大幅度提高重视程度，为冻结与恐怖主义有关联的资金和资产制订有效的措施。欧洲联盟成员国中很少有国家为补充欧洲联盟规则而单独建立国家机制。现在需要这种机制使其他管辖区提出的冻结资产和指认请求产生效力，并使对欧洲公民和居民资金的冻结得以毫不拖延地生效。几乎所有国家都实行了针对预防性冻结措施提出上诉的程序，尽管在有些情况下这些程序的效力还有待改进。大多数国家需要改进它们对替代汇款系统的监管。澳大利亚已在这方面采取步骤，在2010年2月《2010年犯罪立法修正案(重大有组织犯罪)法(第2号)》中澄清了“被指认汇款安排”的定义，并发布了一份讨论文件，对为加强监管汇款部门而拟议进行的改革提供了一个高层次概述。大多数国家还需要改进本国的立法和能力，以防止通过慈善组织资助恐怖主义。许多国家还没有审查本国非营利组织部门被用于资助恐怖主义的风险，但具体而言，联合王国已制订了机制，以评估和保护这一部门，并通过慈善委员会国际方案确保开展国际业务外联以及帮助在世界其他地区建立能力。", "执法", "213.　面临恐怖主义高度威胁的国家都保持了特别的警觉，并采取步骤扩大其执法和情报机构的资源和能力。并非每个国家都有单独的反恐战略，但所有国家都制订了各种反恐政策和做法，并设立了一个国家机构或中心，根据立法授权开展工作，负责管理反恐措施。例如，在意大利，总理办公厅所设负责政治军事股由负责反恐的政府各部门和机构的高级代表组成，具有广泛和全面的职能。几乎每个国家都实行了有效机制，使执法机构有能力打击恐怖主义。所有国家都逐步建立了必要的机构和机构间关系，许多国家还设立了联合工作队和情报汇总中心，以分享情报、规划共同行动和确保协调一致的汇总分析。例如，以色列已设立了一个机构间情报汇总中心、一个查处金融犯罪的机构间工作队和一个反恐工作队。德国已设立了一个联合反恐中心，从而使数个关键反恐机构能在一个统一的地点一道开展工作，实时交流情报并协调分析和行动。", "214.　大多数国家的情报和安全机构都具备调查恐怖活动和同相关执法机构进行协调的良好能力。所有国家都使用国际刑警组织的数据，而欧洲联盟成员国还通过欧洲刑警组织开展调查和行动方面的合作。还为包括早期预警和情报合作在内的执法合作设立了更多的区域和双边机制。许多国家还制订了打击激进化的执法方案。土耳其启动了国家团结项目，以解决土耳其社会中存在的社会和经济不平等问题，据称这些问题加剧了库尔德人的异见和库尔德工人党的招募。荷兰划拨了4亿多欧元支持一个始于2007年的预防激进化四年行动计划。该次区域许多国家的政府都推出了社区警务方案和外联方案，并与民间社会开展了合作。不过，国际人权机制对执法和情报机构被指在调查和审讯过程中侵犯人权的情况已数度提出关切。", "215.　所有国家都出台了立法，对军火和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让进行管制。不过，还需要采取更多步骤，将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器以及爆炸物的行为定为刑事罪。对《管制火器议定书》的批准比较薄弱，只有7个国家完全批准了这一文书。不过，自前一次调查以来，已有13个国家签署了公约。", "边境管制", "216.　虽然该次区域各国已采取步骤降低它们面对恐怖分子机动性和武装时的脆弱性，但恐怖分子和支持者可能非法进入这些国家领土并可能通过犯罪网络采购到进行袭击所必需的材料的风险依然存在。这些国家力图通过一系列边境管制措施尽量减少这种威胁。所有国家都遵守了机器可读旅行证件的规定，且大多数国家都对旅行证件的发放实行了管制。例如，希腊为制作和发放生物特征机器可读旅行证件和希腊执法人员的身份卡设立了一流的机构和系统。美国对其护照进行了升级，使之更难以伪造/仿冒，并推出了防作弊签证。", "217.　以高水平的先进技术和工艺进行边境管制。联合王国(和其他几个国家)广泛使用了闭路电视，而美国则使用生物特征辨识技术核查访问者的身份。大多数国家的边境哨所都与安全的国家数据库、国际刑警组织数据库和国际观察名单实时相连。通过采用联合巡逻、分享情报和边境管制及海关合作区域机制等做法，区域边境管理一般都运作良好。《申根协定》覆盖了该次区域17个国家，为这些国家之间开放边界作出了规定(两个申根成员不再有需要守卫的外部边界)。虽然这极大地便利了一体化，从而改善了贸易条件和合法人员的自由流动，但却也有利于非法货物和人员在一个广大地理区域的流动。不过，申根成员已出台了一系列措施处理这一挑战，其中包括申根信息系统，即一个计算机化的国际数据库，使各国可以储存和分享有关外国人、庇护寻求者、犯罪分子和受到国家安全机构监视者的资料，并有一个“退出”机制，允许其成员出于国家安全原因临时重建边境管制。", "218.　大多数国家都已采取实际步骤查明和制止现金运送人作业，并能落实与现金和无记名可转让票据非法跨界流动有关的立法。加拿大和美国于2010年11月签署了一份谅解备忘录，通过分享有关在边境没收的货币的信息，追踪非法货币的流动情况。这一谅解备忘录将大幅度增强两国执法人员调查和追踪现金运送人和制止支助犯罪分子和恐怖分子活动的资金流动的能力。", "219.　所有国家都已采取步骤，高度确保货物安全、海事安全和航空安全。大多数国家都执行了世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，并遵守了国际民航组织的规定。国际民航组织已对该次区域的大多数国家进行了审计。17个欧洲联盟成员国的海事安全由欧洲海事安全局监测和评估，由其检查分类情况、评估港口国家管制系统、追踪问题船只并保障船上设备标准的健全。该局在欧洲和全球对20 000多艘船只进行监测。该次区域大多数国家定期更新其安保系统，以反映不断变化的国际标准。", "220.　还有一个挑战是采取实际措施查明和制止军火和武器的贩运。虽然自前一次调查以来，已有23个国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了报告，但许多国家在这方面的努力仍有待进一步加强。在防止恐怖分子滥用难民和庇护制度方面取得了很大进展。所有国家都已通过了旨在使庇护程序符合国际标准的立法，而且除三个国家之外，所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国。只有几个国家尚未加入《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。联合国和区域人权机制就有些国家未能严格遵守不驱回难民原则的情况提出了关切。", "国际合作", "221.　该次区域各国为减少恐怖主义危险和本国易受恐怖主义袭击的脆弱性与区域和国际伙伴开展了良好合作。它们在双边和多边背景中交换有关威胁和警告的情报、分享行动信息并开展联合培训和其他行动。大多数国家设立了有力的法律框架以支持司法互助和引渡请求，尤其是在欧洲联盟的框架之内。所有国家都制订了交流信息的程序，包括通过它们的金融情报中心交流信息。欧洲联盟成员国为它们之间的合作和与第三国的合作建立了先进的机制，其中包括欧洲联盟司法合作股和欧洲刑警组织。国际反恐文书的批准水平相对较高，该次区域有四个国家已批准了所有16份文书。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "222.　该次区域国家应：", "(a) 确保海关人员有必要的实用措施和资源，以检测和防止货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动并检测和防止军火和武器走私；", "(b) 通过发展本国的“冻结”机制对区域框架进行补充，以增强本国毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资金和资产的能力；", "(c) 进一步制订方案制止激进化和为恐怖主义招募人员。", "223.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 鼓励各国加强它们反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的制度能力，尤其要重点监管替代汇款系统和慈善组织；", "(b) 鼓励各国通过实际措施和国家战略制止恐怖主义团体招募人员，同时遵守相关的人权义务；", "(c) 为促进国际合作，鼓励各国与其他国家尽可能广泛地分享最佳做法和技术专长。", "三. 按专题领域进行的评估", "224.　调查报告的这一节提出了为使决议的规定发生效力而应当实行的一般标准和推荐的做法，并介绍了在关键主题领域执行决议的总体全球趋势。这一专题评估就自决议通过以来国际社会在应对恐怖主义挑战方面如何取得最广义进展的情况提供了一个更全面的介绍。下文的分析显示，应当努力更加有效地执行第1373(2001)号决议旨在订立全面反恐立法、防止和制止资助恐怖主义、发展执法基础设施、确保边境管制和推进国际合作的规定。", "A. 立法", "225.　为有效执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议，订立全面反恐立法至关重要。该决议的意图是，各国通过制定具体的反恐立法规定，应当就不再需要诉诸含糊的法律条文、特设方法或自行定义的解释去起诉恐怖行为。因此，各国应建立明确、完整和一致的法律框架，具体将恐怖行为定为严重刑事罪，应根据此类行为的严重性进行处罚，确立管辖权并协助法院将恐怖分子绳之以法。正如第1963(2010)号决议所述，这一框架应为制订一个全面、综合的国家反恐战略提供依据，该战略以法律办法为根基并确保法治(特别是将公平待遇纳入对恐怖分子的调查和起诉之中以保护人权)，同时也尽可能有效地打击恐怖主义。", "226.　虽然大多数国家都为制订这样一个法律框架采取了重要步骤，但进展更多地局限在某些区域。西欧、东欧、中亚和高加索次区域的大多数国家都出台了全面反恐立法。在仍然需要取得进展的那些区域，有关罪行被充分编入法律的程度差异巨大，仍需关注。在将招募恐怖分子定为刑事罪方面有所改进，但普遍缺乏信息说明为制止恐怖团体招募人员采取了哪些战略并投入了哪些资源。", "227.　需要注意的领域包括某些区域在把提供庇护所定为刑事罪方面的立法措施。委员会及其执行局在2010年向会员国进行一般情况通报时谈到了这一问题。第1373(2001)号决议第2(c)段要求各国对于资助、计划、支持或犯下恐怖主义行为或提供安全庇护所的人拒绝给予安全庇护。各国还被要求防止资助、计划、协助或犯下恐怖主义行为的人出于敌对其他国家或其公民的目的利用本国领土(第2(d)段)。", "228.　各国应将窝藏它们知道已经实施或计划实施恐怖行为的个人或窝藏属于恐怖团体成员的个人的行为和妨碍逮捕这些个人的行为定为刑事罪。进一步的措施包括将准备行为定为刑事罪的法律，这些行为包括为实施针对另一国家或其公民的恐怖主义罪行而进行的策划、协助和教唆行为。", "229.　这些基本的立法措施必须得到适当管辖权的支持，以确保本国法院有能力处理潜在的犯罪者。这包括各国根据其加入的适用国际反恐文书履行引渡或起诉的义务。各国应采取全面办法拒绝提供庇护所，因为确保效力需要若干相互关联的措施，其中包括立法、执法、边境管制、难民和庇护措施。移民和边境管制机构应采用适当程序筛查难民以查出恐怖分子，而且应被赋予查出和缉拿非法逗留本国者的能力。", "230.　第1373(2001)号决议要求所有会员国将恐怖分子绳之以法。但是，委员会的国家考察和其他活动显示，这一要求对各国的刑事司法系统构成了重大挑战。大多数受访国在努力制订关于有效调查方法和刑事诉讼程序、国际合作和人权保障的法律规定方面继续遇到困难。各国在努力制订全面法律框架时，应采取步骤加强检察和司法部门的能力。许多国家在努力为检察和司法单位配备老练的检察官和法官并为他们提供必要的技术资源和培训方面，继续面临各种挑战。", "231.　反恐案件的起诉有赖于专门技能和专业知识，各国的检察和司法主管部门为处理这种日益复杂的案件不得不发展新方法，而这种情况常常造成不寻常和具有挑战性的案件管理问题。主要挑战包括：把机密情报用作证据(包括作为证据的可采性)、调查方法、国际合作、证人保护、恐怖分子对尖端技术的利用，以及恐怖主义与其他形式犯罪之间的联系。", "232.　由于认识到这些问题的存在，委员会于2010年举办了一次具创意的研讨会，讨论“将恐怖分子绳之以法”的问题。在联合国总部举行的这次研讨会使与会检察人员得以确定在起诉恐怖主义罪行方面的共同挑战，并分享在尊重法治和人权的同时有效地将恐怖分子绳之以法的成功经验。委员会还得以在与会检察人员的经验及所采用良好做法的基础上再接再厉，在同国际、区域和次区域组织及会员国的对话中分享和推广这些经验及良好做法。委员会通过其执行局不断增加与执行人员的互动以落实第1373(2001)号决议。它利用联合国的“召集”权，使参与反恐的检察人员和执法人员讨论共同的挑战、交流良好做法并增进他们的区域合作(委员会与南盟成员国的互动协作就是这方面的一例)。在捐助国和捐助组织支持下召开的这些执行人员研讨会促成了专业知识交流、促进了能力建设并为执行人员互动及建立关系网络提供了一个论坛。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "233.　会员国应：", "(a) 推动根据法治和人权义务通过全面和综合的国家反恐法律框架，并加强调查、起诉和判决恐怖主义行为的国家能力，包括在必要时请求能力建设援助；", "(b) 推动将国际反恐文书中列明的恐怖主义罪行定为刑事罪；", "(c) 采取步骤将提供庇护所和为实施恐怖行为进行准备的活动定为刑事罪。", "234.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与捐助国、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处和其他捐助组织密切协调，继续促进(尤其是通过全球和区域执行人员研讨会等活动)良好做法的确定、分享和传播以及网络的形成；", "(b) 鼓励各国通过必要的反恐法律框架并为相关人员提供落实该法律框架所必需的培训(例如在调查、起诉和国际合作等方面)并为此根据需要寻求技术援助提供方的支持；", "(c) 在必要时促进各国检察和司法部门的能力建设。", "B. 打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "235.　打击资助恐怖主义行为是第1373(2001)号决议的核心。该决议要求各国采取一系列法律、体制和实际措施，防止和制止资助恐怖主义的行为。尽管在这方面取得了一些进展，但各国依然面临一些挑战，包括新的挑战。随着金融部门的继续发展，例如网基系统、新的付款方式、电汇和电子付款的发展，各国面临的威胁和风险更为多样。利用慈善事业和现金运送人从事恐怖活动的可能性也依然令人关切。各国必须确保其立法和指南足以灵活和有力地应对新的威胁，并保持其防御功能。", "236.　第1373(2001)号决议和《制止资助恐怖主义国际公约》列明了各国在将资助恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪方面的义务。遵守这些义务就必须建立一个全面的法律制度。决议和《公约》都规定，为资助恐怖主义的行为定罪，并非一定要求打算用于资助恐怖行动的资金是犯罪所得，也并非一定要求该资金打算资助的恐怖行动已经发生，甚至已经尝试过。该《公约》还规定可对国际反恐文书列明的所有资助恐怖主义的行为提出起诉。然而，虽然在将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪方面取得了一些进展，但仍有相当数量的国家尚未完全按照《公约》或该决议的规定，将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。此外，大多数国家对调查和起诉这一罪行缺乏足够的专业知识和经验。", "237.　冻结恐怖分子的资产是第1373(2001)号决议的一项主要内容，必须将其作为预防措施理解。各国必须立即采取行动，查明有关个人和实体，查明所有与其相关的资金和资产，并冻结这些资金和资产，为防止转移资产，无须事先通知有关个人和实体。各国在执行决议的有关规定时，还必须注意适当程序。各国应该建立法律规定的程序，允许资产被冻结的个人或实体就这一决定向法院或独立行政机构提出质疑。各国还应该在根据决议冻结资产时，规定允许的人道主义例外。有几个国家，包括一些受访国，已建立令人印象深刻的机制，以有效执行该决议中具有挑战性的这项规定。这些国家还报告，冻结资金和资产是防止恐怖行为的宝贵手段。但绝大多数国家尚未对决议的这部分内容作出有效规定，基本是靠其刑事诉讼法中的“扣押”规定执行决议。这也许不符合“毫不拖延地冻结”的要求，因为刑法规定只有在开始进行刑事调查后才能适用。", "238.　许多国家继续面临很大挑战的另一个领域是客户尽职调查。大多数国家已在其立法中确定了客户尽职调查的义务和报告机制，其中要求金融机构和某些专业人员查明其客户，并向当局报告可疑活动。但挑战依然存在，特别是在实施基于风险的方法方面。有效的基于风险的方法注重发展健全的全球金融市场。", "239.　金融普惠和健全的财政状况是相辅相成的两个目标。金融普惠有助于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为，因为能帮助减少经济体中的现金额，并推动使用受到监管的金融服务部门。后者是健全而有效的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为这一制度的基础。", "240.　新付款方法的出现有力地说明必须促进金融普惠。近几年来，通过新付款方法(例如手机货币转帐和预付卡)交易的数量和流动的资金额数显著增加。由于新付款方法可以为匿名交易和跨界转移资金提供方便，因而具有资助恐怖主义的风险。迄今已经查明数起用新付款方法洗钱和资助恐怖主义的案件。但是，国家在为这种日益迅速发展的付款方法制定适当的立法和监管制度方面遇到各种困难。对涉及新付款方法的案件进行调查和起诉不仅要求当局技术高超、行动神速，而且要求加强国际合作的形式，特别是要保留电子证据。在这方面，《欧洲委员会打击网络犯罪公约》第35条建立的8国集团 24/7数据保留网和24/7 网是良好做法。", "241.　许多非正式的货币或价值转移系统，例如hawala哈瓦拉、hundi(印递)和fei-chien(飞钱)系统，均跨越国界经营，不在国内法律框架管辖权范围内。许多海外劳工依赖这类服务，以便以低成本的快捷方式汇款回家。各国可能怀疑这种系统被用于资助恐怖主义，但对其范围缺乏明确了解。因此，必须增加这一部门的透明度，按照国际标准和最佳惯例，采取步骤减少这种风险。不过，政府的应对措施应该灵活、有效并与滥用这种系统资助恐怖主义的风险相称。在世界许多地方，这类系统对那些负担不起正规金融系统服务的人十分重要，而且对以现金为基础的经济体也很有助益，因为那里的银行部门不很发达。", "242.　监测现金跨界流动是防止资助恐怖主义的另一个措施。事实上，如今人们已经认识到，利用现金运送人是非法资金流动、洗钱和资助恐怖主义的一个主要途径。反洗钱金融行动任务组关于现金运送人的特别建议九要求国家制定法律、机构和行动方面的措施，查明和防止资金和无记名可转让票据(即旅行支票、邮政汇票)的非法流动。许多国家已经引进货币管制机制。这些现有机制应该也有助于查明与洗钱或资助恐怖主义有关的资金和无记名可转让票据，并有助于采取适当行动。国家应该出台所要求的法律措施，诸如在怀疑洗钱或资助恐怖主义的情况下扣押资金。在监测现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动方面普遍存在的不足之处是：不能始终一贯地执行所要求的法律制度；对适用的法律和权力了解不充分；有关当局之间的信息交流不够。在今后的两年里，反恐怖主义委员会执行局将举办一系列次区域讲习班，帮助会员国更好地应对资金的非法跨界流动。", "243.　全球的慈善捐赠是一个必不可少的资金来源，对许多发展中国家和遭受重大灾害的国家而言尤其如此。非营利部门的年业务费用大约为1.3万亿美元，在世界各地有4 000多万雇员。该部门需要防止资助恐怖主义的特别保护，因为滥用非营利组织不仅会对这些组织本身造成持久损害，而且会普遍影响人们的慈善捐助热情。目前，国家在执行专门针对这一问题而制定的国际标准方面做得不够，原因很多，其中包括认识不足，缺乏政治意愿，能力差和机构间协调不完善。反恐怖主义委员会执行局通过国家访问，能够确认有效保护这一部门同时尊重结社自由等基本人权的良好做法，其要点是反应适度。反恐怖主义委员会执行局还代表反恐执行工作队对付资助恐怖主义行为工作组，在一些捐助国和捐助组织的支持下，领导了一个为期三年的全球主动行动，目的是在全部门对打击资助恐怖主义的正确做法形成共同认识。", "目前，反洗钱金融行动任务组正在审查打击资助恐怖主义的行为标准，作为改善其评估进程、应对新的危险和挑战，支持会员国有效实施国际标准的一部分努力。反恐怖主义委员会执行局正在积极支持任务组进行这项工作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "244.　会员国应该:", "(a) 加强努力，制定有效实施第1373(2001)号决议“冻结”规定的法律措施和实际措施，同时考虑确保公平待遇这一需要；", "(b) 继续对最新技术发展保持警觉，以便防止滥用，并查明通过新付款方法资助恐怖主义的案例；在调查和起诉滥用新付款方法资助恐怖主义的可疑情况方面，制定适当的法律和条例，并加强国际合作；", "(c) 采取切实和适度的措施，不让人利用非营利部门资助恐怖主义。", "245.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续努力团结国际、区域和国家的主要行为体，包括非营利部门的代表，交流观点，汇集工具和良好做法，保护该部门不被人利用；", "(b) 在捐助国和捐助组织的支持下，举办次区域讲习班，帮助各国更好地应对资金跨界非法流动的问题；", "(c) 继续支持反洗钱金融行动任务组改善国际打击资助恐怖主义行为标准的努力，以帮助会员国有效实施第1373 (2001)号决议中关于打击资助恐怖主义行为的规定。", "C. 执法", "246.　有效切实地实施反恐政策和程序要求有一个在评估风险的基础上制定的明确战略。该战略力求查明、防止和应对恐怖活动，制止招募人员从事恐怖活动。这一战略的重点是如何使各国在防御恐怖主义的工作中注意保护重要的基础设施和民众以及各国如何应对恐怖袭击，以便减少这种事件的影响，帮助受害者，恢复公共秩序。该战略还将针对调查恐怖行为和追究其行为人的问题，以便将恐怖分子及其支持者绳之以法。", "247.　执行这一战略要求一国在安全和执法方面具备强有力和协调良好的基础设施。该基础设施由有权查明、防止和调查恐怖活动的所有机构组成。这些机构可以包括警察、宪兵、情报机构、特工、安全机构，在一些国家甚至包括军事机构。这些机构必须要有以法律为依据的明确任务规定，说明它们各自在反恐斗争中的作用。国家还需要确保国内立法为这些机构规定必要的权力框架、手段和业务机动性，以利其执行任务，并确保它们有足够的资金，经过一定的培训，并有适当的装备。", "248.　为了确保反恐措施由适当的执法机构进行管理和执行，国家应该建立专门的反恐单位，并且制定协调的国家立法授权，以指导它们的工作。此外还必须对执法活动进行监管，以确保开展的调查和行动符合人权义务。委员会注意到，凡已建立统辖机构对负责反恐的各执法机构的业务活动进行监管和指导的国家，往往能较好地进行机构间协调，并能更有效地交流信息。", "249.　执法机构之间的协调与合作在各级都必不可少。共同使用专门工具，诸如与反恐有关的中央数据库和法证能力，对防止恐怖主义至关重要。警察和安全部门在进行与恐怖主义有关的调查和收集反恐案件的证据时，应该有权使用特殊的调查技术，同时对人权予以适当关注。联合工作组或由情报、警察和其他有关执法机构的代表组成的机构间“情报汇总”中心及时交流威胁评估和反恐行动信息，被引证是防备和挫败恐怖活动的良好做法。执法机构和司法/检察机构之间的联合调查和协调是将恐怖分子绳之以法的良好做法。", "250.　除了国家协调以外，国家还必须建立区域和国际交流信息的程序和制度，其中可以包括关于促进东盟警察首长协会、欧洲刑警组织和国际刑警组织等现有区域和国际执法机构间合作行动或参与这些机构的双边或多边协定。", "251.　大多数国家报告了在执行防止和打击恐怖主义的切实措施方面取得某些积极进展，但有些国家尚未向委员会报告它们在这方面的努力。大多数国家制定了打击恐怖主义的全面战略，并已采取步骤，确保反恐措施由相关或专门机构管理。但许多国家刚刚开始发展专门的反恐能力。一些国家继续在努力把执法系统中必不可少的能力和协调工作制度化。大多数国家都需要改善机构间合作和协调的水平。", "252.　虽然大多数国家可以使用国际刑警组织的信息和通信工具，但需加强这些工具的使用，包括国际刑警组织数据库在内，使之更为一贯和普遍，并且推广到国际刑警组织范围以外。为了提供更为协调的援助，国际刑警组织在联合国和欧洲联盟设立了特别代表办事处，在曼谷设立了一个联络处，并设立了六个区域局。一个有效合作的范例是建立了一个国际刑警组织区域局，支持中部非洲警察局长委员会的工作和国家执法能力。许多国家缺少中央数据库和充分的法证能力，因而不能进行复杂的反恐调查。但是，大多数国家可以利用欧洲刑警组织和国际刑警组织等组织的信息交流工具并查阅其数据库，这可以在这方面提供帮助。大多数国家认识到区域和国际合作的必要性，并建立了促进预警的关系和机制，并具备了交流信息的基本水平。但区域和国际在反恐事项上的合作还需进一步加强。", "253.　恐怖主义的威胁在随着新技术的采用以及招募、筹资和行动的能力而变，执法机构也必须采用新的做法，加强其反恐能力。一些国家已经针对恐怖分子在招募人员时对其进行激进宣传的做法采取战略，让执法机构发挥更为重要的作用。社区警务、主动积极的情报工作和对话方案是一些会员国正在有效使用的方法范例。但是，这方面的报告有限，良好做法才刚刚出现。谨防恐怖分子利用因特网是各国需要加强切实执行措施以防止招募恐怖分子以及支持和规划恐怖活动的另一个方面。", "254.　为了杜绝恐怖组织的武器供应，各国已经颁布法律，将与武器有关的各种罪行(包括非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物)定为刑事罪，并建立了有关国内执法方案。但各国普遍需要审查其立法框架，以弥补某些缺陷，并加强执行行动方面的措施，以有效控制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售、中介和转让及其跨界进出口。2001年5月31日，大会通过《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约管制火器议定书》。迄今已有84个国家成为缔约国，而且自上次审查以来又有4个国家成为缔约国。会员国还应该采取步骤，及时并可靠地查明并追踪非法小武器和轻武器。在这方面，《小武器问题行动纲领》是一个很好的手段。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "255.　会员国应:", "(a) 采取步骤，推动国家(国内)一级和区域/国际一级的机构间协调，并交流反恐情报；", "(b) 考虑建立专门的反恐单位，并根据需要，从情报、刑法、打击资助恐怖主义和边界管理等领域的专门机构借调专家，提供帮助；", "(c) 继续与国际刑警组织加强合作，并进一步使用刑警组织的资源和数据库，例如国际通知系统，包括“红色通缉令”、观察清单以及被窃和遗失的旅行和证件数据库。", "256.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 鼓励各国更彻底和更主动地提供关于切实运用执法方式和措施的信息和最新情况，并介绍这些有关领域执行人员的能力情况；", "(b) 继续与国际刑警组织、捐助国和捐助组织密切协调与合作，促进提供技术援助，以建设执法机构的能力，并向需要的国家提供设备和设施；", "(c) 继续与各国和联合国各实体(特别是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处)以及国际组织合作，制定和执行控制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售、中介和转让的政策和业务措施，包括批准《管制火器议定书》和各项国际文书，使各国能够及时并可靠地查明并追踪非法小武器和轻武器。", "D. 边境管制", "257. 有效的边境管制是遵照第1373(2001)号决议有效实施反恐战略的关键，因为边境管制是防止恐怖分子跨界流窜并防止商品和货物非法跨界流动的第一道防线。有效的边境管制也应该是国家按照第1963(2010)号决议制定的全面综合反恐战略的一部分。边境管制要求规定以下措施和做法：对旅客、难民和寻求庇护者进行适当筛查；有效筛查和检查货物和旅客行李，查明和防止走私小武器和轻武器以及现金和无记名可转让票据的行为。边境界管制还必须考虑民用航空和海上航行的安全问题。各国应该按照相关的国际专门组织制定的标准和建议的做法行事。只要适当执行这些标准和建议的做法，就可以极大地增强国家保护边境安全和管制边境的能力。", "258.　第1373(2001)号决议要求各国通过对签发安全有效的身份证和旅行证件的控制，防止恐怖分子和恐怖团体的跨界移动。国际民航组织制定了机器可读旅行证件的国际标准，以确保不能假造和伪造。目前除了9个国家以外，所有国家都已按照国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限，开始签发机器可读旅行证件。尽管这一进展显著，但依然存在以下关切问题：许多国家是否有能力始终确保申请获得机器可读旅行证件时提交的“原始文件”或证明文件真实可信，并在签发身份证和旅行证件的过程中保障安全。有关国际组织和区域组织正在协同努力，倡导有效控制方面的做法，并发展国家在这两个关键领域中的能力。", "259.　防止恐怖分子的跨界流窜还要求在边境检查站使用技术和设备，例如证件阅读器和扫描机，以实时获取旅客数据，并且对照国家和国际的警报数据库和罪犯数据库核查旅客数据。虽然大部分国家在这方面已取得进展，但缺乏能力和没有连接有关数据库常常影响它们查阅对在过境点排查旅客十分重要的信息。此外，应该对边境管制和负责移民事务的人员加强培训，使其能够确认伪造的证件，并恰当处理出示这种证件的人。", "260.　决议还要求各国防止和制止资助恐怖主义的行为。为此可采取的一个办法是控制现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动。但是，由于没有充分利用风险迹象和选择目标的标准，海关官员、执法部门和移民部门以及金融情报中心缺乏信息交流和合作，加上缺乏专门的人力和物力，因此往往不能在边界有效地查明和预防。如今已经提供有助于采取有效做法的指导材料。在这方面特别值得一提的是反洗钱金融行动任务组关于查明和预防非法跨界携带现金和无记名可转让票据的最佳做法论文和世界海关组织关于反洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为的执法指南。", "261.　决议还指示会员国采取必要步骤，防止恐怖行为的实施。在边境管制方面，各国已在以下三个重要领域取得显著进展：保障全球贸易供应链、民用航空和海上航行的安全。各国在继续加强国际供应链的安全，为此它们实施了国际海关标准，并表示打算实施国际海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》(迄今共有164个国家这样做)。《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》尤其规定了以下各方面的标准：保障全球供应链安全和提供便利、提倡肯定性和可预测性、对供应链的所有运输方式进行综合管理、加强海关当局之间的合作以改善查明高风险交运物的能力、加强海关与工商业的合作。", "262.　关于民用航空安全，多数国家已经批准《国际民用航空公约》，并在不同的程度上实施了公约关于保护国际民用航空以防范非法干扰行动的附件17以及附件9的有关安全规定。为此，国际民航组织根据普遍保安审计计划，对会员国的机场和航空设施进行审计，并酌情提出了补救措施。在本报告所述期间，国际民航组织在许多国家进行了普遍保安审计计划的第二周期审计和后续审计，并继续与各国一起，确保各国充分遵守有关标准。", "263.　关于海事安全, 各国实施海事组织的国际船舶和港口设施保安规则的情况普遍改善。该规则提供了评估风险的标准化统一框架，使各国政府能够确定其船舶和港口设施面临的风险和薄弱环节，对其进行适当的保安，并采取相应的安全措施。自从上一次调查以来，又有一些国家批准了《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》及其 2005年议定书，并批准了1988年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》及其 2005年议定书。最近出现了越来越多的内陆小国和小岛屿国家批准公约和议定书的倾向，前者或许是因为希望确立两国共认罪行，后者则因为其经济取决于航运、海洋商贸和旅游。", "264.　此外，海上犯罪(包括海盗行为)显著增加，内水也不例外。这迫使各国严加控制，以便保护战略性的航道，并保护国际供应链。据设想，释放被扣押的船只、货物和船员得到的赎金可能被用于资助恐怖团体或恐怖活动。此外，还担心出海的船只，无论有否被劫持，都可能被用于实施恐怖行动。为了使各国能够对漫长的海岸线进行充分巡逻，要求它们彼此合作，在海岸警卫队、海军和海关当局之间交流信息和进行监测。最近建立的海岸警卫队网络就是这种合作的典范。该网络的目的是在西中非海事组织的主持并在国际海事组织的协助下，加强西非和中非执法机构之间的合作。", "265.　各国继续按照《小武器问题行动纲领》的有关规定，进一步控制小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物的跨界流动。该《行动纲领》力求控制小武器和轻武器的进出口和转口，防止非法中介、贩运和转移，并制定武器的标识、跟踪、最终用户证书、记录保存和安全储存方案。一些区域还缔结具体协定，控制这些武器的进出口和转口。", "266.　各国还继续采取切实措施，防止并制止恐怖分子的跨界流窜。《联合国跨国有组织犯罪公约》的三个补充议定书中有两个——《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》——也是这方面的主要文书。自从上一次调查以来，已有11个国家新加入《打击贩运人口议定书》，八个国家新加入《打击偷运移民议定书》。1951年《难民公约》是确定申请人是否符合难民地位条件的重要工具，并且为筛查与恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪行为的可能联系提供了依据。在本报告所述期间，没有国家新加入1951年《难民公约》。联合国人权机制继续对未充分遵守不驱回难民原则表示关切。有些国家将难民和其他人驱回他们很有可能遭受酷刑或迫害的国家。", "267.　切实执行边境管制措施的资金不足，因此需要增加人力资源和物质资源以及能力建设方面的投入。此外，上文在评估各次区域时，几乎无一例外地强调需要通过交流信息、汇集资源和共同加强能力的方式，合作管理边界。邻国在边境管制方面的合作与协调对于在开放和管理松懈的漫长边界沿线提供有效的监视和保卫尤其重要。许多时候，国家缺乏必要的资源，或在巡逻、检查和与邻国联合行动方面的积极性不够，也没有在地方一级积极实施社区警务。在开放的边境采取这些措施，并以创新的合作与援助方式解决这些关切问题，将有助于提高边境管制的效力。反恐怖主义委员会执行局已在若干区域帮助举办关于管理边境管制的讲习班，并计划今后继续这样做。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "268. 会员国应：", "(a) 通过评估风险、交换和分析情报并在官方的边境口岸以及开放边界或管制松懈的边界沿线开展国际合作，实施更积极的预防、核查和检测程序；", "(b) 采取行动确保原始证件的可靠性和制作机器可读旅行证件时的签发过程安全性，并在出入境检查站安装读取这些证件所需的设备；", "(c) 改进其与国家和国际执法数据库和观察清单的连接，以便在边境口岸检测可能与犯罪组织和恐怖组织有牵连的个人。", "269. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续推动会员国采纳和实施关于海关、军备控制、航空安全和海事安全的国际标准与建议措施；", "(b) 通过信息共享和合作努力，鼓励在边境管理领域开展区域合作，并尽可能在开放的边界实施更全面的控制措施，包括与邻国的联合举措；", "(c) 继续与国际和区域组织及会员国携手合作，让出入境检查站的执法机构能够更多存取和联接国家和国际犯罪和反恐数据库。", "E. 国际合作", "270. 反恐领域国际合作的一个重要组成部分，是批准16项国际反恐文书并将其转换为国内法和惯例。自从上次调查以来，又增加了65份批准书。1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》现有173个缔约国(比以前增加四个)。自从上次调查以来，与核材料有关的国际文书也增加了相当一批批准书：1980年《核材料实物保护公约》现有145个缔约国(比以前增加四个)。在本审议期间，17个缔约国批准了2005年《核材料实物保护公约修正案》，该公约现有45个缔约国。2005年《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》现有77个缔约国(比以前增加23个)。有两项文书的批准率仍很低：只有19个国家批准了2005年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约议定书》，只有15个国家批准了2005年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》。绝大多数会员国已成为十项或十项以上文书的缔约国。然而，在批准水平上存在区域差异。为了使这些文书全面生效，各国应通过国内立法，将国际反恐文书列出的罪行具体定为刑事罪、设置适当的处罚并对界定的罪行确立管辖权，以确保嫌疑人得到引渡或起诉。", "271. 有效的国际合作是执行第1373(2001)号决议的中心内容，安理会在该决议中吁请会员国在信息交流、司法互助和引渡请求方面相互合作，并在拒绝向恐怖分子提供庇护方面相互合作。大多数区域的大多数国家现在均已采取法律和行政措施，特别是在互惠基础上应请求向其他国家提供法律援助和进行引渡。然而，南美、西亚、南亚和非洲的一些国家尚未制定有关法律。许多国家仍需要制定法律，使其能以更先进的司法和行政合作模式进行合作。", "272. 许多国家面临挑战的一个领域是在刑事事项法律互助方面的合作。即使各国之间存在就反恐事项进行合作的法律基础，实现具体合作仍然是一项挑战。这既有技术原因，又有政治原因。", "273. 一些区域已经发展了促进法律互助的有效和先进的区域合作文书和机制。通过利用国家间联合调查小组等工具，西欧还开发出了先进的信息交流系统。欧洲联盟的司法合作组织“欧洲司法协调机构”便是先进的司法合作网络的一个范例。不过，世界其他地区也已经或正在开发其他类型的司法合作网络，如伊比利亚-美洲法律援助网络、美洲组织的西半球刑事事项和引渡互助信息交流网络、英联邦联系人网络以及在印度洋地区和萨赫勒地区的司法合作区域平台。此类机制的发展在不同区域差异很大，非洲或亚洲的其他地区尚未建立司法合作网络。区域组织通过的关于法律互助和引渡的区域文书，对于改善其成员国之间的司法合作也有很大贡献。其他范例包括欧洲委员会通过的一个欧洲司法互助公约、[2] 东盟通过的一个司法互助条约[3] (有9个缔约国)以及独联体加入的提供法律互助和引渡合作的《明斯克公约》。[4] 在东非，伊加特通过了一项关于引渡和法律互助的公约。2008年，关于执行国际反恐文书的非洲法语国家司法部长第五次会议通过了《拉巴特宣言》，其中包括《反恐司法互助和引渡公约》，迄今已有17个成员国签署了这项公约，并获1个国家的批准。", "274. 引渡恐怖分子仍然面临着诸多障碍，既不顺利，也不简单。引渡程序十分繁琐、缓慢、消耗资源。各国仍时常会以各种拒绝理由(如“政治性罪行”例外)拒绝移送。欧洲联盟的欧洲逮捕证提供了一个替代传统引渡的有效办法，可以开展直接接触并赋予司法当局权力。但是，世界上其他许多地区仍然依赖于需要由行政机关和司法机关实施干预的进程。尊重有关人权义务的需要，也构成了额外的挑战。", "275. 2009年，反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局向会员国介绍了有效引渡被指控的恐怖分子所面临的实际和法律障碍。这促成委员会通过了《关于国际合作的政策指导》(S/AC.40/2010/PG.3)，确定了其今后在这一领域开展工作的整套行动。", "276. 许多机构通过国际或区域非司法组织(包括欧洲刑警组织和申根信息系统的海关信息系统)开展合作。许多国家还是埃格蒙特集团的成员，该集团推动各个金融情报中心之间开展信息交流。许多国家与双边和多边伙伴合作开发了某种形式的预警安排，以协助预测和防止恐怖袭击。一些安排还包括就即将实施的恐怖袭击共享情报。其他安排涉及到定期交流业务信息，以促进灵活机动性和防止恐怖活动。某些安排还更进一步，将资源共享也纳入其中，以确定潜在的威胁并应对恐怖主义行为。", "277. 委员会与区域组织和该领域的其他参与者积极合作，以加强会员国相互合作的能力。开发现代工具、最佳做法、文书和机制可能有助于各区域和次区域加强国际合作。区域和次区域之间相互分享经验可能也十分有益。在实际层面上，一些国家在就刑事事项开展有效合作方面面临重大挑战。一些受访国仍然缺乏合作的基本工具，包括人力资源和技术设备领域的工具。许多受访国家由于缺乏培训和技术技能，面临合作上的困难。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "278. 会员国应：", "(a) 作为优先事项，通过利用本国已加入的文书、进一步发展双边合作、更新国内立法并加入更多有关法律互助和引渡问题的区域和国际公约，更加积极地参与涉及恐怖主义案件的法律互助和引渡；", "(b) 采取行动向其他国家提供尽可能多的涉及恐怖主义案件的援助，在不同法律体系之间搭建桥梁；", "(c) 通过参与相关的区域合作网络，推动主管当局之间迅速开展信息交流和更好的合作。", "279. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续提醒会员国有义务根据本国已加入的适用国际反恐文书进行引渡或起诉，并提醒会员国有义务确保不把出于政治动机的主张作为拒绝引渡被控恐怖分子的请求的理由；", "(b) 与各国和禁毒办预防恐怖主义处携手合作，就刑事调查、法互助和引渡事项中有关请求和提供援助的程序问题，推广最佳做法并促成司法和执法机构成员和其他有关公务员的能力建设和培训；", "(c) 就有效实施合作的现代工具、最佳做法、文书和机制问题，包括在没有现有区域机制的地区创建网络的问题，继续与国际、区域和次区域组织协作，特别是与禁毒办预防恐怖主义处协作。", "F. 人权", "280. 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议重申各国必须确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的一切措施均符合国际法，尤其是国际人权法、难民发和人道主义法为其规定的所有义务。安理会还强调，应一致和公平地处理所有所有与执行该决议有关的人权问题。在许多国家，如何在有效反恐的同时遵守人权义务的问题仍然是各方争辩的议题，在一些情况下还引发了争议。这未必是一个值得关切的问题，因为反恐所带来的特殊挑战可能需要作出创新性的回应，值得公众给予仔细考量。不过，虽然人权法确实在应对安全挑战方面赋予了一定灵活性，但各国在任何情况下都必须尊重某些核心原则，包括必要性、相称性、合法性和非歧视的原则。各国还有义务在任何时候都必须尊重国际法规定的不可克减的权利或已经取得强制法地位的权利，例如所有人都有免遭酷刑和禁止被迫失踪的权利。", "281. 一些国家响应安全理事会以及有关人权和反恐的其他国际和区域机构的呼吁，并已采取措施作出回应，例如审查本国法律框架是否符合人权义务，加强培训和提高认识的举措，并建立监督机制以帮助执法和情报机构在实践中确保尊重人权。许多国家还采取行动加强本国司法机关的作用和效能，这是保证对恐怖主义威胁采取基于法治的应对措施的关键。其他措施，如考虑批准更多的国际人权文书、采用社区警务模式、让各个社区参与制定适当的政策等，都可以成为以人权为核心的全面反恐战略的一部分。", "282. 尽管出现了这些积极的迹象，但世界各地仍然持续存在反恐背景下严重侵犯人权的关切。最近引发注意的一个问题是，一些国家根据指称的恐怖主义威胁实施了紧急状态或其他特别状态。对于《公民及政治权利国际公约》或有关区域文书的缔约国而言，紧急措施的适用有着严格的要求，在任何情况下都不得侵犯不可克减的权利，例如上述《公约》第4条所列的权利。在与实行紧急措施的国家进行对话时，反恐怖主义委员会提及了各国际机制提出的关切，并提出了一些问题，如实施的措施是否合法，是否绝对必要并与威胁相称，且符合其他法律义务等。一些国家最近开始审查或终止紧急状态，这样做意义重大。", "283. 鉴于反恐调查和起诉所带来的不同寻常的挑战，一些国家已拟议或颁布了有别于标准刑事或行政程序的特别措施。此类措施有时会发生在预防性行动的背景下，如恐怖主义行为据称仍处于筹备阶段时。例如，有些国家延长了调查或审前羁押的容许时限，或对获得律师协助的权利施加限制。显然，在处理恐怖主义案件时出现了特别的挑战，可能有必要采取额外措施。但是，联合国机制对此表示关注，认为这些规定可能不符合缔约国的国际人权义务。例如，就特殊侦查手段而言，联合国机制表达的关注是：此类手段并非总是受到充分的限制和司法监督，有可能侵犯私隐权。对公平审判权的尊重也是受到各方关注的话题，尤其是在涉及到使用声称与国家安全相关的情报或证据时。联合国机制还对使用预防性拘留或行政拘留及管制命令提出了严重关切，因为所有这些措施都涉及在没有刑事定罪的情况下对自由权利实施限制。", "284. 一些国家关于恐怖主义罪行的定义过于模糊或宽泛，这对有效执行第1373 (2001)号决议继续构成挑战。据报道，与恐怖主义有关的控告或刑事指控经常针对从事国际人权法保护的行为(如行使表达自由、良心自由和集会自由)的个人。联合国机制、区域法院和其他机构还对据称在法律依据不明或不公的情况下指认恐怖分子、冻结资产和其他措施提出问题，在某些情况下，这些措施还没有充足和有效的补救办法。关于如何精确界定恐怖主义行为，包括从属犯罪，以避免违反合法性原则或侵犯人权，这方面的挑战仍然是委员会和一些国家之间讨论的话题。", "285. 一些国家是在武装冲突的背景下采取反恐措施的，这就产生了是否遵守国际人道主义法的问题。在此类情况下使用致命武力必须尊重区分原则和相称原则，违规行为应受到问责。据称，一些国家的军队违反战争法和人权法，实施了即决处决或法外杀人。一些国家仍在使用军事法庭审判恐怖主义案件，这同样造成了人权方面的关切。", "286. 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议提醒各国，采取有效的反恐措施和尊重人权是相辅相成、相互促进的，这也是反恐努力取得成功的一个重要因素。决议还指出，要有效打击恐怖主义，就必须尊重法治。因此，委员会仍有必要就如何有效执行第1373(2001)号决议与各国开展对话，以期解决这些问题。安理会第1963(2010)号决议还回顾了《联合国全球反恐战略》(大会第60/288号决议)第一支柱所概述的消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件的必要性，包括促进法治、保护人权和基本自由、善治、宽容和包容性的必要性。安理会在着重处理煽动实施恐怖主义行为所造成的威胁的安全理事会第1624(2005)号决议中强调，各国必须确保为实施该决议而采取的任何措施均须符合根据国际法(包括根据国际人权法)承担的所有义务。", "287. 各国将所有这些问题更充分地考虑在内的方法之一是将其纳入全面统筹的国家反恐战略，并在战略中重视导致恐怖主义活动的因素。安理会第1963(2010)号决议鼓励反恐怖主义委员会执行局在征得会员国同意后安排与其举行各种形式的会议，包括举行会议审议有关此类战略的咨询意见。安理会还建议酌情与民间社会和其他有关的非政府行为体开展互动，努力监测第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况。这些建议将继续指导委员会今后与会员国开展的对话。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "288. 会员国应：", "(a) 继续确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的任何措施均符合根据国际法(特别是国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法)承担的所有义务；", "(b) 考虑制订全面统筹的国家反恐战略，并纳入以下方面的计划：改善国际人权义务的遵守情况；酌情让有关政府当局和其他实体(如私营部门、国家人权机构、民间社会和媒体)参与其中；", "(c) 努力确保将人权培训酌情纳入参与实施包括预防、调查、羁押和起诉在内的所有阶段反恐措施的所有官员的职业发展和提高认识方案。", "289. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 在评估各国执行第1373(2001)号决议情况的工作中，继续考虑有关人权的关切问题，并将此类关切问题列为与各国对话时的讨论内容；", "(b) 继续确定各国在加强体制和加强法治方面的需要，并以积极的方式将人权和法治问题纳入到其给各国的技术援助建议之中，以期加强将恐怖分子绳之以法的国家制度，并改进国际合作；", "(c) 将人权问题更有效地纳入其传播战略中，以驳斥这样一种误解，即委员会的工作没有将人权问题考虑在内。", "附件", "重要反恐文书", "《关于在航空器内的犯罪和犯有某些其他行为的公约》，1963年", "《关于制止非法劫持航空器的公约》(1970年)", "《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》，1971年(为2010年《制止与国际民用航空有关的非法行为的公约》所取代)", "《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》，1973年", "《反对劫持人质国际公约》，1979年", "《核材料实物保护公约》，1980年", "《制止在用于国际民用航空的机场发生的非法暴力行为的议定书》，1988年(为2010年《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》所取代)", "《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》，1988年", "《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》，1988年", "《关于在可塑炸药中添加识别剂以便侦测的公约》，1991年", "《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》，1997年", "《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》，1999年", "《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》，2005年", "《核材料实物保护公约修正案》，2005年", "《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约的议定书》，2005年", "《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书的议定书》，2005年", "《联合国全球反恐战略》(大会第60/288号决议)", "《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》(2001年", "1944年《国际民用航空公约》(《芝加哥公约》)(特别是附件17和附件9与安全有关的条款)", "1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》(2002年修正)及其2005年议定书", "1951年《关于难民地位的公约》及其1967年议定书", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》，2000年", "《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》，2000年", "《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》", "《关于打击洗钱和恐怖主义筹资的执法指南》", "《关于简化和协调海关业务制度的京都公约修订本》，1999年", "[1] 西非和中部非洲是两个次区域。不过，为了本次调查的目的，对这两个次区域一并进行评估。这并不反映在非洲采用的经济和政治分组情况。", "[2] 《欧洲联盟成员国刑事事项互助公约》，2000年。", "[3] 《刑事事项司法互助条约》，2004年。", "[4] 《关于民事、家庭及刑事事项法律援助和法律关系的公约》，1994年。" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) and to submit to the Security Council, for its consideration, the updated global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) (see annex).", "The survey was prepared by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate on the basis of information available as at May 2011. It provides an assessment of the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) in regions and subregions, and draws conclusions about progress in the implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas.", "In the survey, the evolution of risks and threats and the impact of implementation are assessed. Gaps in the implementation of the resolution are identified and new practical ways to implement the resolution are proposed.", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri Chair Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism and President of the Security Council", "Annex", "Global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) by Member States", "Contents", "Page\nAbbreviations 3\nI.Introduction 4II. Assessment 8 by \nregion \nA.Africa 8\nNorthAfrica 8\nEastAfrica 12\nSouthernAfrica 15West 20 and \nCentralAfrica \nB.Asia 25East 25 \n Asia Pacific 28 \nIslands South-East 32 \n Asia South 36 \n Asia Central 40 Asia and the \nCaucasus Western 44 \n Asia C. Latin 49 \nAmerica Central 49 America and \ntheCaribbean South 53 \nAmerica D.Europe 56 and North \nAmerica \nSouth-EasternEurope 56\nEasternEurope 60WesternEuropean,North 65 American \nandotherStates III. Assessment 71 by thematic \n area \nA.Legislation 71B. Counter-financing 73 of \nterrorism C.Law 76 \nenforcement D.Border 79 \ncontrol E. International 83 \ncooperation F. Human 86 \nrights \nAnnex Keycounter-terrorism 89 \ninstruments", "Abbreviations", "ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations \n ASEANAPOL ASEAN Association of Heads of Police \n CIS Commonwealth of Independent States \n CODEXTER Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Terrorism \n CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization \n ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States \n ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States \n Eurojust European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit \n Europol European Police Office \nFrontex\tEuropean Agency for the Management of OperationalCooperation at the External Borders of Member States\n GCC Gulf Cooperation Council \n ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization \n IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development \n ILO International Labour Organization \n IMF International Monetary Fund \n IMO International Maritime Organization \n INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization \nISPS Code\tInternational Ship and Port Facility Security Codeof the 1974 Convention on Safety of Life at Sea(“SOLAS”) Convention\n MOWCA Maritime Organization of Western and Central Africa \n NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization \n OAS Organization of American States \n OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe \nPIANGO\tPacific Islands Association of Non-GovernmentalOrganizations\n SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation \n SADC Southern African Development Community \n SOLAS Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (“SOLAS”), 1974 \nUNHCR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees\n USAP Universal Security Audit Programme of ICAO \n WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union \n WCO World Customs Organization \nWCO SAFE\tWCO Framework of Standards to Secure and FacilitateGlobal Trade", "I. Introduction", "1. This present global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) by Member States was prepared by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, pursuant to the request of the Security Council in its resolution 1963 (2010), that the Committee Executive Directorate update the previous survey, issued in November 2009 (S/2009/620).", "2. The Council also stated in its resolution 1963 (2010) its intention to convene, on 28 September 2011, a special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, open to the wider United Nations membership, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001). Linking the present survey to the discussions to be held at that meeting, the Council requested that it be prepared by 30 June 2011.", "3. The Council further requested that, in addition to recording the state of implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), the survey should also assess the evolution of risks and threats, region by region; identify gaps in implementation; and propose ways to address those gaps.", "4. The survey relies on data compiled on the basis of information and updates provided by Member States; reports on country visits (in the case of the more than 60 States visited by the Committee); regional workshops; and information provided by international, regional and subregional organizations. The data are also recorded in the preliminary implementation assessments prepared by the Committee Executive Directorate for all 192 Member States. As with the previous versions, the present survey was prepared by the experts of the Committee Executive Directorate, based on their professional judgement of the information available as at April 2011.", "5. The survey focuses on the major thematic areas addressed by the resolution, notably: counter-terrorism legislation, the counter-financing of terrorism, law enforcement, border control and international cooperation. It also takes into account the protection of human rights, as relevant to the requirements of the resolution. The sections on law enforcement and border control in each region have generally been expanded from the 2009 survey, as experts have identified additional criteria by which to assess progress in these areas.", "6. Section II of the survey provides an assessment of the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), broken down by region and subregion, as in the previous surveys. The regional and subregional divisions used for the survey do not necessarily reflect the economical and political groupings used by the United Nations or other international or regional organizations. Section II also provides an overview of the progress achieved, identifies regional strengths and vulnerabilities, and suggests areas where groups of States facing particular implementation difficulties might benefit from adopting a regional or subregional approach. This section of the survey includes some references to specific States that have made notable progress in certain areas. However, the fact that other States are not mentioned should not be understood to reflect negatively on their implementation.", "7. Section III provides the general standards and recommended practices that should be in place to give effect to the provisions of the resolution and presents general global trends in implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas. This thematic part might be more useful to the general reader, as it provides a more holistic picture of how the international community, in the broadest sense, has progressed in dealing with the challenge of terrorism since the adoption of the resolution.", "8. At the conclusion of each section, there are three priority recommendations for practical steps that Member States and the Committee and its Executive Directorate could take to strengthen implementation of the resolution in each subregion or thematic area. It is hoped that these recommendations will also be useful for other international organizations and bilateral donors working in the counter-terrorism field.", "9. A list of key counter-terrorism instruments is contained in the annex to the survey.", "General observations", "10. Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) fully retains its topicality and remains a key United Nations document in the field of counter-terrorism. In the 10 years since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001), much progress has been made in this global effort. The resolution has brought increased solidarity and intensified dialogue among Member States concerning the threat posed by international terrorism and the means to confront it effectively. This positive trend has also benefited from the work of the other Security Council subsidiary bodies concerned with terrorism, as well as the adoption, in 2006, of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy by the General Assembly (resolution 60/288), and the related work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.", "11. As assessed by the most easily quantifiable measure — the rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments since the resolution’s adoption — Member States have clearly demonstrated increased political commitment to international cooperation. For example: whereas on 28 September 2001 a total of 50 States had signed the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (hereinafter referred to as the Terrorist Financing Convention), and 4 had become States parties, by the end of 2001, an additional 82 States had signed the Convention, and 12 more had become States parties. As at 1 May 2011, the total number of States parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention stood at 173. To give another example: whereas on 28 September 2001 the number of States parties to the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings was 28, by 1 May 2011, that number had increased to 164.", "12. Positive developments are also evident in other areas. Most States have now taken steps to criminalize terrorist acts in their domestic laws and regulations, in accordance with their obligations under the resolution and the relevant international instruments. Financial intelligence units and other mechanisms have been set up in many States to guard more effectively against terrorist financing. New systems of border security, such as enhanced cargo screening and the introduction in most States of machine-readable travel documents, as called for by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), have significantly complicated terrorists’ transnational activities. There is better information exchange between States, and it appears that mutual legal assistance now occurs more systematically. Many of these advances are due to the continuing commitment of bilateral donors, United Nations system agencies and others to providing technical assistance relevant to States’ implementation of the resolution.", "13. The progress of the last 10 years has resulted in a weakening of certain terrorist networks that have plagued the international community since September 2001. In some States, Al-Qaida has been driven further underground and some of its members successfully either prosecuted, convicted and sentenced or made the subjects of criminal proceedings. International cooperation has also aided prosecutions targeting other terrorist groups active in different regions of the world, including those on the Consolidated List of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities. A heightened level of vigilance and effective police and intelligence work worldwide have thwarted a number of terrorist plots before they could be carried out and, in consequence, undoubtedly saved many lives.", "14. Nonetheless, the threat of terrorism remains high in many parts of the world. As some terrorist networks have been disrupted, others have altered their operational methods. For example, as the Monitoring Team of the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee has observed, Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb has raised a considerable amount of money from kidnappings for ransom and also benefits from the growing use of smuggling routes in the Sahel by drug producers in South America (see S/2011/245). Some groups in South and Central Asia are also reported to be turning increasingly to arms and narcotics smuggling as revenue sources. Terrorist groups are also exploiting continued and (in some cases) increased instability in certain States, and this has enabled them to operate with less fear of disruption by Government authorities. Moreover, notwithstanding the death of Osama Bin Laden and the considerable disruption this will likely cause to the leadership of Al-Qaida, the organization remains a potent and dangerous force. This is due in part to its alliances with groups such as the Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula and to its continued capacity to inspire other groups and individuals to plan attacks in all regions of the world.", "15. A particular threat has arisen through increased use by terrorist groups and individuals of new information and communication technologies for recruitment, incitement and fund-raising, often across international borders. The Internet has proven to be a valuable terrorist tool because of the considerable technical and legal challenges involved in monitoring and regulating its content. A site that is blocked or disabled for allegedly illegal content can often be reactivated elsewhere on the Web within hours. The regulation of the Internet and other new communication technologies is necessarily constrained by the obligation of States to respect the right to freedom of expression, a cornerstone of international human rights law. However, resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to suppress terrorist recruitment, and the Security Council, in its resolution 1624 (2005), calls upon States to prohibit and prevent incitement to commit acts of terrorism. These issues will continue to pose challenges in the years to come.", "16. As the present survey demonstrates, gaps in international counter-terrorism efforts also remain in other areas of States’ implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). Full implementation of the obligation to bring terrorists to justice under the principle aut dedere aut judicare (extradite or prosecute) requires the adoption of implementing legislation in more States and a strengthened commitment to prosecute terrorism cases where extradition is not feasible. Some States need to strengthen their judicial systems further in order to conduct terrorism prosecutions in full accordance with the rule of law. The problem of securing porous land and sea borders remains a major challenge for many States, in large part due to resource constraints.", "17. Challenges also remain in the area of countering terrorist financing, including the need to monitor more effectively new payment methods, informal money and value transfer systems and the use of cash couriers. There is also a need to guard more effectively against the misuse of non-profit organizations while ensuring that regulation is proportionate to the risk and not arbitrarily applied.", "18. In virtually all regions, States continue to face challenges in ensuring the compliance of their counter-terrorism measures with all their obligations under international law, including international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law. Finally, many States face a range of other issues — such as competing developmental priorities, limited training opportunities and continuing pressure on Government budgets — that affect their level of progress achieved in implementing the resolution.", "19. In the 10 years since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001), there has been increased recognition that, while law enforcement measures are at the heart of the resolution, effective responses will necessarily include other aspects of legal and social policy. Terrorism must be understood first as a crime, unjustifiable under any circumstances. However, it is also a manifestation of grievances, articulated in an inhuman, abhorrent and unacceptable manner. It must be confronted with resolute determination, not only by security bodies, but also by societies at large, through enhanced dialogue and broadened understanding among civilizations, awareness-raising of the suffering of victims of terrorism, and policies undertaken in many fields, including development, education, social integration and human rights. Prevention is critical, as recognized by the recent special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional, and subregional organizations, held in cooperation with the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, in April 2011.", "20. In this respect, it is significant that the Security Council, in its resolution 1963 (2010), encourages the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to discuss with Member States, with their consent, the possible development of comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies that include attention to the factors leading to terrorist activities, in accordance with their obligations pursuant to international law. Also relevant is the emphasis placed by the Council in resolution 1963 (2010) on the role that regional and subregional organizations can play in countering terrorism, in particular by enhancing the capacities of Member States fully to implement resolution 1373 (2001) and by facilitating the provision of technical assistance. Both these approaches will be essential to confronting the terrorism challenge.", "21. Although progress has certainly been made over the past decade, it is clear that a great deal remains to be done to make Member States and regions safe from the threat of terrorism.", "II. Assessment by region", "A. Africa", "North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia)", "The Committee has visited five States of this subregion.", "General comments", "22. North Africa has suffered more than other African subregions from terrorism and has adopted a variety of approaches, both legal and operational, in response. All North African States have adopted legislative counter-terrorism measures. However, these measures often lack the precise definition of criminal behaviour set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. This might raise concerns in relation to human rights and the rule of law. Counter-terrorism expertise has been acquired and innovative approaches adopted, whether to prevent further recruitment of potential terrorists or to counter radicalization that may lead to violence.", "23. Recent political and security developments in North Africa may lead some States to revisit current strategies, especially in order to ensure adherence to the rule of law and to address human rights concerns while also maintaining the region’s capacity to counter serious offences such as terrorism.", "24. As a general comment, law enforcement measures in the subregion could be better coordinated, particularly at the operational level, and should be subject to judicial oversight. Lengthy maritime and open land borders continue to pose challenges to border control.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "25. All visited States have introduced legislation giving their judicial, prosecutorial and law enforcement authorities the competences needed to counter terrorism. Penal codes, supplemented by special legislation, are primarily relied upon in bringing alleged perpetrators of terrorist offences before the courts. Terrorism-related prosecutions have been undertaken successfully in several States. However, some States continue to use an overly broad definition of terrorism and would be advised to codify terrorist offences into their domestic criminal law in accordance with the international counter-terrorism instruments. Such an approach is being taken by several visited States, which are introducing new legislation in order to strengthen compliance with their obligations under international human rights law. For example, in 2009, Tunisia amended Act No. 2003-75 criminalizing incitement to commit terrorist acts in order to separate “incitement to hatred” and “religious radicalization” from terrorist offences. Algeria recently lifted its state of emergency. Visited States have criminalized recruitment to commit terrorist acts and the provision of safe haven for terrorists, and have introduced operational measures to give effect to this. All visited States criminalize the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against citizens, installations and diplomatic representatives of other States. They also consider any terrorist acts against these targets as acts against their own national security. However, States should criminalize acts committed against another State in the same way. In short, there is a need to domesticate the principle aut dedere aut judicare (extradite or prosecute), even when there is no immediate link with that State.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "26. States of the subregion have made progress since the previous survey, and all have anti-money-laundering laws in place. Tunisia amended its anti-money-laundering law in August 2009 and Morocco is currently revising its anti-money-laundering law. Although all States have established financial intelligence units, only Egypt has a unit that is fully operational and a member of the Egmont Group. The financial intelligence unit of Morocco received and processed its first suspicious transactions reports in October 2009. All States are parties to the 1999 Terrorist Financing Convention, but only some have criminalized the offence in accordance with the Convention. This may undermine their ability to cooperate effectively at the international level. Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya have (in 2009 and 2010, respectively) extended customer due diligence, record-keeping and suspicious-transaction-reporting obligations to other designated non-financial businesses and professions, thereby enlarging the scope of anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism obligations. Asset-freezing provisions, although not fully in line with the requirements of the resolution, have been enacted in most States, and terrorist assets have been frozen successfully in some instances. Laws are in place to regulate charitable and non-profit organizations, but not all States have reviewed their legal frameworks to prevent the non-profit sector from being misused for the purpose of terrorist financing. Since the previous survey, Tunisia has amended its anti-money-laundering law to strengthen its prudential rules governing donations. Measures taken to control cross-border movement of currency are mostly designed to address exchange control concerns, not for anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism purposes.", "Law enforcement", "27. All States rely on internal regulations, issued by the Ministry of the Interior or other relevant ministries as a supplement to criminal codes, to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Visited States have established specialized counter-terrorism units and institutional structures, and have the capacity to conduct investigations and make use of relatively advanced technologies. In visited States, there is a good level of inter-agency cooperation at the policy level, and this “cascades” down to operational levels. However, internal coordination, particularly for the exchange of information, is primarily conducted through meetings and personal contacts. There is a need to employ additional technological means to allow the exchange of real-time operational information. Apart from the regular meetings of the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior, no regular and institutionalized exchange of operational information occurs at the subregional level. The establishment of a subregional office of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) for North Africa would help improve cooperation among States of the subregion. Furthermore, there is a need for all States to strengthen judicial oversight of law enforcement activities in order to ensure respect for human rights in the investigation of terrorism-related cases and to prevent law enforcement officers acting with impunity. Recent developments in several States of the subregion were accompanied by changes to security structures. For example, both Egypt and Tunisia have dismantled their State Security Services, which had been accused of human rights violations in the context of countering terrorism. All States have taken steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Five States have ratified the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition (hereinafter referred to as the Firearms Protocol) supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "Border control", "28. Visited States have introduced measures to screen travellers and detect forged travel documents, including at international airports. Manual entry of information is still the practice at some border points. The security and integrity of the procedures for issuing identity papers and travel documents could be improved in several States. Most States of the subregion met the deadline of April 2010 set by ICAO for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. All visited States use INTERPOL databases, and some are taking steps to extend them to border posts. A few States (e.g., Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia) have practical measures in place to detect incoming as well as outgoing cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments. Such measures include a declaration form, the obligation to report bearer negotiable instruments, and authorized seizure of cash by customs officials.", "29. All but one State are parties to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the Refugee Convention) and its Protocol of 1967. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised by United Nations human rights mechanisms over the failure to respect fully the principle of non-refoulement. Measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be enhanced in all States, particularly on the southern borders. Algeria has sought to address this issue, adding a fourth brigade of border guards at Tamanrasset in 2009. Six States are parties to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (hereinafter referred to as the Trafficking in Persons Protocol) to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and five States parties to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (hereinafter referred to as the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol). All but one has indicated an intention to implement the World Customs Organization (WCO) SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and initiated that process. The Council of Maghreb Customs Cooperation was launched in April 2010, with a training centre established in Casablanca, the location of the Regional Intelligence and Liaison Office of WCO.", "30. Four States have implemented the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) (hereinafter referred to as the Programme of Action on Small Arms). In 2010, all States of the subregion, except one, submitted an additional report to the United Nations on their implementation of the Programme of Action. With respect to maritime security, all visited States have implemented the International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code (an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea “SOLAS” Convention of 1974). However, there are concerns regarding the irregularity of updates on implementation and testing of security measures and the observed gaps in the implementation of security practices at port facilities in visited States. Annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 to the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) continue to be implemented in all States. In the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the National Civil Aviation Security Programme was approved on 26 October 2009. Since the previous survey, Algeria, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania and Morocco have received second-cycle ICAO Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP) missions.", "International cooperation", "31. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments in the subregion is relatively high. In 2010, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia became parties to one or more additional international instruments, with Algeria becoming the first State of the subregion to ratify all the instruments. However, as noted above, several States rely upon overly broad legal definitions of terrorism, which could present difficulties in respect of international cooperation. Enactment of laws on mutual legal assistance and extradition is still needed in almost all States. In general, States cooperate within the framework of the relevant institutions of the League of Arab States, its Convention (which has a high rate of ratification in the subregion) and bilateral treaties. There is a need to improve the exchange of information and to enhance cooperation with States of other regions.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "32. States of this subregion should:", "(a) Strengthen their legal framework and take steps to further protect their non-profit organizations, including by reviewing the adequacy of their legal frameworks, and to enhance the capacity of their financial intelligence units;", "(b) Continue enhancing border security at entry points and along open borders in order to prevent and suppress the movement across borders of terrorist cargo and arms/explosives, as well as currency and bearer negotiable instruments, and implement the international best codes and standards established by specialized agencies such as ICAO, IMO and WCO;", "(c) Strengthen judicial oversight programmes of police activities and promote continued dialogue with relevant international and regional mechanisms with a view to ensuring compliance with international human rights obligations in the context of counter-terrorism.", "33. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the relevant regional organizations (e.g., the African Centre for Study and Research on Terrorism, the African Union and the League of Arab States), focusing on activities geared towards overcoming challenges and improving implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) Continue building upon the close dialogue established with visited States, particularly in the light of current developments in the subregion;", "(c) Engage more actively with the States of the subregion, including by conducting follow-up visits and taking the opportunity, when passing through the subregion, to conduct bilateral meetings with officials in the relevant State.", "East Africa (Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania)", "The Committee has visited four States of this subregion.", "General comments", "34. The terrorist threat to the East Africa subregion remains high because of continued political instability in the Horn of Africa and the activities of various armed groups. On a positive note, in 2009, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Capacity-building Programme Against Terrorism adopted conventions on extradition and mutual legal assistance that have enhanced the legal framework for cooperation in countering terrorism among Member States, thereby strengthening national and regional security.", "35. The subregion faces significant border-control challenges (such as the continued threat of piracy and other crimes committed at sea) which deplete the national resources available for countering terrorism. Lengthy, and largely open, land and maritime borders continue to pose a significant challenge to national Governments. The issue of border demarcation and the disposition of border communities complicate effective border management in some parts of the subregion.", "36. Counter-terrorism efforts in the subregion would be strengthened through more effective national coordination of law enforcement efforts and improved subregional information exchange.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "37. All States have some legislative measures in place, but these measures do not fully incorporate into domestic law the offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Of the four visited States, two have not yet adopted the draft counter-terrorism laws that have been in preparation for some years. Kenya has successfully conducted trials in relation to terrorist acts occurring on its territory, notwithstanding prosecutorial challenges. The other two States introduced counter-terrorism laws more than five years ago, but report no related investigations or prosecutions. In view of the vulnerability of the subregion, there is a need for more steps to criminalize recruitment. Not all States have provided sufficient information on their jurisdiction over terrorist acts, although almost all have introduced partial measures granting them jurisdiction over offences committed on their territories. The principle aut dedere aut judicare is not applied throughout the subregion because States have not incorporated it explicitly into domestic law.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "38. Nine States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. A minority of States have adopted appropriate legislation to criminalize the financing of terrorism, while the others have at least partial measures in place. A majority of States have anti-money-laundering laws in place, but few have the legislative and operational measures to freeze funds without delay. Establishing regular onsite programmes for the inspection of reporting entities, in order to ensure compliance with anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism requirements, poses a significant challenge to some States, as it is a resource-intensive exercise. Several States have established financial intelligence units, but not yet made them operational. A minority of States have introduced reporting obligations for terrorist financing, but suspicious transaction reports are rare. Eight States of the subregion have been subject to mutual evaluation reports conducted either by the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank, but only five are members of the Group. All States except one have legislation in place to regulate non-profit organizations, but only one has introduced, and effectively implements, legal provisions to prevent terrorist financing through non-profit organizations. No State has reviewed its non-profit sector or conducted a risk assessment for terrorist financing. The Committee’s visits have demonstrated that States of the region (primarily cash-based economies) need to strengthen control of cash couriers by introducing threshold requirements, where they do not already exist, for the movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "Law enforcement", "39. The vast majority of States rely primarily on their criminal procedure codes to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Almost all States lack some capacity to conduct effective investigations or utilize advanced tools such as databases and forensics. Counter-terrorism and security structures for the purpose of internal coordination and the study of terrorism exist in some States. Kenya has a National Counter-Terrorism Centre; the United Republic of Tanzania, a National Counter-Terrorism Centre; and Uganda, a National Security Council. Internal coordination would be enhanced by “cascading” that policy-level coordination down to the operational level, if necessary. The exchange of information would benefit from technological improvements (e.g., by establishing databases and linking them to all relevant law enforcement agencies). Subregional cooperation could be enhanced further through existing regional bodies such as the Eastern Africa Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, as well as the INTERPOL regional office in Nairobi. There is inadequate oversight of law enforcement by competent judicial and other authorities aimed at ensuring the compliance of counter-terrorism measures with the rule of law and States’ international human rights obligations. Almost half the States of the subregion have taken steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, and six have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The remainder need to improve their legislation in this regard. In a majority of visited States, there is a need to enhance crisis-management plans to secure evidence, prevent casualties of secondary bombs, and ensure adequate evacuation in the event of a major terrorist attack.", "Border control", "40. States of the subregion routinely check identity travel documents manually. Little information has been provided concerning “breeder” documents or the integrity of the process for issuing identity cards and passports. All States of the subregion met the ICAO deadline of April 2010 for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. However, readers for screening such travel documents are still not widely available in the subregion. Although States of the subregion have set up INTERPOL National Central Bureaux, their use of INTERPOL services is hampered by a lack of capacity and the failure to extend access to border posts. The Committee’s visits to the region have shown that States need to increase their implementation of legislation to prevent the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments by developing risk indicators and building capacities in detection methodologies.", "41. Almost all States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns over the inadequate legal frameworks established by some States to guard against refoulement. Migrant processing procedures/systems are not automated at all ports of entry, and there is very limited capacity to monitor watch lists. Where it is available, equipment to detect forgeries, communicate, and capture and store traveller data is in need of acquisition or upgrade. Seven States are parties to both the Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocols, and monitoring the movement of cargo in the region also represents a significant challenge. All but two States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, but States need to do more to secure the trade chain, build capacity in risk management, and encourage agency coordination and information exchange at border posts.", "42. Over the past two years, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. All States, except the landlocked States, have designated a national authority for port and ship security and have security plans in place in accordance with the ISPS Code. Measures that need further enhancement in this regard include implementing other aspects of the 1974 SOLAS Convention implementing the Long-Range Identification and Tracking System, and registering all seafarers’ and ships’ crews and issuing secured identity documents in accordance with International Labour Organization (ILO) standards.", "43. Laws to control arms and explosives contain no clear provisions on arms brokering and brokers or transit of weapons. Porous borders continue to pose challenges to effective border control, and more should be done to develop regional approaches and best practices (e.g., community policing) to address those challenges. Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania recognize that engagement with border communities is important in this respect, and engage in regular contact with community leaders on border issues. Since publication of the previous survey, four States have received second-cycle ICAO USAP missions and two have received first-cycle follow-up missions.", "International cooperation", "44. The level of ratification of the international instruments has remained unchanged since 2009 and varies widely. One State is a party to 14 instruments, while one of its neighbours is a party to none. Very few States have adopted laws on extradition and mutual legal assistance. This limits their ability to respond positively to related requests from other States. As noted in paragraph 34 above, in 2009, the Ministers of Justice of the member States of IGAD agreed on a draft convention on extradition and a convention on mutual legal assistance which, when fully implemented, will enhance cooperation in criminal matters among a number of East African States.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "45. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Adopt and implement national counter-terrorism legal frameworks that are comprehensive and coherent and include all the terrorist offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments, while also conforming to international human rights standards;", "(b) Enhance their internal coordination at the policy and operational levels;", "(c) Strengthen efforts to enhance border security at entry points and along open borders, including through the development of regional approaches and best practices, such as community policing, in order to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders, and also prevent and suppress the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments, cargo and arms/explosives, in accordance with international best codes and practices.", "46. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the relevant regional organizations (African Union, East African Community, Eastern Africa Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group and IGAD Capacity Building Program Against Terrorism and focus on activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Continue building upon the close dialogue established with States of the subregion, including through United Nations offices that deal with particular States facing threats and challenges which could impact their capacity and the capacity of other States of the subregion to deal with terrorism;", "(c) Continue to engage proactively with the subregion, including through the facilitation of technical assistance, the organization of workshops and other subregional events (such as the workshop on border management held in Nairobi in July 2010), and follow-up on initiatives to bring practitioners and operational officers together.", "Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland)", "The Committee has visited one State of this subregion.", "General comments", "47. Although Southern African States have made a commitment to countering terrorism, many lack the technical and financial resources required to fully implement resolution 1373 (2001). Southern Africa’s natural resources, cross-border crime and the availability of small arms in the context of past conflicts make the subregion potentially vulnerable to money-launderers, international criminals, drug dealers and terrorist groups.", "48. Southern African Member States have benefited from the initiatives of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, which focuses on preventing and fighting cross-border crime, including arms and weapons trafficking (a significant issue for the subregion). The Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group plays a key role in the subregion, as it is responsible for evaluating anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism measures introduced by its member States and for developing subregional policies and programmes aimed at achieving an understanding of subregional trends in money-laundering and terrorist financing and developing actions and solutions to counter them. The efforts of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to develop a Regional Early Warning Centre are encouraging.", "49. Several States find it difficult to meet their reporting and implementation obligations, perhaps because of their need to address other pressing concerns. The rate of ratification of the international instruments varies considerably. Several States have ratified over 10 instruments but, with the exception of two States, all need to take further action to fully incorporate the instruments into domestic law.", "50. The predominance of the informal economy of the subregion makes the tracking of financial transactions difficult. The cash-based economies of States of the subregion are vulnerable to terrorist financing and money-laundering. In order to reduce this risk, States should be encouraged to continue their efforts to promote financial inclusion, establish financial intelligence units and make them operational, and review the non-profit sector to ensure that it is not misused for illegitimate purposes such as terrorist financing. Because the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments also remains vulnerable to terrorist financing, there is a need to enhance border control through the introduction of declaration forms.", "51. The cross-border movement and availability of small arms continues to require a coordinated response by all States of the subregion. As in other parts of Africa, the subregion’s lengthy maritime and land borders pose challenges to border control.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "52. Of the subregion’s 10 States, only Mauritius and South Africa have introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation and only South Africa has had experience with bringing prosecutions within that framework. United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern over the improper application of counter-terrorism measures in two States. Four States have adequately criminalized terrorist recruitment, while the remainder have either partially done so, or have not done so at all. Four States have introduced adequate legal measures to criminalize the provision of safe haven; four have partially done so; and two have not provided the relevant information. Five States have legislative measures prohibiting the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. The legal challenges experienced by most States of this subregion demonstrate the continued need to encourage States to fully incorporate the international counter-terrorism instruments into their domestic legislation and to develop the institutional capacity of the prosecution and judiciary with respect to counter-terrorism cases.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "53. Six States of the subregion are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. Four States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism, while three have not done so at all. In July 2010, Angola introduced legislation establishing preventive and restrictive measures against money-laundering and terrorist financing. On 15 April 2010, Angola submitted its application to join the Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group. The majority of States have anti-money-laundering legislation in place, and four of those States include terrorist financing as a predicate offence. Most States continue to experience challenges with respect to legislative and operational measures for the freezing of funds without delay. Six States have some measures in place relating to reporting obligations, including for financing of terrorism, but only one has adequate measures in place. In most cases, these measures extend to banks, but it is not clear whether they cover other financial, as well as non-financial business and professions.", "54. There has been progress in the adoption of measures to establish financial intelligence units. At present, four may be considered fully operational and three of these (Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa) are also members of the Egmont Group. Dissemination of suspicious transaction reports by Mauritius and South Africa has resulted in a number of investigations and to the prosecution of money-laundering cases. Six States have some legislative measures in place to regulate non-profit organizations. Only South Africa has conducted a review of its regulatory framework for non-profit organizations. However, no State has reviewed its non‑profit sector or conducted a risk assessment to ensure that non-profit organizations are not misused for the purposes of terrorist financing. Six States have taken measures to control the movement of currency (declaration system). Mauritius informed the Committee that its Customs Act was amended by the Finance Act 2009 and that on 1 October 2009, it introduced a declaration system for cross-border transportation of currency, which replaced the former disclosure system. The remaining States have not provided sufficient information in this area.", "Law enforcement", "55. Four States have set up specialized institutional counter-terrorism structures that are managed by appropriate agencies. South Africa has adopted a comprehensive strategy for countering terrorism and has set up adequate levels of cooperation, information-sharing and coordination of action among its various agencies. In 2010, Mauritius set up the Counter-Terrorism Unit in the Prime Minister’s Office, overseen by the National Counter-Terrorism Committee. All States are members of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization and are thus able to share early-warning information. Member States have conducted specific operations in respect of crimes involving stolen motor vehicles, arms and ammunition trafficking, and drug smuggling and trafficking. However, only in the visited State was it possible to observe the successful efforts of the local INTERPOL National Central Bureau to connect relevant law enforcement agencies to INTERPOL information sources. In July 2010, SADC established its Regional Early Warning Centre to improve communications among its members. The Centre is composed of representatives of the Ministry of External Relations, the armed forces, the police and the State security and intelligence agencies. It will help SADC member States detect any signs of crises, conflicts or natural disasters. Two States have demonstrated effective oversight of law enforcement activities through the judicial process.", "56. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Yet, with the exception of one State, their legislation to control arms and explosives contains no clear provisions on arms brokering and brokers, transit of weapons or Security Council arms embargoes. Only five States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials is binding upon SADC member States. The Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization has been instrumental in the implementation of that Protocol and has made a number of proposals in this regard, including harmonization of legislation, capacity-building, joint cross-border operations, disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and development and destruction. It has also developed standard operating procedures for the implementation of the SADC Protocol and, together with a number of member States, has developed initiatives relating to the creation of a unified database and to the marking of firearms. South Africa has adopted a five-pillar strategy for the management of firearms and has taken part in subregional efforts to eliminate firearms.", "Border control", "57. Several States are taking steps to computerize their immigration and citizenship processes. With the exception of South Africa, entry/exit systems for checking passengers at most border points remain manual. South Africa’s land crossings are linked to a central database, and all entry points have access to a central automated system that captures all travellers’ details and contains warning lists that are regularly updated with information received from law enforcement agencies. Mauritius introduced a new border-control system in 2009, with passenger data being recorded in a database immediately upon arrival or departure at the international airport. This information is available online to authorized persons. There is limited available information about the effectiveness of customs in preventing the illegal physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments in States not visited by the Committee. However, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate was able to gain insight into South Africa’s application of risk-assessment techniques and its increasing success in seizing undeclared bulk cash.", "58. All States of the subregion have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. Mixed migration movements, especially from the Horn of Africa and Great Lakes regions, pose challenges within Southern Africa and place pressure on the limited humanitarian resources available. All States of the subregion met the ICAO deadline of April 2010 for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. Two States of the subregion plan to introduce e-passports. Four States have reported their national requirements for the issuance of national identity documents, and a further two States have proposed legislation for national identity cards. The issue of forged and fraudulently obtained documentation is being addressed through a combination of improved controls and awareness-raising. Seven States are parties to both the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. All States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards.", "59. All States have reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, but in general, States of the subregion need to reinforce their programmes and cooperation in this regard and implement the latest international best practices and arms control standards. The cross-border movement and availability of small arms in the Southern Africa subregion remains an issue of concern. The ISPS Code is in force and applicable in four States, three of which have designated a national authority for port and ship security and two of which have security plans in place for all ports. Only in the visited State (South Africa) was it possible to assess implementation of other aspects of the ISPS Code (implementation was of an acceptable standard). Annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation have been partially implemented in four States. Namibia and Zimbabwe have received second-cycle ICAO USAP missions, and Angola has received a first-cycle follow-up mission.", "International cooperation", "60. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments varies greatly. South Africa has ratified 13 of the instruments, while four other States (Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius and Swaziland) have ratified at least 10. Three States have ratified four instruments or fewer. Since 2009, Lesotho has ratified five instruments, bringing its total to 11. Four States have introduced comprehensive domestic laws on mutual legal assistance and extradition, while the remainder have either partially fulfilled this requirement or not done so at all. There are subregional instruments on cooperation (notably, the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization Agreement in Respect of Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in the Field of Combating Crime, 1997, the SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters and the SADC Protocol on Extradition. Much of the cooperation takes place through the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization. However, there is a lack of information on the practical aspects of cooperation on mutual legal assistance and extradition. South Africa demonstrated the ability to provide mutual legal assistance.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "61. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Implement the adopted national legislation on countering terrorism, while bearing in mind international human rights standards;", "(b) Review their non-profit sectors in order to ensure that they are not misused for the purposes of terrorist financing, and regulate and monitor the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments;", "(c) Update national legislation on mutual legal assistance and extradition and fully implement the relevant SADC protocols on mutual legal assistance and extradition;", "(d) Facilitate capacity-building on international cooperation with subregional partners.", "62. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the relevant subregional organizations, including the Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group, SADC and the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, in order to focus on activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Continue pursuing their proactive engagement with the subregion, including through the facilitation of technical assistance, organization of workshops and other subregional events;", "(c) Facilitate capacity-building to States, in cooperation with the Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group, to establish/strengthen financial intelligence units of the subregion and to develop the legislative and operational capacities of States to freeze funds without delay.", "West and Central Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo)", "The Committee has visited six States of this subregion.[1]", "General comments", "63. Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb poses a threat to the Sahel, in particular, and to West Africa in general. This threat compounds the other criminal threats to States of the subregion (notably money-laundering, drug trafficking, illicit arms trafficking and the movement of terrorists across borders). The lack of a subregional counter-terrorism action plan hampers collective efforts to address the terrorist threat. Lengthy, inaccessible and largely open borders make effective border management extremely difficult and facilitate the activities of transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups. Central Africa also faces an increase in armed violence, criminality and acts of terrorism, including in the Gulf of Guinea.", "64. The ability to prevent terrorists from organizing and moving freely across the territories of Member States of the subregion (especially in the Sahel) depends not only upon the effectiveness of bilateral and subregional cooperation but also on measures taken to put in place international best codes and practices related to law enforcement and border control and upon the effective protection and monitoring of borders, coasts and interior regions. All States have cash-based economies, and this increases the risk that terrorist financing will occur by means of physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments or by means of informal transfers of money and value through alternative remittance systems. In addition, the subregion continues to face challenges relating to law enforcement, the rule of law and respect for human rights.", "65. Since the previous survey, counter-terrorism measures taken by individual States have helped to prevent potential terrorist acts, indicating some improvement in capacity. In 2009 and 2010, several seizures of large quantities of military weapons were made in West Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal). These seizures highlight the important work achieved by customs authorities in the subregion, with the support of WCO and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. At the subregional level, pursuant to the first and second phases of Operation “COCAIR”, all airports of Central (and East) Africa are now connected to the WCO Customs Enforcement Network database and INTERPOL databases, and customs officers and border police share information on passengers and other relevant information within the framework of joint customs/police platforms.", "66. In an effort to counter the increase in crimes committed at sea, the Maritime Organization of Western and Central Africa (MOWCA), with the assistance of IMO, is enhancing cooperation among law enforcement agencies through the establishment of a network of coastguard units. In 2010, in Ghana, member States and donors reviewed the establishment of four control centres at Abidjan, Dakar, Lagos and Pointe Noire, and two subregional coordinating centres in Angola and Ghana. This coastguard network should enable the 20 States parties, from Mauritania in the north to Angola in the south, to promote and conduct joint maritime activities aimed at protecting human life, enforcing the law, improving security and protecting the environment.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "67. The six visited States have established a legislative counter-terrorism framework within which they rely primarily on penal law and criminal procedural codes. Following an investigation into a seizure of illegal arms smuggled into Nigeria in 2010, one accused was arrested and is being prosecuted. In the Niger, as in Senegal, there has been one conviction related to money-laundering. Most States still need to incorporate the offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments into domestic law. Visited States have operational measures and policies in place for the suppression of terrorist recruitment. For example, Burkina Faso attaches importance to combating violent extremism and is working to counter attempts to recruit terrorists. The provision of safe haven is mainly criminalized through “assisting” or “abetting” offences. Almost all States criminalize the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against the citizens, installations, and diplomatic representatives of other States. National capacities to implement these measures are, however, limited in several States. Most States have not established in their legislation adequate jurisdiction for the relevant offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Not all States have established the principle aut dedere aut judicare in domestic law in accordance with the provisions of the international counter-terrorism instruments.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "68. All States except two are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. There has been some progress in West Africa in criminalizing terrorism financing. Since the previous survey, three more States (Côte d’Ivoire, the Niger and Togo) have incorporated into their national legislation the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) Directive on Countering the Financing of Terrorism. As a result, more States have extended the reporting obligation to terrorism financing and included this offence as a money-laundering predicate offence. Due to the proactive role played by the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money-Laundering in West Africa, the anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regimes of West African States are relatively advanced. All States have adopted anti-money-laundering laws. However, with the exception of a few that recently amended their anti-money-laundering laws, most States still need to review them to bring them into compliance with international standards. The Central Bank of WAEMU has embarked on a revision of the Uniform Anti-Money-Laundering Law that applies to all eight States of the Union. Amendments to the law will address, inter alia, customer due diligence obligations. In 2010, Ghana adopted the Economic and Organized Crime Act, which also establishes an Economic and Organized Crime Office as a specialized agency to monitor and investigate economic and organized crime.", "69. Except in Nigeria, very few money-laundering cases (let alone terrorism-financing cases) have been prosecuted and resulted in conviction, despite an increase in the number of suspicious transactions reports. Judiciaries generally need to be strengthened in terms of capacity and independence. There has been some progress in West Africa with regard to financial intelligence units. Two more States have established financial intelligence units (bringing the total to 13); Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire joined the Egmont Group, and Mali will do so shortly. With the exception of Nigeria and Senegal, financial intelligence units still lack the capacity to analyse suspicious transactions reports. The WAEMU/Counter-Financing of Terrorism Uniform Law provides for the administrative freezing of terrorist assets. The challenge for States will be to effectively implement this regime. In general, the subregion still needs to put in place adequate procedures allowing for the freezing of assets without delay and without prior notification to the person or entity concerned and including appropriate due-process safeguards.", "70. States of the subregion have neither reviewed their non-profit sectors nor conducted risk assessments for terrorist financing. Legal requirements on the cross-border movement of currency (e.g., a declaration system) and bearer negotiable instruments exist in most States. With the exception of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is not a member of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Central African States employ an anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism legal framework that consists of a self-executing ECCAS regulation that criminalizes money-laundering and terrorism financing; establishes customer due diligence and a reporting obligation; and provides for a financial intelligence unit. Information on the level of implementation of the regulation is, however, scarce. The Action Group against Money-Laundering in Central Africa lacks the capacity to assess implementation by its members of the “40+9” Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering recommendations on money-laundering and terrorism financing.", "Law enforcement", "71. Most States rely on criminal procedure codes to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Very few States have established dedicated or specialized counter-terrorism law enforcement units. The effectiveness of the system is undermined in almost all States by manual processing of information. Some States are willing to set up coordinating mechanisms, including at the operational level, in the Ministry of the Interior, but still face internal challenges related to resources, control and oversight. Some States have yet to address human rights concerns (e.g., exceptional periods of police custody and limits on access to counsel) relating to terrorism cases. Mali and the Niger are members of the newly established subregional Joint Intelligence Centre in Tamanrasset, Algeria. The creation of the new INTERPOL Regional Bureau in Cameroon, in 2010, supported by INTERPOL projects such as “OASIS Africa” (a project to develop operational policing capacities) will enhance the capacity of States of the subregion. The Bureau will work with the Central African Police Chiefs Committee to improve security in the subregion. Most international airports of visited States have access to the INTERPOL “I-24/7” database. However, few land borders are connected to national central bureaus and thus lack access to INTERPOL tools. The entry into force of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition, and Other Related Material, on 29 September 2009, was an important step in the subregion’s regulation of arms trafficking. The Convention regulates arms brokering and prohibits any supply of weapons to terrorists. Eleven States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. There is no subregional action plan on counter-terrorism or subregional organization with a dedicated counter-terrorism unit, apart from the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, which covers all African Union member States.", "Border control", "72. Most West African States have partially introduced measures to detect forged travel documents. Central African States have provided insufficient information in this regard. The security and integrity of procedures for issuing identity papers and travel documents could be significantly enhanced. Mali has established a national pilot commission on a civil registry plan with a view to computerizing its system and ultimately securitizing the issuance of identity and travel documents. The vast majority of States still rely on manual systems. Two States have not met the ICAO deadline for introducing machine-readable travel documents. Readers for screening such travel documents are not widely available in the subregion. In most States, there is no established procedure for currency declarations. The operational exchange of information is hampered by lack of institutional and operational capacities and by linguistic challenges. There is a need to enhance the practical implementation of existing legal requirements on the cross-border movement of currency (declaration system) and bearer negotiable instruments throughout the subregion. In Senegal, customs officers report that offences related to illegal cash export are increasing, and a number of arrests have been made in that connection at borders with the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau.", "73. Although all States but one are parties to both the 1951 Refugee Convention and its Protocol, United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concerns over inadequate legal frameworks in some States to guard against refoulement. All States have partially implemented measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders, but lengthy and open land borders will continue to pose challenges to border control. Nineteen States are parties to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and 15 are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. All but three States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and have partially implemented the required measures. There are still no properly integrated border-management programmes. The great majority of land police border posts lack the tools and equipment to perform their missions, and national border-control agencies do not sufficiently cooperate among themselves or with their counterparts in neighbouring States.", "74. In 2010, during the preparations for the biennial meeting of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, 16 States (including Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Liberia for the first time) submitted a report on their implementation of the Programme of Action. Only one State has never submitted a report on its implementation. With respect to the ISPS Code of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, all non-landlocked States have designated a national authority responsible for port and ship security. Except in the case of the visited States (Nigeria and Senegal), there is insufficient information to permit an assessment of the implementation of the Code in West Africa. Central African States need to strengthen their maritime safety and security measures, as demonstrated at the 2010 IMO/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate/ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime workshop in Libreville. States that have not yet done so should implement the SOLAS Convention (as amended in 2002) and its 2005 Protocols. There is also a need to fully implement the ISPS Code and the Long-Range Identification and Tracking system; register all seafarers and ships’ crews; and issue secured identity documents in accordance with ILO standards, including the Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention (Revised), 2003 (ILO Convention No. 185). Lastly, annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 of the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation have been only partially implemented. Cape Verde, Gabon, the Niger and Togo have received second-cycle ICAO USAP missions, and the Central African Republic and Sao Tome and Principe have received first-cycle follow-up missions.", "International cooperation", "75. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments varies widely. In 2009 and 2010, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mali became parties to one or more international counter-terrorism instruments. States of the subregion still need to strengthen their domestic legal frameworks to improve their cooperation in criminal matters, in particular through the enactment of laws governing extradition and mutual legal assistance. In 2010, Ghana adopted the Mutual Legal Assistance Act, which enhances its capacity to provide for the implementation of agreements on mutual legal assistance and other arrangements for such assistance. States cooperate with one another primarily through bilateral treaties. The Convention on Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance in Counter-Terrorism, adopted at the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Justice of the French-speaking African Countries on the implementation of the international counter-terrorism instruments, could enhance cooperation among many States of the subregion. Similarly, the adoption of a regional convention on extradition and mutual legal assistance, under the auspices of the African Union (including the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism) could enhance inter-State cooperation in criminal matters.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "76. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Adopt national counter-terrorism legal frameworks that are comprehensive and coherent and that include all terrorist offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments and effectively implement anti‑money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws and regulations, while also conforming to international human rights standards;", "(b) Enhance internal coordination at the policy and operational levels;", "(c) Strengthen efforts to enhance border security at points of entry and at sea, and develop current cooperative projects, such as coastguard networks, joint customs/police platforms at airports and community policing at open borders, including through participation in workshops such as the workshop organized by IOM, in cooperation with the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, held in April 2011 in Nouakchott.", "77. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue their active engagement with the relevant regional and subregional organizations engaged in the subregion (African Union, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa, and MOWCA), with a focus on activities geared towards overcoming challenges and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Facilitate technical assistance to ECOWAS with a view to adopting a regional counter-terrorism action plan for West African States and establishing a dedicated subregional counter-terrorism office under the auspices of ECOWAS;", "(c) Further strengthen their relations with the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, the Central African Police Chiefs Committee, the Action Group against Money-Laundering in Central Africa, the West African Police Chiefs Committee, the WCO Regional Intelligence Liaison Offices of West Africa (Dakar) and of Central Africa (Douala, Cameroon).", "B. Asia", "East Asia (China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia and Republic of Korea)", "The Committee has visited one of the States of this subregion.", "General comments", "78. Most States of the subregion have been subject to terrorist attack, whether carried out on their territory or against their nationals in other parts of the world. There is therefore a high level of awareness of the importance of remaining vigilant against the threat of terrorism, and most States have worked to strengthen their defences against potential attacks. The United Nations Consolidated List identifies a number of terrorist organizations pursuing their activities in the subregion.", "79. Implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) is reasonably well advanced in the East Asia region, although challenges remain. Legislation has been enacted — although not always as comprehensively as recommended and not always in full accordance with international norms. States have also strengthened implementation of required counter-terrorism measures at the institutional level. An important accomplishment in this respect has been increased participation in, and involvement with, regional structures as well as provision of technical assistance on a bilateral basis. One State has not submitted sufficient information to allow for an assessment of its counter-terrorism efforts.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "80. Four States have comprehensive counter-terrorism laws in place. Most States have adequately addressed the criminalization in domestic law of the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments and the establishment of jurisdiction over the offences. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about some States’ imprecise legal definitions of terrorist offences and alleged violations in the administration of justice. During the review period, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea to some extent criminalized recruitment of members of terrorist groups. All States have now criminalized in domestic law the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters and the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. Additional information regarding how States put these provisions into practice would be beneficial.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "81. China, Japan, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have ratified the 1999 Terrorist Financing Convention and criminalized terrorist financing in their domestic law. These four States have also enacted anti-money-laundering laws. The inclusion of terrorism financing as a predicate offence to money-laundering, by several States, would strengthen these measures further. The same four States ensure that reporting obligations cover terrorist financing and have reported extending customer due diligence. These States have set up financial intelligence units and have put in place legislation to control the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea have legal provisions in place to regulate the activities of non-profit organizations. China and the Republic of Korea are considering extending the reporting obligations to cover non-financial businesses and professions. The four States also have provisions that allow the freezing of assets of designated persons, but these might be strengthened by, for instance, putting in place sufficient legal safeguards enabling designated individuals or entities to appeal their designations or to request humanitarian exemptions on the frozen funds.", "Law enforcement", "82. Four States have established domestic counter-terrorism strategies and legislative frameworks to guide law enforcement agencies. Four States have set up national law enforcement units equipped with appropriate tools to work on counter-terrorism measures and initiatives supported by legislative mandates. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern over alleged violations by law enforcement agencies. Three States have established a reasonable level of coordination and cooperation among their law enforcement authorities. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, but the domestic legislation of some States contains no clear provisions on arms brokering, transit of weapons or Security Council arms embargoes. One State is not yet a party to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "83. Four States have introduced procedures for the screening of travellers against national databases of individuals of interest to authorities. Four States use modern equipment to detect falsified travel documents. These States report that they have implemented control measures to ensure the integrity and security of the travel-document issuance process. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea have access to international databases for the screening of individuals. Four States issue machine-readable travel documents in compliance with international standards for document security. China recently initiated the preliminary phase of its e-passport programme. All States have introduced laws to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders, and four States take active steps to pursue offenders. Four States have either signed or ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, and three have either signed or ratified the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but sufficient information to determine whether an effective regime for detecting terrorist asylum-seekers is in place has not been provided by two of those States.", "84. Four States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the SAFE Framework of Standards to ensure the security of cargo against exploitation for terrorist purposes, and three have achieved an advanced stage of implementation. Three of those States have put in place mechanisms to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, although methodologies for the detection of illicit transport could be enhanced. Four States have introduced legislation to implement standards and practices to ensure the security of civil aviation. All States have been audited by ICAO through its Universal Security Audit Programme. Three States have established a legal framework addressing requirements for maritime security and have partially implemented international mandatory standards for port and ship security in accordance with the ISPS Code. Three States have introduced stringent controls on the cross-border movement of arms, ammunition and explosives, as well as nuclear, chemical and biological material and their means of delivery. These three have implemented the Programme of Action on Small Arms, but two others have not reported on the Programme of Action and do not seem to have set up a national enforcement programme to combat arms smuggling.", "International cooperation", "85. Four States have ratified at least 12 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Three States have introduced legal provisions to enable extradition, mutual legal assistance and information exchange and have entered into relevant bilateral treaties or other arrangements with other States. Mongolia has acted similarly, but its efforts in this regard could be enhanced. Two States could increase the number of such arrangements with other States in order to enhance their cooperative efforts. Three States have introduced procedures prohibiting the extradition of individuals who may face the risk of torture or persecution. Two States have not provided information about their refoulement practices/procedures. International human rights mechanisms have expressed concerns at the lack of adequate legal safeguards in the extradition procedures of two States. China, Japan, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have an early-warning system that forms an integral part of their respective counter-terrorism strategies. With the exception of one State, which has provided very little relevant information, all East Asian States are members of several regional organizations or mechanisms for international cooperation on counter-terrorism and have sought to strengthen these relationships.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "86. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Review their criminal laws in order to ensure that recruitment to terrorist acts and terrorist groups is sufficiently criminalized;", "(b) Address deficiencies in the criminalization of terrorist financing and include it as a money-laundering predicate offence, and address deficiencies in the freezing of terrorist assets, especially by allowing for sufficient safeguards and including humanitarian exemptions in the freezing procedures;", "(c) Review their criminal laws to ensure that the legal definitions of terrorist activity and procedures for bringing terrorists to justice are well framed and in line with the relevant principles on the rule of law.", "87. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with States that provide limited information on the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) Work more closely with relevant international and regional organizations, through a variety of approaches, including facilitation of technical assistance with providers/donors and organization of workshops and other regional events to address specific areas of implementation requiring attention;", "(c) Engage more actively with international and regional organizations and States to promote sharing of experiences and provision of technical assistance.", "Pacific Islands (Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu)", "The Committee has visited no State of this subregion.", "General comments", "88. The terrorism risk to States of the Pacific Islands Forum is considered low, because of their isolated geographic location, transport limitations, small size (a factor that deters anonymity) and their relatively unsophisticated financial and commercial sectors. The region could, however, be vulnerable, at least, to use as a haven for terrorist activity, because of major resource constraints, which hinder implementation of required control measures in many areas of counter-terrorism.", "89. Transnational crime, including drug trafficking, trafficking in persons, and money-laundering, is present in the Pacific region. Pacific Islands Forum States require sustained capacity-building (including strengthening of border and maritime security controls) to address this criminality and any potential links to terrorism.", "90. Nonetheless, Pacific Islands Forum States have made good progress in implementing a variety of counter-terrorism measures in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have enacted counter-terrorism legislation and made efforts to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation, especially in the maritime context. Law enforcement efforts to combat transnational crime have been increased and could be adapted to counter-terrorism efforts if required. Several initiatives have been undertaken to raise awareness of financial institutions’ reporting requirements pursuant to anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "91. Few States have fully codified the terrorist offences in their domestic legislation. In the case of seven States, legal provisions on the jurisdiction of the courts do not provide the scope required by the relevant international instruments to which they are parties, although the principle of “extradite or prosecute” is applied by most States. Six States criminalize recruitment to terrorism and Samoa’s draft counter-terrorism law, once adopted, will do the same. Two States employ special criminal procedures, such as preventive detention and “special powers” for certain investigative techniques. However, no information has been provided about accompanying safeguards. Several States have drafted amendments to their counter-terrorism legislation that have not yet been enacted.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "92. Ten States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and six of those States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism. All States have set up financial intelligence units, of which three are operational. The remaining units operate at various levels of efficiency and effectiveness and will require technical assistance to develop their capacity to meet international standards. Although all States have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation, in most cases the relevant provisions contain shortfalls, including the omission of terrorist financing on the list of predicate offences to money-laundering, as well as the exclusion of certain relevant non-financial businesses and professions from the list of entities obliged to provide suspicious transaction reports to the financial intelligence unit, carry out customer due diligence, and perform adequate record-keeping. In some cases, anti‑money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws have never been used as the basis for criminal prosecution or charges. Most States have introduced laws to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Seven States have enacted legislation to regulate non-profit organizations, but few have implemented measures to prevent terrorist financing through such organizations. The regulation and monitoring of alternative remittance systems remains a challenge for most States.", "Law enforcement", "93. Ten States have set up national security bodies (“combined law agency groups”) or high-level central offices (comprised of law enforcement agencies, ministries of justice and prosecutors) to develop common counter-terrorism strategies and approaches, guide law enforcement efforts, and coordinate domestic security matters. Law enforcement agencies employ various mechanisms to maintain the rule of law, such as working closely together and actively enforcing legislation. Three States have set up transnational crime units to investigate terrorism and other crimes. However, States’ reports do not contain information about law enforcement mechanisms or about specific exceptional criminal procedures or special investigative techniques. Five States are members of INTERPOL. All States share information through regional law enforcement mechanisms. Domestically, law enforcement agencies rely on relevant legislative provisions, memorandums of understanding and membership in national central bodies for cooperation, coordination and information-exchange. However, no State has provided information on practical mechanisms in this regard. All States have enacted laws to control the manufacture, possession, acquisition, sale, transfer, transport and supply of small arms and ammunition, but these laws do not include clear provisions on arms brokering, transit of weapons or Security Council arms embargoes. Only one State is a party to the Firearms Protocol. Too little information is available to determine the overall institutional or operational approach taken by Governments with regard to countering terrorism or overseeing counter-terrorism activities. Governments appear to regard the terrorism threat as low, and consequently devote law enforcement resources primarily to the investigation of ordinary crimes.", "Border control", "94. All States have enacted immigration and passport laws to regulate immigration and travel-document issues. Nine States have introduced some legislative controls on the issuance of identity and travel documents. Ten States issue machine-readable travel documents and two are taking steps towards doing so. All States appear to screen travellers on arrival and departure, but in the case of nine States, the nature of the data used to screen individuals is unclear. Three States report that they screen travellers against national databases. No State has provided adequate information on practical control measures put in place to secure the document issuance process or detect offenders at border points. States of the subregion have not indicated the procedures or mechanisms used to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across the borders. Five States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but only one State has ratified the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols.", "95. Four States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and are moving towards the implementation phase. No information has been provided about mechanisms in place to control cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. More efforts should be made to implement legislation to control small arms, light weapons and explosives, and only four States have implemented the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Most States have introduced laws to establish national aviation security authorities and implement aviation security standards, but very few have provided information on their implementation of the relevant annexes to the Chicago Convention. During the review period, ICAO conducted aviation security audits of five States. Reports provided to IMO indicate that seven States appear to have implemented aspects of the ISPS Code, including the development of port facility security plans. It appears, however, that States have not been updating their security plans periodically on the basis of security audits/testing as required by the Code. Two States have made concerted efforts to enhance their inspection of arriving vessels. Nonetheless, the available information does not present a clear picture of the implementation of the aviation, maritime or cargo security measures, border controls or enforcement programmes in place to ensure that small arms do not fall into the hands of unauthorized individuals.", "International cooperation", "96. The subregion has achieved a reasonable level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Six States have ratified 10 or more instruments, and Fiji and Nauru have ratified all 16. The other States continue efforts at ratification. All States have set up mutual legal assistance arrangements to facilitate regional and international cooperation, and all have enacted extradition and mutual legal assistance laws, but it is not possible to determine the scope or number of bilateral and multilateral treaties and arrangements, or the degree of cooperation and coordination, because of lack of information. Exchange of information about crime and legislative approaches to combating crime is mostly limited to the subregion and neighbouring jurisdictions, and is accomplished largely through regional bodies, supported by regional declarations.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "97. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Further institutionalize their counter-terrorism frameworks and review their criminal laws in order to ensure that terrorist offences in each of the designated categories are properly criminalized; and, as applicable, enact counter-terrorism legislation;", "(b) Further build the capacity of their financial intelligence units and law enforcement agencies to investigate financial and terrorism-related crime;", "(c) Strengthen information-sharing among relevant authorities and continue to enhance regional coordination and cooperation.", "98. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with international and regional organizations engaged in the region (Asian Development Bank, Asia/Pacific Group on Money-Laundering, the Oceania Customs Organization, the Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organizations and Pacific Islands Forum secretariat) and conduct activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Work more closely with Pacific Island States, through a variety of approaches (including joint facilitation of technical assistance with providers/ donors and organization of workshops and other regional events) to address specific areas of implementation requiring attention;", "(c) Consider future subregional visits. (The Committee has not visited any States of the subregion.)", "South-East Asia (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam)", "The Committee has visited 10 States of this subregion.", "General comments", "99. Major terrorist groups in the region include Jemaah Islamiyah, which has been especially active in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; the Abu Sayyaf Group; insurgent groups in the Philippines; and separatist insurgents in southern Thailand. Largely as a result of effective counter-terrorism law enforcement measures, these terrorist groups are mostly believed to be in decline, although still capable of occasional attacks (e.g., the Jemaah Islamiyah suicide bombings at two hotels in Jakarta in July 2009, after four years’ silence, and a series of more recent terrorist attacks in Mindanao and southern Thailand). Since 2000, however, Indonesia has made over 600 arrests and prosecuted around 500 individuals for terrorist offences. This has not only removed a large number of dangerous people from society, but has shown the wider community that terrorism can be handled through the normal criminal justice system.", "100. States of the subregion have moved well beyond mere law enforcement approaches to address the challenge posed by terrorist groups. They have actively promoted interfaith dialogue and public-private partnerships; set up community-policing initiatives; and experimented with prison rehabilitation programmes in an effort to address violent extremism at its roots. Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have gathered experience and good practices in this area and may be in a position to provide technical assistance to States in need.", "101. All States except one have established special counter-terrorism bodies at the policy and/or operational levels. Overall, law enforcement capacity has been greatly enhanced. However, the criminal justice system in at least five States could be improved in order to bring terrorists to justice more effectively. Four States employ preventive (administrative) detention without charge or judicial commitment in peacetime, and this has been the subject of human rights concerns. However, some States are increasingly recognizing the relevance of a human rights-based approach to effectively countering terrorism.", "102. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has worked to build a cooperative regional counter-terrorism framework. Timor-Leste is currently applying for ASEAN membership. The ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism was adopted in 2007, but the rate of ratification is quite slow. Cambodia and the Philippines ratified the Convention in 2010, joining Singapore and Thailand. Ratification by two more States is required for the Convention to come into force. Multilateral and bilateral donors actively provide technical assistance to build States’ counter-terrorism capacities.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "103. Eight States have incorporated counter-terrorism measures into their domestic law or introduced special counter-terrorism laws. Singapore has adopted comprehensive counter-terrorism laws incorporating all elements of resolution 1373 (2001). Cambodia has recently introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism laws. Three States must still introduce adequate counter-terrorism legal provisions. Some States’ definitions of terrorism seem to be ambiguous or too broad and should be aligned with international norms. Half of the States of the subregion lack criminalization of the recruitment of members of terrorist groups. Most States do not criminalize incitement to terrorism and, where it is criminalized, the definitions are generally not specific enough, giving rise to concerns that the laws could be used to suppress freedom of expression.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "104. Although all States except one are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, almost half of the States of the subregion do not sufficiently criminalize the financing of terrorism. Some States do not criminalize money-laundering in accordance with international norms. The Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering International Cooperation Review Group stated in June 2009 that six States of the subregion had anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism deficiencies. Four States have no mechanisms in place for freezing terrorist assets and funds, and most States’ freezing mechanisms do not always work “without delay” as required by resolution 1373 (2001). Customer due diligence and record-keeping have been improved in most States. All States except one have financial intelligence units in place, and all States have experienced significant increases in the number of suspicious transactions reports they are required to process. Five financial intelligence units have considerably enhanced their ability to communicate with reporting entities and to analyse suspicious transactions reports. Malaysia and Singapore are considered to be in a position to provide technical assistance to other States in need relating to the functions of a financial intelligence unit. Reporting obligations have not yet been extended to all designated non-financial businesses and professions in most States. Awareness of the risks of abuse of the non-profit sector for the purpose of terrorist financing has been greatly increased among public officials over the past few years, and many States are trying to review their non-profit sectors to ensure that adequate regulations are in place. Reflecting the advance of technology, such as new payment methods, many States face new challenges in controlling alternative remittance systems. Most States have legal provisions in place to regulate the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "Law enforcement", "105. Timor-Leste has recently completed the process of institutionalizing and integrating its national police force to create an independent structure. Law enforcement agencies are well structured and have established special agencies, committees and units to counter terrorism. In some cases, however, international mechanisms have expressed concern over human rights violations allegedly committed by security forces. In July 2010, Indonesia established the National Counter-Terrorism Agency and its Task Force in order to formulate counter-terrorism policy and coordinate the activities of relevant Government agencies. Law enforcement officers are well trained at a number of regional institutes, including the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, in Indonesia, the South-East Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism, in Malaysia, and the International Law Enforcement Academy, in Thailand. ASEAN States work within the framework of the ASEAN Association of Heads of Police (ASEANAPOL) and contribute to its criminal database, which is connected to INTERPOL databases, in order to share information. However, inter-agency cooperation and information-sharing continue to require attention. It is believed that terrorists in the region rely mostly on conventional weapons. Despite strict legal and operational controls, artisans and family businesses that manufacture small arms and light weapons persist throughout the region. Only Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have acceded to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "106. All States except one have met the deadline set by ICAO to issue machine-readable travel documents. However, one State’s machine-readable travel documents contain security vulnerabilities that should be addressed. Around half of the States of the subregion issue travel documents containing biometric features that render them even more secure. Many States lack relevant and viable police and intelligence lookout information at border control points, as well as connectivity with international “lookout” data contained in the INTERPOL “I-24/7” databases. Many States have not fully implemented modern detection methodologies such as risk-management practices, and lack inspection equipment to examine cargo crossing their borders. Detection of the illegal cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, and coordination among customs, financial intelligence units and law enforcement officials in this regard are either lacking or insufficient.", "107. Management of open land and sea borders is a significant challenge for most States, not least because it encompasses thousands of islands, many of which are sparsely inhabited. All ASEAN States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, and many are making good progress towards doing so. Most States have controls on the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons, but detection methodologies could be strengthened in a number of States. About half the States of the subregion have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Four States received a second-cycle ICAO USAP mission during the period of assessment, and one State received a first-cycle follow-up mission. Overall, maritime security in the region needs to be strengthened. Most States do not have domestic refugee legislation, and only three States have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, most States have improved their cooperation with UNHCR with respect to the processing of refugee claims. Practical measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could also be enhanced, with four States yet to ratify the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and five States yet to ratify the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "International cooperation", "108. Nine ASEAN States are parties to the four aviation-related instruments. About half of the ASEAN States have ratified the 1988 maritime instruments, but no State has ratified the 2005 “amending maritime protocols”. All ASEAN States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. The rate of ratification of the nuclear-related instruments and the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection remains low. One State is not a party to any relevant instrument. Although the ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism has not yet entered into effect, the ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters has been ratified by nine States, and is in force. Most States have adopted legal provisions on extradition, but half of the subregion’s States need to improve these provisions. Three States do not extradite fugitives on the basis of reciprocity. Most States have designated a central authority for extradition and mutual legal assistance. ASEAN member States exchange information through ASEANAPOL and have signed the Agreement on Information, Exchange and Establishment of Communication Procedures. The number of memorandums of understanding on information exchange between financial intelligence units in the region has increased considerably.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "109. States of this subregion should:", "(a) Enhance their legislative and operational measures in order to fully address criminalization of the financing of terrorism; freezing mechanisms (paying due regard to due process); the effective functioning of financial intelligence units; the required controls on the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments; and control of the alternative-remittance and non-profit sectors;", "(b) Strengthen border control measures at entry points by ensuring connectivity to national criminal databases and INTERPOL databases, training staff in detection and inspection methodologies and acquiring the necessary inspection equipment;", "(c) Strengthen their criminal justice systems, including with regard to the right to fair trial, through training and seminars.", "110. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Strengthen cooperation with the regional counter-terrorism institutions, including the International Law Enforcement Academy, the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, the South-East Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism and others, to facilitate the provision of necessary technical assistance and training;", "(b) Organize regional events to address shortfalls in controlling cash couriers and the non-profit sector;", "(c) Work with partners to streamline bilateral technical assistance being provided to this subregion by donor States and organizations, in order to avoid duplication and fully address needs.", "South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)", "The Committee has visited three States of this subregion.", "General comments", "111. South Asian States have suffered greatly from terrorism at the hands of groups espousing a wide variety of ideologies. Terrorist groups active in various parts of the region include Al-Qaida, elements of the Taliban, Lashkar-e-Taiba, among others, which continue to threaten the peace and security of the States in the region. Porous boundaries, illicit drug production, increasing criminal activities, globalization and limited resources and response capacities have contributed to the internationalization of the terrorist threat in the region and beyond. There is a close link between drug production and terrorist activities in the region. States confront many common challenges and constraints in their efforts to counter terrorism.", "112. Regional actors (notably, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)) have long recognized the threat posed to their citizens by terrorism. As early as 1987, the region’s political leaders agreed on the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism, which obliged parties to criminalize the acts under the Convention as terrorist acts, and for this purpose called for cooperation among its member States on extradition, evidence-sharing and other forms of information exchange and cooperation to prosecute those who are alleged to have committed such “terrorist acts”. An Additional Protocol to the Convention was added in 2004 to address terrorist financing. To enhance effective prosecution of criminal cases, in 2008 the States in the region signed the SAARC Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters.", "113. Despite these initiatives, regional efforts to counter terrorism continue to face significant challenges. Attempts by States to achieve the peaceful resolution of conflict are an ongoing process. In many States, gaps in institutional capacities and limited resources make prioritizing counter-terrorism efforts difficult. In addition, the shortage of counter-terrorism legislation conforming to international standards and specialized counter-terrorism operational capacity limits the effectiveness of those mechanisms. States have made good progress in establishing anti-money-laundering/counter-terrorist financing regimes, but greater regional cooperation at the operational level is required.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "114. Four of the eight South Asian States have introduced legislation criminalizing recruitment for terrorism and prohibiting the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. In addition, four States have introduced legislation criminalizing the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters by individuals or organizations. The jurisdiction of courts in five States extends to acts committed outside a State’s territory by its nationals (whether or not the individual is currently within the State’s territory). Very few States have comprehensively updated their legal framework to include specific counter-terrorism laws. Instead, most have preferred to introduce limited amendments to their penal codes. Maldives began in early 2011 to draft a counter-terrorism law, with the assistance of INTERPOL and the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns over special counter-terrorism provisions that restrict certain rights in some States, which may in turn make it difficult to implement international agreements on mutual legal assistance and extradition. In this regard, some States could benefit from a review of their national legislation to ensure that it fully complies with the international counter-terrorism instruments and human rights obligations.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "115. All States but one are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. The subregion has experienced numerous developments in anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation in recent years. For example, Nepal adopted the Asset (Money) Laundering Prevention Act (2008), Bangladesh adopted the Money Laundering Prevention Ordinance (2009) and Pakistan passed the Anti-Money-Laundering Act (2010). India is the only country in the region to become a member of the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering in June 2010. All eight States have set up financial intelligence units. Considering that many South Asian financial intelligence units were established only recently, the development of capacities is a priority concern. The capacity of States of the subregion to freeze assets without delay and in accordance with due process is an issue of concern.", "116. In its dialogue with States of the subregion, the Committee has identified several examples of good practice, including the development and enforcement of measures to protect charitable and non-profit funds from terrorist financing. This is particularly important when natural or man-made disasters require the urgent mobilization of large amounts of external funds (generally paid through non-profit organizations as charitable donations). Good practices designed to facilitate emergency relief efforts (e.g., simplified registration, customs and visa-issue procedures) have been identified. All eight States have legislation in place to regulate non-profit organizations, but it appears that in many States the implementation of legislation needs to be improved. Furthermore, there exist numerous vulnerabilities in money value-transfer systems. Although some South Asian States have put in place declaration regimes for the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, some regimes address only cash moving out of the State and neglect cash moving into the State. Additional legislative measures are therefore needed.", "Law enforcement", "117. All three visited States have introduced a comprehensive strategy to counter terrorism and taken steps to develop specialized institutional counter-terrorism structures and measures managed by the relevant agencies. In these States, there is an awareness of the importance of cooperation, information-sharing and coordination among the various agencies and between the regional and national levels. All three visited States have played an active role in creating specialized counter-terrorism agencies and/or police units and in ensuring that those units are provided with the necessary training and tools to perform their duties in a range of counter-terrorism-related areas. For example, in 2009, Bhutan established an elite special forces unit in its police department to tackle terrorism. In 2008, India also established the National Investigation Agency for undertaking investigation and prosecution for terrorist and other serious offences.", "118. With the exception of draft legislation prepared by Sri Lanka, witness-protection laws and programmes, which protect witnesses as well as members of law enforcement and the judiciary, are lacking. United Nations human rights mechanisms have, in some cases, identified serious concerns related to excessive use of force, and challenges remain in respect of efforts to institutionalize human rights safeguards in the work of law enforcement entities. Strengthening of regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel is an additional challenge. States should strengthen their legal frameworks to criminalize the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking in small arms and explosives. Only one State is a party to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "119. Porous land borders pose a threat to almost all States. In response, four States have introduced legislation to penalize the movement of undocumented persons across State borders. Efforts are being made to establish greater control over the issuance of identity papers and travel documents. States have established procedures to issue machine-readable travel documents. Bangladesh and Nepal began issuing machine-readable travel documents in 2010. The Unique Identification Authority of India began issuing Unique Identity numbers on 29 September 2010, and Pakistan established the National Database and Registration Authority, which has built a sophisticated computerized civil registry system that helps to facilitate the secure issuance of identity and travel documents. Some States have taken operational steps to ensure the implementation of legislation on cash couriers. South Asian customs agents participated in “Operation ATLAS” (26-30 October 2009), which involved 80 WCO member States and was the largest ever multilateral operation targeting cash smugglers. Most States should take further practical measures to identify and halt the illegal movement of cash across borders. All States have indicated their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. No State has introduced a domestic law on asylum, and only Afghanistan is a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. The current situation thus does not allow for the systematic screening of refugees for potential links with terrorism and other serious criminal activity. With regard to the criminalization of trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, only India is a party to the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants protocols.", "120. Further steps need to be taken to implement practical measures to suppress the smuggling of arms and explosives. Although three States reported to the Programme of Action on Small Arms, in 2010, and one did so in 2008, four other States have not reported to the Programme of Action at all. Airports in Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal were audited during 2009 and 2010 as part of the ICAO USAP. With regard to maritime security, the ISPS Code (1974 SOLAS Convention) is applicable and in force in five States of the subregion. Four of those five States have designated a national authority responsible for ship security, and three States have designated such an authority for port security.", "International cooperation", "121. Two States are parties to at least 13 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. No State has ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. The most recent activity in the region in this regard was the ratification by Pakistan of the Terrorist Financing Convention, in June 2009. During a June 2010 meeting of the SAARC Terrorist Offences Monitoring Desk, SAARC member States decided to share information on a real-time basis and to exchange data on many related areas, such as photographs of terrorists, terrorist incidents and terrorist profiles.", "122. With the aim of enhancing the capacities of law enforcement officials in South Asia to counter terrorism and related crimes and, at the same time, to strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has facilitated a series of workshops (beginning in November 2009) aimed at bringing together law enforcement officials — primarily police officers and prosecutors — to share experiences, lessons learned and best practices in handling cases relating to international crimes and terrorism. All eight South Asian States have actively participated in the three meetings held to date, and the SAARC secretariat has attended as observer. Beginning with the fourth workshop, held in Bhutan in May 2011, this process will include the participation of judges.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "123. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Address vulnerabilities in the money-transfer system and strengthen frameworks to prevent misuse of funds obtained overseas by charitable organizations;", "(b) Develop a protection framework for witnesses, judges and law enforcement personnel;", "(c) Strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel, including with regard to relevant human rights issues.", "124. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to support initiatives to strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel, such as the regional workshops for police, prosecutors, other frontline officials and representatives of civil society working to counter terrorism in South Asia;", "(b) Build upon ongoing efforts to actively involve SAARC in regional activities supported by the Committee and its Executive Directorate;", "(c) Consider future visits to all States of South Asia, as well as follow-up visits to those already visited.", "Central Asia and the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)", "The Committee has visited one State of Central Asia and three States of the Caucasus.", "General comments", "125. The implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) in Central Asia is hampered by several factors: proximity to the conflict in Afghanistan (where drug production feeds terrorist activities and has generated a dynamic arms-for-drugs trade); the illicit activities of transborder cash couriers (a potential source of terrorism financing); the circulation of surplus arms (owing to political and civil unrest in the region); remote and underprotected borders, coupled with the lack of human and material resources to ensure effective border control; and the large number of migrant workers (which in turn increases the use of informal remittance systems, a potential source of terrorism financing). Moreover, the Islamic Jihad Group, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and its affiliated East Turkistan Islamic Movement — all Al-Qaida-affiliated groups — operate in some parts of the Central Asian region. Central Asian States are thus confronted with an acute transnational terrorist threat that requires concerted regional and coordinated responses.", "126. Central Asian States have made significant progress in implementing a variety of counter-terrorism measures, in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have enacted counter-terrorism legislation and laws to regulate trade on small arms. They are working to curtail terrorist movements by strengthening immigration controls and to enhance cargo security by strengthening certain customs controls. They have also made robust efforts in the area of counter-terrorism law enforcement and are increasing their bilateral and multilateral cooperation. These measures have brought tangible results by limiting the spread of the above-mentioned terrorist groups.", "127. The Caucasus is a separate geopolitical region. The terrorist threats to this region are somewhat different in origin and nature, but their effects are similar. Unresolved ethnic and border disputes have resulted in conflicts that undermine efforts to develop a cohesive, regional counter-terrorism response. Moreover, the Caucasus includes landlocked and oil-producing States. As a result, a network of pipelines is required to transport oil and gas from Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan on the Caspian Sea to ports in Georgia and Turkey. There are concerns that this strategic infrastructure could be the target of terrorist attacks and that the Caucasus could serve as a corridor for terrorist groups transiting from Afghanistan into Europe. Moreover, Azerbaijan and Georgia border the Caucasus region of the Russian Federation, and there is a risk that terrorist groups operating in this region might cross shared borders in an effort to seek safe haven.", "128. Several States of the Caucasus have taken steps to amend their legislation to comply with their international human rights obligations, notably by establishing judicial safeguards in criminal cases. However, States of this region still present a number of shortfalls. Procedural safeguards for asylum-seekers are still weak. Although judicial safeguards have been strengthened in many States, these safeguards have yet to be effectively implemented, especially at the initial stages of investigation and the pretrial stage. Instances of torture, ill-treatment and arbitrary detention continue to cause concern. There is therefore a need to build upon the progress already made.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "129. All Central Asian States have introduced counter-terrorism legislation. Over the past two years, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have made progress in transposing the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism legal instruments into their criminal codes. Kazakhstan has also penalized crimes relating to terrorist recruitment and terrorist groups. Some States might wish to review their domestic legislation with a view to ensuring that it complies fully with the international instruments. Counter-terrorism offences should be precisely defined in order to uphold the principle of legality while ensuring that they do not infringe upon activities protected by international law. In at least one State, the crime of terrorism appears to be defined too broadly, which could hamper cooperation at the international level.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "130. Central Asian States have made tangible progress in implementing anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism provisions. All States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. In 2009, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan adopted appropriate anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism legislation that created financial intelligence units, obligated an extensive list of entities to report suspicious transactions and established criteria defining such transactions. Pursuant to the Committee’s visit, Azerbaijan redefined and criminalized its terrorist financing offences, broadly in line with the Terrorist Financing Convention and the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering Special Recommendation II. During the period 2009-2010, certain Central Asian States further refined and expanded existing anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation. For instance, Uzbekistan set out rules for internal control and established penalties for entities failing to report, and Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan introduced strict customer identification and record-keeping procedures. Tajikistan established the Financial Monitoring Department (its financial intelligence unit) in October 2009 and prepared a new draft anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism law in November 2010. Remittances from Central Asian migrant workers working in other States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have been identified as a potential anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism risk requiring attention. Although these transfers are conducted through formal systems, the oversimplified customer identification procedures, the high volume of remittances and the difficulty in identifying the origin and purpose of the funds are causes for concern. The associated risks increase when such remittances are conveyed through informal systems. Moreover, there are concerns that the active arms-for-drugs trafficking emanating from Afghanistan may lead to terrorist financing in neighbouring Central Asian States, through the activities of cash couriers. Some Central Asian States have established declaration regimes for the cross-border carriage of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Azerbaijan modified its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation in order to provide for enhanced customer due diligence measures. Non‑profit sectors should be regularly reviewed to ensure that non-profit organizations are not susceptible to abuse for the purposes of terrorist financing.", "Law enforcement", "131. Central Asian States have strengthened law enforcement measures since the previous survey through enhanced inter-agency cooperation and information-sharing and the establishment and utilization of criminal and other databases, both domestically and internationally, in support of law enforcement counter-terrorism efforts. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are utilizing centralized databases to which counter-terrorism law enforcement agencies have access. All States participate in regional mechanisms on law enforcement cooperation. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan engage in information-exchange and respond to requests for legal assistance (at both the national and international levels) regarding persons linked to terrorism. Because there is a human rights element inherent in law enforcement work, there is a need to strengthen oversight mechanisms. Uzbekistan established a legal framework of safeguards to strengthen the rights of suspects, detainees and defendants and to investigate complaints of violations of such rights and the use of torture. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms, ammunition and explosives. Three States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. States of the Caucasus would benefit from clearer procedures for cooperation and coordination among law enforcement agencies, at both the national and international levels, to ensure effective investigation and prosecution. (Azerbaijan, for example, has established a unified national database that provides law enforcement agencies with access to immigration, visa and border-control information.) Moreover, States should be more proactive in ensuring that the prosecution of terrorism cases is conducted effectively, utilizing good practices and respecting international fair-trial standards.", "Border control", "132. States of the subregion report progress in implementing legislative and operational measures relating to the cross-border movement of people and goods and aviation security. States have established procedures to determine the true identity of persons prior to the issuance of travel documents, and most issue machine-readable travel documents. Legislation to prevent the movement of terrorists across borders is in place, with all States having ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and all but two being parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. (Implementation of measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be improved, however.) In 2009, Turkmenistan introduced the Law on the Migration Service, and in January 2011, Uzbekistan introduced machine-readable travel documents. Kazakhstan screens individuals in accordance with the Consolidated List, the watch lists of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and CIS, as well as bilateral and intergovernmental agreements, before granting temporary or permanent residency or naturalization. Persons seeking to enter Azerbaijan illegally are detained in temporary centres located at border crossings and undergo identification and fingerprinting procedures. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia all issue machine-readable travel documents and Azerbaijan has incorporated several security features into its passports, which are issued through a centralized and controlled national office. All States but one are party to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but their implementation of screening and exclusion mechanisms may be somewhat inconsistent.", "133. Practical implementation of methods to identify and halt cash couriers and also to detect the illicit movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments through other means needs to be improved in most States. It is not clear to what extent travellers are screened, their baggage inspected and appropriate actions taken. All States but one have indicated their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, and Azerbaijan is implementing its own State Programme on the Development of the Customs System of the Azerbaijan Republic 2007-2011. In Azerbaijan, weapons-detection and surveillance equipment has been installed at international border crossings. Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan submitted a national report to the Programme of Action on Small Arms, in 2010. Azerbaijan checks personal applications for a permit to legally possess firearms against a national “blacklist” produced by the Ministry of the Interior and the National Security Service. The import/export of arms for military or law enforcement purposes requires the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers. No State of the Caucasus has ratified the Firearms Protocol, but Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have done so. Increasingly, States of the subregion participate in regional projects and programmes (which encourage the soliciting, collecting and sharing of information and intelligence) as a means of enhancing capacity to address border-related threats of terrorism and organized crime. In some States, the lack of technical equipment, such as document readers and cargo scanners and the lack of full database connectivity prevent a thorough and effective screening of travel documents and cargo at border crossings.", "International cooperation", "134. Seven of the eight States of Central Asia and the Caucasus have ratified 12 of the international counter-terrorism legal instruments, with Kyrgyzstan actively considering adherence to the 6 instruments to which it is not yet a party. No State of the region has ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. Even though most States are landlocked, they should nevertheless ratify the two 2005 Protocols and transpose their offences into domestic law for the purposes of dual criminality when responding to requests for mutual legal assistance and extradition. In 2009, Turkmenistan introduced legislation to enhance information-sharing and mutual legal assistance with foreign States in the area of anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. Central Asian States belong to regional organizations that address specific aspects of counter-terrorism, including legislation, anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism, law enforcement and border security in the particular regional context. These States do interact with one another within these multilateral frameworks, but it is also important that they expand bilateral linkages in matters pertaining to mutual legal assistance and extradition, as well as to cooperate jointly in border security (especially as terrorist threats are often cross-border in nature). No State can counter terrorism alone, because the transnational nature of the terrorist threat requires cooperation and coordination with other States. In the Caucasus, the combination of terrorist activity, ongoing hostilities and the presence of the oil industry necessitates robust cooperation in the implementation of counter-terrorism measures. For this reason, it is important to establish effective, durable and holistic mechanisms for regional collaboration in the areas of law enforcement, border security, mutual legal assistance and extradition.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "135. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Ensure that national criminal and related databases are established, maintained and updated, and linked to law enforcement and border offices;", "(b) Ensure that technical equipment (document readers, scanners and fraud detection) are installed at key border crossings;", "(c) Tighten controls/monitoring of remittance systems (both formal and informal), including the physical movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments across borders.", "136. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the international and regional organizations engaged in the region (including the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Regional Anti‑Terrorist Structure, and the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, Tajikistan) in order to focus on activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) Work more closely with States of Central Asia and the Caucasus through different approaches (including the facilitation of technical assistance in cooperation with providers/donors and the organization of regional workshops) to address specific areas requiring attention, including strengthening of criminal justice systems and specialized programmes for judges and prosecutors;", "(c) Consider future visits and follow-up visits to this subregion in order to engage more actively with States.", "Western Asia (Bahrain, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen)", "The Committee has visited seven States of this subregion.", "General comments", "137. Threats and challenges in the subregion include terrorism, regional conflicts, instability caused by political transition and civil unrest, and piracy. In general, States of the subregion have strengthened their counter-terrorism measures since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001). However, there is a need to fine-tune some of these measures to bring them into line with international codes and best standards and practices for implementing the resolution (including adherence to the rule of law and international human rights obligations). States of the subregion should ensure effective judicial oversight of law enforcement activities to guard against abuses and prevent impunity.", "138. The advanced economic status of several States of the subregion and the presence of political instability in neighbouring areas present the risk that funds may leak to terrorist groups. There is therefore a need to enhance the security of financial sectors, controls on remittances, and movement of cash across borders.", "139. The non-profit sector is carefully regulated by several jurisdictions. (For example: the practice of collecting money at kiosks has been banned in both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and charities are more closely regulated, in general, by the relevant ministries.) There is a need to enhance connectivity in order to facilitate exchange of information between the databases of charities and law enforcement agencies.", "140. Because of the ongoing terrorist threat to parts of this subregion, there is a need to enhance border control, screen travellers, and prevent the smuggling of weapons. There is also a need for some States to deal more effectively with the large number of asylum-seekers in the region, notably by becoming parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "141. Most States have in place a counter-terrorism legal framework that relies primarily on their respective penal laws, supplemented by other special decrees. Most States have the capacity to investigate terrorist cases. Perpetrators of terrorist acts have been arrested and subsequently brought to justice in a number of jurisdictions. However, several States rely on overly broad legal definitions and special criminal procedures that have raised concerns among United Nations human rights mechanisms and could also present difficulties in respect of international cooperation. Some States consider the international conventions to which they are a party an integral part of their national legislation. However, the United Arab Emirates has proactively incorporated most of the offences of the international instruments into its domestic legislation and draft laws to this effect are also being considered by Saudi Arabia and several other jurisdictions. Several States have criminalized recruitment for the purpose of committing terrorist acts. Saudi Arabia has put in place a terrorist rehabilitation programme that has shown some promise. The United Arab Emirates has policies to promote tolerance and moderation in all communities in the State as a measure to build community resilience against recruitment and radicalization. The provision of safe haven for terrorists is criminalized in most States, which also criminalize the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against the citizens, installations, or diplomatic representatives of other States, considering any terrorist acts against these targets as an act against their own national security. However, States still need to domesticate the principle aut dedere aut judicare in accordance with the international counter-terrorism instruments.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "142. Seven States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention (including Yemen, which became a party in 2010). Most States of the subregion have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation and regulations and have established multiple regulatory bodies. However, there is a need for similar measures, particularly operational measures, to be put in place with regard to counter-financing of terrorism. Most States, for example, have yet to criminalize the financing of terrorism and establish it as a predicate offence to the money-laundering offence. States that have partially criminalized the financing of terrorism have still to ensure that all elements of article 2 of the Terrorist Financing Convention are included. Reporting obligations extend to the financing of terrorism primarily in those States that have partially criminalized terrorist financing. Others may have in place reporting obligations concerning counter-financing of terrorism through central bank circulars, but no legal framework for bringing perpetrators of such offences to justice. Most States have increased the number of laws and regulations in place to ensure that customer due diligence and record-keeping requirements are extended to designated non-financial business and professions. Most States have measures in place for seizure and confiscation. In 2010, Jordan amended its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism law to bring it up to international standards, including by issuing an instruction establishing an administrative freezing of terrorist funds. In general, measures to freeze funds linked to terrorism in most States of the subregion need further enhancement, including streamlining of the process and the operations to freeze funds without delay.", "143. Most States have established a financial intelligence unit. Those of Bahrain, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic and the United Arab Emirates are members of the Egmont Group. Other financial intelligence units still need to become fully operational and could benefit from the experiences and assistance of the aforementioned more advanced units. In 2009, a computer-based training pilot programme on anti-money-laundering was successfully set up by the Iranian Judiciary and the Ministry of Economy and Financial Affairs located in the financial intelligence unit. Most States have adequate laws and regulations in place to regulate registration of non-profit organizations. Some have also introduced regulative measures under the auspices of security services. In Saudi Arabia, the accounts of charitable organizations and associations are regulated by the Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency rules for opening and operating accounts with commercial banks. However, most States have yet to conduct risk assessments of their non-profit sector with a view to ensuring that it is not misused for the purpose of terrorist financing. Most States have legal measures in place to regulate cash couriers, and some have disclosure systems.", "Law enforcement", "144. All visited States have adopted counter-terrorism strategies and put in place specialized counter-terrorism institutional structures and measures that are managed by law enforcement agencies. These States were observed to have relatively advanced capacities to conduct investigations. Forensics and technological capacities vary throughout the region and seem to be more advanced in the States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) visited by the Committee. Community policing plays an important role (e.g., in one visited State, the Government uses mobile “smart” telephones to notify the public of significant events and posts police information on an Internet-based social-networking service). Internal coordination and information-exchange in most States is conducted at the policy level, and “cascaded” down to the operational level manually and through personal contacts, rather than electronically. This cooperation/coordination would be enhanced by the use of common or interlinked databases.", "145. Two forums that enhance regional policy cooperation among States of the subregion are the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior and GCC. The latter, in particular, has strengthened, through the use of national identification cards containing appropriate biodata, both national and regional security and ease of movement of its citizens through mutual borders. The Permanent Security Council on Counter-Terrorism of GCC meets annually and in 2009 adopted a guidance plan for training counter-terrorism officials of GCC members. In view of concerns expressed by United Nations human rights mechanisms regarding excessive use of force and ill-treatment of detainees in the context of counter-terrorism in parts of the region, there appears to be a need for States to introduce more systematic oversight of law enforcement activities, including by the judiciary. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, though only four have ratified the Firearms Protocol. Most States have legal measures in place, including declaration systems, to regulate cross-border currency movements.", "Border control", "146. Most States have introduced measures to detect forged travel documents. The United Arab Emirates uses a multitiered approach to document security and travel-document inspection, which includes primary screening of travel documents and secondary screening of suspect documents in a well-equipped forensic document examination laboratory. In Jordan, officials at all major border checkpoints have advanced document fraud-detection equipment at their disposal. On-site observations indicate that the equipment is being regularly used to identify travel-document fraud. All States of the subregion met the ICAO deadline of April 2010 for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. All visited States use INTERPOL databases. Most States, however, need to extend access to INTERPOL databases to border posts for use by front-line officers. Most States have operational mechanisms in place to identify and halt cash couriers. In Jordan, the customs department has set up an Anti-Money-Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism Unit, which has access to various internal and external databases and cooperates with all border posts.", "147. Only two States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, and very few States have laws on asylum-seekers, relying primarily on the offices of UNHCR in the region to help them manage these processes. United Nations mechanisms have expressed concern regarding inadequate legal and practical measures to guard against refoulement in several States. Most States screen applicants before granting any form of temporary or permanent residence. Members of GCC use advanced technologies in this regard. In the United Arab Emirates, individuals seeking visas upon arrival are checked against alert lists, which are maintained in the national database, in both Latin and Arabic script. The immigration authorities also use an iris recognition immigration system to check the nationals of States that constitute the bulk of its migrant labour. Seven States are parties to either the Trafficking in Persons or Smuggling of Migrants Protocols (three States are parties to both), although implementation is difficult to measure. All States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and have partially implemented the requisite measures. In the United Arab Emirates, the Central Customs Intelligence unit feeds information/intelligence into the risk profiles installed in the electronic customs-clearance system. In Kuwait, risk profiles have been integrated into the electronic customs-clearance system.", "148. Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen submitted their reports for the period 2009-2010 on the implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. However, States still need to reinforce their programmes and cooperation and to implement the latest international best practices and arms control standards. The ISPS Code is partially implemented throughout the subregion. Jebel Ali Port in the United Arab Emirates is by far the largest port in the Middle East. Consequently, the United Arab Emirates takes maritime security and threat prevention seriously, and has put in place advanced systems, infrastructures and processes to assess and respond to risks while also ensuring the smooth facilitation of trade. In general, most States could improve their maritime capacities through utilizing long-range identification and tracking systems to track foreign flag vessels or to track vessels beyond their respective automatic identification systems. Annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation are partially implemented in all reporting States. The United Arab Emirates and Jordan have each received a second-cycle ICAO USAP mission and the Islamic Republic of Iran has received a first-cycle follow-up mission. The United Arab Emirates and Jordan have instituted a number of significant improvements to aviation security policies, programmes and the implementation of security controls at the airport level.", "International cooperation", "149. Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen have each become parties to an additional counter-terrorism instrument, and Bahrain became a party to three additional instruments. Both Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates are now parties to 14 instruments. Only a few States have domestic provisions in place governing extradition and mutual legal assistance. Members of GCC and members of the League of Arab States follow their relevant uniform model legislation on extradition and mutual legal assistance. These would, however, be limited to the practice in the region, which is also governed by multilateral and bilateral treaties. Mutual legal assistance and extradition with States outside the region is primarily governed by bilateral treaties, and the consideration of extradition is normally triggered by INTERPOL notices. Most States need to exclude from the “political offence” exemption the offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "150. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Train prosecutors and judges, as well as other relevant law enforcement officials, in the effective implementation of recently enacted laws in the field of counter-terrorism and/or money-laundering, with due regard for international human rights obligations;", "(b) Enhance the legislative and regulatory frameworks for countering the financing of terrorism, including through criminalizing the financing of terrorism, adopting necessary measures to freeze funds without delay, and conducting risk assessments of the non-profit sector;", "(c) Continue taking measures to enhance border security through the implementation of relevant international best codes and practices.", "151. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with relevant regional organizations, including the League of Arab States, GCC, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, with a focus on activities geared towards overcoming challenges and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Continue building upon the close dialogue established with States visited in the region, particularly in the light of current developments in the subregion. This would also assist in identifying best ways to facilitate technical assistance through, for example, the organization of workshops and other regional events to address specific areas of implementation requiring attention;", "(c) Engage more actively with States of the subregion through further follow-up visits to West Asian States, and by taking the opportunity of being present in the region to conduct bilateral meetings with officials of relevant States.", "C. Latin America", "Central America and the Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago)", "The Committee has visited two States in this subregion.", "General comments", "152. The threat of terrorism has remained low in the Central America and the Caribbean region. Home-grown terrorism and the movement of groups of terrorists, or suspected terrorists, across its territories have not been documented or detected. However, the foremost security challenges being faced by States of the subregion continue to be escalating levels of criminal activity and their debilitating effects on society. A range of factors account for the crime and insecurity landscape, primary of which is the illegal drug trade, as well as illegal trafficking of firearms, trafficking in persons, gang warfare, unemployment, corruption and, in some cases, the inability of criminal justice systems to bring perpetrators to justice. Although terrorism is not specifically mentioned as a consistent occurrence, it certainly is an area of concern, as many of the above-mentioned factors have the potential to fuel terrorist acts in the region. Moreover, because of its geography (which includes expansive and open sea borders and numerous small island States), the region is vulnerable to criminal activity in the maritime domain and thus confronts challenges relating to effective maritime and border control. These challenges are complicated by constraints on the human and material resources available to address them. However, Governments continue to implement required measures and do cooperate bilaterally and regionally to address these problems. The availability of small arms is an issue of significant concern in Central America. There are more than 2 million unregistered small arms in circulation.", "153. The subregion has made good progress in complying with resolution 1373 (2001), particularly in countering the financing of terrorism and in the adoption of measures relating to port and airport control. Similarly, counter-terrorism legislation has been adopted, providing judicial and prosecutorial authorities with adequate legal powers to bring terrorists to justice. States have developed regional mechanisms for ensuring coherent legal and institutional capacity-building in the control of financial systems, law enforcement and border control, ensuring cooperation, attention to human rights and non-duplication of activities.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "154. All Central American and Caribbean States have introduced anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation that include provisions for the offences of terrorism and terrorist financing. However, States have not yet fully incorporated into domestic law the offences established in the international instruments. All States prohibit the use of their territories by their nationals to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States, and a third of States have adequate measures for the suppression of recruitment of members of terrorist groups, for the criminalization of the provision of safe haven to terrorists or their supporters, and for establishing adequate jurisdiction for relevant offences in national law.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "155. Most Central American and Caribbean States have ratified the Terrorist Financing Convention and adopted anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation establishing the financing of terrorism as an independent offence and as a predicative offence to money-laundering legislation. Although States have set up financial intelligence units to analyse suspicious transactions reports, a number of these units require operational capacity-building. States could also improve the compliance of financial institutions with customer due diligence standards, particularly regarding politically exposed persons. Many States have in place legislation to control the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. In 2009, Costa Rica approved the Law against Terrorism, which included terrorist financing. During 2010, Belize, Jamaica and Saint Lucia amended their counter-financing of terrorism legal provisions to further strengthen their respective regimes. Jamaica has initiated a programme to modernize its financial intelligence unit, and Barbados has approved the creation of six additional positions within its financial intelligence unit and upgraded its information technology system. The financial intelligence units of Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have become members of the Egmont Group. A number of States have not yet implemented procedures to identify and freeze terrorist assets without delay. About half of States implement some measures to guard against terrorist financing through the non-profit sector. Further efforts must therefore be made in this regard.", "Law enforcement", "156. All Central American and Caribbean States have put in place effective law enforcement measures and entered into bilateral, regional, and international agreements for cooperation and exchange of information. States have enhanced inter-agency cooperation, sharing of information, and the establishment and use of criminal databases, both domestically and internationally, in support of law enforcement and counter-terrorism efforts. All States of the subregion are members of INTERPOL and have established national central bureaux. Some States are also members of the Commission of Chiefs of Police of Central America and the Caribbean and have access to its databases. However, many States need to improve the capacity of their national central bureaux in order to ensure connectivity of border checkpoints to centralized databases. The subregion is vulnerable to arms smuggling, and most States have shortfalls in their national legislation to regulate a variety of illegal activities regarding small arms and light weapons, despite 17 States having ratified the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "157. The Caribbean region is a leader in multi-country biometric border control programmes, with 15 States and 18 airports operating on the same fingerprint and facial biometrics-based system. The region has also developed the Caribbean Travel Pass (CARIPASS) programme, which provides secure and facilitated border crossings for citizens and legal residents of the Caribbean Community. All States of the subregion screen visitors and people requesting visas or residency status against a variety of national and international databases. All States issue machine-readable travel documents and a number of States have introduced Advanced Passenger Information. Two thirds of States have introduced mechanisms for establishing the true identity of citizens prior to the issuance of identity documents, but there is a need for greater security and integrity of the issuance process of identity and travel documents.", "158. Customs controls on illegal trafficking of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives are implemented by around half of States, but there is a need to strengthen customs controls and the training of officers. Eight States have reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. A Caribbean Community Task Force and the Organization of American States (OAS) Secretariat of Multidimensional Security have put in place a regional programme to halt the proliferation of illegal small arms. This problem has been identified as a major threat to the ability of Caribbean States to guarantee security and non‑violence for their citizens. Thus far, only Trinidad and Tobago has kept its obligations updated. The trafficking of drugs and small arms continues to be a serious concern to the subregion, especially across unguarded sections of the border. The illicit movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments is also a concern. Although many States have put in place mechanisms to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, detection methodologies could be enhanced. Most States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, and most have moved to implement its standards. ICAO conducted aviation security audits in nine States in 2009 and 2010. There is a lack of information regarding the implementation of maritime security standards, as most States have not provided sufficient information on their implementation of IMO maritime security standards. Seventeen States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and more than half have put in place measures to prevent the abuse of asylum procedures. All but four States have ratified the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols.", "International cooperation", "159. One State, Panama, has ratified 15 of the international counter-terrorism instruments, three have ratified 13, and most States of the subregion have ratified around 12 instruments. However, two States have ratified no more than six instruments. Around half of States have introduced adequate provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and the remainder are making progress in this regard. States of the Caribbean have, however, adopted the Caribbean Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Serious Criminal Matters (including offences relating to terrorism, terrorism financing, money-laundering and drug trafficking). The Treaty obligates States to afford the widest measure of mutual legal assistance at any stage of investigations, prosecutions, and judicial proceedings in relation to the above-mentioned serious criminal offences. Moreover, 20 States are members of the OAS Inter-American Committee against Terrorism, and around half of these States are parties to the Inter-American Convention against Terrorism and have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. Regional and bilateral mechanisms for law enforcement cooperation, such as early warning mechanisms and intelligence cooperation, have been established. Cooperation in the subregion is continuously improving, but should be further strengthened, especially in border areas, in order to bolster controls against possible terrorist incursion and proliferation of transnational crime.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "160. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Strengthen legislative and practical measures to regulate and control illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons;", "(b) Continue to improve border-control measures in order to increase effectiveness in preventing and detecting illicit cross-border activity;", "(c) Improve customs-control methodologies in the cargo-processing domain in order to guard against manipulation for terrorist ends.", "161. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to strengthen their partnerships with regional organizations in support of effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) by Member States of the subregion;", "(b) Engage more actively with States of the subregion through visits and strengthened dialogue, especially with key actors and policymakers, in order to heighten awareness of resolution 1373 (2001) and of requirements for its effective implementation;", "(c) Continue to facilitate delivery of technical assistance in the identified areas of need, partnering with international and regional organizations and donor States, in order to build capacity.", "South America (Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of))", "The Committee has visited two States of this subregion.", "General comments", "162. The threat of terrorism to the subregion is considered to be low, but vulnerabilities to terrorism-related activities remain high, particularly in certain areas. The existence of domestic insurgent groups operating in the region, including the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) guerrillas in Colombia, the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and Tupac Amaru in Peru, and the Paraguayan Popular Army, present tangible security threats. In some cases, proceeds from the production and trafficking of illicit drugs and other transnational criminal activities are being used to finance existing illegal armed groups. Maintaining sufficient border security controls remains challenging, especially taking into account the difficulties posed by the subregion’s geography.", "163. South American States have made tangible progress in implementing a variety of counter-terrorism measures in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have enacted counter-terrorism legislation, and most have ratified at least 12 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Efforts have been made to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation. Law enforcement efforts have been increased to combat transnational crime and could be adapted to counter terrorism as required. Governments have launched several initiatives to raise awareness, among financial institutions, of the requirement to report suspicious transactions.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "164. Although no State has fully integrated into domestic law the terrorist offences of the 16 international counter-terrorism instruments, six States have established comprehensive counter-terrorism legal frameworks. However, the implementation of counter-terrorism provisions needs to be improved, especially with respect to border control and international cooperation issues. Counter-terrorism legislation has been strengthened in Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru. In the case of two States, shortfalls have been identified in the codification in domestic law of the terrorist offences. Paraguay recently adopted a comprehensive law against terrorism and has made significant improvements in its counter-terrorism and counter-financing of terrorism legislation. Most States have made progress in enhancing the capacity of their prosecution and judiciary services. International and regional organizations continue to play an active role in providing training and capacity-building in areas such as judicial cooperation, crime prevention and the promotion of human rights. Nine States have taken measures to suppress the recruitment of members of terrorist groups.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "165. Eleven States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and six of these States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism. Although all States have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation, in most cases the relevant provisions contain shortfalls, including the exclusion of certain relevant non‑financial businesses and professions from the list of entities obliged to submit reports on suspicious transactions to the financial intelligence unit and conduct customer due diligence and record-keeping. All States have set up financial intelligence units, and six of those units are operational. The remaining units operate at various levels of efficiency and effectiveness and, in some cases, will require technical assistance to develop their capacity to meet international standards. Seven States have extended the reporting obligation to include terrorist financing. The capacity to freeze without delay funds and assets linked to terrorism has improved in Colombia and Peru, but is not yet fully implemented in a number of other States. Although most States have legislation in place to regulate charitable organizations, legislation to prevent terrorism financing through non-profit organizations must still be enacted and effectively implemented in at least 10 States (12 in the previous survey). Peru and Uruguay have achieved improvements in this area. No State has completely reviewed its non-profit sector or conducted a risk assessment for terrorist financing. Many States have improved measures to address cash couriers by establishing declaration or disclosure systems for the reporting of cross-border movement of cash. Monitoring of alternative remittance systems continues to require improvement in most States, and regulation and monitoring of these systems remain challenges that must be addressed.", "Law enforcement", "166. Ten States have set up national agencies or offices (combined law agency groups) or high-level central offices to deal with counter-terrorism matters. States of the subregion have developed joint strategies and relationships among their various counter-terrorism agencies. However, States’ reports do not contain information about the law enforcement special investigative techniques used or about specific exceptional criminal procedures in place. All States have set up mutual legal assistance arrangements to facilitate regional and international cooperation and information-sharing. Regional law enforcement mechanisms are also used. Cooperation, including through early-warning and intelligence, seems to be effective. Colombia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru have also enacted legislation giving their law enforcement authorities special investigative powers. All States have access to INTERPOL data, but in many cases the degree of efficiency of access and use of the data is not clear. Domestically, law enforcement agencies rely on relevant legislative provisions, memorandums of understanding and membership in national central bodies for cooperation, coordination and information-exchange. Five States are not yet a party to the Firearms Protocol, but almost all have introduced OAS legislation criminalizing the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives. In nine States, the relevant legislation appears comprehensive. Most Governments appear to be strongly committed to ensuring that law enforcement agencies respect human rights, although in some cases serious concerns have been raised about violations by security forces.", "Border control", "167. All States of the subregion have enacted immigration and passport laws to regulate immigration and travel-document security and have set up procedures for establishing the true identity of persons prior to the issuance of identity documents. All States issue machine-readable travel documents. Nine States have implemented effective screening procedures for travellers. Cooperation across regional borders, including the sharing of information and customs cooperation, has improved substantially. However, the effectiveness of controls could be significantly improved by increasing police patrols and acquiring detection equipment, particularly in light of the subregion’s porous borders. Nine States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. During the period of assessment, seven States of the subregion reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Most States have implemented controls on the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons and are working to improve prevention and detection effectiveness. However, the existence of large stocks of illegal small arms and light weapons utilized in past and present conflicts makes the control and elimination of arms trafficking a challenge for border control and other law enforcement authorities.", "168. Controls on the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments continue to be improved in the region through training and awareness-raising workshops and exercises. Chile, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay have established effective controls to detect and prevent illicit movements at some border points. Five States received an ICAO USAP audit during 2009 and 2010. Most States have introduced laws establishing national aviation security authorities and implementing aviation security standards, but few have provided information on their implementation of the relevant annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Implementation of maritime security codes and standards has also improved, overall. Despite the progress achieved, border management continues to pose a challenge because of the porosity of borders and the existence of black-market trade routes. Ten States have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. All States have ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, and all but two are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, yet the implementation of laws to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be strengthened.", "International cooperation", "169. The subregion has achieved a reasonable level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Chile has ratified 14 instruments, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru have ratified 13, and four States have ratified 12. Eight States have introduced adequate provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and the remainder are making progress in this area. International cooperation has improved, including through the establishment of regional cooperation mechanisms. All States are members of OAS, which provides regional mechanisms for cooperation at the policy and operational levels. Only two States have not yet ratified the Inter-American Convention against Terrorism. Eleven States have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, and the remaining State is a signatory. Only two States have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Extradition, while five other States are signatories. There appears, however, to be a lack of coordination among some actors involved in regional cooperation, especially in extradition and mutual legal assistance matters.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "170. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Review criminal laws in order to ensure that offences in each of the designated categories are properly criminalized, and enact counter-terrorism legislative provisions, as necessary;", "(b) Address deficiencies in the criminalization of terrorist financing and the freezing of terrorist assets, and strengthen the monitoring of the non-profit sector and alternative remittance systems;", "(c) Strengthen the capacity of competent authorities to detect the illegal movement of cargo, cash and other monetary instruments.", "171. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Enhance technical assistance coordination with OAS/Inter-American Committee against Terrorism/Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the South American Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering and donor States on a range of issues, including terrorist financing, counter-terrorism legal frameworks and border control;", "(b) Consider future visits to the region in order to engage more actively with States.", "Europe and North America", "South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)", "The Committee has visited three States of this subregion.", "General comments", "172. The terrorist threat to the States of South-Eastern Europe is considered to be relatively low, although Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia have had occasion to use terrorism legislation to make arrests (2009 and 2010) and, in the case of Serbia, to bring criminals to justice on terrorism charges (2009). Most violence occurring in the subregion is linked to nationalist agendas. Authorities are, however, increasingly aware of the potential for religiously motivated radicalization and violent extremism.", "173. States of the subregion confront many common challenges and constraints in their efforts to counter terrorism. Regional challenges include potential links between organized crime and terrorism, and vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the financial system, which could be exploited for terrorism financing. The subregion also serves as a major transit route for people, funds, arms and illicit goods.", "174. Regional cooperation continues to improve, including through the establishment of new mechanisms for cooperation and the strengthening of existing mechanisms. States continue to develop their counter-terrorism capacity in all areas, including by updating their legislation and enhancing the capacity of their judicial, prosecutorial, financial and law enforcement bodies, very often as part of their European integration. Some States have developed national counter-terrorism strategies, but the level of implementation needs to be improved and more focus should be given to preventive aspects, including in particular addressing incitement to terrorism and the threat of radicalization leading to violent extremism.", "175. Despite improvements in border management and considerable investment in infrastructure, human resources and regional cooperation, refugees and asylum-seekers from other parts of the world (especially conflict zones) continue to use South-Eastern Europe to enter the European continent. The fact that more States in adjacent regions are facing periods of instability raises the likelihood of incoming flows of immigrants and refugees from these regions and could pose a significant challenge to States of South-Eastern Europe.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "176. Most States of the subregion have enacted modern counter-terrorism legislation and put in place a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of the resolution. Nonetheless, substantial shortfalls remain in four States, in the way terrorist offences are codified in domestic law. The capacity of prosecutorial and judicial authorities also still needs to be enhanced. Additionally, regional and subregional organizations need to continue to invest in the training of prosecutors and judges and in building States’ capacity to bring terrorists to justice, notwithstanding a reduction in resources due to the global financial slowdown. In general, the States of the subregion have made good progress in the criminalization of recruitment to terrorism. During 2010, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, thereby making all States of the subregion parties to this important regional instrument. The next step for most States is to adopt practical measures and a national preventive strategy, as the subregion remains vulnerable to terrorist recruitment. It is also believed that more training in the handling of counter-terrorism cases needs to be provided in the areas of international cooperation; sophisticated methods of investigation (including, as appropriate, the use of special investigative techniques) and human rights safeguards.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "177. All States of the subregion are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and all have adopted new anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws in recent years. All States include financing of terrorism as predicate offences and extend reporting obligations to financing of terrorism. These laws — most of which were drafted with technical assistance, some of which was generated as a follow-up to a Committee visit — criminalize money-laundering and financing of terrorism reasonably well, in accordance with international standards. States of the subregion continue to develop their regulatory systems in order to effectively implement the financial aspects of the resolution. For example: Montenegro, as part of its new Strategy for the Fight against Terrorism, Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing, adopted a national Action Plan for the implementation of the Strategy for the period 2009-2012, which focuses heavily on anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. All States have established operational financial intelligence units, but their capacities vary. A good example in this respect is the Office for Money-Laundering Prevention of Slovenia, the designated financial intelligence unit. The Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money-Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism (MONEYVAL) states that the Office is well structured and professional, appears to be operating effectively, and seems to have a good working relationship with the police and other relevant State agencies.", "178. On the other hand, several visits conducted by the Committee in the subregion and evaluations conducted by other international and regional organizations show that the capacity of some financial intelligence units still needs to be enhanced. Non‑profit organizations play an important role in the region. Although all States of the subregion have legislation in place to regulate non-profit organizations, the level of regulation and supervision is not high. No State has reviewed its non-profit sector or conducted a risk assessment for terrorist financing. Most States still lack a comprehensive system for freezing terrorist assets without delay. Legal measures to monitor the cross-border movement of cash for the purposes of preventing the financing of terrorism need to be strengthened, particularly as the use of cash as a basis for transactions is relatively high, thus making the region vulnerable.", "Law enforcement", "179. All States have enacted laws to guide the work of law enforcement and established bodies to coordinate their national counter-terrorism efforts. Recently, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia reformed their inter-agency cooperation mechanisms in order to enhance inter-agency cooperation. States of the region differ greatly in the way they have structured their counter-terrorism coordination bodies in terms of reporting, powers and structure. However, national cooperation and coordination in counter-terrorism efforts have posed challenges for all States of the subregion, and serious attempts have been made to streamline inter-agency cooperation. Six States have developed, either fully or partially, national counter-terrorism strategies. Croatia and Montenegro recently updated their national strategies. States need to make further efforts to ensure that these strategies cover all aspects of an effective counter-terrorism approach, and more work is needed in order to implement effectively the national strategies. Regional mechanisms for law enforcement cooperation, including early-warning and intelligence cooperation, have been established over the past few years and have substantially improved the level of regional cooperation. One key improvement has been the enhancement of Member States’ capacities to conduct joint investigations. Of particular interest is continued law enforcement cooperation through the South-East European Cooperative Initiative Regional Centre for Combating Trans-Border Crime and by the recently established Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe Secretariat. The States of the subregion are alert to their vulnerabilities to arms trafficking and have developed legislative frameworks to criminalize illicit trafficking and to control the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Ratification of the Firearms Protocol is very high, with only one State not yet being a party.", "Border control", "180. All States of the subregion have issued machine-readable travel documents with enhanced security features during the past five years. Albania and Croatia are at an advanced stage of distributing biometric passports that comply with European Union and ICAO standards. Both States expect to complete this process in 2011. All States continue to make substantive progress with regard to border control as part of their European integration. Since 2009, all Member States of the subregion have signed working arrangements with Frontex, thereby improving the coordination of border management across the region. Cooperation in regional border management continues to improve, including through the establishment of joint patrols, sharing of information and regional mechanisms for border control and customs cooperation. All States but one have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. Despite this progress, the subregion continues to face challenges in this respect, particularly as some internal borders are “green borders” and the quality of border management across the region varies. In three visited States, the border police did not possess equipment capable of detecting forged travel documents and did not have in place effective border surveillance mechanisms. In those States, formal border crossings were often found to be unconnected to central databases.", "181. Most States of the subregion face challenges in implementing measures dealing with cash couriers. Most States also have difficulty in enforcing legislation to suppress arms trafficking, despite efforts by many to increase screening and inspection activities. Five States reported to the Programme of Action on Small Arms during 2010, and only one has not submitted a report at all. Overall, despite the progress achieved, the management of border control and customs still poses a challenge.", "182. Progress has been made over recent years in efforts to prevent the abuse of refugee and asylum systems by terrorists. For example, in July 2009, Serbia adopted a National Strategy for Migration Management, following its adoption of a National Strategy for the Suppression of Illegal Migration in the Republic of Serbia for the Period 2009-2014. All States of the subregion have ratified the two Protocols to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, the flow of immigrants and refugees across the region from conflicts zones in the Middle East and Africa continues to pose a challenge to immigration authorities.", "International cooperation", "183. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments is relatively high. In recent years, States of the subregion (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Serbia) ratified some the most recent counter-terrorism instruments. All States have adequate provisions in place on mutual legal assistance, extradition and exchange of information. The level of cooperation with European States at all levels (judicial, prosecutorial and law enforcement) is high. International cooperation within the region has improved substantially. Since 2008, the Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe Secretariat and the Regional Cooperation Council have played an important role in enhancing regional cooperation. Despite this progress, several Committee visits and workshops conducted in the region have shown that regional cooperation in counter-terrorism matters requires further strengthening.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "184. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Build the capacity of their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regimes, with a particular focus on financial intelligence units, the freezing of terrorists’ funds and assets, and regulation of charitable organizations;", "(b) Strengthen the capacity of regional cooperation mechanisms;", "(c) Strengthen border security and effectively cooperate with respect to border control and customs services.", "185. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue their engagement with subregional cooperation mechanisms in order to strengthen such cooperation;", "(b) Support States’ efforts to adopt and implement comprehensive national strategies, with a particular focus on prevention of terrorism;", "(c) Encourage States to strengthen border security and effectively cooperate in the areas of border control and customs services.", "Eastern Europe (Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Slovakia and Ukraine)", "The Committee has visited no State of this subregion.", "General comments", "186. The subregion is vulnerable to a range of terrorist threats. While low in most States, the terrorist threat is high in others, particularly in the Russian Federation, which has been the target of a number of terrorist attacks.", "187. All States have legislative frameworks in place to deal with terrorism. However, there is a general need for improvement in information-sharing, cooperation, and coordination among law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels. Recent legislation in the Russian Federation has sought to achieve a more integrated approach among relevant counter-terrorism entities. There is a need for more effective implementation of resolution 1624 (2005), which encourages dialogue and understanding among religions and cultures in order to counter incitement to terrorist acts motivated by extremism and intolerance.", "188. The subregion is located along major lines of communication connecting Western, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. This potentially increases the risks posed by organized crime and related activities of smuggling and trafficking in narcotics, arms and people, as well as money-laundering.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "189. Most States of the subregion have codified the international terrorist offences. Almost all have provisions in place for the prohibition of the use of their territory to commit or prepare for terrorist acts. Moreover, their courts have jurisdiction over their own nationals committing offences abroad and foreign nationals found on their territory. Most States are considered to have comprehensive and coherent national legal frameworks in place. In 2009, the Russian Federation strengthened penal sanctions for assisting or participating in terrorist activity (including recruitment) and introduced a draft law to strengthen criminal liability for terrorism-related offences. The Russian Federation has also adopted legislation to protect the rights of victims of terrorism and has introduced measures concerned with the conditions of detention for individuals suspected of committing a terrorist act. The criminal codes of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine contain articles establishing jurisdiction to try terrorist offences committed outside the State’s territory by its nationals (whether or not currently within the State’s territory), as well as offences committed outside the State’s territory by foreign nationals currently within the State. These codes also provide for the principle aut dedere aut judicare. In 2009, Poland adopted the Governmental Programme for the Protection of Cyberspace in Poland, 2009-2011, and also adopted a draft law amending the Act on Counteracting Introduction into Financial Circulation of Property Values Derived from Illegal or Undisclosed Sources, as well as a draft law amending the Act of Crisis Management. There have been a number of concerns raised by international mechanisms with regard to human rights in the context of counter-terrorism measures undertaken in the subregion.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "190. All States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and all have introduced anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation and established financial intelligence units that are members of the Egmont Group. East European States have continued to strengthen their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation and practices. The Russian Federation has introduced legislation on the regulation of non-profit organizations and amended its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism to extend the concept of “financing of terrorism” to the crimes contained in the Criminal Code pertaining to the illegal acquisition of nuclear and radioactive substances. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have all established fully operational financial intelligence units. In 2010, Belarus and Ukraine adopted amendments to their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws on client identification, customer due diligence, record-keeping, ascertaining beneficial ownership, and suspicious transactions, and also extended oversight criteria for remitting money through the State postal system. In 2009, the Russian Federation increased the participation of, and coordination among, organs involved in financial monitoring, by forming an inter-administrative committee composed of high-level representatives of relevant ministries, the Bank of Russia, the Parliament and the Office of the Prosecutor-General.", "191. In December 2009, Slovakia amended its Penal Code to establish the autonomous criminal offence of terrorist financing. In 2009, Poland amended its Penal Code by adopting a new Act on Counteracting Money-Laundering and Terrorism Financing, thereby giving greater coverage to anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. In October 2009, Poland established an inter‑ministerial advisory body against terrorist financing in the Office of the Inspector General for Financial Information. The International Sanctions Act of Estonia, which provides for financial sanctions, came into force on 5 October 2010. In 2009, Hungary clarified the legal framework for its non-profit sector by ruling that all non-profit organizations must register as non-profit business associations. In 2010, Hungary introduced the Law on Electronic Registration, which provides for the electronic registration of foundations and allows all relevant authorities to access the register; and established a procedure for the publication of “sanctions” resolutions of the Security Council.", "192. The six States of the subregion that are members of the European Union use the declaration system on the control of cash entering or leaving the Community introduced by the adoption of regulation (EC) No. 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 October 2005.", "Law enforcement", "193. In order to respond effectively to the asymmetric nature of the terrorist threat, it is essential to strengthen cooperation by establishing continuous exchange of information among law enforcement, border security and intelligence agencies. Most States of the subregion have put in place arrangements for cooperation and coordination among domestic agencies. In October 2009, the President of the Russian Federation approved the Conceptual Framework for Counter-Terrorism, which establishes a national counter-terrorism mechanism to improve the interaction of State counter-terrorism agencies. Furthermore, in January 2011, a draft bill passed first reading in the Duma of the Russian Federation, defining three levels of terrorist threat and delineating the responsibilities and coordination among counter-terrorism agencies accordingly. Hungary established its first Counter-Terrorism Centre on 1 September 2010. The Centre will analyse and evaluate the status of terrorist threats to the country, protect the President and the Prime Minister and detect acts of terrorism and kidnappings. There is generally little information available about oversight or accountability of law enforcement agencies. Most States have introduced legislation to control the production, sale and transfer of arms, and have criminalized, to some extent, the trafficking of weapons and explosives. Six States are parties to the Firearms Protocol. In 2010, the Russian Federation introduced comprehensive legislation to strengthen controls on the import/export and circulation of weapons and explosives, assigning overall responsibility for the supervision, investigation and implementation of these measures to the Office of the Prosecutor-General.", "Border Control", "194. All States of the subregion issue machine-readable travel documents. Estonia introduced fingerprint biometrics in June 2009 and fingerprint verification against “chip” images in December 2009. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine issue machine-readable travel documents in compliance with ICAO specifications. Hungary has been issuing e-passports with biometric data since 2006 and e-passports with fingerprints since 2009. As co-host, with Poland, of the 2012 Union of European Football Associations European Football Championship, Ukraine is expanding access to the INTERPOL Stolen and Lost Travel Documents database to airports and other border control points.", "195. Recognizing the importance of the subregion as a “transit” area, most States have introduced legislation on asylum, movement of travellers and the prevention and suppression of the cross-border movement of terrorists. All States, moreover, are either signatories or parties to the Convention on Transnational Organized Crime and its supplementing Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols, and have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. UNHCR provided training for relevant officials of Belarus and Ukraine aimed at ensuring effective and fair implementation of the provisions on determining refugee status set forth in the 1951 Convention. In 2010, Poland adopted a six-year programme to retrain its border guards to meet current border challenges.", "196. All States but one of the subregion have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. In 2010, the Russian Federation amended a series of legislative acts to establish administrative and criminal responsibility for transportation security and unlawful interference with transport operations and infrastructure. ICAO completed security audits of airport and aviation security in Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation reported that it had introduced measures to protect vessels and port facilities against terrorist attacks, as set out in the provisions of the ISPS Code relating to training, notification and signals in emergency situations. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine are making progress in implementing standards and practices to ensure cargo security. The maritime security of the six European Union member States is being monitored and assessed by the European Maritime Safety Agency, which inspects classification societies, assesses port State control systems, tracks problem ships and safeguards the standards of onboard equipment. The Agency monitors more than 20,000 vessels across Europe and worldwide.", "197. Most States of the subregion have introduced laws regulating the import and export of weapons. In 2010, all seven States submitted national reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms.", "198. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have introduced measures to implement declaration and inspection systems for cash and other monetary instruments crossing their international borders, although further action may be required to ensure that customs officers have the necessary resources to detect and prevent their illicit movement across their borders.", "International cooperation", "199. All States have ratified 13 or more of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Latvia is the only State in the subregion that is a party to all 16 instruments, and Estonia is a party to 15. Almost all States have introduced early warning systems and arrangements for the exchange of information. Almost all States also have arrangements for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and extradition. Seven States are part of the Schengen Area. In 2009, the Russian Federation ratified the Treaty on Anti-Money-Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism between CIS member States. It has also signed 51 agreements with the financial intelligence units of foreign States to exchange information on transactions linked to the financing of terrorism. The criminal procedure codes of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine all contain provisions relating to mutual legal assistance and extradition. In 2009, the Russian Federation amended the grounds for refusing a request for extradition by including the requirement of dual criminality. The Russian Federation and the States bordering the Caspian Sea signed a draft agreement on cooperation in the subregion on countering possible terrorist threats.", "200. Belarus and the Russian Federation regularly participate in anti-terrorist exercises conducted by CSTO. The Russian Federation also takes part in anti‑terrorist exercises organized by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The Russian Federation and Ukraine have participated in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Operation Active Endeavour, which involves the patrolling and monitoring of maritime traffic in order to deter terrorist activity in the Mediterranean basin. Ukraine has signalled its readiness to exchange information with other States regarding threats arising from the activities, plans and intentions of terrorist and extremist organizations and groups. In December 2010, member States of the CIS Anti-Terrorism Centre signed an agreement to provide competent bodies with access to a specialized database containing information on persons appearing on the CIS inter-State “wanted” list. Moreover, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, within the framework of the Meeting of Heads of Special Services, Security Agencies and Law Enforcement Organizations, has been actively developing an International Counter-Terrorism Database, linking 20 States and two international organizations, which communicates confidential information through a controlled-access website.", "201. At the international level, Poland has signed bilateral agreements on mutual legal assistance with several States, including France and Germany, and hosts a special police training centre. Within the framework of subregional efforts to combat organized crime, Germany, Poland, the Russian Federation, the Baltic States and the Scandinavian States set up an expert group on organized crime.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "202. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Develop more integrated approaches and more effective mechanisms for ensuring robust cooperation and exchange of intelligence information among relevant counter-terrorism agencies, at the national and international levels;", "(b) Tighten controls/monitoring of the physical movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments across borders, as well as of remittance systems (both formal and informal);", "(c) Enhance their capacity to freeze terrorist funds and assets without delay and improve customer due diligence.", "203. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage in dialogue with Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine to organize visits to these three States during the period 2012-2013 in order to identify any areas of implementation that require attention;", "(b) Engage more intensively with relevant regional organizations, including the CIS Anti-Terrorism Centre, CSTO and the Eurasian Group on Combating Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, in order to focus on activities aimed at the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), and similarly, continue its robust cooperation with the European Union and its associated entities;", "(c) Encourage States to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are conducted in compliance with human rights obligations, and establish effective mechanisms for oversight and accountability, as appropriate.", "Western European, North American and other States (Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America)", "The Committee has visited nine States of this subregion.", "General comments", "204. The terrorist threat to several States of the subregion is considered to be low, but other States have suffered a significant degree of terrorism over a period of more than 30 years. Several States have recently been the victims of successful and thwarted terrorist attacks. This continued terrorist threat derives from a range of domestic nationalist and politically inspired groups, including separatist organizations, left- and right-wing groups and groups radicalized to support a certain political issue (e.g., animal rights protection and anti-globalization), as well as transnational organizations such as Al-Qaida. Moreover, many States identify the risk of religious-based violent extremism, which may lead to the development of home-grown terrorists and attract sleeper-cells or independent terrorist actors. The threat to some States of the subregion is believed to remain high. Despite the best efforts of law enforcement and domestic security structures in these target States, the risk of further terrorist incidents remains. Moreover, many States are experiencing an increasing threat from individuals within their territories who plan, support and finance terrorist attacks in areas of conflict.", "205. The States of the subregion are very alert to the terrorist threats they face and have invested vast resources in the expansion of legal frameworks, the establishment and enhancement of counter-terrorism institutions, and efforts to strengthen the capacities of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Most States employ sophisticated technologies, information-sharing mechanisms and comprehensive terrorism-prevention methods to protect their interests. However, vulnerabilities remain in many States’ transportation systems (especially critical infrastructure). Many States also invest in social programmes to better understand and prevent radicalization and the potential recruitment to terrorism, and all have become engaged, to some degree, in the counter-terrorism dialogue. At the same time, the question of ensuring the compliance of counter-terrorism measures with human rights obligations continues to be a major subject of debate in the subregion.", "206. The States of the subregion are very aware of the threat of terrorism financing and alert to the associated risks. States with large financial sectors are especially alert to vulnerabilities that might be exploited by criminal and terrorist groups. Most such States are members of international and regional bodies with counter-terrorism mandates, including the Council of Europe, the European Union and its various subsidiary bodies (the European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit (Eurojust), Europol and Frontex), INTERPOL and NATO. European Union member States are parties to a range of counter-terrorism instruments and conventions, and NATO allies and partners have developed a new strategy that cites terrorism, terrorist financing and cyberattacks as threats. However, the subregion continues to face numerous challenges and risks, such as transnational organized crime and financial crime, which may or may not be directly linked to the terrorist threat. Many States will also continue to grapple with issues such as radicalization, violent extremism and the movement of terrorists across borders.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "207. The 16 States of the subregion that are members of the European Union have all ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, adhere to European Union counter-terrorism instruments, and participate in the Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Terrorism (CODEXTER) process, as well as in the work of Eurojust. Most have completed the transposition into domestic law of European Union instruments. Non-European Union States work independently to develop counter-terrorism legislative frameworks and incorporate into domestic law the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Most States have adopted comprehensive counter-terrorism laws that adequately address the current terrorist risks to the subregion and take account of the threat levels in each State. Most have clearly defined terrorist acts and continue to add counter-terrorism offences to their penal and criminal codes. Most States are able to bring terrorists to justice and have the political will to do so. Australia, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and several other States have successfully tried and convicted persons for terrorist crimes. Almost all States have legislation in place to prohibit the use of their territory for the preparation and commission of terrorist acts, and most have criminalized the provision of safe haven to terrorists.", "208. All States have made progress in enhancing the capacities of their prosecution and judiciary. However, only 20 States have adopted practical measures and a national strategy to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups. In view of the problems faced by many States of the subregion with respect to the recruitment of terrorists, more efforts should be made to build the capacity of prosecution and law enforcement services in this area. Australia, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States all have departments, dependencies and/or overseas territories, each of which has a differing degree of autonomy and capacity to determine its own legislative framework for counter-terrorism. Where possible, Governments work with their territories to encourage them to draft the appropriate domestic counter-terrorism laws, but improvements to these frameworks are needed in many cases. International human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about the use of special counter-terrorism measures in several States and about problems with immigration and asylum procedures. States should ensure that implementation of counter-terrorism legislation fully respects human rights.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "209. All 30 States of the subregion are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention and have criminalized the financing of terrorism. All have established financial intelligence units that are members of the Egmont Group. Twenty-three States are members of the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering. Those States that are members of the European Union also implement European Union legislation on Anti-Money-Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism and have adopted national legislation that brings them into line with the relevant European Union Directives. All States of the subregion have introduced anti-money-laundering laws and most cite terrorism financing as a predicate offence to money-laundering. All States have extended the reporting obligation to include terrorist financing, but some States still need to extend the reporting obligation to include relevant non-financial businesses and professionals such as lawyers, accountants, trust and company service providers, real estate professionals, and dealers in precious metals and stones. All States have established listed and well-publicized penalties for non-compliance.", "210. All but two States of the subregion have introduced legislation to monitor the cross-border movement of cash, through either a declaration or disclosure system, but several States need to improve their systems and ensure that they address bearer negotiable instruments, as well as cash. For those States that are members of the European Union, a declaration system was put into place through the adoption of regulation (EC) No. 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005, on control of cash entering or leaving the Community.", "211. All States of this subregion have established operational financial intelligence units, although some are still working to improve capacity. The financial intelligence unit of Greece, for example, has made significant efforts to remedy its personnel shortfall. The number of staff increased from 19 in 2005 to 28 by late 2009, and a further 10 staff members will be seconded from several other agencies. The staffing of the financial intelligence unit of New Zealand was expanded from 9 to 21 in early 2011.", "212. Although States of the subregion function at a high level with regard to counter-financing of terrorism in general, many need to devote far greater attention to developing effective measures to freeze funds and assets linked to terrorism. Few of the European Union member States have developed separate national mechanisms to supplement European Union regulation. Such mechanisms are needed to give effect to requests for asset freezing and designations by other jurisdictions and to enable the freezing, without delay, of funds of European citizens and residents. Nearly all States have procedures in place for appealing against preventive freezing measures, although the effectiveness of those procedures could be improved in some cases. Most States need to improve their regulation of alternative remittance systems. Australia has taken steps to do so by clarifying the definition of “designated remittance arrangement” in its February 2010 Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious Organized Crime) Act (No. 2) 2010 and by issuing a discussion paper providing for a high-level overview of proposed reforms to strengthen regulation of the remittance sector. Most States also need to improve their legislation and capacities to prevent terrorist financing through charitable organizations. Many States have not reviewed their non-profit sectors for terrorism financing risks, but the United Kingdom, in particular, has developed mechanisms for assessing and protecting this sector and, through the International Programme of the Charity Commission, for securing operational outreach internationally, as well as helping to build capacity in other parts of the world.", "Law enforcement", "213. The States that face a high level of terrorist threat are particularly alert and have taken steps to expand the resources and capacities of their law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Not every State has a stand-alone counter-terrorism strategy, but all have developed a range of counter-terrorism policies and practices, and established a national agency or centre, with a legislative mandate to guide it in its work, to manage counter-terrorism measures. In Italy, for example, the Political-Military Unit established by the Office of the Prime Minister is comprised of senior representatives of all Government departments and agencies responsible for countering terrorism, and has wide and comprehensive functions. Almost every State has introduced effective mechanisms to enable law enforcement agencies to tackle terrorism. All States have developed the necessary institutions and inter‑agency relationships, and many have established joint task forces and fusion centres to share intelligence, plan joint operations and ensure coordinated all-source analysis. Israel, for example, has established an inter-agency fusion centre, an inter‑agency task force for pursuing financial crimes and a task force against terrorism. Germany has established a joint counter-terrorism centre that enables several key counter-terrorism agencies to work at a centralized site to exchange information in real time and coordinate analysis and operations.", "214. Intelligence and security services in most States are well equipped to investigate terrorist activity and to coordinate with the relevant law enforcement agencies. All States use INTERPOL data, and the European Union member States cooperate on investigations and operations through Europol. Additional regional and bilateral mechanisms for law enforcement cooperation, including early warning and intelligence cooperation, have been established. Many States have also developed law enforcement programmes to counter radicalization. Turkey has launched the National Unity Project to address the social and economic inequalities in Turkish society that purportedly fuel Kurdish dissent and Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) recruitment. The Netherlands set aside more than €400 million to support a four-year action plan, begun in 2007, to prevent radicalization. Many Governments of the subregion have introduced neighbourhood policing programmes and outreach programmes, and there is cooperation with civil society. However, international human rights mechanisms have raised a number of concerns over violations allegedly committed by law enforcement and intelligence bodies in the course of investigations and interrogation.", "215. All States have introduced legislation regulating the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Further steps need to be taken, however, in criminalizing illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking in small arms and light weapons, as well as explosives. Ratification of the Firearms Protocol is weak, with only seven States having fully ratified the instrument. However, 13 States have signed the Convention since the previous survey.", "Border control", "216. Although States of the subregion have taken steps to reduce their vulnerability to terrorist mobility and arming, the risk remains that terrorist operatives and supporters may enter the territories of those States illegally and may be able to procure the materials necessary for a terrorist attack by means of a criminal network. Those States have attempted to minimize this threat through a range of border-control measures. All States are in compliance with machine-readable travel document requirements and most have controls in place for the issuance of travel documents. Greece, for example, has established a state-of-the-art agency and system for the production and issuance of biometric machine-readable travel documents, as well as identification cards for Greek law enforcement officials. The United States has upgraded its passports to make their forgery/falsification more difficult and has introduced a tamper-resistant visa.", "217. Border control is conducted at a high level of technical and technological sophistication. The United Kingdom makes extensive use of closed-circuit television (as do several other States) and the United States uses biometric technology to verify the identity of visitors. Border posts in most States have real-time link-ups to secure national databases, INTERPOL databases and international watch lists. Regional border management generally functions well through the use of practices such as the use of joint patrols, sharing of information and regional mechanisms for border control and customs cooperation. The Schengen Agreement covers 17 States of the subregion and provides for open borders between these States. (Two Schengen members no longer have external borders to guard.) Although this greatly facilitates integration, thereby improving the conditions for trade and the free movement of legitimate persons, it could also facilitate the movement of illicit goods and people across a broad geographical area. Schengen members have, however, introduced a range of measures to address this challenge. These include the Schengen Information System, an international computerized database that allows States to store and share information on aliens, asylum-seekers, criminals and those under surveillance by State security agencies, and an “opt-out” mechanism that allows members temporarily to re-establish border controls for national security reasons.", "218. Most States have taken practical steps to identify and halt cash-courier operations and can implement legislation relating to the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Canada and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding in November 2010 to track the movement of illicit currency by sharing data on currency seized at the border. This memorandum of understanding will significantly enhance the ability of law enforcement officers of both States to investigate and track cash couriers and disrupt the flow of funds that support the activities of criminals and terrorists.", "219. All States have taken steps to ensure cargo security, maritime security and aviation security to a high degree. Most States implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and are compliant with ICAO requirements. ICAO has audited most States of the subregion. The maritime security of the 17 European Union member States is monitored and assessed by the European Maritime Safety Agency, which inspects classifications, assesses port State control systems, tracks problem ships, and safeguards the standards of onboard equipment. The Agency monitors over 20,000 vessels across Europe and worldwide. Most States of the subregion regularly update their security systems to reflect changing international standards.", "220. A remaining challenge is to enforce practical measures to identify and suppress the trafficking of arms and weapons. Although 23 States have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms since the previous survey, many States could further strengthen their efforts in this regard. Much progress has been made in preventing the abuse of refugee and asylum systems by terrorists. All States have adopted legislation aimed at bringing asylum procedures into line with international standards, and all but three are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Only a few States have yet to become parties to the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols. Concerns have been raised by United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms regarding the failure of some States strictly to observe the principle of non-refoulement.", "International cooperation", "221. States of the subregion cooperate well with regional and international partners to reduce the risk of, and their vulnerabilities to terrorism. They exchange threat and warnings intelligence, share operational information, and conduct joint training and other exercises within bilateral and multilateral contexts. Most States have in place a robust legal framework to support mutual legal assistance and extradition requests, particularly within the framework of the European Union. All have procedures in place for exchange of information, including by means of their financial intelligence units. The European Union member States have developed sophisticated mechanisms for cooperation among themselves and with third States, including Eurojust and Europol. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments is relatively high, and four States of the subregion have ratified all 16 instruments.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "222. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Ensure that customs officers have the necessary practical measures and resources in place to detect and prevent the cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments and to detect and prevent the smuggling of arms and weapons;", "(b) Enhance their capacity to freeze terrorist funds and assets without delay, by developing national “freezing” mechanisms to supplement regional frameworks;", "(c) Further develop programmes to counter radicalization and recruitment to terrorism.", "223. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Encourage States to strengthen the capacities of their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regimes, with a particular focus on the regulation of alternative remittance systems and charitable organizations;", "(b) Encourage States to adopt practical measures and national strategies to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups, while respecting relevant human rights obligations;", "(c) With the aim of furthering international cooperation, encourage States to share best practices and technical expertise with other States, as widely as possible.", "III. Assessment by thematic area", "224. The present section of the survey provides the general standards and recommended practices that should be in place to give effect to the provisions of the resolution and presents general global trends in the implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas. This thematic assessment provides a more holistic picture of how the international community, in the broadest sense, has progressed in dealing with the challenge of terrorism since the adoption of the resolution. The analysis below shows that efforts should be made to more effectively implement provisions of resolution 1373 (2001) aimed at establishing comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation, preventing and suppressing terrorist financing, developing law enforcement infrastructure, ensuring border control and advancing international cooperation.", "A. Legislation", "225. In order to implement Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) effectively, it is essential to establish comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation. The intent of the resolution is that States, by enacting specific counter-terrorism legal provisions, should no longer need to resort to vague legal provisions, ad hoc methods, or customized interpretations in order to prosecute terrorist acts. Instead, States should establish a clear, complete and consistent legal framework that specifies terrorist acts as serious criminal offences, penalizes such acts according to their seriousness, establishes jurisdiction, and helps the courts bring terrorists to justice. As stated in resolution 1963 (2010), this framework should in turn provide the basis for the development of a comprehensive, integrated national counter-terrorism strategy that is rooted in a legal approach and ensures the rule of law (especially through the inclusion of fair treatment in the investigation and prosecution of terrorists, thereby protecting human rights) while also countering terrorism as effectively as possible.", "226. Although most States have taken significant steps towards the development of such a legal framework, progress has been more limited in certain regions. Most States of the Western European, Eastern European, and Central Asian and the Caucasus subregions have introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation. In the regions where progress is still required, the degree to which the offences have been fully codified varies widely and continues to require attention. There have been improvements in the criminalization of terrorist recruitment, although information on the strategies and resources put in place to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups is generally lacking.", "227. Areas that require attention include legislative measures on criminalizing safe havens in certain regions. The Committee and its Executive Directorate addressed this issue in a general briefing to Member States in 2010. In accordance with paragraph 2 (c) of resolution 1373 (2001), States are obliged to deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts, or provide safe havens. States are also required to prevent those who finance, plan, facilitate or commit terrorist acts from using their respective territories for those purposes against other States or their citizens (para. 2 (d)).", "228. States should criminalize the harbouring of and hindering the apprehension of any person, where they have knowledge that such a person has committed or is planning to commit a terrorist act or is a member of a terrorist group. Additional measures include laws criminalizing preparatory acts, including planning, aiding and abetting aimed at the commission of terrorist offences against another State or its citizens.", "229. These basic legislative measures must be supported by adequate jurisdiction to ensure that domestic courts are competent to deal with potential offenders. This includes the obligation of States to extradite or prosecute in accordance with the applicable international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties. States should adopt a comprehensive approach in denying safe haven, as several interrelated measures are required to ensure effectiveness. These include legislative, law enforcement, border control, refugee and asylum measures. Immigration and border control agencies should employ adequate procedures for screening refugees aimed at identifying terrorists, and should also be given the capacity to identify and pursue those who are in the State illegally.", "230. Resolution 1373 (2001) requires all Member States to bring terrorists to justice. However, country visits and other activities of the Committee have shown that this requirement poses a major challenge for States’ criminal justice systems. Most visited States continue to experience difficulties in their efforts to introduce legal provisions on effective investigative methods and criminal procedures, international cooperation, and human rights safeguards. In their efforts to develop a comprehensive legal framework, States should take steps to enhance the capacities of the prosecution and the judiciary. Many States continue to face challenges in their efforts to staff prosecution services and the judiciary with skilled prosecutors and judges and to provide them with the necessary technical resources and training.", "231. The prosecution of counter-terrorism cases relies on specific skills and expertise, and States’ prosecutorial and judicial authorities have been forced to develop ways to deal with the increasing complexity of such cases, which often pose unusual and challenging case-management issues. Among the main challenges is the use of classified information as evidence (including admissibility as evidence), investigation methods, international cooperation, protection of witnesses, the use of sophisticated technology by terrorists, and links between terrorism and other forms of criminality.", "232. The Committee, recognizing these issues, organized in December 2010 an innovative seminar on the theme “Bringing terrorists to justice”. The seminar, held at United Nations Headquarters, enabled the participating prosecutors to identify common challenges in prosecuting terrorist offences and to share successes in effectively bringing terrorists to justice while respecting the rule of law and human rights. The Committee was also able to build upon the experience and good practices employed by participating prosecutors by sharing and promoting them in its dialogue with international, regional and subregional organizations and Member States. The Committee, through its Executive Directorate, increasingly interacts with practitioners to implement resolution 1373 (2001). It has used the “convening” power of the United Nations to enable prosecutors and law enforcement officials involved in counter-terrorism to discuss common challenges, exchange good practices and increase their regional cooperation. (The Committee’s engagement with member States of SAARC is an example in this regard.) The convening of these practitioners’ seminars, with the support of donor States and organizations, allows the sharing of expertise, facilitates capacity-building, and provides a forum in which practitioners can interact and network.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "233. Member States should:", "(a) Promote the adoption of comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism legal frameworks, in accordance with the rule of law and human rights obligations, and enhance national capacities to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate terrorist acts, including by requesting capacity-building assistance as needed;", "(b) Promote criminalization of the terrorism offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments;", "(c) Take steps to criminalize the provision of safe haven and preparatory activities to commit terrorist acts.", "234. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to facilitate (notably through events such as global and regional practitioners seminars) the identification, sharing and dissemination of good practices and the forming of networks, in close coordination with donor States, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and other donor organizations;", "(b) Encourage States to adopt the necessary counter-terrorism legal framework and to provide the relevant officials with training necessary to implement the legal framework (e.g., in areas such as investigation, prosecution and international cooperation) and to seek the support of technical assistance providers, as needed, to this end;", "(c) Facilitate capacity-building of States’ prosecution services and judiciary, as necessary.", "B. Counter-financing of terrorism", "235. Counter-financing of terrorism lies at the heart of resolution 1373 (2001), which requires States to take a number of legal, institutional and practical measures to prevent and suppress terrorist financing. Although there has been some progress in this area, States continue to face a number of challenges, including new ones. Because of the continuous development of the financial sector, States are confronted with various threats and vulnerabilities, such as Internet-based systems, new payment methods, development in wire transfers and electronic payments. The potential misuse of charities and the use of cash couriers for terrorism purposes also remain sources of concern. States need to ensure that their legislation and guidance are sufficiently flexible and robust to cover new threats and maintain their preventive function.", "236. The obligations of States in relation to the criminalization of terrorist financing are set forth in resolution 1373 (2001) and in the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Compliance with these obligations requires the establishment of a comprehensive legal regime. Both the resolution and the Convention provide that in order for the terrorist financing offence to exist, the funds intended to finance the terrorist act need not be the proceeds of crime, and that the terrorist act that the funds were intended to finance does not actually need to have taken place or even to have been attempted. The Convention also allows for prosecution of the financing of all terrorist acts set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Although there has been some progress in criminalizing the offence, a significant number of States have yet to introduce a terrorism financing offence that fully conforms with the Convention or the resolution. Moreover, most States lack sufficient expertise and experience in the investigation and prosecution of the offence.", "237. Freezing of terrorist assets is a key element of resolution 1373 (2001) and must be understood as a preventive measure. States should take immediate action to identify the relevant individuals and entities, as well as all their associated funds and assets, and to freeze those funds and assets without prior notice to the person or entity in order to prevent the assets from being moved. In implementing the relevant provisions of the resolution, States must also pay attention to due process. They should have in place legal provisions or procedures to allow a person or entity whose assets have been frozen to challenge the decision before a court or an independent administrative body. States should also have in place provisions to allow for humanitarian exemptions where assets are frozen pursuant to the resolution. A few States, including some visited States, have put in place impressive mechanisms to implement effectively this challenging provision of the resolution. They have also reported that the freezing of funds and assets is a valuable tool in preventing acts of terrorism. However, the vast majority of States have yet to make effective provision for this part of the resolution, relying for the most part on the “seizing” provisions of their criminal procedure codes to implement the resolution. This may not meet the requirement to “freeze without delay”, since criminal provisions can be triggered only after a criminal investigation has begun.", "238. Another area in which many States continue to face considerable challenges is that of customer due diligence. Most States have established in their legislation customer due diligence obligations and reporting mechanisms that oblige financial institutions and certain professionals to identify their customers and report suspicious activities to the authorities. However, challenges remain, with regard in particular to the implementation of a risk-based approach. An effective risk-based approach focuses on the development of sound, global financial markets.", "239. Financial inclusion and financial integrity are complementary objectives. The former adds value to the anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regime by helping to lower the amount of cash in economies and by promoting the use of the regulated financial service sector, which is the basis of a sound and effective anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regime.", "240. The emergence of new payment methods is a powerful argument for promoting financial inclusion. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the number of transactions and the volume of funds moving through new payment methods, such as mobile money transfers and prepaid cards. New payment methods present a risk of terrorism financing because they can facilitate anonymous transactions and cross-border transfer of funds. Cases of money-laundering and financing of terrorism involving the use of new payment methods have been identified. However, States are experiencing difficulties in developing appropriate legislation and regulatory systems for these payment methods, which are evolving at an increasingly rapid pace. The investigation and prosecution of cases involving new payment methods requires a high level of technical skill and speedy action by the authorities. They also require enhanced forms of international cooperation, especially in the preservation of electronic evidence. In this regard, the Group of Eight 24/7 Network for Data Preservation and the 24/7 Network, established by article 35 of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, represent good practices.", "241. Many informal money or value transfer systems — such as hawala, hundi and fei-chien — operate across borders and outside the domestic legal framework. Many overseas workers rely on such services for low-cost and rapid remittance of funds to their families. States may suspect that such systems are used for terrorist financing, but lack a clear understanding of their scope. It is therefore important to increase transparency in this sector and to take steps to reduce this risk, in accordance with international standards and best practices. Governments’ responses, however, should be flexible, effective and proportionate to the risk of abuse for the purposes of terrorist financing. In many parts of the world, such systems are vital to those who cannot afford the services of the formal financial system. They are also useful for cash-based economies in which the banking sector is not highly developed.", "242. The monitoring of cross-border movement of cash is another tool in the prevention of terrorist financing. Indeed, the use of cash couriers is recognized as one of the main methods used to move illicit funds, launder money and finance terrorism. The Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering Special Recommendation IX on cash couriers requires States to have legal, institutional and operational measures in place to detect and prevent the illicit movement of funds and bearer negotiable instruments (i.e., traveller cheques, money orders). Many States have introduced currency control mechanisms. These existing mechanisms should also be geared towards detecting funds and bearer negotiable instruments linked to money-laundering or terrorism financing and towards taking appropriate actions. States should introduce the required legal measures such as seizure of funds wherever there is a suspicion of money-laundering or terrorism financing. Common shortfalls in the monitoring of cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments include: inconsistent implementation of the required legal regime; inadequate knowledge of applicable laws and authorities; and inadequate information-sharing between relevant authorities. Over the next two years, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate will organize a series of subregional workshops aimed at helping Member States enhance their response to the illicit movement of funds across borders.", "243. Globally, charitable giving is an indispensable financial resource, particularly for many developing States and for States that have suffered major disasters. The annual operating expenditure of the non-profit sector is approximately $1.3 trillion, and the sector employs more than 40 million people worldwide. This sector requires special protection against terrorist financing, since abuse of non-profit organizations can create lasting damage to the organizations themselves and can discourage charitable giving generally. States’ implementation of international standards designed specifically to address this issue is currently inadequate, for various reasons, including insufficient awareness, lack of political will, poor capacities and fragmented inter-agency coordination. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has been able to identify, through its country visits, good practices that effectively protect this sector while respecting fundamental human rights such as freedom of association, and that entail a proportionate response. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate is also leading a three-year global initiative, on behalf of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Tackling the Financing of Terrorism and with the support of several donor States and organizations, to develop a common understanding of sound practices to counter terrorist financing through the sector.", "244. The Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering is currently reviewing its counter-financing of terrorism standards as part of an effort to improve its own evaluation process, respond to new threats and challenges, and support States’ effective implementation of the international standards. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate is actively supporting the Task Force in this work.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "245. Member States should:", "(a) Strengthen their efforts to introduce legal and practical measures aimed at effectively implementing the “freezing” provision of resolution 1373 (2001), taking into account the need to ensure fair treatment;", "(b) Continue to be alert to the development of the most recent techniques, in order to prevent misuse and to detect cases of terrorism financing through new payment methods; develop appropriate laws and regulations and enhance international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting suspicion of misuse of new payment methods for the purpose of terrorist financing;", "(c) Adopt practical and proportionate measures to protect the non-profit sector from terrorism financing abuse.", "246. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue their efforts to bring together key international, regional and national actors, including representatives of the non-profit sector, to share perspectives and gather tools and good practices to protect the sector against such abuse;", "(b) Help States to enhance their responses to the illicit movement of funds across borders, by organizing subregional workshops with the support of donor States and organizations;", "(c) Continue to support the efforts of the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering to improve international counter-financing of terrorism standards, with a view to helping States to effectively implement the counter-financing of terrorism provisions of resolution 1373 (2001).", "C. Law enforcement", "247. The effective practical implementation of counter-terrorism policies and procedures requires a well-defined strategy, which is predicated on assessed risks and which seeks to detect, prevent and respond to terrorist activities and to suppress recruitment to terrorism. Such a strategy focuses on how the State’s defences against terrorism can be directed to protect critical infrastructures and citizens, and how the State would respond to a terrorist attack with a view to mitigating the effects of such an incident, assisting victims, and restoring public order. It would also address the investigation of terrorist acts and the pursuit of their perpetrators, aimed at bringing terrorists and their supporters to justice.", "248. Implementation of such a strategy requires a strong, well-coordinated domestic security and law enforcement infrastructure comprised of all agencies that are empowered to detect, prevent and investigate terrorist activities. Such agencies might include police, gendarmerie, intelligence agencies, special services, security agencies and even, in some States, military bodies. These agencies must have clear mandates that are grounded in law and that specify their respective counter-terrorism roles. States also need to ensure that their domestic legislation provides these agencies with the necessary authoritative framework, tools and operational manoeuvrability to carry out their mandates and ensure that they are adequately resourced, trained and equipped.", "249. In order to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are managed and conducted by appropriate law enforcement agencies, States should create dedicated counter-terrorism units and establish a coordinated national legislative mandate to guide their work. Oversight of law enforcement activities is also necessary in order to ensure that investigations and operations are conducted in compliance with human rights obligations. The Committee has observed that States that have created an overarching body to oversee and direct the operational activities of the various law enforcement agencies mandated to counter terrorism tend to have better inter-agency coordination and to share information more effectively.", "250. Coordination and cooperation among law enforcement agencies is essential at all levels. Shared access to specialized tools, such as counter-terrorism-related centralized databases and forensics capacities, is essential for the prevention of terrorism. Police and security services should be authorized to use special investigative techniques — with due regard for human rights — during terrorism-related investigations and in the gathering of evidence for counter-terrorism cases. The timely exchange of threat assessments and operational counter-terrorism information by means of joint task forces or inter-agency “fusion” centres — comprised of representatives of intelligence, police and other relevant law enforcement agencies — has been cited as a good practice in anticipating and disrupting terrorist activity. Joint investigations and coordination between law enforcement and judicial/prosecutorial services are good practices for bringing terrorists to justice.", "251. In addition to national coordination, it is essential that States have in place protocols and systems for sharing information regionally and internationally. These might include bilateral or multilateral agreements on facilitating operational cooperation or participation in existing regional and international law enforcement bodies such as ASEANAPOL, Europol and INTERPOL.", "252. Most States report certain positive developments in the implementation of practical measures to prevent and counter terrorism, although some have yet to report to the Committee on their efforts in this regard. Most States have developed comprehensive strategies for combating terrorism and have taken steps to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are managed by relevant or dedicated agencies. However, many have only begun to develop dedicated counter-terrorism capacities. A number of States continue to work to institutionalize the requisite capacity and coordination in their law enforcement systems. The level of inter-agency cooperation and coordination needs to be improved in most States.", "253. Although most States have access to INTERPOL information and communications tools, the use of these tools, including the INTERPOL databases, needs to be enhanced, more consistent and widespread, and promulgated beyond the INTERPOL community. In an effort to provide more coordinated assistance, INTERPOL established Special Representative Offices to the United Nations and the European Union, a liaison office in Bangkok, and six regional bureaux. One example of effective cooperation was the establishment of an INTERPOL regional bureau that supports the work of the Committee of Chiefs of Police and States’ law enforcement capacities in Central Africa. Many States lack centralized databases and sufficient forensics capacities to engage in complex counter-terrorism investigations. However, information-sharing tools and databases of organizations such as Europol and INTERPOL, available to most States, may assist in this regard. Most States are aware of the need for regional and international cooperation and have created relationships and mechanisms to facilitate early warning and a basic level of information-sharing. Nevertheless, regional and international cooperation in counter-terrorism matters requires further strengthening.", "254. As the terrorism threat changes through the adoption of new technologies and capacities for recruitment, financing, and operations, law enforcement agencies must also adopt new practices and enhance their counter-terrorism capacities. Some States have adopted strategies to counter the radicalization of individuals within the framework of recruitment to terrorism, giving greater significance to the role played by law enforcement agencies. Community policing, proactive intelligence work and dialogue programmes are examples of methods being effectively used by some Member States. However, reporting on this subject is limited, and good practices are only just emerging. Terrorists’ use of the Internet is another area in which States need to enhance their practical implementation of measures to prevent terrorist recruitment, support and planning.", "255. In order to eliminate the supply of weapons to terrorist organizations, States have enacted laws to criminalize a variety of weapons-related offences (including the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking in small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives) and have established related domestic enforcement programmes. However, there is a general need for States to review their legislative framework to address certain shortcomings and strengthen their implementation of operational measures to effectively control, among other things, the production, sale, brokering and transfer of weapons and explosives, as well as their import and export across borders. Eighty-four States are parties to the Firearms Protocol adopted by the General Assembly on 31 May 2001 and supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and four more States became parties since the last review. Member States should also take steps to identify and trace illicit small arms and light weapons in a timely and reliable manner. The Programme of Action on Small Arms offers a good tool in this regard.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "256. Member States should:", "(a) Take steps to promote inter-agency coordination and the exchange of counter-terrorism information, both at the national (intracountry) level and regionally/internationally;", "(b) Consider establishing dedicated counter-terrorism units, assisted by experts seconded from specialized institutions in areas such as intelligence, criminal law, counter-financing of terrorism and border management, as required;", "(c) Continue to enhance cooperation with INTERPOL and increase their use of its resources and databases, such as its international notice system, including “red notices”, watch lists, and its Stolen and Lost Travel and Document database.", "257. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Encourage States to be more thorough and proactive in providing information and updates on the practical application of law enforcement methods and measures, as well as on practitioner capacities in those relevant areas;", "(b) Continue to work in close coordination and cooperation with INTERPOL, donor States and organizations in facilitating technical assistance aimed at building the capacities of law enforcement agencies and in the delivery of equipment and facilities to States in need;", "(c) Continue to work with States and United Nations entities, in particular the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, as well as international organizations, in the development and implementation of policies and operational measures to control the production, sale, brokering and transfer of weapons and explosives, including ratification of the Firearms Protocol and the international instruments to enable States to identify and trace, in a timely and reliable manner, illicit small arms and light weapons.", "D. Border control", "258. Effective border control is key to the effective implementation of counter-terrorism measures pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001), since it is the first line of defence against the movement of terrorists across borders, and the illegal cross-border movement of goods and cargo. Effective border control should also be part of any comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategy, pursuant to resolution 1963 (2010). Border control requires establishing measures and practices for the proper screening of travellers, refugees, and asylum-seekers, the effective screening and inspection of cargo and travellers’ baggage, and the detection and prevention of the smuggling of small arms and light weapons, as well as cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Border control must also address the security of civil aviation and maritime navigation. States should be guided by the standards and recommended practices developed by the relevant specialized international organizations. When properly implemented, these standards and recommended practices can significantly enhance the capacity of States to secure and control their borders.", "259. Resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to prevent the cross-border movement of terrorists and terrorist groups through controls on the issuance of secure and valid identity and travel documents. ICAO has established international standards for machine-readable travel documents to ensure their security against counterfeiting and forgery, and all except nine States complied with the ICAO deadline of April 2010 to begin issuing machine-readable travel documents. Although this represents significant progress, there remain concerns as to the ability of many States consistently to ensure the integrity of “breeder” or supporting documents submitted in support of applications to obtain machine-readable travel documents and to guarantee security in the issuance of identity and travel documents. Concerted efforts are being made by relevant international and regional organizations to promote effective control practices and develop States’ capacities in these two key areas.", "260. Preventing cross-border terrorist mobility also requires the use of technology and equipment, such as readers and scanners, at border checkpoints to capture traveller data in real time and to verify that data against national and international alert and criminal databases. Although most States have made progress in this area, the lack of capacity and connectivity to relevant databases frequently impedes access to information essential for the clearance of travellers at border crossings. Moreover, border control and immigration personnel could benefit from additional training in identifying fraudulent documents and in dealing appropriately with those who produce them.", "261. The resolution also requires States to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorist acts. One method of doing so is to exercise controls on the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. However, effective detection and prevention at the border are often lacking because of the insufficient application of risk indicators and targeting criteria; the absence of information-sharing and cooperation by officials of customs, law enforcement and immigration departments and financial intelligence units; and a lack of dedicated human and material resources. Guidance material is available to assist with the implementation of effective practices. Notable in this regard are the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering Best Practices Paper on detecting and preventing the illicit cross-border transportation of cash and bearer negotiable instruments and the WCO Enforcement Guidelines on Countering Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing.", "262. The resolution also directs Member States to take the necessary steps to prevent the commission of terrorist acts. In the area of border control, States have made notable progress in three important areas: safeguarding the security of the global trade supply chain, civil aviation and maritime navigation. States continued to enhance the security of the international supply chain by implementing international customs standards and expressing their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards (a total of 164 States have now done so). The SAFE Framework notably establishes standards that provide supply chain security and facilitation at the global level, promote certainty and predictability, enable integrated supply-chain management for all modes of transport, strengthen cooperation among customs administrations to improve their capability to detect high-risk shipments and strengthen customs-to-business cooperation.", "263. With respect to the security of civil aviation, most States have ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation and have implemented, to varying degrees, its annex 17 on Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference, as well as the related security provisions of annex 9. To that end, ICAO performs audits of States’ airport and aviation facilities under its Universal Security Audit Programme and prescribes remedial measures, as necessary. During the period under review, ICAO conducted many second-cycle and follow-up USAP missions in many States, and continues to work with States to ensure their full compliance with the relevant standards.", "264. With respect to maritime security, there has been general improvement in the implementation of the IMO ISPS Code, which provides a standardized and consistent framework for evaluating risk so that Governments can determine the threat and vulnerability posed to ships and port facilities, assign the appropriate level of security, and implement the corresponding security measures. Since the previous survey, there have been additional ratifications of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and its 2005 Protocol, as well as the 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf and its 2005 Protocol. There has been a recent trend towards increased ratification by small landlocked States and small island States, perhaps because the former wish to establish dual criminality and because the economies of the latter are dependent on shipping, ocean commerce and tourism.", "265. There has also been a marked increase in crimes committed at sea, including acts of piracy, and within national waters. This has compelled States to impose more stringent controls in order to protect strategic shipping lanes and preserve international supply chains. It is thought that payments generated from the release of seized ships, cargo and crews may be used to finance terrorist groups or activities. Moreover, there are concerns that seagoing vessels, whether hijacked or otherwise, may be used to commit terrorist acts. In order for States to adequately patrol vast coastlines, they are required to cooperate through the sharing of information and surveillance among their coastguards, navies and customs administrations. An example of such cooperation is the recent establishment of a network of coastguard units to enhance cooperation among law enforcement agencies in West and Central Africa under the aegis of MOWCA, with the assistance of IMO.", "266. States continued to enhance controls on the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives, in accordance with relevant provisions of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, which seeks to control the export, import and transit of small arms and light weapons and prevent their illicit brokering, trafficking and diversion, and establishes programmes for weapons marking, tracing, end-user certification, record-keeping and secure storage. A number of regions have also concluded specific agreements to control the export, import and transit of such weapons.", "267. States also continue to implement practical measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders. Two of the three Protocols supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime — the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol — are also key instruments in this regard. There have been 11 new accessions to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, and 8 new accessions to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, since the previous survey. The 1951 Refugee Convention is a valuable tool in determining whether an applicant is eligible for refugee status and offers a basis to screen for possible links with terrorism and other serious criminal activity. There were no additional accessions to the 1951 Refugee Convention during the period under review. United Nations human rights mechanisms continue to raise concerns that the principle of non-refoulement has not been fully respected and that, in some instances, States have removed refugees and others to States where they would be at serious risk of torture or persecution.", "268. Shortfalls in practical implementation of border control measures require increased investment in human and physical resources as well as capacity-building. Moreover, the need for cooperation in border management through information-sharing, the pooling of resources, and the use of joint approaches in reinforcing capacities is emphasized in almost all the above subregional assessments. Cooperation and coordination in border controls among contiguous States are especially important in providing effective surveillance and coverage along extensive open and porous borders. In many cases, States lack the necessary resources or are insufficiently active in patrolling, inspection and joint operations with neighbouring States, as well as in implementing community policing at the local levels. The introduction of such measures along open borders and the application of innovative forms of cooperation and assistance in addressing these concerns would help increase the effectiveness of border controls. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has facilitated workshops on border control management in a number of regions and plans to continue this practice in the future.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "269. Member States should:", "(a) Implement more active prevention, inspection and detection procedures, relying on risk assessments, the exchange and analysis of intelligence and international cooperation at official border crossings and along open or porous borders;", "(b) Take steps to ensure the integrity of “breeder” documents and the security of their issuance processes in the production of machine-readable travel documents, and install the equipment needed to read such documents at entry/exit border checkpoints;", "(c) Increase their connectivity to national and international law enforcement databases and watch lists in order to screen individuals for possible connections to criminal and terrorist organizations at border crossings.", "270. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to promote States’ adoption and implementation of international standards and recommended practices for customs, arms control, aviation security and maritime security;", "(b) Encourage regional cooperation in border management through information-sharing and cooperative efforts and, to the extent possible, more comprehensive controls at open borders, including joint initiatives with neighbouring States;", "(c) Continue to work with international and regional organizations and States to promote greater access and connectivity among law enforcement agencies to national and international criminal and counter-terrorism databases at entry/exit border checkpoints.", "E. International cooperation", "271. An important component of international cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism is the ratification of the 16 international counter-terrorism instruments and their transposition into national laws and practices. Since the previous survey, an additional 65 ratifications have taken place. The 1999 Terrorist Financing Convention now has 173 State parties (4 more than previously). The international instruments related to nuclear material have also seen a notable increase in the number of ratifications since the previous survey: the 1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material now has 145 States parties (4 more than previously). During the period under consideration, 17 States parties ratified the 2005 Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, which has now 45 States parties. The 2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism now has 77 States parties (23 more than previously). Ratification rates are still low in respect of two instruments: only 19 States have ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, and only 15 States have ratified the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. A significant majority of Member States have become parties to 10 or more instruments. However, there are regional discrepancies in the level of ratification. In order to make the instruments fully effective, States should adopt domestic legislation that specifically criminalizes the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments, sets appropriate penalties, and establishes jurisdiction over the defined offences in order to ensure that suspects are either extradited or prosecuted.", "272. Effective international cooperation is central to the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), in which the Council calls upon Member States to cooperate with one another in the exchange of information, mutual legal assistance and extradition requests; and in denying safe haven to terrorists. Most States, in most regions, now have legal and administrative measures in place to grant legal assistance to other States upon request and enable extradition, especially on the basis of reciprocity. However, several States in South America, Western Asia, South Asia and Africa have yet to enact the relevant laws. Many States still need to enact laws allowing them to cooperate in more advanced modes of judicial and administrative cooperation.", "273. One area in which many States face challenges is cooperation in mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. Even where there is a legal basis for cooperation in counter-terrorism-related matters among States, achieving practical cooperation continues to be a challenge. The reasons are both technical and political in nature.", "274. Some regions have developed effective and advanced regional instruments and mechanisms for facilitating mutual legal assistance. Western Europe has developed an advanced information-exchange system through the use of tools such as joint investigation teams between States. Eurojust, the judicial cooperation organization of the European Union, is one example of an advanced judicial cooperation network. However, others have been or are being developed elsewhere in the world such as the Ibero-American Legal Assistance Network, the Hemispheric Information Exchange Network for Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and Extradition of OAS, the Commonwealth Network of Contact Persons, and judicial regional platforms for cooperation in the Indian Ocean region and in the Sahel. The development of those mechanisms varies considerably from one region to another, and no judicial cooperation network has been established for the rest of Africa or Asia. Regional organizations also contribute greatly to improving judicial cooperation among their member States by adopting regional instruments on mutual legal assistance and extradition. Among other examples, the Council of Europe has adopted a European convention on mutual legal assistance,[2] ASEAN has a treaty on mutual legal assistance[3] to which nine States are party, and CIS is a party to the Minsk Convention,[4] which affords mutual legal assistance and extradition. In East Africa, IGAD has adopted a convention on extradition and mutual legal assistance. In 2008, the Rabat Declaration was adopted at the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Justice of the French-speaking African Countries on the implementation of the international counter-terrorism instruments, which includes a Convention on Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance in counter-terrorism that has been signed by 17 Member States and ratified by 1 State so far.", "275. Extradition of terrorists also continues to face many obstacles and is neither smooth nor simple. Procedures are cumbersome, slow and resource-consuming. States continue to rely too heavily on grounds of refusal (such as the “political offense” exception) to refuse surrender. The European arrest warrant of the European Union provides an effective alternative to traditional extradition, allowing for direct contact and empowering the judicial authorities. However, many other parts of the world still rely on a process that requires intervention by the executive and the judiciary. Additional challenges are presented due to the need to respect relevant human rights obligations.", "276. In 2009, the Committee and its Executive Directorate briefed Member States on the practical and legal obstacles to effective extradition of accused terrorists. This led to the adoption by the Committee of Policy Guidance on International Cooperation (S/AC.40/2010/PG.3), which identified a set of actions for its future work in this field.", "277. There are many bodies engaged in cooperation through non-judicial international or regional organizations, including Europol and the customs information system of the Schengen Information System. A number of States are also members of the Egmont Group, which facilitates the exchange of information among financial intelligence units. Many States have developed, with bilateral and multilateral partners, some form of early warning arrangement to help predict and prevent terrorist attacks. Some arrangements include the sharing of intelligence about imminent attacks. Others involve regular exchanges of operational information to facilitate the prevention of terrorist activity and mobility. Some go further to include the sharing of resources to identify potential threats and to respond to acts of terrorism.", "278. The Committee actively cooperates with regional organizations and with other players engaged in this area in order to strengthen the capacity of Member States to cooperate with one another. Development of modern tools, best practices, instruments, and mechanisms could help regions and subregions to enhance international cooperation. The sharing of experiences among regions and subregions might also be beneficial. At the practical level, some States face significant challenges with respect to effective cooperation in criminal matters. Some visited States still lack the basic tools for cooperation, including in the areas of human resources and technical equipment. A number of visited States face difficulties in cooperating owing to a lack of training and technical skills.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "279. Member States should:", "(a) Engage more actively, and as a matter of priority, in mutual legal assistance and extradition in terrorism cases, by utilizing the instruments to which they are party, furthering bilateral cooperation, updating domestic legislation, and becoming parties to additional regional and international treaties on mutual legal assistance and extradition;", "(b) Take steps to provide the widest possible range of assistance in terrorism cases to other States and to build bridges between different legal systems;", "(c) Enhance expeditious information-exchange and improved cooperation among competent authorities by participating in relevant regional cooperation networks.", "280. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to remind Member States of their obligation to extradite or prosecute in accordance with the applicable international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties and to remind States of their obligation to ensure that claims of political motivation are not regarded as grounds for refusing requests for the extradition of alleged terrorists;", "(b) Work with States and the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to promote best practices and facilitate capacity-building and training for members of the judiciary, law enforcement agencies and other relevant civil servants in procedures for requesting and providing assistance in criminal investigations, mutual legal assistance and extradition matters;", "(c) Continue to work with international, regional and subregional organizations, in particular with the Terrorism Prevention Branch, on effectively implementing modern tools, best practices, instruments and mechanisms for cooperation, including the creation of networks in regions where there is no existing regional mechanism.", "F. Human rights", "281. The Security Council, in its resolution 1963 (2010), reaffirms that States must ensure that any measures taken to counter terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee, and humanitarian law. The Council also stresses that all human rights issues relevant to the implementation of the resolution should be addressed consistently and even-handedly. In many States, the question of how to effectively counter terrorism while complying with human rights obligations has continued to be the subject of debate and, in some cases, controversy. This is not necessarily a matter of concern, since counter-terrorism poses special challenges and may require innovative responses that deserve public scrutiny. Nonetheless, while it is true that human rights law affords some flexibility in addressing security challenges, States must respect certain core principles in all circumstances, including the principles of necessity, proportionality, legality and non-discrimination. States are also obliged at all times to respect rights that are non-derogable under international law or that have attained the status of jus cogens, such as the right of all persons to be free from torture and the prohibition against enforced disappearances.", "282. Some States have heeded the calls of the Security Council and other international and regional bodies concerning human rights and counter-terrorism and have taken steps in response, such as reviewing the compliance of their legal framework with human rights obligations, strengthening training and awareness-raising initiatives, and creating oversight mechanisms to help to ensure respect for human rights in the practices of law enforcement and intelligence bodies. Many States have also moved to strengthen the role and effectiveness of their judiciaries, which are central to guaranteeing a rule-of-law-based response to the terrorism threat. Other measures, such as considering the ratification of additional international human rights instruments, adopting community-policing models, and involving communities in the development of appropriate policies, can form part of a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy with human rights at its core.", "283. Despite these positive signs, serious human rights concerns in the counter-terrorism context persist in all parts of the world. An issue that has recently drawn attention is the application of states of emergency or other states of exception in some States, purportedly on the basis of the terrorism threat. For States that are party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or relevant regional instruments, the application of emergency measures is subject to strict requirements and may in no case infringe on non-derogable rights, such as those set out in article 4 of the Covenant. In its dialogue with States that have imposed emergency measures, the Counter-Terrorism Committee has referred to concerns expressed by international mechanisms and raised issues such as whether the measures were lawfully imposed, are strictly necessary and proportional, and comply with other legal obligations. It is significant that some States have recently begun to review or have terminated states of emergency.", "284. Some States have proposed or enacted special measures that depart from standard criminal or administrative procedures because of the unusual challenges posed by terrorism investigations and prosecutions. Such measures sometimes occur in the context of preventive action when terrorist acts are allegedly still at the preparatory stage. Some States, for example, have either extended permissible periods of investigative or pretrial detention or imposed limits on access to counsel. Clearly, particular challenges arise when dealing with terrorism cases, and additional measures may be warranted. However, United Nations mechanisms have expressed concern that such provisions may not comply with States’ international human rights obligations. In the case of special investigative techniques, for example, concerns have been expressed that such techniques are not always subject to adequate limits and judicial oversight and may infringe on the right to privacy. Respect for the right to fair trial has also been a subject of attention, especially in cases involving use of intelligence information or evidence claimed to be linked to State security. Serious concerns have also been raised over the use of preventive or administrative detention, as well as control orders, all of which involve restrictions on the right to liberty without criminal conviction.", "285. In some States, vague or overly broad definitions of terrorist offences continue to pose a challenge to effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). Terrorism-related accusations or criminal charges have reportedly been directed at times against persons for acts that are protected by international human rights law, such as the exercise of freedom of expression, conscience and assembly. United Nations mechanisms, regional courts and other bodies have also raised questions over terrorist designations, asset-freezing and other measures said to have been taken on unclear or unfair legal grounds, in some cases without adequate and effective remedies. The challenge of defining terrorist acts, including ancillary offences, precisely so as not to offend the principle of legality or infringe on human rights has remained a subject of discussion between the Committee and some States.", "286. Counter-terrorism measures in some States take place in the context of armed conflict, raising questions of compliance with international humanitarian law. The use of deadly force in such situations must respect the principles of distinction and proportionality, and violations should be subject to accountability. It has been alleged that in some States military forces have committed summary or extrajudicial killings, in violation of the laws of war and human rights law. Some States continue to use military tribunals to try terrorism cases, which has also raised human rights concerns.", "287. In its resolution 1963 (2010) the Security Council reminds States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights are complementary and mutually reinforcing and are an essential part of a successful counter-terrorism effort. It also notes the importance, to effective counter-terrorism, of respect for the rule of law. Thus, it remains relevant for the Committee to address these issues in its dialogue with States on the effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Council also recalls the need to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, as outlined in Pillar I of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (General Assembly resolution 60/288), including the need to promote the rule of law, the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, good governance, tolerance and inclusiveness. In Security Council resolution 1624 (2005), which focuses on the threat posed by incitement to commit terrorist acts, the Council stresses that States must ensure that any measures taken to implement the resolution comply with all of their obligations under international law, including international human rights law.", "288. One way in which States might wish to take all these issues more fully into account is to incorporate them into comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies that include attention to the factors that lead to terrorist activities. In resolution 1963 (2010), the Council encourages the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to arrange meetings with Member States in various formats, with their consent, including for the purpose of considering advising on such strategies. The Council also proposes interaction, as appropriate, with civil society and other relevant non-governmental actors, in the context of efforts to monitor the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). These recommendations will continue to guide the Committee in its future dialogue with States.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "289. Member States should:", "(a) Continue to ensure that any measures taken to counter terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law;", "(b) Consider developing comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies that include plans for improving compliance with international human rights obligations, involving the relevant Government authorities and other entities, such as the private sector, national human rights institutions, civil society and the media, as appropriate;", "(c) Strive to ensure that human rights training is incorporated as appropriate into professional development and awareness-raising programmes for all officials involved in the implementation of counter-terrorism measures at all stages, including prevention, investigation, detention and prosecution.", "290. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to take account of relevant human rights concerns in their assessment of States’ implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) and include discussion of such concerns in their dialogue with States;", "(b) Continue to identify States’ needs in relation to enhancing institutions and strengthening the rule of law, and incorporate human rights and rule of law in a proactive manner into their technical assistance recommendations to States with a view to strengthening national systems for bringing terrorists to justice and improving international cooperation;", "(c) Incorporate human rights more effectively into their communications strategies in order to dispel the misconception that human rights are not taken into account in the Committee’s work.", "Annex", "Key counter-terrorism instruments", "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft, 1963", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 (replaced by the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to Civil Aviation, 2010)", "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, 1973", "International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979", "Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 1980", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, 1988 (replaced by the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to Civil Aviation, 2010)", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 1988", "Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, 1991", "International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 1997", "International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999", "International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 2005", "Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 2005", "2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation", "2005 Protocol to the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf", "United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (General Assembly resolution 60/288)", "Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001)", "Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944 (Chicago Convention) (notably, annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9)", "International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 (as amended in 2002), and its 2005 Protocol", "Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, and its 1967 Protocol", "United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000", "– Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, 2001", "– Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 2000", "– Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 2000", "Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade", "Enforcement Guidelines on Countering Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing", "Revised Kyoto Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, 1999", "[1] West and Central Africa are two subregions. However, for the purpose of this survey, both subregions were assessed together. This does not reflect the economical and political groupings used in Africa.", "[2] Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union, 2000.", "[3] Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, 2004.", "[4] Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, 1994." ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) and to submit to the Security Council for its consideration the latest global survey on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) (see annex).", "The survey report, prepared by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate on the basis of information available as of May 2011, assesses regional and subregional implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) and summarizes progress made in the implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas.", "The survey assesses the evolution of risks and threats and the impact of their implementation, identifies gaps in the implementation of the resolution and recommends new practical ways of implementing it.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to", "resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism", "Chairman", "(Signed) H.S. Puri", "Annex", "Global survey on the implementation by Member States of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001)", "Contents", "2. Assessment by region", "Abbreviations", "CIS Commonwealth of Independent States", "ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States", "ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States", "GCC Gulf Cooperation Council", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMF International Monetary Fund", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization", "International Ship and Port Facility Security Code", "NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization", "OAS Organization of American States", "OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe", "SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation", "SADC Southern African Development Community", "UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union", "Introduction", "1. The present global survey on the implementation by Member States of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) was prepared by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate pursuant to Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), which requested the Executive Directorate to update the previous survey issued in November 2009 (S/2009/620).", "2. In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Council also expressed its intention to convene a special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, open to the wider membership of the United Nations, on 28 September 2011, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001). By linking this investigation to the discussions to be held at that meeting, the Council requested that it be completed by 30 June 2011.", "3. The Council also requested that, in addition to documenting the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), the survey report should assess the evolution of risks and threats on a region-by-region basis, identify implementation gaps and suggest ways to address them.", "4. The survey was based on data compiled on the basis of information and updated information provided by Member States, reports on country visits (the Committee visited more than 60 countries), regional seminars and information provided by international, regional and subregional organizations. These data were also documented in the preliminary implementation evaluation prepared by the Executive Directorate of the Committee for 192 Member States. As in previous versions, the present survey was prepared by experts from the Executive Directorate of the Committee on the basis of their professional judgement on the information available as of April 2011.", "5. The survey focused on the main thematic areas addressed in the resolution, namely, counter-terrorism legislation, countering the financing of terrorism, law enforcement, border control and international cooperation. The investigation also took into account the protection of human rights in relation to the requirements of the resolution. The chapter on law enforcement and border control in the regions has been expanded in general over the 2009 survey, as experts have identified additional criteria for assessing progress in these areas.", "6. As in previous surveys, section II of the survey reports assesses the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) by region and subregion. The regional and subregional classifications used in this survey do not necessarily reflect the economic and political classifications used by the United Nations or other international or regional organizations. Section II also outlines the progress made, identifies regional strengths and weaknesses and identifies areas where groups of countries facing some implementation difficulties may benefit from a regional or subregional approach. This section of the survey refers to specific countries that have made significant progress in some areas. However, the absence of any reference to other States should not be seen as a denial of their implementation.", "7. Section III provides general criteria and recommended practices for the implementation of the provisions of the resolution, and indicates general global trends in the implementation of resolutions in certain key thematic areas. For the general reader, this section of the topic may be more useful, as it provides a more comprehensive picture of the progress made by the international community in addressing the challenge of terrorism in the broadest sense since the adoption of the resolution.", "8. At the end of each section, there are three priority recommendations for practical steps that Member States and the Committee and its Executive Directorate could take to enhance the implementation of the resolution in each subregion or thematic area. It is hoped that these recommendations will be of assistance to other international organizations and bilateral donors working in the area of counter-terrorism.", "9. A list of key counter-terrorism instruments is contained in the annex to the survey report.", "General comments", "Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) fully preserves its current nature and is an important United Nations document in the area of counter-terrorism. In the decade since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001), much progress has been made in this global effort. With regard to the threat posed by international terrorism and the means to respond effectively to it, the resolution strengthens solidarity and dialogue among Member States. This positive trend has also benefited from the work of other subsidiary bodies of the Security Council related to terrorism, as well as the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy adopted by the General Assembly in 2006 (resolution 60/288) and the relevant work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.", "Assessing the simplest quantitative measures — the rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments since the adoption of the resolution — Member States have clearly demonstrated an increased political commitment to international cooperation. For example, on 28 September 2001, a total of 50 States had signed the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (hereinafter referred to as the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism) (four States parties), and by the end of 2001, 82 States had signed the Convention and 12 States had become parties. As at 1 May 2011, the total number of States parties to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism had reached 173. Another example is the 28 accessions to the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings on 28 September 2001, which increased to 164 by 1 May 2011.", "12. Positive developments in other areas are also evident. Most States have now taken measures to criminalize terrorist acts in their domestic legislation, in accordance with their obligations under the resolution and relevant international instruments. Many States have established financial intelligence units and other mechanisms to ensure more effective prevention of the financing of terrorism. New border security systems, such as the strengthening of cargo inspections as required by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the introduction of machine-readable travel documents in most countries, complicate the transnational activities of terrorists. Exchange of information between States has improved and mutual legal assistance appears to be more systematic. Many of these advances are due to the continued commitment of bilateral donors, agencies of the United Nations system and others to provide technical assistance related to national implementation of the resolution.", "13. As a result of the progress made over the past decade, some terrorist networks threatening the international community have weakened since September 2001. In some countries, Al-Qaida has been forced to move further underground, successfully prosecuting, convicting and sentencing some members of the organization or prosecuting them. International cooperation has also helped the prosecution to identify other terrorist groups operating in different parts of the world, including those on the Consolidated List of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities. Increased vigilance and the effectiveness of police and intelligence efforts around the world have led to the defeat of some terrorist plots before they were carried out, which has undoubtedly saved many lives.", "14. However, the threat of terrorism remains high in many parts of the world. While some terrorist networks have been destroyed, others have changed their way of doing business. For example, as observed by the Monitoring Team of the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee, Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb collects significant amounts of money through kidnapping for ransom and benefits from increased use of smuggling routes in the Sahel by South American drug producers (see S/2011/245). Some groups in South and Central Asia are also reportedly increasingly using arms and drug smuggling as a source of income. Terrorist groups also take advantage of the continuing and (in some cases) increasing instability in certain countries, which makes them not afraid of the collapse of government authorities. In addition, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden, which could lead to a break-up of the Al-Qaida leadership, the organization remains an influential and dangerous force. This is due in part to its alliance with such organizations as Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula and its continued ability to inspire other groups and individuals to plan attacks in all parts of the world.", "15. The increased use of new information and communications technologies by terrorist groups and individuals, often across national borders, for recruitment, incitement and collection of funds, poses a particular threat. The network has proved to be an important tool for terrorist activities because of the significant technical and legal challenges involved in regulating its content. Web pages that have been blocked and disabled for alleged illegal content are often able to be reactivated elsewhere within hours. Regulation of the Internet and other new communication technologies is bound to be limited by the obligation of States to respect freedom of expression, which is the cornerstone of international human rights. However, resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to suppress the recruitment of terrorists, and Security Council resolution 1624 (2005) requires States to prohibit and prevent incitement to commit terrorist acts. These issues continue to pose challenges in the years to come.", "16. As the present survey shows, gaps in international counter-terrorism efforts remain in other areas of States ' implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). Full compliance with the obligation to bring terrorists to justice in accordance with the principle aut dedere aut judicare required more States to adopt implementing legislation and to make more commitments to prosecute terrorism cases where extradition was not feasible. Some States need to further strengthen their judicial systems in order to prosecute terrorism in a manner that is fully consistent with the rule of law. Ensuring the security of porous land and maritime borders remains a major challenge for many countries, mostly because of resource constraints.", "17. Challenges remain in the area of countering the financing of terrorism, including the need for more effective monitoring of new payment methods, informal currency and value transfer systems and the use of cash couriers. There is also a need to prevent abuse of NGOs more effectively, while ensuring that regulation is proportionate to the level of risk and not arbitrary.", "18. Indeed, in all regions, States continue to face challenges in ensuring that their counter-terrorism measures comply with all their obligations under international law, including international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law. Finally, many countries faced a range of other problems, such as competing development priorities, limited training opportunities and continued pressure on government budgets, which affected their progress in implementing the resolution.", "19. In the decade since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001), it has become increasingly recognized that while law enforcement measures are at the centre of the resolution, effective responses must include other aspects of legal and social policy. Terrorism must first be treated as an unjustifiable crime under any circumstances. However, it also expresses grievances in an inhuman, abhorrent and unacceptable manner. It is not only the security institutions, but also the society as a whole that must face up to the problem with a firm resolve, strengthen dialogue and broaden understanding among civilizations, raise awareness of the suffering of victims of terrorism and adopt policies in many areas, including development, education, social inclusion and human rights. Prevention was essential, as confirmed by the special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional and subregional organizations, held in Strasbourg, France, in April 2011, in cooperation with the Council of Europe.", "20. In this regard, it is particularly important that Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) encourages CTED to discuss with Member States, with their consent, the development of comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies, including by focusing on the factors that lead to terrorist activities, in accordance with their obligations under international law. Equally important, Council resolution 1963 (2010) emphasized the role that regional and subregional organizations can play in combating terrorism, in particular by strengthening the capacity of Member States to fully implement resolution 1373 (2001) and by facilitating the provision of technical assistance. Both approaches are essential to meeting the challenge of terrorism.", "21. Despite the progress made over the past decade, it was clear that much remained to be done to protect Member States and regions from the threat of terrorism.", "II. Assessment by region", "Africa", "North Africa", "(Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia)", "The Committee visited five countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "22. North Africa is more affected by terrorism than other subregions in Africa, and various legal and operational responses have been adopted. All North African States have adopted legislative counter-terrorism measures. However, such measures often lacked a precise definition of the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. This may raise human rights and rule of law concerns. Expertise in counter-terrorism has been acquired and innovative approaches have been introduced to prevent further recruitment of potential terrorists or to counter radicalization that could lead to violence.", "23. Recent political and security developments in North Africa could lead some countries to revise their current strategies, in particular to ensure respect for the rule of law and to address human rights concerns, while maintaining the region ' s capacity to combat serious crimes such as terrorism.", "24. As a general comment, law enforcement measures in the subregion should be better coordinated, particularly at the operational level, and should be subject to judicial oversight. Long maritime and open land borders remain challenges to border control.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "25. All visited States have enacted legislation that empowers their judicial, prosecutorial and law enforcement authorities to combat terrorism. In bringing the alleged perpetrators of terrorist offences before the courts, the criminal code is largely supplemented by special legislation. Terrorism-related prosecutions have been successful in several countries. However, some States continued to use an overly broad definition of terrorism and would advise them to incorporate terrorist offences into their domestic criminal laws in accordance with the international counter-terrorism instruments. Several visited States are in the process of adopting new legislation to strengthen compliance with their obligations under international human rights law. Tunisia, for example, amended Act No. 2003-75 in 2009 to criminalize incitement to commit terrorist acts in order to separate “incitement to hatred” and “religious radicalization” from terrorist offences. Algeria recently lifted the state of emergency. The States visited also criminalized the recruitment of persons to commit terrorist acts and the provision of safe haven for terrorists, and put in place operational measures for their implementation. All visited States have criminalized the use of their territories for the commission or preparation of terrorist acts against citizens, facilities and diplomatic representatives of other States. They also view terrorist acts against those objectives as acts against their national security. However, States should criminalize acts against another State in the same manner. In short, there is a need to incorporate the principle aut dedere aut judicare into national legislation, even if there is no direct link with that State.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "26. Since the previous survey, progress has been made in the countries of the subregion, with all countries having anti-money-laundering laws in place. Tunisia had amended its anti-money-laundering law in August 2009, and Morocco was currently in the process of revising its own anti-money-laundering law. Although all States have established financial intelligence units, only the Egyptian centre is fully operational and is a member of the Egmont Group. Morocco ' s Financial Intelligence Unit received and processed its first suspicious transaction reports in October 2009. All States have acceded to the 1999 Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, but only a few have criminalized the offence in accordance with the Convention. This could undermine their ability to cooperate effectively at the international level. Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (2009 and 2010, respectively) expanded the scope of anti-money-laundering laws and obligations to combat the financing of terrorism by extending customer due diligence, record-keeping and suspicious transaction reporting obligations to other designated non-financial operations and professions. While not yet fully compliant with the resolution, asset freeze provisions have been enacted in most States and, in some cases, have successfully frozen terrorist assets. Laws regulating charitable and non-profit organizations have been enacted, but not all States have reviewed their legal frameworks to prevent the misuse of the non-profit sector for terrorist financing purposes. Since the previous survey, Tunisia had amended its anti-money-laundering law to strengthen its prudential rules for the control of contributions. Measures taken to control the cross-border movement of money are primarily intended to address concerns about exchange control, not to combat money-laundering and the financing of terrorism.", "Law enforcement", "27. All States rely on internal regulations issued by the Ministry of the Interior or other relevant ministries to supplement the Penal Code to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. The States visited had established specialized counter-terrorism units and institutions and had the capacity to investigate and take advantage of relatively advanced technologies. In the countries visited, the level of inter-agency cooperation at the policy level is already high and has been downgraded to the operational level. However, internal coordination, particularly in the exchange of information, is carried out mainly through meetings and private contacts. More technical means are needed for real-time operational information exchange. Apart from the regular meetings of the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice, there is no regular and institutionalized exchange of operational information at the subregional level. The establishment of a subregional office of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) for North Africa would help to improve cooperation among States in the subregion. Furthermore, judicial oversight of law enforcement activities must be strengthened in all States to ensure respect for human rights in the investigation of terrorism-related cases and to prevent impunity for law enforcement officials. Recent developments in several countries of the subregion have been accompanied by changes in security institutions. For example, Egypt and Tunisia have dismantled their national security forces because of allegations that they have violated human rights while countering terrorism. All States take measures to control the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Five States have ratified the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter referred to as the Firearms Protocol).", "Border control", "28. States visited have taken measures to screen travellers and detect fraudulent travel documents, including at international airports. Manual registration of information is still in place at some border posts. Several States could improve the security and uniformity of procedures for issuance of identity papers and travel documents. Most States of the subregion have introduced machine-readable travel documents by the April 2010 deadline set by ICAO. All visited countries use INTERPOL databases and some are taking steps to extend them to border posts. Several States (e.g. Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia) have put in place practical measures to check the entry and exit of currency and bearer negotiable instruments. Such measures include customs declarations, the obligation to report bearer negotiable instruments and the authorization of customs officials to confiscate cash.", "29. All States except one are parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (hereinafter referred to as the Refugee Convention) and its 1967 Protocol. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about the lack of full compliance with the principle of non-refoulement. Measures to prevent and suppress the cross-border movement of terrorists could be strengthened in all countries, particularly those at the southern border. Algeria has attempted to address this problem by adding a fourth brigade to the Border Guard in the province of Tamarraset in 2009. Six States have acceded to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter referred to as the Trafficking in Persons Protocol), and five States to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (hereinafter referred to as the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol). All but one have expressed their willingness to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and have initiated the process. The Maghreb Customs Cooperation Council was launched in April 2010 and a training centre was established in Casablanca, where the WCO Regional Intelligence Liaison Office is located.", "Four States have implemented the 2001 United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (hereinafter referred to as the Programme of Action on Small Arms). In 2010, all but one of the States of the subregion submitted an additional report to the United Nations on their implementation of the Programme of Action. With regard to maritime security, all visited States have implemented the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) (an amendment to the 1974 SOLAS Convention). However, concerns were expressed about the state of implementation and irregularities in the testing of security measures, as well as observed gaps in port security measures in the visited countries. All States continue to implement the relevant security provisions of annex 17 and annex 9 to the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). In the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the national civil aviation security programme was approved on 26 October 2009. Since the previous survey, Algeria, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania and Morocco have hosted second-cycle ICAO missions to the Universal Security Audit Scheme.", "International cooperation", "31. The subregion has a high rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments. In 2010, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia acceded to one or more additional international instruments, and Algeria became the first country in the subregion to ratify all those instruments. However, as noted above, several States rely on an overly broad legal definition of terrorism, which may give rise to difficulties in international cooperation. Almost all States still needed to enact laws on mutual legal assistance and extradition. In general, States cooperate within the framework of the relevant bodies of the League of Arab States, its conventions, which have a high rate of ratification in the subregion, and bilateral treaties. There was a need to improve the exchange of information and to strengthen cooperation with countries in other regions.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "32. States of the subregion should:", "(a) To strengthen its legal framework and take measures to further protect its non-profit organizations and strengthen the capacity of its financial intelligence units, including by reviewing the adequacy of its legal framework;", "(b) To continue to strengthen border security at entry points and along open borders in order to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorist cross-border goods and weapons/explosives, as well as currency and bearer negotiable instruments, and to implement the best international codes and standards established by specialized agencies such as ICAO, the World Customs Organization and IMO;", "(c) Strengthening judicial oversight programmes for police activities and promoting continued dialogue with relevant international and regional mechanisms to ensure compliance with international human rights obligations while countering terrorism.", "33. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with relevant regional organizations, such as the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, the African Union and the League of Arab States, focusing on activities aimed at overcoming challenges and strengthening the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) To continue to advance a close dialogue with the States visited, particularly in the light of current developments in the subregion;", "(c) Engage more actively with the States of the subregion, including through follow-up visits, and seize the opportunity to meet bilaterally with officials of the States concerned while passing through the subregion.", "East Africa", "(Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania)", "The Committee visited four countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "34. The threat posed by terrorism to the East African subregion remains high owing to the continuing political instability in the Horn of Africa and the activities of various armed groups. In 2009, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) counter-terrorism capacity-building programme adopted, in a positive atmosphere, conventions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, which strengthen the legal framework for counter-terrorism cooperation among member States, thus enhancing national and regional security.", "35. The subregion faces significant border control challenges (e.g., the continuing threat of piracy and other crimes committed at sea) that drain existing national resources for counter-terrorism. Long and largely open land and maritime borders continue to pose significant challenges to Governments. The problems of border demarcation and the intentions of border communities complicate effective border management in some areas of the subregion.", "36. Counter-terrorism efforts in the subregion will be strengthened through more effective national coordination of law enforcement efforts and improved subregional information exchange.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "37. All States had adopted legislative measures that did not fully incorporate into domestic law the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Of the four States visited, two have not yet adopted draft counter-terrorism legislation that has been in place for several years. Despite the challenges of prosecution, Kenya has successfully tried terrorist activities in its territory. Two other States had introduced counter-terrorism legislation more than five years earlier but had not reported related investigations or prosecutions. Given the vulnerability of the subregion, additional measures are needed to criminalize recruitment. Not all States have provided sufficient information on their jurisdiction over terrorist acts, but almost all have taken partial measures to grant them jurisdiction over crimes committed within their territory. The principle aut dedere aut judicare was not applied throughout the subregion, as States had not explicitly incorporated it into domestic law.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "38. Nine States have acceded to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. A few States have adopted legislation criminalizing the financing of terrorism, while others have at least some measures in place. Most States have anti-money-laundering laws, but few have measures in place at the legislative and operational levels to freeze funds without delay. For some States, the development of regular field programmes for inspection of reporting entities to ensure compliance with AML/CFT requirements is a major challenge, as it is a costly exercise. Several States have established, but are not yet operational, financial intelligence units. A small number of States have an obligation to report on the financing of terrorism, but few reports of suspicious transactions. Eight States in the subregion are subject to mutual evaluation reports by the Eastern and Southern African Anti-Money Laundering Task Force, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank, but only five are members of the Eastern and Southern African Anti-Money Laundering Task Force. With the exception of one State, all States have legislation regulating non-profit organizations, but only one has adopted and effectively implemented legal provisions to prevent the financing of terrorism through non-profit organizations. No State reviews the non-profit sector or conducts a risk assessment on the financing of terrorism. The Board ' s visit indicated that countries in the region (mainly economies based on cash transactions) need to implement this requirement where minimum threshold requirements for the movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments are not in place, thus strengthening controls over cash couriers.", "Law enforcement", "Most States rely primarily on criminal procedure laws to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Almost all countries lack the capacity to conduct effective investigations or to use sophisticated tools such as databases and forensics. In some countries, counter-terrorism and security agencies exist for internal coordination and research on terrorism. Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania each have a national counter-terrorism centre; Uganda has a national security committee. Internal coordination will be enhanced, if necessary, through the transfer of policy-level coordination down to the operational level. The exchange of information would benefit from improvements in technology (e.g. by establishing databases and linking them to all relevant law enforcement agencies). Subregional cooperation could be strengthened through existing regional bodies, such as the East African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization and the International Criminal Police Organization Office at Nairobi. Law enforcement is poorly monitored through competent judicial and other authorities to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are consistent with the rule of law and States ' international human rights obligations. Almost half of the States in the subregion have taken measures to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, and six have ratified the Firearms Protocol. Others needed to improve their legislation in that regard. Most visited countries need to strengthen their crisis management plans to ensure that evidence is obtained to prevent casualties from secondary explosions and to ensure adequate evacuation in the event of large-scale terrorist attacks.", "Border control", "40. States in the subregion usually use manual methods to check identity travel documents. Very little information was provided on the soundness of the original documents and the issuance of identity cards and passports. All States of the subregion have adopted machine-readable travel documents by the ICAO deadline of April 2010. However, readers for screening such travel documents have not yet been replicated in the subregion. Despite the establishment of INTERPOL National Central Bureaus in countries of the region, lack of capacity and the inability to extend to border posts hinder access to INTERPOL services. The Commission ' s visit to the region indicated the need for States to develop risk indicators and to enhance their capacity in detection methods in order to strengthen the implementation of legislation to prevent the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "While almost all States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern that some States do not have an adequate legal framework to prevent the refoulement of refugees. Not all ports of entry have automated migration processing procedures/systems and the ability to monitor watch lists is very limited. Equipment to check counterfeit documents, communications and to obtain and store traveller data, if available, needs to be purchased or upgraded. Seven States have acceded to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, and monitoring the movement of goods remains a major challenge in the region. All but two countries have signed a letter of intent to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, but States need to do more to ensure the trade chain, enhance their capacity in risk management and encourage institutional coordination and exchange of information at border points.", "42. Over the past two years, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. With the exception of landlocked countries, all States have designated a national agency responsible for port and ship security and have developed security plans in accordance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. Measures that need to be further strengthened in this regard include the implementation of other aspects of the 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, the implementation of a long-range identification and tracking system, the registration of all seafarers and crews in accordance with International Labour Organization (ILO) standards and the issuance of security identification documents.", "43. The laws regulating arms and explosives do not contain clear provisions on arms brokering and brokering or transfers. Fragmented borders continue to pose challenges to effective border control, and more efforts should be made to develop regional approaches and best practices (e.g., community policing) to address these challenges. Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania recognized the importance of engagement with border communities in this regard and regularly engaged community leaders to discuss border issues. Since the publication of the previous survey, four States have hosted ICAO Universal Security Audit Plan II missions and two States have hosted the first cycle follow-up missions.", "International cooperation", "44. The level of ratification of international instruments has remained unchanged and varies considerably since 2009. One State had acceded to 14 instruments, while one of its neighbours had not. Few States have adopted extradition and mutual legal assistance laws. This limits their ability to respond positively to requests from other States. As indicated in paragraph 34 above, in 2009 the Ministers of the Interior of IGAD member States agreed on a draft convention on extradition and a convention on mutual legal assistance, which, if fully implemented, would enhance cooperation in criminal matters between some East African States.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "45. States of the subregion should:", "(a) To adopt and implement a comprehensive and unified national legal framework against terrorism that includes all the terrorist offences contained in the international counter-terrorism instruments, consistent with international human rights standards;", "(b) Strengthening internal coordination at the policy and operational levels;", "(c) Increase efforts to strengthen border security at entry points and along open borders and prevent and deter the cross-border movement of terrorists, including through the development of regional approaches and best practices (e.g., community policing), as well as the physical cross-border transport of currency and bearer negotiable instruments, goods, arms/explosives, in accordance with international best practices.", "46. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with relevant regional organizations (the African Union, the East African Community, the East African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, the South-East African Anti-Money Laundering Working Group and the IGAD Counter-Terrorism Capacity-Building Programme) and focus on activities aimed at overcoming shortfalls and improving the implementation of the resolution;", "(b) To continue to promote close dialogue with the States of the subregion, including through United Nations offices dealing with specific States facing threats and challenges that could affect the ability of those States and other States in the subregion to deal with terrorism;", "(c) Continue active engagement with the subregion, including through the facilitation of technical assistance, workshops and other subregional activities (for example, the Border Management Workshop held in Nairobi in July 2010) and follow-up through initiatives that bring together practitioners and operational officials.", "Southern Africa", "(Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland)", "The Committee visited one country in the subregion.", "General comments", "47. Despite the commitment of the countries of southern Africa to counter terrorism, many lack the technical and financial resources needed to fully implement resolution 1373 (2001). Natural resources in Southern Africa, cross-border crime and the availability of small arms in past conflicts make the subregion vulnerable to money-laundering, international criminals, drug traffickers and terrorist groups.", "Member States in Southern Africa have benefited from the initiatives of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, which focus on preventing and combating cross-border crime, including arms and arms trafficking (a major problem in the subregion). The South-East African Anti-Money Laundering Group plays a key role in the subregion, as it is responsible for evaluating the measures taken by its member States in combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism and for developing subregional policies and programmes to understand subregional trends in money-laundering and the financing of terrorism and to identify actions and solutions to combat such acts. The efforts of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to establish a regional early warning centre are encouraging.", "49. Several States have found it difficult to meet their reporting and implementation obligations, perhaps because they need to address other pressing concerns. The rate of ratification of international instruments varies considerably. Several States had ratified more than 10 instruments, but all but two needed to take further action to fully incorporate them into domestic law.", "50. The predominance of the informal economy in the subregion makes financial transactions difficult to trace. The economies of the countries of the subregion are cash-based and vulnerable to the financing of terrorism and money-laundering. In order to reduce this risk, these States should be encouraged to continue their efforts to promote inclusive finance, establish and operationalize financial intelligence units and review the non-profit sector to ensure that it is not misused for illicit purposes such as the financing of terrorism. As the physical cross-border transport of currency and other bearer negotiable instruments may still be used to finance terrorism, border controls need to be strengthened through the use of declarations.", "51. The cross-border flow and supply of small arms require a coordinated response by all States of the subregion. As in other regions of Africa, the long maritime and land borders of the subregion pose challenges to border control.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "52. Of the 10 States of the subregion, only Mauritius and South Africa have comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation in place, and only South Africa has initiated proceedings within that framework. United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern about the inappropriate application of counter-terrorism measures in two countries. Four States have adequately criminalized terrorist recruitment, while the remaining States have either done so in part or not at all. Four States have taken appropriate legal measures to criminalize the provision of shelters; four have partially done so; and two have not provided relevant information. Five States have legislative measures prohibiting the use of their territory for the commission or preparation of terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. The legal challenges faced by most States in the subregion demonstrate the continuing need to encourage them to fully incorporate the international counter-terrorism instruments into their domestic legislation and to strengthen the institutional capacity of prosecution and judicial authorities in counter-terrorism cases.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "53. Six States of the subregion have acceded to the Terrorist Financing Convention. Four States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism and three have not done so at all. In July 2010, Angola enacted legislation providing for preventive and restrictive measures against money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. On 15 April 2010, Angola applied for membership in the Eastern and Southern African Anti-Money Laundering Group. Most States have anti-money-laundering legislation, and four of them include the financing of terrorism as a predicate offence. Most countries still face challenges in taking legislative and operational measures to freeze funds without delay. Six States have some measures related to reporting obligations, including those relating to the financing of terrorism, but only one is sufficient. In most cases, these measures have been extended to banks, but it is not clear whether they include other financial and non-financial industries and occupations.", "54. Progress has been made in taking measures to establish a financial intelligence unit. Currently, four institutions can be considered fully operational, three of which are also members of the Egmont Group (Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa). The STRs disseminated in Mauritius and South Africa have led to many investigations and led to the prosecution of several money-laundering cases. Six States have some legislative measures in place to regulate non-profit organizations. Only South Africa has reviewed its regulatory framework for non-profit organizations. However, no State reviews or conducts risk assessments of its non-profit sector to ensure that non-profit organizations are not misused for the purpose of financing terrorism. Six countries have taken measures to control currency flows (declaration system). Mauritius informed the Committee that its Customs Act had been amended by the Finance Act of 2009 and that on 1 October 2009 it had established a cross-border currency carrier declaration system, which replaced the previous disclosure system. Other States did not provide sufficient information in this area.", "Law enforcement", "Four States have established specialized counter-terrorism structures managed by appropriate institutions. South Africa had adopted an integrated counter-terrorism strategy and had established an appropriate level of cooperation, information-sharing and operational coordination among its agencies. In 2010, Mauritius established the Counter-Terrorism Unit in the Office of the Prime Minister, under the supervision of the National Counter-Terrorism Committee. All States are members of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization and are thus able to share early warning information. Specific actions were taken by member States on offences involving stolen motor vehicles, arms and ammunition trafficking and drug smuggling and trafficking. However, it is only possible to see the success of INTERPOL ' s national central bureaus in the field in linking relevant law enforcement agencies to INTERPOL intelligence sources in the countries visited. In July 2010, SADC established a regional early warning centre to enhance communication among its members. The Centre is composed of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the armed forces, the police and the national security and intelligence agencies. The Centre will assist SADC member States in identifying signs of any crisis, conflict or natural disaster. Two States described effective oversight of law enforcement activities through judicial proceedings.", "56. All States have taken steps to control the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, although, with the exception of one State, their legislation regulating arms and explosives does not explicitly provide for arms brokering and brokering, arms transit or Security Council arms embargoes. Only five States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials is binding on SADC member States. The Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization (SARPCCO) has played a catalytic role in the implementation of the Protocol and has put forward many proposals in this regard, including harmonization of legislation, capacity-building, joint cross-border operations, disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and development and destruction. The organization has also developed standard operating procedures for the implementation of the SADC Protocol and, together with many member States, has developed initiatives to establish a unified database and firearms marking. South Africa has adopted a five-pillar strategy for firearms management and is involved in the subregional efforts to eliminate firearms.", "Border control", "57. Several States are taking steps to computerize their immigration and citizenship-related procedures. With the exception of South Africa, passenger check-in/exit systems at most national border points remain manual. South Africa ' s land ports are linked to the Central Database and all entry points have access to the Central Automated System for detailed information on all passengers, which also contains a regularly updated warning list using information provided by law enforcement agencies. Mauritius introduced a new border control system in 2009 which allows for the recording of passengers ' data in a database as soon as they arrive or leave the international airport. The information is also available online to authorized persons. Limited information is available on the effectiveness of customs in preventing the physical cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments in countries not visited by the Commission. However, the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate has sought to understand that South Africa has adopted risk assessment techniques and is increasingly successful in collecting large amounts of undeclared cash.", "58. All States in the subregion have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. Mixed migratory flows, particularly from the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region, pose challenges within Southern Africa and put pressure on limited available humanitarian resources. All States of the subregion adopted machine-readable travel documents by the ICAO deadline of April 2010. Two national plans in the subregion have adopted electronic passports. Four States reported on their national requirements for the issuance of national identity documents and two others introduced national identity card legislation. The problem of document forgery and document fraud is being addressed through a combination of improved controls and awareness-raising. Seven States have acceded to both the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. All States have signed a letter of intent to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade.", "59. All States reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, but overall, States of the subregion needed to strengthen their programmes and cooperation in that regard and to adopt the latest international best practices and arms control standards. The cross-border flow and supply of small arms in the southern African subregion remains a concern. The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code has been implemented and applied in four States, three of which have designated national authorities responsible for port and ship security, and two have developed security plans for all ports. Only in the visited State (South Africa) will it be possible to assess the implementation of other aspects of the ISPS Code (implementation meeting acceptable standards). Four States have partially implemented the security-related provisions of annexes 17 and 9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Namibia and Zimbabwe hosted ICAO Universal Security Audit Plan II missions and Angola hosted the first follow-up mission.", "International cooperation", "60. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments varies considerably. South Africa has ratified 13 of these instruments and four others (Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius and Swaziland) have ratified at least 10. Three States have ratified four or less instruments. Lesotho has ratified five instruments since 2009, bringing the total number of instruments it has ratified to 11. Four States have comprehensive domestic laws on mutual legal assistance and extradition, while the remaining States have either partially implemented this provision or have not done so at all. There are also subregional cooperation instruments, notably the 1997 Agreement on Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in Combating Crime of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, the SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters and the SADC Protocol on Extradition. Many cooperation is carried out through the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization. However, there is a lack of information on the actual content of mutual legal assistance and extradition cooperation. South Africa demonstrated its capacity to provide mutual legal assistance.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "61. States of the subregion should:", "(a) To implement the national counter-terrorism legislation it has adopted, bearing in mind international human rights standards;", "(b) Review its non-profit sector to ensure that it is not misused for the purpose of financing terrorism, and regulate and monitor the physical cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments;", "(c) To update their national legislation on mutual legal assistance and extradition and to fully implement the relevant SADC protocols on mutual legal assistance and extradition;", "(d) Promoting capacity-building in international cooperation with subregional partners.", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) To engage more actively with relevant subregional organizations, such as the Eastern and Southern African Anti-Money Laundering Task Force, SADC and the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, focusing on activities aimed at overcoming shortfalls and strengthening the implementation of the resolution;", "(b) To continue to maintain proactive engagement with the subregion, including by facilitating technical assistance, workshops and other subregional activities;", "(c) To promote, in cooperation with the Eastern and Southern African Anti-Money-Laundering Working Group, national capacity-building to establish/strengthen financial intelligence units in the subregion and to strengthen the legislative and operational capacity of States to freeze funds without delay.", "West and Central Africa", "(Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d ' Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo)", "The Committee visited six countries in the subregion. [1]", "General comments", "63. Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb poses a particular threat to the Sahel and a general threat to West Africa. This threat exacerbates other criminal threats to States in the subregion (mainly money-laundering, drug trafficking, illicit arms trafficking and cross-border movement of terrorists). The lack of a counter-terrorism action plan in the subregion hampers collective efforts to address the terrorist threat. Long, inaccessible and largely open borders make effective border management extremely difficult and fuel the activities of cross-border criminal and terrorist groups. Central Africa is also facing an increase in armed violence, crime and terrorist acts, including in the Gulf of Guinea.", "64. The ability to prevent the organization and free movement of terrorists in Member States in the subregion, particularly in the Sahel, depends not only on the effectiveness of bilateral and subregional cooperation, but also on the adoption of measures to develop international best standards and practices in law enforcement and border control, as well as effective protection and monitoring of borders, coasts and inland areas. Cash-based economies in all countries increase the risk of financing terrorism through physical cross-border transportation of currency and other bearer negotiable instruments or informal transfers of money and value through alternative remittance systems. In addition, the subregion continues to face challenges in law enforcement, the rule of law and respect for human rights.", "65. Since the previous survey, counter-terrorism measures taken by individual States have played a role in the prevention of potential terrorist acts, indicating an increase in capacity in this regard. In 2009 and 2010, a large number of military weapons were seized in West Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal). These seizures highlight the important work carried out by customs agencies in the subregion with the support of the World Customs Organization and the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate. At the subregional level, all airports in Central Africa (and East Africa) are now connected to the World Customs Organization (WCO) Customs Enforcement Network database and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) database, in accordance with the provisions of the first and second phases of Operation COCAIR, and customs officials and border police share passenger and other relevant information within the framework of the joint customs/police platform.", "66. In response to the increase in crimes committed at sea, the Maritime Organization of West and Central Africa (MOWCA), with the assistance of IMO, is strengthening cooperation among law enforcement agencies through the establishment of a network of coastguards. In 2010, in Ghana, member States and donors reviewed the establishment of four control centres in Abidjan, Dakar, Lagos and Pointe-Noire and two subregional coordination centres in Angola and Ghana. This coastguard network should enable 20 States parties, from north to Mauritius and south to Angola, to promote and implement joint maritime activities aimed at protecting human life, law enforcement, security and environmental protection.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "67. Six visited States have established legislative frameworks against terrorism, which rely primarily on criminal law and criminal procedure. An investigation into the seizure of a shipment of illegal weapons smuggled into Nigeria in 2010 led to the arrest of an accused person for whom proceedings are ongoing. As in Senegal, one person was convicted of money-laundering in the Niger. Most States still need to incorporate the offences contained in the international counter-terrorism instruments into their domestic law. The States visited have operational measures and policies to suppress terrorist recruitment. Burkina Faso, for example, attached importance to combating violent extremism and was working to counter attempts to recruit terrorists. The provision of shelter is defined primarily as the offence of “aid” or “bite”. Almost all States criminalize the use of their territory to commit or plan terrorist acts against citizens, facilities and diplomatic representatives of another State. However, in several countries, national capacity to implement these measures is limited. Most States have not yet established in their legislation adequate jurisdiction over the offences contained in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Not all States have established the principle aut dedere aut judicare in their domestic law in accordance with the provisions of the international counter-terrorism instruments.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "68. All but two States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. West Africa has made some progress in criminalizing the financing of terrorism. Since the previous survey, three additional countries (Côte d ' Ivoire, Niger and Togo) have incorporated into their domestic legislation the directives of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) on the suppression of the financing of terrorism. As a result, more States have extended their reporting obligations to the financing of terrorism and included this offence as a predicate offence to money-laundering. As a result of the proactive role played by the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money-Laundering in West Africa, West African countries have relatively advanced regimes to combat money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. Anti-money-laundering laws have been adopted in all countries. However, with the exception of a few States that have recently amended their anti-money-laundering laws, most still need to review their anti-money-laundering laws to bring them into line with international standards. The WAEMU Central Bank has begun to revise the Uniform Anti-Money Laundering Act, which applies to all eight countries of the Union. Amendments to the Act will address, inter alia, customer due diligence obligations. In 2010, Ghana adopted the Economic Crime and Organized Crime Act and established the Economic Crime and Organized Crime Office as a specialized agency for monitoring and investigating economic and organized crime.", "69. Despite the increase in the number of suspicious transaction reports, with the exception of Nigeria, few cases of money-laundering have been prosecuted and convicted (not to mention the financing of terrorism). The capacity and independence of the judiciary generally need to be strengthened. West Africa has made some progress in the area of financial intelligence units. Two additional States have established financial intelligence units (a total of 13). The Comoros and Côte d ' Ivoire had joined the Egmont Group, and Mali would soon do so. Apart from Nigeria and Senegal, financial intelligence units in other countries still lack the capacity to analyse suspicious transaction reports. The WAEMU/Uniform Law on Combating the Financing of Terrorism provides for the administrative freezing of terrorist assets. The challenge for States will be how to effectively implement the system. In general, the subregion still needs to establish appropriate procedures to permit the freezing of assets without delay without prior notification to the persons and entities concerned, including appropriate due process safeguards.", "70. No State in the subregion has reviewed the financing of terrorism in the non-profit sector and has not conducted a risk assessment in this regard. Most States have legal provisions (such as a declaration system) on the cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments. With the exception of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is not a member of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Central African States have adopted a legal framework to combat money-laundering and the financing of terrorism, which includes the self-executing ECCAS Charter, which criminalizes money-laundering and the financing of terrorism; establishes customer due diligence and reporting obligations; and establishes financial intelligence units. However, little information was available on the implementation of the Statute. The Central African Action Group against Money Laundering lacks the capacity to assess the implementation by its members of the “40+9” FATF recommendations on combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism.", "Law enforcement", "71. Most States rely on criminal procedure laws to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Very few States have established special or specialized counter-terrorism law enforcement services. Almost all countries use manual processing of information, which reduces the effectiveness of the system. Some countries are willing to establish coordination mechanisms within the Ministry of the Interior, including at the operational level, but still face internal challenges in terms of resources, control and oversight. Some States have yet to address human rights issues related to terrorism cases (e.g. restrictions on extended police custody and access to legal counsel). Mali and Niger are members of the newly established subregional joint intelligence centre in Tamanacet, Algeria. A new regional bureau of INTERPOL was established in Cameroon in 2010, supported by projects such as the INTERPOL Oasis Africa (Project on Capacity Development for Police Activities), which will strengthen the capacity of States in the subregion. The Regional Bureau will work with the Central African Police Chiefs Committee to strengthen security in the subregion. Most international airports in the visited countries have access to the INTERPOL “I-24/7” database. However, few national land borders are connected to the National Central Bureau and therefore do not have access to INTERPOL tools. The entry into force of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials on 29 September 2009 was an important step in the subregion in regulating arms trafficking. The Convention regulates arms brokering and prohibits any supply of weapons to terrorists. Eleven States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The subregion does not have a counter-terrorism action plan and, with the exception of the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, which includes all member States of the African Union, no subregional organization has a dedicated counter-terrorism unit.", "Border control", "Most West African States have partially adopted measures to detect fraudulent travel documents. Central African States have not provided sufficient information in this regard. The security and uniformity of procedures for issuance of identity papers and travel documents should be significantly enhanced. Mali has established a national pilot commission for the civil registration programme with a view to computerizing the system and, ultimately, ensuring the safe issuance of identity and travel documents. Most countries still rely on manual systems. Two States have not introduced machine-readable travel documents within the time limits set by ICAO. Readers reviewing such travel documents are not yet widely used in the subregion. Most countries do not have currency declaration procedures in place. Lack of institutional and operational capacity, as well as language barriers, hinder the exchange of intelligence operations. There is a need for more effective implementation of existing legal provisions (declaration systems) on the cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments throughout the subregion. In Senegal, customs officials reported an increase in offences related to illicit cash exports, resulting in arrests on the country ' s borders with the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau.", "73. While all States except one are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its Protocol, United Nations human rights mechanisms remain concerned about the inadequate legal framework for preventing refoulement of refugees in some countries. All States have partially implemented measures to prevent and suppress the cross-border movement of terrorists, but long, open land borders will continue to pose challenges to border control. Nineteen States are parties to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and 15 States are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. All but three countries signed a letter of intent to implement the World Customs Organization Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and partially implemented the measures required. The subregion still does not have a properly integrated border management programme. Most land border police posts lack the tools and equipment to carry out their tasks, and State border control agencies neither cooperate fully with each other nor with their counterparts in neighbouring countries.", "74. During the preparations for the Biennial Meeting of States in 2010, 16 States (for the first time including Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Liberia) submitted reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action. Only one country has never submitted a report on its implementation. With regard to the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code of 1974 SOLAS, all non-landlocked countries have designated national authorities responsible for port and ship security. With the exception of the countries visited (Nigeria and Senegal), insufficient information was available to assess the implementation of the Rules in West Africa. As noted at the IMO/Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime workshop held in Libreville in 2010, Central African States need to strengthen their maritime safety and security measures. States that have not yet done so should implement SOLAS (2002 Amendment) and its 2005 Protocol. They also need to fully implement the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code and the Long-Range Identification and Tracking System; register all seafarers and crews; and issue reliable identity documents in accordance with ILO standards, including under the Seafarers ' Identity Documents Convention (Revised), 2003 (ILO 185). Finally, the security-related provisions of annexes 17 and 9 to the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation have been only partially implemented. Cape Verde, Gabon, the Niger and Togo hosted ICAO missions for the second cycle of the Universal Security Audit Scheme, and the Central African Republic and Sao Tome and Principe hosted follow-up missions for the first cycle.", "International cooperation", "75. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments varied widely. In 2009 and 2010, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mali acceded to one or more of the international counter-terrorism instruments. States in the subregion still need to strengthen their domestic legal frameworks to enhance cooperation in criminal matters, including, in particular, through the enactment of legislation on extradition and mutual legal assistance. In 2010, Ghana adopted the Mutual Legal Assistance Act, which strengthens the country ' s capacity to prepare for the implementation of relevant mutual legal assistance agreements and other mutual legal assistance arrangements. States cooperate primarily through bilateral treaties. The Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition against Terrorism, adopted by the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Justice of French-speaking Countries of Africa on the implementation of the international counter-terrorism instruments, could enhance cooperation among many States in the subregion. Similarly, regional conventions on extradition and mutual legal assistance adopted under the auspices of the African Union, including the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, could enhance inter-State cooperation in criminal matters.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "76. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Effective implementation of laws and regulations against money-laundering and the financing of terrorism, consistent with international human rights standards, through the adoption of a comprehensive and harmonized national legal framework against terrorism that lists all the terrorist offences set out in the international counter-terrorism instruments;", "(b) Strengthening internal coordination at the policy and operational levels;", "(c) Increase efforts to strengthen border security at entry points and at sea and develop existing cooperative projects such as the coast guard network, the joint customs/police airport platform and community policing at open borders, including through participation in workshops (such as the workshop organized by the International Organization for Migration in cooperation with the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate in Nouakchott in April 2011).", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) To continue to maintain active engagement with relevant regional and subregional organizations involved in the subregion (the African Union, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money-Laundering in West Africa and the Maritime Organization of West and Central Africa), focusing on activities aimed at overcoming challenges and strengthening the implementation of the resolution;", "(b) To facilitate the provision of technical assistance to ECOWAS with a view to the adoption of a regional plan of action against terrorism in West African countries and the establishment of a dedicated subregional counter-terrorism office under the auspices of ECOWAS;", "(c) To further strengthen relations with the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, the Central African Police Chiefs Committee, the Central African Action Group against Money-Laundering, the West African Police Chiefs Committee, the World Customs Organization Regional Intelligence Liaison Office for West Africa (Dakar) and Central Africa (Douala, Cameroon).", "Asia", "East Asia", "(China, Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia and Republic of Korea)", "The Committee visited one country in the subregion.", "General comments", "78. Most States in the subregion have been subjected to terrorist attacks, some on their territory and others on their nationals elsewhere in the world. There is therefore a high level of awareness of the importance of being vigilant against the threat of terrorism, and most States have worked to strengthen their defence against potential attacks. The United Nations Consolidated List lists a number of terrorist organizations operating in the subregion.", "79. While implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) had made reasonable good progress in the East Asian region, challenges remained. Legislation has been enacted — though not all as comprehensive as suggested — and does not always fully comply with international norms. States have also strengthened their implementation of established counter-terrorism measures at the institutional level. An important outcome in this regard is increased participation and participation in regional structures and the provision of technical assistance on a bilateral basis. One State did not submit sufficient information to assess its counter-terrorism efforts.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "80. Four States have comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation in place. Most States have adequately addressed the criminalization in their domestic laws of the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments and the establishment of jurisdiction over them. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about the inaccuracies in the legal definition of terrorist offences in some countries and about alleged violations of justice. During the period under review, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have criminalized recruitment to terrorist groups to some extent. All States have now criminalized in their domestic laws the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters and the use of their territory to commit or prepare to commit terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. It would be useful for States to provide further information on how they had implemented those provisions.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "China, Japan, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have ratified the 1999 Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and have criminalized the financing of terrorism in domestic law. The four States have also enacted anti-money-laundering laws. The inclusion of the financing of terrorism as a predicate offence to money-laundering in some States would further strengthen those measures. All four of them ensured that reporting obligations covered the financing of terrorism and reported that customer due diligence was being expanded. Those States have established financial intelligence units and enacted legislation to regulate the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea have developed legal provisions regulating the activities of non-profit organizations. China and the Republic of Korea are considering extending their reporting obligations to include non-financial industries and professions. These four States also have provisions allowing for the freezing of the assets of designated persons, but these provisions could be further strengthened, for example by establishing sufficient legal safeguards to enable designated individuals or entities to appeal designation or request humanitarian exemptions for frozen funds.", "Law enforcement", "Four States have in place domestic counter-terrorism strategies and legislative frameworks to guide law enforcement agencies. Four States have established national law enforcement units with appropriate tools to implement counter-terrorism measures and initiatives supported by legislative mandates. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern about alleged human rights violations by some law enforcement agencies. Three States have established a reasonable level of coordination and cooperation among their law enforcement authorities. All States have taken a number of steps to control the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, but the domestic legislation of some States does not contain explicit provisions on arms brokering, the transit of arms or Security Council arms embargoes. One State has not yet acceded to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "83. Four States have introduced procedures for screening passengers against information on the persons involved in the national database. Four States used modern equipment to detect fraudulent travel documents. Those States reported that they had adopted controls to ensure the integrity and security of travel document issuance procedures. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea can use international databases to screen individuals. Four States have issued machine-readable travel documents that meet international standards for document security. China recently launched the initial phase of its e-passport programme. All States had enacted laws to prevent and suppress the cross-border movement of terrorists, and four had taken positive steps to apprehend criminals. Four States have signed or ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and three States have signed or ratified the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea were parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but two of them did not provide sufficient information to determine whether they had an effective system for identifying terrorists among asylum-seekers.", "84. Four States have signed a letter of intent to implement the Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade to ensure the security of goods and prevent their use for terrorist purposes, three of which have reached a more advanced stage of implementation. Three of those States have established mechanisms to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, although the methods of detecting illicit shipments need to be strengthened. Four States have legislation in place to implement standards and practices to ensure the safety of civil aviation. All States are audited by ICAO through its Universal Security Audit Scheme. Three States have established legal frameworks to address maritime security needs and partially implemented mandatory international standards for port and ship security in accordance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. Three States have put in place strict controls on the cross-border movement of weapons, ammunition and explosives, as well as nuclear, chemical and biological materials and their means of delivery. The three countries have implemented the Programme of Action on Small Arms, but two of them have not reported on it and do not appear to have a national implementation programme to combat arms smuggling.", "International cooperation", "Four States have ratified at least 12 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Three States have legal provisions allowing extradition, mutual legal assistance and exchange of information and have concluded relevant bilateral treaties or other arrangements with other States. Mongolia had taken similar action, but its efforts in that regard needed to be intensified. Two countries could work to enhance cooperation by increasing the number of such arrangements with other countries. Three States have procedures in place that prohibit the extradition of individuals who may be at risk of torture or persecution. Two States did not provide information on their practice/procedures for the refoulement of refugees. International human rights mechanisms have expressed concern about the lack of adequate legal safeguards in extradition proceedings in two States. China, Japan, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have early warning systems that form part of their respective counter-terrorism strategies. With the exception of one State that has little or no relevant information, all East Asian States are members of several regional organizations or international cooperation mechanisms in the area of counter-terrorism and are committed to strengthening those relationships.", "Recommendations on practical ways to implement the resolution", "86. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Review its criminal law to ensure that recruitment for terrorist acts and terrorist groups is fully criminalized;", "(b) Address deficiencies in the criminalization of the financing of terrorism and the inclusion of such acts as predicate offences to money-laundering, as well as in the freezing of terrorist assets, in particular by allowing adequate safeguards and including humanitarian exemptions in freezing procedures;", "(c) Review its criminal law to ensure that the legal definition of terrorist activities and the procedures for bringing terrorists to justice are rigorous and in accordance with the relevant principles of the rule of law.", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) To engage more actively with States with limited information on the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) To work more closely with relevant international and regional organizations by, inter alia, promoting technical assistance and organizing workshops by providers/donors and other regional activities to address specific implementation issues requiring attention;", "(c) Engage more actively with international and regional organizations and States to facilitate the sharing of experiences and the provision of technical assistance.", "Pacific Islands", "(Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu)", "The Committee did not visit any country in the subregion.", "General comments", "88. The geographical isolation, lack of access, small size (a disincentive to anonymity) and relatively simple financial and commercial sectors of Pacific Islands Forum countries are considered to be less dangerous for terrorism. However, owing to significant resource constraints, which hinder the implementation of regulatory controls in many areas of counter-terrorism, there is at least a vulnerability in the region to be used as a haven for terrorist activities.", "89. Transnational crime existed in the Pacific region, including drug trafficking, human trafficking and money-laundering. Pacific Islands Forum countries need sustained capacity-building (including strengthening border and maritime security controls) to address any potential links between such crime and terrorism.", "90. However, the Pacific Islands Forum countries have made good progress in implementing counter-terrorism measures in accordance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have put in place counter-terrorism legislation and are working to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation, particularly in maritime areas. Law enforcement efforts to combat transnational crime have been strengthened and can be translated into counter-terrorism efforts when needed. Several initiatives have been taken to raise awareness of the required reporting by financial institutions under AML/CFT legislation.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "91. Few States have fully incorporated terrorist offences into their domestic legislation. The legal provisions on the jurisdiction of the Court in seven States did not specify the scope required by the relevant international instruments to which they were parties, although most States applied the principle aut dedere aut judicare. Six States criminalized terrorist recruitment, and Samoa ' s draft anti-terrorism law, once adopted, would have the same effect. Two States have adopted special criminal procedures, such as preventive detention and “special powers” for certain investigative techniques. However, no information was provided on safeguards attached. Several countries have drafted amendments to their counter-terrorism legislation but have not yet enacted them.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "92. Ten States have acceded to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, six of which have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism. All States have established financial intelligence units, three of which are operational. The level of efficiency and effectiveness of the operations of the remaining centres is uneven and technical assistance is needed to improve their capacity to meet international standards. While all States have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation, in most cases there are deficiencies in the relevant provisions, including the non-inclusion of terrorist financing on the list of predicate offences for money-laundering and the exclusion of certain relevant non-financial industries and professions from the list of entities obliged to submit suspicious transaction reports, conduct customer due diligence and properly maintain records to the Financial Intelligence Unit. In some cases, AML/CFT laws have never been used as a basis for criminal proceedings or charges. Most States have legislation in place to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Seven States have legislation regulating non-profit organizations, but few have taken measures to prevent the financing of terrorism through such organizations. The regulation and monitoring of alternative remittance systems remains a challenge for most countries.", "Law enforcement", "Ten States have established national security agencies (the Joint Group of Legal Agencies) or high-level central offices (comprising law enforcement agencies, ministries of justice and prosecutors) responsible for developing common counter-terrorism strategies and guidelines, guiding law enforcement efforts and coordinating internal security matters. Law enforcement agencies have adopted mechanisms to uphold the rule of law, such as close cooperation and active law enforcement. Three States have established transnational crime units to investigate terrorism and other crimes. However, States ' reports do not contain information on enforcement mechanisms or on specific special criminal procedures or special investigative techniques. Only five States are members of INTERPOL. All countries share information through regional enforcement mechanisms. At the domestic level, law enforcement agencies rely on the relevant legal provisions, memorandums of understanding and membership of national central bodies for cooperation, coordination and information exchange. However, no information was provided on the actual mechanisms in that regard. All States have laws in place to regulate the manufacture, possession, acquisition, sale, transfer, transport and supply of small arms and ammunition, but they do not explicitly provide for arms brokering, the transit of arms or Security Council arms embargoes. Only one State is a party to the Firearms Protocol. The information provided is too little to identify the institutional or operational approaches taken by Governments to counter-terrorism or to monitor counter-terrorism activities. Governments seem to consider the threat of terrorism to be low, and therefore use law enforcement resources primarily for the investigation of common crimes.", "Border control", "94. All States have immigration and passport laws to regulate immigration and travel documents. Nine States have introduced some legislative controls on the issuance of identity and travel documents. Ten States had issued machine-readable travel documents and two were taking steps in that direction. While it appears that all countries screen arriving and departing passengers, the nature of the data used to screen passengers is unclear in nine countries. Three States reported that they screen travellers against national databases. No State has provided sufficient information on the practical controls in place to ensure the security of document issuance procedures or the detection of offenders at border points. The States of the subregion did not indicate the procedures or mechanisms used to prevent and suppress the cross-border movement of terrorists. Five States were parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but only one had ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "95. Four States have signed a letter of intent to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and are moving towards the implementation phase. No information was provided on the mechanisms in place to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Efforts should be intensified to implement legislation on the control of small arms, light weapons and explosives, and only four States have implemented the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Most States have laws establishing national aviation security authorities and implementing aviation security standards, but few provide information on their implementation of the relevant annexes to the Chicago Convention. During the period under review, ICAO conducted aviation security audits in five countries. Reports to IMO indicate that seven States appear to have implemented some aspects of the ISPS Code, including the development of port facility security plans. However, some States do not appear to have regularly updated their security plans based on the results of security audits/tests, as required by the Code. Two States have made concerted efforts to strengthen inspections of vessels arriving. Nevertheless, the information available does not provide a clear picture of the implementation of air, maritime or cargo security measures, border controls or implementation programmes to ensure that small arms do not fall into the hands of unauthorized individuals.", "International cooperation", "96. The subregion has achieved a reasonable level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Six States have ratified 10 or more instruments, and Fiji and Nauru have ratified all 16. Other countries continue to work towards ratification. While all States have mutual legal assistance arrangements in place to promote regional and international cooperation and all have laws on extradition and mutual legal assistance, lack of information makes it impossible to determine the scope or number of bilateral and multilateral treaties and arrangements or the extent of cooperation and coordination. The exchange of information on crime and anti-crime legislative approaches is mostly limited to subregions and neighbouring jurisdictions, generally through regional bodies supported by regional statements.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "97. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Further institutionalize its national counter-terrorism framework and review their respective criminal laws to ensure that terrorist offences within each designated category are properly criminalized; and, where applicable, develop counter-terrorism legislation;", "(b) Further building the capacity of national financial intelligence centres and law enforcement agencies to investigate financial and terrorism-related offences;", "(c) Enhance information-sharing among relevant authorities and continue to enhance regional coordination and cooperation.", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) To engage more actively with international and regional organizations working in the region (the Asian Development Bank, the Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering, the Oceania Customs Organization, the Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organizations and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat) and to undertake activities aimed at overcoming shortfalls and improving the implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Work more closely with Pacific island countries to address specific implementation issues requiring attention through a variety of means, including joint facilitation of technical assistance and workshops with providers/donors and other regional events;", "(c) Consider future visits to the subregion (no country of the subregion has been visited by the Committee).", "South-East Asia", "(Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam)", "The Committee visited 10 countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "99. Major terrorist organizations in the subregion include Jemaah Islamiyah (particularly active in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore), the Abu Sayyaf Group, a group of rebel groups in the Philippines and rebel separatists in southern Thailand. Due mainly to effective counter-terrorism law enforcement measures, these terrorist organizations are mostly considered to be on a downside, although they still have the capacity to carry out occasional attacks (see para. For example, after four years of silence, Jemaah Islamiyah carried out a suicide bomb attack in two hotels in Jakarta in July 2009, as well as a series of recent terrorist attacks in Mindanao and southern Thailand. However, since 2000, Indonesia has arrested more than 600 people on terrorism charges and prosecuted about 500 people. This has not only removed a large number of dangerous individuals from society, but has also shown the international community that terrorism can be dealt with through a normal criminal justice system.", "100. The actions of the States of the subregion have gone far beyond the challenges posed by the purely law-enforcement approach to terrorist groups. They actively promote interfaith dialogue and public-private partnerships, establish community policing initiatives and try prison rehabilitation programmes in an effort to address the root causes of violent extremism. Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have accumulated some experience and good practices in this area, and technical assistance can be provided to countries in need.", "101. All States except one have established specialized counter-terrorism bodies at the policy and/or operational levels. Overall, law enforcement capacity has increased significantly. However, at least five States have criminal justice systems that need to be improved in order to bring terrorists to justice more effectively. The use of preventive (administrative) detention without prosecution or judicial commitment in peacetime in four countries has been a human rights concern. However, some States are increasingly recognizing the link between a human rights-based approach and effective counter-terrorism.", "102. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has worked to establish a regional cooperative counter-terrorism framework. Timor-Leste is currently applying for membership in ASEAN. The ASEAN Convention on Combating Terrorism was adopted in 2007, but ratification has been slow. Cambodia and the Philippines ratified the Convention in 2010, including Singapore and Thailand. Two more ratifications are required for the Convention to enter into force. Multilateral and bilateral donors have been active in providing technical assistance to States for counter-terrorism capacity-building.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "103. Eight States have incorporated counter-terrorism measures into their domestic law or have introduced special counter-terrorism laws. Singapore has adopted comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation incorporating all elements of resolution 1373 (2001). Cambodia had recently introduced a comprehensive counter-terrorism law. Three States still had to develop appropriate counter-terrorism legislation. The definition of terrorism in some States appeared vague or too broad and should be adapted to international norms. Half of the States in the subregion have not criminalized recruitment to terrorist groups. In most countries, incitement to terrorism is not criminalized, while in countries where it has been criminalized, definitions are generally not specific enough to raise concerns that these laws can be used to suppress freedom of expression.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "104. Although all but one State is party to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, almost half of the States in the subregion do not adequately criminalize the financing of terrorism. Some States have not criminalized money-laundering in accordance with international norms. The Financial Action Task Force ' s International Cooperation Review Group noted in June 2009 that six States in the subregion had deficiencies in countering money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. Four States do not have mechanisms to freeze terrorist assets and funds, and most do not always have “without delay” mechanisms to function, as required by resolution 1373 (2001). Customer due diligence and record-keeping have improved in most countries. All but one have established financial intelligence units and all have experienced a significant increase in the number of suspicious transaction reports that they are required to address. The five financial intelligence units have significantly enhanced their capacity to communicate and analyse suspicious transaction reports with reporting entities. Malaysia and Singapore are considered able to provide technical assistance related to the functions of financial intelligence units to other countries in need. In most countries, reporting obligations have not yet extended to all designated non-financial industries and professions. Awareness among public officials of the risk of abuse of the non-profit sector for the purpose of financing terrorism has increased significantly in recent years, and many States are trying to review their non-profit sector to ensure that appropriate controls are in place. As a reflection of technological advances such as new payment methods, many countries face new challenges in regulating alternative remittance systems. Most States have legislative provisions to regulate the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "Law enforcement", "105. Timor-Leste has recently completed the process of institutionalizing and integrating the national police force into an independent structure. Law enforcement agencies are well organized and have established specialized counter-terrorism bodies, committees and units. However, in some cases, international mechanisms have raised concerns about alleged human rights violations by security forces. In July 2010, Indonesia established the National Counter-Terrorism Agency and its Task Force to develop counter-terrorism policies and coordinate activities among relevant government agencies. Law enforcement officials have received good training in several regional bodies, including the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation in Indonesia, the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism in Malaysia and the International Law Enforcement Academy in Thailand. ASEAN countries worked within the framework of the ASEAN Police Chiefs Association and contributed to its crime database, which was linked to the INTERPOL database for information-sharing. However, inter-agency cooperation and information-sharing still required attention. Terrorists in the region are believed to rely mostly on conventional weapons. Despite strict legal and operational controls, craftsmen and businesses manufacturing small arms and light weapons persist throughout the region. Only Cambodia and the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic have acceded to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "106. All States except one have issued machine-readable travel documents within the deadlines set by ICAO. However, in one country, machine-readable travel documents contained security risks that should be addressed. Approximately half of the countries in the subregion have issued travel documents that incorporate biometric features, thus making those documents more secure. In many countries, border control points lack relevant and feasible police and intelligence “surveillance” information and are not linked to international “surveillance” data in the INTERPOL “I-24/7” database. Modern methods of detection, such as risk management practices, are not fully used in many countries and detection equipment is lacking to inspect transit cargo. Monitoring of the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, as well as coordination between customs, financial intelligence units and law enforcement officials in this regard, is either lacking or inadequate.", "107. The management of open land and sea borders is a major challenge for most countries, an important reason being that the region covers thousands of islands, many of which are sparsely populated. All ASEAN countries have expressed their intention to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, and many are making good progress in this regard. Most States control the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons, but the detection methods of several States need to be strengthened. About half of the States of the subregion have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. During the current assessment period, four States received a second-cycle ICAO Universal Security Audit Plan mission and one State received a first-cycle follow-up mission. Overall, maritime security in the region needs to be strengthened. Most countries do not have domestic refugee legislation and only three have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, most States have improved their cooperation with UNHCR in processing refugee claims. Practical measures to prevent and suppress the cross-border movement of terrorists need to be strengthened, with four States not yet having ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and five States not yet ratified the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "International cooperation", "108. Nine ASEAN countries are parties to four aviation-related instruments. About half of ASEAN countries had ratified the 1988 maritime instrument, but none had ratified the 2005 “Amendment to the Maritime Protocol”. All ASEAN countries have acceded to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. The rate of ratification of nuclear-related instruments and the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection remains low. One State is not a party to any relevant instrument. Although the ASEAN Convention on Combating Terrorism had not yet entered into force, the ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters had been ratified by nine States and had entered into force. Most States had adopted legal provisions on extradition, but half of the States in the subregion needed to improve those provisions. Three States do not extradite fugitives on the basis of reciprocity. Most States have designated a central authority for extradition and mutual legal assistance. ASEAN member States exchange information through the ASEAN Association of Chiefs of Police and have signed the Agreement on Information Exchange and Networking Procedures. The number of memorandums of understanding on information exchange between financial intelligence units in the region has increased significantly.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "109. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Strengthening national legislative and operational measures to adequately address the criminalization of the financing of terrorism; freezing mechanisms (due regard to due process of law); the effective functioning of financial intelligence centres; the control of the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, as required; and the regulation of alternative remittance and non-profit sectors;", "(b) Ensuring connectivity to national crime databases and INTERPOL databases, training staff in detection and inspection methods and acquiring necessary detection equipment to strengthen border controls at entry points;", "(c) Strengthening national criminal justice systems through training and seminars, including on the right to a fair trial.", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Strengthening cooperation with regional counter-terrorism bodies, including the International Law Enforcement Academy, the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation and the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism, among others, to facilitate the provision of necessary technical assistance and training;", "(b) Organizing regional activities to address deficiencies in the control of cash couriers and the non-profit sector;", "(c) Working with partners to streamline bilateral technical assistance provided to the subregion by donor countries and organizations to avoid duplication and adequately meet needs.", "South Asia", "(Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)", "The Committee visited three countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "111. The countries of South Asia have been severely harmed by terrorism through various ideological groups. Terrorist groups active in various parts of the region, including Al-Qaida, Taliban elements and the devout army, continue to threaten peace and security in the region. The internationalization of the threat of terrorism in the region and beyond is facilitated by porous borders, illicit drug production, increasing criminal activity, globalization and limited resources and coping capacity. There is a close link between drug production and terrorist activities in the region. States face many common challenges and constraints in their efforts to combat terrorism.", "112. Regional actors (mainly the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)) have long recognized the threat posed by terrorism to their citizens. As early as 1987, the political leaders of the region agreed on the SAARC Regional Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism, which requires parties to make the acts provided for in the Convention a terrorist offence and, to that end, calls on their member States to cooperate on extradition, evidence-sharing and other forms of information exchange, as well as on the prosecution of alleged perpetrators of such “terrorist acts”. A new Additional Protocol to the Convention was signed in 2004 to address the financing of terrorism. To more effectively prosecute criminal cases, the States of the region signed the SAARC Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters in 2008.", "113. Despite these initiatives, regional efforts to combat terrorism continue to face significant challenges. Efforts by States to achieve a peaceful resolution of the conflict are an ongoing process. In many countries, gaps in institutional capacity and limited resources make it difficult to prioritize counter-terrorism efforts. In addition, the lack of counter-terrorism legislation in line with international standards and specialized counter-terrorism operational capacity constrain the effectiveness of these mechanisms. States have made good progress in developing anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism regimes, but more regional cooperation is needed at the operational level.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "114. Four of the eight sub-Saharan States have enacted legislation criminalizing terrorist recruitment and prohibiting the use of their territory to commit or plan terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. In addition, four States have enacted legislation criminalizing the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters by individuals or organizations. The jurisdiction of the courts of five States extends to acts committed outside their territory by their nationals (whether or not the person is present in their territory). Few States have fully updated their legal frameworks to include specific counter-terrorism laws. On the contrary, most States have opted for limited amendments to their criminal laws. Maldives, with the assistance of INTERPOL and the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, began drafting a counter-terrorism law in early 2011. United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern about the special counter-terrorism provisions of some States that restrict certain human rights, which may instead create difficulties in the implementation of international agreements on mutual legal assistance and extradition. In that regard, some States would benefit from reviewing their domestic legislation to ensure full compliance with the international counter-terrorism instruments and human rights obligations.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "115. All but one State has acceded to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Much progress has been made in recent years in anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism legislation in the subregion. For example, Nepal passed the Prevention of Laundering of Assets (Funds) Act (2008), Bangladesh passed the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (2009) and Pakistan passed the Anti-Money Laundering Act (2010). India is the only country in the region that joined FATF in June 2010. All eight States have established financial intelligence units. Capacity development is a priority concern, given the fact that many financial intelligence units in South Asia have just been established. The ability of States in the subregion to freeze assets promptly and in accordance with due process is a matter of concern.", "116. In its dialogue with States in the region, the Committee identified a number of good practices, including the development and enforcement of measures to prevent charitable and non-profit funds from financing terrorism. This is particularly important when there is an urgent need to mobilize significant external funds (which are usually disbursed through non-profit organizations as charitable contributions) as a result of natural or man-made disasters. Good practices aimed at facilitating emergency relief, such as simplified registration, customs and visa issuance procedures, were identified. Laws governing non-profit organizations are in place in all eight countries, but it appears that law enforcement in many countries needs to be improved. In addition, there are still many vulnerabilities to money and value transfer systems. While a number of South Asian countries have established cross-border reporting systems on the movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, some systems only target incoming and outgoing cash and ignore incoming cash. Additional legislative measures are therefore required.", "Law enforcement", "117. The three countries visited by the Committee have introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism strategies and have taken steps to develop specialized counter-terrorism institutional structures and measures managed by relevant agencies. They all recognized the importance of cooperation, information-sharing and coordination among agencies and between regional and national levels. The three visited States have played an important role in creating specialized counter-terrorism bodies and/or police units and ensuring that they are provided with the necessary training and tools to fulfil their responsibilities in a range of counter-terrorism areas. For example, in 2009 Bhutan established an elite special force within its police force to deal with terrorism. India established the National Bureau of Investigation in 2008 to investigate and prosecute terrorism and other serious crimes.", "118. The subregion lacks witness protection laws and programmes for witnesses and law enforcement and judicial personnel, with the exception of Sri Lanka, which is in the process of drafting relevant legislation. United Nations human rights mechanisms have found that in some cases there are serious concerns related to the excessive use of force and that challenges remain in efforts to institutionalize human rights guarantees in the work of law enforcement agencies. Another challenge is to strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement officials. States should strengthen their legal frameworks to criminalize the illicit production, possession and trafficking of small arms and explosives. Only one State has acceded to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "119. Land border control has many gaps, which pose a threat to almost all countries. To that end, four States have enacted laws that penalize undocumented crossing of national borders. Efforts are being made to strengthen controls over the issuance of identity papers and travel documents. All States have established procedures for the issuance of machine-readable travel documents. Bangladesh and Nepal began issuing machine-readable travel documents in 2010. The Single Identity Authority of India began issuing a single identity number on 29 September 2010, and Pakistan has established a national database and registry authority, with an advanced computer system for civil registration, which helps to facilitate the safe issuance of identity and travel documents. Some States have taken steps to ensure the implementation of the relevant laws on cash transfers. South Asian customs officials participated in Operation Atlas (26-30 October 2009), the largest multilateral operation ever targeting cash smugglers, involving 80 WCO member States. Most States should take further practical measures to identify and curb the illicit cross-border movement of cash. All States expressed their intention to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade. There was no domestic law on asylum, and only Afghanistan had acceded to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1997 Protocol. Thus, in the current circumstances, refugees cannot be systematically screened for potential links to terrorism and other serious criminal activities. In criminalizing trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, only India is a party to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "120. Further steps are needed to implement practical measures to curb the smuggling of arms and explosives. Although three States reported to the Programme of Action on Small Arms in 2010 and one in 2008, four others have never reported to the Programme of Action. Audits of airports in Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal were conducted in 2009 and 2010 as part of the ICAO Universal Security Audit Scheme. In the area of maritime security, the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (SOLAS 1974) has been applied and is in force in five States of the subregion, four of which have designated national authorities for ship security and three for port security.", "International cooperation", "121. Two States are parties to at least 13 international counter-terrorism instruments. No State has ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. The latest activity in this area in the region was Pakistan ' s ratification of the Terrorist Financing Convention in June 2009. At a meeting of the SAARC Terrorist Crime Monitoring Unit in June 2010, SAARC member States decided to share information in real time and exchange data in many related areas, such as terrorist photographs, terrorist incidents and terrorist archives.", "122. In order to enhance the capacity of law enforcement officials in South Asia to combat terrorism and related crimes, while enhancing regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement officials, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate facilitated a series of workshops (starting in November 2009) aimed at bringing together law enforcement officials (mainly police officers and prosecutors) to share experiences, lessons learned and best practices in dealing with international crime and terrorism cases. All eight South Asian countries participated actively in the three meetings held so far, with the SAARC secretariat present as an observer. Starting with the fourth workshop, held in Bhutan in May 2001, judges will be involved in the process.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "123. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Address weaknesses in funds transfer systems and strengthen frameworks to prevent the misuse of funds from overseas by charitable organizations;", "(b) Development of a framework for the protection of witnesses, judges and law enforcement officials;", "(c) Strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement officials, including on relevant human rights issues.", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to support initiatives to strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement officials, such as regional workshops for police, prosecutors, other front-line officials and representatives of civil society working on counter-terrorism in South Asia;", "(b) Strengthening ongoing efforts to actively involve SAARC in regional activities supported by the Committee and its Executive Directorate;", "(c) Consider future visits to all countries in South Asia and follow-up visits to countries that have already been visited.", "Central Asia and the Caucasus", "(Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)", "The Committee visited one Central Asian country and three Caucasus countries.", "General comments", "125. The implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) in Central Asia is hampered by a number of factors: the close proximity to the Afghan conflict (in Afghanistan, where drug production supports terrorist activities and fosters an active arms-for-drug trade); the existence of illicit cross-border cash transfers (potential sources of financing of terrorism); the flow of surplus arms (caused by political and civil unrest in the region); the remoteness of borders and inadequate protection, compounded by the lack of human and material resources to ensure effective border controls; and the presence of a large number of migrant workers (which in turn has increased the use of informal remittance systems, a potential source of financing for terrorism). In addition, Islamic Jihad, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the affiliated Islamic Movement of Eastern Turkestan, all Al-Qaida-related groups operate in certain parts of the Central Asian region. The Central Asian States therefore face a serious transnational terrorist threat that requires a concerted and coordinated regional response.", "126. The Central Asian States have made considerable progress in implementing counter-terrorism measures in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). States have enacted counter-terrorism legislation and laws to regulate the trade in small arms. They work to curb the movement of terrorists by strengthening migration controls and to improve cargo security by strengthening specific customs controls. States have also made strong efforts in the area of implementing counter-terrorism legislation and are increasing bilateral and multilateral cooperation. These measures have yielded concrete results by limiting the expansion of the above-mentioned terrorist groups.", "127. The Caucasus is a separate geopolitical region. The terrorist threats facing the region differ in origin and nature, but have similar consequences. Conflicts resulting from unresolved ethnic and border disputes undermine efforts to develop a cohesive regional counter-terrorism response. In addition, the Caucasus includes landlocked oil-producing countries. As a result, pipeline networks are required to transport oil and gas from Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan via inland shipping to ports in Georgia and Turkey. There are concerns that this strategic infrastructure will be the target of terrorist attacks and that the Caucasus will become a corridor for terrorist groups to enter Europe from Afghanistan. In addition, Azerbaijan and Georgia are bordering the Caucasus region of the Russian Federation, where terrorist groups operating may cross the common border for the purpose of seeking asylum.", "128. A number of Caucasus countries have taken steps to amend their legislation, in particular by establishing a judicial security system for criminal cases, in order to comply with their international human rights obligations. However, some shortcomings remain in the countries of the region. Procedural safeguards for asylum seekers remain weak. Although judicial guarantees have been strengthened in many countries, they have not yet been effectively implemented, particularly at the initial and pre-trial stages of investigations. Torture, ill-treatment and arbitrary detention continue to be of concern. There is therefore a need to consolidate the progress made.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "129. All Central Asian States have enacted counter-terrorism legislation. Over the past two years, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have made progress in incorporating into their criminal law the offences set forth in the international legal instruments against terrorism. Kazakhstan has also punished crimes related to the recruitment of terrorists and terrorist groups. Some States may wish to review their domestic legislation to ensure its full compliance with international instruments. Terrorist offences should be precisely defined to uphold the principle of legality, while ensuring that they did not infringe on activities protected by international law. In at least one country, the definition of the crime of terrorism seemed too broad, which could hinder cooperation at the international level.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "130. The Central Asian States have made concrete progress in implementing the anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism provisions. All States are parties to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. In 2009, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan adopted appropriate anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism laws, under which financial intelligence units were established, many entities were required to report suspicious transactions and criteria for their identification were established. Pursuant to the request made by the Committee during its visit, Azerbaijan redefined and criminalized the financing of terrorism, largely in line with the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and the FATF Special Recommendation II. In the period 2009-2010, some Central Asian States have further refined and expanded existing legislation on anti-money-laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. For example, Uzbekistan had established internal control rules and established penalties for entities that failed to comply with their reporting obligations; and Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan had implemented strict customer identification and record-keeping procedures. Tajikistan established the Ministry of Financial Monitoring (the Financial Intelligence Unit) in October 2009 and drafted a new draft law on combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism in November 2010. Remittances from Central Asian migrant workers working in other member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have been identified as potential money-laundering and terrorist financing risks that require attention. Although these funds are transferred through the formal system, the simplistic customer identification process, high levels of remittances and difficulties in identifying sources and purposes are causes for concern. When such remittances are transferred through informal systems, the associated risks are greater. In addition, concern was expressed that the active trade in arms for drug trafficking emanating from Afghanistan could lead to the financing of terrorism through cash transfers in neighbouring Central Asian States. Some Central Asian States have put in place systems for the declaration of cross-border cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Azerbaijan amended its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation to provide for stricter customer due diligence measures. The non-profit organization sector should be regularly reviewed to ensure that non-profit organizations are not easily used for terrorist financing purposes.", "Law enforcement", "131. Since the last survey, Central Asian States have strengthened law enforcement measures to support counter-terrorism law enforcement efforts by strengthening inter-agency cooperation and information-sharing and by establishing and using crime and other databases at the national and international levels. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are using central databases that are accessible to counter-terrorism law enforcement agencies. All States participate in regional law enforcement cooperation mechanisms. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan participate in the exchange of information and respond (at the national and international levels) to requests for legal assistance against persons connected with terrorism. Monitoring mechanisms must be strengthened because of the human rights elements inherent in law enforcement. Uzbekistan has established a framework of legal safeguards to enhance the rights of suspects, detainees and defendants and to investigate complaints of violations of these rights and the use of torture. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of weapons, ammunition and explosives. Three States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The countries of the Caucasus would benefit from clearer procedures for cooperation and coordination between law enforcement authorities at the national and international levels to ensure effective investigation and prosecution. (For example, Azerbaijan has established a unified national database to provide law enforcement agencies with access to immigration, visa and border control information. Moreover, States should be more active in ensuring the effective prosecution of terrorism cases, adopting good practices and complying with international standards of fair trial.", "Border control", "132. States in the subregion reported progress in implementing legislative and operational measures relating to the cross-border movement of persons and goods and to aviation security. States have established procedures to establish the true identity of the persons concerned prior to the issuance of travel documents, and most have issued machine-readable travel documents. Legislation had been enacted to prevent the movement of terrorists across borders, and all States had ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and all but two had acceded to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. (However, implementation of measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be improved. In 2009, Turkmenistan enacted the Immigration Services Act, and in 2011 Uzbekistan introduced machine-readable travel documents. Before granting temporary or permanent residence or naturalizing, Kazakhstan screens individuals on the basis of the Consolidated List, the watch lists of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Commonwealth of Independent States and bilateral and intergovernmental agreements. Persons attempting to enter Azerbaijan illegally are held in temporary centres at border crossing points and undergo identification and fingerprinting procedures. Machine-readable travel documents were issued in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; Azerbaijan also added some security features to its passports, all of which were issued through a centralized State agency. With the exception of one State, all States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but there may be some inconsistency in the implementation of their screening and exclusion mechanisms.", "Most States need to improve the practical implementation of methods to identify and stop cash couriers and to detect the illicit movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments in other ways. It is not clear to what extent States screen travellers, inspect their luggage and take appropriate action. With the exception of one State, all States have indicated their intention to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, and Azerbaijan is implementing its own national programme for the development of the customs system of the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2007-2011. Azerbaijan has installed weapons detection and surveillance equipment at international border crossings. In 2010, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan submitted national reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Azerbaijan verifies persons applying for a licence to legally possess firearms against the national “black list” drawn up by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Security Service. The approval of the Cabinet is required for the import and export of weapons for military or law enforcement purposes. With the exception of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, none of the countries in the Caucasus have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The countries of the subregion are increasingly involved in regional projects and programmes (which facilitate the gathering, gathering and sharing of information and intelligence) as a means of enhancing their capacity to address border-related terrorist threats and organized crime. Some States lack technical equipment, such as document readers, and adequate database links to enable full and effective screening of travel documents and goods at border crossings.", "International cooperation", "134. Seven of the eight States in Central Asia and the Caucasus had ratified 12 international legal instruments against terrorism, and Kyrgyzstan was actively considering acceding to the six instruments to which it was not yet a party. None of the States in the region has ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation or the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. Although most of the States were landlocked, the 2005 Protocols should be ratified and the offences contained therein transposed into their respective domestic laws so that the offences in question could become dual criminality when responding to requests for mutual legal assistance and extradition. In 2009, Turkmenistan enacted legislation to strengthen information-sharing and mutual legal assistance with foreign countries in the field of combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. The regional organizations of Central Asian States address specific counter-terrorism issues, including legislation in special regional contexts, anti-money-laundering and countering the financing of terrorism, law enforcement and border security. While these States interact within the above-mentioned multilateral framework, bilateral contacts in mutual legal assistance and extradition matters should also be expanded and joint cooperation should be established in border security matters (especially since terrorist threats are usually of a cross-border nature). No State can stand alone against terrorism because the transnational nature of the terrorist threat requires cooperation and coordination with other States. In the Caucasus, the combination of terrorist activities, continued hostility and the presence of the oil industry required strong cooperation in the implementation of counter-terrorism measures. For that reason, effective, sustained and comprehensive regional coordination mechanisms must be established in the areas of law enforcement, border security, mutual legal assistance and extradition.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "135. States of the subregion should:", "(a) To ensure the establishment, maintenance and updating of national crime and related databases and their networking with law enforcement and border management authorities;", "(b) Ensure the installation of technical equipment (document readers, scanners and fraud detection equipment) at key border crossing points;", "(c) Increased control and monitoring of remittance systems (formal and informal), including the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) To engage more actively with international and regional organizations active in the region, including the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure and the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in order to focus on activities aimed at overcoming shortcomings and improving the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) To work more closely with the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus to discuss specific areas requiring attention, including the strengthening of criminal justice systems and specialized programmes for judges and prosecutors, in different ways, including by facilitating technical assistance in cooperation with assistance providers and donors and by organizing regional workshops;", "(c) Consider future visits and follow-up visits to the subregion in order to engage more actively with States.", "Western Asia", "(Bahrain, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen)", "The Committee visited seven countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "137. The threats and challenges facing the subregion include terrorism, regional conflicts, instability caused by political transition and civil strife, and piracy. Overall, States in the subregion have strengthened their counter-terrorism measures since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2011). However, some of these measures need to be fine-tuned to international norms and best standards and practices for the implementation of the resolution (including compliance with the rule of law and international human rights obligations). States of the subregion should ensure effective judicial oversight of law enforcement activities, prevent abuses and prevent impunity.", "138. The economic development of several countries in the subregion and the political instability in neighbouring areas may pose a risk of financial flows to terrorist groups. Therefore, financial sector security and the regulation of remittances and cross-border cash flows need to be strengthened.", "139. The non-profit sector is subject to strict regulation in some jurisdictions. (For example, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have outlawed the practice of collecting funds at automated kiosks, and the relevant ministries have generally more closely regulated charities. Connectivity should be enhanced to facilitate the exchange of information between the databases of charities and law enforcement agencies.", "140. In view of the continuing threat of terrorism in parts of the subregion, border controls should be strengthened and passenger screening should be conducted to prevent arms smuggling. States should also address more effectively the large number of asylum-seekers in the region, in particular by acceding to the 1951 Refugee Convention.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "141. Most States rely primarily on their criminal laws and other special acts for their counter-terrorism legal framework. Most States have the capacity to investigate terrorist cases. In some jurisdictions, perpetrators of terrorist acts have been arrested and subsequently brought to justice. However, the reliance of some States on overly broad legal definitions and special criminal procedures has drawn the attention of United Nations human rights mechanisms and may create difficulties in international cooperation. Some States view international conventions to which they are party as an integral part of domestic legislation. However, the United Arab Emirates had been proactive in incorporating most of the crimes set out in international instruments into domestic legislation, and a draft law to that effect was under consideration in Saudi Arabia and several other jurisdictions. Several States have criminalized recruitment for the commission of terrorist acts. Saudi Arabia has developed a promising programme for the rehabilitation of terrorists. The United Arab Emirates has developed a policy of promoting tolerance and moderation in all communities in the country as measures to build community resilience, prevent recruitment and incite radicalization. Most States criminalize the provision of safe haven for terrorists and also criminalize the use of their territory to commit or prepare for the commission of terrorist acts against citizens, facilities or diplomatic representatives of other States, and consider any terrorist act committed against those objectives as an act against their national security. However, States should also incorporate the principle aut dedere aut judicare into domestic law, in accordance with the international counter-terrorism instruments.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "142. Seven States have acceded to the Convention on the Financing of Terrorism (of which Yemen became a party in 2010). Most States in the subregion have adopted legislation and regulations on money-laundering and have established a number of regulatory bodies. However, similar measures are needed in the area of combating the financing of terrorism, particularly at the operational level. For example, most States have not criminalized the financing of terrorism and have not criminalized it as a predicate offence to the crime of money-laundering. States that partially criminalize the financing of terrorism should also ensure that all elements of article 2 of the CFT are included. Reporting obligations have been extended to the financing of terrorism, mainly to those States that have partially criminalized the financing of terrorism. Other States may have notified the Central Bank of their reporting obligations for the financing of terrorism, but there is no legal framework for bringing the perpetrators of these crimes to justice. Most countries have additional laws and regulations in place to ensure that customer due diligence and record-keeping requirements are extended to designated non-financial operations and industries. Most States have adopted seizure and confiscation measures. In 2010, Jordan amended its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation to bring it into line with international standards, including the issuance of a directive on the administrative freezing of terrorist funds. In general, the measures taken by most States in the subregion to freeze funds linked to terrorism need to be further strengthened, including the simplification of procedures and operations to freeze funds without delay.", "Most States have established financial intelligence units. The financial intelligence units of Bahrain, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic and the United Arab Emirates are members of the Egmont Group. Other financial intelligence units have yet to become fully operational and can benefit from the experience and assistance of the more sophisticated ones mentioned above. In 2009, the Iranian judiciary and the Ministry of Economic and Financial Affairs successfully established a pilot computer-based anti-money-laundering training programme, based in the Financial Intelligence Unit. Most countries have adequate laws and regulations in place to regulate the registration of non-profit organizations. Some States also take regulatory measures under the auspices of the security sector. In Saudi Arabia, the accounts of charitable organizations and associations are subject to the rules of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency concerning the opening and use of accounts in commercial banks. However, most States have not conducted a risk assessment of their non-profit sector to ensure that it is not misused to finance terrorism. Most countries have legal measures in place to regulate cash transfers and some have disclosure systems in place.", "Law enforcement", "144. All visited States have adopted counter-terrorism strategies and established structures and measures for specialized counter-terrorism mechanisms administered by law enforcement agencies. It has been observed that these countries already have more advanced investigative capabilities. The forensic and technical capacity of the region as a whole is uneven, and the GCC countries visited by the Commission appear to have more advanced capabilities. Community policing plays an important role (for example, in one of the countries visited, the Government used mobile “smart” telephones to inform the public of major events and Internet-based social networking services to post police information. Most countries have internal coordination and information exchange at the policy level, and “transmit” to the operational level by means of manual or personal contact rather than by electronic means. Such cooperation/coordination could be enhanced by using common or online databases.", "145. The Committee of Arab Ministers of the Interior and the Gulf Cooperation Council are two forums for strengthening regional policy cooperation among the countries of the subregion. The latter, in particular, enhance national and regional security by using national identity cards with appropriate biological characteristics to facilitate the cross-border crossing of their citizens. The Standing Security Committee of the Gulf Cooperation Council on Combating Terrorism meets annually and in 2009 adopted a mentoring plan for the training of counter-terrorism officials of the GCC States. In view of concerns expressed by United Nations human rights mechanisms about the excessive use of force and ill-treatment of detainees in the context of counter-terrorism efforts in parts of the region, States seem to need more systematic monitoring of law enforcement activities, for example by the judiciary. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, but only four have ratified the Firearms Protocol. Most countries have in place legal measures, including a declaration system, to regulate the cross-border movement of money.", "Border control", "Most States have implemented measures to identify fraudulent travel documents. The United Arab Emirates has adopted a multidimensional approach to document security and travel document verification, which includes the initial screening of travel documents and the re-examination of suspicious documents by a well-equipped criminal identity document examination laboratory. Jordan has provided advanced document fraud identification equipment to officials at the main border crossing points for their use. On-site observations indicate that the equipment is frequently used to detect travel document fraud. All States of the subregion adopted machine-readable travel documents by the ICAO deadline of April 2010. The INTERPOL database has been used by all States visited. However, most States also need to expand their access to INTERPOL databases to border posts for use by front-line officials. Most States have operational mechanisms in place to identify and stop cash transfers. The Jordanian Customs Administration has established an AML/CFT Unit, which has access to various internal and external databases and cooperates with all border posts.", "147. Only two States have acceded to the 1951 Refugee Convention, and very few have legislation on asylum-seekers, relying mainly on UNHCR ' s regional office to assist in the administration of these procedures. United Nations mechanisms have expressed concern about the lack of legal and practical measures to prevent the refoulement of refugees in several countries. Most States review applicants before granting any form of temporary or permanent residence. The members of the Gulf Cooperation Council have used advanced technology in this regard. The United Arab Emirates checks individuals who apply for visas upon arrival against the warning list contained in the national database, which includes the spelling of Latin and Arabic letters. Immigration authorities also use the iris identification migration system to verify the nationals of countries with the largest numbers of migrant workers. Seven States have acceded to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol or the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol (three of them have acceded to the two Protocols), but implementation is difficult to measure. All States have signed a letter of intent to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and have partially implemented the necessary measures. In the United Arab Emirates, the Central Customs Intelligence Unit entered information/intelligence into the risk statement for the electronic clearance system. Kuwait has incorporated the risk statement into the electronic clearance system.", "148. Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen submitted reports on the implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms for the period 2009-2010. However, States still need to strengthen programmes and cooperation to implement the latest international best practices and arms control standards. The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code has been partially implemented throughout the subregion. The port of Jebel Ali in the United Arab Emirates is the largest port in the Middle East. The United Arab Emirates therefore takes maritime security and threat prevention seriously and has put in place advanced systems, infrastructure and procedures to evaluate and respond to risks while ensuring the provision of smooth trade facilities. Overall, most States can improve their maritime capabilities by using long-range identification and tracking systems to track foreign-flagged vessels or vessels outside their automatic identification systems. All reporting States have partially implemented the relevant safety provisions of annex 17 and annex 9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Both the United Arab Emirates and Jordan have hosted the second-cycle ICAO Universal Security Audit Plan mission and the Islamic Republic of Iran has hosted the first-cycle follow-up mission. The United Arab Emirates and Jordan have made some significant improvements in the implementation of air safety policies, programmes and security controls at the airport level.", "International cooperation", "149. Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen have acceded to one additional counter-terrorism instrument and Bahrain has acceded to three more. Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates are now parties to 14 instruments. Only a few States have domestic provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance. The members of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the League of Arab States follow their respective harmonized model legislation on extradition and mutual legal assistance. However, this is limited to the practice of the region, which is also bound by multilateral and bilateral treaties. Mutual legal assistance and extradition with States outside the region are mainly subject to bilateral treaties, and extradition is usually considered after receiving notification from INTERPOL. Most States should exclude from immunity from “political crimes” the offences set out in the international counter-terrorism instruments to which they were parties.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "150. States of the subregion should:", "(a) To train prosecutors and judges and other relevant law enforcement officials to effectively implement recently adopted counter-terrorism and/or anti-money-laundering laws, with due regard to international human rights obligations;", "(b) Strengthening the legislative and regulatory framework to combat the financing of terrorism, including by criminalizing the financing of terrorism, taking the necessary measures to freeze funds without delay and conducting risk assessments for the non-profit sector;", "(c) Continue to take measures to strengthen border security through the implementation of relevant international best norms and practices.", "151. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with relevant regional organizations, such as the League of Arab States, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, focusing on activities aimed at overcoming challenges and improving the implementation of the resolution;", "(b) To continue to promote a close dialogue with the countries visited in the region, particularly in the light of current developments in the subregion. It will also help to identify the best ways to facilitate technical assistance, for example by addressing specific implementation concerns through workshops and other regional activities;", "(c) To engage more actively with the countries of the subregion through further follow-up visits to the countries of Western Asia and through bilateral meetings with relevant national officials as an opportunity to visit the region.", "C. Latin America", "Central America and the Caribbean", "(Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago)", "The Committee visited two countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "152. The terrorist threat in Central America and the Caribbean remains low. Indigenous terrorism and the activities of terrorist groups or suspected terrorists have not been recorded or detected throughout the region. However, the escalating criminal activity and its devastating impact on society remain the greatest security challenge facing the countries of the subregion. A range of factors have led to crime and insecurity, mainly the illicit drug trade, illicit arms trafficking, human trafficking, gang fighting, unemployment, corruption and, in some cases, the inability of the criminal justice system to bring perpetrators to justice. Although terrorism is not specifically described as a widespread phenomenon, it is undoubtedly an area of concern, as many of the above factors have the potential to fuel terrorist acts in the region. Moreover, because of its geographical location, which includes large and open maritime boundaries and a large number of small island States, the region is vulnerable to criminal activity in the maritime sphere and thus faces challenges in the area of effective maritime and border control. These challenges have been complicated by the constraints of human and material resources to meet them. However, in order to address these issues, Governments continue to implement the necessary measures and to develop bilateral and regional cooperation. The easy availability of small arms has become a serious concern in Central America. Over 2 million unregistered small arms are in circulation.", "153. The subregion has made good progress in complying with resolution 1373 (2001), particularly in combating the financing of terrorism and in adopting measures related to port and airport control. Similarly, counter-terrorism legislation had been adopted, providing the judiciary and prosecution authorities with sufficient legal authority to bring terrorists to justice. Regional mechanisms have been put in place to ensure coordinated legal and institutional capacity-building in the areas of financial system control, law enforcement and border control, as well as to ensure cooperation and attention to human rights and to avoid duplication of activities.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "154. States in Central America and the Caribbean have put in place anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation that includes provisions for terrorism and terrorist financing offences. However, States have not yet fully incorporated the offences set forth in the various international instruments into their domestic law. All States prohibited their nationals from using their territory to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States, and one third had in place appropriate measures to suppress recruitment to terrorist groups, criminalize the provision of safe haven to terrorists or their supporters and provide adequate jurisdiction for related offences in domestic law.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "155. Most Central American and Caribbean countries have ratified the Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and have adopted anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation, making the financing of terrorism a separate offence and a predicate offence to money-laundering. While States have established financial intelligence units to analyse special transaction reports, some of these centres require operational capacity-building. States could also improve compliance by financial institutions with customer due diligence standards, particularly in relation to politically risky individuals. Many States have enacted legislation to control the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. In 2009, Costa Rica ratified the Anti-Terrorism Act and included the financing of terrorism. During 2010, Belize, Jamaica and Saint Lucia amended their counter-financing of terrorism legislation to further strengthen their systems. Jamaica has launched a programme to modernize its Financial Intelligence Unit. Barbados has also approved the creation of six additional positions in the Financial Intelligence Centre and the upgrading of its information technology systems. The financial intelligence units of Antigua, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have become members of the Egmont Group. A number of States have yet to implement procedures to identify and freeze terrorist assets without delay. About half of the countries have taken measures to prevent the use of the non-profit sector to finance terrorism. Further efforts are therefore required in this regard.", "Law enforcement", "156. All Central American and Caribbean countries have put in place effective law enforcement measures and concluded bilateral, regional and international cooperation and information exchange agreements. States have increased inter-agency cooperation, information-sharing and the establishment and use of crime databases at the national and international levels in support of law enforcement and counter-terrorism efforts. The States of the subregion have joined INTERPOL and have established national central bureaux. A number of countries have also joined the Central American and Caribbean Police Chiefs Commission and have access to its database. However, many States need to improve the capacity of their national central bureaux to ensure that border checkpoints are connected to the central database. The subregion is vulnerable to arms smuggling, although 17 States have ratified the Firearms Protocol, and most States have loopholes in their domestic legislation to control the various illicit activities involving small arms and light weapons.", "Border control", "157. The Caribbean region is at the forefront of the multinational biometric border control programme, with 15 countries and 18 airports operating with the same fingerprint and facial biometric identification systems. The region has also developed a Caribbean Travel Permit Programme to provide security and facilitate the transit of citizens and legal residents of the Caribbean Community. All countries of the subregion use a variety of national and international databases to screen tourists and those applying for visas or residence status. Machine-readable travel documents have been issued in all countries and advanced passenger information systems have been introduced in some countries. Two thirds of the countries have established mechanisms to confirm the true identity of citizens prior to the issuance of identity cards, but there is a need to enhance the security and integrity of the procedures for issuing identity papers and travel documents.", "158. Approximately half of the countries have customs controls over illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives, but there is a need to strengthen customs controls and training of officials. Eight States have reported on the implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. The Caribbean Community Task Force and the multidimensional security secretariat of the Organization of American States have implemented a regional plan to combat the proliferation of illicit small arms. This issue has been identified as a major threat to the ability of Caribbean countries to guarantee the security of their citizens and their freedom from violence. To date, only Trinidad and Tobago has continuously updated its obligations. Drug and small arms trafficking continues to be a serious concern in the subregion, particularly in unguarded border areas. The illicit movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments was also a matter of concern. While many States have mechanisms in place to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, detection methods need to be strengthened. Most States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, and most have taken action to implement their standards. ICAO conducted aviation security audits in nine countries in 2009 and 2010. As most States have not yet provided sufficient information on their implementation of IMO maritime safety standards, information on their implementation remains lacking. More than half of the 17 States that have acceded to the 1951 Refugee Convention have put in place measures to prevent abuse of asylum procedures. All but four States have ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "International cooperation", "159. One State (Panama) has ratified 15 of the international counter-terrorism instruments, three States have ratified 13, while most States in the subregion have ratified approximately 12. However, two States have ratified less than six instruments. About half of the States have adequate provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and the remaining States are making progress in this regard. However, Caribbean States have adopted the Caribbean Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Serious Criminal Matters (covering offences related to terrorism, financing of terrorism, money-laundering and drug trafficking). Under the Treaty, States are obliged to afford mutual legal assistance to the maximum extent possible at any stage of the investigation, prosecution and judicial proceedings in relation to the above-mentioned serious criminal offences. In addition, 20 States are members of the Inter-American Committee on Terrorism of the Organization of American States, of which about half are parties to the Inter-American Convention against Terrorism and have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. Regional and bilateral law enforcement cooperation mechanisms, such as early warning mechanisms and intelligence cooperation, have been established. Cooperation in the subregion continues to improve, but should be further strengthened, particularly in border areas, with a view to strengthening controls to prevent possible terrorist incursions and the spread of transnational crime.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "160. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Strengthening legislative and practical measures to regulate and control illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons;", "(b) Continue to improve border control measures in order to prevent and detect illicit cross-border activities more effectively;", "(c) Improve customs controls in the area of cargo handling to prevent manipulation for terrorist purposes.", "161. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to strengthen partnerships with regional organizations to support Member States in the subregion in the effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) To engage more actively with States of the subregion, particularly key actors and policymakers, through missions and enhanced dialogue, in order to raise awareness of resolution 1373 (2001) and of the requirements for its effective implementation;", "(c) Continue to facilitate the provision of technical assistance in areas of identified needs and to cooperate with international and regional organizations and donor countries to build capacity.", "South America", "(Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of))", "The Committee visited two countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "162. The threat of terrorism to the subregion is considered to be low, but it remains highly vulnerable to terrorist-related activities, especially in certain regions. There are active internal rebel groups in the region, including FARC guerrillas in Colombia, Sendero Luminoso in Peru and Tupaj-Amaru, as well as the Popular Army of Paraguay, which pose a real security threat. In some cases, income from the production of and trafficking in illicit drugs and other transnational criminal activities is used to finance existing illegal armed groups. Challenges remain in maintaining adequate border security controls, particularly in view of the difficulties caused by the geographical environment of the subregion.", "163. South American countries have made real progress in implementing counter-terrorism measures in accordance with resolution 1373 (2001). Counter-terrorism legislation has been enacted by all States and most have ratified at least 12 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Efforts have been made to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation. Increasing law enforcement to combat transnational crime and adapting to counter-terrorism situations as needed. Governments have put in place a number of initiatives to raise awareness among financial institutions of the requirement to report suspicious transactions.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "164. Although no State has fully incorporated into its domestic law the terrorist offences contained in the 16 international counter-terrorism instruments, six States have a comprehensive legal framework against terrorism. However, the implementation of counter-terrorism provisions needs to be improved, particularly with regard to border control and international cooperation. Anti-terrorism legislation has been strengthened in Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru. Two States identified deficiencies in the codification of domestic laws relating to terrorist offences. Paraguay has recently adopted a comprehensive law to combat terrorism and has made significant progress in its legislation on counter-terrorism and combating the financing of terrorism. Most countries have made progress in improving their prosecution and judicial services. International and regional organizations continue to play an active role in providing training and capacity-building in the areas of judicial cooperation, crime prevention and the promotion of human rights. Nine States have taken measures to stop recruitment to terrorist groups.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "165. Of the 11 States that are parties to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, six have strictly criminalized the financing of terrorism. While all States have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation, in most cases the relevant provisions are flawed, including the exclusion of certain relevant non-financial enterprises and industries from the list of entities required to report suspicious transactions, conduct customer due diligence and keep records to the Financial Intelligence Unit. All States have established financial intelligence units, six of which are operational. The remaining FIUs operate at different levels of efficiency and effectiveness and some require technical assistance to improve their ability to meet international standards. Seven States extended their reporting obligations to include the financing of terrorism. Colombia and Peru have increased their capacity to freeze without delay funds and assets related to terrorism, but some others have not yet fully implemented them. While most States have legislation in place to regulate charitable organizations, at least 10 States still need to enact and effectively enforce legislation aimed at preventing the financing of terrorism through non-profit organizations (compared with 12 at the time of the previous survey). Peru and Uruguay have improved in this area. No State has conducted a comprehensive review of its non-profit organization sector and no risk assessment of the financing of terrorism. Many countries have improved measures on cash couriers and established a system of reporting and disclosure of cross-border movements of cash. Monitoring of alternative remittance systems still needs to be improved in most countries, and the regulation and monitoring of these systems remains a challenge that must be addressed.", "Law enforcement", "166. Ten States have established national institutions or offices (integrated law enforcement agency teams) or high-level central offices to deal with counter-terrorism matters. The States of the subregion develop joint strategies and establish links between their respective counter-terrorism agencies. However, the reports of States did not contain information on the law enforcement-specific investigative techniques used or on the specific exceptional criminal proceedings available. All States have established mutual legal assistance arrangements to facilitate regional and international cooperation and information-sharing. Regional enforcement mechanisms have also been used. Cooperation, including through early warning and intelligence, appears to be effective. Colombia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru have also enacted legislation giving their law enforcement agencies special investigative powers. All States have access to INTERPOL data, but in many cases the effectiveness of access to and use of such data is unclear. At the domestic level, law enforcement agencies cooperate, coordinate and exchange information on the basis of the relevant legislative provisions, memorandums of understanding and membership in the central cooperation bodies of the State. Five States have not yet acceded to the Firearms Protocol, but almost all have implemented OAS legislation criminalizing the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives. The relevant legislation appears to be more comprehensive in nine countries. Most Governments appear to be strongly committed to ensuring respect for human rights by law enforcement agencies, but in some cases human rights violations by the security forces are of serious concern.", "Border control", "167. All States in the subregion have immigration and passport legislation in place to regulate the security of immigration and travel documents and establish procedures for determining the true identity of a person before issuing his or her identity documents. All States issue machine-readable travel documents. Nine countries have implemented effective passenger screening procedures. Cooperation across regional borders has improved significantly, including information-sharing and customs cooperation. However, in view of the porous nature of the subregion ' s borders, control can be significantly improved through increased police patrols and the acquisition of monitoring equipment. Nine States expressed their intention to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade. During the reporting period, seven States of the subregion reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Most States control the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons and are working to improve prevention and detection. However, the control and elimination of arms trafficking has become a challenge for border control and other law enforcement agencies because of the large number of illicit stockpiles of small arms and light weapons used in past and present conflicts.", "168. Controls over the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments continued to improve in the region through training, awareness-raising workshops and exercises. Chile, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay have established effective controls at a number of border points to detect and prevent illicit flows. In 2009 and 2010, five States were audited by the ICAO Universal Security Audit Scheme. Most States have legislation in place to establish national aviation security authorities and implement aviation security standards, but few provide information on their implementation of the relevant annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Overall, the implementation of maritime security codes and standards has also improved. Despite the progress made, border management continues to pose challenges owing to porous border management and the existence of black market trade routes. Ten States have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. All States had ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and all but two were parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, but greater efforts should be made to enforce laws to prevent and suppress the cross-border movement of terrorists.", "International cooperation", "169. The subregion has made reasonable progress in ratifying the international counter-terrorism instruments. Chile has ratified 14 instruments, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru have ratified 13 and four more have ratified 12. Eight States have comprehensive provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, while the remaining States are making progress in this area. International cooperation has been improved through the establishment of regional cooperation mechanisms. All States are members of the Organization of American States, which provides a mechanism for regional cooperation in policy and operational areas. Only two States have yet to ratify the Inter-American Convention against Terrorism. Eleven States have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, and the remaining one is a signatory to the Convention. Only two States have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Extradition, while the other five are signatories to the Convention. However, there appears to be a lack of coordination among some actors involved in regional cooperation, particularly in matters of extradition and mutual legal assistance.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "170. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Review its criminal law to ensure that offences within each designated category are duly criminalized and, where necessary, develop counter-terrorism legislative provisions;", "(b) Address deficiencies in the criminalization of terrorist financing and the freezing of terrorist assets and strengthen the monitoring of the non-profit sector and alternative remittance systems;", "(c) Strengthening the capacity of competent authorities to detect the illicit movement of goods, cash and other monetary instruments.", "171. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Strengthening coordination of technical assistance with OAS/CICTE/CICAD, UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch, GAFISUD and donor countries on a range of issues, including the financing of terrorism, the legal framework against terrorism and border control;", "(b) Consider future visits to the region in order to engage more actively with the countries concerned.", "D. Europe and North America", "South-Eastern Europe", "(Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)", "The Committee visited three countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "172. The threat posed by terrorism to the countries of South-Eastern Europe is considered to be relatively low, although Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia have sometimes used counter-terrorism legislation to carry out arrests (2009 and 2010) and Serbia has also brought perpetrators to justice for terrorist crimes (2009). Most of the violence in the subregion is linked to the nationalist agenda. However, national authorities are increasingly aware of the potential effects of religiously motivated radicalism and violent extremism.", "173. States in the subregion face many common challenges and constraints in their counter-terrorism efforts. Regional challenges include the potential links between organized crime and terrorism and the existence of loopholes and deficiencies in the financial system, which could be used to finance terrorism. The subregion is also the main transit route for people, funds, arms and illicit goods.", "174. Regional cooperation continues to improve through the establishment of new cooperation mechanisms and the strengthening of existing ones. By updating their legislation, strengthening the capacity of prosecutorial law and financial institutions, States have in many cases continued to develop counter-terrorism capacity in various areas as part of their European integration process. Some States have developed national counter-terrorism strategies, but implementation needs to be improved, and more attention should be paid to the prevention aspect, in particular addressing incitement to terrorism and the threat of radicalism leading to violent extremism.", "175. Despite improved border management and significant investments in infrastructure, human resources and regional cooperation, refugees and asylum-seekers from other parts of the world, particularly in conflict areas, continue to use South-Eastern Europe to enter the European continent. More countries in neighbouring regions are in a period of instability, which increases the likelihood of an influx of migrants and refugees from those regions and has the potential to pose major challenges to the countries of South-Eastern Europe.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "176. Most States in the subregion have developed modern counter-terrorism legislation and a comprehensive legal framework to implement the resolution. Nevertheless, there are still four States with significant gaps in the domestication of terrorist offences. The capacity of prosecutorial and judicial authorities still needs to be strengthened. In addition, while the global financial crisis had reduced resources, regional and subregional organizations needed to invest in the training of prosecutors and judges and in national capacity-building to bring terrorists to justice. Overall, States in the subregion have made good progress in criminalizing terrorist recruitment. During 2010, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, thus all States of the subregion have become parties to this important regional instrument. For most States, the next step is to adopt practical measures and national prevention strategies, as the subregion remains vulnerable to terrorist recruitment. It is believed that more training is also needed in the areas of international cooperation, complex investigative methods (including the use of special investigative techniques where appropriate) and the protection of human rights in dealing with counter-terrorism cases.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "177. All States of the subregion are parties to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, and all have adopted new anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism legislation in recent years. All States include the financing of terrorism as a predicate offence and extend reporting obligations to the financing of terrorism. These laws reasonably criminalize money-laundering and the financing of terrorism in accordance with international standards. Technical assistance was provided for the drafting of most of these laws, some of them as a result of the follow-up to the Committee ' s visit. The countries of the subregion continue to develop their own regulatory systems for the effective implementation of the financial aspects of the resolution. For example, as part of its new Strategy for Combating Terrorism, Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, Montenegro adopted a national action plan for the implementation of the Strategy for the period 2009-2012, which focuses on AML and CFT. All States have established financial intelligence units to operate, but their capacity varies. In this regard, Slovenia's designated Financial Intelligence Unit “Office for the Prevention of Money Laundering” is a good example. The Council of Europe Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures indicated that the Office was well organized and professional and appeared to be working effectively and had established good working relationships with the police and other relevant State bodies.", "178. On the other hand, a number of Commission visits to the subregion, as well as evaluations conducted by other international and regional organizations, indicate that the capacity of some financial intelligence centres still needs to be strengthened. Non-profit organizations play an important role in the region. Although all countries in the subregion have legislation to regulate non-profit organizations, the level of regulation and supervision is not high enough. No State has reviewed its non-profit sector and no risk assessment of the financing of terrorism. Most States still lack a complete regime for freezing terrorist assets without delay. Legislative measures to monitor the cross-border movement of cash to prevent the financing of terrorism, particularly the use of cash for transactions, must be strengthened, thus making the region vulnerable.", "Law enforcement", "179. All States have enacted laws to guide law enforcement and set up bodies to coordinate national counter-terrorism efforts. Recently, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia have reformed their inter-agency cooperation mechanisms to strengthen inter-agency cooperation. The structures of the counter-terrorism coordinating bodies in the countries of the region, including reporting, rights and organizational structures, vary considerably. However, cooperation and coordination among States in their counter-terrorism efforts pose challenges to all States in the subregion and serious efforts have been made to increase the efficiency of inter-agency cooperation. Six States have comprehensive or partial national counter-terrorism strategies. Croatia and Montenegro have recently updated their national strategies. States must make further efforts to ensure that these strategies cover all aspects of effective counter-terrorism measures, and more needs to be done to effectively implement national strategies. Over the past few years, regional law enforcement cooperation mechanisms, including early warning and intelligence cooperation, have been established and have significantly improved the level of regional cooperation. A key improvement was the improved capacity of Member States to conduct joint investigations. Of particular interest is the continued law enforcement cooperation through the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative Regional Centre for Combating Cross-border Crime and the recently established secretariat of the South-East European Police Cooperation Convention. The States of the subregion are alert to their vulnerability to arms trafficking and have developed a legislative framework to criminalize illicit trafficking and to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. The level of ratification of the Firearms Protocol is very high, with only one State not yet a party.", "Border control", "180. Over the past five years, all States of the subregion have issued machine-readable travel documents with enhanced security features. Albania and Croatia are in an advanced stage of issuing biometric passports that meet European Union and ICAO standards. Both countries are expected to complete this process in 2011. All countries continue to make substantial progress in border management as part of the European integration process. Since 2009, all Member States of the subregion have signed working arrangements with the Agency for Foreign Border Operations and Cooperation of the European regulatory member States, thus improving the coordination of border management throughout the region. Cooperation on regional border management continued to improve, including through the establishment of regional mechanisms for joint patrols, information-sharing and border control and customs cooperation. All but one have signed a letter of intent to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade. Despite this progress, the subregion continues to face a number of challenges in this regard, in particular the fact that some internal borders are known as “green borders”, while the quality of border management is uneven across the region. In the three visited countries, the border police did not have the necessary equipment to detect fraudulent travel documents; nor did they establish an effective border control mechanism. In these countries, formal border crossings are often not linked to the central database.", "181. Most countries in the subregion face challenges in implementing measures against cash couriers. While many States have made efforts to increase screening and inspection activities, most have found it difficult to enforce legislation to curb arms trafficking. During 2010, five States submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms, and only one State has never submitted a report. Overall, border control and customs management remain challenges despite progress.", "182. In recent years, progress has been made in efforts to prevent terrorists from abusing refugee and asylum systems. Serbia, for example, adopted a national strategy for the suppression of illegal migration in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2009-2014, followed by a national strategy for the management of migration in July 2009. All States of the subregion have ratified the two Protocols to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as well as the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, the influx of migrants and refugees from conflict zones in the Middle East and Africa continues to challenge immigration authorities.", "International cooperation", "183. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments is relatively high. In recent years, States in the subregion (e.g. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Serbia) have ratified some of the most recent counter-terrorism instruments. All States have in place appropriate provisions on mutual legal assistance, extradition and exchange of information. The level of cooperation with European countries is high at all levels (prosecution law). International cooperation within the region has improved considerably. Since 2008, the secretariat of the South-Eastern Europe Police Cooperation Convention and the Regional Cooperation Council have played an important role in strengthening regional cooperation. Despite this progress, several visits and seminars by the Committee to the region have demonstrated the need to further strengthen regional cooperation on counter-terrorism matters.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "184. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Building the capacity of the AML/CFT regime, with special emphasis on financial intelligence units, freezing of terrorist funds and assets and regulation of charitable organizations;", "(b) Strengthening the capacity of regional cooperation mechanisms;", "(c) Strengthening border security and effective cooperation in border control and customs matters.", "185. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to engage with subregional cooperation mechanisms to strengthen such cooperation;", "(b) Supporting national efforts to adopt and implement comprehensive national strategies, with particular emphasis on the prevention of terrorism;", "(c) Encourage States to strengthen border security and to cooperate effectively in areas such as border control and customs services.", "Eastern Europe", "(Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovakia and Ukraine)", "The Committee did not visit any country in the subregion.", "General comments", "186. The subregion is vulnerable to a range of terrorist threats. Although the terrorist threat is relatively small in most countries, it is higher in other countries, particularly the Russian Federation, which has been the target of terrorist attacks.", "187. All States have legislative frameworks in place to address terrorism. However, there is a general need to improve information exchange, cooperation and coordination between law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels. The recently enacted legislation of the Russian Federation seeks to achieve a more uniform approach among the relevant counter-terrorism entities. There is a need for more effective implementation of resolution 1624 (2005), which encourages dialogue and understanding among religions and cultures in order to address incitement to terrorist activities motivated by extremism and intolerance.", "188. The subregion is located on the main road connecting Western, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. This location potentially increases the risks posed by organized crime and activities related to the smuggling and trafficking of drugs, arms and human beings, as well as money-laundering.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "189. Most States in the subregion codify the crimes of international terrorism. Almost all States have provisions prohibiting the use of their territory for the commission or preparation of terrorist acts. In addition, national courts have jurisdiction over crimes committed abroad by their nationals or by foreigners in their territory. Most countries are believed to have comprehensive and coherent national legal frameworks. In 2009, the Russian Federation had increased criminal sanctions for aiding or participating in terrorist activities, including recruitment, and had introduced a draft law that increased criminal liability for terrorist-related offences. The Russian Federation had also adopted legislation to protect the rights of victims of terrorism and had introduced measures on the conditions of detention of individuals suspected of terrorist acts. The Criminal Codes of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine contain provisions establishing jurisdiction over terrorist offences committed outside the territory of the State by its nationals (whether at that time in its territory or not) and by foreign nationals present in its territory outside its territory. These Criminal Codes also provide for the principle aut dedere aut judicare. In 2009, Poland adopted the Programme for the Protection of the Polish Cyberspace Government for the period 2009-2011, and also adopted a draft law amending the Act on the Prevention of the Entry into Financial Circulation of the Value of Assets of Illegal or Undisclosed Origins and a draft law amending the Law on Crisis Management. International human rights mechanisms have raised a number of concerns regarding the human rights aspects of counter-terrorism measures taken in the subregion.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "190. All States are parties to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, all have anti-money-laundering/financing of terrorism legislation and have established financial intelligence units to join the Egmont Group. Eastern European States continue to strengthen their AML/CFT legislation and practices. The Russian Federation has introduced legislation regulating non-profit organizations and has revised its anti-money-laundering/financing of terrorism concept in order to incorporate the concept of “financing of terrorism” into the crime of illegal acquisition of nuclear materials and radioactive substances contained in the Criminal Code. In 2010, both Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine had established and fully operational financial intelligence centres, and Belarus and Ukraine had adopted amendments to the anti-money-laundering/financing of terrorism law, as well as amendments in the areas of customer identification, customer due diligence, record-keeping, identification of beneficial owners and suspicious transactions, and had extended the criteria for monitoring remittances to the entire national postal system. In 2009, the Russian Federation increased its participation in and coordination of the work of the bodies involved in financial supervision, and an interdepartmental committee comprising high-level representatives of the relevant ministries, the Russian banks, the Parliament and the Prosecutor ' s Office was established.", "191. In December 2009, Slovakia amended its Criminal Code to make the financing of terrorism an automatic criminal offence. In 2009, Poland amended its Criminal Code and adopted a new Law on the Suppression of Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, which provides a broader scope for AML/CFT work. In October 2009, Poland established an inter-ministerial advisory body on combating the financing of terrorism in the Office of the Inspector General of Financial Intelligence. The Estonian International Sanctions Act provides for financial sanctions, which entered into force on 5 October 2010. In 2009, Hungary clarified the legal framework of its non-profit organization sector by requiring all non-profit organizations to register as non-profit business associations. In 2010, Hungary introduced the Electronic Registration Act, which makes it compulsory for foundations to register electronically, allows all relevant authorities access to the Register and provides for procedures for publishing Security Council resolutions on “sanctions”.", "192. The six States of the subregion that are members of the European Union use the European Union ' s declaration system for the control of cash transfers to and from the Community through the adoption of Regulation (EC) No. 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005.", "Law enforcement", "193. In order to respond effectively to the asymmetrical nature of terrorist threats, cooperation must be enhanced through the establishment of a continuous exchange of information between law enforcement, border security and intelligence agencies. Most countries in the subregion have made arrangements for cooperation and coordination among domestic agencies. In October 2009, the President of the Russian Federation approved a conceptual framework for counter-terrorism and established a national counter-terrorism mechanism to strengthen the interaction of national counter-terrorism bodies. In addition, in January 2011, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted, on first reading, a draft act defining three levels of terrorist threats and clarifying the responsibilities and coordination of counter-terrorism bodies accordingly. Hungary established its first counter-terrorism centre on 1 September 2010. The Centre analyses and assesses the status of terrorist threats to the country, protects the President and Prime Minister and detects acts of terrorism and kidnapping. Information on oversight and accountability of law enforcement agencies is generally scarce. Most States have legislation in place to control the production, sale and transfer of arms and, to some extent, criminalize trafficking in arms and explosives. Six States are parties to the Firearms Protocol. In 2010, the Russian Federation introduced comprehensive legislation to strengthen control over the import, export and circulation of arms and explosives and assigned the Office of the Procurator-General with overall oversight, investigation and implementation of these measures.", "Border control", "194. All States of the subregion issue machine-readable travel documents. In Estonia, fingerprint biometrics were introduced in June 2009 and fingerprinting techniques against photographs of “chips” were introduced in December 2009. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine issue machine-readable travel documents in accordance with ICAO specifications. Since 2006, Hungary has been issuing electronic passports with biometric data, and since 2009 electronic passports with fingerprints. Together with Poland, Ukraine hosted the 2012 European Football Championship of the Federation of European Football Associations, and Ukraine expanded its access to the Interpol Stolen and Lost Travel Documents Database at airports and other border control points.", "Recognizing the importance of the subregion as a “transit” area, most States in the subregion have introduced legislation on asylum, passenger movement, prevention and suppression of the cross-border movement of terrorists. In addition, all States are either signatories to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols against Trafficking in Persons and against the Smuggling of Migrants, or are parties, and have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. UNHCR conducted training for relevant officials from Belarus and Ukraine to ensure the effective and equitable implementation of the provisions of the 1951 Refugee Convention relating to the determination of refugee status. In 2010, Poland adopted a six-year programme to retrain its border guards to meet current border challenges.", "196. All but one of the countries of the subregion have signed a letter of intent to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade. In 2010, the Russian Federation amended a series of legislative acts to establish administrative and criminal liability for traffic safety and illegal interference with transport operations and infrastructure. ICAO completed security audits of airports and aviation security in Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation reported that it had taken measures to protect ships and port facilities from terrorist attacks, in accordance with the provisions of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code on training, notification and signaling in emergency situations. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine are making progress in implementing standards and practices relating to the security of goods. Maritime security in the six member States of the European Union is monitored and assessed by the European Maritime Security Agency, which inspects classification societies, evaluates port State control systems, tracks problematic ships and ensures that equipment on board meets standards. The Agency monitors more than 20,000 vessels in Europe and around the world.", "197. Most States in the subregion have legislation in place to control the import and export of arms. In 2010, all seven States submitted national reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms.", "198. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have taken measures to implement a declaration and inspection system for the crossing of international borders by cash and other monetary instruments, but further action may be required to ensure that customs personnel have the necessary resources to detect and prevent the illegal movement of cash and other monetary instruments across their borders.", "International cooperation", "199. All States have ratified 13 or more of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Latvia is the only State in the subregion to have acceded to all 16 instruments, while Estonia is a party to 15 instruments. Almost all countries have adopted early warning systems and information-sharing arrangements. Legal assistance and extradition arrangements exist in almost all countries. Seven countries have joined the Schengen area. In 2009, the Russian Federation ratified the AML/CFT Treaty between CIS member States. It has also signed 51 agreements with foreign financial intelligence units to exchange information on transactions related to the financing of terrorism. The criminal procedure codes of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine contain provisions on mutual legal assistance and extradition. In 2009, the Russian Federation revised the grounds for refusing extradition requests by including dual criminality provisions. The Russian Federation and the States bordering the Caspian Sea have signed a draft agreement on cooperation in combating possible terrorist threats in the subregion.", "Belarus and the Russian Federation regularly participate in counter-terrorism exercises conducted by the Collective Security Treaty Organization. The Russian Federation also participates in counter-terrorism exercises organized by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The Russian Federation and Ukraine participate in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's “NATO Active March” operation, which involves patrolling and monitoring maritime traffic to deter terrorist activities in the Mediterranean basin. Ukraine expressed its willingness to exchange information with other States on the activities, plans and intentions of terrorist and extremist organizations and groups. In December 2010, the States members of the CIS Counter-Terrorism Centre signed an agreement to provide the competent authorities with information from a specialized database containing information on individuals on the “want” list between CIS States. In addition, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, within the framework of the meeting of heads of special services, security agencies and law enforcement organizations, has been actively developing an international counter-terrorism database, which links 20 States and two international organizations and transmits confidential information through controlled access websites.", "201. At the international level, Poland has signed bilateral agreements on mutual legal assistance with several countries, including France and Germany, and hosted a special police training centre. Within the framework of subregional efforts to combat organized crime, an expert group on organized crime was established in Germany, Poland, the Russian Federation, the Baltic States and the Scandinavian countries.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "202. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Developing a more integrated approach and more effective mechanisms to ensure strong cooperation and exchange of information among relevant counter-terrorism bodies at the national and international levels;", "(b) Strengthening controls/monitoring of the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments and remittance systems (formal and informal);", "(c) To improve its ability to freeze without delay terrorist funds and assets and to improve customer due diligence.", "203. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Dialogue with Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine and organization of visits to the three countries in 2012-2013 to identify areas of implementation that require attention;", "(b) To engage more closely with relevant regional organizations, including the CIS Counter-Terrorism Centre, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Working Group on Combating Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, focusing on activities aimed at implementing resolution 1373 (2001) and continuing to cooperate strongly with the European Union and its subsidiary bodies;", "(c) States are encouraged to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are implemented in compliance with human rights obligations and, where appropriate, to establish effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms.", "Western Europe, North America and others", "(Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America)", "The Committee visited nine countries in the subregion.", "General comments", "204. Several States in the subregion are considered to be at a low level of terrorist threat, but others have suffered significantly for over 30 years. Several countries have recently been the victims of successful and thwarted terrorist attacks. This continuing terrorist threat emanates from various domestic nationalist and politically motivated groups, including separatist organizations, left and right-wing groups and radical groups that support a particular political issue, such as animal rights protection and anti-globalization, as well as from transnational organizations such as Al-Qaida. Furthermore, many States have identified the danger of religious-based violent extremism, which could lead to the development of indigenous terrorists and attract terrorist elements acting in groups or independently. The level of threat to some countries in the subregion is believed to remain high. Despite the best efforts of law enforcement and domestic security agencies in these target countries, the risk of further terrorist incidents remains. In addition, many countries are experiencing a growing threat from individuals in their territories who plan, support and finance terrorist attacks in conflict areas.", "205. The States of the subregion are very alert to the terrorist threats they face and have devoted considerable resources to expanding the legal framework, establishing and strengthening counter-terrorism institutions and working to strengthen the capacity of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Most countries have adopted sophisticated technologies, information-sharing mechanisms and comprehensive anti-terrorism methods to protect their national interests. However, many countries still have weaknesses in their transport systems, particularly in critical infrastructure. Many States have also invested in social programmes to better understand and prevent radicalization and potential recruitment of terrorists, and all have participated to some extent in counter-terrorism dialogue. At the same time, the issue of ensuring the compatibility of counter-terrorism measures with human rights obligations continues to be a major subject of debate in the subregion.", "206. The States of the subregion are well aware of the threat of terrorist financing and are alert to the associated risks. States with large financial sectors are particularly alert to vulnerabilities that may be exploited by criminal and terrorist groups. Most of these States are members of international and regional bodies with counter-terrorism mandates, including the Council of Europe, the European Union and its subsidiary bodies (the European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit, Europol and the Agency for Foreign Border Operations Cooperation of the European Regulatory Member States), INTERPOL and NATO. The member States of the European Union were parties to a number of counter-terrorism instruments and conventions, and NATO allies and partners had developed new strategies to consider terrorism, the financing of terrorism and cyberattacks as threats. However, the subregion continues to face many challenges and risks, such as transnational organized crime and financial crime, which may be directly linked to the terrorist threat or not. Many countries will also continue to vigorously address issues of radicalization, violent extremism and the cross-border movement of terrorists.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "207. All 16 European Union member States in the subregion have ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, are in compliance with the European Union counter-terrorism instruments and participate in the Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Terrorism process and the European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit. Most States have completed the translation of European Union instruments into domestic law. Non-European Union countries work independently to develop a legislative framework against terrorism and to incorporate into domestic law the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Most States have adopted comprehensive counter-terrorism laws that adequately address the current risk of terrorism in the subregion and take into account the level of threat to which they are exposed. Most States have clearly defined terrorist acts and continue to include terrorist offences in their criminal and penal codes. Most States can bring terrorists to justice and have the political will to do so. Australia, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and several other countries have successfully tried and convicted individuals on terrorist charges. Almost all States had legislation prohibiting the use of their territory for the planning and commission of terrorist acts, and most States had criminalized the provision of safe haven to terrorists.", "208. Progress has been made in strengthening prosecutorial and judicial capacity in all countries. However, only 20 States have adopted practical measures and national strategies to stop recruitment to terrorist groups. Given the problems faced by many States in the subregion in recruiting terrorists, greater efforts should be made to build the capacity of prosecution and law enforcement services in this regard. Australia, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States have overseas provinces, dependencies and/or territories, each of which has varying degrees of autonomy and the ability to define its own legislative framework against terrorism. Where possible, Governments worked with their territories to encourage them to draft appropriate domestic counter-terrorism laws, but in many cases those frameworks needed to be improved. International human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about the use of special counter-terrorism measures and issues relating to immigration and asylum procedures in several countries. States should ensure that counter-terrorism legislation is implemented with full respect for human rights.", "Combating the financing of terrorism", "209. All 30 States of the subregion have acceded to the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and have criminalized the financing of terrorism. All States have established financial intelligence units as members of the Egmont Group. Twenty-three countries are members of FATF. Those States that are members of the European Union also implement European Union legislation on anti-money-laundering and combating the financing of terrorism and have adopted national legislation to bring it into line with relevant European Union directives. All States of the subregion have anti-money-laundering laws in place and most have made the financing of terrorism a pre-money-laundering offence. While all States have extended their reporting obligations to include the financing of terrorism, some States also need to extend reporting obligations to include relevant non-financial professions and professionals such as lawyers, accountants, trust and corporate service providers, property professionals and marketers of precious metals and stones. All States have introduced a list of widely publicized penalties for violations.", "210. While all States of the subregion, with the exception of two, have legislation in place to monitor the cross-border movement of cash through a declaration or disclosure system, several States need to improve their systems to ensure that they deal with both cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Those States that are members of the European Union have implemented a declaration system through the adoption of European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No. 1889/2005 of 26 October 2005 on the control of cash flows to and from the Community.", "211. All States in the subregion have established functioning financial intelligence units, although some are still working to improve their capacity. For example, the Financial Intelligence Unit in Greece has made considerable efforts to address the weaknesses of the staffing gap, with the number of staff increasing from 19 in 2005 to 28 by the end of 2009, and with 10 additional staff seconded from several other institutions. The staffing of the New Zealand Financial Intelligence Unit has expanded from 9 to 21 at the beginning of 2011.", "212. While States in the subregion generally operate at a relatively high level in the fight against the financing of terrorism, many States need to significantly increase their focus on developing effective measures to freeze funds and assets linked to terrorism. Few European Union member States have set up separate national mechanisms to complement European Union rules. Such a mechanism is now needed to give effect to requests for the freezing of assets and designations made by other jurisdictions and to allow the freezing of funds of European citizens and residents to take effect without delay. Almost all States have instituted appeal procedures against preventive freezing measures, although in some cases their effectiveness needs to be improved. Most countries need to improve their regulation of alternative remittance systems. In this regard, Australia has taken steps to clarify the definition of “designed money transfer arrangements” in the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Major Organized Crime) Act 2010 (No. 2) of February 2010 and has published a discussion paper that provides a high-level overview of proposed reforms to strengthen the regulation of the remittance sector. Most States also need to improve their legislation and capacity to prevent the financing of terrorism through charitable organizations. Many States have not yet examined the risk of their non-profit organization sector being used to finance terrorism, but specifically the United Kingdom has put in place mechanisms to assess and protect this sector and to ensure international operational outreach and to help build capacity in other parts of the world through the Charity Commission International Programme.", "Law enforcement", "213. States facing a high threat of terrorism have maintained special vigilance and taken steps to expand the resources and capabilities of their law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Not every country has a separate counter-terrorism strategy, but all have a variety of counter-terrorism policies and practices and have established a national institution or centre to work in accordance with legislative mandates to manage counter-terrorism measures. In Italy, for example, the Political-Military Unit established by the Office of the Prime Minister is composed of high-level representatives of government departments and agencies responsible for counter-terrorism and has broad and comprehensive functions. Almost every country has put in place effective mechanisms to enable law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism. All States have gradually established the necessary institutional and inter-agency relationships, and many have established joint task forces and intelligence pooling centres to share intelligence, plan joint operations and ensure coordinated and integrated analysis. For example, Israel has established an Inter-Agency Intelligence Fusion Centre, an inter-agency task force to detect financial crimes and a counter-terrorism task force. Germany has established a joint counter-terrorism centre, which enables several key counter-terrorism agencies to work together in a unified location, exchange information in real time and coordinate analysis and action.", "214. Most national intelligence and security agencies have good capacity to investigate terrorist activities and coordinate with relevant law enforcement agencies. All States use INTERPOL data, while European Union member States also cooperate in investigations and operations through Europol. Additional regional and bilateral mechanisms have also been established for law enforcement cooperation, including early warning and intelligence cooperation. Many States have also developed law enforcement programmes to combat radicalization. Turkey launched the National Solidarity Project to address social and economic inequalities in Turkish society, which are said to exacerbate Kurdish dissent and PKK recruitment. The Netherlands has allocated over Euro400 million to support a four-year action plan to prevent radicalization, which began in 2007. Many Governments in the subregion have launched community policing and outreach programmes and have worked with civil society. However, international human rights mechanisms have raised several concerns about alleged human rights violations by law enforcement and intelligence agencies during investigations and interrogations.", "215. All States have legislation in place to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. However, further steps are needed to criminalize the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking of small arms and light weapons and explosives. Ratification of the Firearms Protocol is weak, with only seven States having fully ratified it. However, since the previous survey, 13 States have signed the Convention.", "Border control", "216. While States in the subregion have taken steps to reduce their vulnerability to terrorist mobility and arming, the risk remains that terrorists and supporters may enter their territory illegally and may procure through criminal networks the materials necessary to carry out attacks. These States seek to minimize this threat through a range of border control measures. All States comply with the requirements for machine-readable travel documents, and most States control the issuance of travel documents. For example, Greece has established first-class institutions and systems for the production and issuance of biometric machine readable travel documents and identification cards for Greek law enforcement personnel. The United States upgraded its passport to make it more difficult to forge/false and introduced a fraud-proof visa.", "217. Border controls are conducted with high levels of advanced technology and technology. The United Kingdom (and several other countries) made extensive use of closed-circuit television, while the United States used biometric identification techniques to verify the identity of visitors. Most State border posts are linked in real time to secure national databases, INTERPOL databases and international watch lists. Regional border management generally works well through the use of joint patrols, intelligence-sharing and border control and regional mechanisms for customs cooperation. The Schengen Agreement covers 17 countries of the subregion and provides for open borders between them (two Schengen members no longer have external borders to guard). While this greatly facilitates integration and thus improves the terms of trade and the free movement of legal persons, it also facilitates the movement of illicit goods and persons within a vast geographical area. However, the Schengen members have put in place a number of measures to address this challenge, including the Schengen Information System, a computerized international database that allows States to store and share information on foreigners, asylum-seekers, criminals and persons under surveillance by State security agencies, and a “exit” mechanism that allows its members to temporarily re-establish border controls for reasons of national security.", "218. Most States have taken practical steps to identify and stop the operations of cash couriers and to implement legislation relating to the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Canada and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding in November 2010 to track the movement of illicit currency through the sharing of information on currency confiscated at the border. This memorandum of understanding will significantly enhance the capacity of law enforcement officials in both countries to investigate and trace cash couriers and to stop the flow of funds in support of criminal and terrorist activities.", "All States have taken steps to ensure a high level of cargo security, maritime safety and aviation security. Most States have implemented the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and have complied with ICAO requirements. ICAO has audited most countries in the subregion. Maritime security in 17 European Union member States is monitored and evaluated by the European Maritime Security Agency, which checks classification, assesses port State control systems, tracks problematic ships and guarantees sound standards of equipment on board. It monitors over 20,000 vessels in Europe and globally. Most States in the subregion regularly update their security systems to reflect changing international standards.", "220. A further challenge is to take practical measures to identify and curb trafficking in arms and weapons. While 23 States have reported to the Programme of Action on Small Arms since the previous survey, many efforts in this regard need to be further strengthened. Much progress has been made in preventing terrorists from abusing refugee and asylum systems. All States have adopted legislation aimed at bringing asylum procedures into line with international standards, and all but three are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Only a few States have not yet acceded to the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols. Concerns were raised by United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms regarding the failure of States to adhere strictly to the principle of non-refoulement of refugees.", "International cooperation", "221. States in the subregion have cooperated well with regional and international partners to reduce the risk of terrorism and their vulnerability to terrorist attacks. They exchange information on threats and warnings, share operational information and conduct joint training and other operations in bilateral and multilateral contexts. Most States have strong legal frameworks in place to support mutual legal assistance and extradition requests, especially within the framework of the European Union. All States have established procedures for the exchange of information, including through their financial intelligence units. The member States of the European Union had established advanced mechanisms for cooperation between them and with third countries, including the European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit and Europol. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments is relatively high, with four States in the subregion having ratified all 16 instruments.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "222. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Ensure that customs personnel have the necessary practical measures and resources to detect and prevent the cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments and to detect and prevent arms and arms smuggling;", "(b) Complement regional frameworks through the development of national “freezing” mechanisms to enhance their ability to freeze terrorist funds and assets without delay;", "(c) Further develop programmes to counter radicalization and recruitment for terrorism.", "223. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Encourage States to strengthen their institutional capacity to counter money-laundering and the financing of terrorism, with particular emphasis on the regulation of alternative remittance systems and charitable organizations;", "(b) Encourage States to adopt practical measures and national strategies to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups, while respecting relevant human rights obligations;", "(c) To promote international cooperation, States are encouraged to share best practices and technical expertise as widely as possible with other States.", "Assessment by thematic area", "224. This section of the survey presents general criteria and recommended practices that should be applied to make the provisions of the resolution effective, as well as general global trends in the implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas. The thematic assessment provides a more comprehensive picture of how the international community has made progress in addressing the challenge of terrorism in the broadest sense since the adoption of the resolution. The analysis below shows that efforts should be made to implement more effectively the provisions of resolution 1373 (2001) aimed at establishing comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation, preventing and suppressing the financing of terrorism, developing law enforcement infrastructure, ensuring border control and promoting international cooperation.", "Legislation", "225. In order to effectively implement Security Council resolution 1373 (2001), comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation is essential. It is the intention of the resolution that, by enacting specific counter-terrorism legislative provisions, States should no longer need to resort to vague legal provisions, ad hoc methods or self-defined interpretations to prosecute terrorist acts. States should therefore establish a clear, complete and consistent legal framework, specifically criminalizing terrorist acts as serious crimes, punishing them in accordance with the gravity of such acts, establishing jurisdiction and assisting the courts in bringing terrorists to justice. As stated in resolution 1963 (2010), this framework should provide the basis for the development of a comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategy that is rooted in a legal approach and ensures the rule of law (in particular by integrating fair treatment into the investigation and prosecution of terrorists in order to protect human rights) while also combating terrorism as effectively as possible.", "Although most countries have taken important steps towards such a legal framework, progress has been more limited to certain regions. Most States in the Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Caucasus subregions have comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation in place. In those regions where progress still needs to be made, the extent to which the crimes in question are fully codified varies widely and remains a concern. There has been an improvement in the criminalization of terrorist recruitment, but there is a general lack of information on strategies and resources used to curb recruitment by terrorist groups.", "227. Areas requiring attention include legislative measures in certain regions to criminalize the provision of shelters. The Committee and its Executive Directorate addressed this issue in their general briefings to Member States in 2010. Paragraph 2 (c) of resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support or commit terrorist acts or provide safe havens. States are also required to prevent those who finance, plan, facilitate or commit terrorist acts from using their territory for those purposes against other States or their citizens (para. 2 (d)).", "228. States should criminalize acts of harbouring individuals who they know have committed or are planning to commit terrorist acts or of harbouring individuals belonging to terrorist groups and obstructing their arrest. Further measures include legislation criminalizing preparatory acts, including the planning, aiding and abetting of terrorist offences against another State or its citizens.", "These basic legislative measures must be supported by appropriate jurisdictions to ensure that domestic courts have the capacity to deal with potential offenders. This includes the obligation of States to extradite or prosecute in accordance with the applicable international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties. States should adopt a comprehensive approach to denying asylum, as ensuring effectiveness requires a number of interrelated measures, including legislation, law enforcement, border control, refugee and asylum measures. Immigration and border control agencies should use appropriate procedures to screen refugees to identify terrorists and should be empowered to identify and apprehend those who are illegally present in the country.", "Resolution 1373 (2001) requires all Member States to bring terrorists to justice. However, country visits and other activities of the Commission have shown that this requirement poses a major challenge to national criminal justice systems. Most of the States visited continued to experience difficulties in their efforts to develop legal provisions on effective investigative methods and criminal procedure, international cooperation and human rights guarantees. In their efforts to develop a comprehensive legal framework, States should take steps to strengthen the capacity of prosecution and the judiciary. Many countries continue to face challenges in their efforts to equip prosecution and judicial units with sophisticated prosecutors and judges and to provide them with the necessary technical resources and training.", "231. The prosecution of counter-terrorism cases relies on specialized skills and expertise, and national prosecutorial and judicial authorities have had to develop new methods to deal with this increasingly complex case, which often leads to unusual and challenging case management issues. Key challenges include the use of confidential information as evidence (including its admissibility), investigative methods, international cooperation, witness protection, terrorist use of sophisticated technology and links between terrorism and other forms of crime.", "In recognition of the existence of these problems, the Committee organized an innovative seminar in 2010 to discuss the issue of “Bringinging terrorists to justice”. The seminar, held at United Nations Headquarters, enabled participating prosecutors to identify common challenges in the prosecution of terrorist crimes and to share successful experiences in effectively bringing terrorists to justice while respecting the rule of law and human rights. The Committee was also able to build on the experience of participating prosecutors and the good practices used, and to share and promote them in its dialogue with international, regional and subregional organizations and Member States. Through its Executive Directorate, the Committee has increasingly interacted with practitioners to implement resolution 1373 (2001). It uses the “convening” power of the United Nations to engage prosecutors and law enforcement officials involved in counter-terrorism to discuss common challenges, share good practices and enhance their regional cooperation (as in the case of the Committee's engagement with SAARC member States). These practitioners ' seminars, held with the support of donor countries and organizations, have facilitated the exchange of expertise, contributed to capacity-building and provided a forum for practitioners ' interaction and networking.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "Member States should:", "(a) To promote the adoption of comprehensive and integrated national legal frameworks against terrorism, in accordance with the rule of law and human rights obligations, and to strengthen national capacities to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate acts of terrorism, including, where necessary, by requesting capacity-building assistance;", "(b) Promoting the criminalization of terrorist offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments;", "(c) Take steps to criminalize the provision of safe havens and activities in preparation for the commission of terrorist acts.", "234. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to promote the identification, sharing and dissemination of good practices and networking, in close coordination with donor countries, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and other donor organizations, in particular through activities such as global and regional practitioners' seminars;", "(b) States are encouraged to adopt the necessary legal framework against terrorism and to provide relevant personnel with the training necessary to implement it (e.g. in the areas of investigation, prosecution and international cooperation) and, to that end, seek the support of technical assistance providers, as required;", "(c) To promote, where necessary, capacity-building of national prosecutorial and judicial authorities.", "B. Countering the financing of terrorism", "235. The fight against the financing of terrorism is at the heart of resolution 1373 (2001). The resolution requires States to adopt a range of legal, institutional and practical measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorist acts. Despite some progress in this area, countries still face a number of challenges, including new ones. As the financial sector continues to develop, such as web-based systems, new payment modalities, wire transfers and electronic payments, countries face more diverse threats and risks. The possibility of using philanthropy and cash couriers for terrorist activities also remains a concern. States must ensure that their legislation and guidance are flexible and robust enough to respond to new threats and maintain their defence function.", "236. Resolution 1373 (2001) and the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism set out the obligations of States to criminalize the financing of terrorism. Compliance with these obligations requires a comprehensive legal regime. Both the resolution and the Convention provide that the criminalization of the financing of terrorism does not necessarily require that the funds intended for the financing of terrorist acts are the proceeds of crime, nor does it necessarily require that the terrorist acts that the funds are intended to finance have taken place or even been attempted. The Convention also provides for the prosecution of all terrorist financing as set out in the international counter-terrorism instruments. However, while some progress has been made in criminalizing the financing of terrorism, a significant number of States have yet to criminalize the financing of terrorism in full compliance with the Convention or the resolution. Furthermore, most States lack sufficient expertise and experience to investigate and prosecute this crime.", "237. The freezing of terrorist assets is a key element of resolution 1373 (2001) and must be understood as a preventive measure. States must take immediate action to identify the individuals and entities concerned, identify all funds and assets associated with them and freeze those funds and assets without prior notification to the individuals and entities concerned in order to prevent the transfer of assets. States must also take due process into account when implementing the relevant provisions of the resolution. States should establish procedures under the law to allow persons or entities whose assets have been frozen to challenge this decision before a court or an independent administrative body. States should also provide for permissible humanitarian exceptions when assets are frozen under the resolution. Several States, including some visited States, have established impressive mechanisms for the effective implementation of this challenging provision of the resolution. They also reported that the freezing of funds and assets was a valuable means of preventing terrorist acts. However, the vast majority of States have not yet made effective provision for this part of the resolution, largely through the “seizure” provisions of their criminal procedure laws. This may not meet the requirement of “freezing without delay”, as the provisions of the criminal law apply only after a criminal investigation has been initiated.", "238. Another area where many countries continue to face significant challenges is customer due diligence. Most States have established in their legislation customer due diligence obligations and reporting mechanisms requiring financial institutions and certain professionals to identify their clients and report suspicious activities to the authorities. However, challenges remain, particularly in implementing a risk-based approach. An effective risk-based approach focuses on developing sound global financial markets.", "239. Financial inclusion and sound fiscal performance are complementary objectives. Financial inclusion contributes to the fight against money-laundering and the financing of terrorism by helping to reduce cash flows in economies and promoting the use of regulated financial services sectors. The latter is the basis for a sound and effective anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regime.", "The emergence of new payment methods is a strong indication of the need to promote financial inclusion. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of transactions and in the amount of funds that flow through new payment methods (e.g. mobile money transfers and prepaid cards). Since new payment methods can facilitate anonymous transactions and cross-border transfers of funds, there is a risk of terrorist financing. To date, several cases of money-laundering and terrorist financing through new payment methods have been identified. However, the State faces difficulties in developing appropriate legislative and regulatory regimes for this increasingly rapidly developing method of payment. The investigation and prosecution of cases involving new payment methods requires not only the technical competence and speed of action of the authorities, but also the form of enhanced international cooperation, in particular the preservation of electronic evidence. In this regard, the G-8 24/7 Data Retention Network and the 24/7 Network established by article 35 of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime are good practices.", "241. Many informal money or value transfer systems, such as Hawala Hawala, hundi (print) and fei-chien (fly money) systems, operate across national boundaries and outside the jurisdiction of the domestic legal framework. Many overseas workers rely on such services in order to send remittances home in a cost-effective and expeditious manner. States may suspect that such systems are used to finance terrorism, but lack a clear understanding of their scope. It is therefore important to increase transparency in this sector and take steps to reduce such risks in accordance with international standards and best practices. However, government responses should be flexible, effective and proportionate to the risk of misuse of such systems for the financing of terrorism. Such systems are important for those who cannot afford the services of the formal financial system in many parts of the world and are also useful for cash-based economies, where the banking sector is not well developed.", "242. Monitoring the cross-border movement of cash is another measure to prevent the financing of terrorism. Indeed, it is now recognized that the use of cash couriers is a major means of illicit financial flows, money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. FATF Special Recommendation IX on cash couriers requires States to put in place legal, institutional and operational measures to detect and prevent the illicit movement of funds and bearer negotiable instruments (i.e., traveller ' s cheques, postal money orders). Many countries have introduced currency control mechanisms. These existing mechanisms should also contribute to the identification of funds and bearer negotiable instruments related to money-laundering or the financing of terrorism and to appropriate action. The State should put in place the required legal measures, such as the seizure of funds where money-laundering or the financing of terrorism are suspected. The general deficiencies in monitoring the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments are: inconsistent implementation of the required legal regime; insufficient knowledge of applicable laws and powers; and inadequate exchange of information between the relevant authorities. Over the next two years, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate will organize a series of subregional workshops to help Member States better respond to illicit cross-border flows of funds.", "243. Global philanthropy is an essential source of funding, particularly for many developing countries and countries affected by major disasters. The annual operating costs of the non-profit sector are approximately $1.3 trillion, with more than 40 million employees worldwide. The sector needs special protection against the financing of terrorism, because the abuse of non-profit organizations not only causes lasting damage to the organizations themselves, but also generally affects the enthusiasm for charitable donations. There are many reasons why the State is not doing enough to implement the international standards that have been developed specifically on this issue, including insufficient awareness, lack of political will, poor capacity and inadequate inter-agency coordination. Through its country visits, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has been able to identify good practices for the effective protection of this sector while respecting fundamental human rights such as freedom of association, the main point of which is responsiveness. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, on behalf of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Countering the Financing of Terrorism, has also led a three-year global initiative, with the support of a number of donor countries and organizations, aimed at developing a common sector-wide understanding of the right approach to combating the financing of terrorism.", "The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering is currently reviewing standards for combating the financing of terrorism as part of its efforts to improve its assessment process, address new risks and challenges and support Member States in the effective implementation of international standards. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate is actively supporting the Task Force in this endeavour.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "244. Member States should:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to develop legal and practical measures for the effective implementation of the “freezing” provisions of resolution 1373 (2001), taking into account the need to ensure fair treatment;", "(b) Continue to be alert to the latest technological developments in order to prevent abuse and to identify cases of the financing of terrorism through new payment methods; develop appropriate laws and regulations and strengthen international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of suspected misuse of new payment methods for the financing of terrorism;", "(c) Take practical and proportionate measures to prevent the use of the non-profit sector to finance terrorism.", "245. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue efforts to bring together key actors at the international, regional and national levels, including representatives of the non-profit sector, to exchange views and to pool tools and good practices to protect the sector from exploitation;", "(b) Organization of subregional workshops, with the support of donor countries and organizations, to help countries better address the problem of illicit cross-border flows of funds;", "(c) Continue to support the efforts of the Financial Action Task Force to improve international standards to combat the financing of terrorism in order to assist Member States in effectively implementing the provisions of resolution 1373 (2001) on combating the financing of terrorism.", "C. Enforcement", "The effective and effective implementation of counter-terrorism policies and procedures requires a clear strategy based on risk assessment. The Strategy seeks to identify, prevent and respond to terrorist activities and to suppress recruitment for terrorist activities. The strategy focuses on how to sensitize States to the protection of vital infrastructure and populations and how they respond to terrorist attacks in their efforts to counter terrorism, in order to reduce the impact of such incidents, assist victims and restore public order. The strategy will also address the issue of investigating terrorist acts and holding their perpetrators accountable in order to bring terrorists and their supporters to justice.", "247. The implementation of this strategy requires a country with a strong and well-coordinated infrastructure for security and law enforcement. The infrastructure consists of all the institutions empowered to identify, prevent and investigate terrorist activities. These may include the police, the gendarmerie, intelligence agencies, agents, security agencies and, in some countries, even military agencies. These institutions must have a clear, law-based mandate that describes their respective roles in the fight against terrorism. The State also needs to ensure that its domestic legislation provides these institutions with the necessary framework of authority, means and operational mobility to carry out their mandates and that they are adequately resourced, trained and properly equipped.", "248. In order to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are administered and implemented by appropriate law enforcement agencies, States should establish specialized counter-terrorism units and develop coordinated national legislative mandates to guide their work. It is also important to regulate law enforcement activities to ensure that investigations and actions undertaken are in compliance with human rights obligations. The Committee notes that States that have established authorities to regulate and direct the operational activities of law enforcement agencies responsible for counter-terrorism often have better inter-agency coordination and more effective information-sharing.", "249. Coordination and cooperation among law enforcement agencies are essential at all levels. The common use of specialized tools, such as a centralized database and forensic capacity related to counter-terrorism, is essential to the prevention of terrorism. The police and security services should have the right to use special investigative techniques when conducting terrorism-related investigations and collecting evidence in counter-terrorism cases, with due attention to human rights. The timely exchange of threat assessments and counter-terrorism operational information by joint working groups or inter-agency “Intelligence Fusion” centres, composed of representatives of intelligence, police and other relevant law enforcement agencies, was cited as a good practice in preventing and thwarting terrorist activities. Joint investigations and coordination between law enforcement and judicial/prosecutive agencies are good practices in bringing terrorists to justice.", "In addition to national coordination, States must also establish procedures and systems for regional and international exchange of information, which may include bilateral or multilateral agreements on the promotion of existing regional and international law enforcement inter-agency cooperation initiatives, such as ASEAN Chiefs of Police Association, Europol and INTERPOL, or their participation in those bodies.", "251. Most States reported some positive developments in the implementation of practical measures to prevent and combat terrorism, but some States had not yet reported to the Committee on their efforts in that regard. Most States have developed comprehensive strategies to combat terrorism and have taken steps to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are administered by relevant or specialized agencies. However, many countries are just beginning to develop specialized counter-terrorism capacities. Some States continue to work to institutionalize the necessary capacity and coordination of law enforcement systems. Most countries need to improve the level of inter-agency cooperation and coordination.", "While most States have access to INTERPOL information and communication tools, there is a need to enhance their use, including INTERPOL databases, to make them more consistent and universal and to extend them beyond INTERPOL. To provide more coordinated assistance, INTERPOL has established offices of the Special Representative at the United Nations and the European Union, a liaison office in Bangkok and six regional bureaux. An example of effective cooperation is the establishment of an Interpol regional bureau to support the work of the Central African Police Chiefs Committee and national law enforcement capacities. Many States lack centralized databases and adequate forensic capacity to conduct complex counter-terrorism investigations. However, most States have access to information exchange tools and databases of organizations such as Europol and INTERPOL, which can help in this regard. Most States recognize the need for regional and international cooperation, have established relationships and mechanisms to promote early warning and have a basic level of information exchange. However, regional and international cooperation on counter-terrorism matters needed to be further strengthened.", "253. The threat of terrorism is changing with the introduction of new technologies and the ability to recruit, finance and operate, and law enforcement agencies must also adopt new approaches to strengthening their counter-terrorism capacity. A number of States have adopted strategies against the radicalization of terrorists in recruiting, giving law enforcement agencies a more important role. Community policing, proactive intelligence work and dialogue programmes are examples of methods that some Member States are using effectively. However, there are limited reports in this regard, and good practices have only just emerged. The use of the Internet by terrorists is another aspect in which States need to strengthen the effective implementation of measures to prevent the recruitment of terrorists and to support and plan terrorist activities.", "254. In order to eliminate the supply of weapons to terrorist organizations, States have enacted legislation criminalizing various weapons-related offences, including the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives, and have established relevant domestic law enforcement programmes. However, there is a general need for States to review their legislative frameworks in order to address certain deficiencies and to strengthen measures for the implementation of actions to effectively control the production, sale, brokering and transfer of arms and explosives, as well as their cross-border import and export. On 31 May 2001, the General Assembly adopted the Firearms Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. To date, 84 States have become parties, and four more have become parties since the last review. Member States should also take steps to identify and trace, in a timely and reliable manner, illicit small arms and light weapons. The Programme of Action on Small Arms is a good tool in that regard.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "255. Member States should:", "(a) Take steps to promote inter-agency coordination at the national (domestic) and regional/international levels and exchange counter-terrorism information;", "(b) Consider establishing specialized counter-terrorism units and, as necessary, second experts from specialized agencies in the areas of intelligence, criminal law, combating the financing of terrorism and border management;", "(c) Continue to strengthen cooperation with INTERPOL and further use its resources and databases, such as the International Notice System, including “red notices”, watch lists and stolen and lost travel and documentation databases.", "256. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Encourage States to provide more thorough and proactive information and updates on the practical application of law enforcement methods and measures and on the capacity of practitioners in those areas;", "(b) To continue to work in close coordination and cooperation with INTERPOL, donor countries and donor organizations to facilitate the provision of technical assistance to build the capacity of law enforcement agencies and to provide equipment and facilities to States in need;", "(c) To continue to develop and implement, in cooperation with States and United Nations entities, in particular the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, as well as international organizations, policy and operational measures to control the production, sale, brokering and transfer of arms and explosives, including the ratification of the Firearms Protocol and international instruments, to enable States to identify and trace, in a timely and reliable manner, illicit small arms and light weapons.", "D. Border control", "257. Effective border control is key to the effective implementation of the counter-terrorism strategy in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001), as it is the first line of defence against the cross-border movement of terrorists and the illicit movement of goods and goods. Effective border controls should also be part of a comprehensive and comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy developed by States pursuant to resolution 1963 (2010). Border control requires that the following measures and practices be established: proper screening of passengers, refugees and asylum-seekers; effective screening and inspection of cargo and passenger baggage; and detection and prevention of the smuggling of small arms and light weapons, as well as cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Border border controls must also take into account the safety of civil aviation and maritime navigation. States should follow the standards and recommended practices developed by the relevant international specialized organizations. The ability of States to secure and control their borders can be greatly enhanced if these standards and recommended practices are properly implemented.", "258. Resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to prevent the cross-border movement of terrorists and terrorist groups by controlling the issuance of safe and effective identity papers and travel documents. ICAO has established international standards for machine-readable travel documents to ensure that they cannot be forged or falsified. All but nine States have now started issuing machine-readable travel documents in accordance with the ICAO deadline of April 2010. Despite this remarkable progress, the following concerns remain: Many States have the capacity to always ensure that “original” or supporting documents submitted when requesting machine-readable travel documents are genuine and credible and that security is ensured in the issuance of identity papers and travel documents. Relevant international and regional organizations are working together to promote effective control practices and to develop national capacities in these two key areas.", "259. Preventing the movement of terrorists across borders also requires the use of technology and equipment, such as document readers and scanners, at border checkpoints to obtain passenger data in real time and to verify passenger data against national and international alert and offender databases. While most States have made progress in this regard, lack of capacity and lack of access to relevant databases often affect their access to information important for the screening of passengers at border crossings. In addition, training should be strengthened for border control and immigration officers to enable them to identify forged documents and to deal appropriately with those who produce such documents.", "260. The resolution also requires States to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorist acts. One approach to this could be to control the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. However, lack of adequate use of risk indicators and targeting criteria, lack of information exchange and cooperation among customs officials, law enforcement and immigration authorities, as well as financial intelligence units, coupled with a lack of dedicated human and material resources, often prevent effective identification and prevention at borders. Guidance materials are now available to facilitate effective practices. Of particular note in this regard is the FATF paper on best practices in identifying and preventing the illicit cross-border transportation of cash and bearer negotiable instruments and the WCO law enforcement guide on countering money-laundering and the financing of terrorism.", "261. The resolution also directs Member States to take the necessary steps to prevent the commission of terrorist acts. In the area of border control, States have made significant progress in three important areas: safeguarding the global trade supply chain, civil aviation and maritime navigation. States continue to strengthen the security of international supply chains by implementing international customs standards and by expressing their intention to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (a total of 164 States have so far done so). In particular, the SAFE Framework sets out standards for securing and facilitating global supply chains, promoting certainty and predictability, integrated management of all modes of transport in the supply chain, enhanced cooperation between customs authorities to improve capacity to identify high-risk consignments, and enhanced cooperation between customs and business.", "262. With regard to the safety of civil aviation, most States have ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation and, to varying degrees, have implemented the relevant security provisions of annex 17 and annex 9 to the Convention on the protection of international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. To this end, ICAO has conducted audits of airports and aviation facilities in Member States under the Universal Security Audit Scheme and has recommended remedial measures as appropriate. During the reporting period, ICAO conducted second cycle and follow-up audits of universal security audit plans in a number of countries and continued to work with States to ensure full compliance with relevant standards.", "263. With regard to maritime security, there has been a general improvement in the implementation by States of the IMO International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. The Code provides a standardized and uniform framework for risk assessment, enabling Governments to identify the risks and vulnerabilities faced by their ships and port facilities, to provide them with adequate security and to implement appropriate security measures. Since the last survey, a number of States have ratified the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and its 2005 Protocol, as well as the 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf and its 2005 Protocol. More and more small landlocked States and small island States had recently tended to ratify the Convention and Protocols, perhaps because of their desire to establish dual criminality, while the latter because their economies depended on shipping, maritime commerce and tourism.", "264. In addition, there has been a significant increase in crimes at sea (including piracy), including internal waters. This compels States to exercise strict control in order to protect strategic shipping lanes and international supply chains. It is envisaged that ransoms received from the release of seized vessels, cargoes and crews may be used to finance terrorist groups or terrorist activities. In addition, there are concerns that vessels travelling to sea, whether hijacked or not, may be used to commit terrorist acts. In order to enable States to adequately patrol their long coastlines, they are required to cooperate with each other in the exchange of information and monitoring between the coast guard, navy and customs authorities. The recently established network of coastguards is an example of such cooperation. The aim of the network is to enhance cooperation between law enforcement agencies in West and Central Africa, under the auspices of the Maritime Organization of West and Central Africa and with the assistance of the International Maritime Organization.", "265. States continue to further control the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. The Programme of Action seeks to control the import, export and transit of small arms and light weapons, prevent illicit brokering, trafficking and transfer, and develop programmes for marking, tracing, end-user certificates, record-keeping and safe storage of weapons. Some regions have also concluded specific agreements to control the import, export and transit of these weapons.", "266. States also continue to take practical measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders. Two of the three supplementary protocols to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime — the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol — are also the main instruments in this regard. Since the last survey, 11 States have acceded to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and eight to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. The 1951 Refugee Convention is an important tool for determining the eligibility of applicants for refugee status and provides a basis for screening possible links to terrorism and other serious crimes. During the reporting period, no new States acceded to the 1951 Refugee Convention. United Nations human rights mechanisms continue to express concern about the lack of full compliance with the principle of non-refoulement of refugees. Some States return refugees and others to countries where they are at high risk of torture or persecution.", "267. The lack of adequate funding for the effective implementation of border control measures requires increased human and material resources, as well as investment in capacity-building. Moreover, in the assessment of subregions above, almost without exception, the need for cooperation in border management through information-sharing, pooling of resources and joint capacity-building was emphasized. Cooperation and coordination between neighbouring countries in border control is particularly important in providing effective surveillance and security along long open and porous borders. In many cases, the State lacks the necessary resources or is not motivated to patrol, inspect and carry out joint operations with neighbouring countries, nor is it active in community policing at the local level. Taking these measures at open borders and addressing these concerns in innovative ways of cooperation and assistance will help to increase the effectiveness of border controls. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has facilitated workshops on border control management in several regions and plans to continue to do so in the future.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "Member States should:", "(a) More active prevention, verification and detection procedures through risk assessment, exchange and analysis of information and international cooperation at official border crossings and along open or porous borders;", "(b) To take action to ensure the reliability of original documents and the security of the issuance process of machine-readable travel documents and to install the equipment necessary to read them at entry/exit points;", "(c) Improve its links with national and international law enforcement databases and watch lists in order to detect at border crossings individuals who may be associated with criminal and terrorist organizations.", "269. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to promote the adoption and implementation by Member States of international standards and recommended measures on customs, arms control, aviation security and maritime security;", "(b) Encouraging, through information-sharing and cooperation efforts, regional cooperation in the area of border management and, where possible, more comprehensive control measures at open borders, including joint initiatives with neighbouring countries;", "(c) Continue to work with international and regional organizations and Member States to increase access to and access to national and international crime and counter-terrorism databases by law enforcement agencies at entry/exit points.", "E. International cooperation", "270. An important component of international cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism is the ratification of the 16 international counter-terrorism instruments and their translation into domestic law and practice. Since the last survey, there have been an additional 65 ratifications. The 1999 Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism now has 173 States parties (four more than before). Since the last survey, there has also been a significant increase in the number of ratifications of international instruments relating to nuclear materials: The 1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material now has 145 States parties (four more than before). During the period under review, 17 States parties have ratified the 2005 Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, which now has 45 States parties. The 2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism now has 77 States parties (23 more than before). The rate of ratification of two instruments remained low: only 19 States had ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and only 15 States had ratified the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. The vast majority of Member States have become parties to 10 or more instruments. However, there are regional differences in the level of ratification. In order for these instruments to enter into full force, States should adopt domestic legislation specifically criminalizing the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments, establishing appropriate penalties and establishing jurisdiction over defined offences in order to ensure that suspects are extradited or prosecuted.", "271. Effective international cooperation is central to the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), in which the Council called upon Member States to cooperate with each other in the exchange of information, mutual legal assistance and requests for extradition, as well as in the denial of safe haven to terrorists. Most States in most regions now have legal and administrative measures in place, in particular the provision of legal assistance and extradition to other States upon request on the basis of reciprocity. However, some countries in South America, West Asia, South Asia and Africa have yet to enact relevant legislation. Many States still need to enact legislation to enable them to cooperate in a more advanced form of judicial and administrative cooperation.", "One area of challenge for many States is cooperation in mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. Even if there is a legal basis for cooperation on counter-terrorism matters among States, achieving concrete cooperation remains a challenge. This is for both technical and political reasons.", "273. Effective and advanced regional cooperation instruments and mechanisms for mutual legal assistance have been developed in some regions. Western Europe has also developed advanced information exchange systems through the use of tools such as joint inter-country investigation teams. The European Union's judicial cooperation organization Eurojust is an example of an advanced judicial cooperation network. However, other types of judicial cooperation networks have been or are being developed in other parts of the world, such as the Ibero-American Legal Aid Network, the OAS Western Hemisphere Network for the Exchange of Information on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and Extradition, the Commonwealth Network of Contact Persons and the Regional Platform for Judicial Cooperation in the Indian Ocean and Sahel regions. The development of such mechanisms varies greatly from region to region and no judicial cooperation network has been established in Africa or elsewhere in Asia. Regional instruments on mutual legal assistance and extradition adopted by regional organizations have also contributed significantly to improving judicial cooperation among their member States. Other examples include a European convention on mutual legal assistance adopted by the Council of Europe,[2] a treaty on mutual legal assistance adopted by ASEAN [3] (9 States parties) and the Minsk Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition Cooperation to which CIS is a party. [4] In East Africa, IGAD adopted a convention on extradition and mutual legal assistance. In 2008, the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Justice of the French-speaking African Countries on the implementation of the international counter-terrorism instruments adopted the Rabat Declaration, which includes the Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition in the Fight against Terrorism, which has so far been signed by 17 member States and ratified by 1 State.", "274. The extradition of terrorists continues to face many obstacles, which are neither smooth nor simple. Extradition procedures are cumbersome, slow and resource-consuming. States still routinely refuse removal on various grounds of refusal (e.g. “political offences” exceptions). The European arrest warrant of the European Union provides an effective alternative to traditional extradition and allows for direct contact and the empowerment of judicial authorities. However, many other regions of the world still rely on a process requiring intervention by the executive and the judiciary. The need to respect the relevant human rights obligations also poses additional challenges.", "275. In 2009, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate briefed Member States on the practical and legal obstacles to the effective extradition of alleged terrorists. This led to the adoption by the Committee of the Policy Guidance on International Cooperation (S/AC.40/2010/PG.3), which identified a set of actions for its future work in this area.", "276. Many agencies cooperate through international or regional non-judicial organizations, including Europol and the Schengen Information System (SIS). Many States are also members of the Egmont Group, which facilitates the exchange of information among financial intelligence units. Many States, in cooperation with bilateral and multilateral partners, have developed some form of early warning arrangements to assist in the prediction and prevention of terrorist attacks. Some arrangements also include the sharing of information on imminent terrorist attacks. Other arrangements involve regular exchange of operational information to promote flexibility and prevent terrorist activities. Some arrangements go further by including the sharing of resources to identify potential threats and respond to terrorist acts.", "277. The Committee worked actively with regional organizations and other actors in the field to strengthen the capacity of Member States to cooperate with each other. The development of modern tools, best practices, instruments and mechanisms could help strengthen international cooperation at the regional and subregional levels. Sharing experiences between regions and subregions may also be useful. At the practical level, some States face significant challenges in effectively cooperating in criminal matters. Some visited countries still lack the basic tools for cooperation, including in the area of human resources and technical equipment. Many of the countries visited faced difficulties in cooperation owing to lack of training and technical skills.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "Member States should:", "(a) To become more active in mutual legal assistance and extradition in cases involving terrorism, as a matter of priority, through the use of instruments to which it is a party, the further development of bilateral cooperation, the updating of domestic legislation and accession to additional regional and international conventions on mutual legal assistance and extradition;", "(b) Take action to provide as much assistance as possible to other States in cases involving terrorism and build bridges between different legal systems;", "(c) Promoting rapid information exchange and better cooperation among competent authorities through participation in relevant regional cooperation networks.", "279. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to remind Member States of their obligation to extradite or prosecute in accordance with the applicable international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties and to ensure that claims of political motivation are not used as grounds for refusing requests for the extradition of alleged terrorists;", "(b) Working with States and the Terrorism Prevention Branch of UNODC to promote best practices and to promote capacity-building and training for members of judicial and law enforcement agencies and other relevant civil servants on procedures for requesting and providing assistance in criminal investigations, mutual legal assistance and extradition matters;", "(c) To continue to collaborate with international, regional and subregional organizations, in particular with the Terrorism Prevention Branch of UNODC, on the effective implementation of modern tools, best practices, instruments and mechanisms for cooperation, including the creation of networks in areas where regional mechanisms do not exist.", "F. Human rights", "280. In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Security Council reaffirmed that States must ensure that all measures taken to combat terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights law, refugee law and humanitarian law. The Council also stressed that all human rights issues related to the implementation of the resolution should be addressed in a consistent and fair manner. In many countries, the question of how to comply with human rights obligations while countering terrorism effectively remains the subject of debate and, in some cases, controversy. This is not necessarily a matter of concern, as the particular challenges posed by counter-terrorism may require innovative responses that merit careful public consideration. However, while human rights law does provide some flexibility in addressing security challenges, States must in all circumstances respect certain core principles, including the principles of necessity, proportionality, legality and non-discrimination. States are also obliged at all times to respect non-derogable rights under international law or rights that have acquired jus cogens status, such as the right of all persons to be free from torture and the prohibition of enforced disappearance.", "281. Some States have responded to calls by the Security Council and other international and regional bodies concerned with human rights and counter-terrorism and have taken measures to respond, such as reviewing the compatibility of their legal frameworks with human rights obligations, strengthening training and awareness-raising initiatives and establishing monitoring mechanisms to help law enforcement and intelligence agencies ensure respect for human rights in practice. Many States have also taken action to strengthen the role and effectiveness of their judiciary, which is key to ensuring a rule of law-based response to the threat of terrorism. Other measures, such as the ratification of additional international human rights instruments, the adoption of community policing models and the involvement of communities in the formulation of appropriate policies, could be part of a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy centred on human rights.", "282. Despite these positive signs, concerns about serious human rights violations in the counter-terrorism context persist throughout the world. One issue that has recently attracted attention is the state of emergency or other special situation imposed by some States on the basis of the alleged threat of terrorism. For States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or relevant regional instruments, the application of emergency measures is strictly required and non-derogable rights, such as those listed in article 4 of the Covenant, may not be violated under any circumstances. In its dialogue with States that have adopted urgent measures, the Counter-Terrorism Committee has referred to the concerns raised by international mechanisms and raised questions about the legality of the measures imposed, their absolute necessity and proportionality to the threat and their compliance with other legal obligations. It is significant that some countries have recently begun to review or end states of emergency.", "283. In view of the extraordinary challenges posed by counter-terrorism investigations and prosecutions, some States have proposed or enacted special measures that differ from standard criminal or administrative procedures. Such measures sometimes take place in the context of preventive action, such as acts of terrorism allegedly still at the preparatory stage. For example, some States have extended the permissible time limits for investigation or pretrial detention or imposed restrictions on the right to the assistance of a lawyer. It is clear that particular challenges arise in dealing with cases of terrorism and that additional measures may be necessary. However, United Nations mechanisms have expressed concern that these provisions may be incompatible with the State party ' s international human rights obligations. For example, in the case of special investigative techniques, the concern expressed by United Nations mechanisms is that such techniques are not always subject to adequate restrictions and judicial oversight and may violate the right to privacy. Respect for the right to a fair trial is also a subject of concern, especially when it comes to the use of information or evidence claiming to be relevant to national security. United Nations mechanisms have also raised serious concerns about the use of preventive or administrative detention and control orders, all of which involve restrictions on the right to liberty in the absence of a criminal conviction.", "284. The too vague or broad definition of terrorist offences in some States continues to pose challenges to the effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). Allegations or criminal charges related to terrorism are reportedly often directed against individuals engaged in acts protected by international human rights law, such as the exercise of freedom of expression, conscience and assembly. United Nations mechanisms, regional courts and other bodies have also raised questions about the alleged designation of terrorists, the freezing of assets and other measures in circumstances where the legal basis is unclear or unfair, and in some cases these measures do not have sufficient and effective remedies. The challenge of how to precisely define terrorist acts, including accessory offences, in order to avoid violations of the principle of legality or violations of human rights continues to be a subject of discussion between the Commission and some States.", "285. The issue of compliance with international humanitarian law arises when some States take counter-terrorism measures in the context of armed conflict. The use of lethal force in such situations must respect the principles of distinction and proportionality, and violations should be held accountable. In some countries, military forces allegedly carried out summary executions or extrajudicial killings in violation of the laws of war and human rights law. The continued use of military tribunals in some countries to try cases of terrorism also raises human rights concerns.", "286. In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Security Council reminded States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights were mutually reinforcing and mutually reinforcing and an important factor in the success of counter-terrorism efforts. It also stated that the rule of law must be respected in order to combat terrorism effectively. It is therefore still necessary for the Committee to engage in a dialogue with States on the effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) with a view to addressing these issues. In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Council also recalled the need to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, as outlined in pillar I of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (General Assembly resolution 60/288), including the promotion of the rule of law, the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, good governance, tolerance and inclusiveness. In its resolution 1624 (2005), which focuses on addressing the threat of incitement to commit terrorist acts, the Council stressed that States must ensure that any measure taken to implement the resolution complies with all their obligations under international law, including international human rights law.", "287. One way for States to take all these issues more fully into account is to incorporate them into a comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategy, which takes into account the factors that lead to terrorist activities. In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Council encouraged the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to organize meetings with Member States, with their consent, in various formats, including meetings to consider advice on such strategies. The Council also recommends that efforts be made to monitor the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) through interaction with civil society and other relevant non-governmental actors, as appropriate. These recommendations will continue to guide future dialogue between the Committee and Member States.", "Recommendations on how to effectively implement the resolution", "Member States should:", "(a) To continue to ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law;", "(b) To consider developing a comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategy, incorporating plans to improve compliance with international human rights obligations and involving, as appropriate, relevant government authorities and other entities, such as the private sector, national human rights institutions, civil society and the media;", "(c) Efforts to ensure that human rights training is included, as appropriate, in career development and awareness-raising programmes for all officials involved in the implementation of counter-terrorism measures at all stages, including prevention, investigation, detention and prosecution.", "289. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) To continue to take into account human rights concerns in the assessment of States ' implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) and to include such concerns in the discussions in the dialogue with States;", "(b) To continue to identify the needs of States in strengthening institutions and strengthening the rule of law and to integrate human rights and rule of law issues in their technical assistance proposals to States in a positive manner, with a view to strengthening national systems to bring terrorists to justice and improving international cooperation;", "(c) Integrating human rights more effectively into its communications strategy to counter the misconception that human rights are not taken into account in the work of the Commission.", "Annex", "Important counter-terrorism instruments", "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 1963", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 (replaced by the 2010 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation)", "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, 1973", "International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979", "Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 1980", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, 1988 (replaced by the 2010 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation)", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 1988", "Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, 1991", "International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 1997", "International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999", "International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 2005", "Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 2005", "Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 2005", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 2005", "United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (General Assembly resolution 60/288)", "Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001)", "Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944 (Chicago Convention) (in particular, annex 17 and annex 9 security-related provisions)", "SOLAS 1974 (as amended in 2002) and its 2005 Protocol", "1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol", "United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000", "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 2000", "Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade", "Law Enforcement Guide to Countering Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing", "Revised Kyoto Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, 1999", "[1] West and Central Africa are two subregions. However, for the purposes of the present survey, the two subregions were assessed together. This is not reflected in the economic and political groupings used in Africa.", "[2] Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters among Member States of the European Union, 2000.", "[3] Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, 2004.", "[4] Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, 1994." ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "议程", "1. 第二十一次会议主席宣布缔约国会议开幕。", "2. 默祷或默念一分钟。", "3. 通过议程。", "4. 工作安排。", "5. 全权证书委员会的报告。", "7. 选举大陆架界限委员会的一名成员。" ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Agenda", "1. Opening of the Meeting of States Parties by the President of the twenty-first Meeting.", "2. Minute of silent prayer or meditation.", "3. Adoption of the agenda.", "4. Organization of work.", "5. Report of the Credentials Committee.", "6. Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf." ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Agenda", "Opening of the Meeting of the States Parties by the President of the twenty-first Meeting.", "Minute of silent prayer or meditation.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "Organization of work.", "Report of the Credentials Committee.", "7. Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf." ]

[ "2011年8月9日以色列常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨致函提请你注意，从加沙地带向以色列发射火箭和迫击炮弹，造成本地区动荡不安局势加剧。这是哈马斯破坏本地区稳定的又一明显事例。", "自2011年7月14日以来，加沙地带的恐怖分子向以色列南部发射了16枚火箭和6发迫击炮，攻击蓄意针对以色列平民，并造成了人员伤亡。例如，2011年8月1日，恐怖分子向Kibbutz Yad Mordechai附近地区发射一枚火箭，一名55岁妇女受伤。2011年8月4日，一枚火箭落在离Ashkelon很近的地区，5名平民受伤。Ashkelon是一个大城市，人口超过10万。过去一个月里，在有大量平民居住地区和附近发生多起攻击，包括Kiryat Gat市、Mosahv Kfar Maimon、Kibbutz Zikim和Kibbutz Kfar Aza。", "这些攻击公然侵犯国际法，必须予以严肃解决。恐怖分子继续在加沙活动而逍遥法外，这一事实已无秘密可言。来自加沙地带的暴力持续不断，暴露了哈马斯的真实面目，而这是团结协议所无法掩盖的。", "向加沙地带非法走私武器，使得向以色列发射火箭弹的攻势愈演愈烈。制止这种活动是安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议的主要内容，然而它却没有得到国际社会的应有重视。", "以色列认为哈马斯应对来自加沙地带的所有攻击事件承担全部责任，因为哈马斯对当地具有事实上的控制。为了应对这些攻击，以色列已经并将继续行使自卫权，采取一切必要措施保护其公民。以色列希望安理会、秘书长和国际社会向哈马斯和其资助者发出强大信息，坚决谴责这些意图使本地区冲突升级的恐怖袭击。", "请将此信作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "龙恩·普罗索尔(签名)" ]

[ "Identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I write to draw your attention to a troubling escalation in the firing of rockets and mortars at Israel from the Gaza Strip, which provides yet another clear example of Hamas’ destabilizing role in our region.", "Since 14 July 2011, terrorists in Gaza have launched some 16 rockets and 6 mortars into southern Israel, deliberately targeting Israeli civilians and causing injuries. For example, on 1 August 2011, terrorists fired a rocket into the area near Kibbutz Yad Mordechai, injuring a 55-year-old woman. On 4 August 2011, five more civilians were injured when a rocket landed in close proximity to Ashkelon — a major city home to more than 100,000 people. Other attacks in the past month have occurred in or around other areas with large civilian populations, including the city of Kiryat Gat, Mosahv Kfar Maimon, Kibbutz Zikim and Kibbutz Kfar Aza.", "These attacks — a flagrant violation of international law — must be addressed with the utmost seriousness and resolve. It is no mystery why terrorists continue to operate with impunity in Gaza. The violence that continues to flow from the Gaza Strip reveals the true face of Hamas, which cannot be hidden beneath the mask of a unity agreement.", "The continuous barrage of rocket fire into Israel is fuelled by the illegal smuggling of arms into Gaza. Preventing this activity — an integral part of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) — does not receive the attention that it deserves from the international community.", "Israel holds Hamas fully responsible for all attacks emanating from Gaza, where it remains in de facto control. In response to these attacks, Israel has exercised and will continue to exercise its right to self-defence, as appropriate, and will take all necessary measures to protect its citizens. Israel expects the Security Council, the Secretary-General and the international community to clearly condemn all of these terrorist attacks, sending a firm message to Hamas and its patrons, which seek to escalate conflict in our region.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter distributed as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ron Prosor Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am writing to draw your attention to the increased insecurity in the region caused by the firing of rockets and mortars from the Gaza Strip into Israel. This is another clear example of Hamas's destabilization of the region.", "Since 14 July 2011, terrorists in the Gaza Strip have fired 16 rockets and six mortars into southern Israel, deliberately targeting Israeli civilians and causing casualties. For example, on 1 August 2011, a 55-year-old woman was injured when terrorists fired a rocket at an area near Kibbutz Yad Mordechai. On 4 August 2011, a rocket landed close to Ashkelon, injuring five civilians. Ashkelon is a large city with a population of over 100,000. During the past month, there have been numerous attacks in and around areas inhabited by a large number of civilians, including the city of Kiryat Gat, Mosahv Kfar Maimon, Kibbutz Zikim and Kibbutz Kfar Aza.", "These attacks constitute flagrant violations of international law and must be seriously addressed. There is no secret that terrorists continue to operate with impunity in Gaza. Violence from the Gaza Strip continues to reveal the true face of Hamas, which cannot be concealed by a unity agreement.", "The illegal smuggling of weapons into the Gaza Strip has intensified the firing of rockets into Israel. Stopping such activities is a key element of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009), yet it has not received the attention it deserves from the international community.", "Israel holds Hamas fully responsible for all attacks from the Gaza Strip, where Hamas has de facto control. In response to those attacks, Israel has exercised and will continue to exercise its right to self-defence and to take all necessary measures to protect its citizens. Israel hopes that the Security Council, the Secretary-General and the international community will send a strong message to Hamas and its financiers to firmly condemn these terrorist attacks, which are intended to escalate the conflict in the region.", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Ron Prosor Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日新加坡常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信", "关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段，其中请会员国向委员会报告为有效执行该决议第9、10、15和17段而采取的措施，我谨随函提交新加坡的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月24日新加坡常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信的附件", "新加坡关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的国家报告", "1. 新加坡注意到安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议获得通过，承诺执行该决议相关段落的规定。在这方面，新加坡已为履行决议规定的义务，制定了必要的法律框架。", "国家立法措施", "2. 新加坡为按照第1970(2011)号决议规定实施制裁采取了各种立法措施。它们包括《战略物资(管制法)》、《进出口管理法条例》、《联合国法》、《新加坡货币管理局条例》、《商船管理法》和《移民法》。", "3. 通过上述立法措施(详情见下文)，新加坡还能够以下列方式执行第1970(2011)号决议相关规定：", "(a) 第9段：通过合并适用《联合国法》、《进出口管理法条例》、《战略物资(管制法)》、《新加坡货币管理局条例》和《商船管理法》；", "(b) 第10段：通过合并适用《联合国法》、《进出口管理法条例》、《战略物资(管制法)》和《商船管理法》；", "(c) 第15段：通过适用《移民法》；", "(d) 第17段：通过适用《新加坡货币管理局条例》和《联合国法》。", "《战略物资(管制法)》", "4. 作为大力遏制大规模毁灭性武器扩散的努力的一部分，新加坡于2003年1月执行了一套强有力和增强的出口管制制度。《战略物质(管制)法》对其界定的战略物资或技术的出口、再出口、转口和转运实行管制。新加坡的战略货物管制清单包括来自四个多边防扩散制度，即澳大利亚集团、瓦森纳安排、核供应国集团和导弹技术控制制度的所有物项。此外还赋予执法官员进行逮捕、搜查和缉获的广泛权力。该法对从事战略货物或技术的转让或担任转让中间商的当事方予以严厉惩罚。初犯者可被处以罚款100 000新加坡元(或视所涉货物或技术的价值加重惩罚)，或被判最长为两年的刑期，或两罪并罚，即判刑期，又处以罚款。", "5. 新加坡海关是执行《战略物质(管制)法》的国家当局。新加坡海关处理所有许可证申请、登记和对军火中间商的审核，以及执行工业外联方案和提高公众认识方案，并对违反战略货物管制的行为强制执行本法及其条例。执行的依据是及时可靠的情报和风险管理评估。", "6. 新加坡不断监测其制度，并于必要时在管制清单或程序上对其作进一步的改进。新加坡一直在举办定期外联讲习班，向企业讲授新加坡战略货物管制制度，并提醒参加者需要特别注意源于或运往根据安全理事会有关决议编列的清单内的国家和实体的货物。", "7. 具体而言，新加坡可根据《战略物质(管制)法》实施第1970(2011)号决议第9和第10段所规定的制裁，控制这两段所述物项通过本国领土向阿拉伯利比亚民众国出口、再出口、转口和转运。", "《进出口管理法条例》", "8. 《进出口管理法条例》及其规定为新加坡管制和控制一般进口和出口提供一个框架。该法还对安全理事会实施禁运的国家施行管制，并认证进口证书和运送核查制度。该制度规定对来源国供给新加坡境内最后用户的受控物项实施管制。", "9. 具体而言，新加坡可根据《进出口管理法条例》及其规定，实施第9和第10段所规定的制裁，控制这两段所述物项的进出口。新加坡还正在修正《进出口管理法条例》，以便将第9和第10段所列被禁物项清单及其交易方式纳入其中。", "《联合国法》", "10. 新加坡政府无需制订其他基本立法，就能根据《联合国法》在现有法规未涵盖的领域适用附属立法，来执行安全理事会具有约束力的决定。《联合国法》所规定的条例具有法律效力，除了新加坡《宪法》之外，不论任何其他法律是否有相反的规定，都可据此处以刑事惩罚。这些条例适用于新加坡境内所有人和所有实体，并可扩大到新加坡境外的新加坡公民。", "11. 新加坡目前正根据《联合国法》起草一项新的条例，对新加坡境内任何人或实体和新加坡境外的新加坡国民，凡直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供、销售或转让、或使用悬挂新加坡国旗的船只或飞机向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供、销售或转让决议第9段所述任何物项的行为，将被定为刑事罪。该条例还将实施第10段，把新加坡国民或使用悬挂新加坡国旗的船只或飞机从阿拉伯利比亚民众国采购第10段所指物项的行为定为刑事罪。", "12. 该条例将进一步规定，对提供第9段所述与军事活动有关的任何技术援助、训练或非财政援助的行为，将被定为刑事罪。此外，还可根据该条例冻结决议附件二所列个人或实体或决议第24段所设委员会指定的个人或实体所属的第17段涵盖的所有相关资产，但金融机构所掌管的资产除外。金融机构所掌管的资产将根据下文所述《新加坡货币管理局法条例》予以冻结。", "《新加坡货币管理局法条例》", "13. 根据《新加坡货币管理局法条例》第27A节的规定，新加坡货币管理局可颁发条例，要求金融机构遵守根据安全理事会决议对新加坡规定的义务。根据目前《新加坡货币管理局法新条例》草案，新加坡可对第17条涵盖的所有相关资产实施资产冻结。新加坡境内的金融机构还被禁止提供与第9段涵盖的活动有关的财政援助。违反条例的任何金融机构将依法被判处有罪，并处以罚金。", "《商船管理法》", "14. 根据《商船管理法》第43节的规定，新加坡海港局可以拒绝新加坡船只的登记，并撤消其船籍证书。在适当情况下可以援引该项法定条例，以强制执行第1970(2011)号决议的相关部分。", "《移民法》", "15. 《移民法》对在新加坡进出的人员拟订法律限制。根据第7节的规定，除了新加坡国民之外，任何人均无进入新加坡的自动权利。根据第6节的规定，除非根据第56节发布命令予以豁免，在新加坡访问的外国人在获准入境前必须领取有效签证。作为入境手续的一部分，移民检查局可核对黑名单数据库对访客进行入境检查。经第1970(2011)号决议或该决议所设制裁委员会指认的人可被拒绝入境，并根据国际惯例规定他们必须返回最后启航港。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "With reference to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) requesting Member States to report to the Committee on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15, and 17 of that resolution, I have the honour to submit herewith the report of Singapore (see annex).", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "National report of Singapore on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. Singapore has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and is committed to the implementation of the provisions of the relevant paragraphs. In this regard, Singapore has the necessary legislative framework that will enable it to meet its obligations under the resolution.", "National legislative measures", "2. Singapore has in place various legislative measures to impose the sanctions stipulated under resolution 1970 (2011). These include the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the United Nations Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, the Merchant Shipping Act and the Immigration Act.", "3 Through these legislative measures (described in greater detail below), Singapore is able to implement the relevant provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) in the following manner:", "(a) Paragraph 9: through a combination of the United Nations Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act and the Merchant Shipping Act;", "(b) Paragraph 10: through a combination of the United Nations Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the Strategic Goods (Control) Act and the Merchant Shipping Act;", "(c) Paragraph 15: through the Immigration Act;", "(d) Paragraph 17: through the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act and the United Nations Act.", "Strategic Goods (Control) Act", "4. As part of its efforts to help curb the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Singapore implemented in January 2003 a robust and enhanced export control system. The Strategic Goods (Control) Act regulates the export, re-export, trans-shipment and transit of strategic goods or technology as defined under the Act. Singapore’s strategic goods control lists include all the items from the four multilateral non-proliferation regimes, namely the Australia Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Missile Technology Control Regime. Wide powers are also given to law enforcement officers for arrest, search and seizure. The Act imposes heavy penalties for parties involved in transferring or brokering the transfers of strategic goods or technology. A first-time offender can be subjected to a maximum fine of 100,000 Singapore dollars (or more, depending on the value of the goods or technology concerned) or a maximum sentence of two years’ imprisonment, or both.", "5. Singapore Customs is the national authority for the implementation of the Strategic Goods (Control) Act. Singapore Customs processes all permit applications, registers and audits arms brokers, conducts industry outreach and public awareness programmes and enforces the Act and its Regulations on violations of strategic goods control. Enforcement is based on both timely and reliable intelligence and risk management assessment.", "6. Singapore is continually monitoring its system and will make further refinements to it, be they in terms of control lists or procedures, where necessary. Singapore Customs has been conducting regular outreach sessions to educate industries on the Singapore strategic goods control system. Participants are reminded of the need to exercise due diligence, in particular with regard to goods originating from or destined to the countries and entities listed under the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "7. Specifically, the Strategic Goods (Control) Act enables Singapore to implement the sanctions in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) by controlling the export, re-export, trans-shipment and transit of items covered by those paragraphs to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya through its territory.", "Regulation of Imports and Exports Act", "8. The Regulation of Imports and Exports Act and its Regulations provide the framework under which Singapore regulates and controls general imports and exports. The Act also regulates controls on countries under Security Council embargo and certification of the import certificate and delivery verification system which regulates controlled items from originating countries for end-users in Singapore.", "9. Specifically, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act and its Regulations enable Singapore to implement the sanctions in paragraphs 9 and 10 by controlling the import and export of items specified in those paragraphs. Singapore is in the process of amending the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act to incorporate the list of prohibited items and their modes of transaction, as covered by paragraphs 9 and 10.", "United Nations Act", "10. The United Nations Act enables the Singapore Government to give effect to binding decisions of the Security Council through subsidiary legislation, in areas not covered by existing legislation, without the need to enact additional primary legislation. Regulations made under this Act have force of law and entail criminal penalties, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law apart from the Singapore Constitution. These Regulations apply to all persons and entities in Singapore and may be extended to Singapore citizens outside Singapore.", "11. Singapore is currently drafting new Regulations under the United Nations Act which will criminalize the supply, sale or transfer, whether directly or indirectly, to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of any of the items in paragraph 9 of the resolution, from or through Singapore, by persons or entities in Singapore and Singapore citizens outside Singapore, or by using Singapore flagged vessels or aircraft. The Regulations will also implement paragraph 10 by criminalizing the procurement of the items referred to in that paragraph from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by Singapore nationals or using Singapore flagged vessels or aircraft.", "12. The Regulations will further criminalize the provision of technical assistance, training or non-financial assistance related to military activities as covered under paragraph 9. In addition, the Regulations will impose an asset freeze on all relevant assets covered under paragraph 17, other than assets in the possession of financial institutions, of the list of persons or entities in annex II to the resolution or as designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of the resolution. Assets in the possession of financial institutions will be frozen pursuant to Regulations made under the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, as discussed below.", "Monetary Authority of Singapore Act", "13. Under section 27A of the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore may issue Regulations to require financial institutions to comply with Singapore’s obligations under Security Council resolutions. New Regulations under the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, currently in draft form, will impose an asset freeze on all relevant assets covered under paragraph 17. Financial institutions in Singapore will also be prohibited from providing financial assistance related to the activities as covered in paragraph 9. Any financial institution found to be in breach of the Regulations will be guilty of an offence and be liable on conviction to a fine.", "Merchant Shipping Act", "14. Under section 43 of the Merchant Shipping Act, the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore may close the registry of a Singapore ship and cancel its certificate of registry. This statutory provision may be invoked in appropriate cases to enforce the relevant portions of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Immigration Act", "15. The Immigration Act sets the legal boundaries for the movement of persons into and out of Singapore. Under section 7, no person has automatic right of entry into Singapore apart from Singapore citizens. Under section 6, unless exempted by an order made under section 56, foreign visitors to Singapore must be issued with a valid pass before they are allowed entry. As part of the entry procedures, they are screened against the blacklist database of the Immigration and Checkpoint Authority during entry clearance. Persons designated in resolution 1970 (2011) or by the Sanctions Committee established under the resolution can be denied entry and returned to their last port of embarkation in accordance with international practice." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "With reference to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), in which Member States are invited to report to the Committee on the measures they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of that resolution, I have the honour to submit herewith the report of Singapore (see annex).", "Permanent Representative", "National report of Singapore on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. Singapore notes the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and its commitment to implement the provisions of the relevant paragraphs of that resolution. In this regard, Singapore has put in place the necessary legal framework to fulfil its obligations under the resolution.", "National legislative measures", "2. Singapore has taken various legislative measures to implement sanctions in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011). They include the Strategic Goods (Control Act), the Import and Export Control Act Regulations, the United Nations Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore Regulations, the Merchant Shipping Act and the Immigration Act.", "3. Through the above-mentioned legislative measures (see below for details), Singapore has also been able to implement the relevant provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) by:", "(a) Paragraph 9: adoption of the United Nations Act, the Import and Export Control Act Regulations, the Strategic Goods (Control Act), the Monetary Authority of Singapore Regulations and the Merchant Shipping Act;", "(b) Paragraph 10: adoption of a combination of the United Nations Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the Strategic Goods (Control Act) and the Merchant Shipping Act;", "(c) Paragraph 15: through the application of the Immigration Act;", "(d) Paragraph 17: Through the application of the Monetary Authority of Singapore Regulations and the United Nations Act.", "Strategic Goods (Control Act)", "As part of its efforts to significantly curb the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Singapore implemented a strong and strengthened export control system in January 2003. The Strategic Goods (Control) Act controls the export, re-export, transit and trans-shipment of strategic goods or technologies as defined by it. Singapore ' s strategic goods control list includes all items from the four multilateral non-proliferation regimes, namely the Australia Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Missile Technology Control Regime. In addition, law enforcement officials were given extensive powers to arrest, search and seize. The Act imposes severe penalties on parties involved in the transfer of strategic goods or technology or acting as intermediaries in the transfer. A first-time offender is liable to a fine of S$100,000 (or an aggravated penalty depending on the value of the goods or technology involved), or a term of imprisonment of up to two years, or both, i.e. a term of imprisonment and a fine.", "5. Singapore Customs is the national authority implementing the Strategic Substances (Control) Act. Singapore Customs handles all licensing applications, registers and audits of arms brokers, as well as industrial outreach and public awareness programmes, and enforces the Act and its regulations in relation to violations of strategic goods control. Implementation is based on timely and reliable intelligence and risk management evaluations.", "Singapore continuously monitors its system and further improves it on control lists or procedures as necessary. Singapore has been conducting regular outreach workshops to teach businesses about the Singapore Strategic Goods Control System and to remind participants of the need to pay particular attention to goods originating in or destined for States and entities included in the list under the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "7. In particular, Singapore may implement the sanctions imposed by paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) under the Strategic Substances (Control) Act to control the export, re-export, transit and trans-shipment through its territory of the items referred to in those paragraphs to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "Regulation of Imports and Exports Act", "8. The Export and Import Regulation Act and its provisions provide a framework for Singapore ' s control and control of imports and exports in general. The Act also regulates countries that have an embargo imposed by the Security Council and certifies the import certificate and transport verification system. The system provides for the control of controlled items supplied to end-users in Singapore by the source country.", "9. In particular, Singapore may control the import and export of the items referred to in paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Export and Import Control Act Regulations and their provisions in accordance with the sanctions provided for in those paragraphs. Singapore is also in the process of amending the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act to incorporate the list of prohibited items listed in paragraphs 9 and 10 and the manner in which they are traded.", "United Nations Act", "10. Without the need for other basic legislation, the Government of Singapore would be able to apply subsidiary legislation in areas not covered by existing legislation under the United Nations Act to implement binding Security Council decisions. Regulations provided for in the United Nations Act have the force of law and, except for the Singapore Constitution, are punishable by criminal penalties irrespective of the contrary provisions of any other law. These regulations apply to all persons and entities in Singapore and may be extended to Singapore citizens outside Singapore.", "11. Singapore is currently drafting a new regulation under the United Nations Act that would criminalize the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of any item referred to in paragraph 9 of the resolution by any person or entity in Singapore and by a Singaporean national outside Singapore, or by using a Singapore-flagged vessel or aircraft. It will also implement paragraph 10, which criminalizes the procurement of the items referred to in paragraph 10 from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by Singapore nationals or using Singapore-flagged vessels or aircraft.", "12. The Regulation will further criminalize the provision of any technical assistance, training or non-financial assistance related to military activities as described in paragraph 9. In addition, all relevant assets covered by paragraph 17 of annex II to the resolution or designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of the resolution may be frozen in accordance with that regulation, with the exception of assets held by financial institutions. Assets under the control of financial institutions will be frozen under the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act Regulations as described below.", "Monetary Authority of Singapore Act Regulations", "13. Under section 27A of the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act Regulations, the Monetary Authority of Singapore may issue regulations requiring financial institutions to comply with Singapore ' s obligations under Security Council resolutions. Under the current draft new Regulations of the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, Singapore may freeze all assets covered by section 17. Financial institutions in Singapore are also prohibited from providing financial assistance related to activities covered by paragraph 9. Any financial institution violating the regulations shall be found guilty and fined in accordance with the law.", "Merchant Shipping Act", "14. Under section 43 of the Merchant Shipping Act, the Port Authority of Singapore may refuse registration of a Singapore vessel and revoke its certificate of registry. The statutory regulation may be invoked, where appropriate, to enforce the relevant parts of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Immigration Act", "15. The Immigration Act sets legal restrictions on persons entering and leaving Singapore. Under section 7, no one has an automatic right to enter Singapore except Singapore nationals. Pursuant to section 6, an alien visiting Singapore must be granted a valid visa before being admitted to Singapore unless an order is issued under section 56. As part of the immigration process, the Immigration Inspectorate can check the blacklist database for visitors. Individuals designated by resolution 1970 (2011) or the sanctions committee established pursuant to that resolution may be denied entry and must return to the port of final departure in accordance with international practice." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书以解决集束弹药 所引起的人道主义关注的任务授权建议", "奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典提出", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组，负责谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书，以解决集束弹药所引起的人道主义关注。", "* 因技术原因重新印发。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.1[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE TO NEGOTIATE A LEGALLY-BINDING INSTRUMENT THAT ADDRESSES THE HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS POSED BY CLUSTER MUNITIONS", "Presented by Austria, Holy See, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decides to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts to negotiate a legally-binding instrument that addresses the humanitarian concerns posed by cluster munitions.", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Recommendations on the mandate to negotiate a legally binding instrument to address humanitarian concerns arising from cluster munitions", "Submitted by Austria, the Holy See, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decided to establish an open-ended governmental expert group to negotiate a legally binding instrument to address humanitarian concerns arising from cluster munitions.", "* Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于研究激光系统的任务授权建议", "德国和瑞典提出", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组，负责研究可采取何种可行的预防措施，以改进军事激光系统的设计，从而防止对未用增视器材状态下的视觉器官造成永久失明。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.2[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE TO STUDY LASER SYSTEMS", "Presented by Germany and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decides to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts to study feasible precautions which could be taken with a view to improving the design of military laser systems in order to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision.", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Recommendations on the mandate of the research laser system", "Germany and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decided to establish an open-ended governmental expert to study possible feasible preventive measures to improve the design of military laser systems, thereby preventing the permanent failure of visual organs under the state of unused lighter." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于战争遗留爆炸物的 任务授权建议", "欧洲联盟提出", "欧洲联盟赞成在审查会议之后继续在《特定常规武器公约》的框架内就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药问题开展进一步的工作，特别是讨论现有国际人道主义法的实施问题和可采取何种预防性技术措施。因此，为进一步磋商起见，欧洲联盟建议审查会议至少将战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的以下任务授权延长到2007年：", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向下一届缔约国会议报告所做的工作。”" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.3[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR (ERW)", "Presented by the European Union", "The European Union is in favour of continuing the further work in the CCW beyond the Review Conference on munitions which may become ERW, in particular on the implementation of existing IHL and on possible preventive technical measures. The European Union therefore proposes, with a view to further consultation, that as a minimum the mandate of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War be extended at the Review Conference for the year 2007, as follows:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of the States Parties.”", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Recommendations on the mandate of ERW", "European Union", "The European Union is in favour of continuing further work on the issue of ammunition that may become explosive remnants of war within the framework of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons after the Review Conference, in particular with regard to the implementation of existing international humanitarian law and possible preventive technical measures. Therefore, for further consultations, the European Union recommended that the Review Conference extend at least the mandate of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War until 2007:", "“Continued consideration of the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law, including the participation of legal experts in this review and, on the basis of free participation, the possibility of developing preventive measures to improve the design of specific types of ammunition, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of such ammunition as explosive remnants of war, while in conducting this study, emphasis could be placed on the holding of military and technical expert meetings. Information exchange and assistance and cooperation should be part of this work. The Working Group will report on its work to the next Conference." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于第三次审查会议将通过的最后宣言 [1] 序言部分一个段落的建议", "爱尔兰和瑞典提交", "“各缔约国……", "……确认战争遗留爆炸物对平民群体的可预见短期和长期影响是在适用关于攻击行动的相称性和攻击行动的预防措施的国际人道主义法规则时须考虑的一个重要因素……”", "[1] * 因技术原因重新印发。", "载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号文件第二部分。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.4[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A PREAMBULAR PARAGRAPH OF THE", "FINAL DECLARATION TO BE ADOPTED AT THE", "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE[2]", "Presented by Ireland and Sweden", "“The High Contracting Parties...", "... recognizing the foreseeable short and long term effects of explosive remnants of war on civilian populations as an important factor to be considered in applying the international humanitarian law rules on proportionality in attack and precautions in attack...”", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons.", "[2] As contained in Part II of document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7" ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Recommendations on a preambular paragraph to be adopted by the Third Review Conference", "Submitted by Ireland and Sweden", "“States parties”", "... recognize that the foreseeable short and long-term impact of explosive remnants of war on civilians is an important factor to be taken into account when applying the rules of international humanitarian law on proportionality and preventive measures against attacks.”", "* Reissued for technical reasons.", "Part II of document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7." ]

[ "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的 《公约》缔约方会议", "第二届会议", "2006年11月6日至17日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目6", "联合执行监督委员会的报告", "联合执行监督委员会提交作为《京都议定书》 缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议的年度报告", "概 要 这是联合执行监督委员会(联合监委会)提交作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)的年度报告，介绍2005年12月7日至2006年7月31日的活动情况。 报告就《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议要就联合监委会议事规则和联合执行项目设计书作出的决定提出建议。它还提及联合监委会在本报告所涉期间开展的工作，包括在核查程序的落实、基准的确定和监测的标准指导意见，联合执行认证专门小组的建立等方面的工作。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议不妨根据这份资料就联合执行提供进一步的指导意见，特别是向联合监委会提供指导意见。 报告还着重谈到对联合监委会工作效率、节约有效和透明至关重要的治理、管理和资源等领域。联合监委会重申急需充分和可预见的资源来开展活动。 \n联合监委会从2006年8月初至11月初的工作情况将在本报告的一个增编中介绍。联合监委会主席DanielaStoycheva女士在向会议发言时将着重介绍联合监委会的成绩和未来的挑战。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言.................... 1 - 5 3", "A. 任 务.............. 1 - 2 3", "B. 本报告的范围... 3 - 4 3", "C. 有待作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议采取的行动 5 4", "二、《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来开展的工作……………… 6 - 27 4", "A. 工作总结…………………………… 6 – 10 4", "B. 议事规则…………………… 11 5", "C. 联合执行项目设计书表格……… 12 - 16 5", "D. 联合执行监督委员会的核查程序…… 17 - 18 6", "E. 基准确定和监测标准………………… 19 - 22 7", "F. 独立实体认证程序………… 23 - 27 7", "三、治理事项…………………………………………….. 28 - 47 8", "A. 收费规定以及与其他机构和利害关系方的合作……… 28 - 32 8", "B. 成员问题………………………………… 33 - 34 9", "C. 2006年会议日历……………………… 35 - 37 10", "D. 透明、交流和信息………… 38 - 43 11", "E. 秘书处的作用…………………………… 44 - 47 12", "四、资 源……………………………………….. 48 - 56 13", "A. 2006-2007年联合执行管理计划…… .48 - 49 13", "B. 联合执行工作的资源…………………. 50 - 56 13", "五、决定摘要……………………………… 57 14", "附 件", "一、联合执行监督委员会议事规则草案 15", "二、联合执行项目设计书表格草稿 30", "三、2006年支持联合执行活动可用的补充资源状况 38", "一、导 言", "A. 任 务", "1. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)通过第10/CMP.1号决定建立了联合执行监督委员会(联合监委会)，以便按照《京都议定书》第六条的执行指南(联合执行指南)监督《京都议定书》第六条项目产生的减排单位的核查情况。[1]", "2. 联合执行指南要求联合监委会就它的活动向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议各届会议提交报告，《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就执行《京都议定书》第六条的问题提供指南，并对联合监委会行使领导权。", "B. 本报告的范围", "3. 本报告介绍在联合监委会下通过它作出的决定和采取的行动落实核查程序的进展情况，[2] 并就《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议要作出的决定提出建议。报告还讨论了治理问题，特别是为联合监委会高效率、节约有效和透明运行而采取的措施，还讨论了2006-2007两年期就《京都议定书》第六条开展工作的资源要求以及现有资源的情况。", "4. 报告所涉时期从2005年12月7日建立联合监委会至2006年7月31日(报告所涉期间)。2006年8月1日至11月1日联合监委会第五次会议闭会日这段时期的情况将在本报告的一个增编中介绍。[3]", "C. 有待作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的 《公约》缔约方会议采取的行动", "5. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议在审查了联合监委会的年度报告之后，注意到联合监委会议定的所有事项，不妨作出以下决定：", "(a) 就联合执行，特别是向联合监委会提供进一步指导；", "(b) 通过联合监委会的议事规则草案(见附件一)；", "(c) 通过联合执行项目设计书表格草稿(见附件二)；", "(d) 重申它请《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)立即对补充活动信托基金作自愿捐款，以支付2006-2007两年期执行《京都议定书》第六条的行政费用。", "二、作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》 缔约方会议第一届会议以来开展的工作", "A. 工作总结", "6. 自《京都议定书》2005年2月16日生效以来，特别是联合监委会建立以来，联合执行引起了越来越大的注意。联合监委会第一次会议议定了一项工作方案，[4] 其中主要的是关于落实核查程序的工作，[5] 预计将在2006年下半年度完成。", "7. 为了确保妥为传达关于联合监委会决定和关于决定过程的信息，联合监委会委员和候补委员以及秘书处举办并/或参加了几次解释决定过程和介绍其结果的活动。联合监委会注意到利害关系的利益和关注，并在可行和符合《马拉喀什协定》的前提下设法通过精简和便利进程和程序予以解决。", "8. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来完成的主要任务可归纳如下：", "(a) 联合监委会议定并临时适用了议事规则草案，现在建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过；", "(b) 联合监委会议定并临时适用了联合执行项目设计书表格草稿，现在建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。联合监委会还议定了该格式草稿的使用指南；", "(c) 作为落实核查程序的一部分，联合监委会议定了公开提供文件的程序草案和审查程序；", "(d) 联合监委会就基准制定和监测标准指南以及小规模项目的规定开始工作。", "(e) 联合监委会建立了联合执行认证专门小组(认证组)，认证组举行了第一次会议。", "9. 为帮助在应对将来的挑战中最有效地利用时间和资源，联合监委会正在秘书处的协助下编制2006-2007两年期联合执行管理计划(联管计划)(见本报告增编)。", "10. 总之，联合监委会的工作在其任务范围内的各方面都进展良好。但由于现有资源有限，这些成绩的取得，没有联合监委会委员和候补委员、认证组和秘书处工作人员投入大量的时间和精力是不可能的。", "B. 议事规则", "11. 联合监委会第一次会议按照联合执行指南和第10/CMP.1号决定议定了联合监委会议事规则草案，并临时适用，现在建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。联合监委会请《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就它载于附件一关于议事规则的建议作出决定。", "C. 联合执行项目设计书表格", "12. 根据联合执行指南和第10/CMP.1号决定，联合监委会拟订了一份联合执行项目设计书表格草稿，并为该格式的用户编制了指南草案。联合监委会第三次会议在议定这些文件前，公开征求了对这两个文件的结构和内容的意见。这个要求从2006年3月17日开始，到4月16日截止。联合监委会在《气候公约》联合执行网站上公布了议定的文件。[6]", "13. 格式草稿从2006年6月15日开始启用，应从这一天起用于联合监委会核查程序下执行的所有联合执行项目。2006年6月15日前缔约方根据联合执行指南第31(a)段书面核准的项目，应使用该格式草稿或者清洁发展机制项目设计书表格。如果是后者，根据联合执行指南第33段作出决定的项目参与方，其选择的经认证的独立实体应确认提交的项目设计书提供联合执行项目设计书表格草稿和联合执行监委会有关指南所含的所有信息。", "14. 在这方面，联合监委会也还澄清：入计期可以视所在缔约方的核准情况延至2012年以后。第一个承诺期后联合执行项目产生的排放减少量/清除增加量情况可以根据《气候公约》下的任何有关协议来确定。[7]", "15. 联合执行项目设计书表格草稿和相关指南不适用于联合执行土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业项目，联合监委会在为这种项目另外编制一个格式和指南。", "16. 联合监委会建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过附件二所载的联合执行项目设计书表格草稿。", "D. 联合执行监督委员会的核查程序", "17. 为了落实联合执行指南第30-45段界定的核查程序，联合监委会第二次会议：", "(a) 议定了关于公开提供文件的程序草案；[8]", "(b) 请秘书处编制了经认证的独立实体提交供出版的确定或核查报告时可用的格式。", "18. 联合监委会第三次会议：", "(a) 议定了联合监委会核查程序下的审查程序；[9]", "(b) 请秘书处编制了关于评估联合执行指南第33和第37段所述决定的各种方法的文件；", "(c) 议定了根据联合监委会核查程序评估这项决定或参加审查小组的专家的职权范围；[10]", "(d) 决定就上文第18(c)段向专家发起呼吁。", "E. 基准确定和监测标准", "19. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会尽快就联合执行指南附录B编拟一份指南，酌情包括第17/CP.7号决定第6(c)段所界定的小规模项目。", "20. 联合监委会第一次会议决定公开征求对基准确定和监测标准指南的意见。这项呼吁从2006年2月10日至3月1日开始，请各方响应。", "21. 联合监委会第三次会议议定了拟订基准确定和监测标准指南草案的程序，[11] 制定了时间表，其中包括公开征求对草案提出意见的计划、在联合监委会委员和候补委员间的任务分配和秘书处的支持。呼吁从2006年7月19日至8月15日开始，请各方响应。", "22. 此外，联合监委会请秘书处与联合监委会若干委员和候补委员协商，按对照清洁发展机制小规模项目活动的规定为联合执行小规模项目拟订条款草案。[12]", "F. 独立实体认证程序", "23. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会，根据联合执行指南附录A, 同时酌情考虑清洁发展机制执行理事会制定的经营实体认证程序，作为优先事项进一步拟订独立实体认证标准和程序。", "24. 为了落实联合执行的认证程序，联合监委会第二次会议：", "(a) 决定建立一个认证组，由至少四名至多六名专家以及担任主席和副主席的两名联合监委会委员组成；", "(b) 议定了认证组的职权范围；[13]", "(c) 决定向专家发出公开呼吁，请他们在认证组中任职；", "(d) 表示打算请认证组审查秘书处编制的独立实体认证程序草案，[14] 并就此向联合监委会提出建议。", "25. 上文第24(c)段所述向专家提出的公开呼吁从2006年3月29日至4月27日开始，请各方响应。", "26. 联合监委会第三次会议选举Shinichi Iioka先生、Ken Beck Lee先生、Vijay Mediratta先生、Maureen Mutasa女士、Takashi Otsubo先生和 Satish Rao先生为认证组成员，Oleg Pluzhnikov先生当选为认证组主席，Fatou Gaye女士当选为认证组副主席。(认证组成员参加认证组会议，根据联合国的规章条例付给费用。)", "27. 联合监委会第三次会议决定在2006年底开始认证程序。", "三、治理事项", "A. 收费规定以及与其他机构和利害关系方的合作", "1. 任务和背景", "28. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会制定收费规定，以支付联合监委会的活动方面的行政费用。", "29. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定鼓励联合监委会与以下机构合作：", "(a) 清洁发展机制执行理事会；", "(b) 《京都议定书》遵约委员会，特别是在联合执行指南第27段所述缔约方名单方面；", "(c) 关于《京都议定书》第六条的指定联络点；", "(d) 联合执行指南第18条所述的联合监委会会议观察员，通过在这方面定期举行的问答会议。", "2. 开展的工作和采取的行动", "30. 联合监委会请它的两名委员(包括一名候选委员)，在秘书处的支持下就收费规定编写一份资料，供联合监委会第四次会议审议。[15]", "31. 关于上文第29(c)段所述的任务问题，联合监委会欢迎秘书处到目前为止获得的关于《京都议定书》第六条的指定联络点的情况，并请作进一步的指定。", "32. 关于上文第29(d)段所述的任务，联合监委会第一次会议决定在每次会议上与登记的观察员举行一次问答会议，并在网上直播这些会议。[16]", "B. 成员问题", "33. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议根据联合执行指南第4-5段和第8段设立联合监委会并选出其委员和候补委员(表1)。报告所涉期间成员情况没有变化。", "34. 联合监委会第一次会议协商一致从附件一缔约方中选举Daniela Stoycheva女士为主席，从非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)中选举Shailendra Kumar Joshi先生为副主席。他们的任期到2007年联合监委会第一次会议结束时为止。联合监委会所有委员和候补委员在就职前根据联合执行指南第10(e)段签署了一份书面任职誓言。", "表1. 联合监委会委员和候补委员", "成 员 候补成员 提名方 \nOlleBjörk先生^(b)\tFranzjosefSchafhausen先生^(b)\t其他附件一缔约方\nGeorgBørsting先生^(a)\tDarrenGoetze先生^(a)\t其他附件一缔约方\nJaimeBravo先生^(b)\tMarcos CastroRodriguez先生^(b)\t非附件一缔约方\nFatouGaye女士^(a)\tVincent Kasulu SeyaMakonga先生^(a)\t非附件一缔约方\nMaurits BlansonHenkemans先生^(a)\tHiroki Kudo先生^(a)\t其他附件一缔约方\nShailendra KumarJoshi先生(副主席) ^(b)\tMaoshengDuan先生^(b)\t非附件一缔约方\nDerrickOderson先生^(b)\tYumikoCrisostomo女士^(b)\t小岛屿国家联盟\nOlegPluzhnikov先生^(b)\tEvgenySokolov先生^(b)\t经济转型期附件一缔约方\nDaniela Stoycheva女士(主席) ^(a)\tAstridaCelmina女士^(a)\t经济转型期附件一缔约方\nVladTrusca先生^(a)\tMatejGasperic先生^(a)\t经济转型期附件一缔约方", "^(a) 任期：三年，至2009年第一次会议时结束。 ^(b) 任期：两年，至2008年第一次会议时结束。", "C. 2006年会议日历", "35. 联合监委会第一次会议通过了2006年会议日历，并在第三次会议上作了修订(表2)。", "表2. 2006年联合执行监督委员会会议", "会 议 日 期 地 点 \n 第一次会议 2月2日至3日 《公约》总部，德国波恩 \n第二次会议\t3月8日、10日至11日 《公约》总部\n第三次会议\t5月28日至29日 《公约》总部(与两个附属机构的第二十四届会议同期举行)\n第四次会议\t9月13日至15日 《公约》总部\n第五次会议\t10月31日至11月1日 《公约》总部", "36. 联合执行监委会附加说明的会议议程，包括说明议程项目的文件以及载有联合执行监委会所达成的所有协议的报告可在《公约》联合执行网站上查阅。[17]", "37. 为了确保有效安排和管理有关工作，在联合监委会会议之前举行1-2天的非正式磋商。在报告所涉期间，联合监委会的工作量巨大，一般都需要在会议的每天计划开会或磋商8个小时以上。", "D. 透明、交流和信息", "38. 联合监委会议事规则草案(附件一)第21条要求联合监委会的工作要透明，但也要服从保护机密信息的需要。这包括公开及时地提供文件以及各种渠道，所有缔约方和《气候公约》所有经认证的观察员和利害关系方可以通过这种渠道从外部提出意见供联合监委会考虑。[18] 第20条要求通过互联网公布文件。[19] 此外，联合执行指南(特别是第16段)要求公布联合监委会的决定。[20]", "39. 《气候公约》联合执行网站是满足这些要求的主要手段。它含有联合监委会会议报告、联合监委会就所有问题议定的文件、关于联合监委会的运作和职能及其辅助结构(如认证组)、经认证的独立实体、项目参与方、专家、公众和秘书处等等的文件。它还提供缔约方设立的指定联络点提供并向秘书处通报的信息。它还含有关于联合执行问题的大量背景文件(从《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的决定到专家申请表)。它还提供一个界面，供公众对联合监委会认为必要的各专题提供投入，供专家提出申请参加辅助机构(如认证组、审查中等等)。与网站相连接的是联合执行新闻设施，向697个以上的注册用户[21] 发送关于联合执行的最新信息。", "40. 秘书处还有两个外联网和两个清单服务器，以推动联合监委会、认证组和秘书处有效透明地交流信息。这些电子设施是联合监委会顺利高效地运作所必不可少的。一旦联合监委会下的核查程序和认证程序充分开展，将创建更多的外联网和清单服务器。", "41. 根据联合执行指南第18段和联合监委会议事规则草案第22条，所有缔约方和《气候公约》经认证的观察员和利害关系方，除了联合监委会另有决定外，只要在会议前两星期登记，都可作为观察员参加联合将会的会议。在报告所涉期间，平均有来自缔约方、非政府组织和政府间组织的11名观察员参加了联合监委会的会议。此外，联合监委会还举办了一次问答会议，作为附属机构第二十四届会议的辅助活动，这次活动向协会的所有与会者开放。[22]", "42. 为进一步提高透明度，联合监委会在网上直播它的会议。[23] 每次会议的平均网上直播点击率为810次，总收看时间为94小时。每一个直播档案在每次会议后三个月内的点击次数同样多。网上直播包括与注册观察员的问答会议。", "43. 此外，于2006年3月9日至10日在德国波恩举行了一次联合执行问题研讨会。[24] 研讨会由秘书处主办，与会者有联合监委会委员和候补委员，80多名项目机制问题专家，包括清洁发展机制执行理事会成员、《气候公约》的附件一和非附件一缔约方国家联络点、经认证的《气候公约》非政府组织和政府间组织、项目开发人员、顾问和指定经营实体，分享了联合监委会进展情况并交换了意见，包括关于联合监委会下核查程序运作方面的关键问题的意见。", "E. 秘书处的作用", "44. 《气候公约》秘书处根据联合执行指南第19段和联合监委会议事规则草案第28条为联合监委会提供服务。", "45. 秘书处在报告所涉期间向三次联合监委会会议和一次认证组会议提供了行政、后勤和实务方面的支持。它还开发和维持着联合执行网站和万维网界面，以呼吁公共投入和邀请专家，并对外部查询作出答复。", "46. 联合监委会建立时，秘书处的人员编制紧缺。虽然又招聘了一些工作人员，但秘书处的人员编制仍然不足以长期保证及时、高质量地支持联合监委会，特别是在联合监委会认证和核查程序下处理的案件方面，这种程序需要及时启动。", "47. 秘书处筹资支持联合执行的工作，管理缔约方的捐款，并就资源状况定期向联合监委会提交报告(见下文第四章)。", "四、资 源", "A. 2006-2007年联合执行管理计划", "48. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会尽快拟定管理计划，列入2006至2007年预算计划，并结合清洁发展机制执行理事会在该领域的经验保持对它的审查。", "49. 联合监委会审议了秘书处编写的管理计划草案，并就主要内容达成了一致。联合监委会请秘书处更新该管理计划，以反映第三次会议的讨论情况、达成的协议和查明的优先事项，便于2006年9月13日至15日的第四次会议通过该计划。最后计划将在本报告增编中提出。", "B. 联合执行工作的资源", "50. 在报告所涉期间，联合监委会根据秘书处的报告监测并审查了联合执行工作的资源状况。秘书处拟订了关于主要活动领域(联合监委会的会议和活动、涉及独立实体的认证和决定的审查的活动、技术研讨会、秘书处支持上述工作领域的活动)和资源要求的综合资料。这份资料用于初步筹资，后来被列入管理计划草案。关于预算和支出的更新资料将在本报告增编中提出。", "51. 附件三载有缔约方和区域组织支持2006年联合执行工作的认捐和捐款概要。特此就收到的捐款向有关方面表示感谢。", "52. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议在第9/CMP.1号决定中决定，在联合监委会的职能方面，联合执行指南所载程序引起的行政费用由附件一缔约方和项目参加方根据《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议的一项决定中作出的规定承担。在这方面，《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会拟订收费规定。", "53. 根据联合监委会第一次会议议定的工作方案，联合监委会将在第四次会议上开始审议收费问题(2006年9月13日至15日)。联合监委会就该事项的结论和建议将列入本报告增编。", "54. 报告所涉期间补充资金来源如下：", "(a) 2005年转结：84,114美元", "(b) 缔约方的捐款：399,397美元(见附件三)。", "55. 截至报告所涉期末，根据经常预算，2006年剩余时间的资源缺口80万美元，到2007年底为280万美元。即使商定并立即执行上文第52至53段所述的费用规定，按照清洁发展机制的经验，也不可能指望收费所得能很快弥补这个缺口。因此，附件一缔约方的自愿捐款应承担至少是2007年底执行《京都议定书》第六条的大部分行政费用。", "56. 鉴于这种情况，联合监委会在整个报告所涉期间重申缔约方会议和《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议呼吁附件一缔约方向补充活动信托基金捐款，以确保可以预见，可持续地开展2006至2007年两年期设想的一切必要活动。如果没有这种捐款，就会限制招聘支持联合监委会工作所必要的工作人员，可能是设想的工作规模缩小，并使一些计划召开的会议取消。", "五、决定摘要", "57. 根据联合执行指南第16段，联合监委会的决定以联合国所有六种正式语言公布，将决定列入联合监委会提交《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的年度报告，或者在报告中参照引用(指明他们在《气候公约》联合执行网站上的位置)。", "附 件 一", "联合执行监督委员会议事规则草案", "一、范 围", "第 1 条", "本议事规则适用于根据第16/CP.7号决定 [25] 和第9/CMP.1号决定 [26] 以及该决定所附关于执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南的附件和任何其他相关决定开展的联合执行监督委员会的一切活动。", "二、定 义", "第 2 条", "本规则中：", "1. “联合执行指南”指第9/CMP.1号决定附件所载执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南；", "2. “《气候公约》”指《联合国气候变化框架公约》；", "3. “《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议”指作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议；", "4. “联合执行”指《京都议定书》第六条所指的机制；", "5. “联合执行监督委员会”指第10/CMP.1号决定 [27] 设立的委员会，该决定将此一名称定为第9/CMP.1号决定所通过的联合执行指南界定的第六条监督委员会的名称。在本规则中，凡引述联合执行指南时，一律以“{联合执行}监督委员会”取代“第六条监督委员会”；", "6. “主席”和“副主席”指被委员会选举为主席和副主席的委员会委员；", "7. “委员”指委员会委员；", "8. “候补委员”指委员会候补委员；", "9. “秘书处”指《京都议定书》第十四条和联合执行指南第19段所述秘书处；", "联合执行指南第1段(e)分段： \n10.“利害关系方”指已经或可能受活动影响的公众，包括个人、群体或社区；", "11. 为第21和22条的目的，未加入《京都议定书》的《公约》缔约方可行使与所有其他观察员相同的权利。", "三、委员和候补委员", "A. 提名、选举和连选连任", "第 3 条", "联合执行指南第4段： {联合执行}监督委员会应由来自《京都议定书》缔约方的10名委员组成，具体如下： (a) 正在向市场经济过渡的附件一所列缔约方的3名委员； (b) 不属于以上(a)分段所述附件一所列缔约方之列的3名委员； (c) 非附件一所列缔约方的3名委员； \n (d) 小岛屿发展中国家的1名委员。", "第 4 条", "联合执行指南第5段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会委员，包括候补委员，应由{联合执行指南}第4段所指各有关集团提名，并由《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议选举产生。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应为{联合执行}监督委员会选举任期2年的5名委员和5名候补委员，任期3年的5名委员和5名候补委员。此后，《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应每年选举任期2年的5名新委员和5名新候补委员。{联合执行指南}第12段所指任命应按一个任期计算。委员和候补委员在继任委员和候补委员选出之前应继续留任。", "联合执行指南第6段： \n2.{联合执行}监督委员会委员最多可连任两任。作为候补委员的任期不计算在内。", "联合执行指南第10段(a)和(d)分段： 3. {联合执行}监督委员会委员，包括候补委员，应： (a) 以个人身份任职，在有关气候变化问题方面和在有关技术和政策领域具有公认的能力； \n (b) 受{联合执行}监督委员会议事规则的约束。", "4. 委员或候补委员的任期应始于当选后的日历年内委员会第一次会议，止于任期结束的日历年内委员会第一次会议前夕。", "第 5 条", "联合执行指南第8段： \n1.《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应在{联合执行指南}第4、第5和第6段所列标准的基础上就{联合执行}监督委员会的每名委员选举一名候补委员。提名委员候选人的集团应同时提名来自同一集团的候补委员候选人。", "2. 本规则中凡有提及委员之处，均应认为其中包括代委员行事的候补委员。", "3. 如委员缺席委员会会议，其候补委员应以委员身份出席会议。", "第 6 条", "联合执行指南第10段(a)分段： \n1.发展中国家缔约方和根据《气候公约》惯例符合条件的其他缔约方委员和候补委员参加工作的费用应从{联合执行}监督委员会的预算中支付。", "2. 参加工作的费用应按照联合国财务条例和《气候公约》财务程序提供。", "B. 暂停、终止和辞职", "第 7 条", "联合执行指南第11段： 1. \n{联合执行}监督委员会可以因某一委员包括候补委员违反利益冲突回避规定、违反保密规定或无正当理由连续两次不出席{联合执行}监督委员会议等原因暂停该委员的资格，并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止其委员资格。", "2. 要求暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止委员或候补委员资格的任何动议，应根据下文第五章所列表决规则立即付诸表决。在动议涉及暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止主席的委员资格时，副主席应代理主席，直至进行表决并宣布结果。", "3. 只有在委员或候补委员得到机会由委员会在会议上听取其主张之后，委员会方可暂停并建议终止其委员或候补委员资格。", "第 8 条", "联合执行指南第12段： \n1.如果{联合执行}监督委员会的委员或候补委员因辞职或其他原因无法完成有关任期或履行其职能，考虑到距举行下届《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的时间长短，{联合执行}监督委员会可以决定任命来自同一集团的另一委员或候补委员代其在剩余的任期任职。在此种情况下，{联合执行}监督委员会应考虑提名该委员的集团发表的任何意见。", "2. 委员会应请有关集团提出将根据本条第1款任命的新任委员或新任候补委员的人选。", "C. 利益冲突和保密", "第 9 条", "联合执行指南第10段(b)分段： \n1.{联合执行监督委员会的委员，包括候补委员，}不得在第六条项目的任何方面有金钱或经济利益。", "2. 委员会的委员，包括候补委员，不得在经认证的独立实体或暂时作为经认证的独立实体行事的指定经营实体有金钱或经济利益。", "第 10 条", "联合执行指南第10段(e)分段： \n1. {联合执行监督委员会的委员，包括候补委员，}{应}在任职前，由《气候公约》执行秘书或其授权的代表见证，签署就职宣誓书。", "2. 就职宣誓书誓词如下：", "“我庄严宣誓，我将正直、忠诚、公正、勤恳地履行联合执行监督委员会委员/候补委员的职责。", "“我还庄严宣誓并承诺，在联合执行的任何方面，包括独立实体的认证方面，我将没有任何经济利益。即使在我的职务结束之后，我也决不透露根据《京都议定书》第六条执行指南转交联合执行监督委员会的任何机密或专有信息，或由于我在联合执行监督委员会任职而了解到的任何其他机密信息。", "“我将向《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书和联合执行监督委员会说明，我在联合执行监督委员会所讨论的任何事务中具有的、有可能构成利益冲突或可能不符合联合执行监督委员会委员/候补委员应遵守的廉洁和公正规定的任何利益，我将回避参加委员会有关此种事务的工作。", "“我还庄严宣誓并承诺，如在本誓词以上各段之下的某一问题上存在疑问，我应向《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书说明全部事实。”", "第 11 条", "联合执行指南第10段(c)分段： \n1.{联合执行监督委员会的委员，包括候补委员，}按照对{联合执行}监督委员会的责任，不得透露由于在{联合执行}监督委员会任职而了解到的任何机密或专有信息。委员包括候补委员不得透露机密信息的职责构成委员和候补委员的一项义务，并且于委员和候补委员在{联合执行}监督委员会的职务到期或终止之后仍然为一项义务。", "联合执行指南第40段： \n2.{委员和候补委员}从项目参与方获得的、标明为专有或机密的信息，未经信息提供者书面同意不得透露，所在缔约方国家法律规定者除外。用以确定人为源排放量减少或人为汇清除量增加的额外性、用以描述基准方法及其应用的信息、以及用以佐证{联合执行指南}第33段(d)分段所指环境影响评估的信息不应被视为专有或机密信息。", "D. 主席和副主席", "第 12 条", "联合执行指南第7段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会每年应从委员中选出自己的主席和副主席各一名，其中一名应为附件一所列缔约方的委员，另一名应为非附件一所列缔约方的委员。主席和副主席应每年在附件一所列缔约方和非附件一所列缔约方的委员之间轮流产生。", "2. 应在每一日历年的第一次委员会会议上从委员中选出一名主席和一名副主席。第30条所界定的委员会秘书应主持每一日历年内委员会第一次会议的开幕和新任主席和副主席的选举。", "第 13 条", "1. 主席和副主席应以各自的身份在联合执行监督委员会的任何会议上履行职务。", "2. 如当选的主席不能以这一身份在某次会议上履行职务，副主席应代行主席职务。如两者均不能以各自的身份履行职务，委员会应从出席会议的委员中选举一名委员担任该次会议的主席。", "3. 如果主席或副主席不再有能力履行其职责，或不再是委员，应为剩余的任期选举一名新的主席或副主席。", "第 14 条", "1. 主席应按照本条的规定主持联合执行监督委员会的会议。", "2. 主席除行使本规则其他条款赋予的职能之外，应宣布会议的开会和散会、主持会议、确保对本规则的遵守、准许发言、把问题付诸表决并宣布决定。主席应就程序问题作出裁决，并在遵守本规则的条件下全面掌握会议的进行和维持会议秩序。", "3. 主席可向委员会提议限制发言者的发言时间、限制每一委员就某一问题发言的次数、暂停或结束辩论以及暂停会议或休会。", "4. 主席或委员会指定的任何其他委员应在必要时代表委员会，包括在《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的届会上代表委员会。", "四、会 议", "A. 日 期", "第 15 条", "联合执行指南第9段： \n{联合执行}监督委员会每年至少应举行两次会议，除非另有决定，会议应尽可能与各附属机构会议同时举行。", "第 16 条", "1. 在每一日历年的第一次联合执行监督委员会会议上，主席应提出该日历年的会议时间表供委员会通过。", "2. 如果需要改动会议时间表或增加会议次数，主席应在与所有委员磋商之后，通知原定会议日期的任何改动和/或增加举行的会议的日期。", "第 17 条", "1. 应由主席召集联合执行监督委员会的每次会议，并应由主席尽可能至少在会议召开日期前八周通知这一日期。", "2. 秘书处应迅速通知所邀请出席会议的所有各方。", "B. 会议地点", "第 18 条", "与附属机构的会议同期召开的联合执行监督委员会会议，应在与这些机构相同的地点举行。委员会的其他会议应在秘书处所在地举行，除非委员会另有决定或秘书处经与主席磋商另有适当安排。", "C. 议 程", "第 19 条", "1. 主席应在秘书处的协助下草拟联合执行监督委员会每次会议的临时议程，并将委员会在前次会议上商定的该临时议程发送给所邀请出席会议的所有各方。", "2. 任何委员或候补委员均可向秘书处提出会议临时议程的补充或修改，并列入拟议的议程，但委员或候补委员应在会议开幕规定日期前至少四周将此通知秘书处。秘书处应在会议开幕规定日期前至少三周将拟议的会议议程发送给所邀请出席会议的所有各方。", "3. 委员会应在每次会议开始时通过会议的议程。", "4. 委员会会议议程所列、但委员会会议未审议完毕的任何项目，应自动列入下次会议的临时议程，除非委员会另有决定。", "D. 文 件", "第 20 条", "1. 联合执行监督委员会会议的所有文件应在会议前至少两星期通过秘书处提供给委员和候补委员。", "2. 在将文件转发给委员和候补委员之后，秘书处即应通过互联网公开提供文件。文件的提供需符合保密规定。", "E. 透明度", "第 21 条", "以保护机密资料的必要性为前提，透明度原则应适用于联合执行监督委员会的一切工作，包括及时公开提供文件和所有缔约方和所有经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方可借以提出外部意见供委员会审议的渠道。将委员会的会议情况在互联网上公布是确保透明度的途径之一。", "F. 出 席", "第 22 条", "联合执行指南第18段： \n1.除{联合执行}监督委员会另有决定外，{联合执行}监督委员会的会议应允许所有缔约方和经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方以观察员身份出席。", "2. 在上文第1款的范围内，为了节省和效率，委员会可决定限制委员、候补委员和秘书处辅助工作人员出席会议的人数。在这种情况下，委员会应采取一切实际步骤，以其他方式兼顾缔约方和非《京都议定书》缔约方的《公约》缔约方、及经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方的利益，作为观察员出席会议，除非委员会决定会议全部或部分为非公开会议。", "3. 应委员会邀请，观察员可就委员会审议的事项发表意见。", "G. 法定人数", "第 23 条", "联合执行指南第14段： \n形成法定人数的要求是，联合执行监督委员会至少三分之二的委员――代表附件一所列缔约方的多数委员和非附件一所列缔约方的多数委员――必须出席。", "五、表 决", "第 24 条", "联合执行指南第15段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会应尽可能通过协商一致作出决定。如果已尽力争取达成协商一致但仍没有达成协议，作为最后办法，决定应由出席会议并参加表决的四分之三多数委员通过作出。对表决弃权的委员应被视为未参加表决。", "2. 主席应确定协商一致是否已经达成。如果委员会的任一委员或代行委员职权的任一候补委员明示反对拟议的决定，主席应宣布不存在协商一致。", "3. 每一委员有一票。", "4. 候补委员可以参加委员会议事活动，但无表决权。候补委员只有在代行委员职能时才能够投票。", "第 25 条", "1. 一旦主席认为联合执行监督委员会必须做出某项决定，而该决定不能推迟到委员会下次会议做出，主席应向每一位委员转交一项拟议的决定，请委员以协商一致方式核可这项决定。以符合适用的保密要求为前提，主席应与拟议的决定一并提供依主席的判断支持按第25条作出决定的相关事实。这项拟议的决定应以电子邮件形式通过委员会的邮件列表转交。这一邮件的收取须由委员会的一法定人数加以确认。此种邮件也应发给候补委员供参考。", "2. 委员和/或候补委员自收到拟议的决定之日起有两周时间提出评论。这些评论通过委员会的邮件列表提供给委员和候补委员。", "3. 在上文第2款所指的时间结束之时，如果没有任何委员提出反对意见，这项拟议的决定应被视为已获核可。如果有人提出反对意见，主席应将审议拟议的决定这一事项列入委员会下次会议的临时议程，并相应通知委员会。", "4. 使用本条规则第1至3款规定的程序作出的任何决定应列入委员会下次会议的报告，并应被视为在德国波恩《气候公约》秘书处总部作出。", "六、语 文", "第 26 条", "联合执行指南第16段： \n1.应公开提供{联合执行}监督委员会所有决定的全文。决定应以联合国全部六种正式语文提供。", "联合执行指南第17段： \n 2. {联合执行}监督委员会的工作语文为英文。", "七、专门知识", "第 27 条", "联合执行指南第13段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会应利用履行其职能所需的专长，尤其是考虑到国家认证程序的需要。联合执行监督委员会，包括利用《公约》专家名册上专家的专长。在这方面，应充分考虑区域平衡的因素。", "2. 委员会可设立小组委员会、专门小组或工作组，以协助其履行职能。", "八、秘书处", "第 28 条", "联合执行指南第19段： \n 秘书处应为{联合执行}监督委员会服务。", "第 29 条", "《气候公约》执行秘书应在现有资源范围内安排提供为联合执行监督委员会服务所需的人员和服务。执行秘书应管理和领导此种人员和服务，并向委员会提供恰当支助和咨询意见。", "第 30 条", "应由执行秘书指定的一名秘书处官员担任联合执行监督委员会秘书。", "第 31 条", "除了联合执行指南和/或《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议任何随后的决定明确规定的职能以外，秘书处应按照本规则并且根据资源的具备情况：", "(a) 接收、复制并向委员和候补委员分发会议文件；", "(b) 接收决定，将其译成联合国所有六种正式语文，并公开提供联合执行监督委员会的所有决定的全文；", "(c) 协助联合执行监督委员会完成维持档案及收集、处理和公布资料方面的工作；", "(d) 进行委员会可能要求进行的所有其它工作。", "第 32 条", "应适用联合国财务条例和《气候公约》财务程序。", "九、事务处理", "第 33 条", "联合执行监督委员会应依照联合执行指南，进行第16/CP.7号决定和《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议随后做出的任何决定安排其开展的任何工作。", "第 34 条", "1. 联合执行监督委员会及秘书处在其受权支持委员会的作用中，可使用电子方式传输和储存文件。", "2. 使用电子方式提交的文件适用联合执行指南有关透明和保密的规定。在通过电子方式(如《气候公约》联合执行网站)提交任何文件之时，提交人应承认已阅读过有关程序，并同意受文件提交规定和条件的约束，包括提交人对其所提交内容完全负责，并放弃与使用电子方式提交和传输文件相关的所有主张。", "3. 不得使委员会对因通过电子方式所获文件的传输、储存或使用而引起的任何主张或损失负责。经过电子传输和储存，不能保证所提交文件的保密性和完整性。", "十、会议记录", "第 35 条", "在每次会议结束之前，主席应提出会议结论和决定草案供联合执行监督委员会审议和核可。委员会的任何书面记录或议事活动记录应由秘书处根据联合国规则和条例加以保存。", "十一、本规则的修正", "第 36 条", "联合执行指南第3段(g)分段： \n1.{联合执行监督委员会应负责}拟出{联合执行指南}所载议事规则以外的规则，供《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议审议。", "2. 除本条第1款之下的任何行动外，委员会还可就本委员会议事规则的任何修正或补充向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议提出建议。", "附 件 二", "联合执行项目设计书表格草稿", "联合执行项目设计书表格 01 版 – 启用日期：2006年6月15日", "目 录", "A. 项目概况", "B. 基准", "C. 项目期/入计期", "D. 监测计划", "E. 温室气体排减量估计", "F. 环境影响", "G. 利害关系方的意见", "附 件", "附件1：项目参与方联系信息", "附件2：基准信息", "附件3：监测计划", "A 节. 项目概况", "A.1. 项目名称：", ">>", "A.2. 项目说明", ">>", "A.3. 项目参与方", ">>", "A.4. 项目技术说明", "A.4.1. 项目地点：", ">>", "A.4.1.1. 所在缔约方：", ">>", "A.4.1.2. 所在地区/州/省…：", ">>", "A.4.1.3. 市/镇/区…：", ">>", "A.4.1.4. 实际地点详情，包括可用以识别项目的专门信息 (最长1页)：", ">>", "A.4.2. 项目准备使用的(各项)技术或准备实施的措施、作业或行动：", ">>", "A.4.3. 关于拟议联合执行项目将如何减少温室气体源排放量的简要说明，包括联系国家和/或部门政策和情况说明为何在不开展拟议项目的情况下不会实现这种排减：", ">>", "A.4.3.1. 入计期的估计排减量：", ">>", "A.5. 项目的核准方：", ">>", "B节. 基准", "B.1. 说明所选基准及其理由：", ">>", "B.2. 说明如何把温室气体人为源排放量减少到低于不开展联合执行项目情况下的水平：", ">>", "B.3. 说明项目周界定义如何适用于项目：", ">>", "B.4. 进一步的基准信息，包括基准的确定日期和基准确定人姓名/基准确定实体名称：", ">>", "C节. 项目期/入计期", "C.1. 项目起始日期：", ">>", "C.2. 项目预计运作时间：", ">>", "C.3. 入计期：", ">>", "D节. 监测计划", "D.1. 所选定的监测计划说明：", ">>", "D.1.1. 备选 1 – 项目情景和基准情景中的排放量监测：", "D.1.1.1.为监测项目排放量而需收集哪些数据，这些数据如何存档： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.1.2. 说明用以估算排放量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.1.3.确定项目周界内温室气体源排放量所需的有关数据，以及这些数据如何收集和存档： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.1.4. 说明用以估算基准排放量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D. 1.2. 备选 2 – 直接监测项目排放量(数值应与E节一致)：", "D.1.2.1.为监测项目排减量而需收集哪些数据，这些数据如何存档： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.2.2. 说明用以计算项目排减量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.3. 监测计划中对渗漏的处理：", "D.1.3.1.相关情况下，请说明为监测项目的渗漏效应而要收集的数据和信息： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.3.2. 说明用以估算渗漏的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.4. 说明用以估算项目排减量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.5. 相关情况下，按照所在缔约方所要求的程序，提供信息说明如何收集和存档项目环境影响信息：", ">>", "D.2. 为监测数据而采用的质量控制(QC)和质量保证(QA)程序：", "数据 数据的不确定性 解释为这些数据计划采用什么QA/QC程序，或解释为何不需要这种程序。 (请注明表格和识别号) (高/中/低)", "D.3. 请说明项目经营人准备在执行监测计划中运用的业务结构和管理结构：", ">>", "D.4. 监测计划制订人姓名/制订实体名称", ">>", "E节. 温室气体排减量估计", "E.1. 项目的估计排放量：", ">>", "E.2. 估计渗漏值：", ">>", "E.3. E.1与E.2之和：", ">>", "E.4. 估计基准排放量：", ">>", "E.5. 项目排减量，即E.4与E.3之差：", ">>", "E.6. 列有用以上公式求得的数值的表格：", ">>", "F节. 环境影响", "F.1. 关于按所在缔约方所定程序进行项目环境影响分析的文件，包括关于跨界影响分析的文件：", ">>", "F.2. 如果项目参与方或所在缔约方认为环境影响重大，请提供结论和证明按照所在缔约方规定的程序开展环境影响评估的佐证文件的参考出处：", ">>", "G. 利害关系方的意见", "G.1. 相关情况下，关于利害关系方对项目的意见的信息：", ">>", "附 录", "下表为联合执行项目设计书(JIPDD)表格的附件1。关于基准的信息和关于监测计划的信息由项目参与方分别在JIPDD表格的附件2和附件3中提供。", "项目参与方的联系信息", "组织：", "街/邮政信箱：", "楼号：", "城市：", "州/地区：", "邮政编码：", "国家：", "电话：", "传真：", "电子邮箱：", "网址：", "代理：", "名称：", "收件人：", "姓：", "中间名：", "名：", "单位：", "电话(直通)：", "传真(直通)：", "移动电话：", "个人电子邮箱：", "附 件 三", "2006年支持联合执行活动的可用的补充资源状况", "《公约》附件一所列缔约方^(a)\t截至2006年7月31日的捐款情况\t待交认捐\n 奥地利 1,650 0 \n 白俄罗斯 \n 比利时 10,297 0 \n 保加利亚 \n 加拿大 156,252 500,000 \n 捷克共和国 \n 丹麦 \n 爱沙尼亚 \n 欧洲共同体 0 310,559 \n 芬兰 \n 法国 0 60,000 \n 德国 \n 希腊 \n 匈牙利 \n 冰岛 \n 爱尔兰 8,075 0 \n 意大利 \n 日本 \n 拉脱维亚 \n 列支敦士登 \n 立陶宛 \n 卢森堡 1,000 0 \n 摩纳哥 \n 荷兰 50,229 0 \n 新西兰 \n 挪威 \n 北欧部长理事会^(b) 0 24,590 \n 波兰 \n 葡萄牙 \n 罗马尼亚 \n 俄罗斯联邦 \n 斯洛伐克 \n 斯洛文尼亚 1,907 0 \n 西班牙 \n 瑞典 29,986 0 \n 瑞士 \n 乌克兰 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 140,000 0 \n 合计 399,397 895,149", "说明：由于汇率波动，有些捐款额与认捐额有差异。", "^(a) 仅列出《京都议定书》缔约方。", "^(b) 北欧议会合作论坛 (不是《公约》缔约方)。该理事会曾于2004年4月认捐。", "[1] 第9/CMP.1号决定, 附件。", "[2] 按照第9/CMP.1号决定,附件，第30-45段。", "[3] 关于业务、职能和协议/决定的进一步情况，也可在《气候公约》联合执行网站上查阅：<http://ji.unfccc.int>。", "[4] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[5] 按照第9/CMP.1号决定,附件，第30-45段。", "[6] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Forms.html> and <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Docs.html>。", "[7] 应该指出，第1/CMP.1号决定表明，缔约方就随后的承诺期举行谈判，应确保第一个承诺期与第二个承诺期之间没有间隔。", "[8] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[9] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[10] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[11] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[12] 在报告所涉期间结束时，该文件还在编写中。", "[13] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[14] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings/Sup_Committee/Meetings/002/index.html>。", "[15] 在报告所涉期间末，该文件仍在编写中。", "[16] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[17] 见。", "[18] 联合监委会第一次会议同意，秘书处收到的寄给联合监委会或其委员和候补委员的来文，都将在联合监委会的外联网上公布。所有这些来文都会收到一份标准的回执。联合监委会副主席将就答复情况通知秘书处。", "[19] 议程、工作方案、议程提案说明等等。", "[20] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[21] 截至2006年7月31日。", "[22] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop>。", "[23] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[24] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop/Workshop/March_2006/index.html>。", "[25] FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2。", "[26] FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2。", "[27] FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2。" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/5 \n 25 August 2006 \n Original: English \nCONFERENCEOFTHEPARTIESSERVINGASTHEMEETINGOFTHEPARTIESTOTHEKYOTOPROTOCOL \nSecondsession \nNairobi,6–17November2006 \nItem6 oftheprovisionalagenda \nReportoftheJointImplementationSupervisoryCommittee", "Annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Summary This annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee(JISC) to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP) covers activities from 7December 2005 to 31 July 2006. The report recommends decisions to be taken by the COP/MOP, at itssecond session, on the rules of procedure for the JISC and a jointimplementation project design document. It also refers to workundertaken by the JISC during this reporting period, including onoperationalization of the verification procedure, guidance oncriteria for baseline setting and monitoring, and establishment of aJoint Implementation Accreditation Panel. Based on this information,the COP/MOP may wish to provide further guidance relating to JI,notably to the JISC. The report also highlights the areas of governance, management andresources, which are critical to ensuring the efficient,cost-effective and transparent functioning of the JISC. The JISCreiterates the urgent need for adequate and predictable resources toimplement its activities. \nThe work of the JISC from the beginning of August until the beginningof November 2006 will be covered in an addendum to this report. Ms.Daniela Stoycheva, Chair of the JISC, will highlight achievements andfuture challenges of the JISC in her presentation to the session.", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction 1–5 3", "A. Mandate 1–2 3", "B. Scope of the report 3–4 3", "C. Action to be taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol 5 3", "II. Work undertaken since the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol 6–27 3", "A. Summary of the work undertaken 6–10 3", "B. Rules of procedure 11 4", "C. Joint implementation project design document form 12–16 4", "D. Verification procedure under the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee 17–18 5", "E. Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring 19–22 5", "F. Accreditation process for independent entities 23–27 6", "III. Governance matters 28–47 6", "A. Provisions for the charging of fees and cooperation with other bodies and stakeholders 28–32 6", "B. Membership issues 33–34 7", "C. Calendar of meetings in 2006 35–37 8", "D. Transparency, communication and information 38–43 8", "E. Role of the secretariat 44–47 9", "IV. Resources 48–56 9", "A. Joint implementation management plan 2006–2007 48–49 9", "B. Resources for the work on joint implementation 50–56 10", "V. Summary of decisions 57 10", "Annexes", "I. Draft rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Suvervisory Committee………..…………………………………………………. 11", "II. Draft joint implementation project design document form…………. 23", "III. Status of supplementary resources available in 2006 to support joint implementation activities …………………………….……… 31", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP), by its decision 10/CMP.1, established the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JISC) to supervise, inter alia, the verification of emission reduction units generated by projects under Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (joint implementation (JI)) as per the guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (JI guidelines).[1]", "2. The JI guidelines require that the JISC report on its activities to each session of the COP/MOP and that the COP/MOP provide guidance regarding the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol and exercise authority over the JISC.", "B. Scope of the report", "1. This report provides information on progress made in operationalizing the verification procedure under the JISC,[2] through decisions and actions taken by the JISC, and recommends decisions to be taken by the COP/MOP at its second session. The report also addresses governance issues, notably measures undertaken to ensure the efficient, cost-effective and transparent functioning of the JISC, as well as resource requirements and actual resources available for the work on Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol during the biennium 2006–2007.", "2. The report covers the period from the establishment of the JISC on 7 December 2005 to 31 July 2006 (the reporting period). The period 1 August to 1 November 2006, the closing date of the fifth meeting of the JISC, will be covered in an addendum to this report.[3]", "C. Action to be taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "1. Having reviewed the annual report of the JISC and having taken note of all matters agreed by the JISC, the COP/MOP, at its second session, may wish to decide the following:", "a. To provide further guidance relating to JI, notably to the JISC;", "b. To adopt the draft rules of procedure of the JISC (see annex I);", "c. To adopt the draft JI project design document (JI PDD) form (see annex II);", "d. To reiterate its invitation to Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) to make prompt voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities to cover administrative expenses for implementing Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol in the biennium 2006–2007.", "II. Work undertaken since the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "A. Summary of the work undertaken", "1. Joint implementation has attracted a considerable increase in interest since the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol on 16 February 2005, and especially since the establishment of the JISC. At its first meeting, the JISC agreed on a work programme,[4] prominent in which was work on the operationalization of the verification procedure,[5] which is anticipated to be completed in the second half of 2006.", "2. To ensure that information on decisions by the JISC and the process leading thereto was well communicated, members and alternate members of the JISC and the secretariat convened and/or took part in a number of events at which processes were explained and results presented. The JISC took note of interests and concerns of stakeholders and, wherever feasible and compatible with the Marrakesh Accords, sought to address them through streamlining and facilitating processes and procedures.", "3. Major tasks accomplished since COP/MOP 1 can be summarized as follows:", "a. The JISC agreed on its draft rules of procedure, applied them provisionally and now recommends them for adoption by the COP/MOP;", "b. The JISC agreed on a draft JI PDD form, applied it provisionally and now recommends it to the COP/MOP for adoption. Moreover, the JISC agreed on the guidelines for users of this draft JI PDD form;", "c. As part of the operationalization of the verification procedure, the JISC agreed on draft procedures on public availability of documents as well as procedures for reviews;", "d. The JISC started its work regarding guidance on criteria for baseline setting and monitoring as well as its work concerning provisions for small-scale (SSC) projects;", "e. The JISC established a Joint Implementation Accreditation Panel (JI-AP), which held its first meeting.", "4. To help ensure the best use of time and resources in meeting future challenges, the JISC, with the assistance of the secretariat, is preparing a JI management plan (JI-MAP) for the biennium 2006–2007 (see addendum to this report).", "5. In summary, the work of the JISC has advanced well in all areas under its purview. Given the limited resources available, however, the achievements were only possible due to a high level of time and effort devoted by members and alternate members of the JISC and JI-AP and secretariat staff.", "B. Rules of procedure", "1. The JISC, at its first meeting, agreed on draft rules of procedure of the JISC, as per the JI guidelines and decision 10/CMP.1, applied them provisionally, and now recommends them for adoption by the COP/MOP. The JISC invites the COP/MOP to take a decision on its recommendation of the rules of procedure, contained in annex I.", "C. Joint implementation project design document form", "1. In accordance with the JI guidelines and decision 10/CMP. 1, the JISC developed a draft JI PDD form and draft guidelines for users of this form. Before agreeing on these documents at its third meeting, the JISC launched a public call for input, inter alia, on their structure and contents. The call was open from 17 March to 16 April 2006. The JISC made the agreed documents public on the UNFCCC JI website.[6]", "2. The draft form has been in effect since 15 June 2006 and shall be used for all JI projects implemented under the verification procedure under the JISC after this date. Projects with written approvals from Parties dated before 15 June 2006 in accordance with paragraph 31 (a) of the JI guidelines shall use either the draft JI PDD form or the clean development mechanism (CDM) PDD forms. In the latter case, the accredited independent entity (AIE) selected by the project participants to perform the determination in accordance with paragraph 33 of the JI guidelines shall confirm that the PDD submitted provides all the information covered by the draft JI PDD form and related JISC guidance.", "3. In this context, the JISC also clarified that the end of the crediting period can be after 2012 subject to the approval by the host Party. The status of emission reductions/enhancements of removals generated by JI projects after the end of the first commitment period may be determined by any relevant agreement under the UNFCCC.[7]", "4. The draft JI PDD form and related guidelines are not applicable to JI land use, land-use change and forestry projects, for which the JISC is developing a separate form and guidelines.", "5. The JISC recommends the draft JI PDD form, contained in annex II, for adoption by the COP/MOP.", "D. Verification procedure under the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "1. At its second meeting, in order to operationalize the verification procedure defined in paragraphs 30–45 of the JI guidelines, the JISC:", "a. Agreed on draft procedures on the public availability of documents;[8]", "b. Requested the secretariat to prepare forms to be used by AIEs when submitting determination or verification reports for publication.", "2. At its third meeting, the JISC:", "a. Agreed on procedures for reviews under the verification procedure under the JISC;[9]", "b. Requested the secretariat to prepare a paper on options for appraising determinations referred to in paragraphs 33 and 37 of the JI guidelines;", "c. Agreed on terms of reference for experts appraising determinations or participating in review teams under the verification procedure under the JISC;[10]", "d. Decided to launch a call for experts with regard to paragraph 18 ‎(c) above.", "E. Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop guidance, as soon as possible, with regard to appendix B of the JI guidelines, including provisions for SSC projects as defined in paragraph 6 (c) of decision 17/CP.7, as appropriate.", "2. At its first meeting, the JISC decided to launch a call for public input on guidance on criteria for baseline setting and monitoring. The call was open for comments from 10 February to 1 March 2006.", "3. At its third meeting, the JISC agreed on a procedure for the development of draft guidance on criteria for baseline setting and monitoring,[11] which set out the schedule including a plan of a call for public input on the draft, the task allocation among the JISC members and alternate members and the support from the secretariat. The call was open from 19 July 2006 to 15 August 2006.", "4. Furthermore, the JISC requested the secretariat to develop, in consultation with selected members and alternate members of the JISC, draft provisions for JI SSC projects consistent with the provisions for CDM SSC project activities.[12]", "F. Accreditation process for independent entities", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to further elaborate, as a priority, standards and procedures for the accreditation of independent entities, consistent with appendix A of the JI guidelines, taking into consideration, as appropriate, procedures for accrediting operational entities developed by the Executive Board of the CDM.", "2. In order to operationalize the accreditation process under JI, the JISC, at its second meeting:", "a. Decided to establish a JI-AP consisting of a minimum of four and a maximum of six experts, and two members of the JISC as Chair and Vice-Chair;", "b. Agreed on terms of reference for the JI-AP;[13]", "c. Decided to launch a public call for experts to serve on the JI-AP;", "d. Expressed its intention to request the JI-AP to review the draft procedure for accrediting independent entities, prepared by the secretariat,[14] and make recommendations on it to the JISC.", "3. The public call for experts referred to in paragraph ‎24 ‎(c) above was open from 29 March to 27 April 2006.", "4. At its third meeting, the JISC selected Mr. Shinichi Iioka, Mr. Ken Beck Lee, Mr. Vijay Mediratta, Ms. Maureen Mutasa, Mr. Takashi Otsubo and Mr. Satish Rao as members of the JI-AP, and elected Mr. Oleg Pluzhnikov as Chair and Ms. Fatou Gaye as Vice-Chair of the panel. (Panel members are paid fees for attending meetings of the panel in accordance with United Nations rules and regulations.)", "5. Also at its third meeting, the JISC decided to start the accreditation process by the end of 2006.", "III. Governance matters", "A. Provisions for the charging of fees and cooperation with other bodies and stakeholders", "1. Mandate and background", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop provisions for the charging of fees to cover administrative costs relating to the activities of the JISC.", "2. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, encouraged the JISC to collaborate with:", "a. The Executive Board of the CDM;", "b. The Compliance Committee under the Kyoto Protocol, in particular with regard to the list of Parties referred to in paragraph 27 of the JI guidelines;", "c. The designated focal points for Article 6 under the Kyoto Protocol;", "d. Observers to meetings of the JISC, referred to in paragraph 18 of the JI guidelines, through regular question-and-answer sessions held in this context.", "2. Work undertaken and action taken", "1. The JISC requested two of its members (including an alternate member), supported by the secretariat, to prepare an information paper on the provisions for the charging of fees for consideration by the JISC at its fourth meeting.[15]", "2. In relation to the mandate referred to in paragraph ‎29 (c) above, the JISC welcomes the information on the designation of focal points for Article 6 under the Kyoto Protocol sent to the secretariat so far, and invites further designations.", "3. With regard to the mandate referred to in paragraph ‎29 ‎(d) above, the JISC decided, at its first meeting, to have a question-and-answer session with registered observers at each of its meetings and to webcast these sessions.[16]", "B. Membership issues", "1. The COP/MOP, at its first session, established the JISC and elected its members and alternate members (table 1) in accordance with paragraphs 4–5 and 8 of the JI guidelines. There were no changes in membership during the reporting period.", "2. At its first meeting, the JISC elected by consensus Ms. Daniela Stoycheva, member from an Annex I Party, as its Chair, and Mr. Shailendra Kumar Joshi, member from a Party not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Party), as its Vice-Chair. Their tenures will end at the first meeting of the JISC in 2007. Prior to assuming their functions, all members and alternate members of the JISC signed a written oath of service in accordance with paragraph 10 (e) of the JI guidelines.", "Table 1. Members and alternate members of the JISC", "Members Alternate members Nominated by", "Mr. Olle Björk^(b) Mr. Franzjosef Other Annex I Parties Schafhausen^(b)", "Mr. Georg Mr. Darren Other Annex I Parties Børsting^(a) Goetze^(a)", "Mr. Jaime Bravo^(b) Mr. Marcos Castro Non-Annex I Parties Rodriguez^(b)", "Ms. Fatou Gaye^(a) Mr. Vincent Kasulu Non-Annex I Parties Seya Makonga^(a)", "Mr. Maurits Blanson Mr. Hiroki Kudo^(a) Other Annex I Parties Henkemans^(a)", "Mr. Shailendra Kumar Mr. Maosheng Non-Annex I Parties Joshi Duan^(b) (Vice-Chair)^(b)", "Mr. Derrick Ms. Yumiko Alliance of Small Island Oderson^(b) Crisostomo^(b) States", "Mr. Oleg Mr. Evgeny Annex I Parties with Pluzhnikov^(b) Sokolov^(b) economies in transition", "Ms. Daniela Stoycheva Ms. Astrida Annex I Parties with (Chair)^(a) Celmina^(a) economies in transition", "Mr. Vlad Trusca^(a) Mr. Matej Annex I Parties with Gasperic^(a) economies in transition", "^(a) Term: three years ending at the first meeting in 2009.", "^(b) Term: two years ending at the first meeting in 2008.", "C. Calendar of meetings in 2006", "1. At its first meeting, the JISC adopted its meeting schedule for 2006, and revised it at its third meeting (table 2).", "Table 2. Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meetings in 2006", "Meeting Date Location", "First 2–3 February UNFCCC headquarters, Bonn, Germany", "Second 8, 10–11 March UNFCCC headquarters", "Third 28–29 May UNFCCC headquarters (in conjunction with the twenty-fourth sessions of the subsidiary bodies)", "Fourth 13–15 September UNFCCC headquarters", "Fifth 31 October – 1 UNFCCC headquarters November", "2. The annotated agendas for the JISC meetings, including documentation supporting agenda items, as well as reports containing all agreements reached by the JISC, are available on the UNFCCC JI website.[17]", "3. To ensure the efficient organization and management of work, the meetings of the JISC were preceded by informal consultations of one to two days. During the reporting period, the workload before the JISC commonly required the committee to be in session or in consultations for well over the eight hours planned during a typical meeting day.", "D. Transparency, communication and information", "1. Rule 21 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC (annex I) requires that the work of the JISC be transparent, subject to the need to protect confidential information. This encompasses the timely public availability of documentation and channels through which external comments by all Parties and all UNFCCC accredited observers and stakeholders can be submitted for consideration by the JISC.[18] Rule 20 requires that documentation be made available via the Internet.[19] Furthermore, the JI guidelines (in particular paragraph 16) require that decisions by the JISC be made available to the public.[20]", "2. The UNFCCC JI website is the principal means by which these requirements are met. It contains reports of meetings of the JISC, documentation on all matters agreed by the JISC, and documentation relating to operations and functions of the JISC and its support structure (e.g. the JI-AP), accredited independent entities, project participants, experts, the public and the secretariat. It will also present information made available by designated focal points established by Parties and notified to the secretariat. In addition, it contains a wide range of background documentation relating to JI (from COP/MOP decisions to application forms for experts). Furthermore, it provides an interface for public input on various topics as deemed necessary by the JISC and for experts to apply for membership on supporting bodies (e.g. JI-AP, review teams, etc.). Linked to the website is the JI News facility which sends the latest information on JI to more than 670 of the website’s 697 subscribers.[21]", "3. The secretariat also operates two extranets and two listservers to promote efficient, cost-effective and transparent exchange of information between the JISC, the JI-AP and the secretariat. These electronic facilities are essential for the smooth and cost-effective functioning of the JISC. Additional extranets and listservers will be created once the verification procedure and the accreditation procedure under the JISC are fully operationalized.", "4. In accordance with paragraph 18 of the JI guidelines and rule 22 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC, all Parties and UNFCCC accredited observers and stakeholders may attend JISC meetings as observers, except where otherwise decided by the JISC and provided they register at least two weeks before the meeting. In the reporting period, JISC meetings were attended on average by 11 observers from Parties, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). In addition, the JISC organized a question-and-answer session as a side event of the twenty-fourth sessions of the subsidiary bodies, which was open to all participants of the sessions.[22]", "5. To further improve transparency, the JISC webcasts its meetings.[23] On average, the live webcasts are accessed 810 times per meeting, resulting in 94 hours of viewing. Each archived webcast attracts a similar number of visits in the three-month period following each meeting. The webcasts cover the question-and-answer sessions with registered observers.", "6. In addition, a workshop on JI was held in Bonn, Germany, on 9–10 March 2006.[24] Organized by the secretariat, the workshop brought together JISC members and alternate members, and more than 80 experts on project-based mechanisms, including members of the CDM Executive Board, UNFCCC national focal points of both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties, UNFCCC accredited NGOs and IGOs, project developers, consultants and designated operational entities, to share information on the progress of the JISC and exchange views, including on critical issues relating to operationalization of the verification procedure under the JISC.", "E. Role of the secretariat", "1. The UNFCCC secretariat services the JISC, in accordance with paragraph 19 of the JI guidelines and rule 28 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC.", "2. The secretariat provided administrative, logistical and substantive support to three JISC meetings and one JI-AP meeting during the reporting period. It also developed and maintained the JI website and the web interfaces for calls for public input and experts, and responded to external queries.", "3. Staffing was tight at the secretariat when the JISC was established. Although additional staff members have been recruited, staffing at the secretariat remains insufficient to ensure the long-term provision of timely, high quality support to the JISC, particularly with respect to case handling under the accreditation and verification procedures under the JISC, which are to be operationalized soon.", "4. The secretariat undertook fund-raising in support of the work on JI, managed contributions from Parties, and reported regularly to the JISC on the status of resources (see chapter IV below).", "IV. Resources", "A. Joint implementation management plan 2006–2007", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop, as soon as possible, its management plan including a budget plan for 2006–2007 and to keep it under review, bearing in mind the experience of the CDM Executive Board in this area.", "2. The JISC considered a draft management plan prepared by the secretariat and agreed on main contents. The JISC requested the secretariat to update the JI-MAP to reflect discussion, agreements made and priorities identified at its third meeting, with a view to adopting the plan at its fourth meeting, on 13–15 September 2006. The finalized plan will be presented in an addendum to this report.", "B. Resources for the work on joint implementation", "1. During the reporting period, the JISC monitored and reviewed the status of resources for the work on JI, based on reports by the secretariat. Comprehensive information on the major activity areas (meetings and activities of the JISC, activities relating to accreditation of independent entities and review of determinations, technical workshops, and activities by the secretariat in support of the above‑mentioned areas of work) and resource requirements was developed by the secretariat. This information was used for initial fund-raising, and was later included in the draft JI-MAP. Updated information on the budget and expenditure will be presented in an addendum to this report.", "1. Annex III contains a summary of pledges and contributions by Parties and regional organizations to support work on JI in 2006. Contributions are acknowledged with appreciation.", "2. The COP/MOP, by its decision 9/CMP.1, decided that administrative costs arising from procedures contained in the JI guidelines relating to the functions of the JISC shall be borne both by Annex I Parties and by the project participants according to specifications set out in a decision by the COP/MOP at its first session. In this context, the COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop provisions for the charging of fees.", "3. In accordance with the work programme of the JISC agreed at its first meeting, the JISC will start its consideration of fees at its fourth meeting (13–15 September 2006). The JISC’s conclusions and recommendations on the matter will be included in an addendum to this report.", "4. The resources for supplementary funding during the reporting period were as follows:", "a. Carry over from 2005: USD 84,144", "b. Contributions by Parties: USD 399,397 (see annex III).", "5. At the end of the reporting period, the resource gap was USD 0.8 million for the remainder of 2006 and USD 2.8 million to the end of 2007, based on the current budget. Even if the provisions on fees referred to in paragraphs 52–53 above are agreed and introduced soon, it cannot be expected, based on the experience of the CDM, that the proceeds from fees will quickly fill this gap. Therefore, voluntary contributions from Annex I Parties should continue to cover a major part of the administrative expenses for implementing Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, at least to the end of 2007.", "6. Given this situation, the JISC, throughout the reporting period, reiterated calls by the COP and the COP/MOP to Annex I Parties to make contributions to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities to ensure that all necessary activities envisaged in the biennium 2006–2007 can be carried out in a predictable and sustainable manner. Lack of such contributions has meant limitations in the hiring of staff necessary to support the work of the JISC, and might result in a scaling back of the envisaged work and a cancellation of some planned meetings.", "V. Summary of decisions", "1. As per paragraph 16 of the JI guidelines, decisions of the JISC are made publicly available in all six official languages of the United Nations by including the decisions or referring to them (indicating their placement on the UNFCCC JI website) in the JISC annual report to the COP/MOP.", "Annex I", "Draft rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "I. Scope", "Rule 1", "These rules of procedure shall apply to all activities of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee undertaken in accordance with decisions 16/CP.7[25] and 9/CMP.1,[26] and the annexes thereto on guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol as well as any other relevant decisions.", "II. Definitions", "Rule 2", "For the purpose of these rules:", "1. “Joint Implementation guidelines” means guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol contained in the annex to decision 9/CMP.1;", "2. “UNFCCC” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;", "3. “COP/MOP” means the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol;", "4. “JI” means the mechanism referred to in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol;", "5. “Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee” is the committee established by decision 10/CMP.1[27] and the name given by that decision to the Article 6 Supervisory Committee as defined in the Joint Implementation guidelines adopted by decision 9/CMP.1. Throughout these Rules, “{Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee” has replaced “Article 6 Supervisory Committee” when the Joint Implementation guidelines are cited;", "6. “Chair” and “Vice-Chair” mean the members of the Committee elected as Chair and Vice‑Chair by the Committee;", "7. “Member” means member of the Committee;", "8. “Alternate member” means alternate member of the Committee;", "9. “Secretariat” means the secretariat referred to in Article 14 of the Kyoto Protocol and paragraph 19 of the Joint Implementation guidelines;", "Paragraph 1 (e) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n10. “Stakeholders” means the public, including individuals, groups orcommunities affected, or likely to be affected, by the project;", "11. For the purpose of rules 21 and 22, Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol may exercise the same rights as all other observers.", "III. Members and alternate members", "A. Nomination, election and re-election", "Rule 3", "Paragraph 4 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall comprise 10members from Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, as follows: (a) Three members from Parties included in Annex I that areundergoing the process of transition to a market economy; (b) Three members from Parties included in Annex I not referred to insubparagraph (a); (c) Three members from Parties not included in Annex I; \n (d) One member from the small island developing States.", "Rule 4", "Paragraph 5 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. Members, including alternate members, of the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee shall be nominated by therelevant constituencies referred to in paragraph 4 {of the JointImplementation guidelines} and be elected by the COP/MOP. TheCOP/MOP shall elect to the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee five members and five alternate members for a term oftwo years and five members and five alternate members for a termof three years. Thereafter, the COP/MOP shall elect, every year,five new members and five alternate members for a term of twoyears. Appointment pursuant to paragraph 12 {of the JointImplementation guidelines} shall count as one term. The membersand alternate members shall remain in office until theirsuccessors are elected.", "Paragraph 6 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n2. Members of the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee maybe eligible to serve a maximum of two consecutive terms. Terms asalternate members do not count.", "Paragraph 10 (a) and (d) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: 3. Members, including alternate members, of the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee shall: (a) Serve in their personal capacities and shall have recognizedcompetence relating to climate change issues and in relevanttechnical and policy fields; \n(b) Be bound by the rules of procedure of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee.", "1. The term of service of a member, or an alternate member, shall start at the first meeting of the Committee in the calendar year following his/her election and shall end immediately before the first meeting of the Committee in the calendar year in which the term ends.", "Rule 5", "Paragraph 8 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The COP/MOP shall elect an alternate member for each member ofthe {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee based on thecriteria in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 {of the Joint Implementationguidelines}. The nomination by a constituency of a candidatemember shall be accompanied by a nomination of a candidatealternate member from the same constituency.", "2. Any reference in these rules to a member shall be deemed to include his/her alternate when such alternate acts for the member.", "3. In the absence of a member from a meeting of the Committee, his/her alternate shall serve as the member for that meeting.", "Rule 6", "Paragraph 10 (a) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The cost of participation of members and of alternate membersfrom developing country Parties and other Parties eligible underUNFCCC practice shall be covered by the budget for the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee.", "2. Funding for participation shall be provided in accordance with the financial regulations of the United Nations and the financial procedures of the UNFCCC.", "A. Suspension, termination and resignation", "Rule 7", "Paragraph 11 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee may suspend andrecommend to the COP/MOP the termination of the membership of aparticular member, including an alternate member, for causeincluding, inter alia, breach of the conflict of interestprovisions, breach of the confidentiality provisions, or failureto attend two consecutive meetings of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee without proper justification.", "2. Any motion calling for the suspension of, and recommendation to the COP/MOP to terminate the membership of, a member, or an alternate member, shall immediately be put to the vote in accordance with the voting rules in chapter V below. When the motion concerns the suspension of, and recommendation to the COP/MOP to terminate the membership of, the Chair, the Vice-Chair shall act as the Chair until the voting has been conducted and its result announced.", "3. The Committee shall suspend and recommend termination of the membership of a member, or an alternate member, only after the member, or the alternate member, has been afforded the opportunity of a hearing by the Committee in a meeting.", "Rule 8", "Paragraph 12 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. If a member, or an alternate member, of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee resigns or is otherwise unable to complete theassigned term of office or to perform the functions of that office,the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee may decide, bearingin mind the proximity of the next session of the COP/MOP, to appointanother member, or an alternate member, from the same constituency toreplace the said member for the remainder of that member’s mandate.In such a case, the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committeeshall take into account any views expressed by the group that hadnominated the member.", "2. The Committee shall request the relevant constituency to nominate the new member, or the new alternate member, to be appointed in accordance with paragraph 1 of this rule.", "A. Conflict of interest and confidentiality", "Rule 9", "Paragraph 10 (b) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {Members, including alternate members, of the JointImplementation Supervisory Committee shall} {h}ave no pecuniaryor financial interest in any aspect of an Article 6 project.", "2. Members, including alternate members, of the Committee shall have no pecuniary or financial interest in any accredited independent entity, or any designated operational entity acting provisionally as an accredited independent entity.", "Rule 10", "Paragraph 10 (e) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {Members, including alternate members, of the Joint ImplementationSupervisory Committee shall} {t}ake a written oath of servicewitnessed by the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC or his/herauthorized representative before assuming his or her duties.", "2. The written oath of service shall read as follows:", "“I solemnly declare that I will perform my duties as a member/alternate member of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee honourably, faithfully, impartially and conscientiously.", "“I further solemnly declare and promise that I now do not have and shall not have any financial interest in any aspect of joint implementation, including accreditation of independent entities. I will not disclose, even after the termination of my functions, any confidential or proprietary information which is transferred to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in accordance with the guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, or any other confidential information coming to my knowledge by reason of my duties for the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "“I will disclose to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee any direct and indirect interest whatsoever that I or my immediate family have in any matter under discussion by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee which may constitute a conflict of interest or which may be incompatible with the requirements of integrity and impartiality expected of a member/alternate member of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and I will refrain from participating in the work of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in relation to any such matter.", "“I further solemnly declare and promise that in case of any doubt as to whether there is an issue under the preceding paragraphs of this Declaration I shall disclose the full facts to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.”", "Rule 11", "Paragraph 10 (c) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {Members, including alternate members, of the Joint ImplementationSupervisory Committee shall}, {s}ubject to their responsibility tothe {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee, not disclose anyconfidential or proprietary information coming to their knowledge byreason of their duties for the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee. The duty of a member, including an alternate member, notto disclose confidential information constitutes an obligation inrespect to that member, including an alternate member, and shallremain an obligation after the expiration or termination of thatmember’s, including an alternate member’s, function for the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee.", "Paragraph 40 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n2. Information obtained {by members, and alternate members,} fromproject participants marked as proprietary or confidential shall notbe disclosed without the written consent of the provider of theinformation, except as required by applicable national law of thehost Party. Information used to determine whether reductions inanthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancements of anthropogenicremovals by sinks are additional, to describe the baselinemethodology and its application, and to support an environmentalimpact assessment referred to in paragraph 33 (d) {of the JointImplementation guidelines}, shall not be considered as proprietary orconfidential.", "A. Officers", "Rule 12", "Paragraph 7 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall electannually a Chair and Vice-Chair from among its members, with onebeing from a Party included in Annex I and the other being from aParty not included in Annex I. The positions of Chair and Vice-Chairshall alternate annually between a member from a Party included inAnnex I and a member from a Party not included in Annex I.", "2. At the first Committee meeting of each calendar year, the Committee shall elect a Chair and a Vice-Chair from among its members. The secretary of the Committee as defined in rule 30 shall preside over the opening of the first Committee meeting of each calendar year and conduct the election of the new Chair and Vice-Chair.", "Rule 13", "1. The Chair and Vice-Chair shall serve in their respective capacities at any meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "2. If the elected Chair is not able to serve in that capacity for a meeting, the Vice-Chair shall serve as the Chair. If both are unable to serve in their respective capacities, the Committee shall elect a member from among its members present to serve as the Chair for that meeting.", "3. If the Chair or Vice-Chair ceases to be able to carry out his or her functions, or ceases to be a member, a new Chair or Vice-Chair shall be elected for the remainder of the term.", "Rule 14", "1. The Chair shall preside over the meetings of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee as provided for under this rule.", "2. In addition to exercising the functions conferred upon the Chair elsewhere by these rules, the Chair shall declare the opening and closing of meetings, preside at meetings, ensure the observance of these rules, accord the right to speak, put questions to the vote and announce decisions. The Chair shall rule on points of order and, subject to these rules, shall have complete control of the proceedings and over the maintenance of order at the meeting.", "3. The Chair may propose to the Committee a limitation on the time to be allowed to speakers and on the number of times each member may speak on a question, the adjournment or closure of the debate and the suspension or adjournment of a meeting.", "4. The Chair, or any other member designated by the Committee, shall represent the Committee as necessary, including at sessions of the COP/MOP.", "IV. Meetings", "A. Dates", "Rule 15", "Paragraph 9 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \nThe {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall meet at leasttwo times each year, whenever possible in conjunction with themeetings of the subsidiary bodies, unless decided otherwise.", "Rule 16", "1. At the first Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting of each calendar year, the Chair shall propose for the approval of the Committee a schedule of meetings for that calendar year.", "2. If changes to the schedule or additional meetings are required, the Chair shall, after consultations with all members, give notice of any changes in the dates of scheduled meetings, and/or of the dates of additional meetings.", "Rule 17", "1. The Chair shall convene and give notice of the date of each meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, if possible not less than eight weeks prior to the date of such meeting.", "2. The secretariat shall promptly notify all those invited to the meeting.", "A. Venue", "Rule 18", "Meetings of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee held in conjunction with sessions of the subsidiary bodies shall be held at the same location as the sessions of these bodies. Other meetings of the Committee shall take place at the location of the secretariat, unless the Committee decides otherwise or other appropriate arrangements are made by the secretariat in consultation with the Chair.", "B. Agenda", "Rule 19", "1. The Chair, assisted by the secretariat, shall draft the provisional agenda of each meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and transmit a copy of such provisional agenda, agreed upon by the Committee at its previous meeting, to all those invited to the meeting.", "2. Additions or changes to the provisional agenda of a meeting may be proposed to the secretariat by any member, or alternate member, and incorporated in the proposed agenda provided that the member, or alternate member, shall give notice thereof to the secretariat not less than four weeks before the date set for the opening of the meeting. The proposed agenda for the meeting shall be transmitted by the secretariat to all those invited to the meeting three weeks before the date set for the opening of the meeting.", "3. The Committee shall, at the beginning of each meeting, adopt the agenda for the meeting.", "4. Any item included on the agenda for a meeting of the Committee, consideration of which has not been completed at that meeting, shall automatically be included on the provisional agenda for the next meeting, unless otherwise decided by the Committee.", "A. Documentation", "Rule 20", "1. All documentation for a Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting shall be made available to members and alternate members through the secretariat at least two weeks before the meeting.", "2. Documentation shall be made publicly available by the secretariat via the Internet soon after transmission to members and alternate members. Availability of such documentation shall be subject to confidentiality provisions.", "A. Transparency", "Rule 21", "Subject to the need to protect confidential information, the principle of transparency should apply to all the work of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, encompassing the timely public availability of documentation and channels through which external comments by all Parties and all UNFCCC accredited observers and stakeholders can be submitted for consideration by the Committee. The posting of the proceedings of the Committee’s meetings on the Internet is one way to ensure transparency.", "B. Attendance", "Rule 22", "Paragraph 18 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. Meetings of the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shallbe open to attendance, as observers, by all Parties and by all UNFCCCaccredited observers and stakeholders, except where otherwise decidedby the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee.", "2. In the context of paragraph 1 above, the Committee may decide, in the interests of economy and efficiency, to limit physical attendance at its meetings to members, alternate members and secretariat support staff. In such instances, the Committee shall take all practicable steps to accommodate in other ways the interests of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and accredited UNFCCC observers and stakeholders to observe its proceedings, except when the Committee decides to close all or a portion of a meeting.", "3. Observers may, upon invitation by the Committee, make presentations relating to matters under consideration by the Committee.", "C. Quorum", "Rule 23", "Paragraph 14 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \nAt least two thirds of the members of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee, representing a majority of members fromParties included in Annex I and a majority of members from Partiesnot included in Annex I, must be present to constitute a quorum.", "V. Voting", "Rule 24", "Paragraph 15 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. Decisions by the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committeeshall be taken by consensus, whenever possible. If all efforts atreaching a consensus have been exhausted and no agreement has beenreached, decisions shall as a last resort be adopted by athree-fourths majority vote of the members present and voting at themeeting. Members abstaining from voting shall be considered as notvoting.", "2. The Chair shall ascertain whether consensus has been reached. The Chair shall declare that a consensus does not exist if there is a stated objection by a member of the Committee or by an alternate member acting for a member to the proposed decision under consideration.", "3. Each member shall have one vote.", "4. Alternate members may participate in the proceedings of the Committee without the right to vote. An alternate member may cast a vote only if acting for the member.", "Rule 25", "1. Whenever, in the judgment of the Chair, a decision must be taken by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee which cannot be postponed until the next meeting of the Committee, the Chair shall transmit to each member a proposed decision, with an invitation to approve the decision by consensus. Together with the proposed decision, the Chair shall provide, subject to the applicable confidentiality requirements, the relevant facts that, in the Chair’s judgement, justify decision-making pursuant to this rule 25. The proposed decision shall be transmitted in the form of an electronic message through the listserver of the Committee. A quorum of the Committee is required to confirm the receipt of the message. Such a message shall also be transmitted to alternate members for information.", "2. Members, and/or alternate members, shall be given two weeks from the date of receipt of the proposed decision for comments. These comments shall be made available to members and alternate members via the Committee listserver.", "3. At the expiration of the period referred to in paragraph 2 above, the proposed decision shall be considered approved if there is no objection by any member. If an objection is raised, the Chair shall include consideration of the proposed decision as an item on the proposed agenda for the next meeting of the Committee and inform the Committee accordingly.", "4. Any decision made using the procedure specified in paragraphs 1 to 3 of this rule shall be included in the report of the Committee at its next meeting and shall be deemed to have been taken at the seat of the UNFCCC secretariat in Bonn, Germany.", "VI. Languages", "Rule 26", "Paragraph 16 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The full text of all decisions of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee shall be made publicly available. Decisionsshall be made available in all six official languages of theUnited Nations.", "Paragraph 17 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n2. The working language of the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee shall be English.", "VII. Expertise", "Rule 27", "Paragraph 13 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall draw on theexpertise necessary to perform its functions, in particular takinginto account national accreditation procedures.", "2. The Committee may establish subcommittees, panels or working groups to assist it in performing its functions.", "VIII. Secretariat", "Rule 28", "Paragraph 19 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \nThe secretariat shall service the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee.", "Rule 29", "The Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC shall arrange for the provision of staff and services required for the servicing of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee from within available resources. The Executive Secretary shall manage and direct such staff and services and provide appropriate support and advice to the Committee.", "Rule 30", "An official of the secretariat designated by the Executive Secretary shall serve as secretary to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "Rule 31", "In addition to the functions specified in the Joint Implementation guidelines and/or any subsequent decision by the COP/MOP, the secretariat shall, in accordance with these rules, and subject to the availability of resources:", "a. Receive, reproduce and distribute to members and alternate members the documents of a meeting;", "b. Receive and translate decisions into all six official languages of the United Nations and make publicly available the full texts of all decisions of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee;", "c. Assist the Committee in fulfilling tasks relating to the maintenance of files and the collection, processing and public availability of information;", "d. Perform all other work that the Committee may require.", "Rule 32", "The financial regulations of the United Nations and the financial procedures of the UNFCCC shall apply.", "IX. Conduct of business", "Rule 33", "The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall undertake any tasks assigned to it by decision 16/CP.7, in accordance with the Joint Implementation guidelines, and by any subsequent decision taken by the COP/MOP.", "Rule 34", "1. The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, and the secretariat, in its mandated role of support to the Committee, may use electronic means for transmission and storage of documentation.", "2. The documentation submitted using electronic means is subject to the transparency and confidentiality provisions of the Joint Implementation guidelines. In submitting any documentation through electronic means (e.g. the UNFCCC JI website), the submitter shall acknowledge that he or she has read the relevant procedures and agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of submission of documentation, including with respect to the submitter’s sole responsibility for the content of his or her submission and the waiver of all claims associated with use of electronic means of submitting and transmitting documentation.", "3. The Committee shall not be made responsible for any claim or loss arising from the transmission, storage or use of documentation obtained through electronic means. Neither the confidentiality nor the integrity of the documentation submitted can be guaranteed following electronic transmission and storage.", "X. Record of the meeting", "Rule 35", "Before the end of each meeting, the Chair shall present draft conclusions and decisions of the meeting for consideration and approval by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee. Any written records of the Committee or recordings of proceedings shall be kept by the secretariat in accordance with United Nations rules and regulations.", "XI. Amendments to the rules", "Rule 36", "Paragraph 3 (g) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall beresponsible for} {t}he elaboration of any rules of procedureadditional to those contained in the {Joint Implementationguidelines}, for consideration by the COP/MOP.", "2. Further to any action under paragraph 1 of this rule, the Committee may also make recommendations to the COP/MOP on any amendments or additions to the rules of procedure of the Committee.", "Annex II", "Draft joint implementation project design document form", "JOINT IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM Version 01 - in effect as of: 15 June 2006", "CONTENTS", "A. General description of the project", "B. Baseline", "C. Duration of the project / crediting period", "D. Monitoring plan", "E. Estimation of greenhouse gas emission reductions", "F. Environmental impacts", "G. Stakeholders’ comments", "Annexes", "Annex 1: Contact information on project participants", "Annex 2: Baseline information", "Annex 3: Monitoring plan", "SECTION A. General description of the project", "A.1. Title of the project:", ">>", "A.2. Description of the project:", ">>", "A.3. Project participants:", ">>", "A.4. Technical description of the project:", "A.4.1. Location of the project:", ">>", "A.4.1.1. Host Party(ies):", ">>", "A.4.1.2. Region/State/Province etc.:", ">>", "A.4.1.3. City/Town/Community etc.:", ">>", "A.4.1.4. Detail of physical location, including information allowing the unique identification of the project (maximum one page):", ">>", "A.4.2. Technology(ies) to be employed, or measures, operations or actions to be implemented by the project:", ">>", "A.4.3. Brief explanation of how the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources are to be reduced by the proposed JI project, including why the emission reductions would not occur in the absence of the proposed project, taking into account national and/or sectoral policies and circumstances:", ">>", "A.4.3.1. Estimated amount of emission reductions over the crediting period:", ">>", "A.5. Project approval by the Parties involved:", ">>", "SECTION B. Baseline", "B.1. Description and justification of the baseline chosen:", ">>", "B.2. Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the JI project:", ">>", "B.3. Description of how the definition of the project boundary is applied to the project:", ">>", "B.4. Further baseline information, including the date of baseline setting and the name(s) of the person(s)/entity(ies) setting the baseline:", ">>", "SECTION C. Duration of the project / crediting period", "C.1. Starting date of the project:", ">>", "C.2. Expected operational lifetime of the project:", ">>", "C.3. Length of the crediting period:", ">>", "SECTION D. Monitoring plan", "D.1. Description of monitoring plan chosen:", ">>", "D.1.1. Option 1 – Monitoring of the emissions in the project scenario and the baseline scenario:", "D.1.1.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor emissions from the project, and how these data will be archived:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.1.2. Description of formulae used to estimate project emissions (for each gas, source etc.; emissions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.1.3. Relevant data necessary for determining the baseline of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources within the project boundary, and how such data will be collected and archived:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.1.4. Description of formulae used to estimate baseline emissions (for each gas, source etc.; emissions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D. 1.2. Option 2 – Direct monitoring of emission reductions from the project (values should be consistent with those in section E.):", "D.1.2.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor emission reductions from the project, and how these data will be archived:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.2.2. Description of formulae used to calculate emission reductions from the project (for each gas, source etc.; emissions/emission reductions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.3. Treatment of leakage in the monitoring plan:", "D.1.3.1. If applicable, please describe the data and information that will be collected in order to monitor leakage effects of the project:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.3.2. Description of formulae used to estimate leakage (for each gas, source etc.; emissions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.4. Description of formulae used to estimate emission reductions for the project (for each gas, source etc.; emissions/emission reductions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.5. Where applicable, in accordance with procedures as required by the host Party, information on the collection and archiving of information on the environmental impacts of the project:", ">>", "D.2. Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures undertaken for data monitored:", "Data Uncertainty level Explain QA/QC procedures planned for these (Indicate of data data, or why such procedures are not table and (high/medium/low) necessary. ID number)", "D.3. Please describe the operational and management structure that the project operator will apply in implementing the monitoring plan:", ">>", "D.4. Name of person(s)/entity(ies) establishing the monitoring plan:", ">>", "SECTION E. Estimation of greenhouse gas emission reductions", "E.1. Estimated project emissions:", ">>", "E.2. Estimated leakage:", ">>", "E.3. The sum of E.1. and E.2.:", ">>", "E.4. Estimated baseline emissions:", ">>", "E.5. Difference between E.4. and E.3. representing the emission reductions of the project:", ">>", "E.6. Table providing values obtained when applying formulae above:", ">>", "SECTION F. Environmental impacts", "F.1. Documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts of the project, including transboundary impacts, in accordance with procedures as determined by the host Party:", ">>", "F.2. If environmental impacts are considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, please provide conclusions and all references to supporting documentation of an environmental impact assessment undertaken in accordance with the procedures as required by the host Party:", ">>", "SECTION G. Stakeholders’ comments", "G.1. Information on stakeholders’ comments on the project, as appropriate:", ">>", "Appendix", "The table below appears as annex 1 in the joint implementation project design document (JI PDD) form. Information on the baseline and on the monitoring plan is supplied by project participants in annexes 2 and 3 of the JI PDD form, respectively.", "CONTACT INFORMATION ON PROJECT PARTICIPANTS", "Organisation:", "Street/P.O.Box:", "Building:", "City:", "State/Region:", "Postal code:", "Country:", "Phone:", "Fax:", "E-mail:", "URL:", "Represented by:", "Title:", "Salutation:", "Last name:", "Middle name:", "First name:", "Department:", "Phone (direct):", "Fax (direct):", "Mobile:", "Personal e-mail:", "Annex III", "Status of supplementary resources available in 2006 to support joint implementation activities", "Parties included in Annex I to theConvention^(a)\tContributionsas at 31July 2006\tPledgesoutstanding\n Austria 1,650 0 \n Belarus \n Belgium 10,297 0 \n Bulgaria \n Canada 156,252 500,000 \n Czech Republic \n Denmark \n Estonia \n European Community 0 310,559 \n Finland \n France 0 60,000 \n Germany \n Greece \n Hungary \n Iceland \n Ireland 8,075 0 \n Italy \n Japan \n Latvia \n Liechtenstein \n Lithuania \n Luxembourg 1,000 0 \n Monaco \n Netherlands 50,229 0 \n New Zealand \n Norway \n Nordic Council of Ministers^(b) 0 24,590 \n Poland \n Portugal \n Romania \n Russian Federation \n Slovakia \n Slovenia 1,907 0 \n Spain \n Sweden 29,986 0 \n Switzerland \n Ukraine \nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\t140,000\t0\n TOTAL 399,397 895,149", "Note: Some contributions differ from the pledge due to exchange rate fluctuations.", "^(a) Only the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol are listed.", "^(b) A forum for Nordic parliamentary co-operation (not a Party to the Convention). A pledge of the Council was made in April 2004.", "[1] Decision 9/CMP.1, annex.", "[2] As per decision 9/CMP.1, annex, paragraphs 30–45.", "[3] Further details on operations, functions and agreements/decisions are also available on the UNFCCC JI website <http://ji.unfccc.int>.", "[4] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[5] As per decision 9/CMP.1, annex, paragraphs 30–45.", "[6] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Forms.html> and <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Docs.html>.", "[7] It should be noted that decision 1/CMP.1 indicates that negotiations by Parties with regard to subsequent commitment periods shall be undertaken in such a way as to ensure that there is no gap between the first and second commitment periods.", "[8] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[9] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[10] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[11] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[12] This document was in development at the end of the reporting period.", "[13] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[14] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings/Sup_Committee/Meetings/002/index.html>.", "[15] This document was in development at the end of the reporting period.", "[16] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[17] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[18] At its first meeting, the JISC agreed that communications addressed to the JISC, or its members and alternate members, received by the secretariat will be made available on the JISC extranet. All such communications will receive a standard acknowledgement of receipt. The Vice-Chair of the JISC will advise the secretariat with regard to responses.", "[19] Agendas, work programmes, annotations to proposed agendas, etc.", "[20] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[21] As at 31 July 2006.", "[22] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop>.", "[23] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[24] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop/Workshop/March_2006/index.html>.", "[25] ¹ FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2.", "[26] ² FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.", "[27] ³ FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2." ]

[ "Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Second session", "Nairobi, 6-17 November 2006", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "Report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "Annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "This is a summary of the annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JIS) to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP/CMP) on the activities of 7 December 2005 to 31 July 2006. The report makes recommendations on decisions to be taken by the CMP at its second session on the rules of procedure for the JISC and the joint implementation project design. It also referred to the work of the Joint Electoral Commission during the reporting period, including the implementation of the verification process, standard guidance for the identification and monitoring of benchmarks, and the establishment of the Joint Implementation Certification Panel. The CMP may wish to provide further guidance on joint implementation, in particular guidance to the JISC, in accordance with this information. The report also focuses on the areas of governance, management and resources that are essential to the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of the work of the Joint Commission. The CIS reiterates the urgent need for adequate and predictable resources to carry out its activities. The work of the Joint Electoral Commission from early August to early November 2006 will be presented in an addendum to the present report. Ms. Daniela Stoycheva, Chairman of the Joint Electoral Commission, will focus on the achievements and future challenges of the Joint Electoral Commission when speaking to the Conference.", "Paragraphs Page", "Paragraphs Page", "Introduction 1 - 5 3", "Mandate 1 - 2 3", "Scope of the present report 3 - 4 3", "Action to be taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol 5", "Work undertaken since the first session of the CMP 6 - 27 4", "Summary of work 6 x 4", "Rules of procedure 11 5", "C. Form of joint implementation project designs 12 - 16 5", "Verification process of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee 17 - 18 6", "E. Benchmarking and monitoring criteria 19 - 22 7", "Independent entity accreditation process 23 - 27 7", "Governance matters 28 - 47 8", "Fee provisions and cooperation with other bodies and stakeholders 28 - 32 8", "Membership 33 - 34 9", "C. Calendar of conferences and meetings for 2006 35 - 37 10", "Transparency, communication and information 38 - 43 11", "E. Role of the secretariat 44 - 47 12", "Source 48 - 56 13", "Joint Implementation Management Plan 2006-2007 48 - 49 13", "Resources for joint implementation 50 - 56 13", "Summary of decisions 57 14", "Annex", "Draft rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee 15", "Draft table for the design of joint implementation projects 30", "Status of supplementary resources available to support joint implementation activities in 2006 38", "Introduction", "Mandate", "The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JIS) was established by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) through decision 10/CMP.1 to oversee verification of emission reduction units arising from Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (Joint Implementation Guide). Annexes", "The Joint Implementation Guide requests the joint JISC to report to the CMP at its sessions on its activities, to provide guidance to the CMP on the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol and to exercise the leadership of the JISC.", "Scope of the present report", "The present report provides information on progress made in the implementation of the verification process through its decisions and actions taken under the joint JISC, [2] and makes recommendations on decisions to be taken by the CMP at its second session. The report also discusses governance issues, in particular the measures taken for the efficient, cost-effective and transparent functioning of the Joint Electoral Commission, as well as resource requirements for work on Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol in the biennium 2006-2007, as well as existing resources.", "During the reporting period, the Joint CIS was established from 7 December 2005 to 31 July 2006 (as reported). This period will be presented in an addendum to the present report. [3]", "C. Action to be taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "After reviewing the annual report of the Joint CIS, the CMP, at its second session, may wish to take the following decisions:", "(a) Further guidance on joint implementation, in particular to the Joint Electoral Commission;", "(b) Adoption of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC (see annex I);", "(c) Adoption of the draft form of a joint implementation project design document (see annex II);", "(d) Reaffirm its request to Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) to make immediate voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities to cover administrative costs for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol in the biennium 2006-2007.", "Work undertaken since the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Summary of work", "Since the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol on 16 February 2005, in particular the establishment of the Joint Electoral Commission, joint implementation has attracted growing attention. The first meeting of the Joint CIS agreed on a programme of work, [4] of which was the main task of implementing the verification process and [5] was expected to be completed in the second half of 2006.", "In order to ensure the proper dissemination of information on the decisions of the JISC and on the process of decisions, the members and alternate members of the JISC, as well as the Secretariat, organize and/or participate in a number of interpretations of the decision process and the activities to present its results. The JCC took note of the interests and concerns of the stakes and sought to be addressed through streamlined and facilitation processes and procedures, if feasible and consistent with the Marrakesh Agreement.", "The main tasks completed since the first session of the CMP may be summarized as follows:", "(a) The draft rules of procedure agreed upon and provisionally applied by the Joint CIS, which is now recommended for adoption by the CMP;", "(b) The Joint CIS agreed and provisionally applied the draft form of a joint implementation project design document, which is now recommended for adoption by the CMP. The CIS also agreed on the use guide for the draft format;", "(c) As part of the implementation of the verification process, the Joint Electoral Commission agreed on draft procedures for the provision of documents and the review process;", "(d) The work of the Joint Electoral Commission on the development and monitoring of benchmarks and the provision of small-scale projects.", "(e) The Joint Electoral Commission established the Joint Implementation Accreditation Panel (Accreditation Group), which held its first meeting.", "In order to help to make the most efficient use of time and resources in response to future challenges, the Joint Electoral Commission is preparing a joint implementation management plan for the biennium 2006-2007, with the assistance of the secretariat (see addendum to the present report).", "In summary, the work of the Joint Electoral Commission has been good in all aspects of its mandate. However, the achievement of these achievements is limited, and there is no significant time and energy for joint members and alternate members of the CIS, the Certification Group and the Secretariat.", "Rules of procedure", "At the first meeting of the Joint CIS, the draft rules of procedure for the Joint CIS were agreed upon in accordance with the guidelines for joint implementation and decision 10/CMP.1 and provisional application is now recommended for adoption by the CMP. The CIS invited the CMP to take a decision on its recommendations contained in annex I on the rules of procedure.", "C. Form of the joint implementation project design", "In accordance with the guidelines for joint implementation and decision 10/CMP.1, the joint JISC prepared a draft form for the design of joint implementation projects and prepared draft guidelines for users of the format. The third CIS meeting was open to views on the structure and content of the two documents before agreeing on those documents. This requirement started on 17 March 2006 until 16 April. The Joint CIS published agreed documents on the UNFCCC joint implementation website. [6]", "The draft format was launched on 15 June 2006 and should be used for all joint implementation projects implemented under the verification process of the JISC. The project approved by Parties in writing by 15 June 2006 in accordance with paragraph 31 (a) of the Joint Implementation Guide shall be used either in the form or in the form of a clean development mechanism project design document. If the latter is the project participants who have decided pursuant to paragraph 33 of the Joint Implementation Guide, an independent entity that has chosen to certify that the submission of the project design document provides all information contained in the draft joint implementation project design form and the relevant guidance of the Joint Implementation Commission.", "In this regard, the Joint Electoral Commission also clarified that the credit period could be considered to be extended beyond 2012. The emission reductions/removal increase arising from the first joint implementation project after the first commitment period may be determined in accordance with any relevant agreement under the UNFCCC. [7]", "The draft form of the joint implementation project design document and the related guidelines do not apply to the joint implementation of land use, land-use change and forestry projects, and the joint JISC prepares a format and guide for such projects.", "The CIS recommends that the CMP adopt the draft form of joint implementation project design as contained in annex II.", "Verification process of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "In order to follow up on the verification process as defined in paragraphs 30-45 of the Joint Implementation Guide, the second meeting of the JISC:", "(a) A draft procedure for the publication of documents; [8]", "(b) The Secretariat was requested to prepare the format available to accredited independent entities for the preparation or verification of reports for publication.", "Third CIS meeting:", "(a) A review process under the verification process of the Joint CIS; [9]", "(b) To request the Secretariat to prepare a document on the modalities for the assessment of decisions referred to in paragraphs 33 and 37 of the Joint Implementation Guide;", "(c) Agree on the terms of reference for the assessment of this decision or expert participating in the review team, in accordance with the Joint CIS verification process; [10]", "(d) Decides to launch an appeal to experts in connection with paragraph 18 (c) above.", "E. Benchmarking and monitoring standards", "The CMP, in its decision 10/CMP.1, invited the JISC to prepare, as soon as possible, a guide on appendix B to the guidelines for joint implementation, including, where appropriate, small-scale projects as defined in paragraph 6 (c) of decision 17/CP.7.", "At the first meeting of the Joint Election Commission, the Board decided to openly seek views on the criteria for benchmarking and monitoring. The appeal started from 10 February to 1 March 2006 and invited the parties to respond.", "The third meeting of the Joint CIS agreed on the process for the development of a draft guidelines on benchmarking and monitoring criteria, [11] set a timetable, including plans for public consultation on the draft, assignment of mandates between members and alternate members of the JISC and the support of the Secretariat. All parties were requested to respond from 19 July to 15 August 2006.", "In addition, the CIS requested the secretariat to prepare draft articles for joint implementation of small-scale projects, in consultation with several members and alternate members of the CIS, in line with the provisions of the clean development mechanism project activities. [12]", "Independent entity accreditation process", "The CMP, in its decision 10/CMP.1, invited the JISC to further develop standards and procedures for accreditation of independent entities, as a matter of priority, in accordance with appendix A to the Joint Implementation Guide, taking into account, as appropriate, the procedures for the accreditation of the operating entity developed by the Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board.", "In order to implement the verification process for joint implementation, the second meeting of the Joint CIS will:", "(a) Decides to establish a Certification Group composed of at least four up to six experts and two members of the Joint Inter-Agency Standing Committee, who serve as Chairman and Vice-Chairman;", "(b) Agreed terms of reference for the Certification Group; [13]", "(c) Decides to send an open appeal to experts to serve in the Certification Group;", "(d) Express its intention to request the Certification Group to review the draft procedures for accreditation of independent entities prepared by the Secretariat, [14] and to make recommendations thereon to the JISC.", "The public appeal to experts, as set out in paragraph 24 (c) above, commenced from 29 March to 27 April 2006, and requested the parties to respond.", "Mr. Shinichi Iioka, Mr. Ken Beck Lee, Mr. Vijay Medita, Ms. Maureen Mutasa, Mr. Takashi Otsubo and Mr. Satish Rao were elected Chairperson of the Certification Group and Ms. Fatou Gaye was elected Vice-Chairperson of the Certification Group. (The members of the Certification Group participated in the meetings of the Certification Group and paid expenses under United Nations regulations. (b)", "The Third CIS Conference decided to commence the process of accreditation at the end of 2006.", "Governance matters", "Fee provisions and cooperation with other bodies and stakeholders", "Mandate and context", "The CMP, in its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JIS to establish a fee provision to cover administrative costs for the activities of the JIS.", "The CMP, in its decision 10/CMP.1, encouraged the JIS to cooperate with the following:", "(a) The Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism;", "(b) The Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol, in particular with regard to the list of Parties referred to in paragraph 27 of the Joint Implementation Guide;", "(c) Designated focal points for Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol;", "(d) The observer for the Joint CIS Conference referred to in article 18 of the Joint Implementation Guide, through regular interrogating meetings in this regard.", "Work undertaken and action taken", "The Joint CIS invited its two members (including a candidate member) to prepare, with the support of the Secretariat, an information on the charges for consideration by the fourth meeting of the Joint CIS. [15]", "With regard to the mandate referred to in paragraph 29 (c) above, the CIS welcomed the information received by the secretariat to date on the designation of focal points for Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol and requested further designation.", "With regard to the mandate referred to in paragraph 29 (d) above, the first meeting of the Joint CIS decided to hold an enquiry and response meeting with the registered observers at each meeting and to broadcast them online. [16]", "Membership issues", "At its first session, the CMP established and elected its members and alternate members in accordance with paragraphs 4-5 and 8 of the Joint Implementation Guide (see table 1). There was no change in the membership during the reporting period.", "The first meeting of the Joint CIS was unanimously elected from among Annex I Parties Ms. Daniela Stoycheva as Chairman and from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties) to elect Mr. Shailendra Kumar Joshi as Vice-Chairperson. Their term of office expires at the end of the first meeting of the JISC in 2007. All members and alternate members of the Joint Electoral Commission signed a written term in accordance with paragraph 10 (e) of the Joint Implementation Guide prior to their inauguration.", "Table 1.", "Mr. FranzjosefSchafhausen AD (b) Other Annex I Parties, Mr. Georg Børsting (a) Darren Goetze (a) Other Annex I Parties, Mr. Jaime Bravo ADBosting7 (bate) Marcos Castro Rodriguez Cub (b) Vice-Chairman, non-Annex I Parties, Ms. FatouGaye Stou (Longya)", "AD(a) Terms of office: three years, ending at the first meeting in 2009. AD(b) Term of office: two years, ending at the first meeting in 2008.", "C. Calendar of conferences and meetings for 2006", "The first meeting of the Joint CIS adopted the calendar of conferences and meetings for 2006 and revised at the third meeting (see table 2).", "Table 2.", "The first meeting of the Conference will be held from 2 to 3 February at the Convention headquarters, Bonn, Germany, from 8 to 11 March at the third meeting of the Convention headquarters, from 28 to 29 May, at the same time as the twenty-fourth session of the subsidiary bodies, at its fourth meeting, from 13 to 15 September, at the fifth meeting of the Convention headquarters, from 31 October to 1 November", "The agenda of the joint implementation committee, including documentation on the agenda item and reports containing all agreements reached by the JISC, are available on the joint implementation website of the Convention. [17]", "In order to ensure effective arrangements and management of related work, informal consultations were held for 1-2 days prior to the joint CIS meeting. During the reporting period, the work of the Joint Electoral Commission was immense and it was generally necessary to plan meetings or consultations for more than eight hours per day.", "Transparency, communication and information", "Article 21 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC (annex I) requires transparency in the work of the JISC, but also subject to the need to protect confidential information. This includes the provision of documents in an open and timely manner, as well as the various channels, through which all Parties and all accredited observers and stakeholders of the UNFCCC can provide external inputs for consideration by the CIS. Article 20 requires the publication of documents through the Internet. [19] In addition, the joint implementation guide (in particular paragraph 16) calls for the publication of the decisions of the JISC. [20]", "The UNFCCC joint implementation website is the main means to meet these requirements. It contains the report of the Joint JISC, the documents agreed upon by the Joint CIS on all issues, documents on the functioning and functions of the Joint CIS and its supporting structure (e.g., the Certification Group), accredited independent entities, project participants, experts, the public and the Secretariat, etc. It also provides information on designated focal points established by Parties and communicated to the secretariat. It also contains a large number of background papers on joint implementation (from decisions of the CMP to expert requests). It also provides a interface for the public to provide inputs to the topics considered necessary by the Joint CIS for the participation of experts in subsidiary bodies (e.g., the Certification Group, the review, etc.). It is linked to the website to the Joint Implementation Information Facility, which sends updated information on joint implementation to more than 697 registered users [21].", "The Secretariat also has two out-tranet and two inventory servers to facilitate the effective and transparent exchange of information between the JISC, the Certification Group and the Secretariat. These electronic facilities are essential for the smooth and efficient functioning of the Joint Electoral Commission. Once verification procedures and certification procedures under the joint JIS are fully implemented, additional online and inventory servers will be created.", "In accordance with paragraph 18 of the guidelines for joint implementation and article 22 of the draft rules of procedure of the Joint CIS, all Parties and accredited observers and stakeholders to the UNFCCC, and in addition to the decisions of the Joint CIS, may participate as observers in the meetings to be held jointly, as long as they are registered in the weeks preceding the meeting. During the reporting period, an average of 11 observers from Parties, non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations participated in the meetings of the Joint CIS. In addition, the joint JISC organized a question-and-answer session, which was open to all participants of the Association as a subsidiary body for the twenty-fourth session. [22]", "In order to further transparency, the JISC broadcast its meetings online. [23] The average number of live webcasts per meeting is 810, with a total of 94 hours. Each webcast file has the same number of hits within three months of each meeting. Online webcasts include interviews with registered observers.", "In addition, a joint implementation seminar was held in Bonn, Germany, from 9 to 10 March 2006. [24] The workshop was sponsored by the secretariat, with the participation of members and alternate members of the JISC, over 80 project mechanism experts, including members of the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism, annexes I to the UNFCCC and national focal points of non-Annex I Parties, accredited UNFCCC non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations, project developers, consultants and designated operational entities, sharing progress and exchange of views on key issues related to the operation of the Joint CIS verification process.", "E. Role of the Secretariat", "The secretariat of the UNFCCC provides services to the Joint CIS in accordance with paragraph 19 of the guidelines for joint implementation and article 28 of the draft rules of procedure of the CIS.", "During the reporting period, the Secretariat provided administrative, logistical and substantive support to the three joint CIS meetings and a certification group meeting. It also develops and maintains a joint implementation website and a vibrant interface to call public inputs and invite experts and respond to external queries.", "The Secretariat's staffing is critical when the joint JIS is established. While a number of staff are also recruited, the staffing of the secretariat is still not sufficient to provide timely and high-quality support to the Joint CIS, particularly in cases handled under the CIS accreditation and verification process.", "Funding by the secretariat supports the work of joint implementation, manages contributions from Parties and submits reports regularly to the JISC on resource status (see chapter IV below).", "Sources", "Joint Implementation Management Plan 2006-2007", "The CMP, in its decision 10/CMP.1, invited the Joint CIS to prepare a management plan as soon as possible, to include the budget plan for the period 2006-2007 and to maintain its review in conjunction with the experience of the CDM Executive Board in this area.", "The CIS considered the draft management plan prepared by the Secretariat and agreed on key elements. The CIS requested the secretariat to update the management plan to reflect the discussions at the third meeting, the agreements reached and the priorities identified and to facilitate the adoption of the plan at the fourth meeting, from 13 to 15 September 2006. The final plan will be presented in the addendum to the present report.", "Resources for joint implementation", "During the reporting period, the Joint Electoral Commission monitored and reviewed the resource situation for joint implementation based on the report of the Secretariat. The Secretariat has developed comprehensive information on activities and activities in the main areas of activity (joint CIS meetings and activities, review of certification and decisions involving independent entities, technical workshops, Secretariat support activities in the above-mentioned areas of work) and resource requirements. The information was used for preliminary funding and was subsequently included in the draft management plan. Updated information on budget and expenditure will be presented in the addendum to the present report.", "Annex III contains summaries of pledges and contributions by Parties and regional organizations in support of joint implementation in 2006. The contributions received were particularly appreciated.", "The CMP, in its decision 9/CMP.1, decided that administrative costs arising from the procedures contained in the Joint Implementation Commission guidelines would be borne by Annex I Parties and project participants in accordance with the provisions of a decision taken by the CMP at its first session. In this regard, the CMP, in its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the joint JISC to prepare a fee provision.", "In accordance with the programme of work agreed upon at the first meeting of the Joint CIS, the JISC will begin its consideration of the issue of fees (13-15 September 2006). The conclusions and recommendations of the Joint CIS on this matter will be included in the addendum to the present report.", "Supplementary sources of funding during the reporting period are as follows:", "(a) Removal in 2005: $884,114", "(b) Contributions from Parties: $39,397 (see annex III).", "As at the end of the reporting period, under the regular budget, a resource gap of $8.8 million for the remainder of 2006 was $2.8 million by the end of 2007. Even if agreed and immediately implemented the cost provisions referred to in paragraphs 52 to 53 above, it would not be possible to expect that the proceeds of the fee would soon be filled. Therefore, voluntary contributions from Annex I Parties should bear at least the administrative costs of implementing Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol at the end of 2007.", "In the light of this, the JCC reiterated throughout the reporting period that the COP and the CMP call upon Annex I Parties to contribute to the Supplementary Activities Trust Fund to ensure that all necessary activities envisaged in the biennium 2006-2007 are sustainable. In the absence of such contributions, it would limit the recruitment of staff necessary to support the work of the Joint CIS, which might be a downsizing of the envisaged work and the cancellation of some planned meetings.", "Summary of decisions", "In accordance with paragraph 16 of the Joint Implementation Guide, the decisions of the Joint CIS will be made public in all six official languages of the United Nations and will be included in the annual report of the Joint JISC to the CMP or in the reference to the report (to indicate their place on the UNFCCC joint implementation website).", "Annex I", "Draft rules of procedure for the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "Scope", "Article 1", "The present rules of procedure apply to all activities of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee pursuant to decision 16/CP.7 [25] and decision 9/CMP.1 [26], as well as the annex to the Guide to the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol and any other relevant decision.", "Definitions", "Article 2", "In this rule:", "“Guide for joint implementation” means the guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, as contained in the annex to decision 9/CMP.1;", "“The UNFCCC” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;", "“The CMP” means the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol;", "“Joint implementation” means mechanisms referred to in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol;", "“Joint Implementation Monitoring Committee” refers to the Committee established in decision 10/CMP.1 [27], which designates this name as the name of the Committee under Article 6 as defined in the guidelines for joint implementation adopted in decision 9/CMP.1. In this rule, the “Article VI Oversight Committee” is replaced by the “Joint Implementation Monitoring Committee” when reference is made to the Joint Implementation Guide;", "“Presidents” and “Vice-Chairman” are members of the Committee elected by the Committee as Chairman and Vice-Chairman;", "“Member” means Committee members;", "“A alternate member” means an alternate member of the Committee;", "“The secretariat” means the secretariat referred to in Article 14 of the Kyoto Protocol and paragraph 19 of the guidelines on joint implementation;", "Paragraph 1 (e) of the Joint Implementation Guide refers to the public, including individuals, groups or communities, who have or may be affected by activities;", "For the purposes of Articles 21 and 22, Parties not parties to the Kyoto Protocol may exercise the same rights as all other observers.", "Members and alternate members", "nomination, elections and re-election", "Article 3", "Paragraph 4 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Oversight Committee shall consist of 10 members from Parties not included in Annex I to the Kyoto Protocol, as follows: (a) three members from Parties included in Annex I that are undergoing the process of transition to the market economy; (b) three members not included in Annex I, as referred to in subparagraph (a) above; (c) three members from Parties not included in Annex I; and (d) one member from small island developing States.", "Article 4", "Paragraph 5 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The members of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, including alternate members, shall be nominated by the relevant groups referred to in paragraph 4 of the Joint Implementation Guide and elected by the CMP. The CMP shall elect five members and five alternate members of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee for a term of two years. Since then, the CMP shall elect five new members and five new alternate members for a term of two years each year. The appointment referred to in paragraph 12 of the joint implementation guide shall be based on a term of office. Members and alternate members shall continue to be appointed until they are elected by the successor and alternate members.", "Paragraph 6 of the Joint Implementation Guide: a maximum of two members of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee may be reappointed. The term of office of an alternate member is not calculated.", "Paragraphs 10 (a) and (d) of the Joint Implementation Guide: members of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, including alternate members, shall: (a) serve in their personal capacity in the area of climate change and relevant technical and policy areas; and (b) be bound by the rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "The term of office of a member or alternate member shall begin at the first meeting of the Committee in the calendar year after election and shall cease the day before the first meeting of the Committee during the calendar year ended.", "Article 5", "Paragraph 8 of the joint implementation guide: The CMP shall elect an alternate member on the basis of the criteria set out in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 of the joint implementation guidelines. The group that nominated the candidates of the Committee shall, at the same time, nominate candidates from alternate members from the same group.", "Any reference to a member in this rule shall be considered to include an alternate member acting on behalf of a member.", "If a member is absent from the Committee, his alternate member shall be present in his or her capacity.", "Article 6", "Paragraph 10 (a) of the Joint Implementation Guide: Costs for participation by developing country Parties and other members and alternate members in accordance with the UNFCCC practice shall be paid from the budget of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "Costs for participation shall be provided in accordance with the financial regulations of the United Nations and the UNFCCC financial procedures.", "Suspension, termination and resignation", "Article 7", "Paragraph 11 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Oversight Committee may suspend the membership for reasons such as a breach of a conflict of interest by an alternate member, a breach of confidentiality provisions or the absence of justification for two consecutive periods of non-representation of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, and recommend to the CMP the termination of its membership.", "Any motion calling for a suspension and recommendation to the CMP to terminate the membership or alternate shall be put to the vote immediately in accordance with the voting rules set out in chapter V below. In connection with the adjournment of the motion and the recommendation of the CMP to terminate the membership of the Chair, the Vice-Chairperson shall act as Chairman until the vote is taken and the outcome is announced.", "The Committee may suspend and recommend the termination of its membership or alternate membership only after the members or alternate members are given the opportunity to be heard by the Committee at the session.", "Article 8", "Paragraph 12 of the Joint Implementation Guide: If a member or alternate member of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee is unable to complete the term of office or perform its functions for resignation or other reasons, taking into account the short duration of the next COP/MOP, the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee may decide to appoint another member or alternate member from the same group to serve in the remainder of its term of office. In such cases, the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall consider any observations made by the group that nominated the member.", "The Committee shall invite the concerned group to submit a candidate for new or new alternate members appointed pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article.", "C. Conflict of interest and confidentiality", "Article 9", "Paragraph 10 (b) of the Joint Implementation Guide: 1.", "Members of the Commission, including alternate members, shall not be granted financial or economic interest to accredited independent entities or designated operating as accredited independent entities.", "Article 10", "Paragraph 10 (e) of the guidelines for joint implementation: 1.", "The sworn declaration is as follows:", "“I solemnly declare that I will perform my duties as members of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee or alternate members faithfully, faithfully, impartially and conscientiously.", "“I am also solemnly sworn and committed that I will have no economic interest in any aspect of joint implementation, including the accreditation of independent entities. Even after the end of my functions, I will not disclose any confidential or exclusive information transmitted to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee pursuant to Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, or any other confidential information that I have been informed by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "“I will clarify to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee that I have any interest in any matter discussed by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee that may constitute a conflict of interest or may not be in compliance with the integrity and impartiality provisions of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee/administers, and I shall avoid participating in the work of the Committee on such matters.", "“I am also solemnly sworn and committed, if there are doubts about a question under the paragraphs above, and I shall provide the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change with all facts.”", "Article 11", "Paragraph 10 (c) of the Joint Implementation Guide: 1. The members include the non-disclosure of the duties of confidential information as an obligation of members and alternate members and the continuing obligation of members and alternate members after the expiration or termination of the functions of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "Paragraph 40 of the Joint Implementation Guide: 2. Additionality to determine anthropogenic emissions by sources or increase anthropogenic removals by sinks, information on the methodology used to describe and its application, and supporting the guidelines for joint implementation Information on environmental impact assessments referred to in subpara. 33 (d) should not be considered to be exclusive or confidential.", "Chairman and Vice-Chairman", "Article 12", "Paragraph 7 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall elect from among its members one of its Vice-Chairpersons each year, one of whom shall be a member of a Party included in Annex I and another shall be a member of a Party not included in Annex I. The President and Vice-Chairpersons shall be rotated among members from Parties included in Annex I and Parties not included in Annex I each year.", "A Chairperson and a Vice-Chairman shall be elected from among the members at the first session of each calendar year. The Secretary of the Committee, as defined in article 30, shall preside over the opening and election of the first meeting of the Committee for each calendar year.", "Article 13", "The Chair and the Vice-Chairman shall perform their functions at any meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in their respective capacity.", "If the elected President is unable to perform his or her duties at a meeting, the Vice-Chairperson shall act as President. If both are not able to perform their functions in their respective capacity, the Commission shall elect a member from among the members present at the meeting as Chairman of the meeting.", "If the President or the Vice-Chairman are no longer capable of discharging his or her duties, or no longer a member, a new President or Vice-Chairperson shall be elected for the remainder of his term.", "Article 14", "The Chair shall preside over the meetings of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in accordance with this article.", "In addition to exercising the functions conferred upon it by other provisions of this rule, the President shall declare the meeting and the dissemination of the meeting, the President, ensure compliance with these rules, permit statements, put questions to the vote and announce decisions. The President shall rule on procedural matters and, subject to these rules, shall have full control over the conduct and maintenance of the Conference order.", "The Chairperson may propose to the Committee a limitation on the time of the speaker, the limitation of the number of statements made by each member on a particular issue, the suspension or closure of the debate and the suspension or adjournment of the meeting.", "Any other member designated by the Chairperson or the Committee shall represent the Committee, if necessary, at the session of the CMP.", "Recommendations", "Dates", "Article 15", "Paragraph 9 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Oversight Committee shall hold at least two meetings per year, unless otherwise decided, the Conference shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of the subsidiary bodies.", "Article 16", "At the first Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting for each calendar year, the Chair shall submit a schedule for the calendar year for adoption by the Committee.", "If there is a need to change the schedule of meetings or increase the number of meetings, the President shall communicate, after consultation with all members, any changes to the original date of the meeting and/or the date of the additional meeting.", "Article 17", "Each meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall be convened by the President and shall, to the extent possible, inform the Chair of the date of the meeting at least eight weeks before the date of the meeting.", "The Secretariat shall promptly inform all parties invited to attend.", "Venue of meetings", "Article 18", "The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting with the subsidiary bodies shall be held at the same location as those bodies. Other meetings of the Committee shall be held at the seat of the Secretariat unless the Committee decides otherwise or otherwise, in consultation with the Chairman.", "C. Agenda", "Article 19", "The Chair shall prepare, with the assistance of the Secretariat, the provisional agenda for each meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and transmit the provisional agenda agreed by the Committee at the previous meeting to all parties invited to attend.", "Any member or alternate member may propose to the Secretariat additional or amendment to the provisional agenda of the Conference and include the proposed agenda, but the members or alternate members shall inform the Secretariat at least four weeks before the date of the opening of the session. The secretariat shall send the proposed agenda for the Conference to all invited participants at least three weeks before the date of the opening of the session.", "The Committee shall adopt the agenda of the Conference at the beginning of each meeting.", "Any item on the agenda of the Committee, which was not considered by the Committee, shall automatically be included in the provisional agenda of the next meeting unless the Committee decides otherwise.", "Documentation", "Article 20", "All documents of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting shall be made available to members and alternate members by the Secretariat at least two weeks before the meeting.", "Following the transmittal of documents to members and alternate members, the Secretariat should make public submissions via the Internet. The provision of the document is subject to confidentiality provisions.", "E. Transparency", "Article 21", "In order to protect the need for confidential information, the principle of transparency should apply to all work of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, including the timely public provision of documentation and accreditation of all Parties and all accredited UNFCCC observers and stakeholders for the purpose of making external submissions for consideration by the Committee. The publication of the Committee's meeting on the Internet is one way to ensure transparency.", "Attendance", "Article 22", "Paragraph 18 of the Joint Implementation Guide: 1.", "In the context of paragraph 1 above, in order to achieve savings and efficiency, the Committee may decide to limit the number of members, alternates and Secretariat-assisted staff. In this context, the Committee shall take all practical steps to balance, in other ways, the interests of Parties not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, as well as accredited UNFCCC observers and stakeholders, as observers, unless the Committee decides that the meeting shall be closed in full or in part.", "At the invitation of the Committee, observers may comment on matters before the Committee.", "Legislative strength", "Article 23", "Paragraph 14 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The requirement for a quorum is that at least two thirds of the members of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee - representing the majority of the members of a Party included in Annex I and most of the non-Annex I Parties - must be present.", "Decisions", "Article 24", "Paragraph 15 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall, to the extent possible, decide by consensus. If all efforts have been made to achieve consensus, no agreement has been reached and, as a last resort, it is decided that the three-fourths of the members present and voting should be adopted. Members who abstain from voting should be considered as not voting.", "The President shall determine whether consensus has been reached. If an alternate member of the Commission's competence as a member or a member of his or her member has expressly opposed the proposed decision, the Chairperson shall declare no consensus.", "Each member has one vote.", "The alternate members may participate in the proceedings of the Committee without the right to vote. The alternate members will be able to vote only if they are to serve as members.", "Article 25", "Once the Chairman considers that the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee must take a decision, the decision cannot be postponed until the next meeting of the Committee, the President shall transmit a proposed decision to each member and invite the members to approve it by consensus. Subject to the applicable confidentiality requirements, the President shall, in conjunction with the proposed decision, provide the relevant facts in support of the decision under article 25. The proposed decision should be transmitted through the Committee's mail list. The collection of the mail must be confirmed by a quorum of the Commission. Such mails should also be sent to alternate members for information.", "Members and/or alternate members have made comments two weeks from the date of receipt of the proposed decision. These comments were made available to the members and alternate members through the Committee's mail list.", "At the end of the period referred to in paragraph 2 above, the proposed decision should be considered as endorsed if there is no objection from a member. If there was any objection, the Chairman should include the consideration of the proposed decision in the provisional agenda of the next meeting of the Committee and inform the Committee accordingly.", "Any decision to use the procedures set out in paragraphs 1 to 3 of this rule shall be included in the report of the next meeting of the Committee and shall be considered to be taken at the headquarters of the UNFCCC secretariat in Bonn, Germany.", "Languages", "Article 26", "Paragraph 16 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The full text of all decisions of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall be made publicly available. Decisions shall be made in all six official languages of the United Nations.", "Paragraph 17 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The language of the work of the Oversight Committee for the Implementation of Joint Implementation is English.", "Expertise", "Article 27", "Paragraph 13 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall take advantage of the expertise required to perform its functions, in particular the need for national accreditation procedures. The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, including the use of expertise on the roster of experts to the Convention. In this regard, the factors of regional balance should be fully taken into account.", "The Commission may establish subcommittees, special groups or working groups to assist them in their functions.", "Secretariat", "Article 28", "Paragraph 19 of the Joint Implementation Guide: The secretariat shall serve as the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "Article 29", "The Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC shall, within existing resources, arrange the provision of the personnel and services required to serve the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee. The Executive Secretary shall manage and lead such personnel and services and provide the Committee with appropriate support and advice.", "Article 30", "A secretariat officer appointed by the Executive Secretary shall serve as Secretary of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "Article 31", "In addition to the functions specified in the guidelines for joint implementation and/or any subsequent decisions of the CMP, the secretariat shall, in accordance with these rules and in accordance with the availability of resources:", "(a) To receive, replicate and circulate the documents of the Conference to members and alternate members;", "(b) To receive decisions to translate them into all six official languages of the United Nations and provide publicly the full text of all decisions of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee;", "(c) To assist the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in completing its work on the maintenance of archives and the collection, processing and publication of information;", "(d) Conduct all other work that the Commission may require.", "Article 32", "The financial regulations of the United Nations and the UNFCCC financial procedures should be applied.", "Services handling", "Article 33", "The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall organize any work of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in accordance with the guidelines for joint implementation, in accordance with decision 16/CP.7 and any subsequent decisions of the CMP.", "Article 34", "The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and the Secretariat may use electronic means of transmission and storage documents in their mandated support to the Commission.", "The use of electronic submissions applies to the provisions relating to transparency and confidentiality of the joint implementation guide. At the time of the submission of any document through electronic means (e.g. the UNFCCC Joint Implementation website), the author shall recognize the process that has been read and shall agree to be bound by the provisions and conditions of the submission of the document, including the author's full responsibility for the content of the submission and the waiver of all claims related to the use of electronic means of submission and transmission documents.", "The Committee shall not be responsible for any claim or loss arising from the transmission, storage or use of documents obtained through electronic means. The confidentiality and integrity of the submissions cannot be assured by electronic transmission and storage.", "Proceedings of the Conference", "Article 35", "Before the end of each meeting, the President shall propose conclusions and draft decisions for consideration and approval by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee. Any written record or record of the proceedings of the Committee shall be kept by the Secretariat in accordance with United Nations rules and regulations.", "Amendments to this rule", "Article 36", "Paragraph 3 (g) of the Joint Implementation Guide: The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall be responsible for the rules other than those contained in the rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Guide for consideration by the CMP.", "In addition to any action under paragraph 1 of this article, the Committee may make recommendations to the CMP on any amendments or additions to the rules of procedure of the Committee.", "Annex II", "Draft table for joint implementation project design", "Executive Board", "Paragraphs Page", "Overview of the project", "Benchmarks", "C. Project period/entry period", "Monitoring plans", "E. Estimates of greenhouse gas emission reductions", "Environmental impacts", "Views of stakeholders", "Annex", "Annex 1: Contact information among project participants", "Annex 2", "Annex 3: Monitoring plan", "Summary of the project", "A.1.", ">", "A.2 Project notes", ">", "Project participants", ">", "A.4. Technical statements of the project", "Project location:", ">", "A.4.1.1.", ">", "A.4.1.2. The region/state/provinc.:", ">", "A.4. Community/community.", ">", "Details of actual locations, including specialized information available for the identification of projects (up to 1 page):", ">", "A. 4.2. Measures, operations or actions to be used (all) technology or preparation for implementation:", ">", "A. 4.3. Summary statement on how the proposed joint implementation project will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including contact countries and/or sectoral policies and information explain why such emission reductions will not be achieved without the proposed project:", ">", "A.4.3.1. Estimated emission reductions for the credit period:", ">", "A.5 Approval of the project:", ">", "B. Benchmarks", "B.1. Notes the criteria chosen and their rationales:", ">", "A description of how to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources to levels below those in the absence of joint implementation projects:", ">", "A description of how the definition of the project week applies to the project:", ">", "Further baseline information, including the date of the baseline and the designation of the name/baseline of the entity:", ">", "C. Project duration/entry period", "C.1.", ">", "C.2 Project time is expected to operate:", ">", "C.3 Period of credit:", ">", "Monitoring plan", "D.1. Selected monitoring plans note:", ">", "Option 1:", "D.1.1.1 What data will be collected for monitoring project emissions, and how these data can be archived: identifiers (request for figures to be used to meet D.2. against) data variables (m), calculation (c), estimation (e) the proportion of data to be monitored? Note by the Secretariat", "The formula for estimating emissions (ever gases, emissions sources, etc.; CO2 When emissions units):", ">", "Determines the relevant data required for greenhouse gas emissions within the project week and how these data are collected and archived: Identification No. (Option of figures for use in order to be consistent with D.2. against) Data variables Measure (m), calculation (c), estimation (e) the proportion of data to be monitored? Note by the Secretariat", "The formula for estimating baseline emissions (ever gases, emissions sources, etc.; CO2 When emissions units):", ">", "D. 1.2 Option 2: Direct monitoring of project emissions (values should be aligned with section E):", "D.1.2.1 What data will be collected for monitoring the emission reductions of the project, how these data are archived: identifiers (request for the use of figures to meet D.2. against) data variables (m), calculation (c), estimation (e) the percentage of data to be monitored? Note by the Secretariat", "The formula used to calculate the emission reductions of the project (ever gases, emissions sources, etc.; CO2 When emission units):", ">", "Treatment of leakage in the monitoring plan:", "D.1.3.1. Please provide information on data and information to be collected for the monitoring of the leakage effect of the project: identifiers (request for the use of figures to meet D.2. against) data variables metrics (m), calculations (c), estimation (e) the percentage of data to be monitored? Note by the Secretariat", "D.1.3.2 The formula for estimating leakage (ever gases, emissions sources, etc.); CO2 When emissions units):", ">", "A formula for estimating emission reductions in the project (ever gases, emissions sources, etc.); CO2 When emissions units):", ">", "D.1.5. Information on how to collect and archive information on the environmental impact of the project, in accordance with the procedures required by the host Party:", ">", "Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures for monitoring data:", "The uncertainty of data is interpreted as to what the data plans have adopted the QA/QC procedure or why such procedures are not required. (Including tables and identifiers)", "Please provide information on the business structure and management structure to be used by project operators in the implementation of the monitoring plan:", ">", "Names of the designers of the monitoring plan/development of the name of the entity", ">", "E. Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions", "E.1. Estimates of emissions for the project:", ">", "E.2 Estimates of leakage:", ">", "E.3. E.1 and E.2.", ">", "E.4 Estimates of baseline emissions:", ">", "E.5 Project emission reductions, namely E.4 and E.3:", ">", "E.6 Form of values that are useful for the above formula:", ">", "Environmental impact", "F.1. Documentation on the environmental impact analysis of projects according to the procedures established by the host Party, including documentation on cross-border impact analyses:", ">", "F.2 If a project participant or a Party in which the environmental impact is considered to be significant, please provide a reference to conclusions and supporting documentation for environmental impact assessment in accordance with the procedures established by the host Party:", ">", "Views of stakeholders", "G.1. Information on the views of stakeholders on the project in relevant circumstances:", ">", "Appendix", "Annex 1 to the joint implementation project design document (JIPDD) table. Information on benchmarks and information on monitoring plans are provided by project participants in annexes 2 and 3 of the JIPDD tables.", "Contacts of participants in the project", "Organization:", "Street/ Postal Correspondent:", "No.", "Urban:", "State/territory:", "Postal codes:", "States:", "Tel:", "Fax:", "e-mail:", "Website:", "Acting:", "Names:", "The recipient:", "Names:", "Intermediate:", "Names:", "Units:", "tel:", "Fax (relevant):", "Telephone:", "Individual e-mail:", "Annex III", "Status of supplementary resources available to support joint implementation activities in 2006", "Contributions by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (continued) as at 31 July 2006 were pending pledges to Austria, 650 Belarus, Belgium 10, 297, 1,0 Bulgaria Canada 156,252 500,000 Czech Republic Estonia European Community 0,310, 559 Finland 07, 60,000 Germany Greece Hungary Iceland, Ireland, 8,075,005 075, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, 50, 29,039 Nordic Council of Ministers of Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Note: Because of fluctuations in exchange rates, some contributions differ from pledges.", "AD(a) only lists Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.", "ADB Cooperation Forum (not parties to the Convention). The Council pledged in April 2004.", "Decision 9/CMP.1, annex.", "[2] In accordance with decision 9/CMP.1, annex, paras.", "[3] Further information on operations, functions and agreements/decisions may also be available on the UNFCCC Joint Implementation website: <http://ji.unfccc.int>.", "[4] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings>.", "[5] In accordance with decision 9/CMP.1, annex, paras.", "[6] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Forms.html> and <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Docs.html>.", "[7] It should be noted that decision 1/CMP.1 indicates that Parties shall hold negotiations on subsequent commitment periods and shall ensure that neither the first commitment period nor the second commitment period is spacing.", "[8] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings>.", "[9] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[10] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[11] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings>.", "[12] At the end of the reporting period, the document was also being prepared.", "[13] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[14] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings/Sup_Commission/Meetings/002/index.html>.", "[15] At the end of the reporting period, the document was still being prepared.", "[16] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings>.", "[17].", "[18] The first meeting of the Joint CIS agreed that the communications received by the Secretariat to the Joint CIS or its members and alternate members would be made available on the web of outreach to the JISC. All of these communications will receive a standard return. The Vice-Chairman of the Joint CIS will inform the Secretariat on the response.", "[19] Agenda, programme of work, statement of agenda proposals, etc.", "[20] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings>.", "[21] As at 31 July 2006.", "[22] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop>.", "[23] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Commission/Meetings>.", "See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop/March_2006/index.html>.", "[25] FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2.", "FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.", "FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目3", "通过议程", "临 时 议 程", "根据《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组的建议提交", "增 编", "说 明", "项目1. 第三次审查会议开幕", "1. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议将于2006年11月7日星期二上午10时在瑞士日内瓦万国宫第十八会议室开幕。", "项目2. 确认候任主席的任命", "2. 议事规则草案(CCW/CONF.III/3)第6条规定，会议应从与会缔约国中选举一名主席。", "3. 在2005年11月25日《公约》缔约国会议上，缔约国一致决定任命法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索先生为第三次审查会议的候任主席。审查会议将确任这一任命。", "项目3. 通过议程", "4. 在2006年3月10日最后一次全体会议上，政府专家小组第十三届会议决定建议第三次审查会议通过CCW/CONF.III/1号文件所载的第三次审查会议临时议程。", "项目4. 通过议事规则", "5. 在2006年3月10日最后一次全体会议上，政府专家小组第十三届会议决定建议第三次审查会议通过《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案。同意比照适用经口头修正后的2001年12月11日至21日举行的第二次审查会议所通过的议事规则。", "6. 在通过议事规则一事上，按照以往的惯例，第三次审查会议主席将作如下的声明：", "“关于议事规则第34条，要申明的是，在与《公约》及其所附各议定书有关的审议和谈判过程中，各缔约方在协商一致的基础上行事，没有以投票方式作出决定。”", "项目5. 确认会议秘书长的任命", "7. 在2006年3月10日最后一次会议上，政府专家小组第十三届会议根据联合国秘书长的任命，决定提名联合国裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任第三次审查会议临时秘书长，但有一项理解是，他将在审查会议召开之前担任此一职务，而审查会议召开后将确认此一任命。", "项目6. 安排工作，包括会议各附属机构的工作", "8. 议事规则通过后，审查会议将设立一个由会议主席主持的总务委员会，其成员包括会议主席、十名副主席、两个主要委员会的主席、起草委员会主席和全权证书委员会主席。审查会议还将设立：两个主要委员会，负责执行会议分派的任务并向会议提出报告；起草委员会，由在总务委员会中派有代表的国家的代表组成；以及全权证书委员会。会议和各主要委员会可设立工作组。", "9. 政府专家小组向第三次审查会议建议了CCW/CONF.III/2号文件所载的临时工作计划。它还建议两个主要委员会分工如下：", "第一主要委员会：审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况；审议关于《公约》或《公约》所附议定书的任何提案；编写和审议最后文件；", "第二主要委员会：审议关于《公约》新增议定书的提案。", "10. 政府专家小组还建议了两个主要委员会的下列文件：", "11. 根据议事规则草案第36条，起草委员会应协调起草和编辑会议或某一主要委员会交付给它的所有案文，而不对案文的内容作出更改，并酌情向会议或主要委员会报告。它还应根据会议或某一主要委员会的要求拟订草案，并对起草工作提出建议，但不对任何问题重开实质性的讨论。其他国家的代表也可出席起草委员会的会议，并可在讨论同它们特别有关的问题时参加这些讨论。", "12. 根据议事规则草案第44条，会议的全体会议和各主要委员会的会议应公开举行，除非有关机构另有决定，例如为了谈判提案而另有决定。此外，第45条规定，在一般情况下，其他委员会和工作组的会议应为非公开会议(第45条)。", "项目7. 选举审查会议的副主席以及起草委员会、全权证书委员会和各主要委员会的主席和副主席", "13. 根据议事规则草案第6条，会议应从参加会议的缔约国中选出十名副主席以及两个主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会的主席和副主席各一名。这些主席团成员的选举应确保第10条规定的总务委员会的代表性。第10条规定，总务委员应由会议主席、十名副主席、两个主要委员会的主席、起草委员会和全权证书委员会的主席组成，总务委员会由会议主席主持。", "14. 政府专家小组第十三届会议讨论了审查会议各副主席以及各主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会主席和副主席的临时任命问题，并一致同意请各集团协调员和中国在预定于2006年11月7日举行的第三次审查会议第一次全体会议之前，按以下所列的缔约国出任有关职位的办法，提出一份人选名单：", "审查会议副主席： 保加利亚、中国、古巴、捷克共和国、德国、日本、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰和瑞士", "第一主要委员会：主席：立陶宛；副主席：美利坚合众国", "第二主要委员会：主席：巴西；副主席：俄罗斯联邦", "起草委员会：主席：印度；副主席：以色列", "全权证书委员会：主席：克罗地亚；副主席：墨西哥", "项目8. 任命全权证书委员会", "15. 根据议事规则草案第4条，会议应根据会议主席的提议选举五名成员组成全权证书委员会。全权证书委员会将审查代表的全权证书并向会议报告。", "16. 政府专家小组第十三届会议讨论了全权证书委员会成员的临时任命问题，并一致同意请各集团协调员和中国在预定于2006年11月7日举行的第三次审查会议第一次全体会议之前，按以下所列的缔约国出任有关职位的办法，提出一份人选名单：澳大利亚、斯洛伐克和南非。", "项目9. 联合国秘书长的贺词", "17. 联合国秘书长将向第三次审查会议致词，由联合国日内瓦办事处主任谢尔盖·奥尔忠尼启则先生宣读。", "项目10. 提交政府专家小组的报告", "18. 《公约》缔约国会议在2005年11月25日最后一次全体会议上决定在现有政府专家小组的框架内为第三次审查会议进行一切必要的筹备。政府专家小组在2006年于日内瓦举行了三届会议(2006年3月6日至10日、6月19日至23日和8月28日至9月6日)，进行了有关的工作。第三次审查会议候任主席法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索将把政府专家小组的工作报告(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)提交审查会议审议。", "项目11. 一般性意见交换(全体会议)", "19. 根据第三次审查会议临时工作计划，一般性意见交换将在11月7日和8日举行的全体会议上进行(也许有高级别官员发言)，其后将在会议主席认为必要时随时举行。", "20. 根据议事规则草案第49条第2款，非政府组织的代表可在全体会议主持者的邀请下并经该机构同意，在全体会议上就其特别擅长的问题进行口头发言。根据第三次审查会议临时工作计划，定于2006年11月8日也为此目的举行一次全体会议。", "21. 为了庆祝《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)生效，定于11月13日上午举行一次特别全体会议(也许有高级别官员和非政府组织发言)。", "项目12. 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况", "22. 《公约》缔约国第二次审查会议在其《最后文件》(CCW/CONF.II/2)的第二部分(即《最后宣言》)“对条文的审查，第八条(审查和修正)”一节内决定“在第二次审查会议通过的修正生效后五年再召开一次会议，但无论如何至迟于2006年召开此一会议，必要时，可提前于2005年开始举行筹备会议”。根据这一决定，《公约》缔约国会议在2005年11月25日最后一次全体会议上决定于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议一同举行。", "23. 联合国大会第六十届会议在2006年1月6日第60/93号决议中特别回顾《公约》缔约国第二次审查会议决定最迟在2006年再举行一次会议，要求审查会议于2006年11月在日内瓦举行，在此之前召开筹备会议，筹备会议次数不限，以缔约国认为有必要为准，并要求2005年11月24日和25日举行的缔约国会议就这些事项作出最后决定。此外，大会还指出，根据《公约》第八条，第三次审查会议可审议对《公约》或其所附议定书提出的任何修正案以及就《公约》现有议定书未包括的其他类别常规武器提出的任何新增议定书提案。大会还请第三次审查会议及其筹备会议作出最大努力，通过召开区域会议和讨论会等做法，推动各国普遍加入经修正后的《公约》及其所有议定书。", "项目13. 审议任何关于《公约》及其现有议定书的提案", "24. 根据议事规则草案第29条，政府专家小组向会议提出的提案草案(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)应作为会议审议的基本提案。", "25. 根据议事规则草案第30条，其他提案和实质性修正案通常应以书面形式提交会议秘书长，他应以会议所用语文将副本分发给各代表团。一般情况下，除非至迟已在会议的前一天以各国代表团各自所用的工作语文将副本分发给它们，否则不应对提案进行讨论或付诸决定。", "项目14. 审议关于《公约》新增议定书的提案", "26. 根据议事规则草案第29条，政府专家小组向会议提出的提案草案(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)应作为会议审议的基本提案。", "27. 根据议事规则草案第30条，其他提案和实质性修正案通常应以书面形式提交会议秘书长，他应以会议所用语文将副本分发给各代表团。一般情况下，除非至迟已在会议的前一天以各国代表团各自所用的工作语文将副本分发给它们，否则不应对提案进行讨论或付诸决定。", "项目15. 全权证书委员会的报告", "28. 会议应核准全权证书委员会的报告。", "项目16. 各主要委员会的报告", "29. 会议应注意到各主要委员会的报告。", "项目17. 起草委员会的报告", "30. 会议应注意到起草委员会的报告。", "项目18. 审议和通过最后文件", "31. 会议应在本项目下审议和通过最后文件。", "项目19. 其他事项", "32. 可根据情况提出任何其他事项。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/1/Add.130 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 3 of the Provisional Agenda", "Adoption of the agenda", "PROVISIONAL AGENDA", "Presented on recommendation by the", "Group of Governmental Experts of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Addendum", "ANNOTATIONS", "Item 1. Opening of the Third Review Conference", "1. The Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW) will be opened at 10.00 a.m. on Tuesday, 7 November 2006 at Conference Room XVIII of the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.", "Item 2. Confirmation of the nomination of the President-designate", "2. Pursuant to Rule 6 of the Draft Rules of Procedure (CCW/CONF.III/3), the Conference shall elect a President from among the States parties participating in the Conference.", "3. At the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on 25 November 2005, the States Parties unanimously decided to nominate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as the President-designate of the Third Review Conference. The Review Conference will confirm this nomination.", "Item 3. Adoption of the Agenda", "4. At its final plenary meeting on 10 March 2006, the Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Provisional Agenda of the Third Review Conference (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "Item 4. Adoption of the Rules of Procedure", "5. At its final plenary meeting on 10 March 2006, the Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Draft Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. The Group agreed to apply, mutatis mutandis, the same Rules of Procedure as adopted by the Second Review Conference held from 11 to 21 December 2001, with oral amendments.", "6. In connection with the adoption of the Rules of Procedure and in accordance with past practice, the President of the Third Review Conference will make the following statement:", "“With regard to Rule 34 of the Rules of Procedure, it is affirmed that, in the deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, High Contracting Parties have proceeded on the basis of consensus and no decisions have been taken by vote.”", "Item 5. Confirmation of the nomination of the Secretary-General of the Conference", "7. Upon appointment by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, at its final meeting on 10 March 2006, the Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided to nominate Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, to serve as Provisional Secretary-General of the Third Review Conference on the understanding that he would perform this function until the convening of the Conference, at which time his nomination will be confirmed.", "Item 6. Organisation of work including that of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference", "8. With the adoption of the Rules of Procedure, the Review Conference will establish a General Committee, which shall be composed of the President, who shall preside, ten Vice-Presidents, and the Chairpersons of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee as well as the Credentials Committee. The Review Conference will also establish two Main Committees, which shall receive their assignments from the Conference and report to it; the Drafting Committee, which will be composed of representatives of the same States that are represented on the General Committee; and a Credentials Committee. The Conference and the Main Committees may establish working groups.", "9. The Group of Governmental Experts has recommended to the Third Review Conference its Provisional Programme of Work, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/2. It has also proposed the following distribution of work between the two Main Committees:", "Main Committee I: Review of the scope and operation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, consideration of any proposals relating to the Convention or to Protocols annexed to the Convention, and preparation and consideration of the final documents;", "Main Committee II: Consideration of proposals for additional Protocols to the Convention.", "10. The Group of Governmental Experts has also recommended the following documents of the two Main Committees:", "(CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/VX/6/Add.4); and", "(CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5- CCW/GGE/VX/6/Add.5).", "11. Pursuant to Rule 36 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the Drafting Committee shall coordinate the drafting of and edit all texts referred to it by the Conference or by a Main Committee, without altering the substance of the texts, and report to the Conference or to the Main Committee as appropriate. It should also, without reopening the substantive discussion on any matter, formulate drafts and give advice on drafting as requested by the Conference or a Main Committee. Representatives of other States may also attend the meetings of the Drafting Committee and may participate in its deliberations when matters of particular concern to them are under discussion.", "12. Pursuant to Rule 44 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the plenary meetings of the Conference and the meetings of the Main Committees shall be held in public unless the body concerned decides otherwise, for instance for the negotiation of proposals. Furthermore, Rule 45 stipulates that as a general rule, meetings of other committees and working groups shall be held in private.", "Item 7. Election of Vice-Presidents of the Review Conference, Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Drafting Committee, the Credentials Committee and the Main Committees", "13. In accordance with Rule 6 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the Conference shall elect from among the States parties participating in the Conference ten Vice-Presidents as well as the Chairperson and a Vice-Chairperson for each of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee. These officers shall be elected so as to ensure the representative character of the General Committee provided for in Rule 10, which stipulates that the General Committee shall be composed of the President, who shall preside, ten Vice-Presidents, the Chairpersons and the Vice-Chairpersons of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee.", "14. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts addressed the issue of provisional nomination of Vice-Presidents of the Review Conference, Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee and agreed to request the regional Group Coordinators and China to have a list of nominees available by the opening plenary meeting of the Third Review Conference scheduled for 7 November 2006, based on the following attribution of positions to States Parties:", "Vice-Presidents of the Review Conference: Bulgaria, China Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, and Switzerland", "Main Committee I: Chairperson: Lithuania; Vice-Chairman: United States of America", "Main Committee II: Chairperson: Brazil; Vice-Chairperson: Russian Federation", "Drafting Committee: Chairperson: India; Vice-Chairperson: Israel", "Credentials Committee: Chairperson: Croatia; Vice-Chairperson: Mexico.", "Item 8. Appointment of the Credentials Committee", "15. In accordance with Rule 4 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, there shall be a Credentials Committee consisting of five members elected by the Conference on the proposal of the President. The Committee will examine the credentials of representatives and report to the Conference.", "16. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts addressed the issue of provisional nomination of the members of the Credentials Committee and agreed to request the regional Group Coordinators and China to have a list of nominees available by the opening plenary meeting of the Third Review Conference scheduled for 7 November 2006, based on the following attribution of positions to States Parties: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa", "Item 9. Message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "17. The Secretary-General of the United Nations will transmit his message to the Third Review Conference, which will be delivered by the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Mr. Sergei Ordzhonikidze.", "Item 10. Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "18. The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention decided at its final plenary meeting on 25 November 2005 that all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference are undertaken within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The work of the Group of Governmental Experts was undertaken in three sessions at Geneva during 2006 (6 – 10 March; 19 – 23 June; and 28 August – 6 September 2006). The President-designate of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, will present the report (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) of the work of the Group of Governmental Experts to the Review Conference for its consideration.", "Item 11. General exchange of views (Plenary)", "19. Pursuant to the Provisional Programme of Work of the Third Review Conference, the general exchange of views will take place during the plenary meetings to be held on 7 and 8 November (possible high-level segment) and thereafter at any time the President of the Conference will deem it necessary.", "20. Pursuant to Rule 49 (2) of the Draft Rules of Procedure, representatives of non-governmental organisations may make oral statements in plenary meetings on questions in which they have a special competence, upon the invitation of the presiding officer of the plenary and subject to the approval of that body. In accordance with the Provisional Programme of Work of the Third Review Conference a plenary meeting on 8 November 2006 has been envisaged for that purpose as well.", "21. To mark the entry into force of CCW Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War, a special plenary meeting (possible high-level segment and NGO statements) is scheduled for 13 November in the morning.", "Item 12. Review of the scope and operation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols", "22. Following the decision of the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention as stipulated in Part II, Final Declaration, under “Review of the Articles, Article 8 (Review and amendments)” of its Final Document (CCW/CONF.II/2) “to convene a further conference five years following the entry into force of the amendments adopted at the Second Review Conference, but in any case not later than 2006, with preparatory meetings starting as early as 2005, if necessary”, the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention in its final plenary meeting on 25 November 2005 decided to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention from 7 to 17 November 2006 at Geneva in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.", "23. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly of the United Nations, in its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, inter alia, recalled the decision of the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention to convene a further conference not later than 2006, requested that the Review Conference be held in November 2006 in Geneva and be preceded by as many preparatory meetings as deemed necessary by the States parties, and also requested the Meeting of the States Parties on 24 and 25 November 2005 to take a final decision on these matters. Furthermore, the General Assembly noted that in conformity with article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any proposal for amendments to the Convention or the Protocols thereto as well as any proposal for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by existing protocols to the Convention. The General Assembly also requested that the Third Review Conference and its preparatory meetings exert maximum effort to promote universalization of the Convention, as amended, and of all Protocols thereto, including through the holding of regional conferences and seminars.", "Item 13. Consideration of any proposal for the Convention and its existing Protocols", "24. Pursuant to Rule 29 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the draft proposals submitted to the Conference by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) shall constitute the basic proposals for consideration by the Conference.", "25. In accordance with Rule 30 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, other proposals and substantive amendments shall normally be introduced in writing and handed to the Secretary-General of the Conference, who shall circulate copies to all delegations in the languages of the Conference. As a general rule, proposal shall be discussed or put to a decision only when copies of it have been circulated to all delegations in their respective working languages not later than the day preceding the meeting.", "Item 14. Consideration of proposals for additional protocols to the Convention", "26. Pursuant to Rule 29 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the draft proposals submitted to the Conference by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) shall constitute the basic proposals for consideration by the Conference.", "27. In accordance with Rule 30 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, other proposals and substantive amendments shall normally be introduced in writing and handed to the Secretary-General of the Conference, who shall circulate copies to all delegations in the languages of the Conference. As a general rule, proposal shall be discussed or put to a decision only when copies of it have been circulated to all delegations in their respective working languages not later than the day preceding the meeting.", "Item 15. Report of the Credentials Committee", "28. The Conference shall approve the Report of the Credentials Committee.", "Item 16. Reports of the Main Committees", "29. The Conference shall take note of the Reports of the Main Committees.", "Item 17. Report of the Drafting Committee", "30. The Conference shall take note of the report of the Drafting Committee.", "Item 18. Consideration and adoption of the final documents", "31. The Conference shall consider and adopt the final documents under this item.", "Item 19. Other matters", "32. Any other matters may be raised as the situation warrants." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Adoption of the agenda", "Provisional agenda", "Submitted by the Government of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Addendum", "Notes", "Item 1. Opening of the Third Review Conference", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects will be opened on Tuesday, 7 November 2006, at 10 a.m. in Conference Room XVIII of the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.", "Item 2. Confirmation of the appointment of the President-Designate", "Article 6 of the draft rules of procedure (CCW/CONF.III/3) provides that the Conference shall elect a President from among the participating States Parties.", "At the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on 25 November 2005, the State party unanimously decided to appoint Mr. François Rivasso, Ambassador of France, as Chairman of the Third Review Conference. This appointment will be confirmed by the Review Conference.", "Item 3. Adoption of the agenda", "At its final plenary meeting, on 10 March 2006, the Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the provisional agenda for the Third Review Conference, as contained in document CCW/CONF.III/1.", "Item 4. Adoption of the rules of procedure", "At its final plenary meeting, on 10 March 2006, the Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the adoption of the draft Rules of Procedure for the Third Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention. Agrees to apply, mutatis mutandis, the rules of procedure adopted at the Second Review Conference, held from 11 to 21 December 2001.", "In accordance with past practice, the President of the Third Review Conference will make the following statement:", "“In relation to rule 34 of the rules of procedure, it is to be affirmed that, in the course of deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, Parties acting on the basis of consensus and do not take decisions in a vote.”", "Item 5. Confirmation of the appointment of the Secretary-General of the Conference", "At the last meeting, on 10 March 2006, the Group of Governmental Experts, appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, decided to nominate Mr. Peter Koranov, Political Affairs Officer at the Geneva Branch of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, to serve as the interim Secretary-General for the Third Review Conference, on the understanding that he would serve in that post before the Review Conference and that the appointment would be confirmed after the Review Conference.", "Item 6. Organization of work, including the work of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference", "After the adoption of the rules of procedure, the Review Conference will establish a General Committee chaired by the President, consisting of the President, ten Vice-Chairpersons, the chairpersons of the two Main Committees, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and the Chairman of the Credentials Committee. The Review Conference will also establish two Main Committees responsible for the implementation of the mandate assigned to the Conference and report to the Conference; the Drafting Committee consists of representatives of States represented in the General Committee; and the Credentials Committee. The Conference and the Main Committees may establish working groups.", "The Panel of Governmental Experts recommended to the Third Review Conference the interim workplan contained in document CCW/CONF.III/2. It also recommended that the division of labour between the two Main Committees be as follows:", "Main Committee I: Review of the scope and implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols; consideration of any proposal for a protocol annexed to the Convention or the Convention; preparation and consideration of the final document;", "Main Committee II: Consideration of proposals for new protocols to the Convention.", "The Group of Governmental Experts also recommends the following documents of the two Main Committees:", "In accordance with rule 36 of the draft rules of procedure, the Drafting Committee shall coordinate all texts delivered to it by the Drafting and Editorial Conference or a Main Committee without modifying the content of the text and, where appropriate, report to the Conference or the Main Committee. It should also prepare drafts, at the request of the Conference or a Main Committee, and make recommendations for the drafting process, without further substantive discussion of any issue. Representatives of other States may also attend meetings of the Drafting Committee and may participate in these discussions when discussing issues of particular concern to them.", "In accordance with rule 44 of the draft rules of procedure, the plenary meetings of the Conference and the meetings of the Main Committees shall be held in public unless the body concerned decides otherwise, for example, to negotiate proposals. In addition, article 45 provides that, in general, meetings of other committees and working groups shall be closed (art.", "Item 7.", "In accordance with rule 6 of the draft rules of procedure, the Conference shall elect from among the States parties participating in the Conference ten Vice-Chairpersons and one from the two Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee. The election of these officers shall ensure the representation of the General Committee under article 10. Article 10 states that the General Committee shall be composed of the President of the Conference, ten Vice-Presidents, the Presidents of the two Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Chairman of the Credentials Committee.", "At its thirteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts discussed the issue of the provisional appointment of the Vice-Chairpersons of the Review Conference, as well as the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Chairman and Vice-Chairpersons of the Credentials Committee, and agreed to request the Coordinators of each group and China to submit a list of candidates, in advance of the first plenary meeting of the Third Review Conference, scheduled to take place on 7 November 2006, by the following States parties:", "Vice-Chairpersons of the Review Conference: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland and Switzerland", "Main Committee I: Lithuania; Vice-Chairman: United States of America", "Main Committee II: Brazil; Vice-Chairman: Russian Federation", "Drafting Committee: Chairman: India; Vice-Chairman: Israel", "Credentials Committee: Chairman: Croatia; Vice-Chairman: Mexico", "Item 8. Appointment of the Credentials Committee", "In accordance with rule 4 of the draft rules of procedure, the Conference shall elect a Credentials Committee of five members on the proposal of the President of the Conference. The Credentials Committee will examine the credentials of representatives and report to the Conference.", "At its thirteenth session, the Group of Governmental Experts discussed the issue of the provisional appointment of the members of the Credentials Committee and agreed to request the Coordinators of each group and China to present a list of candidates, by way of the first plenary meeting of the Third Review Conference scheduled to be held on 7 November 2006, in advance of the first plenary meeting of the States parties concerned.", "Item 9.", "The Secretary-General of the United Nations will address the Third Review Conference by Mr. Sergei Orzhonikidze, Director of the United Nations Office at Geneva.", "Item 10. Report to the Group of Governmental Experts", "At its final plenary meeting, on 25 November 2005, the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention decided to undertake all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The Group of Governmental Experts held three sessions in Geneva in 2006 (6-10 March, 19-23 June and 28 August-6 September 2006). The President-designate of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador Franciswa Riwaso, will submit the report of the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) for its consideration at the Review Conference.", "Item 11.", "In accordance with the provisional workplan for the Third Review Conference, the exchange of general comments will take place at the plenary meeting on 7 and 8 November (that may involve a high-level official), which will be held at the discretion of the President of the Conference.", "In accordance with article 49, paragraph 2, of the draft rules of procedure, representatives of non-governmental organizations may make oral statements at the plenary meeting, with the invitation of the presiding officer and with the consent of that body. Pursuant to the provisional workplan for the Third Review Conference, a plenary meeting will be held for that purpose on 8 November 2006.", "In order to mark the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War ( Protocol V) of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, a special plenary meeting will be held on the morning of 13 November (may be speaking by high-level officials and non-governmental organizations).", "Item 12. Review of the scope and implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols", "The Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, in part two of its Final Document (CCW/CONF.II/2), “Review of the provisions”, article 8 (Review and amendments), decides that “[t]n five years after the amendment adopted at the Second Review Conference, shall be held no later than 2006 and, if necessary, in advance of the preparatory meeting”. In accordance with that decision, the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, at its final plenary meeting on 25 November 2005, decided that the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006, would be held in conjunction with the 8th Annual Meeting of the States Parties to Protocol II, as amended.", "At its sixtieth session, in its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, the General Assembly, inter alia, recalled that the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention had decided to hold a further meeting, no later than in 2006, requesting the Review Conference to be held in Geneva in November 2006, prior to the convening of a preparatory meeting to the extent that the number of preparatory meetings would be limited to the State party's view of the need and requested the Conference to take final decisions on those matters, held on 24 and 25 November 2005. In addition, the General Assembly noted that, in accordance with article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any amendments to the Convention or its annexed Protocols and any new proposals for protocols relating to other categories of conventional arms not covered by existing Protocols to the Convention. The General Assembly also requested the Third Review Conference and its preparatory meetings to make the utmost effort to promote universal adherence to the revised Convention and all its Protocols through, inter alia, the convening of regional meetings and seminars.", "Item 13. Consideration of any proposals concerning the Convention and its existing Protocols", "In accordance with rule 29 of the draft rules of procedure, the draft proposals submitted by the Group of Governmental Experts to the Conference (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) should serve as the basic proposal for consideration by the Conference.", "In accordance with rule 30 of the draft rules of procedure, other proposals and substantive amendments should normally be submitted in writing to the Secretary-General of the Conference, who shall circulate copies to delegations in the languages used by the Conference. In general, no discussion or decision on proposals should be taken unless copies of their working languages will be distributed to them by delegations on the first day of the meeting.", "Item 14. Consideration of proposals for additional protocols to the Convention", "In accordance with rule 29 of the draft rules of procedure, the draft proposal submitted by the Group of Governmental Experts to the Conference (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) should serve as the basic proposal for consideration by the Conference.", "In accordance with rule 30 of the draft rules of procedure, other proposals and substantive amendments shall normally be submitted to the Secretary-General of the Conference in writing and he shall circulate copies to delegations in the languages used by the Conference. In general, no discussion or decision on proposals should be taken unless copies of their working languages will be distributed to them by delegations on the first day of the meeting.", "Item 15. Report of the Credentials Committee", "The Conference shall approve the report of the Credentials Committee.", "Item 16. Report of the Main Committees", "The Conference shall take note of the reports of the Main Committees.", "Item 17. Report of the Drafting Committee", "The Meeting should take note of the report of the Drafting Committee.", "Item 18. Consideration and adoption of the Final Document", "The Conference shall consider and adopt the final document under this item.", "Item 19. Other matters", "Any other matters may be taken on the basis of the circumstances." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目13", "审议任何关于《公约》及其 现有议定书的提案", "关于遵约的决定草案 [1]", "候任主席提出", "关于《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分 伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 适用的遵约机制的决定", "第 一 部 分", "1. 为了确保遵守，各缔约方承诺，针对与履行其法律义务有关的任何关注，或为解决在《公约》及对缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书条款的解释和适用上可能产生的任何问题而通过双边方式、联合国秘书长或其他适当国际程序彼此进行协商与合作。", "2. 为此目的，请秘书长在一年内趁举行《公约》或其所附议定书缔约方其他会议之便，单独召开一次缔约方会议。其后的会议可由缔约方商定后举行。", "3. 会议的参加应比照适用第三次审查会议的议事规则行事。", "4. 会议的工作将包括：", "(a) 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的实施情况和现况；", "(b) 审议各缔约方根据本决定第一部分第5段提交的资料所引起的事项；", "(c) 筹备下一次审查会议；", "(d) 审议旨在促进执行《公约》及其所附议定书的国际合作与援助；以及", "(e) 审议并采取为实现《公约》及其所附议定书的目标所需的任何其他活动。", "5. 各缔约方将在每届会议举行之前向秘书长提交关于下列任何事项的资料，而秘书长应将这些资料分发给所有缔约方：", "(a) 向其武装部队和平民群体传播有关《公约》及其所附议定书的资料；", "(b) 为满足《公约》及其所附议定书的相关技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料；", "(c) 与《公约》及其所附议定书有关的立法；", "(d) 就技术合作与援助采取的措施；以及", "(e) 其他有关事项。", "6. 缔约方会议的费用应由各缔约方和参加会议工作的非缔约国按照经过适当调整的联合国会费分摊比额表分摊。", "第 二 部 分", "7. 每一缔约方将采取一切适当步骤，包括立法及其他措施，以防止和制止其管辖或控制下的个人违反《公约》及对该缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书或在其管辖或控制下的领土上违反《公约》及对该缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书。", "8. 本决定第二部分第7段所指的措施在必要时，包括为了确保对违反《公约》及其所附议定书的禁止规定在与武装冲突有关的情况下故意造成平民死亡或使平民受到严重伤害的个人进行刑事制裁和将其绳之以法而采取的适当措施。", "9. 每一缔约方还应要求其武装部队发布有关的军事指令和作业程序，并要求武装部队人员接受与其任务和职责相称的培训，以期遵守《公约》及对该缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书的规定。", "10. 为此建立一个专家人才库。每一缔约方可就《公约》所附议定书每一适用领域提名一位专家，供列入人才库。任何列入人才库的专家均应具有公认的公正性和得到承认的技术、法律或其他适当才能。", "11. 缔约方请联合国秘书长编制和更新一份载有人才库所列专家姓名、国籍和其他相关资料的名单，并通报各缔约方。", "12. 任何缔约方，可针对与履行其在《公约》及对其具有约束力的任何所附议定书条款之下的法律义务有关的任何关注而向专家人才库寻求帮助。", "13. 为此目的，缔约方请秘书长与有关缔约方协商，在个案基础上，从人才库中挑选一名或一组专家来审议本决定第二部分第12段所指的任何关注。在挑选专家时，秘书长应特别考虑专家的恰当才能以及公平地域分配。", "14. 选定的专家应以个人身份按照其任务授权履行其职责。", "15. 选定的专家应向有关缔约方和秘书长提交报告，其中载列其对有关缔约方所提出的问题的意见和可能的建议。秘书长应根据一缔约方的要求，向该缔约方提供该报告。", "16. 选定的专家进行工作和提供专门知识的费用应由有关缔约方承担或由自愿捐款支付。", "17. 本决定所载的规定不影响缔约方未来就遵约问题可能作出的任何规定。", "18. 本决定一经通过，即适用于《公约》及其所附议定书的所有缔约方。为所有缔约方的利益，联合国秘书长应将本决定及其实施情况通报非《公约》缔约国。本决定旨在补充而非替代《公约》所附议定书中现有的相关遵约规定。", "[1] 对本提案的前一版本(载于CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2)所作的修改以下划线表示。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/830 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 13 of the provisional agenda", "Consideration of any proposal for", "the Convention and its existing Protocols", "DRAFT DECISION ON COMPLIANCE[1]", "Presented by the President-designate", "DECISION ON A COMPLIANCE MECHANISM APPLICABLE TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "PART I", "1. With a view of ensuring compliance the High Contracting Parties undertake to consult each other and to co-operate with each other bilaterally, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, or through other appropriate international procedures, regarding any concerns which relate to the fulfilment of their legal obligations or to resolve any issue that may arise with regard to the interpretation and application of the provisions of this Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which they are bound.", "2. For this purpose, the Secretary General is requested to convene a separate Meeting of the High Contracting Parties within one year, in the context of other meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention or its annexed Protocols. Subsequent meetings could be held as agreed by the High Contracting Parties.", "3. Participation in the Meeting shall be determined following the Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference, applied mutatis mutandis.", "4. The work of the Meeting will include:", "(a) Review of the operation and status of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(b) Consideration of matters arising from the information provided by the High Contracting Parties according to paragraph 5 of Part I of this Decision;", "(c) Preparation for the next review conference;", "(d) Consideration of international co-operation and assistance to facilitate the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols; and", "(e) Consideration and undertaking of any additional actions that may be required for the achievement of the objectives of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.", "5. The High Contracting Parties will provide information to the Secretary General in advance of the Meeting, which will be circulated by the Secretary General to all the High Contracting Parties, on any of the following matters:", "(a) Dissemination of information on the Convention and its annexed Protocols to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(b) Steps taken to meet the relevant technical requirements of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and any other relevant information pertaining thereto;", "(c) Legislation related to the Convention and annexed Protocols;", "(d) Measures taken on technical co-operation and assistance; and", "(e) Other relevant matters.", "6. The cost of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties shall be borne by the High Contracting Parties and States not parties participating in the work of the Meeting, in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment adjusted appropriately.", "PART II", "7. Each High Contracting Party will take all appropriate steps, including legislative and other measures, to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which it is bound by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control.", "8. The measures envisaged in paragraph 7 of Part II of this Decision include, where necessary, appropriate measures to ensure the imposition of penal sanctions against persons who, in relation to an armed conflict and in contravention of the prohibitions imposed by the Convention and its annexed Protocols, willfully kill or cause serious injury to civilians, and to bring such persons to justice.", "9. Each High Contracting Party shall also require that its armed forces issue relevant military instructions and operating procedures and that armed forces personnel receive training commensurate with their duties and responsibilities to comply with the provisions of the Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which it is bound.", "10. A pool of experts is hereby established. Each High Contracting Party may provide one expert per field of application of the annexed Protocols to the Convention to be included into the pool. Any expert included in the pool shall be of acknowledged impartiality and recognized technical, legal or other appropriate competence.", "11. The High Contracting Parties invite the Secretary-General of the United Nations to prepare and update a list containing the names, nationalities and other relevant data of the experts included into the pool and communicate it to the High Contracting Parties.", "12. Any High Contracting Party may seek assistance from the pool of experts regarding any concerns which relates to the fulfilment of its own legal obligations under the provisions of the Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which it is bound.", "13. For that purpose, the High Contracting Parties invite the Secretary-General to select, in consultation with the High Contracting Party concerned and on a case by case basis, an expert or a group of experts from the pool, who will consider any concern mentioned in paragraph 12 of Part II of this Decision. In the selection of experts the Secretary-General shall give particular consideration to their appropriate competence, as well as to equitable geographical distribution.", "14. The expert or experts selected shall fulfill their duties in their personal capacity according to the terms of reference of their mission.", "15. The expert or experts selected shall submit to the High Contracting Party concerned and to the Secretary-General the report containing his or their views and possible recommendations on the issue raised by the High Contracting Party concerned. Upon request by a High Contracting Party, the Secretary General shall communicate the report to this High Contracting Party.", "16. The costs of the work undertaken and expertise conducted by the expert or experts selected shall be borne by the High Contracting Party concerned or through voluntary contributions.", "17. The provisions contained in this Decision shall not prejudice any possible future provisions on compliance to be decided upon by the High Contracting Parties.", "18. Upon its adoption, this decision will apply to all High Contracting Parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. States not parties to the Convention shall be informed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this decision and its operation for the benefit of all High Contracting Parties. This decision is intended to complement, but not to substitute the existing relevant provisions on compliance contained in Protocols annexed to the Convention.", "[1] Amendments to the previous version of this proposal (as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2) appear underlined." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 13 of the provisional agenda", "Consideration of any proposals for the Convention and its existing Protocols", "Draft decision on compliance", "Submitted by the President-Designate", "Decisions on compliance mechanisms applicable to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Department", "In order to ensure compliance, the Parties undertake to consult and cooperate with each other, through bilateral means, the Secretary-General of the United Nations or other appropriate international procedures, on any concerns relating to the fulfilment of their legal obligations or on any issues that may arise in the interpretation and application of the Convention and any relevant provisions of the Protocol binding on Parties.", "To this end, the Secretary-General is requested to convene, within one year, a meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention or its annexed Protocols. The subsequent meetings may be held after the agreement of the Parties.", "Participation in the Conference shall be subject to the rules of procedure of the Third Review Conference, mutatis mutandis.", "The work of the Conference will include:", "(a) Review of the implementation and status of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(b) Consideration of matters arising from information submitted by Parties pursuant to paragraph 5 of Part I of this decision;", "(c) Preparation for the next Review Conference;", "(d) Consider international cooperation and assistance aimed at promoting the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols; and", "(e) Consider and take any other activity necessary to achieve the objectives of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.", "The Parties shall submit to the Secretary-General, prior to each session, information on any of the following matters:", "(a) Dissemination of information on the Convention and its annexed Protocols to its armed forces and civilian groups;", "(b) Steps taken and any other relevant information to meet the relevant technical requirements of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(c) Legislation relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(d) Measures taken on technical cooperation and assistance; and", "(e) Other related matters.", "The costs of the Conference shall be borne by the Parties and the States not parties participating in the Conference in accordance with the appropriate adjusted scale of assessments for the United Nations.", "Ministry", "Each Party shall take all appropriate steps, including legislation and other measures, to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention by individuals under its jurisdiction or control or of any annexed Protocols binding on that Party or in territories under its jurisdiction or control, in violation of the Convention and any annexed Protocols binding on that Party.", "The measures referred to in paragraph 7 of Part II of the present decision, when necessary, include appropriate measures to ensure that prohibitions against violations of the Convention and its annexed Protocols provide for criminal sanctions against individuals who deliberately cause civilian death or seriously harm to civilians in situations of armed conflict.", "Each High Contracting Party shall also require its armed forces to issue relevant military directives and operational procedures, and the personnel of the armed forces are required to receive training commensurate with their mandates and responsibilities, with a view to complying with the Convention and any accompanying Protocol binding on that Party.", "To that end, an expert pool was established. Each Party may nominate an expert for inclusion in the pool of talents for each applicable area of the Protocol annexed to the Convention. Any expert included in the talent pool shall have recognized impartiality and recognized technical, legal or other appropriate means.", "Parties invited the Secretary-General of the United Nations to prepare and update a list of names, nationality and other relevant information containing experts listed in the talent pool and to inform Parties.", "Any High Contracting Party may seek assistance to the pool of expert talents on any concerns relating to the fulfilment of its legal obligations under the Convention and any binding provisions of the Protocol.", "To that end, Parties requested the Secretary-General to select, on a case-by-case basis, an expert from the talent pool to consider any concerns referred to in paragraph 12 of Part II of the present decision. In selecting experts, the Secretary-General should give special consideration to the appropriateness of experts and equitable geographical distribution.", "The selected experts shall discharge their duties in their personal capacity.", "The selected experts shall submit reports to the relevant Parties and the Secretary-General containing their views and possible recommendations on issues raised by Parties. The Secretary-General shall submit the report to that Party at the request of a Party.", "The costs of the work and expertise of selected experts shall be borne by the Party concerned or paid by voluntary contributions.", "The provisions contained in this decision do not affect any future provisions that may be made by Parties on compliance.", "This decision is adopted by all Parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. For the benefit of all Parties, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform this decision and its implementation of a non-State party to the Convention. This decision is intended to complement and not replace existing compliance provisions in the Protocol annexed to the Convention.", "The following lines were indicated in the previous version of the proposal (see CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2)." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "欧洲联盟对协调员和军事和技术专家会议主席 关于非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告的评论", "芬兰提出", "导 言", "1. 欧洲联盟(欧盟)十分感谢非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员、巴西的卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯大使所作的努力，特别是他和他的小组在上届会议期间的辛勤工作。", "2. 欧盟借此机会重申支持候任主席的要求，候任主席要求协调员、军事专家会议主席格尔森·梅南德罗·加西亚·德弗雷塔斯将军和协调员的整个团队在筹备审查会议的工作中继续协调非杀伤人员地雷进程。欧盟认为，在协调员干练的指导下积极认真地就非杀伤人员地雷问题进行的讨论和为审查会议准备的决定十分重要。欧盟在《特定常规武器公约》先前会议上所述以及在欧盟先前对协调员的评论中更详细叙述的立场基础上，欧盟方面能够而且也愿意参与这些筹备工作。", "3. 欧盟现已更详细地审查了在政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时提出的协调员的报告，并愿就该报告提出下列评论。", "一般评论", "4. 欧盟对该报告叙述部分不作评论，有关谅解是，这些部分是由协调员和军事和技术专家会议主席个人负责提出的，并未打算反映更广泛的一致意见。因此，欧盟以下的详细评论将完全集中于题为“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的建议汇编”的CCW/GGE/XV/ WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件的技术附件。", "5. 欧盟注意到，协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议期间确认，在一切都商定之前，什么都无法商定。欧盟感谢协调员的这一重要澄清。本着这一谅解，欧盟现在愿就协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时提出的报告作出评论。欧盟继续支持CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件所载的一组建议。在政府专家小组第十五届会议之前和期间所作的评论仍然有效。本着这一谅解，欧盟将继续务实地参与讨论9月6日提交的报告所附的案文。", "文件标题", "6. 欧盟注意到，协调员使用了“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”这一表述。欧盟的意见是，在标题和整个案文中，应当使用非杀伤人员地雷一词。经修正后的第二号议定书规范所有地雷。经修正后的第二号议定书中有些规定仅涉及反人员地雷，欧盟愿回顾协调员的正式任务授权是“非杀伤人员地雷”。", "7. 欧盟认为，文件标题应当短小精干，即“关于非杀伤人员地雷的一组规定”。这不影响、也不会预先限制可能列入文件的有关规定。", "第 1 条", "8. 第3款：下列措辞更好地涵盖了该款的目的：“这一组建议不妨碍现有的国际人道主义法或规定了更严格义务或适用范围更广的其他适用的国际文书或联合国安全理事会的决定” 。在这种情形中提到《特定常规武器公约》本身，欧盟感到不合适，因为欧盟的目的是要为《特定常规武器公约》附上一个新的有法律约束力的议定书。在这方面，欧盟认为不需要具体提到《特定常规武器公约》，此举也不可取。《特定常规武器公约》是国际人道主义法的一部分，仅提及国际人道主义法能够取得关于该公约所期待的效果。", "第 2 条", "9. 第1款(b)项：欧盟认为，应当删除斜体的最后一句。", "10. 第1款(e)项：与先前在8月分发的文件相比，有关措辞有了明显改善。案文后面部分关于标界区标示(现为技术附件A)的措辞也比8月提出的文件有所改进。然而，关于标界区的定义(现列于关于定义的条款)和关于标界区标示(现列于技术附件A)的规定最好放在一组规定的正文。但是，在完成关于标界区问题的分析之前，欧盟需要查看提议的关于可探测性和有效寿命问题的措辞。因此，欧盟可能在以后补充其评论。", "11. 第1款(h)项：应当与经修正后的第二号议定书所用术语一致，“Self-deactivation”应改为“Self-deactivating”。", "第3和第4条", "一般评论", "12. 对欧盟以及对大多数国家而言，列入关于可探测性和有效寿命的有法律约束力的承诺是非杀伤人员地雷文书的一个关键目标。", "13. 欧盟支持第一种选择，并期待着协调员进一步报告他与那些至今为止尚未能加入关于可探测性和有效寿命问题有法律约束力措辞协商一致意见的国家磋商的情况。欧盟继续鼓励协调员在第一种选择和欧盟提议的措辞基础上寻求协商一致意见。", "14. 关于第一种选择的措辞，欧盟指出，仅需以下列方式使其在技术上与“一组规定”的其余部分相一致：", "第 3 条", "15. 第4款：将“章”改为“条”。", "16. 第6款：将“章”改为“条”，将“20”改为“4”。", "17. 第7款：将“章”改为“条”，将“建议”全部改为“规定”。", "第 4 条", "18. 第4款：将“24和25”改为“1和2”。", "第 5 条", "一般评论", "19. 开展一些进一步的工作将会提高该条标题与案文以及规定顺序的一致性。作为一项初步意见，其标题(措施等)也许太弱，因为案文正确地载有各项禁止。而且，可以通过另外安排该条的顺序或将该条分为数个条款，更明确地区分禁止、限制、合作规定等。", "具体评论", "20. 第2款(e)项：应当删除该项。", "21. 第6款：欧盟认为，为了确保一致性，避免任何可能的误解，所用术语的定义不仅应当提到经修正后的第二号议定书第2条第7款的定义，而且应当提到经修正后的第二号议定书第3条第7款的定义。", "22. 第7款(a)和(c)项：欧盟认为，为了确保一致性，避免任何可能的误解，所用术语的定义全都应当明确提到经修正后的第二号议定书所用的定义。", "23. 关于第11-13款的一般评论：欧盟愿询问列入这些条款的理由。这些条款看来涉及一组规定的遵守问题。然而，这些条款仅提供了遵守有关规定的有限的基础。欧盟提议更全面地处理遵守问题，并在评论结束部分提到最后这一点。", "24. 关于第11款的具体评论：大多数受害者都是因非国家行为者所布设的非杀伤人员地雷而受到伤害的。有一些组织正在设法使非国家行为者放弃使用杀伤人员地雷，并承诺执行国际准则和文书，如《渥太华公约》。在非杀伤人员地雷方面，不应当排除这种办法。欧盟担心的是，保留目前措辞的第11款将会使各组织没有可能采用消极安全保证来执行未来非杀伤人员地雷议定书的规定。欧盟还需要从人道主义法的观点来研究这种措辞的其他影响，欧盟愿鼓励协调员征询各国际人道主义组织、特别是红十字委员会关于该款措辞的意见。", "第 7 条", "25. 欧盟关注的是，“当事方商定的”的提法可能比经修正后的第二号议定书第10条第3款所用的“当事方准许的”限制性更强。欧盟认为，一组规定中的措辞不应当比经修正后的第二号议定书所用的措辞更具限制性。因此，欧盟提议回到经修正后的第二号议定书的“当事方准许的”的提法。", "第 9 条", "26. 第1款(b)项：该款所载规定十分重要，但欧盟怀疑，在有标界区例外的情况下，有关规定是否能够有效。因此，仅应保留(b)项中斜体的替代措辞，首先提议的正体的措辞应当删除。", "27. 第1款(c)项：参见上文的评论。应在“certificate”一词后加上一个句号，并删除该款中的其余案文。", "28. 根据协调员将就可探测性和有效寿命提议何种标准，欧盟稍后可能补充其评论。", "29. 在现有第3和第4款之间可以增加一个新款，其措辞如下：“本条的规定和要求在这一组建议生效后发生效力，而不论一国是否宣布它将利用过渡期来达到对非杀伤人员地雷可探测性和有效寿命规定的要求。”", "第 10 条", "30. 第2款(b)项：欧盟注意到，协调员使用了“demining”一词，而没有使用经修正后的第二号议定书在这方面所用的“mine clearance”一词，建议使用经修正后的第二号议定书中的相同术语。", "第 11 条", "31. 第1款(c)项：见关于第10条第2款(b)项的评论。", "第 12 条", "32. 首先提议的案文应予保留。欧盟认为，缔约国非常接近于就技术附件B关于引信设计一节达成一致意见。欧盟并不相信，删除决议案文，从而丧失专家多年工作的结果会导致任何国家明显改变在非杀伤人员地雷进程中的立场。", "技术附件A", "33. 欧盟提议增加“本附件对缔约国具有法律约束力”一语。", "34. 欧盟重申其关于第2条第1款(e)项的评论，并可能回到这一问题。", "35. 在第一“章”末尾――即在第1(d)(三)之后插入下列句子：“标记应尽可能可看见、可判读、耐久和耐受环境作用的影响。”在关于雷场记录的规定中，在此需要这一句话，即使同一句话在一组规定的某些其他相关部分也可能是贴切的。", "技术附件B", "36. 欧盟提议将“合格的人员”改为“授权的人员”，以便与第2条(e)款的措辞相一致。", "其他意见", "37. 欧盟注意到，一组规定中没有涉及遵约机制的问题。欧盟意识到，在非杀伤人员地雷进程中，这一问题被搁置一旁，以待关于将要引入《特定常规武器公约》遵约机制的一般性讨论结果。该一般性讨论现已进入了最后阶段。在这方面，欧盟注意到候任主席最近关于遵约问题的提议(2006年9月5日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2号文件，特别是其中所载关于第7条/第三部分第11段)。该段适用于《特定常规武器公约》本身，规定“……所载规定，不影响本公约缔约国未来就遵守问题作出的任何规定。”欧盟认为，如果非杀伤人员地雷进程导致了一项附于《特定常规武器公约》的有法律约束力的议定书――这是欧盟的目标，这项新的非杀伤人员地雷议定书的遵约机制不应当比经修正后的第二号议定书更弱。这一意见在遵约机制的内容和法律地位方面都有效。欧盟认为，这一意见十分重要，因为经修正后的第二号议定书已经在许多方面规范了非杀伤人员地雷。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.51 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "EUROPEAN UNION COMMENTS ON THE REPORT BY THE COORDINATOR AND THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE MEETINGS OF MILITARY EXPERTS ON THE WORK IN 2006 ON MOTAPM", "Presented by Finland", "Introduction", "1. The European Union (EU) is very grateful for the efforts of the Coordinator on MOTAPM, Ambassador Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil, and, in particular, for the hard work he and his team did during the last session.", "2. The European Union takes this opportunity to reaffirm its support to the President-designate’s request to the Coordinator, the Chairperson of the Meeting of Military Experts, General Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, and the Coordinator’s whole team to continue to coordinate the MOTAPM process in the run-up to the Review Conference. The EU considers very important that the discussions and decisions to be taken on MOTAPM at the Review Conference be actively and carefully prepared under the Coordinator’s able guidance. For its part, the EU is able and willing to engage in these preparations on the basis of the positions which the EU has stated at the previous CCW meetings and outlined in more detail in previous comments by the EU to the Coordinator.", "3. The EU has now reviewed in more detail the Coordinator’s report presented at the end of the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), and would like to provide the following comments on it.", "GENERAL COMMENTS", "4. The European Union refrains from commenting on the descriptive parts of the report with the understanding that they are put forward under the personal responsibilities of the Coordinator and the Chairperson of the Meeting of the Military Experts and are not intended to reflect wider agreement. Therefore the European Union will focus its detailed comments below exclusively on the technical annexes of document CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.2 entitled Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM - A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts.", "5. The European Union notes the Coordinator's confirmation, stated during the fifteenth session of the GGE , that nothing can be agreed before everything is agreed. The European Union is grateful to the Coordinator for this important clarification. It is with this understanding that the EU now wishes to provide comments on the report presented by the Coordinator at the end of the fifteenth session of the GGE. The European Union continues to support the set of recommendations as contained in document CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev 2. The comments made prior to and during the fifteenth session of the GGE remain valid. With this understanding, the EU will continue to engage pragmatically in discussing the text annexed to the report presented on 6 September.", "Title of the document", "6. The European Union notes that the Coordinator has used the expression \"MOTAPM/AVM\". The European Union’s view is that in the title and throughout the text, the term MOTAPM should be used. The AP II regulates all mines. Some provisions of the AP II concern only anti-personnel mines and would also like to recall that the Coordinator's official mandate was on \"MOTAPM\".", "7. In the view of the EU, the title of the document should be kept short and simple, that is, “Set of provisions on MOTAPM”. That would not prejudge, or limit beforehand, the provisions that could be included in the document.", "Article 1", "8. Paragraph 3: The purpose of this paragraph would be better covered by the following: \"This Set of provisions is without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law, or other international instruments as applicable, or decisions by the Security Council of the United Nations, which provide for stricter obligations or which have wider applicability.\" The European Union is uncomfortable with the mentioning of the CCW Convention itself in this kind of context, as the goal of the EU is that a new legally binding Protocol be annexed to the CCW Convention. The EU does not think that a specific reference to the CCW is necessary or desirable in this context. The CCW is part of the international humanitarian law and the desired effect regarding the CCW is best captured by only referring to IHL.", "Article 2", "9. Paragraph 1 (b): It is the view of the European Union that the last sentence, which is in italics, should be deleted.", "10. Paragraph 1 (e): This language is a significant improvement as compared to the previous paper that was circulated in August. Also the language on marking of the PMA later in the text (now in Technical Annex A) has improved from the paper presented in August. However, both the definition of the Perimeter-marked area (PMA) (contained now in the article on definitions) and the provisions on marking of the PMA (contained now in the Technical Annex A) would be better placed in the main body of the Set of provisions text. However, the EU will need to see the proposed language on detectability and active life before completing its analysis on the PMA question. Therefore the EU may complement its comments later.", "11. Paragraph 1 (h): To be in line with the terminology used in the AP II, the term \"Self-deactivation\" should be replaced by \"Self-deactivating\".", "Articles 3 and 4", "General comments", "12. For the EU, as for the great majority of States, the inclusion of legally binding commitments on detectability and active life constitute key objectives for a MOTAPM instrument.", "13. The EU supports option 1and looks forward to the Coordinator’s further reporting on his consultations with the countries that have not so far been able to join the consensus on a legally binding language on detectability and active life. The EU continues to encourage the Coordinator to seek consensus on the basis of option 1 and the language proposed by the EU.", "14. Regarding the language of option 1, the EU notes only the need to make it technically consistent with the rest of the \"Set of Provisions\", as follows:", "Article 3", "15. Paragraph 4: Replace \"chapter\" by \"Article\".", "16. Paragraph 6: Replace \"chapter\" by \"Article\" and \"20\" by \"4\".", "17. Paragraph 7: Replace \"chapter\" by \"Article\" and \"recommendations\" by \"provisions\" throughout.", "Article 4", "18. Paragraph 4: Replace \"24 and 25\" by \"1 and 2\".", "Article 5", "General comments", "19. The coherence of the Article's title and text, as well as the sequence of the provisions would benefit from some further work. As a preliminary remark, the title (measures etc) is probably too weak as the text rightly contains prohibitions. Also, clearer distinctions could be made between prohibitions, restrictions, provisions on cooperation etc, by sequencing the Article differently or by dividing the Article into several Articles.", "Specific comments", "20. Paragraph 2 (e): This paragraph should be deleted.", "21. Paragraph 6: In the view of the European Union, for the sake of ensuring consistency and to avoid any possible misunderstanding, the definition of terms used should refer not only to definitions in Article 2(7) of the AP II but also to definitions in Article 3(7) of the AP II.", "22. Paragraph 7 (a) and (c): In the view of the European Union, for the sake of ensuring consistency and to avoid any possible misunderstanding, the definition of terms used should in all cases refer explicitly to the definitions used in AP II.", "23. General comment on paragraphs 11-13: The EU would like to enquire on the reason for the insertion of these paragraphs. These paragraphs would seem to relate to compliance with the Set of provisions. However, they would provide only a limited basis for compliance provisions. The EU proposes that the compliance issue be dealt with more comprehensively and refers to this last point of at the end of these comments.", "24. Specific comment on paragraph 11: Most victims are caused by MOTAPM laid by non-state actors. There are organizations doing valuable work to engage the negative security assurances (NSAs) to abandon use of anti-personnel landmines (APLs) and to commit themselves to implement international norms and instruments, such as the Ottawa Convention. This approach should not be excluded as regards the MOTAPM. The EU is concerned that retaining paragraph 11 with its current wording could make it impossible for any organization to engage NSAs to implement the provisions of the future MOTAPM Protocol. The EU will also need to study other implications of this wording from the IHL viewpoint and would encourage the Coordinator to consult with international humanitarian organizations and notably the ICRC on their views regarding the wording of this paragraph.", "Article 7", "25. The EU is concerned that the formula \"agreed by the parties\" may be more restrictive than \"permitted by such party\" that is used in AP II Article 10 paragraph 3. It is the view of the EU that the language in the set of provisions should not be more restrictive than the language in AP II and . The EU would, therefore, propose reverting back to the AP II formula \"permitted by such party\".", "Article 9", "26. Paragraph 1 (b): The provision contained in this paragraph is very important, but the EU has doubts whether the provision can be effective with a PMA exception. Therefore only the alternative language in subparagraph (b) in italics should be retained and the language proposed first on normal characters should be deleted.", "27. Paragraph 1 (c): Refererence is made to the comment above. A full stop should be inserted after the word \"certificate\" and the rest of the text in this paragraph should be deleted.", "28. The EU may complement its comments later, depending on what standards the Coordinator will propose for detectability and active life.", "29. A new paragraph should be added between the current paragraphs 3 and 4 with the following language: \"The provisions and prescriptions of this Article will be effective upon the entry into force of this set of provisions, irrespective of the transition period which the State could avail itself of in order to meet the requirements set for detectability and active life of MOTAPM.\"", "Article 10", "30. Paragraph 2 (b): The EU notes that the Coordinator has used the term \"demining\" instead of \"mine clearance\" which was the term used in AP II in this connection and would suggest using the same terminology as in AP II.", "Article 11", "31. Paragraph 1 (c): See comment on Article 10 paragraph 2 (b).", "Article 12", "32. The text proposed first should be retained. In the view of the EU,the States Parties are very close to reaching a consensus on the section on fuze design in Technical Annex B. The EU does not believe that its deletion, thereby losing the results of years of expert work, would lead to a significant change in the position of any country in the MOTAPM process.", "Technical Annex A", "33. The EU proposes to add \"This Annex is legally binding on High Contracting Parties\".", "34. The EU reiterates its comment on Article 2 paragraph 1 (e) and may come back to it.", "35. The following sentence should be inserted at the end of \"chapter\" 1, that is after 1 d (iii): \"The marking shall be visible, legible, durable, and resistant to environmental effects, as far as possible.\" This sentence is needed here among the provisions on minefield recording, even if this same sentence may be pertinent also in some other relevant parts of the set of provisions.", "Technical Annex B", "36. The EU proposes replace \"qualified personnel\" by \"authorized personnel\". This would be coherent with the language in Article 2 (e).", "Other remarks", "37. The EU notes that the question of the compliance mechanism is not addressed in the set of provisions. The EU is aware that in the MOTAPM process, this question has been put aside awaiting for the outcome of the general discussion on the compliance mechanism to be introduced to the CCW Convention. This general discussion has now entered its final stage. The EU takes note, in this context, of the latest President-designate's proposal on compliance (CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev 2, dated 5 September2006, and in particular paragraph 11 of Article 7 ter/Part III contained therein). According to this paragraph, applicable to the CCW Convention itself, \"the provisions of ... shall not prejudice any possible future provisions on compliance to be decided upon the High Contracting Parties\". In the EU’s point of view, if the MOTAPM process leads to a legally binding Protocol to be annexed to the CCW Convention, which is the EU’s goal, this new MOTAPM Protocol should not have a compliance mechanism that is weaker than that in AP II. This remark is valid both on contents and on legal status of the compliance mechanism. The EU considers this remark important as the AP II already regulates MOTAPM in many respects." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Comments of the European Union on the report of the Coordinator and the Chairman of the Expert Meeting on Military and Technical Matters on the work of anti-personnel mines in 2006", "Submitted by Finland", "Introduction", "The European Union (EU) is very grateful for the efforts of the Coordinator on Mines, Ambassador Carlos Antonio Darosha Parani of Brazil, in particular for his hard work during the previous session.", "The EU takes this opportunity to reiterate its support for the President-designate's request that the President-designate request that the Coordinator, the President of the military expert meeting, General Gönnedro Garcia de Francis, and the entire team of the Coordinator continue to coordinate the process of anti-personnel mines in the preparation of the Review Conference. The EU is of the view that the discussions on the issue of anti-personnel mines, under the able guidance of the Coordinator, and the decisions prepared for the Review Conference, are important. The EU is able and willing to participate in these preparations, as noted in the previous CCW Conference and in the EU's earlier detailed account of the Coordinator's comments.", "The EU has reviewed in more detail the report of the Coordinator at the end of the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts and wishes to make the following comments on the report.", "General comments", "The EU does not comment on the narrative part of the report, which is based on the understanding that these parts are submitted by the Coordinator and the individuals responsible for the Chairman of the expert meetings on military and technical experts and do not intend to reflect the broader agreement. Therefore, the detailed comments of the EU will focus exclusively on the technical annex to document CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.2, entitled “Compilation of proposals by a group of governmental experts on the use of anti-personnel mines/removal vehicles mines”.", "The EU notes that, during the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts, the Coordinator confirmed that it was not possible to agree upon before all agreed. The EU thanked the Coordinator for this important clarification. In that understanding, the EU would now like to comment on the report of the Coordinator at the end of the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts. The EU continues to support a set of recommendations contained in CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2. Comments made prior to and during the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts remain valid. In that understanding, the EU will continue to engage pragmatically in the discussion of the text annexed to the report of 6 September.", "List of documents", "The EU noted that the Coordinator had used the expression “mines from anti-personnel mines”. The EU expressed the view that, in the titles and in the text as a whole, the use of the term anti-personnel mines should be used. The amended Protocol II regulates all mines. Some of the provisions of Protocol II, as amended, relate only to anti-personnel mines, and the EU wishes to recall that the formal mandate of the Coordinator is “Anti-personnel mines”.", "The EU believes that the title of the document should be shorter, i.e. “A set of provisions on anti-personnel mines”. This does not affect, nor does it prejudge the relevant provisions of the document.", "Article 1", "Paragraph 3: The following wording would better cover the purposes of the paragraph: “The Group recommends that it be without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law or impose more stringent obligations or other applicable international instruments or decisions of the United Nations Security Council”. In that context, the EU was not appropriate to refer to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons itself, since it was intended to attach a new legally binding protocol to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. In this regard, the EU considers that there is no specific reference to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons is part of international humanitarian law and refers only to the effect that international humanitarian law can achieve on the Convention's expectations.", "Article 2", "Paragraph 1 (b): The EU believes that the last sentence of the escrow should be deleted.", "Paragraph 1 (e): The language was clearly improved compared to the documents previously distributed in August. The wording of the post part of the text relating to the marking area (now the technical annex A) was also improved from the August document. However, the definition of the area of the mark (which is now included in the terms on definition) and the provision on the marking area (see annex A to the technology) are best placed in a set of provisions. However, prior to the completion of the analysis of the issue of the demarcation area, the EU needs to see the proposed wording on the issue of detectability and effective life. Therefore, the EU may add its comments beyond.", "Paragraph 1 (h): It should be consistent with the terminology used in the amended Protocol II, “Self-departion” should be replaced with “Self-departing”.", "Articles 3 and 4", "General comments", "For the EU and for most countries, the inclusion of legally binding commitments on detectability and effective life is a key objective of the anti-personnel mines instrument.", "The EU supports the first option and looks forward to further reporting by the Coordinator on his consultations with States that have not yet acceded to the legally binding consensus on the issue of detectability and effective life. The EU continues to encourage the Coordinator to seek consensus on the basis of the first option and the wording proposed by the EU.", "With regard to the wording of a choice, the EU stated that it would be necessary to align it with the remainder of the “a set of provisions” in a technical manner only:", "Article 3", "Paragraph 4.", "Paragraph 6.", "Paragraph 7.", "Article 4", "Paragraph 4.", "Article 5", "General comments", "Further work will improve the consistency of the title and text of the article and the order. As a preliminary opinion, its title (as such as measures) may be too weak, since the text correctly contains prohibitions. Moreover, the prohibition, limitations, cooperation provisions may be more clearly distinguished by the order in which the article is structured or divided into several articles.", "Specific comments", "Paragraph 2 (e): This should be deleted.", "Paragraph 6: The EU believes that in order to ensure consistency and avoid any possible misunderstanding, the definition of terminology used should refer not only to the definition of article 2, paragraph 7, of Protocol II, as amended, but also to the definition of article 3, paragraph 7, of Protocol II, as amended.", "Paragraphs 7 (a) and (c): The EU considers that, in order to ensure consistency and avoid any possible misunderstanding, the definition of the terminology used should refer to the definitions used in the amended Protocol II.", "General comment on paragraphs 11-13: The EU would like to ask for inclusion in these provisions. These provisions appear to involve compliance with a set of provisions. However, these provisions provide only a limited basis for compliance with the relevant provisions. The EU proposes to deal more fully with compliance issues and to refer to it in the end of the comments.", "Specific comments on paragraph 11: Most victims were injured by anti-personnel mines established by non-State actors. A number of organizations are seeking to renounce the use of anti-personnel mines by non-State actors and commit to implementing international norms and instruments, such as the Ottawa Convention. This approach should not be excluded in the area of anti-personnel mines. The EU is concerned that paragraph 11, which retains the current wording, would make it possible for organizations to adopt negative security assurances to implement the provisions of future anti-personnel mines protocols. The EU also needs to study the other implications of this wording from the perspective of humanitarian law, and the EU would encourage the Coordinator to consult international humanitarian organizations, in particular ICRC, on the wording of the paragraph.", "Article 7", "The EU is concerned that the reference to “agreed by the parties” may be more restrictive than that used in article 10, paragraph 3, of the amended Protocol. The EU believes that the wording of a set of provisions should not be more restrictive than the wording used in the amended Protocol II. Therefore, the EU proposes to return to the reference to “authorized by the parties” of Protocol II as amended.", "Article 9", "Paragraph 1 (b): The provisions contained in that paragraph are important, but the EU doubts that the provisions would be effective in the case of exceptions to the demarcation area. Thus, the alternative wording of subparagraph (b) should be retained only and the wording of the proposed body should be deleted.", "Paragraph 1 (c): See the comments made above. A sentence should be added after the word “certificate” and the remainder of the paragraph should be deleted.", "Based on the criteria to be proposed by the Coordinator for detectability and effective life, the EU may later add its comments.", "A new paragraph could be added between existing paragraphs 3 and 4, with the following wording: “The provisions of this article and the requirement for the entry into force of the recommendation of this group, irrespective of whether a State declares that it will use the transition period to meet the requirements for the detection and effective life of anti-personnel mines”.", "Article 10", "Paragraph 2 (b): The EU notes that the Coordinator used the term “demining”, without the use of the term “mine clearance” used in this regard in Protocol II, as amended, and recommends the use of the same terminology in Protocol II as amended.", "Article 11", "Paragraph 1 (c): See comments on article 10, paragraph 2 (b).", "Article 12", "The text proposed first should be retained. The EU believes that the State party is very close to reaching agreement on the technical annex B section on the design of slots. The EU does not believe that the deletion of the text of the resolution would lead to a clear change in the position of any State in the anti-personnel mines process.", "Annex A", "The EU proposes to add the phrase “The present annex is legally binding on States parties”.", "The EU reiterates its comments on article 2, paragraph 1 (e), and may return to this issue.", "At the end of chapter I - after paragraph 1 (d) (iii), insert the following sentence: “The mark shall be as visible, commissible, durable and environmentally-resilient as possible”. In the provisions on the record of the minefields, this sentence would be required, even if the same sentence would be relevant in some other relevant parts of a set of provisions.", "Technical Annex B", "The EU proposes that the term “qualified persons” be replaced with “authorized personnel”, in order to be consistent with the wording of article 2 (e).", "Other comments", "The EU notes that a set of provisions does not address the issue of compliance mechanisms. The EU is aware that, in the process of anti-personnel mines, this issue has been put aside to the outcome of the general discussion on the introduction of the compliance mechanism of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. The general discussion has now reached the final stage. In this regard, the EU notes the recent proposal by the President-designate on compliance (document CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2 of 5 September 2006, in particular paragraph 11 of part 7/Part III). This paragraph applies to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons itself, which stipulates that “the provisions contained in ... do not affect any provision made in the future of States parties to this Convention on compliance”. The EU believes that if the process of anti-personnel mines results in a legally binding protocol attached to the CCW - This is the European Union's objective that the compliance mechanism of this new Protocol on Mines should not be more fragile than the amended Protocol II. This opinion is valid in terms of the content and legal status of the compliance mechanism. The EU believes that this opinion is important because the amended Protocol No. II has regulated anti-personnel mines in many ways." ]

[ "2006年9月15日智利常驻裁军谈判会议代表团 致会议秘书处的普通照会，其中智利政府对 2006年5月27日至30日在马来西亚 布特拉贾亚举行的不结盟运动协调局 部长会议最后文件[1] 中的某些段落 普遍表示保留", "智利常驻联合国日内瓦办事处及其他国际组织代表团向裁军谈判会议秘书处致意，并有幸通报，智利政府对2006年5月27日至30日在马来西亚布特拉贾亚举行的不结盟运动协调局部长会议最后文件中的一些段落普遍表示保留，这些段落有悖于智利的外交政策和国际义务，特别是那些与各项人权文书、人道主义法、裁军和不扩散以及不干涉各国内部事务的原则不一致、包括与原子能机构《规约》和相关决议不一致的段落。因此，这些段落不以任何方式对智利具有约束力。", "谨请将本函作为裁军谈判会议正式文件印发，分发给裁谈会所有成员国和参加会议工作的非成员国。", "2006年9月15日，日内瓦", "[1] 2006年6月30日作为裁军谈判会议文件印发, 文号为CD/1788。" ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1799 28 September 2006 \nENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "NOTE VERBALE DATED 15 SEPTEMBER 2006 FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF CHILE TO THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT EXPRESSES ITS GENERAL RESERVATION CONCERNING CERTAIN PARAGRAPHS OF THE FINAL DOCUMENT OF THE MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE COORDINATING BUREAU OF THE MOVEMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES, HELD IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA, ON 29 AND 30 MAY 2006[1]", "The Permanent Mission of Chile to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the office of the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to inform it that the Government of Chile wishes to express its general reservation concerning those paragraphs of the Final Document of the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on 29 and 30 May 2006, which run counter to its foreign policy and to Chile’s international obligations, in particular those which are not consistent with instruments on human rights, humanitarian law, disarmament and non-proliferation and the principle of non‑interference in the internal affairs of States, including the Statute and resolutions of IAEA. Consequently, those paragraphs will not be binding on Chile in any manner whatsoever.", "In this regard, I would be grateful if this letter could be issued as an official document of the Conference on Disarmament and distributed to all the member States of the Conference and the non-member States participating in its work.", "Geneva, 15 September 2006", "[1] Issued as a document of the Conference on Disarmament under the symbol CD/1788 of 30 June 2006.", "GE.06-64891 (E) 141106 271106" ]

[ "A note verbale dated 15 September 2006 from the Permanent Mission of Chile to the Conference on Disarmament addressed to the Secretariat of the Conference, in which the Government of Chile made general reservations to certain paragraphs contained in the Final Document of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Butrajaya, Malaysia, from 27 to 30 May 2006", "The Permanent Mission of Chile to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other international organizations presents its compliments to the Secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to inform that a number of paragraphs in the Final Document of the Conference of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Butrajaya, Malaysia, from 27 to 30 May 2006, have generally expressed reservations, which are incompatible with Chile's foreign policy and international obligations, particularly those incompatible with the principles of human rights instruments, humanitarian law, disarmament and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, including the IAEA statute and relevant resolutions. Therefore, these paragraphs are not binding in any way on Chile.", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter circulated as a document of the Conference on Disarmament to all member States of the Conference and to non-member States participating in the Conference.", "Geneva, 15 September 2006", "Adopted as a document of the Conference on Disarmament on 30 June 2006, No." ]

[ "加 拿 大", "禁止生产用于武器的裂变材料： 考虑因素、要求和原子能机构的能力", "原子能机构于2006年8月24日在日内瓦向 裁军谈判会议作的报告", "导 言", "1. 1993年12月16日，联合国大会通过决议A/RES/48/75/L, 要求国际原子能机构(原子能机构)在必要情况下提供协助，审查可由国际有效核查的禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的非歧视性多边条约(以下称《裂变材料禁产条约》)的核查安排。", "2. 原子能机构表示愿意提供必要的协助，该机构秘书处开展内部研究，分析核查裂变材料禁产问题的可能要求，并就落实这些核查要求所需的资源开展初步评估。向1995年召开的多次裂变材料禁产条约研讨会及时通报了相关研究结果。", "3. 大会决议、香农授权和不扩散条约缔约国设想的裂变材料禁产条约将包括承诺不生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料，同时也不协助其他国家从事此类活动。就用于其他合法用途的裂变材料的生产而言，作出的核查安排需要达到裂变材料禁产条约规定的承诺的各项要求。", "4. 原子能机构秘书处认为，核查是否遵守裂变材料禁产条约的技术目标是确保没有进一步生产用于武器的裂变材料，也没有将裂变材料从民用核燃料循环中挪用于核武器用途。因此，务必要确保拟用于核武器用途的钚和高浓缩铀在裂变材料禁产条约生效时存在的储存此后不再增加。 一个相关问题是如何处理现有的可用于武器的裂变材料储存。", "5. 要澄清缔约国的基本义务以及裂变材料禁产条约核查机制的范围，各国必须解决很多问题。在核查问题上，这些问题可以归纳为两个基本问题：", "(1) 对于不生产用于武器的裂变材料的承诺，如何进行核查？议定的承诺要能够有高度把握地加以核查仅需要以几个核心设施作为核查工作的重点吗？还是应当开展全面的核查行动？", "(2) 核查工作应当如何以及在何种程度上确保已存在的用于核武器的裂变材料储存不会增加，如果不存在这种储存，如何确保今后不会生产？", "6. 各国解决上述问题的方法将确定如下方面：", "(1) 核查结构以及核查系统的行动范围(即，核查措施适用于整个核燃料循环还是仅其中一部分)；", "(2) 核查组织有高度把握地确定某一特定国家或在该国境内没有开展条约所禁止的任何活动的能力，特别是制订规定，使核查机构能够检测可能存在的未申报核设施以及核活动，包括生产裂变材料；以及", "(3) 裂变材料禁产条约缔约国应承担的核查系统总成本。", "7. 原子能机构充分了解各国在裂变材料禁产条约的范围及核查问题上的不同观点，并且无意预先设想上述问题在裁军谈判会议上的讨论情况。本文将概述原子能机构的保障措施以及核查活动，以便让参与裁军谈判会议工作的各国了解相关情况，并指出哪些活动可能与关于未来裂变材料禁产条约核查问题的讨论有关。", "定义：裂变材料与核材料", "8. 联合国大会决议和香农授权均提到“裂变材料”。在这方面，就裂变材料做出明确的定义将有所帮助。例如，可以将裂变材料定义为不需要进一步浓缩或嬗变就能够直接制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核材料。这与原子能机构保障措施所使用的“直接使用核材料”一词相吻合。", "9. 执行原子能机构保障协定时不使用“裂变材料”一词，原子能机构保障措施适用于“核材料”， [1] 即《原子能机构规约》第二十条所定义的源材料或特种可裂变材料。[2] 《原子能机构规约》将特种可裂变材料界定如下：“钚239；铀233；同位素235 或233浓缩的铀；含有上述一种或数种材料的任何材料；以及理事会不时确定的其他可裂变材料。” 《原子能机构规约》对源材料界定如下：“含有自然界发生的同位素混合物的铀；同位素235贫化的铀；钍；呈金属、合金、化合物或浓缩物形态的上述任何材料；含有上述一种或数种材料的其他材料，其浓度应由理事会不时确定；以及理事会不时确定的其他材料。”[3]", "10. 在原子能机构保障措施范围内“核材料”进一步细分为：(1) 无需嬗变或进一步浓缩就可用于生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置的非辐照及辐照“直接使用核材料”；[4] 以及(2) 需要经过辐照或浓缩方适合用于生产核武器的“间接使用材料”。从原子能机构保障措施的目的出发，直接使用核材料包括：钚238同位素含量未达到80%的钚、铀235同位素含量达到20%或以上的铀、以及铀233。“分离的直接使用核材料”系从裂变产物中分离出来的直接使用核材料，将其用于核武器所需的加工以及加工时间都大大少于高度放射性裂变产物的混合物。裂变材料禁产条约中关于裂变材料的定义可以接近关于分离的直接使用核材料的上述定义。这些基本定义的差异可能使得各国承担的义务和需要采取的行动、执行原子能机构保障措施以及裂变材料禁产条约的核查工作变得更加复杂。", "原子能机构保障协定的类型", "11. 原子能机构保障措施在不同类型的协定和安排下适用，因此具体范围、目标、措施、技术、评估和报告方式可能有所不同。[5]", "12. 在1968年缔结《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)之后，原子能机构便负责通过执行保障措施，核实各国根据《不扩散条约》或类似协定做出的“和平利用”承诺是否得到履行。[6]", "13. 目前，《不扩散条约》的183个无核武器缔约国做出承诺，不制造、也不通过其他途径获取核武器或其他核爆炸装置。[7] 此外，这些国家还承诺针对用于各项核活动的所有核材料实施原子能机构保障措施，并同原子能机构缔结全面保障协定，履行其根据《不扩散条约》第三条所承担的义务。", "14. 《不扩散条约》的五个核武器缔约国同原子能机构缔结了自愿提交保障协定，协定内容涉及部分或全部民用核材料和/或核设施，原子能机构可以从中选取部分材料或设施，实施保障措施。", "15. 对于尚未加入《不扩散条约》的三个国家――印度、以色列和巴基斯坦，原子能机构保障措施将在特定设施对设施本身或相关保障协定具体指明的核材料及其他项目实施。[8]", "全面保障协定国家的保障措施", "16. 原子能机构保障措施被视为国际核不扩散体制的基石，全面保障协定则是原子能机构保障措施的基石。[9] 全面保障协定要求各国使其全部核材料受制于原子能机构保障措施，并要求原子能机构根据全面保障协定的条款，对该国境内、管辖范围内或控制范围以内任何地点进行的所有和平核活动所用的全部核材料实施保障措施。对于那些承诺不开发、也不通过其他途径获取核武器的国家，原子能机构保障措施的覆盖范围包括“裂变材料”以及其他核材料。全面保障协定的核查活动涉及申报的核材料以及未经申报的核材料及核活动，目的是确认全部核材料都置于保障措施之下，并承诺用于和平用途。[10]", "17. 根据全面保障协定执行原子能机构保障措施的工作以两项核查目标为指导方针：", "(1) 监测一国申报的重要量核材料 [11])是否从和平用途转为生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置；以及", "(2) 核查各国申报的信息是否准确和完整，目的之一是检测申报的设施是否从事未申报的核材料生产或加工活动。", "18. 多年来，原子能机构采用统一标准来指导有关方面在已申报设施中执行保障措施，决定各国提供的信息的覆盖面和准确性，制订信息核查活动，确定为达成保障目标在设施实施的保障方案，并制订关于视察频率、视察活动以及视察结果的具体要求。在无法借助核试验的情况下，考虑到加工过程中的损失以及设计方案应该做到保守，8公斤钚和铀233足以让一个国家生产出第一件核武器。对于高浓缩铀而言，25公斤铀235同位素同样足以生产核武器。", "19. 全面保障协定的结构和内容以及落实保障措施的基础设施，不仅将影响到全面保障协定缔约国境内的裂变材料禁产条约核查，同时也会引起其他国家的关注。在全面保障协定之下，有关方面缔结辅助安排，作为执行保障措施所依据的法律框架的部分内容。辅助安排包括一般规定和针对每个已知设施的设施附件。辅助安排的一般规定和设施附件尽可能实现标准化，而不同类型设施的设施附件以“范本”为基础，往往需要做出重大调整，以适应个别设施的具体特点。设施附件将对个别设施适用的具体义务和视察权利同原子能机构与该国缔结的保障协定中的相关段落联系起来。", "20. 根据全面保障协定，必须建立“国家核材料衡算和控制系统”(简称SSAC)，负责执行有效的衡算安排和进出口控制。国家必须广泛申报在实施保障措施的设施当中开展的核活动，并定期报告其核材料存量清单和流量。在全面保障协定生效之初，首次存量清单申报将接受核查，以确保其内容完整和准确。此后，要求各国就其申报的每个设施提供设计资料，每年开展材料平衡评估，并依据经测量的实物存量和存量变化报告不明材料量。国家申报资料交由原子能机构进行核查，以确保其内容完整和准确，已申报的核材料没有被转用于生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置。", "在全面保障协定缔约国加强保障措施", "21. 伊拉克是《不扩散条约》的无核武器缔约国，并且缔结了全面保障协定，但在该国境内发现了广泛的秘密核武器计划，这表明保障制度的工作重点不能仅限于核查已经申报的核活动。为加强保障制度，原子能机构理事会认识到，要杜绝出现秘密行动的可能性，原子能机构需要通过辅助工具来克服全面保障协定的局限性。在文件INFCIRC/540 (Corr.)的基础上，制订了全面保障协定附加议定书，扩大原子能机构的权限，要求各国提供更多资料，并向原子能机构开放相关地点和技术，以便让后者能够核查该国根据全面保障协定所申报的信息是否准确、完整。", "22. 根据全面保障协定附加议定书的规定，原子能机构有权要求国家就核计划提供资料，其中包括研究和开发，以及与可用于生产或提纯核材料的特定设备和非核材料的制造或出口有关的活动。附加议定书允许补充接触，目的是确保没有未申报的核材料及核活动或解决涉及核材料或核活动的问题或不一致处，其中包括有限接触相关地点，以防止关于核扩散的敏感资料外泄，达到安全或实物保护要求，保护专利或商业敏感信息。附加议定书将针对可能的秘密设施以及在申报设施内开展的未申报活动的核查工作结合起来，使得原子能机构能够根据申报设施的情况适当调整核查要求。", "23. 作为加强保障制度的部分工作，原子能机构正在实施“一体化保障”，这是一种更加有效的方法，将根据全面保障协定开展的核查活动同更加先进的分析方法以及根据附加议定书开展的更多接触结合起来。国家层面上的一体化保障措施考虑到具体国情，例如国家核材料衡算和控制系统(SSAC)的成效以及国家核燃料循环的特点。截止到2005年，原子能机构已经在多个国家实施了一体化保障措施，包括日本和加拿大这两个拥有最大的实施保障措施的核计划国家。目的是使附加议定书普遍化，以便其扩大的接触权能够同样地应用于签订全面保障协定的所有国家。", "24. 原子能机构理事会每年召开四次会议，在每次会议上均提出多项附加议定书，供批准后签署，国家总数有所增加，但缔结并实施附加议定书的进展速度仍然缓慢。(到目前为止，已有109个国家签署了附加议定书，77个国家正在实施附加议定书。)", "25. 2005年9月，原子能机构理事会修订了“小数量议定书”(SQP)政策 [12]，目的是在缔结全面保障协定的所有国家确保有效实施核查权利。此外，理事会还组建了保障与核查委员会(第25委员会)，负责审议进一步加强保障制度的方式方法。", "针对开展或计划开展核活动的其他国家的原子能机构保障措施", "26. 在印度、以色列和巴基斯坦执行原子能机构保障措施，是根据在《不扩散条约》以前订立的《保障协定》[13]，内容涉及研究和动力堆及其部件、核燃料以及重水。这些《保障协定》规定，上述反应堆中辐照产生的所有裂变材料都需要实施保障措施，对于加工或使用此类核材料的工厂，只要受制于保障措施的核材料储存在工厂内，也应执行保障措施。应该指出，针对某一类设施的保障核查要求通常以全面保障协定规定的要求为准，但可能因设施本身、设备或核材料受制于保障措施而出现具体的不同，而且保障协定可能包括反映这些保障协定的选择性的条款，特别是替代条款。[14]", "核武器国家的保障措施执行情况", "27. 法国、中华人民共和国、俄罗斯联邦、联合王国和美国等得到《不扩散条约》承认的五个核武器国家，均已签署了以全面保障协定为范本的自愿提交保障协定。此类协定没有要求这些国家使其核材料受制于保障措施，而是允许它们将核材料以及设施从其指定供原子能机构选择执行保障措施的名单中删除。此外，原子能机构没有义务在这些国家指定的设施当中执行保障措施。[15] 目前原子能机构保障措施与最有关裂变材料禁产条约的适用对象是中国和联合王国的浓缩工厂。除专门用于核武器计划和海军反应堆计划的核设施之外，法国和联合王国的所有核设施均根据《罗马条约》的规定，执行欧洲原子能联营的保障措施。欧洲原子能联营被视为区域管制机制，原子能机构和该机构正在执行一项伙伴关系安排，就在欧盟国家执行保障措施开展合作。", "附加议定书", "28. 《附加议定书范本》[16] 针对已经同原子能机构签署保障协定的所有国家，其中包括《不扩散条约》的核武器缔约国和非缔约国。[17] 得到《不扩散条约》承认的五个核武器国家均已签署《附加议定书》，其中包括文件INFCIRC/540所规定的部分措施，三个核武器国家已经开始执行相关议定书。核武器国家执行议定书的主要目的是为原子能机构提供更多资料，协助原子能机构对无核武器国家的核活动执行保障措施。在核武器国家和《不扩散条约》非缔约国签署的附加议定书与可能列入裂变材料禁产条约的关于可能协助其他国家获取生产裂变材料能力的设备或材料出口问题的条款可能会相互影响。", "原子能机构其他相关核查活动", "29. 在执行保障措施的正常范围之外，原子能机构开展附加核查活动的以下三种情况可能与裂变材料禁产条约有关：", "(1) 原子能机构根据联合国安全理事会第687号决议和相关决议，在伊拉克执行扩大的核查措施，[18] 其中包括无限制进入可疑地点和大范围环境监测，以检测是否存在秘密核材料生产活动。此次极端事件获取的经验在考虑裂变材料禁产条约中将规定的接触条款时或许有帮助――授予的权利和遭遇的困难；", "(2) 根据朝鲜民主主义人民共和国同美国缔结的协议框架，原子能机构负责监测冻结朝鲜核设施的所有作业，[19] 其中包括监测冻结随时备用的后处理厂的活动。取得的经验对于考虑裂变材料禁产条约中规定的视察条款可能有帮助；以及", "(3) 原子能机构同俄罗斯联邦和美国一起提出了三方倡议，目的是建立对这两个国家过多的国防用裂变材料进行核查的体制，下文将具体论述这个问题。", "三方倡议", "30. 1996年9月17日，俄罗斯原子能部长维克托·米哈伊洛夫、原子能机构总干事汉斯·布利克斯和美国能源部长Hazel O’Leary 举行会晤，并在会上提出“三方倡议”。倡议的目的是履行克林顿总统和叶利钦总统关于原子能机构核查源于武器的裂变材料的承诺，并补充双方关于削减核武器的透明度和不可逆性的承诺。", "31. 三方建立了联合工作组，负责审议原子能机构核查相关裂变材料所涉及的各种技术、法律和财政问题。工作组致力于制订可适用于下列设施的核查措施：投入运行后的俄罗斯M裂变材料储存设施；以及一处或多处美国设施，储存在该处的从国防计划中撤出的已知源于武器的裂变材料将接受核查。2002年12月16日，有关方面宣布了三方倡议工作组的任务。[20]", "32. 三方倡议涉及如下内容：原子能机构的核查范围和目的；可能接受原子能机构核查的源于武器的裂变材料的存放地点、类型和数量；能够履行核查及监督目标并且不会泄露敏感信息的技术；以及为原子能机构核查措施提供经费和法律框架的备选方案。", "范围和目标", "33. 三方倡议旨在建立核查体制，要求拥有核武器的国家将过多的武器材料提交核查。各国自行决定申报哪些材料，但将材料交由原子能机构进行核查的决定一经做出，便不可撤消。", "34. 此外，根据核查要求，一旦决定将某些材料交由原子能机构进行核查，视察将强制执行。", "35. 每件核武器使用一种或多种裂变能量元素，每一种裂变能量元素都需要某种核材料，通常是钚239同位素含量达到93%或更高的钚，或是高浓缩铀。对拥有、生产和使用此类材料加以控制，是国际不扩散体制的基础。随着《不扩散条约》的核武器缔约国纷纷采取行动，履行其根据条约第六条所承担的义务，关于禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约以及规定将现有核材料从核武器除去的框架，将成为未来安排的核心内容。", "36. 使武器材料接受国际核查能够达到各种不同目的，视其发生时间以及核查范围而定。", "(1) 假如裂变材料经过加工，已经不具备能够揭示武器秘密的任何特性，然后使此类材料接受视察同时承诺它不能够再用于军事用途，能够满足以下两个目的：(a) 限制国家能力(同时禁产)；以及 (b) 提供建立信任的方式，从而鼓励进一步削减军备，将更多的多余材料交由原子能机构进行视察。", "(2) 包括对仍然具有武器秘密的裂变材料进行视察的规定，能够收到额外收益：由于将武器材料转化为非机密形式材料需要很高的成本和漫长的过程，交付视察的程序将大大加快。只有在国家确信核查过程不会泄露相关特性的情况下，才会考虑允许原子能机构对具有机密特性的武器材料开展核查。", "(3) 包括确认提交项目的性质就是核武器部件的特性的规定，能够允许对削减军备的过程进行监测。", "(4) 假如实施了上述各项措施，从理论上讲，能够在弹头脱离发射系统之际就开始进行核查，同时允许对削减军备的具体措施进行核查。", "37. 根据三方倡议，核查将包括前两个步骤。", "38. 核查机密形式的裂变材料所需的步骤对于原子能机构使用的核查过程以及设备提出了新的要求。假如能够执行一项得到核武器国家认可的核查办法，就有可能以更快的速度进一步确认为裁军采取的步骤。", "39. 根据三方倡议，迄今为止开展的大部分技术工作都用在设计可使各国将具有机密特性的裂变材料，其中包括从核弹头拆下的原封未动部件交付核查的方法。", "技术要求和方法", "40. 近年来，根据三方倡议开展的大部分技术工作都是在设计可让核武器国家能够邀请原子能机构视察人员测量核武器部件，但这些视察人员无任何可能性接触到核武器设计秘密的核查方法。另一方面，核查方法必须让原子能机构能够充分保证核查是可信、独立的。各种可能的测量方法都考虑了，首先是原子能机构当前对无核武器国家中的钚和高浓缩铀实施保障措施所使用的方法。三方得出结论认为，假如允许视察人员接触原始测量数据，已知的各种方法都可能泄漏武器秘密。因此，按照原子能机构常规保障措施做法开展的直接定量测量是行不通的。", "41. 三方由此商定，原子能机构对源于武器的裂变材料的核查工作将以能够保障最可靠核查的测量为基础，但测量系统的设计将使原子能机构的视察人员只能得到“合格/不合格”资料。由于原始测量数据可以揭示机密资料，测量系统应包括特别安全规定，防止其中含有任何机密资料，并在有人企图接触原始测量数据时让整个系统陷入瘫痪。将实际测量数据同不机密的参考“属性”进行比较，可以确定是否“合格”。这种方法被称为“有信息屏蔽的属性核查”。各方商定，原子能机构对某一容器中是否有过多的钚的核查工作可以开展以下属性检验：", "(1) 是否存在钚；", "(2) 武器级同位素构成(即，钚240和钚239之比小于0.1)；以及", "(3) 钚的数量是否大于规定界限值。", "42. “信息屏蔽”将硬件、软件以及分层程序保护系统结合起来，目的是对机密资料形成纵深保护。三方倡议专家研究了各种已知的核查技术，确定哪一种方法能够让原子能机构得出可信、独立的结论。专家制订了测量系统的一般技术要求和功能细则，开发并展示了测量系统模型。该模型被称为“利用中子重复计数和高分辨率伽马能谱测定法对具有机密特性的钚开展属性核查的有信息屏蔽系统”(AVNG)。根据同洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室签订的合同，目前正在位于Sarov (旧称A-16)的俄罗斯联邦核中心/全俄实验物理科学研究院建设全方位系统。该系统将测量保存机密形式的钚的AT-400储存容器(该容器的展示样本保存在原子能机构三方倡议办公室)。在钚储存设施存量监测系统的设计和开发问题上，专家已经取得了良好进展。", "43. 属性核查技术包括中子重复计数分析系统和高分辨率伽马能谱测定系统，核查在特定环境下进行，以防止机密资料外泄，同时阻止任何外界信号干扰操作系统。假如有任何通路被打开，安全监控系统将停止整个系统的运行，接到视察人员的读出的计算机区段和传输装置，在不违反安全限制的情况下提供认定的结果。", "44. 上述所有设备都在使用国制造生产。该国负责检验这些设备，其验证将包括常规工业问题，以及反间谍验证，以确保原子能机构的视察不会造成机密资料外泄。原子能机构的常规验证做法不能够在这些限制下采用；目前正在制订新方法，其中部分内容即将投入实施；认证工作仍是原子能机构面临的最大挑战。", "45. 除上述关于全面属性核查系统的工作之外，关于源于武器的裂变材料专用储存设施存量监测系统的工作也在进行。这套系统将跟踪监测设施内的核材料，确保随时核查其特性、完整性和所在地点。存量监测系统将把传统的保障封隔和监视措施结合起来。酌情保护机密资料是必要的，并且需要国家给予验证。真实性验证也是关注的问题。此外，将严格规范视察人员的活动。", "46. 此外还考虑了将裂变材料从机密形式转化为非机密形式所需的步骤以及随后的处置活动。2000年，俄罗斯联邦和美国签署了《钚的管理和处理协定》(PMDA) [21] ，根据该协定，俄美两国同意各自对34吨武器级钚进行系统处理。《钚的处理和处理协定》呼吁就原子能机构核查这种钚的作用问题同原子能机构开展“早期磋商” 。根据三方倡议，该协定确认的大部分钚将接受原子能机构核查，因此，相关安排必须设法满足上述两项活动的要求。估计的处理成本是俄罗斯联邦20亿美元，美国66亿美元。", "47. 对于非机密形式的裂变材料而言，核查方法应类似于原子能机构在无核武器国家执行不扩散保障措施时采用的方法。但尽管如此可能有脱离原子能机构保障措施的需要。对于那些目前(或今后)位于核武器生产地点的设施而言，甚至对于储存非机密形式的裂变材料的设施而言，现地安全限制可能使得常规保障工作的执行更加复杂。此外，核查工作还面临的实际问题是，裂变材料经过混合或辐照之后同民用部门的裂变材料相比更不适合用于武器用途的情况。", "48. 如机密形式的裂变材料要接受核查，国家必须申报。俄罗斯联邦和美国都不能够申报机密形式裂变材料的特性，因为会违反《不扩散条约》第一条和相关国内法律。", "49. 根据原子能机构保障措施，原子能机构对受制于保障措施的核材料的所有核属性进行无限制测量，并提取样本，按精确度和准确度的最高标准，对包括杂质在内的各种属性进行测量。对于机密形式的裂变材料显然不能进行这种测量。", "50. 原子能机构全面保障协定是核不扩散体制的组成部分，目的是防止无核武器国家获取任何核武器。参与三方倡议的两个核武器国家都拥有数千件核武器，目前正在大幅度削减武器数量，希望最终能够减到零。适用于核裁军的核查要求最终必须同不扩散核查要求一致起来，但这还需要一定时间。", "51. 三方倡议涉及如下内容：原子能机构核查的范围和目的；可能接受原子能机构核查的源于武器的裂变材料的所在地点、类型和数量；能够满足核查及监测目标、同时又不会泄露敏感资料的技术；以及为原子能机构核查措施提供经费和提供法律框架的备选方案。", "与后处理和浓缩有关的原子能机构保障措施和技术", "52. 随着裂变材料禁产条约的范围及核查要求确定下来，原子能机构的相关经验和各国的现有要求将有助于对特定类型的设施以及酌情对特定设施开展深入调查。根据谈判授权，理论上将需要对后处理和浓缩活动进行核查，因此对原子能机构在浓缩和后处理厂执行保障措施的经验进行初步审议，可能有所帮助。", "申报的后处理厂", "53. 在后处理厂，把核反应堆产生的钚从铀、裂变产物和其他锕类元素中分离出来。除极个别情况之外，所有钚后处理厂都采用同一种处理技术，即“普雷克斯流程”。[22] 后处理厂需要处理具有高度放射性的物质，因此必须在极端坚固的构造内遥控处理，以封隔放射性。这些特点，再加之精确测量在处理开始时的钚(或铀233)数量所固有的困难，使得保障措施的执行工作十分复杂，而且同其他保障措施的执行相比成本更高。", "54. 在后处理厂执行保障措施的目的是检测设施是否被滥用(未申报的后处理) 以及申报的钚和铀的流量及存量是否被转用。运行的大型工厂在达到保障措施核查要求方面遇到的困难是最大的，由于原子能机构保障措施视察目标当中的量化部分是根据生产一件核武器所需材料数量确定的，由于这些数量同处理的核材料总量相比变得很少，必须扩大保障措施的执行范围，同时提高侵入性，以确保工厂没有被滥用，核材料得到准确测量和申报，并且没有被转用。假如后处理厂在执行保障措施之前已经投入运行，或是工厂测量仪器不完善或不可靠，技术问题会更加复杂。", "55. 后处理厂的保障方案取决于众多因素，其中最重要的是工厂的运行状况：正在运行、处于备用状态、已经退役、还是已经废弃。可能出现以下几种情况：", "(1) 继续从事后处理；", "(2) 用于非后处理目的 (例如，从钚中清除镅241、废物分级等)；", "(3) 备用(在这种情况下，核查要求在很大程度上取决于发布重新运行通告和实际重新启动之间的时间间隔)；", "(4) 逐步退役(在这种情况下，由于重新启动所需的时间和努力随着重要部件的销毁、掩埋或拆除而增加，保障方案逐渐趋于简化)；以及", "(5) 已经退役或废弃(定期检查的频率取决于建筑物是否保留下来，以及如果是，是否仍在使用当中；方法是在考虑成本的基础上开展定期视察或卫星图象分析)。", "56. 必要的成本和工作将有所不同，已经退役或者废弃的设施几乎不要任何成本，而持续视察则需要动用耗资数千万美元的核查设备。", "57. 针对后处理厂的原子能机构保障措施首先要分析相关国家应就以下方面提供的资料：设施的设计和构造、其运行情况以及所使用的核材料衡算系统。在考虑设施保障方案的过程中，应尽早开展设计资料审查，以决定资料是否充分，是否前后一致。在建造、服役、此后的正常运行、保养、调整以及退役过程中，设计资料要经由视察人员观察核实，并进行适当测量和检验，以确认设施的设计和运行情况同所提供的信息相吻合。除上述方法之外，可以根据实际情况开展环境取样，用以检测具有不同特性的钚后处理。可以在此类保障措施的基础上确定某一具体设施保障方案的其他内容，并且可以据此实施其他各种保障措施。", "58. 根据每个后处理设施的运行状况、规模大小以及设施的具体特点，设施保障方案将下列措施的适当组合同设计资料核查活动结合起来：", "(1) 对于后处理厂的主要部门实施封隔和监视，以继续了解业经核实的资料，并跟踪监督运行情况，以确定受到视察的运行是否符合运营方申报的情况；", "(2) 实施测量，其中包括运营方对核材料衡算、临界性安全或流程控制进行的测量，以及原子能机构利用原子能机构的设备进行的、或者根据适当安排使用运营方的设备进行的测量；", "(3) 溶液测量和监测系统，用以跟踪含有核材料的溶液在处理区内的流动情况，并提供经过验证的溶液中的核材料体积测量数据；", "(4) 近实时衡算，以检测规定的每月定期监测间隔期间内钚的损失情况；", "(5) 核材料衡算，涉及根据核实后的实物存量和实物存量变化所作的年度材料结算(这包括发货方――收货方差额分析以及连续材料结算期内未说明的材料)；以及", "(6) 累计核材料衡算，涉及设施执行原子能机构保障措施的整个期间内的总量分析和趋势分析。", "59. 在后处理厂实施的保障措施之一是收集样本，交由位于Seibersdorf (奥地利) 的原子能机构保障分析实验室以及位于八个成员国的另外14家实验室进行分析，所有这些实验室构成了原子能机构的分析实验室网络。在设施进行的样本准备工作之一是将样本同参考材料进行混合稀释，降低其放射性，以便于运输和处理。此类样本的运输成本非常高，需要采取适当的辐射防护措施。", "60. 在后处理厂使用的核查设备包括标准密封和监视设备以及以下专用系统：", "(1) 气动测量系统，用以测量装有仪表的容器中的溶液体积和密度；", "(2) 安全样本容器，用以保护样本免受干扰；", "(3) 密度计设备，原子能机构利用此项设备在其分离和提纯前后以及过程当中对溶液中的钚浓度进行核查(对于提纯后的溶液使用K电子吸收限密度计，对于含有裂变产物和铀的溶液使用混合型 K电子吸收限密度计)；以及", "(4) 鉴于必要的样本数量以及分析时间，应该在大型后处理厂设立现场分析实验室。", "秘密后处理厂", "61. 在全面保障协定缔约国，任何未申报的后处理都显然是违反了协定和附加议定书的规定。后处理作业通常会向大气中排放气态裂变产物，并释放粉尘，其中有些粉尘会沉降在远离设施的地方。针对秘密后处理厂的检测措施如下。", "62. 加强信息分析：根据附加议定书的规定，全面保障协定缔约国必须毫无保留地提供以下方面的信息：关于后处理的研究和开发情况，用于后处理的专门容器的制造和进口情况(应要求提供)，以及过去、目前及今后任何后处理厂的兴建、运行和退役情况。原子能机构分析所提供的信息，并将其同通过各种渠道获取的资料进行比较，这其中包括：", "(1) 在各国执行保障措施获取的信息；", "(2) 向原子能机构通报的涉及核材料和特定设备转让的信息；", "(3) 原子能机构通过其他活动获取的信息，包括技术合作项目；", "(4) 科学期刊和媒体披露的公开信息；以及", "(5) 国家可能提供的其他信息。", "63. 补充接触：根据附加议定书的规定，原子能机构有权要求进入相关地点，以解决所提供的信息中存在前后不一致的问题。随着谈判的深入进行，将需要关于此类接触的具体规定来决定它们同裂变材料禁产条约的关系。", "64. 环境取样：根据现行附加议定书的规定，可以在有补充接触的地点开展环境取样工作。大范围环境取样的程序安排需要得到原子能机构理事会的核准，才能执行附加议定书的此项规定。", "申报的浓缩厂", "65. 在铀浓缩厂执行原子能机构保障措施，旨在满足以下三个目标：", "(1) 检测是否存在未申报的高浓缩铀生产活动，或者，假如高浓缩铀生产经过申报，则检测高浓缩铀产量是否过多；", "(2) 检测低浓缩铀产量是否过多(可以随后在秘密工厂或执行保障措施的工厂内进一步浓缩，监测风险较高)；[23] 以及", "(3) 检测申报的铀产物、供料或尾料是否被转用。", "66. 用于检测浓缩厂内业已申报的供料、产物和尾料是否被转用的核材料衡算核查，同其他措施相结合，可以确保浓缩厂没有被用于生产未经申报的高浓缩铀。对于曾经用于生产高浓缩铀的低浓缩厂，这种方法日益重要。", "67. 所有后处理厂基本上都采用一种工序，但有九种铀浓缩技术均得到改进。其中某些技术被采纳的可能性不大，另有一些技术由于耗电量过大，已经被淘汰。浓缩厂的保障方案将包含共同要素，但不同工序特点和不同工厂之间的差异要求采用不同的保障方法。原子能机构保障措施主要适用于气态离心浓缩厂，但原子能机构针对以下设施开展了调查：空气动力喷射浓缩厂，气态扩散浓缩厂，分子激光浓缩系统(MLIS)和电磁(卡留管)浓缩系统。关于在原子蒸汽激光浓缩(AVLIS)工厂内执行保障措施的问题，进行了一些研究，但关于发展水平尚不足以被工业规模工厂采用的其他技术，几乎未进行任何研究：化学交换浓缩，离子交换浓缩，以及等离子分离浓缩。", "68. 同后处理厂的情况一样，设计资料审查及核实是在浓缩厂执行原子能保障措施的核心内容。浓缩技术涉及扩散敏感问题，因此，原子能机构视察人员进入浓缩设备所在地点，要受到技术所有者的限制，视察人员对于浓缩设备内部细节的观察也受到限制，接触重要的浓缩厂运行参数同样受到限制。但已经制订了在上述限制之内的有效核查安排，让原子能机构能够达到指定的目标。", "69. 设计资料的审查及核实为了解供料和提取产物及尾料的工序，以及为确保此后不会对浓缩厂进行暂时或永久性改造以便将浓缩厂或其任何部分用于生产未经申报的高浓缩铀提供基准。(在建设、投入运行、正常运转、保养、改造以及退役过程中，设计资料要经由视察人员观察核实，并进行适当测量和检验，以证实设施的设计和运行情况与所提供的资料相吻合。)", "70. 已经证实，环境取样能够极为有效地确定浓缩厂是否生产高浓缩铀。假如浓缩厂生产高浓缩铀是用于不受禁止的目的，或是曾经生产高浓缩铀的或是靠近高浓缩厂的低浓缩厂，环境取样的成效自然会有所降低。此类设施的保障方案需要更加关注保障措施的其他方面，但即便如此，对于粉尘开展长期群集分析可以为检测是否存在新的生产活动提供基础，同位素比率的微小变化同样可以做为检测基础。", "71. 对某一种浓缩技术而言，同申报的后处理厂的情况一样，浓缩厂的保障方案在很大程度上将取决于该设施的运行状况。以下状况对于制订有效、高效的保障措施尤其重要：", "(1) 正在运行的浓缩厂：", "(a) 生产高浓缩铀用于不受禁止的目的(在这种情况下，核查工作必须确保仅生产申报的高浓缩铀数量，环境取样的意义不大)；", "(b) 生产低浓缩铀的工厂是曾经生产高浓缩铀经过改造的，或是靠近另一个生产高浓缩铀的工厂(在这种情况下，旨在检测未申报的高浓缩铀生产的核查活动将更加复杂，由于高浓缩铀的残留痕量等因素，环境取样可能意义不大)；", "(c) 生产低浓缩铀，从未生产过高浓缩铀；", "(2) 于备用状态(同后处理厂的情况一样，核查要求将取决于必要的事先通知时间间隔)；", "(3) 退役(保障活动将逐步简化，工厂将拆除；业已拆除的浓缩设备的销毁或处理情况将受到监测)；以及", "(4) 经退役或废弃(在这种情况下，也是同后处理厂的情况类似，视察方法和频率将取决于建筑物的最终状态，确保没有采取措施让已经退役或废弃的浓缩厂恢复生产的定期核查工作也将因此有所不同)。", "72. 根据每一浓缩厂的技术、运行状况、能力和设计，保障方案将包括以下措施：", "(1) 测量供料、产物和尾料容器中的铀及浓缩铀的数量，方法是称容器重量，使用无损分析系统测量铀浓缩物，并取样供原子能机构保障分析实验室分析；", "(2) 对以下目标实施封隔和监视：供料、产物和尾料容器；浓缩厂的核心部门，特别是铀供料点以及产物和尾料提取点(在某些浓缩厂采用一体化封闭—监视系统，允许设施运营方附加或取消封记，以这种有效的方式确保进出业已申报的供料点和卸料点的所有容器都经过核查)；以及安装了仪器的地点，目的是不断了解经过核实的资料，并跟踪运行情况，以确定受到观察的运行情况同运营方的申报资料是否吻合；", "(3) 在连锁反应实验室外的材料处理区收集环境样本，检测是否存在未经申报的核材料或核活动；", "(4) 对浓缩过程开展持续监督，或使用专门测量系统，同时对某些离心浓缩厂的连锁反应区域实施有限次数的不通知的视察，监测流程管线中的铀235同位素含量是否低于20%；", "(5) 在其他离心浓缩厂将使用在线仪器，测量供料、产物和尾料中气态六氟化铀的实际浓缩量以及生产流程当中的流量计；", "(6) 对于大多数设施的连锁反应实验室采用有限次数的不通知的视察，检测设施是否改造，收集可以表明存在高浓缩活动的环境样本；", "(7) 对某些设施，监测在连续视察的间隔期间进行的分离工序，将相关数量同运营方申报的数据以及支持性视察数据进行比较；", "(8) 核材料衡算，其中包括在经过核实的实物存量和实物存量变化的基础上开展年度材料衡算(这包括发货方—收货方差额分析以及连续材料衡算期内出现的不明材料)；以及", "(9) 累计核材料衡算，其中包括设施执行原子能机构保障措施期间的总量分析和趋势分析。", "秘密浓缩厂", "73. 针对未申报的浓缩厂和未申报的后处理厂的检测方法基本上是一样的。浓缩作业通常会排放浮质，特别是在流程管线的连接处，同时也通过浓缩厂的通风系统排放。这些浮质飘移的距离不会很远，因此在此类设施周边开展环境取样将取得成效。", "74. 随着浓缩技术的进步，浓缩厂的规模大幅度缩小，所需电力减少，要发现秘密浓缩厂的排放物因此更加困难。", "75. 加强信息分析：各国必须毫无保留地提供以下方面的信息：与浓缩有关的研究和开发，浓缩设备和专门材料(例如碳纤维容器和马氏体时效钢)的制造和进口情况，以及过去、目前及今后任何浓缩厂的兴建、运行和退役情况。关于后处理厂，原子能机构分析所提供的信息，并将其同通过上述渠道获取的后处理厂相关资料进行比较。", "补充接触：同上文所述的后处理厂情况一样。", "76. 环境取样：同后处理厂的情况一样，可以根据附加议定书的规定，在开展补充接触的地点采集环境样本。大范围环境取样的程序安排需要得到原子能机构理事会的核准，才能执行附加议定书的此项规定。但在远离浓缩厂的地方检测到浓缩迹象的可能性很小。", "核查选择", "77. 原子能机构研究了可能的核查情景、相关成本以及这些备选方案可能就裂变材料禁产条约缔约国的遵约情况提供的保证程度，现概述如下。", "核查范围", "78. 从技术角度出发，如果不能对某国核燃料循环的全部环节适用核查安排，在确保不生产用于核爆炸装置的核材料问题上，其保证水平达不到原子能机构在无核武器国家通过执行全面保障协定所提供的保证。为向裂变材料禁产条约缔约国提供类似于原子能机构根据全面保障协定所提供的保证，核查系统必须适用于这些国家申报的核燃料循环的全部环节，并能够检测是否存在未申报的生产设施及核材料。", "79. 将裂变材料禁产条约核查措施同加强的原子能机构现行保障系统结合起来，将对前者有所助益。核查措施的设计将考虑到当前以及未来的技术发展，因为技术进步将有助于提高保障措施提供的保证水平。此外，正如上文指出，在检测是否存在未申报的设施和裂变材料的问题上，核查措施能够提供更多保障。", "80. 裂变材料禁产条约生效之后生产的任何裂变材料，无论是裂变材料生产厂还是通过民用核设施生产的，在处理、使用和储存过程中都应执行保障措施。", "81. 各国应讨论在何种程度上允许国家存量中在条约生效时已有的裂变材料免于接受核查。为避免混淆，特明确说明这些存量是：", "(1) 用于武器用途的军事储存(其中包括拆除武器所得核材料)；", "(2) 用于不受禁止活动的核材料军事储存；以及", "(3) 民用储存。", "82. 假如核查体制的目标仅限于核实是否履行不生产用于裂变材料禁产条约所禁止目的的裂变材料的承诺，将无法保证将用于上述目的的现有裂变材料存量不会在条约生效之后通过生产之外的其他手段增加(例如，通过申报和/或未申报的用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料(非法)进口，或者使用现有民用存量或用于不受禁止的军事目的的现有军事存量)。", "83. 从技术角度来说，裂变材料禁产条约的全面核查体制显然是最佳选择；但各国可能倾向于资源密集程度较低的选择方案，以综合方法的不扩散及裁军利益换取成本更低、针对性更强(针对核设施)的方法。例如，各国可以将核查的技术目标限定为提供保障，确保直接使用材料的所有生产设施不是关闭就是其运行情况受到核查；未明确规定免于核查的裂变材料所有存量在裂变材料禁产条约生效之后仍然要接受核查。", "84. 因此，原子能机构审议了若干其他选择方案及其具体资源要求。这些方案的规模较小，因此成本较低，但这些资源密集程度较低的选择方案提供的保障水平远远低于原子能机构在无核武器国家根据全面保障协定执行保障措施所提供的保障，除非核查机构拥有必要的授权和强大的实力来调查未申报的活动及材料。", "85. 一个重要问题是：国际核查机制是否将包括检测未申报的核设施及裂变材料的措施？", "86. 这个问题的答案将决定核查系统能否遏制潜在的违约者，能否保证民事和/或军事生产设施不生产未申报的用于武器的裂变材料，以及能否保证未申报的设施不生产用于武器用的裂变材料。", "87. 毋庸赘言，如果在核查对象问题上对核查系统施加任何限制，就更加需要一个明确、有效的机制，使核查机构能够调查可能违反裂变材料禁产条约的情况，从而使有限的核查方案能够向所有缔约方提供可以接受或可信的保证，没有任何缔约方违反条约。", "88. 各国需要确定用于检测被禁止的活动的核查机制。需要解决这个问题的两个方面：", "(1) 在分析从各种渠道获取的信息之外允许进行哪些与检测违禁迹象有关的活动(例如，设置空气和水监测站网络，检测正在运转的后处理厂或高浓缩铀浓缩厂排放的粉尘；进入国内任何地点，以便采集样本，开展大气监测以检测生产厂和反应堆的排放物，以及/或者分析卫星图象，检测是否修建了屏蔽设施以掩盖后处理厂，对热辐射开展卫星分析，等等)；以及", "(2) 为解决检测到的可疑迹象，可以采取哪些行动(无论是否根据接触国内大部分地点的限额安排例如《化学武器公约》或《欧洲常规武装力量条约》所涵盖的地点，根据类似于《附加议定书范本》或《化学武器公约》为敏感地点采取的“受管接触”安排，进行专门视察或质疑视察，等等)。", "89. 检测未经申报的生产设施的核查要求将取决于裂变材料禁产条约的规定。要提供高度保证，裂变材料禁产条约的条款就需要允许对后处理厂或浓缩活动排放的放射性核素采取大范围环境取样等措施，其中包括空中辐射绘图以及收集土、水、沉积物和生物群样本，同时对某些地点开展直观视察，同指定的政府、科学及行业人员进行讨论。原子能机构在加强后的保障措施框架内已经采取了上述大多数措施。", "90. 除覆盖面和范围问题之外，各国还需要考虑与裂变材料禁产条约核查有关的多项具体问题。虽然可能成为核查对象的很多设施将需要执行原子能机构式的保障措施，但由于前核武器设施监测工作的独特特性，未必能够切实全面执行原子能机构保障措施(具体的安全和安保问题，源自数十年核武器材料生产的运行限制，这些设施在保障措施问题上的“不友好特点”，以及必须保护敏感资料以防扩展风险)。", "91. 各国可能决定不永久性地停止某些单为提供钚目的修建的生产设施的生产活动，而是采取调整措施，让此类设施从事和平活动，或继续开展裂变材料禁产条约可能允许的生产活动，以支持不受禁止的核军事活动。工厂是否关闭或继续运行，核查要求(及资源)将有很大区别。假如已经关闭的工厂过去曾经生产实际或可能用于核武器的裂变材料，核查工作可主要以遥感使用封记并定期视察为基础；这属于直接、低成本、非侵入性核查方法。但要保证此类设施始终处于关闭状态，还要看是否准备重新启用。假如已经采取措施让工厂退役或拆除重要部件，在进行首次现场核查证实工厂已经退役或重要部件已经拆除之后，监测可偶尔进行。但假如国家希望这些设施继续运行，用于不受禁止的目的，对它们实施保障措施的成本会更高，也更为复杂。", "92. 某些国家的军事和民用核燃料循环没有完全分开，为此，核查安排需要考虑到这些国家对保护保密资料的合法关切，同时不妨碍核查要求。可以考虑采取不同程度侵入性的措施：", "(1) 遥感(即，利用卫星/和或飞行器收集的高空直观和红外数据)能够有效核查生产设施是否已经关闭，不会有泄露敏感信息的风险，对于设施几乎不会造成任何影响；", "(2) 在一场址或其周边地区进行环境取样，检测后处理和浓缩活动的核及化学迹象，这种方法不会对设施的正常运行造成重大影响；以及", "(3) 受管接触视察，能够兼顾视察人员履行职务的需要和接受视察的国家保护敏感信息的权利。", "93. 某些国家可能继续将高浓缩铀用于军舰推进反应堆以及为氚生产反应堆提供燃料；要核查高浓缩铀不被转用于受到禁止的爆炸用途，必须将侵入程度控制在可以接受的水平，同时让核查机构能够适当保证条约规定得到遵守。", "94. 关于高浓缩铀用于军舰推进反应堆的问题，可以适用类似于全面保障协定范本INFCIRC/153第14段规定的程序。该规定是，用于不受禁止的军事活动(即军舰推进)的核材料可以免除原子能机构保障措施，但必须向原子能机构通报核材料的总数量及成分，一旦这些材料撤出反应堆，重新纳入存量，必须再次执行保障措施。迄今为止，这项保障规定从未援用，其是否有效也从未经过检验。[24]", "95. 氚的生产将从两个方面给裂变材料禁产条约的核查工作造成影响：首先，用作氚生产反应堆燃料的高浓缩铀可以转用于武器；其次，用于氚生产的反应堆也可以用来生产武器用的钚。因此，核查方法必须确保能没有出现任何违禁活动。", "核查：技术要求、成本和执行", "技术要求", "96. 具体要求将有助于建立并执行一套核查系统，用于指导编制预算、就具体工作安排进行谈判、人员配置、例行视察规划和评估、研究和开发等工作。可以根据测量目标就核查系统的能力做出具体规定：相关裂变材料的数量；核查系统就裂变材料数量问题做出结论的时间参数；以及相关结论希望达到的可靠程度。", "97. 上述目标通常体现出技术有效性和成本之间的平衡。随着需要测量的裂变材料数量不断减少，及时性不断提高，各方对于结论的信任不断增强，核查成本和系统保障水平相应提高。", "数量指标", "98. 根据裂变材料禁产条约，接受核查的裂变材料最低数量要求取决于不同理由，例如：", "(1) 根据裂变材料禁产条约接受核查的裂变材料数量的固定百分比；这项理由将承诺履行条约同各国大幅度增加现有裂变材料存量所需的裂变材料数量直接挂钩。但由此会造成这样一种情况：针对裂变材料存量多的国家开展核查活动的力度要弱于裂变材料存量少的国家；", "(2) 生产一件核武器所需的数量；这是原子能机构保障措施的基础，采用同样的指标将有助于建立一视同仁的核查系统。[25]", "及时性要求", "99. 可以根据国家将裂变材料转化为核武器所需的时间来确定及时性要求。", "100. 首先，假如某国已经完成所有前期安排，并决定在行动被察觉之前在最短时间内获取核武器，它能够多快地行事。根据原子能机构保障系统，核材料的物理形式将决定制造核武器所需时间。对于纯分离核材料而言，做出有效结论的及时性指标为一个月；对于辐照的核材料而言，及时性指标为三个月；此外还针对其他核材料制订了及时性指标。[26]", "101. 第二个及时性考虑因素与国家可以规划执行的最低转用率有关。在短时间内开展大规模转用比长期少量转用更有可能被检测到。原子能机构保障措施的目的是检测核材料是否被转用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置(为及时性目标，这是通过将检测时间同钚或高浓缩铀重要量(8公斤钚、25公斤铀235或8公斤铀233)的估计转化时间一个月进行比较来做的，[27] 探知及时性指标是用来确定在一个日历年度内对设施(或设施外地点)进行视察和保障活动的频率，以便核实没有突然出现转用情况)。", "探知概率", "102. 决定核查系统技术成效的第三项参数是希望核查结果达到的可靠程度，即，核查系统探知可能的转用的概率。对于分离的钚和浓缩铀，原子能机构保障措施的目的是令人可信地保证一个重要量的转用会被探知。[28]", "103. 从技术角度来看，裂变材料禁产条约采用的标准最好同原子能机构保障措施的现行标准一样。采用相同的要求不仅能够避免两种核查制度之间的分歧，而且比采用不同要求的标准更加容易管理和执行。", "资源概算", "104. 当前执行保障措施的设施的核查成本，原子能机构收集了广泛数据。但关于裂变材料禁产条约，需要对目前没有执行原子能机构保障措施的设施进行估算，这些设施曾经或目前属于核武器国家和非《不扩散条约》缔约国的国防计划。应该指出的是，秘书处目前还没有得到这些设施的所有必要资料，一旦签署条约，缔约国应提供这些资料。", "105. 在这种情况下，秘书处将以基本上源自公开文献的资料和原子能机构执行保障措施的经验为基础，进行初步估算。可以依据相关设施参数(例如，设施类型、状况、核材料的类型和数量、地点，等等)制订计算方法，用以推算可能需要的保障行动。", "106. 裂变材料禁产条约的核查工作显然需要投入大量财政资源。假如各国认为原子能机构是最适合执行裂变材料禁产条约遵约情况核查工作的机构，就应该商定核查开支方式。", "107. 原子能机构可以建议一个基于现行保障措施的裂变材料禁产条约核查系统，但需要为增加的人员配备和支助活动持续提供经费。需要更多技术人员，其中包括视察人员及其支助人员、系统分析人员、计算机程序员和数据员、化学分析人员、统计人员、保障措施分析人员、设备开发专家、设备管理专家和技术员。此外还可以考虑适当增加非技术工作人员。核查裂变材料禁产条约所需的设备将非常多，特别是在执行条约初期。", "108. 1995年，秘书处以八个国家(中国、法国、印度、以色列、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯、联合王国和美国)的995处核设施(其中包括已经退役和关闭的设施以及正在建设的设施)数据库为基础，进行了成本估算。根据参数计算，裂变材料禁产条约的核查成本在0.5亿到1.5亿欧元之间。", "分阶段执行", "109. 可能有200至1000处核设施(取决于条约的规模)需要核查，因此即使裂变材料禁产条约核查系统不是全面的核查系统，也需要很长时间才能完全执行核查规定。某些国家的核材料管制及衡算系统需要进行调整，以符合国际公认标准，某些设施在设计时没有考虑到核查行动。", "110. 此外，目前尚不清楚核查机构同每个缔约国缔结核查协定是否会作为执行条约核查规定的附加条件。", "111. 对于制订大型核计划并执行保障措施的国家，原子能机构已经顺利解决了核查其申报内容是否准确及完整的问题。对于正在运行和已经关闭的设施，原子能机构审查了衡算及运行历史记录。这项任务极具挑战性，对于原子能机构履行使命的能力至关重要的是，各国给予充分合作，让原子能机构不受限制地获取全部相关信息和进入各处相关地点。", "112. 按照根据原子能机构执行全面保障协定的指导原则制订的轻重缓急优先顺序(即，针对核燃料循环的各个阶段开展重点核查，其中包括可用于生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核材料的生产、处理、使用、储存)，可以分阶段开展核查活动。", "结 论", "113. 原子能机构保障措施始于20世纪60年代，并且随着承担新的核查责任、和平核活动的规模和复杂性提高、以及国际关系提出新的挑战，继续不停地发展变化。保障措施目前的经常预算为1.3亿美元，此外还有1,610万美元预算外捐款，原子能机构的250多名视察人员利用百种以上不同核查系统每年开展2,100多次视察任务，相当于每年超过9,000个视察人·日。[29] 截止到2005年12月31日，原子能机构保障措施适用于930处设施(其中包括240处动力堆、158处研究反应堆和重要组件、13处浓缩厂、7处后处理厂、89.9吨在反应堆芯外没有经过辐照的钚、845吨辐照燃料中的钚、以及29.5吨高浓缩铀)。不同国家和不同设施采用的法律、技术及管理安排反映出保障协定所规定的义务。审议很多领域的现有保障安排，将确保裂变材料禁产条约的核查以及原子能机构保障措施的落实工作能够以最低的成本获得最大的效益。", "114. 根据原子能机构秘书处的评估，裂变材料禁产条约的核查可通过与目前原子能机构保障体制所采用的类似的核查系统进行。选择何种系统来核查裂变材料禁产条约的遵约情况，将由各国来决定。在这方面，各国必须解决保证程度问题和开支问题。正如上文指出，原子能机构充分认识到各国对于裂变材料禁产条约的规模及核查问题持有不同意见，并且无意预先判断上述问题在裁军谈判会议上的讨论结果。原子能机构随时愿意应要求以各国认为适当的方式协助开展进一步讨论和谈判。", "[1] ¹ INFCIRC/1539（更正），第112段（http://www.iaea.org/Publications/ Documents/Infcircs/ Others/inf153.shtml）。", "[2] “可裂变”核在受到具有高度动能的高速中子撞击时发生裂变，而“裂变”核在受到高速或慢速中子撞击时都会发生裂变，无论其动能多少，包括基本上没有动能的中子。因此，“裂变”核是“可裂变”的，但仅有某些“可裂变”核是“裂变”的。例如，铀233、铀235、钚239和钚241为“裂变”核；铀238、钚238、钚240、钚242、镎237、镅241和镅242是不“裂变”的“可裂变”核。", "[3] 《原子能机构规约》， http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html。", "[4] 《原子能机构保障术语》（2001年版）将“直接使用材料”定义为：无需嬗变或进一步浓缩就可用于生产核爆炸装置的核材料，包括钚233含量小于80%的钚、高浓缩铀以及铀233（第4.25段）http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/PDF/ NVS3_prn.pdf#search= % 22IAEA%20Safeguards%20Glossary%22。", "[5] 见“原子能机构保障制度”, http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/ safeg_system. pdf.。", "[6] 见《原子能机构与不扩散条约：核查挑战》，Jan Lodding和Tariq Rauf （http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull462/iaea_npt.pdf）。", "[7] 国家清单见于网页： http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sir_table.pdf;；截止到2006年8月24日，《不扩散条约》的31个无核武器缔约国尚未将同原子能机构缔结的全面保障协定付诸实施（其中10个国家签署了全面保障协定，但文件没有生效；原子能机构理事会已经批准了同另外两个国家签署的全面保障协定，但尚未签字；此外还有19个国家尚未根据《不扩散条约》采取行动，同原子能机构缔结全面保障协定）。", "[8] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2，其中要求针对核材料、核设施以及相关保障协定具体指明的其他项目实施保障措施。", "[9] 各项全面保障协定均基于INFCIRC/153（Corr.），“原子能机构和国家就《不扩散核武器条约》订立的协定的结构和内容”，该文件发布在原子能机构的网站：www.iaea.org。", "[10] 见“2005年保障措施说明、保障措施说明的背景以及2005年保障措施执行报告内容摘要”，第1.1.1节 和第 2节（http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf）。", "[11] 重要量（SQ）是不能排除生产核爆炸装置可能性的核材料近似数量。直接使用核材料：8公斤钚（钚238含量低于80%）；8公斤铀233。《原子能机构保障术语》，第3.14段（http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/ nvs-3-cd/Start.pdf# search= %22'Safeguards% 20Glossary%22%22", "[12] 为简化对那些核材料很少或没有核材料以及在设施中没有任何核材料的国家适用全面保障协定中的某些程序，原子能机构在1971年制订了“小数量议定书”（SQP），规定在一国的核材料数量超过某一限度之前，或在该国的设施拥有核材料之前，暂缓执行全面保障协定的大部分具体条款。在不断提高原子能机构保障制度的成效和效率的过程中，理事会在2005年9月20日决定，继续保留小数量议定书作为原子能机构保障制度的一部分，但要进行某些修改。修订后的小数量议定书的标准化案文，要求各国就核材料情况提供初始报告，在兴建核设施的决定作出后向原子能机构进行通报，并允许开展视察活动。此外。理事会还决定，计划兴建或者已经拥有核设施的国家不得签署小数量议定书。理事会授权总干事同所有国家缔结小数量议定书换文，执行标准化案文中的修订部分以及关于小数量议定书资格标准的修改，并呼吁相关国家尽快缔结换文。目前，秘书处正在同所有相关国家缔结换文，以使上述修订生效。与此同时，理事会呼吁原子能机构秘书处协助已经缔结小数量议定书的国家建立并维护国家核材料衡算和控制系统。", "[13] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2：1966年和1968年临时扩充的原子能机构保障制度（1965年）（http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf66r2.shtml）。", "[14] 见“2005年保障措施说明、保障措施说明的背景以及2005年保障措施执行报告内容摘要”，第1.3节 （http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf）。", "[15] 同上，第 1.4节。", "[16] 见“不扩散核武器与核安全：原子能机构保障协定和附加议定书”，http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Booklets/nuke.pdf。", "[17] 最新情况见：http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html。", "[18] 原子能机构的报告，见：http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/index.shtml。", "[19] 原子能机构的报告，见：http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/index.shtml", "[20] 原子能机构新闻简报第2002/13号，《原子能机构对俄罗斯联邦和美国源于武器的裂变材料的核查工作》，http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2002/prn0213.shtml。", "[21] http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na20/docs/2000_Agreement.pdf#search=%22%22Plutonium%20Management %20and%20Disposition%20Agreement%22%22.", "[22] 以类似方式对钍进行辐照，再经过类似的流程分离，可以产生铀233 ；但目前投入运行的铀233后处理厂。", "[23] 要生产出铀235浓度达到90 % 或更高的铀，80 % 以上的分离工作是将浓缩度从自然水平(铀235浓度为0.71 % ) 提高到 4 % 左右。将浓缩度从4 % 进一步提高到更高水平所需的高端设施规模将比从天然铀开始浓缩的设施小得多。", "[24] 尚没有国家执行过全面保障协定允许将核材料指定用于利用其裂变性质、但不受禁止的军事用途的规定。1987年，加拿大曾经考虑将此项免除适用于核动力潜艇，但最终取消了核潜艇购买计划。一些国家曾经对用于陶瓷和在石化工序中用作催化剂的贫化铀和天然铀以及用作航空器和船舶压载材料的贫化铀金属免除保障措施。", "[25] 见《原子能机构保障术语》，同前，第3.13至3.14段(第22至23页)。", "[26] 同上，第3.20段(第24至25页)。", "[27] ²⁷ 同上，第3.13至3.15段(第22至24页)。", "[28] ²⁸ 见《原子能机构保障术语》，同前，第3.15至3.16段(第23至24页)。", "[29] ²⁹ 一个“视察人·日”(PDI)即一名视察人员在任何时候接触设施时间不超过8小时的一天。2005年原子能机构年度报告见于网页：http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2005/ index.html；“2005年保障措施说明、保障措施说明的背景以及2005年保障措施内容报告”执行摘要》见于网页：http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.html。" ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1795", "14 Septembre 2006", "Original: ENGLISH", "CANADA", "A CUT-OFF OF PRODUCTION OF WEAPON-USABLE FISSIONABLE MATERIAL: CONSIDERATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND", "IAEA CAPABILITIES", "Presentation by the IAEA to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 August 2006 in Geneva", "Introduction", "1. The United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/48/75/L on 16 December 1993 which, inter alia, requested the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to provide assistance, as requested, for examination of verification arrangements-for a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (referred to heretofore as an FMCT).", "2. The IAEA conveyed its readiness to provide assistance, as required, and its Secretariat carried out internal studies to analyze the potential verification requirements of a fissile material production cut-off and prepared preliminary estimates of the resources needed for their implementation. These findings were duly conveyed at various FMCT workshops in 1995.", "3. An FMCT foreseen by General Assembly resolutions, the Shannon mandate and the NPT States Parties would include an undertaking not to produce any fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosives nor to assist other States in pursuing such activities. In so far as the production of such material for other legitimate purposes is concerned, it would follow that verification arrangements would need to be such as to meet all the requirements of the undertaking of an FMCT.", "4. In the IAEA Secretariat’s view, the technical objective of verifying compliance with an FMCT would be to provide assurance against any new production of weapon-usable fissile material and the diversion of fissile material from the civilian nuclear fuel cycle to nuclear weapon purposes. Thus there would be the need to ensure that stocks of plutonium and highly enriched uranium to be used for nuclear weapon purposes, where they exist at the date of entry into force of an FMCT, are not increased thereafter. A related issue would be how to deal with existing stocks of weapon-usable material.", "5. A number of issues will have to be addressed by the States in order to clarify the basic undertaking of the States Parties and the scope of an FMCT verification regime. These issues, as far as verification is concerned, can be reduced to two basic questions:", "(i) How is the undertaking not to produce fissile material for weapon purposes to be verified? Could the undertaking, as agreed, be verified with a high degree of assurance by simply focusing on verification activities at a core of facilities, or should the verification activities be comprehensive?", "(ii) How, and to what extent, should verification ensure that stockpiles for nuclear weapon purposes, where they exist, are not increased, and where they do not exist, are not created thereafter?", "6. The way in which States will address these issues would determine:", "(i) the verification architecture and the scope of activities under the verification system (i.e., application of verification measures to the entire nuclear fuel cycle or parts of it only);", "(ii) the ability of the verification organization to provide a high degree of assurance that no activity proscribed by the treaty is being conducted in or by a particular State, particularly through provisions to enable the verification body to detect possible undeclared nuclear facilities and activities, including fissile material production; and", "(iii) the overall costs of the verification system for the States party to an FMCT.", "7. The IAEA is well aware of the differing views of States inter alia on the scope and verification of an FMCT and does not wish to pre-judge the discussion of such issues in the Conference on Disarmament. This paper presents an overview of the Agency’s safeguards and verification activities for the information of States taking part in the work of the Conference on Disarmament and identifies activities that could be of relevance to a discussion on verification of a future FMCT.", "Definitions: Fissile Material vs. Nuclear Material", "8. UN General Assembly resolutions and the Shannon mandate refer to “fissile material” – in this regard, it would be useful to provide a precise definition of fissile material. For example, fissile material might be defined as nuclear material from which nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices could be manufactured directly, without the need for further enrichment or transmutation. This would correspond to the term “direct-use nuclear material” used in IAEA safeguards.", "9. The term “fissile material” is not used in implementing IAEA safeguards agreements. Rather, IAEA safeguards are applied to “nuclear material”[1] — any source or special fissionable material[2] as defined in Article XX of the IAEA Statute. Special fissionable material is defined in the IAEA Statute as: “plutonium-239; uranium-233; uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233; any material containing any of the foregoing; and such other fissionable material as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine.” The term source material is defined in the IAEA Statute as “uranium containing the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature; uranium depleted in the isotope 235; thorium; any of the foregoing in the form of metal, alloy, chemical compound, or concentrate; any other material containing one or more of the foregoing in such concentration as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine; and such other material as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine.”[3]", "10. In the context of IAEA safeguards, “nuclear material” is further categorized into: (1) “direct-use nuclear material”[4] – unirradiated (UDU) and irradiated (IDU) – that could be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosives without transmutation or further enrichment, and (2) “indirect-use nuclear material” that would require irradiation or enrichment to make it suitable for use in nuclear weapons. For the purposes of IAEA safeguards, direct-use nuclear materials are: plutonium except that containing 80% or more of the isotope plutonium-238, uranium containing 20% or more of the isotope uranium-235, and uranium-233. “Separated direct-use nuclear materials” are those direct-use nuclear materials that have been separated from fission products and thus the processing that would be required for their use in nuclear weapons is substantially less and the times required substantially shorter than if mixed with highly radioactive fission products. The definition of fissile material to be included in an FMCT could be close to this definition of separated", "direct-use nuclear material. Differences in these basic definitions could complicate the obligations as well as actions required of States and the implementation of IAEA safeguards and FMCT verification.", "Types of IAEA Safeguards Agreements", "11. IAEA safeguards are applied under different types of agreements and arrangements and the scope, objectives, measures, technology, evaluations and reporting employed may vary.[5]", "12. Following the conclusion of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1968, the IAEA has become the instrument with which to verify that the “peaceful use” commitments made under the NPT, or similar agreements, are kept through the implementation of safeguards.[6]", "13. At present, 183 non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT have undertaken treaty commitments that include not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.[7] Such States have also undertaken to submit all nuclear material in all nuclear activities to IAEA safeguards, and to conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement (CSA) with the IAEA to fulfill their obligation under Article III of the NPT.", "14. The five nuclear-weapon States (NWS) parties to the NPT, have in force voluntary offer safeguards agreements with the IAEA, which cover some or all civilian nuclear material and/or facilities from which the IAEA may select material or facilities for the application of safeguards.", "15. In the three remaining non-NPT States, India, Israel and Pakistan, IAEA safeguards are applied at specific facilities to the facilities themselves or to nuclear material and other items specified in the relevant safeguards agreement.[8]", "Safeguards in CSA States", "16. IAEA safeguards are regarded as a cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, and comprehensive safeguards agreements (CSAs) are the cornerstone of IAEA safeguards.[9] CSAs obligate States to submit all nuclear material to IAEA safeguards and obligate the IAEA to apply safeguards, in accordance with the terms of CSAs, to all nuclear material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of the State, under its jurisdiction or carried out under its control anywhere. The scope of IAEA safeguards in States pledging not to develop or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons includes what is understood to be “fissile material”, together with nuclear material other than fissile material. CSA verification activities address possibilities involving both declared nuclear material and undeclared material and activities; they are intended to confirm that all nuclear materials are submitted to safeguards and remain committed to peaceful use.[10]", "17. Two verification objectives guide the implementation of IAEA safeguards under CSAs:", "(i) to detect the diversion of (significant quantities of nuclear material[11]) declared by the State from peaceful use to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosives; and", "(ii) to verify the correctness and completeness of the declarations made by States, including the objective to detect undeclared production or processing of nuclear material at declared facilities.", "18. Over the years, standard criteria have been adopted to guide the implementation of safeguards at declared facilities, affecting the extent and quality of information to be provided by States, design information verification activities, the safeguards approach to be applied at the facility to satisfy safeguards goals, and specific requirements related to inspection frequencies, inspection activities and the outcome of those activities. For plutonium and for uranium-233, an amount of 8kg is considered adequate for a State to produce its first nuclear weapon, taking into account process losses and the need to be conservative in the design, absent the benefit of nuclear tests. For high enriched uranium (HEU), an amount of 25kg of the isotope uranium-235 is similarly considered adequate.", "19. The structure and content of CSAs and the infrastructure for implementing safeguards may affect FMCT verification not only in CSA States, but may also be of interest in other States as well.", "Below the level of the Agreements, subsidiary arrangements are concluded as part of the legal framework under which the safeguards are implemented. Subsidiary arrangements include a General Part and a Facility Attachment for each facility identified. The General Parts of the Subsidiary Arrangements are standardized to the extent possible, and while the Facility Attachments for different types of facilities begin with “models”, substantial adaptations are often required to accommodate the specific characteristics of individual facilities. Facility Attachments relate specific obligations and inspection rights applicable at individual facilities to specific paragraphs in the Safeguards Agreement with a State.", "20. Under CSAs, a “State system of accounting for and control of its nuclear material” (referred to as a SSAC) must be created to be responsible for implementing, inter alia, effective accountancy arrangements and to control imports and exports. States must make extensive declarations regarding their nuclear activities at safeguarded facilities and report at specified periods on their nuclear material inventories and flows. When a CSA first enters into force, the initial inventory declaration is verified to assure that it is complete and accurate. Subsequently, in relation to each facility a State declares, the State is required, inter alia, to provide design information, carry out material balances annually and to report material unaccounted for on the basis of a measured physical inventory and measured inventory changes. Those State declarations are verified by the IAEA to assure that they are complete and accurate, and that declared nuclear materials are not diverted to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.", "Safeguards strengthening measures in CSA States", "21. The discovery of an extensive clandestine nuclear weapon programme in Iraq, an NPT non‑nuclear‑weapon State with a CSA, gave evidence to the fact that a safeguards system that focused on verifying declared activities was inadequate. In strengthening the safeguards system, the IAEA Board of Governors recognized that to address the possibility of clandestine operations, the IAEA had to be equipped with supplementary tools that would address CSAs limitations. The Additional Protocol to CSAs, based on INFCIRC/540 (Corr.), was created to extend the authority of the IAEA to require States to provide the additional information, access to locations and technology that would enable the IAEA’s to verify the correctness and completeness of States’ declarations under CSAs.", "22. The provisions of Additional Protocols to CSAs allow the IAEA to require information on States’ nuclear programmes including research and development, and activities relating to the manufacture or export of specified equipment and non-nuclear material that could be used to produce or purify nuclear materials. It allows for complementary access to assure the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities or to resolve questions or inconsistencies pertaining to activities or materials, including managed access to locations in order to prevent the dissemination of proliferation sensitive information, to meet safety or physical protection requirements, or to protect proprietary or commercially sensitive information. Integrating the assurances regarding possible clandestine facilities or undeclared activities in declared facilities provided through the", "Additional Protocol has allowed the IAEA to adapt its verification requirements at declared facilities.", "23. As part of strengthening the safeguards system the IAEA has been applying “integrated safeguards” – which is a more effective approach that combines the verification activities carried out under CSAs with more advanced methods of analysis and the enhanced access under the Additional Protocol. State-level integrated safeguards approaches take State-specific features into account, such as the effectiveness of the SSAC and the features of the State’s nuclear fuel cycle. As of 2005, the IAEA has applied integrated safeguards in multiple States, including Japan and Canada, the two largest programmes under safeguards. The goal is to universalize the Additional Protocol, so that its expanded rights of access apply equally in all States with CSAs.", "24. At each of the four annual meetings of the IAEA Board of Governors, a number of Additional Protocols are put forward for authorization for signing, and the total number of States is changing nonetheless the progress on the conclusion and entry into force of Additional Protocols has been slow. (To date, APs have been signed by 109 States and are in force in 77 States.]", "25. In September 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors has modified its policy on “small quantities protocols” (SQP),[12] to ensure, inter alia, effective verification rights in all countries with CSAs. In addition, the Board also established a Committee on Safeguards and Verification (Committee 25) to consider ways and means to further strengthen the safeguards system.", "IAEA Safeguards in Other States With or Planning Nuclear Activities", "26. IAEA safeguards implementation in India, Israel and Pakistan are applied under Safeguards Agreements[13] that were established prior to the NPT to cover research and power reactors, components thereof, nuclear fuel and heavy water. These agreements stipulate that any fissile", "material created through irradiation in those reactors is also subject to safeguards, and any plant processing or using that nuclear material will be subject to safeguards as long as that safeguarded nuclear material is in the facility. Note that while the safeguards verification requirements at a given type of facility generally follow the requirements established in CSAs, specific differences may arise from the fact that the facility itself or equipment or material may be subject to safeguards, and the safeguards agreement may include provisions that reflect the selective nature of such safeguards agreements — especially provisions for substitution.[14]", "Safeguards Implementation in NWS", "27. The five NWS recognized by NPT, France, the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America have entered into voluntary offer safeguards agreements (VOAs) modelled on CSAs. These VOA agreements place no obligation on the State in relation to the nuclear material to be subject to safeguards and they permit the State to withdraw nuclear material and to remove facilities from the list designated by the State which the Agency can select for the purposes of safeguards implementation. Moreover, there is no obligation on the IAEA to carry out safeguards at facilities designated by the State.[15] At present, the most germane application of IAEA safeguards to an FMCT is at enrichment plants in China and the United Kingdom. All nuclear facilities in France and the United Kingdom, except those dedicated to nuclear weapon programmes and naval reactor programmes are subject to EURATOM safeguards under the provisions of the Treaty of Rome. EURATOM is seen as a regional control authority and a partnership arrangement is being implemented where both the IAEA and EURATOM collaborate in the application of safeguards in States of the European Union.", "Additional Protocol", "28. The Model Additional Protocol[16] is designed for all States having a safeguards agreement with the Agency, including NWS parties to the NPT and non-NPT States.[17] All five NWS recognized by the NPT have signed Additional Protocols that include certain measures provided for in INFCIRC/540 and three of the NWS have brought them into force For the most part, the Protocols adopted by the NWS are intended to provide the IAEA with additional information to assist the IAEA in safeguarding nuclear activities in NNWS. The Additional Protocols in the NWS and the non-parties to the NPT may affect or be affected by provisions that might be included in an FMCT relating to exports of equipment or materials that could assist other States in efforts to acquire the capability to produce fissile material.", "Other relevant IAEA Verification Activities", "29. In addition to the normal range of safeguards implementation, three cases where the IAEA carried out additional verification activities might be relevant to an FMCT:", "(i) The IAEA carried out extended verification measures in Iraq under the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 687 and related resolutions,[18] including unrestricted access to locations of interest and wide area environmental monitoring to detect clandestine production of nuclear material. The experience gained in this extreme situation may be of benefit in considering the access provisions to be established under an FMCT — the rights granted and the difficulties encountered;", "(ii) The IAEA monitored a freeze on operations at nuclear facilities in the DPRK[19] in relation to an Agreed Framework concluded between the DPRK and the United States, including monitoring a freeze on operations at the reprocessing plant at Nyongbyon, which was maintained at operational stand-by. Again, the experience gained may be of benefit in considering provisions for inspections under an FMCT; and", "(iii) The IAEA participated with the Russian Federation and the United States in a Trilateral Initiative to develop a verification system for excess defence fissile materials in those States, as described below in some detail.", "The Trilateral Initiative", "30. The Trilateral Initiative was launched by Russian Minatom Minister Viktor Mikhailov, IAEA Director General Hans Blix, and US Secretary of Energy Hazel O’Leary at their 17 September 1996 meeting. The aim of the initiative was to fulfill the commitments made by Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin concerning IAEA verification of weapon-origin fissile materials and to complement their commitments regarding the transparency and irreversibility of nuclear arms reductions.", "31. The three parties established a Joint Group to consider the various technical, legal, and financial issues associated with IAEA verification of relevant fissile materials. The group sought to define verification measures that could be applied at Russia’s Mayak Fissile Material Storage Facility upon its commissioning and at one or more United States facilities where identified weapon‑origin fissile material removed from defence programmes would be submitted for", "verification. The task entrusted to the Trilateral Initiative Working Group was declared concluded on 16 September 2002.[20]", "32. The Trilateral Initiative has addressed the scope and purpose of IAEA verification; the locations, types, and amounts of weapon-origin fissile material potentially subject to IAEA verification; technologies that might be capable of performing verification and monitoring objectives without disclosing sensitive information; and options for funding and providing a legal framework for IAEA verification measures.", "Scope and Objectives", "33. The Trilateral Initiative is intended to establish a verification system under which States possessing nuclear weapons might submit excess weapon material. Just what materials are to be declared would be for the States to decide, but the decision to submit the material to IAEA verification, once made, would be irrevocable.", "34. Moreover, in keeping with the need for verification, once the decision is made to submit certain material to IAEA verification, inspections would be obligatory.", "35. Every nuclear weapon uses one or more fission energy elements, and every fission energy element of every nuclear weapon requires certain nuclear material, generally plutonium containing 93% or more of the isotope plutonium‑239, or highly enriched uranium (HEU). Controls on the possession, production and use of such materials are the basis for the international non-proliferation regime. Similarly, as the nuclear-weapon States Parties to the NPT move to meet their obligations under Article VI of the Treaty, a treaty banning the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, together with a framework with provisions for removing existing materials from nuclear weapons, could become a central part of the arrangements to come.", "36. Placing weapon material under international verification can serve different purposes, depending on when it occurs and on the scope of verification.", "(i) If the fissile material has been processed to the point that it no longer has any properties that could reveal weapon secrets, then bringing that material under inspection with an undertaking that it cannot be re-used for any military purpose serves two purposes: a) capping the capabilities of the State (together with a production ban) and b) providing a means to build confidence and thereby encouraging further arms reductions and increasing the amounts of excess material subject to inspection.", "(ii) Including provisions for inspecting fissile materials that still contain weapon secrets could add an additional benefit: namely, allowing the submissions to proceed much faster than otherwise, given the high costs and lengthy periods required for converting weapon materials to unclassified forms. Allowing IAEA verification of weapon materials having classified properties can only be considered if the State is convinced that the verification process will not reveal such properties.", "(iii) Including provisions to confirm that the properties of items submitted are characteristic of nuclear weapon components could allow monitoring of the arms reduction process.", "(iv) If the measures above are implemented, then in principle, it would be possible to begin verification at the point where warheads are de-mated from their delivery systems, allowing for verification of specific arms reduction measures.", "37. Under the Trilateral Initiative, verification encompasses the first two steps.", "38. The steps necessary to verify classified forms of fissile material introduce new requirements on the verification processes and equipment to be used by the IAEA. However, if a verification scheme could be implemented that States possessing nuclear weapons could accept, then this would open the possibility for moving faster and for moving further towards confirming the steps taken towards disarmament.", "39. Under the Trilateral Initiative, most of the technical work carried out this far has been devoted to developing verification methods that would allow the States to submit fissile material with classified characteristics, including intact components from dismantled nuclear warheads.", "Technical Requirements and Methods", "40. Much of the technical work carried out under the Trilateral Initiative over the past years has been devoted to designing a verification technique that could allow nuclear-weapon States to invite IAEA inspectors to make measurements on the components of nuclear weapons without any possibility that the inspectors might gain access to nuclear-weapon design secrets. At the same time, the verification technique must allow the IAEA to gain sufficient assurance that the verification is credible and independent. Every possible measurement method was considered, beginning with those currently used by the IAEA in safeguarding plutonium and HEU in non nuclear-weapon States. The Trilateral Parties concluded that every method identified could reveal weapon secrets if inspectors were allowed access to the raw measurement data. Therefore, direct, quantitative measurements following normal IAEA safeguards practices were ruled out.", "41. It was then agreed that the IAEA verification of weapon-origin fissile material would be based upon measurements that would provide the most robust verification, but the measurement systems would be designed in such a manner that IAEA inspectors would only be presented with", "“pass/fail” information. As the raw measurement data could reveal classified information, special security provisions would be included in the measurement systems to prevent any storage of classified information, and to disable the systems in the event access to the raw measurement data was attempted. The “pass/fail” determinations would be made by comparing the actual measurement data to unclassified reference “attributes”. The method adopted is referred to as “attribute verification with information barriers”. The following attribute tests for IAEA verification of excess plutonium in a container were agreed upon:", "(i) plutonium presence;", "(ii) weapon-grade isotopic composition (i.e., the ratio of 240Pu to 239Pu is less than 0.1); and", "(iii) amount of plutonium is greater than a specified threshold mass.", "42. “Information barriers” combine hardware, software and procedural protective systems in a layered structure designed to provide defence-in-depth protection of classified information. Trilateral Initiative experts have examined all known verification technologies to determine whether any method might be applied that would enable the Agency to derive credible and independent conclusions. They developed a General Technical Requirements and Functional Specifications for measurement system. A prototype of the measurement system was developed and demonstrated. It is referred to as an “Attribute Verification System with Information Barrier for Plutonium with Classified Characteristics utilizing Neutron Multiplicity Counting and High-Resolution Gamma-ray Spectrometry” or “AVNG”. A full-scale system is now under construction at the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre/All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIIEF) at Sarov (formerly known as Arzamas-16) under a contract with Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system will measure storage containers AT-400 holding classified forms of plutonium (a container used for demonstration is kept at the IAEA Trilateral Initiative Office). Experts have made good progress towards the design and development of the inventory monitoring system for Pu storage facility.", "43. The attribute verification technique comprises a neutron multiplicity assay system integrated with a high resolution gamma ray spectrometry system, within a special environment that must prevent classified information from being transmitted or otherwise conveyed beyond its borders, while preventing any external signals from tampering with the operation of the system. A security watchdog system will disable it in the event that any access way is opened, and the computational block and transmission devices to the inspector’s readout provide the agreed outcomes without breaching security restrictions.", "44. All such instruments are manufactured in the country where they are going to be used. The country itself will certify them and its certification will include normal industrial concerns plus certification against espionage in effect to ensure that IAEA inspection does not lead to any release of classified information. Normal IAEA authentication practices cannot be used under these limitations; a new approach is being developed and while some of the elements of this approach are moving towards adoption, authentication remains the most challenging IAEA task.", "45. In addition to the work described on the full attribute verification systems, work also proceeded on inventory monitoring systems for dedicated storage facilities for weapon-origin fissile material, that will track material within the facilities and assure that its identity, integrity and location are verified at all times. These inventory monitoring systems will combine the traditional safeguards containment and surveillance measures. Where applicable, the protection of classified information will be essential, and national certification will be required. Authentication is also a concern. Moreover, inspector activities will be closely regulated.", "46. Consideration has also been given to the steps required for the conversion from classified to unclassified forms of fissile material and to the subsequent disposition activities. In 2000, the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA)[21] was signed between the Russian Federation and the United States, under which the two countries agreed to the symmetric disposition of 34 tonnes of weapon plutonium on each side. The PMDA called for “early consultations” with the IAEA on a verification role in relation to this plutonium. Most of the plutonium identified in the PMDA is expected to be subject to IAEA verification pursuant to the Trilateral Initiative, so in effect, the arrangements must look to meet the requirements of both activities. The costs for disposition were estimated at about $2 billion in the Russian Federation and $6.6 billion in the United States.", "47. For unclassified forms of fissile material, the verification methods should be similar to those applied under IAEA non-proliferation safeguards in non-nuclear-weapon States. However, even then there will be requirements for departures from IAEA safeguards. Some of the facilities are (or will be) located at sites used for nuclear weapons work, and even for the facilities in which unclassified forms of fissile material are found, site security restrictions could complicate the implementation of normal safeguards practices. There is also the practical matter of the verification effort that should be given to the materials after they have been blended or irradiated, to the point that they would be less well suited for weapon purposes than the comparable materials found in the civil sector.", "48. If classified forms of fissile material are submitted to verification, the State must make declarations. However, neither the Russian Federation nor the United States could declare the properties of classified forms of fissile material without violating Article I of the NPT and their respective national laws.", "49. Under IAEA safeguards, the Agency carries out unrestricted measurements of all nuclear properties and takes representative samples of the nuclear material subject to safeguards in which all properties, including impurities, are measured to the highest standards of precision and accuracy. For classified forms of fissile material, such measurements could clearly not be undertaken.", "50. IAEA comprehensive safeguards agreements are a part of the nuclear non-proliferation system which is intended to prevent non-nuclear-weapon States from acquiring even one nuclear weapon. The two NWS States involved in the Trilateral Initiative, both possess thousands of nuclear", "weapons and are in the process of reducing those to substantially lower levels, hopefully eventually to zero. The verification requirements applied for nuclear disarmament must eventually converge with the non-proliferation verification requirements, but this will take some period of time.", "51. The Trilateral Initiative has addressed the scope and purpose of IAEA verification; the locations, types, and amounts of weapon-origin fissile material potentially subject to IAEA verification; technologies that might be capable of performing verification and monitoring objectives without disclosing sensitive information; and options for funding and providing a legal framework for IAEA verification measures.", "IAEA Safeguards Measures and Technology Related to Reprocessing and Enrichment", "52. As the scope and verification requirements for an FMCT are established, the relevance of IAEA experience and existing requirements in States would enable detailed investigations to proceed for specified types of facilities and for specific facilities as appropriate. Given the negotiating mandate, it would appear that verification of reprocessing and enrichment operations logically would be required, and thus a preliminary review of IAEA experience in applying safeguards at enrichment and reprocessing plants might be useful.", "Declared Reprocessing Plants", "53. The plutonium produced in nuclear reactors is separated from the uranium, fission products and other actinides in reprocessing plants. With very few exceptions, all plutonium reprocessing plants employ the same process technology, the Purex process.[22] .Reprocessing plants require processing of intensely radioactive materials and hence require remote processing within very substantial structures to contain the radioactivity. These characteristics, together with difficulties inherent in measuring accurately the amounts of plutonium (or uranium-233) at the starting point of the processing, make the application of safeguards complex and more expensive than any other safeguards application.", "54. Safeguards at reprocessing plants are designed to detect misuse of the facility (undeclared reprocessing) and diversion from declared flows and inventories of plutonium and uranium. Meeting safeguards verification requirements is most difficult in large operating plants, as the IAEA safeguards quantity component of the inspection goal are fixed in terms of amounts necessary for manufacturing one nuclear weapon, and as those amounts become small in relation to the total amounts of nuclear material processed, the safeguards approach must be expanded in scope and made increasingly intrusive in order to provide the required assurances that the plants are not misused and that the nuclear materials are accurately measured, declared and are not diverted. The", "technical problems are further complicated if the plants operated before safeguards were applied, and if the plant instrumentation is incomplete or unreliable.", "55. The safeguards approach for a reprocessing plant would depend on a range of considerations, chief among which is its operational status – whether it is in operation, stand-by mode, decommissioned or abandoned. The following conditions might apply:", "(i) continued reprocessing operation;", "(ii) operation for non-reprocessing purposes (e.g., removal of americium-241 from plutonium, waste fractionation, etc.);", "(iii) stand-by (here the verification requirements depend very much on the length of time between a notice of intent to resume operations and the actual resumption);", "(iv) decommissioning (here the safeguards approach is progressively simplified as the time and effort required to resume operations increases with the destruction, entombment or removal of key components); and", "(v) decommissioned or abandoned. (The frequency with which periodic checks are required depends on whether the buildings remain and, if so, if they remain in use; the methods may entail periodic visits or satellite imagery analysis, depending on cost considerations.)", "56. The cost and effort required can vary from almost no cost for decommissioned or abandoned facilities up to continuous inspection with tens of millions of dollars of verification equipment.", "57. IAEA safeguards at reprocessing plants begin with the examination of information required of the State on relevant aspects of the design and construction of the facility, on its operation and on the nuclear material accountancy system employed. Design information examinations are made early in the consideration of the safeguards approach for a facility to determine whether the information is sufficient and self-consistent. During construction, commissioning and thereafter during normal operations, maintenance and modifications, and into decommissioning, the design information is verified through inspector observation and appropriate measurements and tests to confirm that the design and operation of the facility conforms to the information provided. In addition to these methods, environmental sampling would be applicable depending on the circumstances, as a means to detect reprocessing of plutonium with different characteristics. This safeguards measure provides the basis for determining the other elements of the safeguards approach for a given facility and the basis for applying all other safeguards measures.", "58. For each reprocessing facility, depending on its operational status, whether it is a small, medium or large-scale plant, and facility-specific features, appropriate combinations of the following", "measures are combined with design information verification activities in the safeguards approach for the facility:", "(i) application of containment and surveillance at key parts of the plant, to maintain continuity of knowledge of verified information and to track operations to determine whether or not observed operations conform to operator declarations;", "(ii) application of measurements, including measurements made by the operator for accountancy, criticality safety or process control and measurements made by the IAEA using Agency equipment or, under suitable arrangements, using operator equipment;", "(iii) solution measurement and monitoring systems, to track the movement of solutions containing nuclear materials within the process area and to provide authenticated volume measurements of nuclear materials in solutions;", "(iv) near real-time accountancy, to detect plutonium losses within the specified monthly timeliness intervals;", "(v) nuclear materials accountancy, involving annual material balances based upon verified physical inventories and physical inventory changes (this includes the analysis of shipper-receiver differences and material unaccounted for over successive material balance periods); and", "(vi) cumulative nuclear materials accountancy, involving total and trend analysis over the full period during which IAEA safeguards are applied at the facility.", "59. Safeguards at reprocessing plants include the taking of samples for analysis at the IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratory, located in Seibersdorf (Austria), and at 14 other labs located in eight Member States that form the Agency’s Network of Analytical Laboratories. Sample preparation at the facilities includes spiking with reference materials and dilution to reduce the radioactivity of the samples to facilitate shipment and handling. Shipping such samples is expensive and requires appropriate radiation protection measures.", "60. The verification equipment used at reprocessing plants includes standard seals and surveillance equipment, plus specialized systems, including:", "(i) pneumatic measurement systems for determining the volume and density of solutions in instrumented vessels;", "(ii) secure sample containers to protect samples from tampering;", "(iii) densitometry equipment to permit IAEA verification of the concentration of plutonium in solutions before, during and following its separation and purification (K-edge densitometry for purified solutions and hybrid K-edge densitometry for solutions containing fission products and uranium); and", "(iv) in large-scale plants, on-site analytical laboratories are necessitated in view of the number of samples required and the timing for analysis.", "Clandestine Reprocessing Plants", "61. In a CSA State, any undeclared reprocessing would constitute a clear violation of the provisions of the Agreement and the Additional Protocol. Reprocessing operations normally involve the release of gaseous fission products into the atmosphere and the release of particulates, some of which are deposited at significant distances from the facility. The detection measures for detecting clandestine plants are as follows.", "62. Enhanced Information Analysis: Under the provisions of the Additional Protocols, CSA States are required to be thorough in providing information relating to research and development concerned with reprocessing, manufacturing and, upon request, imports of specialized vessels for reprocessing and the construction, operation and decommissioning of any reprocessing plants, past, present and future. The IAEA analyzes the information provided and compares that information with information obtained from a range of sources, including:", "(i) information obtained through the implementation of safeguards within the States;", "(ii) information reported to the IAEA involving transfers of nuclear materials and specified items of equipment;", "(iii) information obtained through other IAEA activities, including technical cooperation projects;", "(iv) open-source information from scientific journals and the media; and", "(v) other information as States may provide.", "63. Complementary Access: Under the provisions of the Additional Protocol, the IAEA has the right to request access to locations to resolve inconsistencies in information provided. The specific provisions for such access would be required to determine their relationship to FMCT requirements as negotiations proceed.", "64. Environmental Sampling: Environmental samples may be taken under existing provisions of the Additional Protocol at locations where complementary access is carried out. Procedural", "arrangements for wide-area environmental sampling would require to be approved by the Board of Governors before this feature of the Additional Protocol can be implemented.", "Declared Enrichment Plants", "65. IAEA safeguards at a uranium enrichment plant are intended to meet three objectives:", "(i) to detect the undeclared production of HEU, or excess high enrichment production if high enrichment production is declared;", "(ii) to detect excess LEU production (that might subsequently be further enriched at a clandestine plant or within a plant under safeguards, with a higher risk of detection);[23] and", "(iii) to detect diversion from the declared uranium product, feed or tails streams.", "66. Nuclear material accountancy verification applied to detect diversion from the declared feed, product and tails streams in an enrichment plant provide, in combination with other measures, a means to assure that a plant is not being used to produce undeclared HEU, and in those cases where a low enrichment plant has been used earlier to produce HEU, this method assumes increased importance.", "67. While essentially all reprocessing plants use a single process, nine uranium enrichment technologies have been advanced. Some of these technologies are unlikely to be exploited and some would no longer be selected because of very high electrical power requirements. While the safeguards approach for any enrichment plant will include common elements, the differences in the various process characteristics and the plants requires different safeguards methods. While IAEA safeguards have been applied primarily to gaseous centrifuge plants, the IAEA has carried out investigations in relation to aerodynamic nozzle enrichment plants, gaseous diffusion plants, molecular laser enrichment (MLIS) and electromagnetic (calutron) enrichment systems. Limited studies have been carried out to consider safeguards at atomic vapour laser enrichment (AVLIS) plants, but little if any work has proceeded in relation to the remaining technologies that have yet to advance to the point of being incorporated in industrial scale plants: chemical exchange enrichment, ion exchange enrichment and plasma separation enrichment.", "68. As in the case of reprocessing plants, design information examination and design information verification are central to the implementation of IAEA safeguards at enrichment plants. Enrichment technology is considered to be proliferation-sensitive and thus IAEA inspector access to the areas where enrichment equipment is installed is restricted by the technology holders, and inspector", "observation of the inside details of enrichment equipment is limited, as is access to critical plant operating parameters. Nonetheless, effective verification arrangements have been established within these restrictions that allow the IAEA to meet the objectives indicated.", "69. Design information examination and verification provides a reference for understanding the normal steps for introducing feed and removing product and tails, and for assuring thereafter that no temporary or permanent modifications are made that would allow the plant — or any part thereof — to be used for the production of undeclared HEU. (During construction, commissioning, during normal operations, maintenance and modifications, and into decommissioning, the design information is verified through inspector observation and appropriate measurements and tests to confirm that the design and operation of the facility conforms to the information provided.)", "70. Environmental sampling has proven to be an extremely potent method for determining whether or not an enrichment plant produces HEU. Clearly, if the plant is producing HEU for a non-proscribed purpose, or if a low enrichment plant was formerly used for HEU production or is near a high enrichment plant, environmental sampling may be less useful. The safeguards approach in such facilities would require greater emphasis on other aspects of the safeguards, but even in such circumstances, cluster analyses of particulates over time may provide a basis for detecting new production, as may differences in minor isotope ratios.", "71. For a given enrichment technology, in a manner similar to that for declared reprocessing plants, the safeguards approach for an enrichment plant will depend to a great extent on the operational status of the facility. In particular, the following conditions are fundamental to establishing effective and efficient safeguards:", "(i) operating enrichment plants:", "(a) producing HEU for non-proscribed purposes (here the verification must assure that only the declared amounts of HEU are produced, and environmental sampling may be of little if any relevance);", "(b) producing LEU in a plant reconfigured from earlier high enrichment production or in a plant nearby another plant used for HEU production (here the verification activities intended to detect undeclared HEU production will be more complicated due to remaining traces of HEU, so, for example, environmental sampling may be of little relevance);", "(c) producing LEU and never having produced HEU;", "(ii) operational standby (again, as for reprocessing plants, the verification requirements will differ depending on the advance notification interval required);", "(iii) decommissioning (the safeguards activities will be progressively simplified and the plant is dismantled; the destruction or disposition of the enrichment equipment removed should be monitored); and", "(iv) decommissioned or abandoned (here again, as for reprocessing plants, the inspection methods and frequency will depend upon the final State of the structures and periodic assurance that steps are not being taken to return a decommissioned or abandoned plant to operation will differ accordingly).", "72. For each enrichment plant, depending on its technology, operational status, capacity and layout, the following measures are incorporated in the safeguards approach:", "(i) measurements of the amounts of uranium and the enrichments of uranium in feed, product and tails cylinders, by means of weighing the cylinders and the use of non-destructive assay systems to measure the uranium enrichment, and sampling for analysis at the IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratory;", "(ii) applications of containment and surveillance on feed, product and tails cylinders, and at key parts of the plant, in particular at the uranium feed point and the product and tails removal points (integrated sealing-surveillance systems are being used at some plants that allow the facility operator to attach and remove seals as an efficient means to obtain assurance that all cylinders attached or detached from the declared feed and take-off points are verified), and at locations where instruments are installed to maintain continuity of knowledge of verified information and to track operations to determine whether or not observed operations conform to operator declarations;", "(iii) collection of environmental samples from material handling areas outside cascade halls to detect indications of undeclared nuclear material or activities;", "(iv) determinations that uranium in the process piping contains less than 20% of the isotope uranium-235, through continuous enrichment monitors or specialized measurement systems used in conjunction with limited-frequency unannounced inspections inside the cascade areas of some centrifuge plants;", "(v) in other centrifuge plants, in-line instruments will be introduced for measuring the actual enrichment of the uranium in uranium hexafluoride gas in the feed, product and tails lines, and mass flow meters on the product flow line;", "(vi) in most facilities, use of limited frequency unannounced access inspections into the cascade hall to detect plant modifications and to collect environmental samples that might signal high enrichment operations;", "(vii) in some facilities, monitoring of the separative work produced between successive inspections and comparison of those amounts with operator declarations and supportive inspection data;", "(viii) nuclear materials accountancy, involving annual material balances based upon verified physical inventories and physical inventory changes (this includes the analysis of shipper-receiver differences and material unaccounted for over successive material balance periods); and", "(ix) cumulative nuclear materials accountancy, involving total and trend analysis over the full period during which IAEA safeguards are applied at the facility.", "Clandestine Enrichment Plants", "73. The methods used to detect undeclared enrichment plants are essentially as for undeclared reprocessing. Enrichment operations normally result in the release of aerosols — especially at locations where connections to the process piping are made, but also through the plant ventilation system. These aerosols may not travel very far, and thus environmental sampling is likely to be effective close by such facilities.", "74. The difficulty in finding emissions from clandestine enrichment plants is further compounded by advances in enrichment technology that greatly reduce the size of plants and reduce the electrical power requirements.", "75. Enhanced Information Analysis: States are required to be thorough in providing information relating to research and development linked to enrichment, manufacturing and importing enrichment equipment and specialized materials (carbon fibre vessels and maraging steel, for example) and the construction, operation and decommissioning of any enrichment plants, past, present and future. As for reprocessing, the IAEA analyzes the information provided and compares that information with information obtained from the sources identified above in relation to reprocessing.", "Complementary Access: As above, for reprocessing.", "76. Environmental Sampling: As for reprocessing, environmental samples may be taken under the provisions of the Additional Protocol at locations where complementary access is provided. Procedural arrangements for wide-area environmental sampling would require to be approved by the Board of Governors before this feature of the Additional Protocol can be implemented. but the detection of enrichment at points distant from plants is less likely.", "Verification Choices", "77. The IAEA has studied possible verification scenarios, their associated costs and the level of assurances that those alternatives may provide with respect to compliance by States party to an FMCT. A brief description follows.", "Verification coverage", "78. From a technical perspective, applying verification arrangements to anything less than a State’s entire nuclear fuel cycle could not give the same level of assurance of non-production of nuclear material for nuclear explosive purposes, as is provided by the IAEA in implementing comprehensive safeguards agreements in NNWS. In order to provide States party to an FMCT with a level of assurance analogous to the assurance provided by the IAEA under comprehensive safeguards agreements, the verification system would have to apply to the entire declared fuel cycle in those States and should be geared to the detection of undeclared production facilities and of nuclear material.", "79. Verification measures of an FMCT would benefit by paralleling the existing strengthened IAEA safeguards system. Such measures are designed to take account of current and future technological developments as they may help increase the level of assurance provided by safeguards practices. In addition, they provide increased assurances with respect to the detection of undeclared facilities and fissile material, as mentioned earlier.", "80. Any fissile material produced after the entry into force of an FMCT, either in fissile material production plants or through the operation of civil nuclear facilities would presumably be subject to safeguards during processing, use and in storage.", "81. To what extent States would be permitted to exempt from verification any existing fissile materials in their inventories, at the time of entry into force, would need to be discussed by States. For the purpose of clarity these stocks can be identified as follows:", "(i) military stockpiles for weapon purposes (including nuclear material released from weapon dismantlement);", "(ii) military stocks of nuclear material for uses in non-proscribed activities; and", "(iii) civil stocks.", "82. If the verification regime were to be strictly limited to the task of verifying the undertaking not to produce fissile material for purposes proscribed by an FMCT, it would not provide the assurance that existing stocks of fissile material to be used for the said purposes are not increased by means other than production (e.g. by declared and/or undeclared (illicit) imports of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other explosive devices, or by use of existing civil stocks or military stocks for non-proscribed military purposes) after the entry into force of the treaty.", "83. Notwithstanding the fact that technically a comprehensive system of verification under an FMCT would appear to be the best alternative; States might opt for a less resource intensive alternative, with a trade-off regarding the non-proliferation and disarmament benefits of a comprehensive approach against the reduced costs of more focused (nuclear facility targeted) approaches. States could, for example, constrain the technical objective of verification to the provision of assurance that all production facilities of direct-use material are either shut down or operated subject to verification; and that all stocks of fissile material not specifically excluded from verification once an FMCT enters into force would remain subject to verification.", "84. Thus, some other alternatives with their specific resource requirements have been considered by the Agency. These alternatives are more limited in scope, and therefore less costly, but the level of assurance provided by these less resource intensive alternatives would be significantly lower than the one given by the implementation of safeguards in NNWS pursuant to comprehensive safeguards agreements unless the verification body were given the necessary authority and strong capabilities to look for undeclared activities and material.", "85. One important question is: Will the international verification regime include measures to detect undeclared nuclear facilities and fissile material?", "86. Depending on the answer to this question, the verification system would or would not be able to deter potential violators and provide assurances against undeclared production of fissile material for weapon purposes in civil and/or military production facilities, and against the production of fissile material for weapon purposes in undeclared facilities.", "87. Needless to say, any limitations placed on the verification system with respect to the items subject to verification would seem to reinforce the need for a well defined and efficient mechanism allowing the verification organization to look for potential violations of an FMCT, so that an acceptable or credible assurance can be given to all parties by any limited verification alternative that no violation has been perpetrated by a party.", "88. States would have to decide on a verification mechanism to detect proscribed activities. Two aspects of this issue would need to be addressed:", "(i) what activities related to detecting indications of a possible proscribed activity would be permitted beyond and above the analysis of available information from various sources (for example, installation of a network of air and water monitoring stations to detect particles emitted by operating reprocessing plants or HEU enrichment plants; access to locations anywhere within the State for the purpose of collecting samples, atmospheric monitoring to detect various emissions from production plants and reactors and/or satellite imagery analysis to detect the construction of shielding required for reprocessing plants, satellite analysis of thermal emissions, etc.); and", "(ii) what activities could be undertaken to resolve suspicious indications, once detected (special inspections or challenge inspections limited or not by quota-based arrangements for access to most locations within States such as those in the CWC or CFE Treaties, “managed access” arrangements similar to those adopted under the Model Additional Protocol or the CWC for sensitive locations, etc).", "89. The verification requirements for the detection of undeclared production facilities will depend on the provisions incorporated in an FMCT. If a high degree of assurance is required, the provisions of an FMCT would have to allow for such measures as wide area environmental sampling of radionuclides emitted by reprocessing or enrichment operations, including airborne radiation mapping and environmental samples of soil, water, sediment and biota, together with visual inspection of selected sites and discussions with designated government, scientific and industry personnel. Most of these measures are already employed by the IAEA within the framework of strengthened safeguards.", "90. In addition to the issues of coverage and scope, States would have to consider a number of specific issues relevant to the verification of an FMCT. Although IAEA-type safeguards would need to be applied in many of the facilities which could become subject to verification; virtual turn-key application of IAEA safeguards may not always be possible because of the unique characteristics of monitoring former nuclear weapon facilities (specific security and safety issues, operational constraints stemming from decades of nuclear weapon material production, the “unfriendly character” of such facilities with respect to safeguards, and the need to protect sensitive information against the risks of proliferation).", "91. States may decide not to permanently de-activate some production facilities constructed for the sole purpose of supplying plutonium but instead to adapt such facilities to carry out peaceful activities or continue to operate them in support of non-proscribed nuclear military activities, as might be permitted by an FMCT. The verification requirements (and resources) would differ significantly if specific plants are shut down or continue to operate. If the plants used in the past to produce fissile material for actual or potential use in nuclear weapons are shut down, verification could be based primarily on remote sensing and the use of seals and their periodic inspection; which would be a straightforward, inexpensive and non-intrusive method. However, the provisions for assuring that such facilities remain shut down would also depend on their readiness to resume operations. If steps have been taken to decommission the plant or to dismantle key components, monitoring can be carried out infrequently, after initial on-site verification to confirm that the plant is decommissioned or that key components have been dismantled. However, if a State wants these facilities to continue to operate for non proscribed purposes, their safeguarding would be more costly and more elaborate.", "92. In some States, the military and civilian nuclear fuel cycles are not entirely separated therefore verification arrangements will have to be devised in such a manner as to take account of such States’ legitimate concerns regarding the protection of classified information without", "hampering verification requirements. Measures involving various degrees of intrusiveness could be considered:", "(i) remote sensing (i.e. visual and infrared overflight data collected by satellites and/or aircraft) could be effective in verification of shut-down production facilities, with no risk of compromising sensitive information and little or no impact on the facilities;", "(ii) environmental sampling at a site or in its vicinity, to detect the nuclear and chemical signatures of reprocessing and enrichment activities, would cause very little interference with normal facility operations; and", "(iii) managed access inspections, to balance the needs of inspectors to carry out their duties and the rights of the inspected State to protect sensitive information.", "93. Some States might continue to use HEU for naval propulsion reactors and for fuelling tritium production reactors; verification that no HEU has been diverted to proscribed explosive uses would have to be addressed in such a way as to keep intrusiveness at an acceptable level, while concurrently enabling the verification agency to provide the appropriate level of assurances of compliance with the treaty’s provisions.", "94. With respect to HEU for naval propulsion reactors, a possible approach might be to follow a procedure similar to the one provided in paragraph 14 of INFCIRC/153 – the model agreement for comprehensive safeguards. This provides that nuclear material may be released from IAEA safeguards for non-proscribed military activity (i.e. naval propulsion), but the Agency must be kept informed of the total quantity and composition of the material and safeguards must be applied again once the material is discharged from the reactor and returned to the inventory. This safeguards provision has never been invoked to date and thus its effectiveness has never been put to the test.[24]", "95. Tritium production would impact on verification of an FMCT in two respects: first, HEU used as fuel in tritium production reactors could be diverted to weapons; and second, reactors dedicated to tritium production could also be used to produce plutonium for weapons. Thus, verification approaches would have to be devised to ensure that no proscribed activity is being conducted.", "Verification: Technical Requirements, Costs and Implementation", "Technical requirements", "96. Precise requirements are useful in creating and operating a verification system, as guides for budgeting, negotiation of specific implementation arrangements, staffing, routine inspection planning and evaluation, research and development, etc. The capabilities of a verification system can be specified in terms of measurement goals: amounts of fissile material of interest; time parameters during which the verification system should provide conclusions in relation to the amounts of fissile material; and the level of certainty desired about the conclusions.", "97. These goals generally represent a balance between technical effectiveness and cost. As the specified amounts of fissile material to be measured decrease, as the timeliness increases, and as the confidence associated with conclusions increases, the verification costs commensurately go up and the level of assurance provided by the system increases.", "Quantity goals", "98. The minimum amounts of fissile material to be verified under an FMCT could be based on different rationales, for example:", "(i) a fixed percentage of the amounts of fissile material submitted for verification under an FMCT; this rationale would establish the most direct link between the undertaking of the treaty and the amounts of fissile material needed by each State to obtain a significant increase in its existing fissile material inventory. However, this rationale would create a situation where verification activities are less intensive in States with large fissile material inventories than in States with small inventories; and", "(ii) an amount considered necessary for the production of one nuclear weapon; this is the basis for IAEA safeguards, and adopting the same goal would have the benefit of establishing a verification system which does not create any discrimination.[25]", "Timeliness requirements", "99. The timeliness requirements could be chosen in relation to the time needed by a State to convert fissile materials into nuclear weapons.", "100. First, how fast could a State act if it had made all preliminary arrangements and decided to acquire nuclear weapons in the shortest time possible before its activities were detected. In the IAEA safeguards system, the physical form of the nuclear material will determine the time required for fabrication into nuclear weapons. For pure forms of separated nuclear materials, the timeliness goal", "for successive conclusions is one month; for irradiated nuclear material, three months; goals are also defined for other nuclear materials.[26]", "101. The second timeliness consideration is a function of the minimum rate of diversion that a State could plan for. A large diversion occurring in a short period of time is more likely to be detected than a trickle diversion prolonged over an extended period. IAEA safeguards are designed to detect diversion of nuclear material to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (for timeliness purposes this is operationalized through a detection time corresponding estimated conversion time of one month for one significant quantity (SQ) of plutonium (8 kg) or HEU (25 kg of U-235 or 8 kg of U-233),[27] and the timeliness detection goal is used for establishing the frequency of inspections and safeguards activities at a facility (or a location outside a facility) during a calendar year, in order to verify that no abrupt diversion has occurred).", "Detection probability", "102. The third parameter characterizing the technical effectiveness of a verification system is the degree of certainty desired in relation to the findings of the verification system, i.e. the probability that the system will detect a possible diversion. For separated plutonium and HEU, IAEA safeguards are implemented so as to obtain credible assurances that a diversion of one significant quantity would be detected.[28]", "103. From a technical point of view, it would be preferable to adopt the same criteria under an FMCT, as for current IAEA safeguards. Aside from avoiding a disparity between two verification regimes, the adoption of identical sets of requirements would be substantially easier to administer and to implement than criteria with different requirements.", "Estimates of resources", "104. The Agency has extensive data on verification costs for facilities currently subject to safeguards. However, in relation to an FMCT, estimates would be needed for facilities which are not currently subject to IAEA safeguards, those which have been or currently are part of national defence programmes in the NWS and in non-NPT States. It should be noted that the Secretariat does not currently possess all the required information regarding such facilities, and this information would have to be provided by States once the treaty is concluded.", "105. The Secretariat's initial estimates are therefore based on information drawn largely from open literature and on the Agency’s experience in carrying out safeguards implementation. Algorithms can be developed to compute the safeguards effort likely to be required based on relevant facility parameters (e.g. facility type, status, type and amount of nuclear material, location etc.).", "106. It is clear that verification of an FMCT would require substantial financial resources. Should States consider the IAEA as the most appropriate organization to be entrusted with verification of compliance with an FMCT, they would need to agree on the modalities of the verification costs.", "107. The Agency could propose an FMCT verification system based upon existing safeguards, but sustained funding would be required for additional staff and supporting activities. Additional technical staff that would be needed would include inspectors and their immediate support staff, system analysts, computer programmers and data clerks, chemical analysts, statisticians, safeguards analysts, equipment development specialists, equipment management specialists and technicians. A limited increase in non-technical staff would also have to be considered. The equipment requirements for the verification of an FMCT would be substantial, especially during the initial phase of implementation of the treaty.", "108. Cost estimates prepared by the Secretariat in 1995 relied on a data base of 995 nuclear facilities (including decommissioned and shut-down facilities and facilities under construction) in eight States (China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America). Depending on the parameters, the costs of verifying an FMCT could vary between 50 to 150 million euros.", "Implementation in Stages", "109. Even if an FMCT verification system was not comprehensive, a substantial period of time still would be required to fully implement the verification provisions since between 200 and 1000 nuclear facilities (depending on the scope of the treaty) could become subject to verification. In some States, nuclear material control and accounting systems would have to be brought to internationally accepted standards, and some facilities are not designed to facilitate verification activities.", "110. In addition, it remains unclear whether or not the conclusion of a verification agreement between a verification agency and each State Party would be an additional requirement for the implementation of the verification provisions of such a treaty.", "111. The Agency has already successfully dealt with the issue of verifying the correctness and completeness of the declarations made by some States which have developed large safeguarded nuclear programmes. The Agency has, inter alia, examined historical accounting and operating records of both operating and shut-down facilities. This task has been challenging and the key to the Agency’s ability to fulfil its mandate remains getting the full cooperation of the State in giving the Agency open access to all relevant information and sites.", "112. Following an order of priority based on principles which have guided the Agency’s implementation of comprehensive safeguards agreements (i.e. concentrated verification of the stages of the nuclear fuel cycle involving the production, processing, use or storage of nuclear material", "from which nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices could readily be made), it could be possible to implement verification activities in stages.", "Conclusion", "113. IAEA safeguards began in the 1960s and have continued to evolve, without pause, as new verification responsibilities were assigned, as peaceful nuclear operations increased in size and complexity and as international relations posed new challenges. At present, with a safeguards regular budget of $130 million supplemented by $16.1 million in extrabudgetary contributions, more than 250 IAEA inspectors carry out over 2,100 inspections representing more than 9,000 person-days of inspection[29] work each year, using more than 100 different verification systems. As of 31 December 2005, Agency safeguards were applied to 930 facilities (including inter alia 240 power reactor units, 158 research reactors and critical assemblies, 13 enrichment plants, seven reprocessing plants, 89.9 tons of unirradiated plutonium outside reactor cores and 845 tons of plutonium contained in irradiated fuel, and 29.5 tons of high enriched uranium). The legal, technical and administrative arrangements adopted in different States and in different facilities respond to obligations mandated through Safeguards Agreements. In a wide range of areas, consideration of the existing safeguards arrangements will ensure that an FMCT verification and IAEA safeguards are implemented in ways that provide the maximum value at the minimum cost.", "114. It is the IAEA Secretariat’s assessment that verification of a treaty banning the production of fissile materials would be possible through a verification system quite similar to the one applied for the current IAEA safeguards system. The choice of a system to be developed to verify compliance with a fissile material production cut-off treaty is a matter for States to resolve. In this regard, States will have to address questions related to the different levels of assurance as well as the costs involved. As noted earlier in this paper, the IAEA is well aware of the differing views of States, inter alia, on the scope and verification of an FMCT and does not wish to pre-judge the outcome of the discussion of such issues in the Conference on Disarmament. The Agency, if requested, stands ready to assist in the process of further discussions and negotiations in whatever way is considered appropriate by States.", "[1] INFCIRC/153/(Corrected), paragraph 112 (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf153.shtml).", "[2] “Fissionable” nuclei will fission when struck by fast neutrons having appreciable kinetic energy, while “fissile” nuclei will fission when struck by fast or slow neutrons with any amount of kinetic energy, including neutrons with essentially no kinetic energy. “Fissile” nuclei are therefore “fissionable”, but only some “fissionable” nuclei are “fissile”. Uranium-233, uranium-235, plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are “fissile” nuclei; uranium-238, plutonium-238, 240 and 242, neptunium-237, americium-241 and 242(m) are examples of “fissionable” nuclei that are not “fissile”.", "[3] IAEA Statute, http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html.", "[4] The IAEA Safeguards Glossary (2001 edition) defines “direct use material” as nuclear material that can be used for the manufacture of nuclear explosive devices without transmutation or further enrichment – it includes plutonium containing less than 80% Pu-233, high enriched uranium and U-233 (paragraph 4.25) http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/PDF/NVS3_prn.pdf#search=%22IAEA%20Safeguards%20Glossary%22.", "[5] See, The Safeguards System of the IAEA, http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/safeg_system.pdf.", "[6] See, IAEA & NPT: The Verification Challenge, by Jan Lodding & Tariq Rauf, (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull462/iaea_npt.pdf).", "[7] A listing is available at: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sir_table.pdf; as of 24 August 2006, 31 NNWS party to the NPT have yet to bring into force a CSA with the IAEA (of which 10 States have signed CSAs but have not yet brought them into force, CSAs for 2 States have been approved by the IAEA Board of Governors but have not yet been signed, and 19 NNWS have yet to take any action to conclude CSAs pursuant to the NPT).", "[8] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2, which requires the application of safeguards to nuclear material, facilities and other items specified in the relevant safeguards agreement.", "[9] All CSAs are based on INFCIRC/153 (Corr.), “The Structure and Content of Agreements between the Agency and States in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” INFCIRC/153 (Corrected) is available at the IAEA website: www.iaea.og.", "[10] See Safeguards Statement for 2005, Background to Safeguards Statement and Executive Summary of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 2005, Sections 1.1.1 & 2. (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf).", "[11] A significant quantity (SQ) is the approximate amount of nuclear material for which the possibility of manufacturing a nuclear explosive device cannot be ruled out. Direct use nuclear material: 8 kg Pu (containing less than 80% Pu-238); 8 kg U-233. IAEA Safeguards Glossary, paragraph 3.14. (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/Start.pdf#search=%22'Safeguards%20Glossary%22%22.)", "[12] In order to simplify certain procedures under CSAs for States that have little or no nuclear material, and no nuclear material in a facility, the IAEA began making available in 1971, a “Small Quantities Protocol” (SQP), which held in abeyance the implementation of most of the detailed provisions of CSAs until such time as the quantities of nuclear material in a State exceeded certain limits or the State had nuclear material in a facility. As part of the continuing process of strengthening the effectiveness and improve the efficiency of the IAEA’s safeguards system, on 20 September 2005, the Board of Governors took the decision to retain the SQP as part of the IAEA safeguards system, but subject to certain modifications. The revised SQPs standardized text now requires States to submit initial reports on nuclear material, to inform the IAEA once a decision to build a nuclear facility is taken, and to permit inspection activities. The Board also decided that SQPs would not be made available to States with planned or existing nuclear facilities. The Board authorized the Director General to conclude with all States with SQPs exchanges of letters giving effect to the modifications in the standardised text and the change in the SQP eligibility criteria, and called on the States concerned to conclude such exchanges of letters as soon as possible. The Secretariat is currently in the process of concluding exchanges of letters with all States concerned to give effect to these modifications. At the same time, the Board called on the IAEA Secretariat to assist States with SQPs in developing and maintaining their State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material.", "[13] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2: The Agency’s Safeguards System (1965) as provisionally extended in 1966 and 1968. (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf66r2.shtml).", "[14] See Safeguards Statement for 2005, Background to Safeguards Statement and Executive Summary of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 2005, Section 1.3. (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf).", "[15] Ibid. Section 1.4.", "[16] See Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Security: IAEA Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/nuke.pdf.", "[17] For the latest status see: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html.", "[18] For IAEA reports, see: http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/index.shtml.", "[19] For IAEA reports, see: http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaDprk/index.shtml.", "[20] IAEA Press Release 2002/13, IAEA Verification of Weapon-Origin Fissile Material in the Russian Federation and the United States, http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2002/prn0213.shtml.", "[21] http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na20/docs/2000_Agreement.pdf#search=%22%22Plutonium%20Management%20and%20Disposition%20Agreement%22%22.", "[22] Uranium-233 is produced in a similar manner by irradiating thorium, and separated through a similar process; however, no uranium-233 reprocessing plants are in operation.", "[23] More than 80% of the separative work required to produce uranium containing concentrations of uranium- 235 of 90% or more is spent in raising the enrichment from natural levels (0.71% uranium-235) to approximately 4% enriched. A much smaller top-end facility would be needed to increase the enrichment from 4% to high enrichment levels than if the facility were to start with natural uranium.", "[24] No State has ever exercised the provision allowed in CSAs to designate nuclear materials for non-proscribed military applications that employ the fission characteristics of nuclear materials – in 1987, Canada contemplated using this exemption for nuclear-powered submarines but eventually cancelled its nuclear submarine acquisition programme. States have exempted safeguards on depleted and natural uranium for use in ceramics, for example, and as a catalyst in petrochemical processes, and on depleted uranium metal for use as ballast material in aircraft and boats.", "[25] See IAEA Safeguards Glossary, op. cit., paragraphs 3.13-3.14 (pp.22-23).", "[26] See Ibid., paragraph 3.20 (pp.24-25).", "[27] Ibid., paragraph 3.13 - 3.15 (pp. 22-24).", "[28] See IAEA Safeguards Glossary, op. cit., paragraph 3.15 – 3.16 (pp.23-24).", "[29] A ‘”person-day of inspection” (PDI is defined as a day during which a single inspector has access to a facility at any time for a total of not more than eight hours. The IAEA Annual Report for 2005 is posted at: http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2005/index.html; and the Safeguards Statement for 2005, Background to Safeguards Statement and Executive Summary of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 2005 is available at: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.html." ]

[ "Ghana", "Prohibition of the production of fissile material for weapons: considerations, requirements and IAEA capabilities", "Report of IAEA to the Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, 24 August 2006", "Introduction", "On 16 December 1993, the United Nations General Assembly, through resolution A/RES/48/75/L, requested the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to provide assistance, if necessary, to review verification arrangements for non-discriminatory multilateral treaties prohibiting the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (hereinafter referred to as a fissile material cut-off treaty).", "IAEA expressed its willingness to provide the necessary assistance, and the Secretariat of the Agency undertakes internal studies to analyse possible requirements for verification of fissile material cut-offs and undertakes preliminary assessments of the resources required to implement those verification requirements. The relevant findings were briefed on in a timely manner at several seminars on a fissile material cut-off treaty held in 1995.", "A fissile material cut-off treaty envisaged by the General Assembly, the Shannon Mandate and the States parties to the Treaty will include commitments not to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, but also to assist other States in such activities. For the production of fissile material for other legitimate purposes, verification arrangements need to meet the requirements of commitments under the fissile material cut-off treaty.", "The IAEA secretariat is of the view that the technical objective of verification of compliance with a fissile material cut-off treaty is to ensure that no further production of fissile material for weapons is produced and that fissile material is diverted from civilian nuclear fuel cycles. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the stocks of plutonium and highly enriched uranium, which are to be used for nuclear weapons purposes are no longer increased since the entry into force of the fissile material cut-off treaty. One related issue is how to deal with existing fissile material storage for weapons.", "To clarify the basic obligations of States parties and the scope of the verification mechanism for a fissile material cut-off treaty, States must address many issues. These questions can be summarized as two basic issues on verification issues:", "(1) How can verification be undertaken with respect to commitments not to produce fissile material for weapons? Would agreed commitments be highly in a position to verify that only a few core facilities are required to focus verification efforts? Or should a comprehensive verification operation be carried out?", "(2) How should verification work and to what extent ensure that existing fissile material stocks for nuclear weapons do not increase, and if there is no such storage, how to ensure that future production will not be produced?", "The way in which States address the above-mentioned issues will identify the following:", "(1) The verification structure and the scope of operations of the verification system (i.e., verification measures are applicable to the entire nuclear fuel cycle or only part thereof);", "(2) The verification organization has a high degree of confidence in the ability to determine any activity prohibited by a particular State or in the territory of that State, in particular by establishing provisions enabling the verification body to detect potential undeclared nuclear facilities and nuclear activities, including the production of fissile material; and", "(3) The total cost of the verification system should be borne by States parties to the fissile material cut-off treaty.", "IAEA is fully aware of the different views of States on the scope and verification of the fissile material cut-off treaty and does not presuppose the discussion of the issue at the Conference on Disarmament. This paper will outline IAEA safeguards and verification activities in order to allow States involved in the work of the Conference on Disarmament to understand the relevant situation, noting that activities may be relevant to discussions on verification of future fissile material cut-off treaty.", "Definitions: fissile material and nuclear material", "Both United Nations General Assembly resolutions and Shannon mandates refer to “fissionable material”. In this regard, a clear definition of fissile material would help. For example, the definition of fissile material could be defined as a nuclear material that would not require further enrichment or transcendition, directly manufacture nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. This corresponds to the term “direct use of nuclear material” used by IAEA safeguards.", "In implementing the IAEA safeguards agreement, the term “fissionable material” is not used, and IAEA safeguards apply to “nuclear material”, i.e. source material or special fissionable material as defined in article 20 of the IAEA statute. [2] The IAEA statute defines specific fissionable material as follows: “Plutonium pluton 239; uranium 233; the same-sizeded uranium 235 or 233; any material containing the above-mentioned one or several materials; and other fissionable material determined by the Council at times”. The IAEA statute defines source materials as follows: “Unium containing the same mixtures that occur in the natural community; uranium with the same breadth of 235 poor; thor; any material in the form of metals, cognitives, compounds or enrichment; other material containing the above-mentioned one or several materials, which should be determined at the time of the Board; and other material determined by the Board at times”. [3]", "“Nuclear material” is further broken down in the context of IAEA safeguards: (1) non-irradio or further enrichment that may be used for the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and “direct use of nuclear material”; [4] and (2) the need for irradio or enrichment to be used for the production of nuclear weapons. From the purpose of IAEA safeguards, the direct use of nuclear material includes: 80 per cent of plutonium 238 pyrethroid content, 20 per cent or more uranium and 233 uranium. The “direct use of nuclear material” is directly removed from the rift products and uses nuclear material for the processing and processing of nuclear weapons, which are much less than the mixture of highly radioactive turmoil. The definition of fissile material in a fissile material cut-off treaty may be close to the above definition of the direct use of nuclear material on separation. The differences in these basic definitions may make obligations and actions required by States, the implementation of IAEA safeguards and verification of fissile material cut-off treaty.", "Types of IAEA safeguards agreements", "IAEA safeguards are applicable under different types of agreements and arrangements, and therefore specific scope, objectives, measures, technology, assessment and reporting approaches may differ. [5]", "Following the conclusion of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1968, IAEA was responsible for verifying whether the State's “peaceful use” commitments under the NPT or similar agreements were met. [6]", "At present, 183 non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT committed themselves not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. [7] In addition, these States undertake to implement IAEA safeguards against all nuclear material used for nuclear activities and to conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with IAEA to fulfil their obligations under article III of the NPT.", "The five nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT have concluded voluntary submission safeguards agreements with IAEA, which involve a number of or all civilian nuclear material and/or nuclear facilities, and IAEA may select some material or facilities from among them and implement safeguards.", "In the case of three States that have not yet done so - India, Israel and Pakistan, IAEA safeguards will be implemented in specific facilities for nuclear material and other items specified in the facilities themselves or the relevant safeguards agreement. [8]", "Safeguards in the State of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement", "IAEA safeguards are considered the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and the comprehensive safeguards agreement is the cornerstone of IAEA safeguards. [9] The Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement requires States to make all of their nuclear material subject to IAEA safeguards, and requests IAEA to implement safeguards for all nuclear material used in all peaceful nuclear activities carried out in any place within the country, within its jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the provisions of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement. In those countries that commit to non-development or otherwise access to nuclear weapons, the IAEA safeguards coverage includes “fissionable material” and other nuclear material. The verification activities of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement relate to declared nuclear material and undeclared nuclear material and nuclear activities, with the aim of recognizing that all nuclear material is subject to safeguards and is committed to peaceful purposes. [10]", "The implementation of IAEA safeguards under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement is guided by two verification objectives:", "(1) Monitoring whether a significant quantity of nuclear material declared by a State [11] is transferred from peaceful uses to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and", "(2) The verification of the accuracy and completeness of the information declared by States is one of the purposes of testing whether declared facilities are engaged in undeclared nuclear material production or processing activities.", "Over the years, IAEA has adopted uniform standards to guide the implementation of safeguards in the declared facilities, determine the coverage and accuracy of information provided by States, develop information verification activities, identify security programmes for the purpose of securing them and develop specific requirements for inspection frequency, inspection activities and inspection results. In the absence of nuclear testing, consideration should be conservative in the processing process and the design of programmes, with 8 kg of plutonium and uranium 233 sufficient for a country to produce the first nuclear weapon. For highly enriched uranium, 25 kg of uranium 235 was equally sufficient to produce nuclear weapons.", "The structure and content of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement and the infrastructure for the implementation of safeguards will affect not only the verification of a fissile material cut-off treaty in States parties to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement but also the concerns of other States. Under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, the parties concerned have concluded complementary arrangements as part of the legal framework based on the implementation of safeguards. The supplementary arrangements include general provisions and the annex to facilities for each known facility. The general provisions and facilities annexes of the supplementary arrangements are to be standardized as possible, while the facilities annexes of different types of facilities are based on the Model, often require significant adjustments to adapt to the specific characteristics of individual facilities. The facilities annex will link specific obligations and inspection rights applicable to individual facilities to the relevant paragraphs of the IAEA safeguards agreement with the State.", "In accordance with the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, it is important to establish a “national nuclear material accounting and control system” (hereinafter referred to as SSAC) to implement effective accounting arrangements and export and import control. The State must make a wide declaration of nuclear activities carried out in facilities implementing safeguards and regularly report on its nuclear material inventories and flows. At the beginning of the entry into force of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, the first stock list will be verified to ensure its integrity and accuracy. Since then, States are required to provide design information on each of the declared facilities, carry out a material balance assessment every year, and to report unspecified material based on measured physical stock and stock changes. The national declaration information was submitted to IAEA for verification to ensure that its content is complete and accurate and that declared nuclear material is not diverted to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.", "Enhanced safeguards by States parties to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement", "Iraq is a non-nuclear-weapon State party to the NPT and has concluded a comprehensive safeguards agreement, but it has found a wide range of clandestine nuclear weapons plans in the country, indicating that the focus of the safeguards regime cannot be limited to verification of declared nuclear activities. In order to strengthen the safeguards system, the IAEA Board recognizes that, in order to eliminate the possibility of secret actions, IAEA needs to overcome the limitations of the comprehensive safeguards agreement by supporting instruments. On the basis of document INFCIRC/540 (Corr.), an Additional Protocol to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement was developed to expand the Agency's competence, request States to provide additional information and to open the relevant locations and technologies to IAEA so that the latter could verify the accuracy and completeness of the information declared under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement.", "In accordance with the provisions of the Additional Protocol to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, IAEA has the authority to request States to provide information on nuclear plans, including research and development, and activities related to the manufacture or export of specific equipment and non-nuclear material for the production or replenishment of nuclear material. The Additional Protocol allows for additional contact with the aim of ensuring that no declared nuclear material and nuclear activities or addressing issues or inconsistencies relating to nuclear material or nuclear activities, including limited access to relevant locations to prevent the release of sensitive information on nuclear proliferation, meet security or physical protection requirements and protect patents or commercially sensitive information. The Additional Protocol will combine verification efforts for potential secret facilities and undeclared activities carried out within the declared facility, enabling IAEA to adapt its verification requirements appropriately in accordance with the status of the declared facility.", "As part of its work to strengthen the safeguards system, IAEA is implementing the “integration security” as a more effective way to combine verification activities under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement with more advanced analytical approaches and more contacts under the Additional Protocol. Integration safeguards at the national level take into account specific national circumstances, such as the effectiveness of national nuclear material accounting and control systems (SSAC) and the characteristics of the national nuclear fuel cycle. As of 2005, IAEA had already implemented integrated safeguards in several countries, including both Japan and Canada possessing the largest implementation safeguards. The purpose is to make the Additional Protocol universal in order to enable its extended right to engagement to be equally used for all States that have signed comprehensive safeguards agreements.", "Each year, the IAEA Board of Governors convened four meetings to present a number of additional protocols at each meeting for signature after ratification and an increase in the number of States, but the pace of progress towards the conclusion and implementation of the Additional Protocol remains slow. (To date, 109 States have signed additional protocols, and 77 States are implementing additional protocols. (b)", "In September 2005, the IAEA Board revised the Small Quantities Protocol (SQP) policy [12] to ensure the effective implementation of verification rights in all countries that have concluded comprehensive safeguards agreements. In addition, the Council has established the Committee on Safeguards and Verification (Committee 25) to consider ways and means of further strengthening the safeguards system.", "IAEA safeguards against other States that conduct or plan nuclear activities", "The implementation of IAEA safeguards in India, Israel and Pakistan is based on the Safeguards Agreement concluded prior to the NPT. 13] The content pertains to research and power strands, nuclear fuel and heavy water. These Safeguards Agreements stipulate that all fissile material generated by irradio in the reactors above would require safeguards, and safeguards should also be implemented for factories that process or use such nuclear materials. It should be noted that the security verification requirements for a particular type of facility are usually subject to the requirements set out in the comprehensive safeguards agreement, but may be specific to the extent that facilities themselves, equipment or nuclear material are subject to safeguards, and that safeguards agreements may include selective provisions reflecting these safeguards agreements, in particular alternative provisions. [14]", "Implementation of safeguards by nuclear-weapon States", "The five nuclear-weapon States, such as France, the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States, which have been recognized by the NPT, have signed voluntary security agreements for the comprehensive safeguards agreement as a model. Such agreements do not require those States to impose their nuclear material on safeguards, but rather allow them to delete nuclear material and facilities from their lists designated for IAEA selection of implementation safeguards. In addition, IAEA has no obligation to implement safeguards among the designated facilities in those countries. [15] The current IAEA safeguards apply to the most fissile material cut-off treaty are enrichment plants in China and the United Kingdom. In addition to nuclear facilities dedicated to nuclear weapons programmes and naval reactors plans, all nuclear facilities in France and the United Kingdom implement the European Atomic Energy Agency safeguards in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Treaty. The European Atomic Energy Unit is considered a regional control mechanism, and IAEA and the Agency are implementing a partnership arrangement to cooperate on NEX safeguards in the EU.", "Additional Protocol", "The Model Additional Protocol [16] addresses all States that have signed safeguards agreements with IAEA, including nuclear-weapon States parties and non-State parties to the NPT. [17] The five nuclear-weapon States recognized by the NPT have signed the Additional Protocol, including some of the measures set out in document INFCIRC/540, and the three nuclear-weapon States have started implementing the relevant protocols. The main purpose of the nuclear-weapon States implementation protocol is to provide IAEA with additional information to assist IAEA in implementing safeguards for nuclear activities of non-nuclear-weapon States. Additional protocols signed by nuclear-weapon States and States not parties to the NPT may affect each other in relation to provisions that may be included in a fissile material cut-off treaty on the export of equipment or materials that may assist other States in acquiring the production of fissile material.", "Other relevant IAEA verification activities", "In addition to the normal scope of implementation of safeguards, the following three cases of additional verification activities undertaken by IAEA may be related to the FMCT:", "(1) In accordance with United Nations Security Council resolution 687 and relevant resolutions, IAEA implements expanded verification measures in Iraq, [18] which include unrestricted access to suspicious locations and extensive environmental monitoring to detect the existence of secret nuclear material production activities. Experience gained in this extreme event may be helpful in considering the terms of contact to be provided in a fissile material cut-off treaty - the rights granted and the difficulties encountered;", "(2) In accordance with the agreement framework concluded between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the United States, IAEA is responsible for monitoring all operations of the freeze of DPRK nuclear facilities, [19] including monitoring the activities of the post-recovery plants that are frozen at any time. The experience gained may help to consider the inspection provisions set out in the FMCT; and", "(3) The IAEA, together with the Russian Federation and the United States, initiated a tripartite initiative aimed at establishing a system for verification of the excessive use of fissile material for defence in both countries, which will be addressed in particular below.", "Trilateral initiatives", "On 17 September 1996, the Russian Atomic Energy Minister Victor Mihayloov, the Director-General of IAEA, Hans Blix and the United States Minister for Energy, Hazel Otrieary, met and presented the Tripartite Initiative. The purpose of the initiative is to fulfil President Clinton and President Elchin's commitment to the IAEA verification of fissile material derived from weapons, and to complement the commitment of both parties to reduce transparency and irreversibility of nuclear weapons.", "The Tripartite Joint Working Group was established to consider the technical, legal and financial aspects of IAEA verification of relevant fissile material. The Working Group was committed to the development of verification measures that could be applicable to the following facilities: Russian Mfission Facility after operation; and one or more United States facilities that would be subject to verification of fissile material known to be removed from the defence plan in the Service. On 16 December 2002, the mandate of the Tripartite Initiative Working Group was announced. [20]", "The Tripartite Initiative relates to the scope and purpose of IAEA verification; the location, type and quantity of fissile material derived from weapons verification by IAEA; the ability to perform verification and monitoring objectives and to not disclose sensitive information; and options for funding and legal framework for IAEA verification measures.", "Scope and objectives", "The Tripartite Initiative aims to establish a verification system that requires States that possess nuclear weapons to submit excessive arms material for verification. States have decided, on their own basis, on the basis of a decision to make the material subject to verification by IAEA.", "In addition, under verification requirements, inspection will be enforced once it decides to refer certain materials to IAEA for verification.", "Each nuclear weapon uses one or more fissionable energy elements that require a certain nuclear material, usually a 93 per cent or higher plutonium content of 239 plutonium or highly enriched uranium. Control of possession, production and use of such materials is the basis for the international non-proliferation regime. As nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT have taken action to fulfil their obligations under article VI of the Treaty, treaties on the prohibition of the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and the framework for the removal of existing nuclear material from nuclear weapons will be central to future arrangements.", "The acceptance of arms materials by international verification can be achieved for different purposes, depending on their time and the scope of verification.", "(1) If the material is processed, it is not possible to reveal any characteristics of the weapons secret, then to allow such material to be inspected while committing itself not to be used for military purposes and to meet the following two purposes: (a) limiting national capacities (currently prohibited); and (b) providing a means of confidence-building, thereby encouraging further reductions in armaments and transferring additional material to IAEA inspection.", "(2) Includes provisions for inspection of fissile material still in possession of weapons, which may receive additional benefits: The procedures for delivery of inspection will be greatly expedited owing to the high cost and lengthy process of translating weapons materials into non-confidential forms of material. Only if the State is satisfied that the verification process will not disclose the relevant characteristics, it will consider allowing IAEA to verify weapons that are confidential.", "(3) Includes provisions that recognize the nature of the submission of the project as the characteristics of the nuclear-weapon components, allowing monitoring of the process of arms reduction.", "(4) If the above-mentioned measures have been implemented, it is theoretically possible to start verification at the time of the departure of warheads from the launch system, while allowing verification of specific measures to reduce arms.", "According to the Tripartite Initiative, verification will include the first two steps.", "The steps required to verify the confidential form of fissile material offer new requirements for the verification process and equipment used by IAEA. If a verification approach endorsed by nuclear-weapon States could be implemented, it would be possible to further identify steps for disarmament at a faster rate.", "According to the Tripartite Initiative, most of the technical work carried out to date has been used in the design of fissile material that would make States confidential, including methods for the delivery of verification of raw components from nuclear warheads.", "Technical requirements and methodologies", "In recent years, most of the technical work carried out under the Tripartite Initiative has been designed to enable nuclear-weapon States to invite IAEA inspection personnel to measure nuclear weapon components, but they have no possibility to reach verification methods for the design of secret nuclear weapons. On the other hand, verification methods must allow IAEA to fully ensure that verification is credible and independent. Various possible measurement methods have been taken into account, first and foremost, the methods used by IAEA to implement safeguards against plutonium and highly enriched uranium in non-nuclear-weapon States. The Tripartite concluded that, if the inspection personnel were allowed to contact the original measurement data, the various methods known could disclose theft of weapons secrets. Therefore, the direct quantitative measurements carried out in accordance with the IAEA conventional safeguards practices are not exhaustive.", "The Tripartite thus agreed that the IAEA verification of fissile material derived from weapons would be based on the most reliable verification measurement that would be able to secure, but the design of the measurement system would allow IAEA inspection personnel only to receive “qualified/non-qualified” information. Because the original measurement data can reveal confidential information, the measurement system should include special security provisions that prevent any confidential information and paralys the system as a whole when attempting to reach the original measurement data. The comparison of actual measurement data with reference to “substantiality” may determine whether “qualified”. This approach is referred to as “exclusive verification with information shields”. It was agreed that the IAEA verification of whether there were excessive plutonium in a container could carry out a subordinate test:", "(1) The existence of plutonium;", "(2) Arms equivalent composition (i.e., 240 plutonium and 239 plutonium) and", "(3) Whether the number of plutonium is greater than the threshold.", "The “information shield” combines hardware, software and the system for the protection of the sub-provisional process with the aim of arsenal protection of confidential information. The Tripartite Initiative experts have studied a variety of known verification techniques and determine which methods can enable IAEA to reach credible and independent conclusions. The experts developed general technical requirements and functional rules for the measurement system and developed and displayed the measurement system model. The model is referred to as “Informative vouchers using the duplicative and high-resolution bathymetry speculation method for gama-size plutonium with confidential characteristics” (AVNG). In accordance with the contract signed with the National Laboratory of Lasamos, a full-party system is currently being established at the Russian Nuclear Centre/U-Russian Laboratory in Sarov (formerly known as A-16). The system will measure the storage of AT-400 storage containers in the form of a confidential plutonium (the sample showing the container is stored in the IAEA Tripartite Initiative Office). The experts have made good progress on the design and development of the plutonium storage facility.", "Sex verification techniques include a repeat-counter analysis system and a high-resolution gamma-energy speculation system, verification in specific environments to prevent the release of confidential information, while preventing any external signal from disrupting the operation system. If any road is opened, the security monitoring system will stop the operation of the entire system, the computer area and the transmission devices that have been taught by the inspector, providing the results of the determination without security restrictions.", "All the above-mentioned equipment is produced in the country of use. The State is responsible for testing these equipment, which will include conventional industrial issues, as well as for spying, to ensure that IAEA inspections do not lead to the release of confidential information. The Agency's conventional verification practices are not available under these limitations; new approaches are being developed, some of which are to be operational; certification remains the greatest challenge for IAEA.", "In addition to the above-mentioned work on the universal verification system, work on the monitoring system for the storage of fissile material originating from weapons is also ongoing. The system will follow up on nuclear material in the monitoring facility and ensure that its identity, integrity and location are kept in place. The stock monitoring system will combine traditional safeguards and surveillance measures. The protection of confidential information, as appropriate, is necessary and requires the State to certify it. The authenticity of verification is also a matter of concern. In addition, the activities of inspection personnel will be strictly regulated.", "Further consideration was given to the steps required to translate fissile material into non-confidential formats and subsequent disposal activities. In 2000, the Russian Federation and the United States signed the Agreement on the Management and Processing of Plutonium (PMDA) [21], in accordance with which Russia agreed to systematically address 34 tons of weapons-grade plutonium. The treatment and treatment of plutonium calls for an early consultation with IAEA on IAEA verification of the role of such plutonium. In accordance with the Tripartite Initiative, the majority of the plutonium recognized by the agreement will be subject to IAEA verification, and therefore the arrangements must seek to meet the above-mentioned two activities. The estimated processing costs were $2 billion in the Russian Federation and $6.6 billion in the United States.", "For non-confidential forms of fissile material, verification methods should be similar to those used by IAEA in implementing non-proliferation safeguards in non-nuclear-weapon States. However, despite the fact that it might be necessary to separate from IAEA safeguards. In the case of facilities currently (or in the future) located in nuclear-weapon-producing locations, the current security restrictions may complicate the implementation of conventional safeguards, even for facilities that store non-confidential forms of fissile material. In addition, the practical problem faced by verification is that the use of fissile material in the civilian sector is more inappropriate than for weapons purposes, after mixed or radiation.", "The State must declare it necessary if the confidential form of fissile material is to be verified. The Russian Federation and the United States are not able to declare a confidential form of fissile material because it violates article 1 of the NPT and relevant domestic laws.", "In accordance with IAEA safeguards, IAEA conducts unlimited measurement of all nuclear attributes of nuclear material subject to safeguards, and extracts samples, measuring the attributes, including the complexity, in accordance with the highest standards of accuracy and accuracy. Such measurements are clearly not possible for the use of confidential fissile material.", "The IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement is an integral part of the nuclear non-proliferation regime aimed at preventing non-nuclear-weapon States from acquiring any nuclear weapons. Two nuclear-weapon States participating in the Tripartite Initiative have thousands of nuclear weapons and are currently undergoing a significant reduction in the number of weapons and hope that it will eventually be reduced to zero. The verification requirements applicable to nuclear disarmament must ultimately be consistent with the non-proliferation verification requirements, but this also requires some time.", "The Tripartite Initiative deals with the scope and purpose of IAEA verification; the location, type and quantity of fissile material derived from weapons that may be verified by IAEA; the ability to meet the verification and monitoring objectives while not to disclose sensitive information; and options for funding and providing a legal framework for IAEA verification measures.", "IAEA safeguards and technology related to subsequent processing and enrichment", "As the scope of the fissile material cut-off treaty and verification requirements have been determined, the relevant experience of IAEA and the existing requirements of States will help to conduct in-depth investigations into specific types of facilities and, where appropriate, specific facilities. Pursuant to the negotiating mandate, verification of subsequent processing and enrichment activities will be required in theory and, consequently, preliminary consideration of the experience of IAEA in implementing safeguards at enrichment and post-processing plants may be helpful.", "Post-declaration processing plants", "After processing plants, the plutonium generated by nuclear reactors was separated from uranium, rift products and other stereotype elements. In addition to exceptional circumstances, all post- plutonium processing plants are using the same technology as “Preques process”. [22] Post-processing plants need to deal with highly radioactive substances and, therefore, must be managed remotely within the fabric of extremist solids to separate radioactive sources. These characteristics are compounded by the inherent difficulties inherent in the number of plutonium (or uranium233) at the beginning of the process, complicating the implementation of the safeguards and making it more cost than other safeguards implementation.", "The purpose of implementing the safeguards at the later processing plant is to test whether the facilities were misused (undeclared after processing) and whether the reported flow of plutonium and uranium were transferred. The difficulties encountered by the large plants operating in meeting the safeguards verification requirements are most significant, as the quantitative portion of the IAEA safeguards inspection targets is determined in accordance with the number of materials required for the production of a nuclear weapon, as these numbers have become small compared to the total number of nuclear material processed, the scope of implementation of the safeguards must be expanded, while increasing intrusiveness to ensure that the plants are not misused, that nuclear material is accurately measured and declared and not diverted. Technical issues would be more complicated if the latter processing plants had become operational prior to the implementation of the safeguards or the factory measurements were incomplete or unreliable.", "The post-processing plant safety programme depends on a wide range of factors, most important of which is the operation of the factory: functioning, standby status, decommissioned or abandoned. The following may arise:", "(1) Continuation of processing;", "(2) For non-removal purposes (e.g., the removal of a plutonium from a plutonium of 241, a waste sub-level);", "(3) Standby (in such cases, verification requirements depend, to a large extent, on the interval between the issuance of a refunctioning notice and the actual reactivation);", "(4) Progressive decommission (in such cases, the programme is gradually simplified owing to the increased time and efforts required to reactivate and to increase the destruction, cover or dismantlement of important components); and", "(5) Retired or abandoned (the frequency of periodic inspections depends on whether the buildings are retained and, if so, whether they are still being used, by conducting regular inspections or satellite image analysis based on the cost considerations).", "The necessary costs and work will be different, and the facilities that have been decommissioned or dumped are almost no cost, while continuous inspections require the use of thousands of United States dollars of verification equipment.", "IAEA safeguards against the latter processing plant will first analyse information provided by the States concerned on the design and construction of the facility, its operation and the use of nuclear material accounting systems. The design of information reviews should be conducted as early as possible in the context of the consideration of the programme for facilities safety, with a view to determining whether the information is sufficient and consistent. In the course of construction, service, subsequent normal operation, maintenance, adjustment and decommissioning, the design of information is subject to verification by inspection personnel and proper measurement and testing to confirm that the design and operation of the facility corresponds to the information provided. In addition to the above methodology, environmental sampling can be carried out on the basis of actual circumstances to test the treatment of plutonium with different characteristics. Other elements of a specific facility security programme could be identified on the basis of such safeguards and other safeguards could be implemented accordingly.", "In accordance with the status of operation, size and specific characteristics of the facility, the Facilities Guarantee Programme combines the appropriate cluster contract design information verification activities of the following measures:", "(1) Exclusive and surveillance of the main sectors of the post-processing plant to continue to be informed of the certified information and to track the monitoring of the operation in order to determine whether the operation subject to inspection is in compliance with the operational declaration of the operator;", "(2) Implementation of measurements, including measurements carried out by operators of nuclear material accounting, border safety or process control, and measurements carried out by IAEA using IAEA equipment or using the equipment of the operators in accordance with appropriate arrangements;", "(3) Solution measurements and monitoring systems to track the flow of liquids containing nuclear material in the area of treatment and to provide certified measurement data on nuclear material in a solvent;", "(4) Near-time checks and balances to test the loss of plutonium during the fixed monthly regular monitoring period;", "(5) The accounting of nuclear material relates to the annual material settlement based on certified physical stocks and changes in physical stocks (including the exchanger - the difference analysis of the harvestor and the materials not indicated during the liquidation period); and", "(6) Shared nuclear material accounting, covering overall analysis and trend analysis throughout the period of the Agency's safeguards implementation.", "One of the safeguards put in place at the later processing plant is the collection of samples to IAEA Safeguards Analysis Laboratory in Seibersdorf (Austria) and the analysis of 14 additional laboratories in eight member States, which form the IAEA analytical laboratory network. One of the sample preparations for the facility was the hybrid of samples with reference materials and the reduction of their radioactivity in order to be transported and processed. The cost of transportation of such samples is very high and appropriate radiation protection measures are needed.", "The verification equipment used at the later processing plant includes standard seals and surveillance equipment and the following specialized systems:", "(1) Hydrographic measurement systems to measure solvent liquids and density in arsenal containers;", "(2) Security sample containers to protect samples from interference;", "(3) Responsive equipment, which is used by IAEA to verify the concentrations of plutonium in solvent liquids both in their separation and before and before and after and after the process (in the case of a purely solvent use of K e-brain density, hybrid K engage density of the liquid containing the rift products and uranium); and", "(4) In the light of the number of necessary samples and the time of analysis, field analysis laboratories should be established at large after processing plants.", "Recurrent processing plants", "In the State party to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, any undeclared treatment is clearly a violation of the provisions of the Agreement and the Additional Protocol. Post-processing operations will normally release gas lapses into the atmosphere and release the dust, some of which will fall away from facilities. The detection measures for the processing of plants after the secret are as follows.", "Enhanced information analysis: In accordance with the provisions of the Additional Protocol, States parties to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement must provide, without reservation, information on research and development after processing, on the manufacture and import of specialized containers for subsequent processing (shall be requested) and on the construction, operation and release of plants in the past, present and in any future. The information provided by IAEA analyses and compares information obtained through various channels, including:", "(1) Information obtained through the implementation of safeguards by States;", "(2) Information communicated to IAEA concerning the transfer of nuclear material and specific equipment;", "(3) Information obtained by IAEA through other activities, including technical cooperation projects;", "(4) Public information disclosed by scientific journals and the media; and", "(5) Other information that States may provide.", "Complementary contact: In accordance with the provisions of the Additional Protocol, IAEA has the right to request access to the relevant locations to address inconsistencies in the information provided. With the in-depth conduct of negotiations, specific provisions on such contacts will be needed to determine their relationship with a fissile material cut-off treaty.", "Environmental sampling: environmental sampling can be carried out in the context of the existing Additional Protocol. The procedures for a wide range of environmental sampling require approval by the IAEA Board of Governors to implement the provisions of the Additional Protocol.", "declared enrichment plants", "The implementation of IAEA safeguards at the uranium enrichment plant is aimed at meeting the following three objectives:", "(1) Examination of the existence of undeclared high enriched uranium production activities or whether high enriched uranium production has been declared excessive;", "(2) Whether the production of low enriched uranium is too high (which can subsequently be further enrichment in secret plants or in the plants implementing safeguards, monitoring the risk); [23] and [23]", "(3) Whether the products, materials or ends of the declared uranium are transferred.", "In conjunction with other measures, the verification of whether or not the nuclear material has been transferred for the purposes of the testing of the production of undeclared highly enriched uranium has been reported in the enrichment plant. This approach is increasingly important for the low enrichment plants used to produce highly enriched uranium.", "All subsequent processing plants are essentially employed as a process, although nine uranium enrichment technologies are improved. Some of these technologies are less likely to be adopted, and others have been phased out because of their excessive consumption. The enrichment plant safety programme will include common elements, but the characteristics of different processes and differences between different factories require different safeguards. The IAEA safeguards are mainly applicable to the ionosphere plant, but the IAEA conducts investigations into the air power spraying plant, the gas smosphere enrichment plant, the pyrethroid enrichment system (MLIS) and the electromagnetic (ca residual) enrichment system. With regard to the implementation of safeguards in the Atomic vapour laser (AVLIS) factories, a number of studies have been carried out, although the level of development is not sufficient for other technologies used by industrial size plants, with little research: chemical exchange enrichment, non-exchange enrichment, and subsidiarity.", "As in the case of the latter processing plant, the design of the information review and verification are at the core of the implementation of the Atomic Energy Safeguards in the enrichment plant. Enrichment technologies are sensitive to proliferation, and IAEA inspectors are therefore subject to limitations on the location of enrichment equipment, as well as inspection personnel' observation of the internal details of enrichment equipment, and access to important enrichment factor operating parameters is equally limited. However, effective verification arrangements within the above-mentioned limitations have been developed to enable IAEA to meet the designated targets.", "The review and verification of the design information provided for the understanding of the products and the final stages of the feeding and extractive products, as well as for ensuring that the enrichment plant would not be temporarily or permanently renovated since then in order to benchmark the enrichment plant or any part of its production of undeclared high enriched uranium. (In the construction, operation, normal functioning, maintenance, rehabilitation and decommissioning process, the design of information is subject to verification by inspection personnel and proper measurement and testing to confirm that the design and operation of the facility corresponds to the information provided. (b)", "It has been confirmed that environmental sampling can be extremely effective in determining whether enrichment plants produce highly enriched uranium. The effectiveness of environmental sampling will naturally be reduced if the enrichment plant produces highly enriched uranium for purposes that are not prohibited or when it has been producing highly enriched uranium or is near a low enrichment plant. The safeguards programme for such facilities requires more attention to other aspects of safeguards, but even if so, a long-term cluster analysis of the dust could provide the basis for testing the existence of new production activities, and micronutrient changes in the same ratio could be used as a test basis.", "For a given enrichment technology, as in the case of the post-declaration processing plant, the security programme of the enrichment plant will largely depend on the operation of the facility. The following conditions are particularly important in developing effective and efficient safeguards:", "(1) Recurrent enrichment plants:", "(a) Production of highly enriched uranium for purposes not prohibited (art. In such cases, verification must ensure that only high-enriched uranium production is produced and that environmental sampling is less significant;", "(b) The plants that produce low enriched uranium have been renovated or near another production of highly enriched uranium (EU) In such cases, verification activities aimed at detecting undeclared high enriched uranium production will become more complex, and environmental sampling may be less relevant owing to factors such as the residual footprint of highly enriched uranium;", "(c) The production of low enriched uranium and the production of excessive enriched uranium;", "(2) A standby status (as in the case of the later processing plant, verification requirements will depend on the time spacing necessary prior notification);", "(3) Retirement (prosecution activities will be gradually simplified and the plants will be dismantled; destruction or treatment of enrichment equipment already removed will be monitored); and", "(4) Retired or abandoned (in such cases, similar to those of the latter processing plant, inspection methods and frequency will depend on the final state of the building and ensure that no measures have been taken to restore regular verification of the production of the enrichment plants that have been demobilized or abandoned will also vary accordingly).", "In accordance with the technology, operation status, capacity and design of each enrichment plant, the programme will include the following measures:", "(1) The quantity of uranium and enriched uranium in paints, products and end-user containers is measured by the quantity of container weights, the use of non-intrusive systems to measure uranium enrichment and sampling for IAEA safeguards analysis laboratory analysis;", "(2) Exclusive and surveillance of the following objectives: feeding, products and end-of-living containers; central parts of the enrichment plant, in particular uranium-for-materials, as well as the products and end-release points (in some enrichment plants, the introduction of integration closed-monitoring systems, allowing the additional or cancellation of seals by the operator of the facility to ensure that all containers that have access to and out of the declared feeding points are verified in such an effective manner); and the location where the instrument has been installed in order to continuously understand the certified information and track the operation of the release of the release;", "(3) To collect environmental samples from material processing areas outside the lock-in response laboratory to detect the existence of undeclared nuclear material or nuclear activities;", "(4) Sustained supervision of the enrichment process or the use of specialized measurement systems, while carrying out a limited number of unnoticed inspections in the lock-in response regions of certain refrigeration plants, and monitoring of whether the same level of uranium 235 in the process line is less than 20 per cent;", "(5) The use of online instruments to measure the actual enrichment of hexachlorofluorocarbons in paints, products and ends, as well as the flow of production processes will be used in other refrigeration plants;", "(6) With regard to the limited number of unnoticed inspections by the chain response laboratories for most facilities, whether the facility has been renovated and the collection of environmental samples that can indicate the existence of highly enriched activities;", "(7) For certain facilities, the monitoring of the secession process carried out during the spacing of continuous inspections will compare the relevant number with the data declared by the operator and support for sexual inspection data;", "(8) The accounting of nuclear material, including the conduct of annual material checks and balances on the basis of verified physical stocks and changes in physical stocks (including the shipment-relevant balances analysis, and the unaccounted for material during the continuing material accounting period); and", "(9) Shared nuclear material accounting, including the overall analysis and trend analysis during the facilities' implementation of IAEA safeguards.", "Secret enrichment plants", "The test methodology for undeclared enrichment plants and post-declared processing plants is essentially the same. Enrichment operations typically release buoys, especially those connected to the process line, and also emissions through the ventilation system of enrichment plants. The distances from these buoys will not be distant, and environmental sampling will be effective around such facilities.", "With the advances in enrichment technologies, the size of the enrichment plants has been substantially reduced and the demand for electricity has been reduced and the emissions of clandestine enrichment plants are therefore more difficult.", "Enhanced information analysis: States must provide, without reservation, information on enrichment-related research and development, the manufacture and import of enrichment equipment and specialized materials (e.g. carbon fibre containers and matrimonial steel) and the construction, operation and release of any enrichment plants in the past, present and future. With regard to post-processing plants, IAEA analyses the information provided and compares the relevant information obtained through the above-mentioned channels.", "Complementary contact: as noted above, the post-processing plant.", "Environmental sampling: As in the case of the later processing plant, environmental samples can be collected in the context of the Additional Protocol. The procedures for a wide range of environmental sampling require approval by the IAEA Board of Governors to implement the provisions of the Additional Protocol. However, there is little possibility to detect signs of enrichment in locations away from enrichment plants.", "Verification options", "IAEA has studied possible verification scenarios, associated costs and the extent of assurances that such options may provide on compliance with the States parties to the fissile material cut-off treaty, as summarized below.", "Scope of verification", "From a technical perspective, if verification arrangements cannot be applied to all aspects of a nuclear fuel cycle in a State, their level of assurance is less than the assurance provided by IAEA in implementing the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement by non-nuclear-weapon States. To provide States parties to a fissile material cut-off treaty with assurances similar to that provided by IAEA under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, the verification system must apply to all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle declared by those States, and to detect the existence of undeclared production facilities and nuclear material.", "The integration of the verification measures of a fissile material cut-off treaty with the strengthening of the existing IAEA safeguards system would benefit the former. The design of verification measures will take into account current and future technological developments, as technological advances will contribute to raising the level of assurance provided by safeguards. In addition, as noted above, verification measures can provide additional safeguards on the question of the existence of undeclared facilities and fissile material.", "Any fissile material produced after the entry into force of the fissile material cut-off treaty, whether the production of fissile material or the production of civilian nuclear facilities, shall be implemented in the course of processing, using and storing.", "States should discuss the extent to which fissile material already available at the time of entry into force of the treaty is permitted to be free from verification. In order to avoid confusion, it is clear that these stocks are:", "(1) Military storage for weapons purposes (including the removal of nuclear material from weapons);", "(2) Military storage of nuclear material for activities not prohibited; and", "(3) Civil storage.", "If the objective of the verification regime is limited to verification of the implementation of commitments not to produce fissile material for the purposes prohibited by a fissile material cut-off treaty, it will not be possible to guarantee that the existing stocks of fissile material for such purposes will not be increased by means other than production after the entry into force of the treaty (e.g., through the importation of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (illegal) or the use of existing civil stocks or existing military stocks used for non-nuclear purposes).", "From a technical perspective, the comprehensive verification system of fissile material cut-off treaty is clearly the best option; however, States may tend to favour a low level of resource-intensive option for a more cost-effective and targeted approach to non-proliferation and disarmament interests in an integrated approach. For example, States may limit the technical objective of verification to the provision of safeguards to ensure that all production facilities for direct use of material are not closed or verified in their operation, and that all stocks of fissile material free from verification remain subject to verification after the entry into force of the fissile material cut-off treaty.", "IAEA therefore considered a number of other options and their specific resource requirements. These programmes are less costly and therefore less costly, but the level of safeguards provided by the low level of such resources is far below the safeguards provided by IAEA in implementing safeguards under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement by non-nuclear-weapon States, unless the verification body has the necessary authorization and strength to investigate the activities and materials that have not been declared.", "One important issue is whether the international verification mechanism would include measures to detect undeclared nuclear facilities and fissile material?", "The answer to this question will determine whether the verification system can contain potential defaulters and whether civilian and/or military production facilities will guarantee that undeclared fissile material for weapons will not be produced and whether the declared facilities will not produce fissile material for weapons purposes.", "Needless to say, if any limitations on the verification system are imposed on the subject matter, there is a need for a clear and effective mechanism to enable the verification body to investigate possible violations of the fissile material cut-off treaty, thereby enabling the limited verification programme to provide all Parties with acceptable or credible assurances that no Party violates the treaty.", "States need to identify verification mechanisms for the detection of prohibited activities. Two aspects that need to be addressed:", "(1) In addition to analysing information obtained from various sources, activities related to detection of prohibited signs are permitted (e.g., the establishment of air and water monitoring stations networks, the detection of the flour that is functioning after processing plants or high enriched uranium enrichment plants; access to any location in the country to collect samples, conduct atmospheric monitoring to detect emissions of production plants and reactors, and/or analyse satellite imagery, test whether the construction of protective facilities to cover post-harvest processing plants, conduct heat radiation analysis, etc.); and", "(2) What actions may be taken to address the suspicious signs of testing (whether there is a specific inspection or a question of inspection based on a limited arrangement to most locations in the country, such as the Chemical Weapons Convention or the European Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces, in accordance with arrangements similar to the Model Additional Protocol or the Chemical Weapons Convention, etc.).", "The verification requirements for the detection of undeclared production facilities will depend on the provisions of a fissile material cut-off treaty. The provision of a fissile material cut-off treaty would require allowing for a wide range of environmental sampling measures, including air radiation maps and the collection of samples from indigenous, water, sediment and biota, while conducting a meaningful inspection of certain locations and discussing with designated government, scientific and industrial personnel. The IAEA has taken most of the above-mentioned measures within the framework of the strengthened safeguards.", "In addition to coverage and scope, States need to consider a number of specific issues related to the verification of fissile material cut-off treaty. While many facilities that may be subject to verification will require the implementation of IAEA safeguards, the unique characteristics of the monitoring of the former nuclear-weapon facilities will not be able to effectively fully implement IAEA safeguards (specific safety and security issues, arising from the operational limitations of the production of nuclear weapons materials for decades, the “non-friendly character” of these facilities on safeguards, and the need to protect sensitive information to prevent the risk of extension).", "States may decide not to permanently cease the production activities of certain production facilities established solely for the purpose of providing plutonium, but rather to take adaptation measures to engage such facilities in peaceful activities or to continue production activities that may be permitted by a fissile material cut-off treaty in support of prohibited nuclear military activities. The closure or continued operation of the factories will vary widely among verification requirements (and resources). The verification can be based primarily on the use of seals and regular inspections in remote sensing if the closed plants have previously produced material that is actually or may be used for nuclear weapons, which is a direct, low-cost, non-intrusive verification method. However, ensuring that such facilities remain closed and whether they are ready to reactivate. Where measures have been taken to decommission or dismantle important components, monitoring may be carried out occasionally after the first field verification confirms that the plants have been decommissioned or important components have been removed. However, if States wish to continue to operate, for purposes not prohibited, the cost of implementing safeguards would be higher and more complex.", "The military and civilian nuclear fuel cycle in some States is not completely separate and, to that end, verification arrangements need to take into account the legitimate concerns of those States regarding the protection of confidential information without prejudice to verification requirements. Measures that may be considered to varying degrees of intrusion:", "(1) Remote sensing (i.e., the use of high-war and redundant data collected by satellite/or aircraft) can effectively verify whether the production facility has been closed and will not be at risk of disclosing sensitive information and that the facility will not have any impact on the facility;", "(2) Environmental sampling at a site or its surrounding area, nuclear and chemical signs of post-recovery and enrichment activities that do not have a significant impact on the normal functioning of the facility; and", "(3) Access inspection allows for a balance between the need for inspection personnel to perform their duties and the right to receive sensitive information.", "Some States may continue to use highly enriched uranium for fuel for warships and for the production reactors; verification of the non-transfer of highly enriched uranium to prohibited explosive uses must contain levels of intrusion and allow verification bodies to properly guarantee compliance with treaty provisions.", "With regard to the use of highly enriched uranium for fuel reactors by military vessels, procedures similar to those set out in paragraph 14 of the Model INFCIRC/153 could be applied. The provision states that nuclear material for military activities not prohibited (i.e., military ship promotion) may be exempted from IAEA safeguards, but must be informed by IAEA of the total quantity and components of nuclear material and that, once such material is removed, safeguards must be implemented again. To date, this guarantee has never been invoked and has never been validated. [24]", "The production of the blend will have implications for verification of a fissile material cut-off treaty: firstly, high enriched uranium used as fuel for the production of reactors can be diverted to weapons; secondly, for the production of the reactor for the production of plutonium for weapons purposes. Therefore, verification methods must ensure that no prohibited activity occurs.", "Verification: technical requirements, costs and implementation", "Technical requirements", "Specific requirements will facilitate the establishment and implementation of a verification system to guide the preparation of budgets, negotiations on specific organization of work, staffing, routine inspection planning and assessment, research and development. Specific provisions could be made on the ability of the verification system, based on measurement objectives: the number of relevant fissile material; the time parameters for the verification system's conclusions on the number of fissile material; and the degree of reliability that the relevant conclusions wish to achieve.", "The above-mentioned objectives generally reflect the balance between technical effectiveness and costs. As the number of fiduciary material needs to be measured has been declining and the level of timeliness has been increasing, the confidence of the parties in the conclusions has been increasing and the level of verification costs and systematic safeguards has increased accordingly.", "Number indicators", "Under the fissile material cut-off treaty, the minimum requirements for verification of fissile material depend on different grounds, for example:", "(1) A fixed percentage of the number of fissile material verified pursuant to a fissile material cut-off treaty, which is based on a commitment to the implementation of the Treaty directly linked to the number of fissile material required by States to substantially increase existing fissile material stocks. However, this would result in the fact that verification activities in countries with a large number of fissile material would be weak to countries with fewer fissile material stocks;", "(2) The quantity required for the production of a nuclear weapon; this is the basis for IAEA safeguards and the use of the same indicators will help to establish a non-discriminatory verification system. [25]", "Timely requests", "Timely demands can be determined in accordance with the time necessary for States to translate fissile material into nuclear weapons.", "First, if a State has completed all pre-position arrangements and decides to acquire nuclear weapons in the shortest period of time prior to the operation, it can act quickly. In accordance with the IAEA safeguards system, the physical form of nuclear material will determine the time required to manufacture nuclear weapons. In the case of purely segregated nuclear material, the time-bound indicator for effective conclusions was one month; in the case of nuclear material subject to radiation, the indicators of timeliness were three months; and in addition, the timely indicators were developed for other nuclear material. [26]", "The second timely consideration factor relates to the minimum diversion rate that States can plan implementation. Large-scale diversions are more likely to be detected in a short period than in the long term. The purpose of IAEA safeguards is to test whether nuclear material has been transferred to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (for a timely purpose, which is to determine the frequency of inspection and security activities carried out within a calendar year with the critical quantity of plutonium or highly enriched uranium (8 kg plutonium, 25 kg uranium 235 or 8 kg uranium233) in order to verify that there is no sudden diversion).", "Overview", "The third parameters for determining the effectiveness of the verification system's technology are the level of reliability that the results would be achieved, i.e., that the verification system would be aware of the possible conversion rate. In relation to secessional plutonium and enriched uranium, the purpose of the IAEA safeguards is to provide credible assurance that the transfer of an important amount will be known. [28]", "From a technical point of view, the criteria used for a fissile material cut-off treaty would be preferable to the existing IAEA safeguards standards. The same requirement could not only avoid differences between the two verification systems but also be more easily managed and implemented than the criteria used for different requirements.", "Resource estimates", "The verification costs of facilities currently implementing safeguards have been collected by IAEA. However, with regard to a fissile material cut-off treaty, it is necessary to estimate the facilities that are currently not implementing IAEA safeguards, which have been or are currently in the defence plans of nuclear-weapon States and non-State parties to the NPT. It should be noted that the Secretariat does not currently have all the necessary information on these facilities and that, once the treaty is signed, States parties should provide such information.", "In this context, the Secretariat will carry out preliminary estimates based largely on information derived from public literature and the experience of IAEA implementing safeguards. The calculations could be based on the relevant facilities parameters (e.g., type, state, type and quantity of nuclear material, location, etc.) in order to infer the necessary safeguards actions.", "The verification of a fissile material cut-off treaty clearly requires significant financial resources. If States believe that IAEA is the most appropriate body for the implementation of verification of compliance with the fissile material cut-off treaty, the modalities for verification should be agreed.", "IAEA may recommend a verification system based on existing safeguards for a fissile material cut-off treaty, subject to continued funding for increased staffing and support activities. More technicians, including inspection personnel and their support staff, systematic analysis personnel, computer process officers and datamakers, chemical analysts, statistical personnel, safeguards analysis personnel, equipment development experts, equipment management experts and technical personnel, are required. In addition, appropriate increases in non-technical staff could be considered. The equipment required to verify a fissile material cut-off treaty will be very high, particularly in the early stages of implementation of the treaty.", "In 1995, the Secretariat carried out cost estimates based on the database of 995 nuclear facilities in eight countries (China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States), including those already decommissioned and closed, and facilities being constructed. The verification cost of a fissile material cut-off treaty is estimated at between 050 and €15 million.", "Phased implementation", "There may be 200-1000 nuclear facilities (which depend on the size of the treaty) to be verified, and, even if the verification system of a fissile material cut-off treaty is not a comprehensive verification system, there is a long time to fully implement the verification provisions. In some countries, nuclear material control and accounting systems need to be adapted to meet internationally recognized standards, and certain facilities do not take into account verification actions when designing them.", "In addition, it is not clear whether verification agreements concluded by the verification body with each State party will serve as an additional condition for the implementation of treaty verification provisions.", "For States that have developed large nuclear programmes and implemented safeguards, IAEA has successfully addressed the question of the accuracy and integrity of verification of their declarations. For facilities that are operating and closed, IAEA reviewed the accounting and operation of historical records. This task is extremely challenging and is essential for the ability of IAEA to carry out its mission, and it is essential that States extend full cooperation to allow IAEA to obtain all relevant information without limitation and access to relevant locations.", "In accordance with the priorities developed in accordance with the IAEA guidelines for the implementation of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (i.e., a focused verification of all stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, including the production, processing, use, storage and storage of nuclear material for the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices) can be carried out in a phased manner.", "Conclusions", "IAEA safeguards started in the 1960s and continue unwarranted development with new verification responsibilities, the scale and complexity of peaceful nuclear activities and new challenges in international relations. The current regular budget for safeguards amounts to $13.3 million, in addition to $1,6.1 million in extrabudgetary contributions, and over 250 IAEA inspectors use over 100 different verification systems to carry out over 2,100 inspections each year, which is equivalent to more than 9,000 inspection days per year. [29] As at 31 December 2005, IAEA safeguards were applicable to 930 facilities (including 240 drivers, 158 research reactors and important groups, 13 enrichment plants, 7 post-processing plants, 899 tons of plutonium untreated outside reactors, 845 tons of irradiated fuel, and 29.5 tonnes of highly enriched uranium). Legal, technical and regulatory arrangements adopted by different States and different facilities reflect the obligations under the safeguards agreement. Consideration of existing safeguards arrangements in many areas will ensure that verification of a fissile material cut-off treaty and implementation of IAEA safeguards are carried out with the most cost-effective.", "According to the IAEA secretariat, verification of a fissile material cut-off treaty can be carried out through similar verification systems that are currently used in the IAEA safeguards system. The system chosen to verify compliance with a fissile material cut-off treaty will be decided by States. In this regard, States must address the extent of assurances and the issue of expenditure. As noted above, IAEA fully recognizes the differing views of States on the scale and verification of a fissile material cut-off treaty and does not prejudge the outcome of the discussions at the Conference on Disarmament. IAEA stands ready to assist further discussions and negotiations in a manner that States consider appropriate.", "INFCIRC/1539 (Corrected), para. 112 (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/ Others/inf153.shtml).", "[2] The “shall mutil” nuclear was rift when it was hit by a highly resilient medium, while the “lead” nuclear was hit by high or slow-down shocks, irrespective of the extent to which it was capable, including the largely undesirable medium. As a result, the “lead” nuclear is “shall” but only some “shall” nuclear is “shalls”. For example, uranium 233, uranium 235, plutonium 239 and plutonium 241 are “relead” nuclear; uranium 238, plutonium 238, plutonium 240, plutonium 242, neut 237, a singleium 241 and 242 amer are “shorts” that are not “shalls”.", "[3] IAEA statute, http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html.", "[4] The IAEA Safeguards Terminology (2001 edition) defines “direct use of materials” as: nuclear material that may be used for the production of nuclear explosive devices, including 0.8 per cent of plutonium 233 content and uranium 233 (para.", "[5] See IAEA Safeguards System, http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/feg_system.pdf.", "[6] See IAEA and the NPT: verification challenge, Jan Lodding and Tariq Rauf (http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull462/iaea_npt.pdf).", "[7] The national list is available at http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sir_table.pdf; as at 24 August 2006, 31 non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT had not yet implemented a comprehensive safeguards agreement with IAEA (10 of them had signed comprehensive safeguards agreements, but the document had not entered into force; the IAEA Board had ratified comprehensive safeguards agreements with two other States, but had not yet been signed; and 19 States had not yet done so had acted in accordance with the IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement.", "[8] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2, which requires the implementation of safeguards against nuclear material, nuclear facilities and other items specified in the relevant safeguards agreement.", "[9] Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements are based on INFCIRC/153 (Corr.), “The structure and content of agreements concluded by IAEA and States with respect to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, which publishes the IAEA website: www.iaea.org.", "[10] See “The 2005 Safeguards Notes, the background of the safeguards note and the summary of the contents of the 2005 Safeguards Implementation Report”, sections 1.1.1 and 2 (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf).", "[11] Significant (SQ) is the nearest number of nuclear material that cannot exclude the possibility of producing nuclear explosive devices. Direct use of nuclear material: 8 kg of plutonium (238 below 80 per cent of plutonium); 8 kg of uranium 233. IAEA Safeguards Terminology, paragraph 3.14 (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/novs-3-cd/Start.pdf# search=22 per cent'Safeguards% 20Glossary%222", "[12] In order to simplify certain procedures in the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement for States that have little or no nuclear material and have no nuclear material in facilities, the IAEA established in 1971 a Small Quantial Protocol (SQP) providing for the suspension of most specific provisions of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement until the number of nuclear material in a State exceeds a limit, or prior to the possession of nuclear material by the facilities in that country. In the ongoing process of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the IAEA safeguards system, on 20 September 2005, the Board decided to continue to retain a small number of protocols as part of the IAEA safeguards system, subject to certain modifications. The standardized text of the revised Small Quantities Protocol requires States to provide initial reports on the situation of nuclear material, to communicate to IAEA after the decision to establish nuclear facilities and to allow inspection activities. In addition. The Council also decided that States that plan to construct or have nuclear facilities should not sign a small number of protocols. The Council authorized the Director-General to enter into a small number of protocols with all States, to implement the revisions in the standardized text and changes in the eligibility criteria for a small number of protocols, and called upon the States concerned to conclude their submissions as soon as possible. At present, the Secretariat is in the process of contracting with all relevant States in order to bring the above amendments into force. At the same time, the Board called upon the IAEA secretariat to assist States that have concluded small quantities of protocols to establish and maintain national nuclear material accounting and control systems.", "[13] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2: IAEA safeguards system, which was temporarily expanded in 1966 and 1968 (1965) (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/others/inf66r2.shtml).", "[14] See “The 2005 Safeguards Notes, the background of the safeguards note and the summary of the contents of the 2005 Safeguards Implementation Report”, section 1.3 (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf).", "[15] Ibid., sect.", "[16] See “proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear safety: IAEA Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols”, http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Booklets/nuke.pdf.", "[17] Update: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html.", "[18] Report of IAEA, see http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Iaea Iraq/index.shtml.", "[19] IAEA report, available at http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Iaea Iraq/index.shtml", "[20] IAEA News Brief No. 2002/13, IAEA verification of fissile material from weapons originating from the Russian Federation and the United States, http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2002/prn0213.shtml.", "[21] http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na20/docs/2000_Agreement.pdf#search=%222Plutonium%20Management%20and%20Disposition%20Agreement%222.", "[22] In a similar manner, the that is carried out with the exception of a similar process, which may result in uranium 233; however, the processing plants of uranium 233 that are currently operational.", "[23] For the production of the 235 concentrations of uranium to 90 per cent or higher uranium, more than 80 per cent of the secession work is to increase the enrichment from the natural level (0.71 per cent of uranium 23.5 per cent). The scale of the high-end facilities required to increase the enrichment from 4 per cent to higher levels will be much smaller than that of natural uranium.", "[24] No comprehensive safeguards agreement has yet been implemented to allow the designation of nuclear material for the use of its lapse but not prohibited military use. In 1987, Canada had considered that this exemption was applied to nuclear power submarines, but had eventually cancelled the nuclear submarine purchase plan. A number of States have exempted the safeguards against depleted uranium and natural uranium used as a catalyst in the order of pyrethroids and depleted uranium metals used as aircraft and ship pressure materials.", "[25] See IAEA Safeguards Terminology, op. cit., paras.", "[26] Ibid., paras.", "[27] 27 Ibid., paras.", "[28] 28 See IAEA Safeguards Terminology, op. cit., paras.", "[29] 29 One “Obudsman” (PDI) is a day when a inspector contacted the facility at any time not more than eight hours. The annual report of the IAEA in 2005 is available at http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2005/index.html; “The 2005 Safeguards Notes, the context of the safeguards note and the introduction of the 2005 safeguards content report”, available on the website: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es.html." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目3", "国家方案和相关事项", "方案规划", "南苏丹国家方案", "署长的说明", "1. 署长谨通知执行局，继南苏丹共和国于2011年7月14日成为联合国会员国之后，南苏丹共和国政府于2011年8月5日正式申请受援国地位。", "2. 开发署和人口基金在2011年7月8日给执行局的联名信中已表示，已与南苏丹政府事先约定采取有关步骤，在独立后过渡期间特事特办，继续实施正在进行的关键项目，直至第一批国家方案文件获得批准。", "3. 联合国各机构将依照南苏丹2011-2013年发展计划，设法重新调整各自的方案优先事项，并在2011年10月底前编制出新的国家方案文件。尽管执行局第一届常会通常不审查和批准国家方案文件，但南苏丹政府请求执行局特事特办，允许在2012年1月的执行局会议上提交国家方案文件草案并予以批准。署长敦促执行局接受上述对开发署有关安排的建议。", "4. 最后，南苏丹政府已确认其同意开发署南苏丹国家办事处设于开发署非洲区域局之内。" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Programme planning", "Country programme for South Sudan", "Note by the Administrator", "1. Further to the Republic of South Sudan becoming a United Nations Member State on 14 July 2011, the Administrator wishes to inform the Executive Board that the Government of the Republic of South Sudan formally requested recipient country status on 5 August 2011.", "2. As already indicated in the joint UNDP/UNFPA letter of 8 July 2011 to the Executive Board, prior agreement had been reached with the administration of South Sudan to take steps to continue, on an exceptional basis, the implementation of ongoing critical programmes during an interim period following independence and prior to the approval of the first country programme documents.", "3. In line with the South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2013, United Nations agencies will work towards realigning their programming priorities and preparing new country programme documents (CPDs) by October 2011. While CPDs are not ordinarily reviewed and approved at the first regular session of the Executive Board, the Government of South Sudan has requested that the Executive Board agree, on an exceptional basis, for draft CPDs to be presented and approved at the January 2012 meeting of the Executive Board. The Administrator urges the Board to accept these proposed arrangements for UNDP.", "4. Finally, the Government of South Sudan has confirmed its assent that the UNDP South Sudan country office be placed within the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa." ]

[ "Second regular session 2009", "New York, 6-9 September 2011", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Programme planning", "Country programme for South Sudan", "Note by the Administrator", "The Administrator wishes to inform the Executive Board that the Government of the Republic of South Sudan officially applied the status of the recipient country on 5 August 2011, following the fact that the Republic of South Sudan had become a Member State on 14 July 2011.", "In a joint letter to the Executive Board dated 8 July 2011, UNDP and UNFPA indicated that steps had been taken in advance with the Government of South Sudan to continue to implement the key projects under way during the post-independency transition until approval of the first country programme documents had been approved.", "United Nations agencies will seek to redirect their programmatic priorities in line with the South Sudan 2011-2013 development plan and to prepare new country programme documents by the end of October 2011. Although the first regular session of the Executive Board usually does not review and approve the country programme documents, the Government of South Sudan requested the Executive Board to do so to allow the submission and approval of draft country programme documents at the Executive Board meeting in January 2012. The Administrator urged the Executive Board to accept the above-mentioned recommendation on UNDP arrangements.", "Finally, the Government of South Sudan has confirmed its agreement that UNDP country offices in South Sudan are located within the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目51", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会的报告", "秘书长的说明", "^(*) A/66/150。", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会主席依照1952年1月26日大会第512(VI)号决议第6段和2010年12月10日第65/98号决议第2段的规定，提交了委员会的第六十五次报告，所涉期间为2010年9月1日至2011年8月31日，供转交联合国会员国。委员会的报告载于本说明附件。", "附件", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会第六十五次报告", "在2010年12月10日第65/98号决议第2段中，大会请联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会酌情在2011年9月1日以前向大会提出报告。委员会提及其2010年8月5日的报告(A/65/225，附件)，并表示提交该报告后没有新情况要汇报。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 51 of the provisional agenda*", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The sixty-fifth report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, covering the period from 1 September 2010 to 31 August 2011, was transmitted by the Chairperson of the Commission for communication to the States Members of the United Nations in accordance with paragraph 6 of General Assembly resolution 512 (VI) of 26 January 1952 and paragraph 2 of Assembly resolution 65/98 of 10 December 2010. The text of the report of the Commission is contained in the annex to the present note.", "Annex", "Sixty-fifth report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine", "In paragraph 2 of its resolution 65/98 of 10 December 2010, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine to report to the Assembly as appropriate, but no later than 1 September 2011. The Commission notes its report of 5 August 2010 (A/65/225, annex) and observes that it has nothing new to report since that submission." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 51 of the provisional agenda*", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Report of the Committee on Palestinian Reconciliation", "Note by the Secretariat", "∗ A/63/250.", "In accordance with paragraph 6 of General Assembly resolution 512 (VI) of 26 January 1952 and paragraph 2 of resolution 65/98 of 10 December 2010, the Chairman of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine submitted the sixth report of the Committee for transmission to Member States of the United Nations for the period from 1 September 2010 to 31 August 2011. The report of the Committee is contained in the annex to the present note.", "Annex", "Sixty-fifth report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine", "In paragraph 2 of resolution 65/98 of 10 December 2010, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine to report to the Assembly, as appropriate, by 1 September 2011. The Committee referred to its report of 5 August 2010 (A/65/225, annex) and indicated that no new information had been reported after the submission." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年6月28日丹麦常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "丹麦常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨随函转递关于丹麦政府依照2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段所采取具体措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月28日丹麦常驻联合国代表给理事会主席的信的附件", "丹麦依照2011年2月26日安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交的报告", "2011年6月", "丹麦执行安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的情况", "丹麦和欧洲联盟其他成员国共同执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议规定的对利比亚实施的限制性措施，并采取下述共同措施：", "2011年2月28日理事会关于针对利比亚局势采取的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定(经2011年3月23日理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定修正)、理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定为欧洲联盟执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所载的所有措施提供了依据，其中主要是：", "• 对军火和相关物资实施禁运", "• 对可能用于国内镇压的装备实施禁运", "• 禁止提供某些服务", "• 对进出利比亚的货物要求事先提供信息", "• 限制列入名单的自然人入境", "• 冻结列入名单的个人、实体和机构的资金和经济资源", "• 禁止批准列入名单的个人和实体以及利比亚境内的任何其他个人和实体提出的某些要求", "• 禁止在利比亚领空的飞行", "• 禁止利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行", "• 冻结资金和经济资源的其他例外", "• 要求与利比亚实体做生意时保持警惕；", "理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定规定，为了禁止入境和冻结资产目的，将依照第1970(2011)号决议第22段所设制裁委员会的裁定，建立人员和实体名单，并将依照以下自治性欧洲联盟决定，建立人员和实体名单：", "2011年3月2日理事会关于针对利比亚局势采取的限制性措施的第(EU)204/2011号条例(经2011年3月25日理事会第(EU)2011/296号条例修正)；", "2011年4月12日理事会第(EU)360/2011号执行条例(iii)；2011年5月23日理事会第(EU)502/2011号执行条例(iv)；2011年6月16日理事会第(EU)572/2011号条例(iii)；", "在欧洲联盟成员国境内，根据理事会条例执行各项限制。理事会条例对欧洲联盟成员国在国内执行对制裁委员会列入名单的个人、实体和机构的资金和经济来源，以及对禁止向这些个人、实体或机构提供资金或经济来源，直接具有法律约束力，但第1970(2011)号决议规定了某些豁免。", "理事会条例还规定，在欧洲共同体范围内执行对可能用于国内镇压的装备的禁运以及关于对在利比亚领空的飞行和利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行的禁令。", "丹麦已实施以下国内法，其中规定，向丹麦以外的其他国家出口军火和相关物资以及提供中介服务必须获得授权。这些法律以及理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定为执行对利比亚的军火禁运和与中介服务有关的禁令提供了依据：", "丹麦《武器法》第6款规定，禁止在没有司法部长或该部长授权人士签发的特定许可证的情况下，出口任何类型的武器、与防卫有关的物资等。第6款适用于将物项从丹麦转运到另一国的任何情况，无论是否与出口、过境、转运或再出口有关。不得向违反第1970(2011)号决议的国家签发许可证。", "丹麦《武器法》第7(a)款规定，禁止在接收国被列入政府《武器运输令》的名单的情况下，向丹麦以外的国家运输任何类型的武器、与防卫有关的物资等。该名单包括联合国、欧洲联盟或欧洲安全与合作组织对其实施军火禁运的所有国家。", "丹麦《武器法》第7(b)(1)款规定，同样禁止在没有司法部长或该部长授权人士签发的特定许可证的情况下，以中介人身份为涉及第6款规定的、欧洲联盟以外国家之间的武器转让交易进行谈判或作出安排。此外，第7(b)(1)款第(2)分款规定，禁止购买或出售第6款规定的武器等，作为在欧洲联盟以外国家之间转让的一部分，或作为武器等的所有人，为这种转让作出安排；", "第7(b)(2)款规定，这项禁止不适用于丹麦境外的永久居留者在欧洲联盟另一成员国的行为或在欧洲联盟以外的行为。", "违反上述规定的行为属刑事犯罪，可根据《武器法》第10款的规定，甚至在情节严重时，可依照《丹麦刑法》第192(a)款，处以罚款或监禁。", "理事会第(EC)539/2001号条例及其后的修正案规定，利比亚国民必须持签证入境欧洲联盟。", "关于入境限制(签证禁令)，丹麦正在实施以下国内法。该法以及理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定、理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定、理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定，将为拒绝入境和拒绝签证申请提供依据。", "丹麦《外国人法》授权丹麦主管当局对制裁委员会列入名单的人员实施入境和过境限制。在这些人员被列名之后，将立即发出必要指示。", "丹麦外交部", "2011年6月" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 28 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Denmark to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) and has the honour to attach herewith its report on the concrete measures taken by the Government of Denmark pursuant to paragraphs 9, 10, 15, and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 (see annex).", "Annex to the letter dated 28 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report by Denmark submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "June 2011", "Implementation by Denmark of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Denmark and the other member States of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against Libya imposed under resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) by taking the following common measures:", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, as amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011, Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Decision 2011/345/CFSP set out the basis for European Union implementation of all the measures contained in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), notably:", "• Embargo on arms and related materiel", "• Embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression", "• Ban on provision of certain services", "• Prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya", "• Restrictions on admission of listed natural persons", "• Freezing of funds and economic resources of listed persons, entities and bodies", "• Prohibitions on granting certain claims to listed persons and entities and any other persons and entities in Libya, including the Government of Libya", "• Ban on flights in the airspace of Libya", "• Ban on flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union", "• Additional exceptions to the freezing of funds and economic resources", "• Vigilance requirement when doing business with Libyan entities;", "Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Decision 2011/345/CFSP establish, for the purpose of the restrictions on admission and the assets freeze, the list of persons and entities in accordance with determinations made by the Sanctions Committee pursuant to paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011) and persons and entities listed according to autonomous European Union decisions.", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya as amended by Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011;", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011;", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 of 23 May 2011;", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 572/2011 of 16 June 2011.", "Within the European Union member States, restrictions are implemented by Council Regulations. The Council Regulations are directly legally binding with respect to national implementation among European Union member States of the freezing of funds and economic resources of persons, entities and bodies as designated by the Sanctions Committee and of the prohibition of making funds or economic resources available to such persons, entities or bodies, with certain exemptions as provided for in resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Council Regulations also implement, within the European Community, the embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression, as well as the ban on flights in the airspace of Libya and flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union.", "Denmark has the following national legislation requiring an authorization for the export of arms and related materiel to other countries than Denmark and an authorization for the provision of brokering services, which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, provides the basis for enforcement of the arms embargo against Libya and the ban on related brokering services:", "• Section 6 of the Danish Weapons Act prohibits, without a specific licence from the Minister of Justice or from the person authorized by the Minister to issue such a licence, the export of weapons of any kind, defence-related material and so forth. Section 6 applies to any situation where items are transferred from Denmark to another country, regardless of whether the transfer takes place in relation to export, transit, trans-shipment or re-export. Export licences shall not be issued to countries in violation of resolution 1970 (2011);", "• Section 7 (a) of the Danish Weapons Act prohibits the transport of weapons of any kind, defence-related material and so forth between countries other than Denmark, when the recipient country is listed in the Government Order on Transportation of Weapons. The list includes all countries that are under an arms embargo of the United Nations, the European Union or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe;", "• Section 7 (b) (1) of the Danish Weapons Act similarly prohibits, without a specific licence from the Minister of Justice or from the person authorized by the Minister to issue such a licence, the negotiation or arrangement of transactions, as a broker, that involve the transfer of weapons and so forth, as defined in section 6, between countries outside the European Union. In addition, section 7 (b) (1), subparagraph (2) prohibits the purchase or sale of weapons and so forth, as defined in section 6, as part of a transfer between countries outside the European Union, or, as the owner of the weapons and so forth, the arrangement of such transfer; section 7 (b) (2) provides that the prohibition shall not apply to acts performed in another European Union member State or to acts performed outside the European Union by persons with permanent residence outside Denmark.", "• Violations of the above-mentioned rules are a criminal offence punishable by fine or imprisonment, as provided for in the Danish Weapons Act, section 10, and under aggravating circumstances, section 192 (a) of the Danish Penal Code.", "Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 and its subsequent amendments require nationals of Libya to be in possession of a visa when entering the European Union.", "As regards restrictions on admission (visa ban), Denmark has the following national legislation, which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Decision 2011/345/CFSP, provides the basis for refusal of admission and denial of requests for a visa:", "• The Danish Aliens Act empowers the competent Danish authorities to impose entry and transit restrictions on persons designated by the Sanctions Committee. The necessary instructions will be issued immediately after the designation of such persons.", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Denmark June 2011" ]

[ "Security Council Committee concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011)", "Letter dated 28 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Denmark to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Denmark on concrete measures taken pursuant to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 (see annex).", "Annex to the letter dated 28 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Council", "Report of Denmark pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "2011", "Implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by Denmark", "Denmark and other States members of the European Union jointly implement restrictive measures imposed on Libya by resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) and take the following common measures:", "Governing Council decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 on restrictive measures against the situation in Libya (as amended by Council decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011), implementation decision 2011/236/CFSP of the Council, implementation decision 2011/300/CFSP and implementation decision 2011/345/CFSP of the Council provided the basis for the European Union's implementation of all measures contained in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), mainly:", "• The embargo on arms and related materiel", "• embargo on equipment that may be used for domestic repression", "• Prohibition of the provision of certain services", "• Provision of prior information on cargo requests to enter and exit Libya", "• Limitation of entry of natural persons on the list", "• Removal of funds and economic resources for listed individuals, entities and agencies", "• Prohibition of certain requests from listed individuals and entities and any other individuals and entities in Libya", "• Prohibition of flights in Libyan airspace", "• Prohibition of Libyan aircraft flights in European Union airspace", "• Other exceptions to the freezing of funds and economic resources", "• Demand vigilance with the Libyan entity when doing business;", "In accordance with Council decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Executive Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Executive Decision 2011/345/CFSP, the establishment of lists of persons and entities will be established in accordance with the decisions of the Sanctions Committee established pursuant to paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011), and will establish lists of persons and entities in accordance with the following self-government European Union decisions:", "Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 on restrictive measures against the situation in Libya (as amended by Council Regulation 2011/296 of 25 March 2011);", "Implementation Regulation (iii) of the Council (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011 (iii); Executive Regulation (iv) of 23 May 2011 (EU) No. 502/2011; Council Regulation (EU) No. 572/2011 of 16 June 2011 (iii);", "In the territory of the European Union, restrictions are implemented in accordance with the Council's regulations. The Council Regulation has a direct legal binding effect on the financial and economic sources of the membership of the European Union to implement the list of individuals, entities and agencies of the sanctions committees at the national level, as well as on the prohibition of funding or economic sources to those individuals, entities or institutions, but resolution 1970 (2011) sets out certain exemptions.", "The Council Regulation also provides for the implementation of the embargo on equipment that may be used for domestic repression within the European Community, as well as the ban on flights to Libyan airspace and Libyan aircraft operating inside European Union airspace.", "Denmark has implemented the following domestic law, which stipulates that the export of arms and related materiel to other countries outside Denmark and the provision of brokering services must be authorized. These laws, as well as Council decision 2011/137/CFSP, provide the basis for the implementation of the arms embargo and the embargo relating to brokering services in Libya:", "Article 6 of the Danish Arms Act prohibits the export of any type of weapons, defence-related materiel, in the absence of a specific licence from the Minister of Justice or the Minister's authorized persons. Paragraph 6 applies to any case where the item is transferred from Denmark to another State, whether it relates to exports, transit, transit or re-export. No licence shall be granted to States that violate resolution 1970 (2011).", "Article 7 (a) of the Danish Arms Act prohibits the transport of any type of weapons, defence-related materiel to States other than Denmark, subject to the list of the Government's Arms Transport Order. The list includes all States implementing arms embargoes by the United Nations, the European Union or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.", "Article 7 (b) (1) of the Danish Arms Act stipulates that it is equally prohibited to negotiate or make arrangements for arms transfers involving States other than the European Union, in their capacity as intermediaries without specific licences issued by the Minister of Justice or the Minister's authorized. In addition, paragraph 7 (b) (1) provides for the prohibition of the purchase or sale of weapons under paragraph 6 as part of transfers between States outside the European Union or as all persons, such as weapons, making arrangements for such transfers;", "Paragraph 7 (b) (2) stipulates that this prohibition does not apply to the conduct of a permanent resident outside Denmark of another member State of the European Union or to acts outside the European Union.", "Violations of the above-mentioned provisions are criminal offences punishable by fines or imprisonment pursuant to article 10 of the Weapons Act, even when circumstances are serious.", "The Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 and its subsequent amendments stipulate that the Libyan nationals must have a visa to enter the European Union.", "With regard to entry restrictions ( visa ban), Denmark is implementing the following domestic laws. The Act, as well as Council decision 2011/137/CFSP, Council decision 2011/178/CFSP, Council Executive Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Executive Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Executive Decision 2011/345/CFSP, will provide the basis for refusing to enter and reject visa requests.", "The Danish Foreigners Act authorizes the Danish authorities to impose entry and transit restrictions on persons listed by the Sanctions Committee. The necessary instructions will be issued immediately following the listing of these persons.", "Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "2011" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月1日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意并提及2011年3月25日主席说明，谨提交圣马力诺关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月1日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "圣马力诺关于安全理事会关于利比亚的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "本报告提供资料，说明了圣马力诺为有效执行安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国(下称“利比亚”)的第1970(2011)号和第1973 (2011)号决议所载规定而采取的措施。", "国务会议(圣马力诺政府)在2011年3月7日第14号决定中为执行第1970 (2011)号决议采取了以下限制性措施：", "(a) 禁止从或通过圣马力诺领土或使用悬挂圣马力诺国旗的船只或飞机，向利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构、或为了供在利比亚境内使用，直接或间接供应、出售或转让任何类别军火或相关物资，包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备及上述物项的备件，以及可用于镇压的任何物资，无论其是否源于圣马力诺，并禁止从利比亚进口上述物项；", "(b) 禁止向利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构、或为了供在利比亚境内使用，直接或间接提供与军事活动或上述任何物项的提供、维修或使用有关的技术援助、培训或其他援助，包括提供武装雇佣人员；", "(c) 禁止直接或间接提供与军事活动或上述物项的提供、维修或使用有关的供资或财政援助；", "(d) 根据2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案的规定、立即冻结上述安全理事会决议附件二中列名或该决议第24段所设委员会指认的个人或实体，或代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人或实体，或他们拥有或控制的实体，直接或间接拥有或控制的所有“资产”或“资金”；", "(e) 禁止决议附件一中列名的或上述委员会指认的个人入境圣马力诺和在境内停留；", "(f) 禁止明知而故意地参加其目的或后果是直接或间接地规避上文所述禁令的活动；", "(g) 禁止向上述附件二所提及的或委员会所指认的自然人或法人或实体，或为使其受益，直接或间接提供2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案所规定的“资产”或“资金”。", "第1970(2011)号决议中规定的豁免可酌情适用于这些限制性措施，但须经委员会核准。", "除此之外，国务会议在2011年5月17日第16号决定中还为执行第1973(2011)号决议采取了以下限制性措施：", "(a) 根据2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案的规定，所有“资产”或“资金”的冻结也应适用于第1973(2011)号决议附件二中所列个人和实体，或代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人或实体，或他们拥有或控制的实体；", "(b) 2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案对提供任何“资产”或“资金”规定的禁令也应适用于上述第1973(2011)号决议附件二中所列个人和实体；", "(c) 2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案规定，依照第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第20段冻结的任何“资产”或“资金”，应在今后某个阶段提供给并惠及利比亚人民；", "(d) 关于入境圣马力诺和在境内停留的禁令也应适用于第1973(2011)号决议附件一中所列个人。", "对2011年4月12日欧洲联盟理事会关于就利比亚局势所采取限制性措施的(EU)第360/2011号条例的名单上所列个人和实体也实施了这些限制性措施。", "由于警察部队(民警、宪兵和要塞卫队)的控制和检查，没有发生第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一中所提个人违反禁令，入境圣马力诺和在境内停留的情况。", "圣马力诺共和国各主管机构实施的控制已显示，利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构都未出口或进口，或为了在那里使用而出口或进口(第1970(2011)号决议第9段提及的)任何类别军火或相关物资，包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备及上述物项的备件，以及可用于镇压的任何物资。", "此外，圣马力诺的金融情报机构在圣马力诺银行和金融部门开展研究活动，以确定第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议中提及的个人是否以任何方式牵涉到或出现在打击洗钱登记册或电子档案和系统中。为了加强与洗钱和资助恐怖主义有关的预防行动的效力，这种研究活动后来扩大到联合国决议中未提及、但却在欧洲联盟措施(特别是2011年2月28日理事会关于就利比亚局势所采取限制性措施的2011/137/CFSP号决定附件三和附件四以及2011年3月21日理事会2011/175/CFSP号执行决定)中列名的那些个人。这些研究活动已经完成，结果没有查到任何问题。", "金融情报机构在基于风险的做法范围内，为减少圣马力诺因卷入与利比亚有关的洗钱或资助恐怖主义案件而可能遭受的风险(包括名誉风险)，已正式要求圣马力诺银行和金融中介机构无论数额大小，特别留意利比亚方面(自然人或法人)指示进行的所有交易，或任何人指示进行的出入利比亚的资金转移。凡遇此种情况，在金融情报机构没有发布新的相反规定之前，承担义务方应遵守规定，加强对客户的尽职调查，同时特别注意资金的来源和(或)去向。", "最后，为确保第1970(2011)号和第1973年(2011)号决议广为人知，金融情报机构已更新其网站上关于《金融情报机构第2010-03号指令》第五条第1款所订限制性措施的部分。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan", "Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), and with reference to the note by the Chair dated 25 March 2011, has the honour to submit herewith its report on the implementation of the resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of San Marino on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "The present report provides information on the measures adopted by San Marino to effectively implement the provisions contained in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter referred to as “Libya”).", "The Congress of State (the Government of San Marino), in its Decision No. 14 of 7 March 2011, adopted the following restrictive measures implementing resolution 1970 (2011):", "(a) prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Libya or for use in Libya, from or through San Marino territory, or by using San Marino flag vessels or aircraft, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, as well as any materiel which might be used for repression, whether or not originating in San Marino, and of the export of the aforesaid items from Libya;", "(b) prohibition of the direct or indirect provision of technical assistance, training or other assistance, including the provision of armed mercenary personnel, related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of any items referred to above, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Libya or for use in Libya;", "(c) prohibition of the direct or indirect provision of financing or financial assistance related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of the above-mentioned items;", "(d) immediate freezing of all “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, which are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the individuals and entities listed in annex II to the above-mentioned Security Council resolution or designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of the resolution, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them;", "(e) ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino territory of individuals listed in annex I to the resolution or designated by the aforesaid Committee;", "(f) prohibition on participating, knowingly and intentionally, in activities, the object or effect of which is, directly or indirectly, to circumvent the prohibitions referred to in the points above;", "(g) prohibition on making “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, available, directly or indirectly, to or for the benefit of the natural or legal persons or entities referred to in the aforesaid annex II or designated by the Committee.", "The exemptions set forth in resolution 1970 (2011) may apply to these restrictive measures, where appropriate and subject to the Committee’s approval.", "In addition thereto, the Congress of State, in its Decision No. 16 of 17 May 2011, adopted the following restrictive measures implementing resolution 1973 (2011):", "(a) The freezing of all “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, shall also apply to the individuals and entities specified in annex II to resolution 1973 (2011), or to individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them;", "(b) The prohibition on making any “asset” or “fund”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, available shall also apply to the individuals and entities specified in the above-mentioned annex II to resolution 1973 (2011);", "(c) Any “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, which are frozen pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 20 of resolution 1973 (2011) shall, at a later stage, be made available to and for the benefit of the people of Libya;", "(d) The ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino territory shall also apply to the individuals listed in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011).", "Such restrictive measures are also imposed on the persons and entities included in the lists in Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of the Council of the European Union of 12 April 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya.", "No violations of the ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino territory in respect of the persons referred to in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) and in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011) have resulted from the controls and checks carried out by the Police Forces (the Civil Police, the Gendarmerie and the Fortress Guard).", "The controls carried out by the competent offices of San Marino have showed that no imports or exports to or from natural or legal persons, entities or bodies in Libya, or intended to be used there, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, as well as materiel that could be used for repression (referred to in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)) have been carried out.", "Furthermore, the San Marino Financial Intelligence Agency has carried out research activities in the San Marino banking and financial sectors to establish any relations of any kind or the presence of the persons mentioned in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) in the anti-money-laundering register or in the electronic archives and systems. With a view to enhancing the effectiveness of the preventive action in relation to money-laundering and terrorist financing, such research activity has then been extended to those persons who are not mentioned in the United Nations resolutions, but are included in the measures of the European Union (in particular in annexes III and IV to Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011, concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya and in Council Implementing Decision 2011/175/CFSP of 21 March 2011). These research activities were completed with negative results.", "The Financial Intelligence Agency, in the context of a risk-based approach and with a view to reducing the risk, including reputational, that might be caused to San Marino if it were involved in cases of money-laundering or terrorist financing related to Libya, has formally requested San Marino banking and financial intermediaries to pay special attention to all transactions, regardless of their amount, ordered by Libyan parties (natural or legal persons) and to transfers of funds from or to Libya ordered by anyone. In such circumstances and until a new contrary provision is issued by the Agency, obligated parties shall comply with enhanced customer due diligence, paying particular attention to the origin and/or destination of funds.", "Finally, with a view to ensuring that resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) are widely known, the Agency has updated the section of its website dealing with restrictive measures, as established in article 5, paragraph 1, of Financial Intelligence Agency Instruction No. 2010-03." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) and has the honour to submit the report of San Marino on the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning Libya", "The present report provides information on measures taken by San Marino to effectively implement the provisions contained in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2009) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter referred to as “ Libya”).", "In decision 14 of 7 March 2011, the Conference of State (the Government of San Marino) took the following restrictive measures to implement resolution 1970:", "(a) Prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of any type of arms or related materiel, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment and spare parts for the above-mentioned items, as well as any material that could be used to suppress them, whether originated in San Marino, or for use in Libya;", "(b) Prohibition of the direct or indirect provision of technical assistance, training or other assistance related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of any of the above-mentioned items, including the provision of armed employment, to any natural or legal entity, entity or agency in the Libyan territory or for use in the Libyan territory;", "(c) Prohibition of direct or indirect funding or financial assistance related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of the above-mentioned items;", "(d) In accordance with Act No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and the subsequent amendments thereto, immediately freeze all assets owned or controlled directly or indirectly by individuals or entities designated by the Committee established in annex II to the above-mentioned Security Council resolution or by persons or entities acting on their instructions or under their control, or by entities owned or controlled by them;", "(e) Prohibition of entry into San Marino and stay in the territory of individuals listed in annex I to the resolution or designated by the Committee;", "(f) Prohibition of know-how and intentional participation in activities aimed at directly or indirectly circumventing the prohibition referred to above;", "(g) Prohibition of the provision, directly or indirectly, of the assets of Act No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and of the “fundament” or “funds”, to natural or legal persons or entities referred to in annex II above or designated by the Committee.", "The immunity set out in resolution 1970 (2011) may apply, as appropriate, to those restrictive measures, subject to approval by the Committee.", "In addition, in its decision 16 of 17 May 2011, the Conference adopted the following restrictive measures to implement resolution 1973 (2011):", "(a) In accordance with Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and the subsequent amendments, the freezing of all “ assets” or “funds” shall also apply to persons and entities listed in annex II to resolution 1973 (2011), or persons or entities acting on their instructions, or entities owned or controlled by them;", "(b) Act No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and the subsequent amendment to any provision of the “ assets” or “fund” provisions shall also apply to the individuals and entities listed in annex II to resolution 1973 (2011);", "(c) Act No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments stipulate that any “ assets” or “funds” frozen pursuant to paragraphs 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 20 of resolution 1973 (2011) shall be made available to and benefit the Libyan people in a future stage;", "(d) The prohibition on entry into San Marino and the stay in the territory shall also apply to individuals listed in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011).", "These restrictive measures were also implemented against listed individuals and entities in the list of Council of the European Union Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011.", "Because of the control and inspection of the police force (civil police, gendarmerie and the Guard), there was no violation of the prohibition by individuals in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) and in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011), entry into San Marino and stay in the country.", "Controls carried out by the competent authorities of the Republic of San Marino have shown that no natural or legal entity, entity or agency in the Libyan territory has been exported or imported, or for the purpose of using it (as referred to in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)), any type of arms or related materiel, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment and spare parts for the above-mentioned items, as well as any material that could be used to suppress them.", "In addition, San Marino's financial intelligence units carry out research activities in San Marino's banking and financial sectors to determine whether individuals referred to in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) were in any way involved or appeared in a register or electronic archives and systems to counter money-laundering. In order to enhance the effectiveness of preventive actions related to money-laundering and the financing of terrorism, such research activities were then extended to those listed in the United Nations resolutions that were not mentioned but in the European Union measures (in particular, Council decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 on restrictive measures taken in relation to the situation in Libya, annex III and IV, as well as Executive Decision 2011/175/CFSP of 21 March 2011. These research activities have been completed and no problems have been identified.", "Within the context of risk-based practices, financial intelligence units have formally requested the San Marino Bank and the financial intermediaries, regardless of their size, to make all transactions directed by Libya (natural persons or legal persons), or the transfer of funds directed by any person to Libya. In such cases, prior to the absence of a new contrary provision by financial intelligence agencies, the obligation party should comply with the provisions to strengthen customer performance surveys, with special attention to the sources and/or to the arrival of funds.", "Finally, in order to ensure that resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) are widely known, the Financial Intelligence Unit has updated its section on restrictive measures under Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Financial Intelligence Unit Directive 2010-03." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年6月27日阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨随函附上阿尔及利亚政府向该委员会提交的关于第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段以及第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告。", "阿尔及利亚政府愿意视需要或应委员会要求向委员会提供其他报告或资料。", "2011年6月27日阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "关于联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "2011年6月20日，阿尔及尔", "为执行联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议，依照第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段，阿尔及利亚政府采取了以下措施：", "• 设立由外交部领导的部际委员会，负责监测联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所定各项措施的执行情况", "• 通过外交部向国家有关当局通报阿尔及利亚根据上述安全理事会措施承担的义务", "• 指定财政部为国家主管机构，负责执行安全理事会关于冻结第1973(2011)号决议附件二所列个人和实体的金融资产和经济资源的决定", "军火禁运", "阿尔及利亚已决定遵行安全理事会规定的军火禁运措施，并已为此提请国防部、内政部、交通部、国家安全总局和海关总署注意第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、12、13和14段以及第1973(2011)号决议第13、14、15和16段中的相关内容。", "旅行禁令", "依照第1970(2011)号决议第15段，国家安全总局向边防警察提供了第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列的旅行禁令措施所涉人员名单，指示他们确保在所有边界站点实施旅行禁令。", "在编写本报告时，未在阿尔及利亚边界站点发现任何名单所列人员。", "资产冻结", "财政部作为政府授权执行安全理事会关于冻结资产的各项决定的国家机构，已向阿尔及利亚银行、财政总局、阿尔及利亚邮局以及所有银行和保险公司发出通知，要求它们依照第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第19段执行这些决定，并已通过司法部将通知内容转发给国家公证人公会。通知要求它们着手：", "• 冻结可能由第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议附件所列个人或实体进行或代表他们进行的所有资金转移或转让及所有其他运作", "• 冻结可能由这些人或实体进行的所有经济资源和其他财产转让", "关于这些人，根据各银行和国家贸易登记中心提供的信息，没有任何商业地址或商业登记使用他们的名字。", "关于参股阿尔及利亚公司的实体，冻结资产和经济资源的决定涉及下列实体持有的股份：", "• 利比亚阿拉伯对外投资公司持有阿尔及利亚贸易和财政住房银行大约15%的资本", "• 利比亚阿拉伯对外投资公司持有阿尔及利亚旅店发展公司66%的资本", "• 利比亚外国人银行持有阿拉伯马格里布投资和贸易银行大约50%的资本", "• 利比亚投资公司持有阿尔及利亚合资公司LAFIDER大约60%的资本，该公司的活动在安全理事会采取措施之前已被冻结，因为阿尔及利亚和利比亚官员之间出现分歧", "• 利比亚中央银行通过阿拉伯银行公司(巴林)在阿拉伯银行公司(阿尔及利亚)中持有的资本", "禁飞令", "依照安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第17段和第18段，已指示国防部和交通部为执行安全理事会确定的措施作出必要安排，除非经安全理事会所设委员会授权，禁止在利比亚注册的飞机或由任何利比亚国民或公司拥有的飞机飞行。", "人道主义方面", "阿尔及利亚境内有8 000多名利比亚国民，而且一直开放边界接收来自该国的国民和外国人。", "阿尔及利亚已采取必要措施协助该国国民回返，包括安排专机和国家海运公司船只前往班加西港和的黎波里港。", "阿尔及利亚当局还与有关国家派驻阿尔及利亚的外交代表机构协调，采取一切必要措施(住宿、食物、健康和运输)协助大约40个国家的国民过境、中转或回返，前往各自国家。", "在编写本报告时，共有13 874人登记进入阿尔及利亚，其中包括8 410名阿尔及利亚公民。", "在人道主义援助方面，公民保护总局和阿尔及利亚红新月会已提供大量人力物力，协助设在阿尔及利亚边界一侧德布德布和因阿迈纳斯的收容中心内的阿尔及利亚公民和外国人。", "在援助突尼斯和利比亚边界滞留民众方面，已有三辆阿尔及利亚人道主义大篷车向加迪尔角的突尼斯-利比亚边界站运送200多吨物资(毯子、床垫、饮用水、药品和三个流动厨房)。阿尔及利亚红新月会在当地设有一个由26人(心理学家、医生、护士等)和八辆医疗后送车组成的行动队。", "利比亚政府的请求", "应利比亚政府多次请求，依照安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议规定的措施，阿尔及利亚政府决定满足向利比亚全境供应基本食物(面条、大米、面粉、食用油和婴儿奶等)及药品的要求。", "此外，还决定由阿尔及利亚和利比亚经营者进行上述物资交易，且只在阿尔及利亚-利比亚边界的德布德布进行。", "阿尔及利亚政府已决定邀请驻阿尔及利亚的联合国系统派一名代表参加上述行动，并将陆续向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报这些行动的落实情况。此决定已事先提请委员会注意。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan", "Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 27 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report submitted to that Committee by the Government of Algeria pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011), paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17, and 1973 (2011).", "The Government of Algeria stands ready to provide the Committee with other reports or information as necessary or if requested by the Committee.", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Algiers, 20 June 2011", "Report on the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "In connection with the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), and pursuant to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Algerian Government has taken the following measures:", "• Establishment of an inter-ministerial committee, chaired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with responsibility for monitoring the implementation of the measures introduced by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "• Notification of the relevant national government bodies, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in order to inform them of Algeria’s obligations under the above-mentioned Security Council measures", "• Designation of the Ministry of Finance as the national authority responsible for implementing the Security Council’s decisions regarding the freeze on the financial assets and economic resources of individuals and entities listed in annex II to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011)", "1. Arms embargo", "Algeria has decided to comply with the measures established by the Security Council with regard to the arms embargo. To that end, the contents of paragraphs 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 13, 14, 15 and 16 of resolution 1973 (2011) have been brought to the attention of the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transport, the National Security Directorate and the Customs Directorate, which are concerned by the implementation of those measures.", "2. Travel ban", "Pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011), the National Security Directorate has provided the border police with the list of individuals contained in annex I to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), who are subject to the travel ban, instructing them to ensure that it is applied at all border posts.", "As of the date of preparation of this report, no individuals appearing on these lists have been identified at the Algerian border posts.", "3. Asset freeze", "In its capacity as the national authority mandated by the Government to implement the Security Council’s asset-freeze decisions, the Ministry of Finance sent a circular to the Bank of Algeria, the Treasury Directorate, Algérie Poste, and all banks and insurance companies, with regard to the implementation of those decisions pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 19 of resolution 1973 (2011). The content of the circular was also sent, through the Ministry of Justice, to the National Chamber of Notaries. The circular required the said bodies to:", "• Freeze all movements or transfers of funds and any other transactions likely to be carried out by, or on behalf of, the individuals or entities listed in the annex to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "• Freeze all economic resources and other property transfers likely to be carried out by the same individuals or entities", "With regard to individuals, it is clear from the information reported by banks and the Algerian Trade Registry that there have been no registrations of domicile or entries in the trade registry under their names.", "In the case of entities with interests in Algerian companies, the following shareholdings are subject to the decision to freeze assets and economic resources:", "• Approximately 15 per cent of the capital of Housing Bank for Trade and Finance Algeria, held by Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO)", "• Sixty-six per cent of the capital of Société algérienne de Développement Hôtelier, held by LAFICO", "• About 50 per cent of the capital of Banque du Maghreb Arabe pour l’Investissement et le Commerce (BAMIC), held by Libyan Foreign Bank", "• Approximately 60 per cent of the capital of LAFIDER, a joint venture under Algerian law, held by LAFICO. The operations of LAFIDER had already been frozen prior to the adoption of the Security Council measures, owing to a disagreement between the Algerian and Libyan officials concerned", "• Interest held by the Libyan Central Bank, through ABC Bahrain, in the capital of Arab Banking Corporation Algeria", "4. Ban on flights", "Pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs 17 and 18 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Transport have been instructed to take the necessary steps to implement the measures introduced by the Security Council concerning the ban on flights by aircraft registered in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or owned by Libyan nationals or companies, unless authorized by the Security Council Committee.", "5. Humanitarian dimension", "Algeria, which had over 8,000 nationals resident in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, has kept its borders open to receive both nationals and aliens leaving that country.", "Algeria has taken the necessary steps to help repatriate its nationals, particularly by scheduling special flights and sending a vessel belonging to the national maritime company to the ports of Benghazi and Tripoli.", "In coordination with the diplomatic representations of the countries in question, accredited in Algeria, the Algerian authorities have taken all necessary steps (accommodation, food, health care and transport) to facilitate the border crossing, transit and repatriation, to their respective countries, of individuals of some 40 nationalities.", "As of the date of preparation of this report, 13,874 people, including 8,410 Algerian citizens, had been recorded as entering Algerian territory.", "With regard to humanitarian assistance, the Directorate of Civil Protection and the Algerian Red Crescent have deployed considerable human and material resources to assist Algerian and foreign nationals at the reception centres set up on the Algerian side of the border, in Debdeb and Ain Amenas.", "In order to provide assistance to people in the border area between Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, three Algerian humanitarian convoys have transported over 200 tonnes of goods (blankets, mattresses, water, medicines and three mobile kitchens) to the Tunisian-Libyan border post of Ras Adjir. The Algerian Red Crescent has an emergency response team on the ground, with 26 members (psychologists, doctors, nurses, etc.) and eight medical evacuation vehicles.", "6. Requests from the Libyan Government", "Following a number of requests from the Libyan Government, the Government of Algeria, in compliance with the measures established by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), has decided to meet a request concerning the supply of basic foodstuffs (pasta, rice, semolina, oil, baby milk, etc.) and pharmaceutical products throughout Libyan territory.", "It has been decided that the corresponding transactions will be conducted by Algerian and Libyan operators. The goods will be transported exclusively via the Algerian-Libyan border post of Debdeb.", "The Algerian Government has decided to invite a representative of the United Nations system in Algeria to assist with these operations and to notify the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as and when they take place. This decision has been brought to the attention of the said Committee prior to its implementation." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 27 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Algeria on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17, as well as resolution 1973 (2011).", "The Government of Algeria wishes to provide the Committee with other reports or information, as required or at the request of the Committee.", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "Algiers, 20 June 2011", "In implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), in accordance with paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Government of Algeria took the following measures:", "• Establishment of an inter-ministerial committee led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to monitor the implementation of the measures set out in United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "• Information from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Algeria's obligations under the aforementioned Security Council measures", "• Designation of the Ministry of Finance as a national authority responsible for the implementation of the decisions of the Security Council to freeze financial assets and economic resources of persons and entities listed in annex II to resolution 1973 (2011)", "Arms embargo", "Algeria has decided to comply with the arms embargo measures imposed by the Security Council and, to that end, has brought to the attention of the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transport, the Directorate-General for National Security and the Customs General to the relevant elements of paragraphs 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 13, 14, 15 and 16 of resolution 1973 (2011).", "Travel ban", "In accordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011), the General Directorate for National Security provided the Border Police with lists of persons covered by the travel ban measures listed in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), instructing them to ensure the implementation of the travel ban at all border sites.", "At the time of writing, no listed persons were found at the Algerian border station.", "Assets freeze", "The Ministry of Finance, as a governmental authority to implement Security Council decisions on the freezing of assets, has sent a notice to the Algerian Bank, the General Directorate of Finance, the Algerian Post Service and all banks and insurance companies requesting them to implement these decisions in accordance with paragraphs 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 19 of resolution 1973 (2011), and transmitted them to the National Public Witnesses through the Ministry of Justice. The notification requires them to proceed:", "• The freezing of all funds transferred or transferred and all other operations that may be carried out by individuals or entities listed in the annexes to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "• The freezing of all economic and other property transfers that may be carried out by such persons or entities", "With regard to these persons, there is no commercial address or commercial registration of their names based on information provided by banks and national trade registration centres.", "With regard to entities participating in the Algerian company, the decision to freeze assets and economic resources relates to shares held by the following entities:", "• Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Corporation holds about 15 per cent of the Algerian Trade and Finance Housing Bank's capital", "• Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Corporation holds 66 per cent of the Algerian hotel development company", "• The Libyan Foreigners Bank holds about 50 per cent of the capital of the Arab Maghreb Investment and Trade Bank", "• The Libyan investment company holds about 60 per cent of the capital of the Algerian joint venture company LAFIDER, which was frozen before the Security Council took measures, as there were differences between Algeria and Libyan officials", "• Capital held by the Central Bank of Libya through the Arab Bank (Bahrain) in the Arab Bank (Algeria)", "Prohibition orders", "In accordance with paragraphs 17 and 18 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), the Ministry of Defence and Transport has instructed the Ministry of Defence to make the necessary arrangements for the implementation of the measures established by the Security Council, unless authorized by the Security Council Committee, to prohibit aircraft registered in Libya or aircraft owned by any Libyan national or company.", "Humanitarian aspects", "There are more than 8,000 Libyan nationals in Algeria, and the border has been open to receiving nationals and foreigners from the country.", "Algeria has taken the necessary measures to facilitate the return of its nationals, including by arranging specialized aircraft and national maritime companies' vessels to the ports of Bangal and Tripoli.", "The Algerian authorities, in coordination with the diplomatic representative of Algeria, have also taken all necessary measures (accommodation, food, health and transport) to assist some 40 national transit, transit or return to their respective countries.", "At the time of writing this report, a total of 13,874 persons were registered in Algeria, including 8,410 Algerian citizens.", "In the area of humanitarian assistance, the Directorate-General for Civil Protection and the Algerian Red Crescent Society have provided a large number of human resources to assist Algerian citizens and foreigners in the reception centres located on the side of the Algerian border, de Budddb, and Aminas.", "With regard to assistance to the lag population of Tunisia and Libya's borders, three Algerian humanitarian tent vehicles have transported more than 200 tons of goods to the Tunis-Libyan border station in Ra's al-Ghajar (fews, beds, drinking water, medicine and three mobile kitchens). The Algeria Red Crescent Society has a team of 26 personnel (psychiatry, doctors, nurses etc.) and eight medical evacuation vehicles on the ground.", "Request by the Government of Libya", "At the request of the Government of Libya, in accordance with the measures set out in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the Government of Algeria decided to meet the requirements for the supply of basic food (arts., rice, flour, food oil and infant milk) and medicine throughout the country.", "In addition, it was decided that the above-mentioned material transactions would be carried out by Algeria and the Libyan operators, and that it would be carried out only in Debé, Algeria-Libyan border.", "The Government of Algeria has decided to invite a representative of the United Nations system in Algeria to participate in the above-mentioned operations and to continue to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of the implementation of those actions. This decision has been brought to the attention of the Committee in advance." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚 民众国的第1970(2011)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年6月25日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨提及2011年3月25日的来信并随函转递格鲁吉亚政府关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月25日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "格鲁吉亚政府关于执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议情况的报告", "格鲁吉亚兹提交本报告，说明格鲁吉亚政府为协助执行安全理事会第1970(2011年)号决议所实施制裁而采取的一系列措施。", "格鲁吉亚外交部已正式向格鲁吉亚各政府部门传达了决议文本及其附件，确保将其作为工作准则予以遵守，并切实履行各项义务。为此，内务部、国防部、经济与可持续发展部、财政部和格鲁吉亚国家银行均在其职权范围内采取必要措施，以切实有效地实施该决议第9、10、15和17条的规定。", "格鲁吉亚经济和可持续发展部没有核准与阿拉伯利比亚民众国的贸易协定，不允许出、转口、过境和进口两用物品。此外，还禁止阿拉伯利比亚民众国拥有的两用物品经格鲁吉亚领土过境，此事由格鲁吉亚国防部严格管制。格鲁吉亚国防部与阿拉伯利比亚民众国国防部没有任何形式的合作。", "对决议附件一所列人员执行旅行禁令事宜在签证申请过程中予以落实。16个指定人员没有获得入境和/或过境许可。", "迄今为止，该决议附件二所列个人在格鲁吉亚银行没有任何资金、金融资产或经济资源。", "格鲁吉亚政府将继续积极处理此事。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 25 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and, in reference to the letter dated 25 March 2011, has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Georgia on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 25 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of Georgia on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Georgia hereby submits the present report on the range of measures that the Government of Georgia is taking to facilitate the implementation of the sanctions imposed by the Security Council in resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia has duly communicated the text of the resolution and its annexes to the respective governmental authorities of Georgia to ensure that it is used as a guideline to be followed in their work and that the obligations are implemented effectively. Consequently, within their competence, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Georgia are taking the necessary measures in order to implement effectively the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.", "The Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia has not issued an authorization on a trade agreement with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has not permitted the export, re-export, transit and import of dual-use items. Additionally, restrictions on transit of arms and dual-use items owned by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya through the territory of Georgia are duly controlled by the Ministry of Defence of Georgia. The Ministry of Defence of Georgia does not cooperate in any form with its counterpart Ministry of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "The implementation of the travel ban for persons listed in annex I to the resolution is addressed through the visa application process. Entry and/or transit permission has not been granted for the 16 designated individuals.", "To date, the individuals listed in annex II to the resolution do not have any funds, financial assets or economic resources in the banks of Georgia.", "The Government of Georgia will continue to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 25 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to the letter dated 25 March 2011 and to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Georgia on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 25 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of the Government of Georgia on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Georgia has submitted the present report on a number of measures taken by the Government of Georgia to assist in the implementation of the sanctions imposed by Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia has formally communicated the text of the resolution and its annex to the various Government departments of Georgia to ensure compliance with its guidelines and to effectively implement their obligations. To that end, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Finance and the State Bank of Georgia take the necessary measures within their purview to effectively implement the provisions of articles 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.", "The Ministry of Economic and Sustainable Development of Georgia does not approve trade agreements with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and does not allow for the import, transit, transit and import of dual-use items. In addition, dual-use items owned by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya are also prohibited from transit through the territory of Georgia, which is strictly controlled by the Ministry of Defence of Georgia. The Ministry of Defence of Georgia has no form of cooperation with the Ministry of Defence of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "The implementation of the travel ban for persons listed in annex I to the resolution was implemented during the visa application. 16 designated persons do not have access to entry and/or transit permits.", "To date, the individuals listed in annex II to the resolution have no funds, financial assets or economic resources in the Bank of Georgia.", "The Government of Georgia will remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨转递摩尔多瓦共和国关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月24日摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "摩尔多瓦共和国关于执行联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的报告", "1. 摩尔多瓦共和国运输及公路基础设施部实行了以下措施：", "• 在该部官方网站上发布了关于对阿拉伯利比亚民众国和涉嫌在阿拉伯利比亚民众国严重侵犯人权的法人和自然人采取限制性措施的通知", "• 在航空运输方面——根据该部指示，民航管理局印发了一封通函，要求遵循联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的规定，禁止空运商使用在摩尔多瓦共和国航空登记册中登记的飞机直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国供应、出售或转让该决议第9段中所列任何类别军火和相关军用物资，以及开展任何其他违反该决议规定的活动", "• 在公路运输方面——在国家公路交通署这一公共机构官方网站上发布了关于对决议附件所列人员实行武器禁运和旅行禁令的通知", "• 在内陆水路运输方面——Giurgiulesti港口港务主任办公室这一公共机构通知悬挂摩尔多瓦共和国国旗的船主和利用该等船只运营的营运商，不得直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国运输该决议中所列物资。另外，在Giurgiulesti港采取了适当的措施，要求将载运该决议中所列物资的船只和悬挂阿拉伯利比亚民众国国旗的船只的进入情况通知摩尔多瓦共和国主管机构。", "2. 摩尔多瓦共和国边防警备处将该决议的规定通知国家所有过境点。禁止该决议附件一中提及的人员前往摩尔多瓦共和国的规定也纳入了边防警备处的综合信息系统。", "3. 摩尔多瓦共和国海关：根据风险管理程序，海关创建了海关自动数据系统(ASYCUDA World)中的选择标准，其中规定须对所有目的地为阿拉伯利比亚民众国的货运进行认真的证件检查实物检查。另外，海关的所有的分支部门均得到有关该决议的通知。迄今为止，尚未发现有该决议第9段和第10段中禁止的与阿拉伯利比亚民众国有关的进口/出口/转运活动。", "4. 摩尔多瓦共和国经济部迄今为止没有发现以阿拉伯利比亚民众国为双重目的地之一的武器或产品出口。与此同时，依照2000年7月26日关于控制出口、再出口、进口和转运战略物资的第1163号法律，摩尔多瓦共和国参加了在联合国和其他国际组织内控制出口、再出口、进口和转运战略物资领域的国际活动，该活动领域涉及确保和巩固大规模毁灭性武器和用于军事目的的其他战略物资的不扩散体制。因此，根据国家法律，经济部在批准向阿拉伯利比亚民众国授权出口战略物资方面遵守联合国各项决议的规定。", "5. 摩尔多瓦国家银行将该决议转给领有开业执照的银行，以使该决议得到执行。目前，国家银行没有发现该决议附件二所列的人员直接或间接持有或控制的物资和其他财产。", "6. 摩尔多瓦共和国国防部告知，摩尔多瓦国民军与阿拉伯利比亚民众国没有合作关系。与此同时，国防部将在规划活动框架中遵守联合国安全理事会核准的限制规定。", "7. 摩尔多瓦共和国安全与情报没有关于该决议所列人员前往/离开摩尔多瓦以及其在我国领土持有物资的资料。", "8. 摩尔多瓦共和国财政部告知，据主要国家税务督察称，上述决议附件二所列的人员不持有摩尔多瓦共和国注册企业的任何财产，并且不是摩尔多瓦共和国任何注册企业的创办人。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith a report on measures taken by the Republic of Moldova to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Republic of Moldova on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. The Ministry of Transport and Roads Infrastructure of the Republic of Moldova has implemented the following measures:", "• The notification regarding the introduction of restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and against legal and natural persons involved in serious human rights violations in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was placed on the official website of the Ministry.", "• In the field of air transport: Following the Ministry’s indication, the Civil Aviation Administration issued a circular letter concerning the compliance with the requirement of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) to prohibit air operators from using their aircraft which are registered in the Air Register of the Republic of Moldova for transportation, direct and indirect supply, sale or transfer to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of arms and related materiel of all types stipulated in paragraph 9 of the resolution, as well as conducting any other activities that would violate the provisions of the resolution.", "• In the field of the road transport: The notification on the arms embargo and travel ban for people listed in the annex to the resolution was placed on the official website of the Public Institution National Agency for Road Transport.", "• In the field of the inland transport waterway: The Public Institution Harbour Master Port of Giurgiulesti informed the owners and operators of vessels that operate under the State Flag of the Republic of Moldova to refrain from carrying out direct or indirect transport of goods stipulated in the resolution to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Also, the appropriate measures were provided in the Giurgiulesti Port Complex to inform the competent bodies of the Republic of Moldova about the entry of ships carrying goods which are stipulated in the resolution and the vessels under the State Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "2. The Border Guard Service of the Republic of Moldova has informed all national border crossing points about the provisions of the said resolution. The interdiction for travel to the Republic of Moldova of the persons mentioned in annex I to the resolution was also introduced in the Border Guard Service Integrated Information System.", "3. The Customs Service of the Republic of Moldova: According to the procedure of risk management in customs, the Service arranged for the creation of selectivity criteria within the Automated System for Customs Data ASYCUDA World, which stipulates that all deliveries performed with the destination of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya are subject to detailed documentary and physical control. Also, all subdivisions of the Customs Service were informed about the resolution. Import/export/transit operations with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, prohibited under paragraphs 9 and 10 of the said resolution, have not been registered so far.", "4. The Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Moldova has not registered, so far, any exports of weapons or products with double destination to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the same time, according to Law No. 1163 of 26 July 2000 on the control of export, re-export, import and transit of strategic goods, the Republic of Moldova participates in the international activity in the field of control of export, re‑export, import and transit of strategic goods within the United Nations and other international organizations, the field of activity which deals with ensuring and consolidating the non-proliferation regime of weapons of mass destruction, as well as of other strategic goods used in military purposes. Thus, according to the national legislation, the Ministry of Economy observes the United Nations resolutions in the sense of authorization of strategic goods to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "5. The National Bank of Moldova forwarded the said resolution to licentiate banks in order to be implemented. At the moment, the Bank does not have any information regarding identification of goods and other properties possessed or controlled directly or indirectly by persons listed in annex II to the resolution.", "6. The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Moldova communicated that the Moldovan National Army does not have any cooperation relationship with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the same time, the Ministry of Defence, in the framework of the planned activities, will observe the restrictions approved by the Security Council.", "7. The Security and Information Service of the Republic of Moldova does not have any information on the travel of persons mentioned in the said resolution to/from Moldova, as well as their possession of goods on the territory of our State.", "8. The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Moldova communicated that, according to the Main State Tax Inspectorate, the persons specified in annex II to the above-mentioned resolution do not possess properties and are not founders of any enterprises registered in the Republic of Moldova." ]

[ "Security Council Committee concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011)", "Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit the report of the Republic of Moldova on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of the Republic of Moldova on the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Ministry of Transport and Highway Infrastructure of the Republic of Moldova has introduced the following measures:", "• The announcement on the official website of the Ministry of restrictive measures against legal persons and natural persons suspected of having committed serious human rights violations in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "• In the area of aviation transport — according to instructions from the Ministry, the Civil Aviation Authority issued a letter calling for the prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of any type of arms and related military materiel listed in paragraph 9 of the resolution to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by air carriers, consistent with the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), and any other activities in violation of the provisions of that resolution", "• Notification on arms embargo and travel bans on persons listed in the annex to the resolution, issued at the official website of the National Highway Transport Agency", "• In the area of inland water transport — the Office of the Director-General of Port Giurgiulesti, the public body informed the owner of the vessel flaged by the Republic of Moldova and the operators operating such as the vessel, without directly or indirectly transporting the goods listed in the resolution to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In addition, appropriate measures were taken in Port Giurgiulesti to notify the authorities of the Republic of Moldova of the entry of vessels carrying the goods listed in the resolution and vessels flying the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya flag.", "The Border Police Office of the Republic of Moldova informed all border crossings of the provisions of the resolution. The provisions prohibiting the travel of persons referred to in annex I to the resolution to the Republic of Moldova are also incorporated into the comprehensive information system of the Border Police Service.", "Customs of the Republic of Moldova: In accordance with the risk management process, customs created the selection criteria for the Customs Automated Data System (ASYCUDA World), which require careful examination of documents for all destinations in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In addition, all branches of customs are notified of the resolution. To date, import/export/transfer activities related to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya prohibited in paragraphs 9 and 10 of the resolution have not been identified.", "The Ministry of the Economy of the Republic of Moldova has so far not found the export of weapons or products, one of the two destinations of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the same time, in accordance with Act No. 1163 of 26 July 2000 on the control of export, re-export, import and transit of strategic goods, the Republic of Moldova participated in international activities in the area of export control, re-export, import and transit of strategic goods within the United Nations and other international organizations, which covered the non-proliferation regime to ensure and consolidate weapons of mass destruction and other strategic supplies for military purposes. Accordingly, in accordance with national legislation, the Ministry of Economy adheres to the provisions of United Nations resolutions regarding the approval of export strategic goods to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "The National Bank of the Republic of Moldova has transferred the resolution to banks that have licensed the opening industry to enable it to be implemented. Currently, national banks do not find goods or other property directly or indirectly owned or controlled by persons listed in annex II to the resolution.", "The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Moldova informed that the National Army of Moldova had no cooperation with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the same time, the Ministry of Defence will comply with the limitations approved by the United Nations Security Council in the planning activities framework.", "The security and intelligence of the Republic of Moldova did not provide information on the travel of persons listed in the resolution to/from Moldova and the possession of goods in our territory.", "The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Moldova informed that persons listed in annex II to the resolution did not hold any property registered by the Republic of Moldova and were not the founders of any registered enterprise in the Republic of Moldova." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19", "可持续发展", "黎巴嫩海岸的浮油", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/147号决议的要求提交，提供了大会第61/194号、第62/188号、第63/211号、第64/195号和第65/147号决议的最新执行进展情况，这些决议都涉及到黎巴嫩境内吉耶发电厂这一为公众服务的民间公用事业公司附近的储油罐在2006年7月被炸所导致的黎巴嫩海岸浮油问题。本报告是对秘书长先前关于这一问题的历次报告(A/62/343、A/63/225、A/64/259和A/65/278)所提供资料的补充。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "1. 本报告由联合国环境规划署和联合国开发计划署(开发署)编写，借鉴了为编写关于黎巴嫩海岸浮油问题的先前历次报告而设立的一个机构间小组[1] 所做的工作。报告根据大会第65/147号决议第9段的要求提交，大会在其中请秘书长在题为“可持续发展”的项目下就该决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告。", "2. 2006年7月15日，以色列空军摧毁黎巴嫩境内吉耶发电厂附近的一些储油罐，导致约15 000吨燃油泄入地中海，使黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国约150公里的海岸线遭到污染。正如大会第61/194号、第62/188号、第63/211号和第64/195号决议已强调指出的那样，这种情况造成了对环境的破坏并阻碍了实现可持续发展的努力。", "3. 联合国数个机构和其他国际、区域和国家实体，包括国际自然保护联盟、世界银行和黎巴嫩国家科学研究理事会都参与评估了漏油事件对黎巴嫩境内人体健康、生物多样性、渔业和旅游业的影响。对它们综合评估结果的摘要已在秘书长关于这一问题的前几次报告中提交给了大会。过去一年没有再作进一步研究。", "4. 大会第65/147号决议第4段请以色列政府承担起责任，对黎巴嫩政府和直接遭受浮油影响的其他国家，如部分海岸被污染的阿拉伯叙利亚共和国，修复这次炸毁行动造成的环境破坏包括恢复海洋环境的费用，迅速作出适当赔偿，尤其是考虑到秘书长关于以色列政府不承认第61/194、62/188、63/211或64/195号决议相关段落的评论。大会以前也提出过相同的要求。迄今为止，大会这一要求尚未得到执行。", "5. 关于确定一个适当赔偿机制的问题，开发署在2007年查阅了许多东地中海国家签署的与海上油污染有关的诸多公约以及其他可能的协定或赔偿办法。遗憾的是，所有公约都不适用于武装敌对行动期间。此外，与漏油污染赔偿有关的各项协定[2] 只涉及到海上油轮漏油，而不是陆地上发生的事件。2007年，开发署建议考虑把联合国赔偿委员会作为唯一有先例的武装敌对行动导致泄漏的重大漏油赔偿机制。", "6. 安全理事会所设联合国赔偿委员会的任务仅限于处理对伊拉克非法入侵和占领科威特所直接导致损失和损害的索赔及支付赔偿。因此，在按照大会第65/147号决议第4段的要求确保以色列政府赔偿用于修复环境损害的费用方面，该委员会没有任何潜在的作用可以发挥。不过，赔偿委员会在处理伊拉克非法入侵和占领科威特所致环境损害索赔方面的经验，可能对于在目前这种案件中就环境损害进行界定还是具有一些价值，有助于对所受损害的计量和量化以及确定应赔付的数额。", "7. 大会第65/147号决议第7段欢迎黎巴嫩恢复基金同意代管东地中海漏油复原信托基金；而该决议第8段则邀请各国、各政府间组织、非政府组织和私营部门向该信托基金自愿捐款。在这方面，因为黎巴嫩仍在处理废料并监测恢复情况，大会请秘书长动员国际技术援助和财政援助，以便确保该信托基金有充足、适当的资源。迄今为止，该信托基金没有获得任何捐款。", "结论", "8. 秘书长赞扬黎巴嫩政府为消除漏油事件造成的影响而持续作出的努力，但对大会关于向黎巴嫩政府和人民以及受漏油影响的阿拉伯叙利亚共和国作出赔偿和补偿的各项决议相关规定未获执行仍然感到严重关切。", "9. 秘书长再次赞扬国际捐助界对此事的反应。但是，考虑到黎巴嫩漏油事件之根源的特殊性和事件发生之时及之后的各种具体情况，秘书长促请会员国、国际组织、国际和区域金融机构、非政府组织和私营部门在这件事情上，特别是在黎巴嫩沿海地区的重建活动乃至更广泛的恢复工作方面，继续支持黎巴嫩。鉴于黎巴嫩仍在处理废物和监测恢复情况，国际社会应加紧努力，鼓励各国和国际捐助界向黎巴嫩恢复基金代管的东地中海漏油复原信托基金提供捐款。", "[1] 机构间小组成员为联合国环境规划署、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织和世界银行。国际自然保护联盟是一个重要伙伴。", "[2] 1969年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》及其1992年议定书；《关于设立油污损害赔偿国际基金的国际公约》1992年议定书(国际油污赔偿基金)；2003年《关于设立油污损害赔偿补充基金的议定书》(《补充基金议定书》)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Oil slick on Lebanese shores", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 65/147, provides an update on progress made in the implementation of Assembly resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211, 64/195 and 65/147 related to the oil slick on Lebanese shores that resulted from the bombing of oil storage tanks in the vicinity of the Jiyeh power plant, a civilian utility serving the general public in Lebanon, in July 2006. It complements the information presented in previous reports of the Secretary-General on the subject (A/62/343, A/63/225, A/64/259 and A/65/278).", "1. The present report was prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It builds on the work done by the inter-agency team[1] established for the preparation of the previous reports on the oil slick on Lebanese shores. The report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 65/147, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution under the item entitled “Sustainable development”.", "2. The destruction by the Israeli Air Force of oil storage tanks in the vicinity of the Jiyeh power plant in Lebanon on 15 July 2006 resulted in the release of about 15,000 tons of fuel oil into the Mediterranean Sea, leading to the contamination of about 150 km of coastline in Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. This caused damage to the environment and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development, as already highlighted in General Assembly resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211 and 64/195.", "3. Several United Nations agencies and other international, regional and national entities, including the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the World Bank and the National Council for Scientific Research of Lebanon were involved in assessing the implications of the oil spill for human health, biodiversity, fisheries and tourism in Lebanon. A summary of their combined findings was presented to the General Assembly in the previous reports of the Secretary-General on the subject. No further studies have been conducted during the past year.", "4. In paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/147, the General Assembly requested the Government of Israel to assume responsibility for prompt and adequate compensation to the Government of Lebanon and other countries directly affected by the oil slick, such as the Syrian Arab Republic, whose shores have been partially polluted, for the costs of repairing the environmental damage caused by the destruction, including the restoration of the marine environment, in particular in the light of the observation by the Secretary-General concerning the lack of any acknowledgement on the part of the Government of Israel of the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211 or 64/195. This echoed previous Assembly requests. To date, this request of the Assembly has yet to be implemented.", "5. With reference to the identification of a suitable mechanism for compensation, in 2007 UNDP reviewed the many conventions that relate to oil pollution at sea and that many Eastern Mediterranean countries have signed, as well as other possible agreements or compensation schemes. Unfortunately, all conventions are inapplicable during armed hostilities. In addition, the agreements that relate to oil spill compensation[2] pertain only to oil spills from tanker vessels at sea, not land-based incidents. In 2007, UNDP recommended the examination of the United Nations Compensation Commission as the only precedent major oil-spill compensation regime for spills arising from armed hostilities.", "6. The mandate of the United Nations Compensation Commission, as established by the Security Council, is limited to processing claims and paying compensation for losses and damage suffered as a direct result of the unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq. It does not, therefore, have any potential role in securing compensation from the Government of Israel for the costs of repairing the environmental damage as requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/147. The experiences of the Compensation Commission in handling claims for compensation for environmental damage resulting from the unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq may, nevertheless, be of some value in terms of defining environmental damage in a case such as the present one, in measuring and quantifying the damage sustained and in determining the amount of compensation payable in respect of it.", "7. In paragraph 7 of its resolution 65/147, the General Assembly welcomed the agreement of the Lebanon Recovery Fund to host the Eastern Mediterranean Oil Spill Restoration Trust Fund and, in paragraph 8 of the same resolution, invited States, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to make voluntary financial contributions to the Trust Fund. In that regard, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to mobilize international technical and financial assistance, in order to ensure that the Trust Fund had sufficient and adequate resources, since Lebanon was still engaged in the treatment of wastes and the monitoring of recovery. To date no contributions have been made to the Trust Fund.", "Conclusions", "8. The Secretary-General wishes to commend the ongoing efforts of the Government of Lebanon to address the impact of the oil spill. There remains, however, grave concern at the lack of implementation of the relevant provisions of the resolutions of the General Assembly on the subject vis-à-vis reparations and compensation to the Government and people of Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic affected by the oil spill.", "9. The Secretary-General would like to once more commend the response of the international donor community to this matter. Nonetheless, given the particularity of the cause and the prevailing circumstances of the Lebanese oil spill case at the time of the incident and beyond, the Secretary-General would urge Member States, international organizations, international and regional financial institutions, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to continue their support for Lebanon in this matter, particularly for rehabilitation activities on the Lebanese coast and in the broader recovery efforts. This international effort should be intensified, since Lebanon is still engaged in the treatment of wastes and the monitoring of recovery; States and the international donor community are encouraged to make contributions to the Eastern Mediterranean Oil Spill Restoration Trust Fund hosted by the Lebanon Recovery Fund.", "[1] The inter-agency team comprised the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the World Bank. The International Union for Conservation of Nature was a key partner.", "[2] The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, and the 1992 Protocol thereto; the 1992 Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund); and the 2003 Protocol on the Establishment of a Supplementary Fund for Oil Pollution Damage (Supplementary Fund Protocol)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Oil buoys on the Lebanese coast", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 61/194, 62/188, 63/211, 64/195 and 63/247, provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211, 64/195 and 63/247, both of which relate to the issue of the Lebanese coastal buoyage of oil tanks near the town power plant in Lebanon. The present report complements the information provided by the Secretary-General in previous reports on this issue (A/62/343, A/63/225, A/64/259 and A/65/278).", "∗ A/63/250.", "The present report has been prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) drawing on the work done by an inter-agency group established to prepare previous reports on oil buoys in Lebanon. The report was submitted pursuant to paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 63/247, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the implementation of the resolution to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session under the item entitled “Sustainable development”.", "On 15 July 2006, the Israeli air force destroyed a number of storage tanks near the Gyev electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in the release of about 150,000 tons of fuel into the Mediterranean, contaminated the coastline of about 150 kilometres in Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. As highlighted in General Assembly resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211 and 64/195, this has caused environmental damage and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development.", "Several United Nations agencies and other international, regional and national entities, including the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the World Bank and the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research, have participated in the assessment of the impact of oil spills on human health, biodiversity, fisheries and tourism in Lebanon. A summary of their integrated assessment results was submitted to the General Assembly in previous reports of the Secretary-General on this issue. There have been no further study over the past year.", "In paragraph 4 of its resolution 63/247, the General Assembly requested the Government of Israel to assume its responsibilities with regard to the Government of Lebanon and other countries directly affected by buoys, such as the Syrian Arab Republic, which had been contaminated by some of its coasts, to repair the environmental damage caused by the destruction, including the cost of restoring the marine environment, and to make prompt and appropriate reparations, in particular taking into account the Secretary-General's comments on the relevant paragraphs of resolution 61/194, 62/188, 63/211 or 64/195. The same request was also made before the General Assembly. To date, the General Assembly has not yet been implemented.", "With regard to the identification of an appropriate compensation mechanism, UNDP was consulted in 2007 on a number of conventions and other possible agreements or reparations related to maritime oil contamination signed by many Eastern Mediterranean countries. Regrettably, all conventions do not apply to the period of armed hostilities. In addition, agreements relating to compensation for oil spills [2] relate only to sea oil spills rather than land-based events. In 2007, UNDP recommended that the United Nations Compensation Commission be considered as the only precedent for armed hostilities leading to the release of major oil spill compensation mechanisms.", "The mandate of the United Nations Compensation Commission established by the Security Council is limited to the processing of claims and compensation for losses and damage caused directly to Iraq's unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait. Therefore, in accordance with paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 63/247, the Commission has no potential role to play in ensuring that the Government of Israel compensates for the cost of repairing environmental damage. However, the experience of the Compensation Commission in dealing with claims of environmental damage arising from Iraq's unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait may have some value in defining environmental damage in the current case, contributing to measurement and quantification of the damage suffered and determining the amount paid.", "The General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 63/247, welcomed the agreement of the Lebanon Recovery Fund to host the Eastern Mediterranean Oil Savings Recovery Trust Fund; paragraph 8 of that resolution invited States, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to make voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund. In this regard, since Lebanon is still addressing waste and monitoring recovery, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to mobilize international technical assistance and financial assistance to ensure that the Trust Fund has adequate and adequate resources. To date, the Trust Fund has not received any contributions.", "Conclusion", "The Secretary-General commends the ongoing efforts of the Government of Lebanon to address the impact of the oil spills, but remains gravely concerned about the non-implementation of the relevant provisions of the resolutions on compensation and compensation to the Government and people of Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic affected by the oil spill.", "The Secretary-General reiterates his appreciation to the international donor community for its response to this matter. However, taking into account the particularities of the root causes of the oil spill in Lebanon and the specific circumstances of the incident and thereafter, the Secretary-General urges Member States, international organizations, international and regional financial institutions, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to continue to support Lebanon in this matter, particularly in the area of reconstruction in the southern part of Lebanon and in the broader recovery process. In view of the fact that Lebanon is still addressing the recovery of waste and monitoring, the international community should intensify its efforts to encourage States and the international donor community to contribute to the Eastern Mediterranean Oil Savings Trust Fund administered by the Lebanon Recovery Fund.", "The selected inter-agency panellists were the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the World Bank. The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an important partner.", "[2] 1969 Convention on Civil Liability for International Oil Pollution Damage and its 1992 Protocol; 1992 Protocol on the International Convention for the Establishment of the International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund); 2003 Protocol on the establishment of the Supplementary Fund for Compensation for Damage (the Supplementary Fund)." ]

[ "安全理事会第1540(2004)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年8月5日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "卡塔尔国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并依照第1810(2008)号决议规定，谨提交卡塔尔国主管当局提供的关于第1540(2004)号决议执行情况的补充资料如下：", "(a) 卡塔尔国采取各种打击恐怖主义的措施，为此全国禁止武器委员会于2011年5月为海关干事和视察员组织了一次为期五天的培训课程。培训方案的重点是海关在执行《大规模毁灭性武器公约》方面的作用。课程中讨论了防止非法贩运核材料、放射材料、化学和生物材料问题。与会者了解到此类措施对防止恐怖团体获得大规模毁灭性武器十分重要，而这正是第1540(2004)号决议的目标；", "(b) 为履行卡塔尔对《不扩散条约》所承担的义务，卡塔尔国于2009年1月19日与国际原子能机构(原子能机构)签署了《保障监督协定》和《小数量议定书》；", "(c) 为执行《保障监督协定》，卡塔尔全国禁止武器委员会编写了一份全国核材料衡算和控制制度草案。该制度正在颁布过程中；", "(d) 全国禁止武器委员会编写了关于卡塔尔境内核材料存量的初次报告并提交给原子能机构；", "(e) 全国禁止武器委员会编写了《生物武器法》草案。该法律正在颁布过程中。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Note verbale dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the State of Qatar to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) concerning weapons of mass destruction and, in accordance with the provisions of resolution 1810 (2008), has the honour to submit below further information on the implementation by the State of Qatar of resolution 1540 (2004), as provided by the competent authorities of the State of Qatar:", "(a) As part of the measures taken by the State of Qatar to combat terrorism, the National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons organized, in May 2011, a five-day Training Course for Customs Officers and Inspectors. The training programme focused on the role of customs in implementing the conventions on weapons of mass destruction. Prevention of illicit trafficking of nuclear, radioactive, chemical and biological materials was addressed in the course. Participants were informed that such measures were very important in preventing terrorist groups from obtaining weapons of mass destruction, which is the goal of resolution 1540 (2004);", "(b) As a step towards fulfilling the obligations of Qatar in respect of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, on 19 January 2009, the State of Qatar signed with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) the Safeguards Agreement and the Small Quantities Protocol;", "(c) To implement the Safeguards Agreement, the Qatar National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons prepared a draft of the National System of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Materials. The System is in the process of being issued;", "(d) The initial report on the inventory of nuclear materials in Qatar was prepared by the National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons and submitted to IAEA;", "(e) The National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons prepared a draft of the Biological Weapons Law. The Law is in the process of being issued." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Note verbale dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the State of Qatar to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) concerning weapons of mass destruction and, in accordance with resolution 1810 (2008), has the honour to submit to the competent authorities of the State of Qatar the following additional information on the implementation of resolution 1540 (2004):", "(a) The State of Qatar adopted various measures to combat terrorism, by which the National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons organized a five-day training course for customs officers and inspectors in May 2011. The training programme focuses on the role of customs in the implementation of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Convention. The course addresses the prevention of illicit trafficking in nuclear materials, radioactive materials, chemical and biological materials. Participants were aware of the importance of such measures for preventing terrorist groups from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, which was the objective of resolution 1540 (2004);", "(b) In order to fulfil Qatar's obligations under the NPT, on 19 January 2009, the State of Qatar signed the Safeguards Agreement and the Small Quantities Protocol with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);", "(c) To implement the Safeguards Agreement, a draft national nuclear material accounting and control regime was prepared by the National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons of Qatar. The system is being enacted;", "(d) The National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons prepared its initial report on the stockpile of nuclear material in Qatar and submitted to IAEA;", "(e) The National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons prepared a draft law on biological weapons. The law is being enacted." ]

[ "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组", "第一届工作会议", "2011年4月18-21日，纽约", "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组报告", "报告员：Léo Faber(卢森堡)", "更正", "在第三节. 讨论要点的组长总结，第26段中，概览第1段应改为：", "2010年12月，大会成立了一个不限成员名额工作组，供联合国所有会员国参加，加强保护老年人的人权，具体是审议老年人人权现行框架，找出可能存在的差距，以及如何最好地解决这些问题，包括酌情考虑进一步手段和措施的可行性。", "在第三节，第三天：区域人权框架、措施和机制中，第4段应改为：", "葡萄牙政府劳动和社会团结部Bras Gomes女士在发言中概述了一些对欧洲委员会47个成员国具有约束力的最重要的人权文书，其中包括《欧洲人权公约》、《欧洲社会宪章》及其1992年《附加议定书》，这些文书在社会保障方面为老年人提供了具体保护。她还概括介绍了探讨与一系列事项有关的具体问题的若干政治宣言和其他文书，这些宣言和文书既涉及不歧视，也涉及社会政策框架、退休、享有保健服务和退休金的机会。Bras Gomes女士指出，退休金政策改革正在进行中，并因经济危机而加快。她还指出，老年人中的具体群体，例如，老年移民、残疾老年人、耄耋老人和受抚养的老年人，需要决策者密切关注，在长期护理和特别保护措施领域尤为如此。" ]

[ "Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "First working session", "New York, 18-21 April 2011", "Report of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "Rapporteur: Léo Faber (Luxembourg)", "Corrigendum", "Section III. Chair’s summary of the key points of the discussions", "1. General overview, first sentence", "For December 2011, read December 2010", "2. Day three: regional human rights framework, measures and mechanisms, fourth paragraph", "The first sentence should read", "In her presentation, Ms. Bras Gomes of the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity of the Government of Portugal outlined some of the most important binding human rights instruments for the 47 member States of the Council of Europe, including the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Social Charter and its Additional Protocol of 1992, offering specific protection for older persons in relation to social security." ]

[ "Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "First Working Meeting", "New York, 18-21 April 2011", "Report of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "Rapporteur: Léo Faber (Luxembourg)", "Corrigendum", "In section III. Summary of the panellists, paragraph 26 of the overview should read:", "In December 2010, the General Assembly established an open-ended working group for the participation of all States Members of the United Nations to strengthen the protection of the human rights of older persons, specifically considering existing frameworks for the human rights of older persons, identifying possible gaps and how best to address those issues, including, where appropriate, the feasibility of further means and measures.", "In section III, paragraph 4 should read:", "In her statement, Ms. Bras Gomes, Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity of the Government of Portugal, outlined some of the most important human rights instruments binding on 47 member States of the Council of Europe, including the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Social Charter and its Additional Protocol of 1992, which provided specific protection for the elderly in the area of social security. She also outlined a number of political declarations and other instruments dealing with specific issues related to a range of matters, which involve both non-discrimination and opportunities for social policy frameworks, retirement, access to health services and pensions. Ms. Bras Gomes noted that the reform of the pension policy was under way and was accelerated by the economic crisis. She also noted that specific groups of older persons, such as older migrants, persons with disabilities, older persons with disabilities, older persons and dependent elderly persons, needed close attention from decision makers, particularly in the areas of long-term care and special protection measures." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 未加说明的暂定项目表(A/66/50)于2011年2月14日印发。临时议程(A/66/150)于2011年7月15日印发。", "** 本增编是根据临时议程(A/66/150)编写的。", "¹ 按照大会第65/551号决定(见第50段)。", "大会第六十六届会议附加说明的议程草案^(*)", "增编^(**)", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.附加说明的议程草案 5\n4.选举大会主席 5\n5.选举各主要委员会的主席团成员 6\n6.选举大会副主席 8\nA.按照大会和最近各次联合国会议的相关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展 9\n9.经济及社会理事会的报告 9XX.《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题 9 \n的政治宣言》的执行情况¹ \n13.联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动 1014. 11 \n不同文明对话全球议程 18. 11 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行 \n 情况 27. 11 \n社会发展 \n(b)社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题 11\nB.维持国际和平与安全 1233. 12 \n预防武装冲突 (a) 12 \n加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用 34. 13 \n古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 38. 13 \n被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势 \n39.科摩罗马约特岛问题 14\n53.整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查 14\nC.非洲的发展 16\n63.非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持 16\n(a)非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持 16\n(b)非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展 17\nD.促进人权 17\n69.促进和保护人权 17\n(b)人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 17\nE.有效协调人道主义援助工作 1870. 18 \n加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调 (c) 18 \n向个别国家或区域提供特别经济援助 \nF.促进司法和国际法 1976. 19 \n海洋和海洋法 (a) 19 \n海洋和海洋法 \nI.组织、行政和其他事项 19\n114.选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举 19\n(a)选举二十个方案和协调委员会成员 19116. 20 \n接纳新会员加入联合国 \n117.千年首脑会议成果的后续行动 20\n120.执行联合国各项决议 21\n121.大会工作的振兴 21\n122.安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项 22125. 23 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的 \n后续行动 127.起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族 23 \n灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭 128.起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为 24 \n负责者的国际法庭 129. 24 \n刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制 132. 24 \n审查联合国行政和财政业务效率 133. 26 \n2010-2011两年期方案预算 134. 33 \n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算 135. 37 \n方案规划 \n136.改善联合国财政情况 38138. 39 \n联合国经费分摊比额表 139. 40 \n人力资源管理 \n141.联合国共同制度 41142. 43 \n关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告 \n144.起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措 45\n145.起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措 47\n146.联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题 48\n147.联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措 54148. 55 \n联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措 \n149.联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措 56150. 57 \n联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措 151. 57 \n联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措 152. 59 \n联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措 153. 59 \n联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措 154. 60 \n联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措 \n155.联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措 61\n156.联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措 62157. 63 \n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措 \n158.联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措 64159. 65 \n联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措 (a) 65 \n联合国脱离接触观察员部队 \n(b)联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队 66\n160.联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措 67\n161.联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措 69\n162.非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措 70\n163.安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费的筹措 71\n165.给予突厥语国家合作委员会大会观察员地位 72\n166.给予国际紧急状况应对组织大会观察员地位 72167. 72 \n给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位 168. 73 \n给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位", "一． 导言", "本文件作为大会第六十六届常会临时议程所列附加说明的暂定项目表(A/66/100)的增编，是按照大会1971年12月17日第2837(XXVI)号决议附件二第17(c)段的规定印发的。本附加说明的议程草案是根据第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150，2011年7月15日印发)编写的，载有与项目4、5、6、13、14、27(b)、33、34、38、39、51、53、63、69(b)、70(c)、76(a)、116、117、120至122、125、127至129、132至136、138、139、141、142、144至163及165至168有关的资料。", "二. 附加说明的议程草案", "4. 选举大会主席", "按照议事规则第30条，大会应选举主席一人，并至少在由其主持的会议开幕三个月前选出。会议的当选主席在该届会议开幕时才履行职务，并任职到该届会议闭幕时为止。", "2011年6月22日，大会鼓掌选出纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔先生(卡塔尔)担任其第六十六届会议主席(第65/416号决定)。", "按照议事规则第92条的规定，选举以无记名投票方式进行，不采用提名办法。主席以简单多数票当选。但应予指出，除第三十六届、第三十八届、第四十三届和第四十六届会议外，自第三十二届会议起，主席均以鼓掌方式选出。", "1978年，大会第三十三届会议决定(第33/138号决议，附件，第1段)，在选举主席时应顾及公平地域原则，由下列国家组轮流担任该职务：", "(a) 非洲国家；", "(b) 亚洲国家；", "(c) 东欧国家；", "(d) 拉丁美洲国家；", "(e) 西欧或其他国家。", "大会第三十四届会议决定，在附属机构的选举中，如候选人数与应填补席位相等，即不必进行无记名投票，这个惯例应订为标准办法，并应适用于大会主席的选举，但如有代表团特别要求对某一项选举进行表决，则不在此限(第34/401号决定，第16段)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目4)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.103", "决定 65/416", "5. 选举各主要委员会的主席团成员", "大会共设六个主要委员会。大会第四十七届会议在其1993年8月17日第47/233号决议第1段决定修正大会议事规则第98条如下：", "“1. 决定大会的主要委员会如下：", "(a) 裁军和国际安全委员会(第一委员会)；", "(b) 特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)；", "(c) 经济和财政委员会(第二委员会)；", "(d) 社会、人道主义和文化委员会(第三委员会)；", "(e) 行政和预算委员会(第五委员会)；", "(f) 法律委员会(第六委员会)。”", "大会第五十二届会议决定修正议事规则第103条第一句如下：“主要委员会应选举主席一人、副主席三人和报告员一人”(第52/163号决议，第1段)。", "第103条规定，选举应以无记名投票方式进行，但如果只有一个候选人而委员会另有决定，则不在此限。由于在多数情形下都只有一个候选人，所以各主要委员会主席团成员大多以鼓掌方式选出。", "此外，第103条还规定，每个候选人的提名，只限一人发言，之后委员会应立即进行选举。", "第99(a)条规定，所有主要委员会应至少在会议开幕三个月前选出主席一人，第103条规定的主席团其他成员的选举至迟应在该届会议的第一周结束前进行。依照2003年12月19日第58/126号决议，各主要委员会的主席团全体成员也应在下届会议开幕之前三个月选出。", "2011年6月22日，各主要委员会选出其主席，并选出第六十六届会议其各自的其他主席团成员(第65/417号决定)。各主要委员会主席团成员的选举在全体会议选举大会主席之后立即依次举行的六个主要委员会的会议中进行。大会第四十八届会议决定(第48/264号决议，附件二)，六个主要委员会的主席应按下列分配办法选出：", "(a) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(b) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(c) 东欧国家代表一人；", "(d) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(e) 西欧或其他国家代表一人；", "(f) 第六名主席应在二十届会议期间按下列分配办法轮流担任：", "㈠ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈡ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "㈢ 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "㈣ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈤ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "㈥ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈦ 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "㈧ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "㈨ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈩ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十一) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(十二) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(十三) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十四) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(十五) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(十六) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十七) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(十八) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十九) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(二十) 非洲国家代表一人。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目5)", "逐字记录 A/C.1/65/PV.24", "简要记录 A/C.4/65/SR.26、A/C.2/65/SR.34、A/C.3/65/SR.53、A/C.5/65/SR.41和A/C.6/65/SR.29", "全体会议 A/65/PV.104", "决定 65/417", "6. 选举大会副主席", "大会主席由21名副主席协助工作。所涉职责由会员国代表团团长履行，而不是由当选的个人以私人身份履行。大会曾经四次决定增加副主席的人数(第1104(XI)号、第1192(XII)号、第1990(XVIII)号和第33/138号决议)。", "按照议事规则第30条，大会应选出副主席21名，并至少在由其主持的会议开幕三个月前选出。会议的当选副主席在该届会议开幕时才履行职务，并任职到该届会议闭幕时为止。", "2011年6月22日和7月29日，大会选出其第六十五届会议的副主席(第65/418 A和B号决定)。", "按照议事规则第92条的规定，选举以无记名投票方式进行，不采用提名办法。副主席以简单多数票当选。但应予指出，除第三十六届、第三十八届、第四十一届和第四十二届会议一个区域集团的选举有例外情形外，自第三十二届会议以来，副主席均以鼓掌方式选出。", "按照第30条的规定，副主席的选举应在各主要委员会的主席选出后(见项目5)才进行，以确保总务委员会具有代表性(见项目7)。", "1978年，大会第三十三届会议第33/138号决议决定(见附件，第2段)，21名副主席应按下列分配办法选出：", "(a) 非洲国家代表六人；", "(b) 亚洲国家代表五人；", "(c) 东欧国家代表一人；", "(d) 拉丁美洲国家代表三人；", "(e) 西欧或其他国家代表二人；", "(f) 安全理事会常任理事国代表五人。", "但大会主席选出后，主席所属区域的副主席名额即减少一个(第33/138号决议，附件，第3段)。", "大会第三十四届会议决定，在附属机构的选举中，如候选人数与应填补席位相等，即不必进行无记名投票，这个惯例应订为标准办法，并应适用于大会副主席的选举，但如有代表团特别要求对某一项选举进行表决，则不在此限(第34/401号决定，第16段)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目6)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.104和117", "决定 65/418 A和B", "A. 按照大会和最近各次联合国会议的相关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展", "9. 经济及社会理事会的报告", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会修正了世界粮食计划署总条例，(第65/550号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目9)", "秘书长的说明 A/65/928", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/550", "XX. 《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的执行情况", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会提供一份年度报告，介绍在履行《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言：加大行动力度，消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病宣言》所作承诺方面取得的进展，并在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署支持下，根据千年发展目标全球报告安排，在发展目标2013年审查及其后的审查中向大会报告进展情况(第65/277号决议)(亦涉及项目13和117)。", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定将题为“《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的执行情况”的项目列入第六十六届会议议程草案(第65/551号决定)。", "文件：秘书长的报告(第65/277号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目10)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/797", "决定草案 A/65/L.89", "决议草案 A/65/L.77", "全体会议 A/65/PV.95和118", "决定 65/551", "决议 65/277", "13. 联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定保持人权理事会作为大会的一个附属机构的地位，并在适当时候而且在最早十年最晚十五年的时间内再次审议是否保持这一地位的问题，并按照其第65/503 A号决定，继续将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会(第65/281号决议)(亦涉及项目117)。", "同样在第六十五届会议上，大会请各会员国进一步制定能更好地体现追求幸福和福祉在发展中的重要性的措施，以指导其公共政策，并欢迎不丹表示愿意在大会第六十六届会议期间召开一次主题为幸福和福祉的小组讨论(第65/309号决议)。", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定在第六十六届会议上进一步探讨世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响会议的政府间后续进程的最有效模式，并请大会主席与所有会员国举行公开、包容一切、及时和透明的协商(第65/313号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目13)", "决议草案 A/65/L.42/Rev.1、A/65/L.78(亦涉及项目117)和A/65/L.86和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.90-95、100、109和118", "决议 65/281(亦涉及项目117)、65/309和65/313", "14. 不同文明对话全球议程", "题为“不同文明之间的对话”的项目应伊朗伊斯兰共和国的请求(A/53/233)，作为增列项目列入1998年大会第五十三届会议议程。大会在该届会议上宣布2001年为联合国不同文明对话年(第53/22号决议)。", "大会第五十四至第五十六届会议审议了这个项目(第54/113、55/23、55/254和56/6号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议请秘书长探讨加强《全球议程》及该决议的实施机制，并就此向大会第六十五届会议提出报告(第60/4号决议)。", "在第六十五届会议上，该项目与议程项目15“和平文化”合并审议。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目14)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/269", "全体会议 A/65/PV.32和33(与项目15合并审议)", "18. 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行情况", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定于2011年12月7日和8日在联合国总部举行第五次发展筹资高级别对话(第65/314号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目19)", "决议草案 A/65/L.91", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决议 65/314", "27. 社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定，大会第64/134号决议决定举行的世界青年会议将采用大会高级别会议的形式，于2011年7月25日和26日在纽约联合国总部举行，其总主题为“青年：对话和相互了解”(第65/267号决议)。", "在同届会议上，大会通过了关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的大会高级别会议的成果文件，重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，包括其十五个相互关联的优先领域，并呼吁会员国继续在地方、国家、区域和国际各级执行该行动纲领(第65/312号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目27(b))", "决议草案 A/65/L.63和87", "全体会议 A/65/PV.78、110-112、115和116", "决议 65/267和65/312", "B. 维持国际和平与安全", "33. 预防武装冲突", "(a) 加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用", "2001年8月，大会第五十五届会议续会在题为“秘书长关于联合国工作的报告”的议程项目下讨论了预防武装冲突问题。", "大会第五十五至五十七届会议在同一议程项目下审议了这个议题(第55/281、56/512和57/337号决议)。", "大会第五十七届会议决定将题为“预防武装冲突”的具体项目列入大会第五十九届会议临时议程(第57/337号决议)。大会第五十九届和第六十二届会议决定推迟审议该项目并将其列入后一届会议的议程草案(第59/568和62/554号决定)。大会在其第六十届和第六十一届会议上审议了这个问题(第60/284号和第61/293号决议)。", "大会第六十三和六十四届会议续会决定将此项目列入以后会议议程草案(第63/563和64/563号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于题为“加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用”的第65/283号决议执行情况报告供会员国审议，并将会员国和其他有关行为者的意见及关于提高调解成效的指导方针列入该报告附件，并决定在其第六十六届会议临时议程题为“预防武装冲突”的项目下列入题为“加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突中的作用”的分项目(第65/283号决议)。", "文件：秘书长的报告(第65/283号决议)", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目33)", "决议草案 A/65/L.79和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.102", "决议 65/283", "34. 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2006年，应阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、摩尔多瓦共和国和乌克兰的请求(A/61/195)，这个项目列入大会第六十一届会议议程。", "大会第六十二至六十四届会议继续审议这个项目(第62/249、63/307和64/296号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于该决议执行情况的综合报告(第65/287号决议)。", "文件：秘书长的报告(第65/287号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目34)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/846", "决议草案 A/65/L.74", "全体会议 A/65/PV.105", "决议 65/287", "38. 被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "2004年，应阿塞拜疆和土耳其的请求(A/59/236和Add.1)，本项目列入大会第五十九届会议议程。", "大会第五十九、六十一、六十三和六十四届会议决定推迟审议该项目并将其列入后一届会议的议程草案(第59/571、61/564、63/569和64/562号决定)。大会第六十届和六十二届会议审议了这个问题(第60/285号和第62/243号决议)。", "2011年9月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定推迟审议该项目，并将其列入大会第六十六届会议的议程草案(第65/552号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目18)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.116", "决定 65/552", "39. 科摩罗马约特岛问题", "1976年，应马达加斯加的请求(A/31/241)，本项目列入大会第三十一届会议议程。", "大会第三十二至第四十九届会议继续审议这个项目(第32/7、34/69、35/43、36/105、37/65、38/13、39/48、40/62、41/30、42/17、43/14、44/9、45/11、46/9、47/9、48/56和49/18号决议以及第33/435号决定)。", "大会第五十届至第五十九届会议和第六十二届至第六十三届会议均决定推迟审议这个项目，并将其列入后一届会议临时议程(第50/493、51/436、52/435、53/490、54/439、55/402、56/454、57/503 A、58/503 A、59/503 A、62/503和63/559号决定)。", "大会第六十四届和六十五届会议决定建议在各自会议的议程中列入这一项目，但有一项谅解，即大会将在得到进一步通知后才审议该项目(第64/503 A和65/503号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议也决定将这一项目列入其第六十六届会议的议程草案(第65/553号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目40)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.2和118", "决定 65/503和65/553", "53. 整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查", "1965年2月大会第十九届会议设立了维持和平行动特别委员会，负责全盘审查维持和平行动整个问题的所有方面，包括克服联合国财政困难的方法(第2006(XIX)号决议)。", "特别委员会目前的组成情况见A/65/19号文件(附件)。", "大会第二十至六十四届会议审议了这个问题(第2053(XX)、2220(XXI)、2308(XXII)、2451(XXIII)、2576(XXIV)、2670(XXV)、2835(XXVI)、2965(XXVII)、3091(XXVIII)、3239(XXIX)、3457(XXX)、31/105、32/106、33/114、34/53、35/121、36/37、37/93、38/31、39/97、40/163、41/67、42/161、43/59 A和B、44/49、45/75、46/48、47/71、47/72、48/42、48/43、49/37、50/30、51/136、52/69、53/58、54/81、55/135、56/225 A和B、57/129、57/336、58/315、59/281、59/300、60/263、60/289、61/267 A和B、61/291、62/273、63/280和64/266号决议)。", "2011年7月，大会第六十五届会议续会认可维持和平行动特别委员会的报告(A/65/19)第15至278段所载提案、建议和结论，并请特别委员会向大会第六十六届会议提交工作报告(第65/310号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组的报告：补编第19号(A/66/19)；", "(b) 秘书长关于维持和平行动特别委员会建议执行情况的报告(第65/310号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目53)", "维持和平行动特别委员会的报告：补编第19号(A/65/19)", "秘书长的报告：", "支助经联合国授权的非洲联盟维和行动(A/65/510-S/2010/514)(亦涉及项目146)", "提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力(A/65/524和Corr.1)(亦涉及项目146)", "全球外勤支助战略执行进展情况(A/65/643)(亦涉及项目146)", "统筹行动小组的组建(A/65/669)", "维持和平行动特别委员会各项建议的执行情况(A/65/680和Add.1)", "起诉针对已部署维和人员实施的罪行(A/65/700)", "解除武装、复员和重返社会(A/65/741)", "2011年1月19日澳大利亚和乌拉圭常驻联合国代表给大会主席的信(A/65/698)", "简要记录 A/C.4/65/SR.14-17和27", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会 A/65/42和Add.1 (第四委员会)的报告", "全体会议 A/65/PV.62和109", "决议 65/310", "C. 非洲的发展", "63. 非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持", "(a) 非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持", "2002年，大会第五十七届会议通过了《联合国非洲发展新伙伴关系宣言》(第57/2号决议)。", "大会第五十七届至第六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第57/2、57/7、58/233、59/254、60/222、61/229、62/179、62/242、63/1、63/267和64/258号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会重申各国承诺建立监测机制，对《关于非洲发展需求的政治宣言》所载各项与非洲发展有关的承诺采取后续行动；并请大会主席继续进行由会员国牵头，有相关利益攸关方参加的非正式协商，以期在第六十六届会议结束时使该机制作用；重申对落实非洲发展新伙伴关系的充分支持，以及对充分执行关于非洲发展需求的政治宣言的承诺，并请秘书长根据各国政府、联合国系统各组织以及新伙伴关系的其他利益攸关方提供的资料，就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告(第65/284号决议)。", "文件：秘书长关于非洲发展新伙伴关系：关于执行进展情况和国际支持的第九次综合进展报告的报告(第65/284号决议)，A/66/202。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目62(a))", "秘书长的报告：", "一个负责审查对非洲发展需要所作各项承诺的监测机制(A/65/165)", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：关于执行进展情况和国际支持的第八次综合进展报告(A/65/167)", "决议草案 A/65/L.69/Rev.1(经口头订正)和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.30-31和102(关于项目62(a)和12的联合辩论)", "决议 65/284", "(b) 非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展", "1998年，应纳米比亚的请求(A/53/231)，大会第五十三届会议将这个项目列入其议程并予以审议(第53/92号决议)。", "大会第五十四届会议请大会主席设立大会不限成员名额特设工作组，以监测秘书长在1998年关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的执行情况(第54/234号决议)。", "大会第五十五届至五十七届会议审议了这个项目(第55/217、56/37、57/2和57/7号决议)。大会第五十七届会议决定从大会第五十八届会议起，在题为“非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进度和国际支助”的单一议程项目下列入这个项目，作为关于非洲发展的议程项目下的一个分项目(第57/296号决议)。", "大会第五十八届至第六十四届会议审议了这个分项目(第58/234、58/235、59/255、60/223、61/230、62/275、63/304和64/252号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长同相关伙伴协商，就其审查报告中提出的问题拟订政策提案，并请秘书长继续监测并每年向大会报告促进非洲持久和平和可持续发展方面持续存在和新出现的挑战以及联合国系统采取的做法和提供的支持(第65/278号决议)。", "文件：秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议执行情况的报告(第65/278号决议)(A/66/214-S/2011/476)", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目62(b))", "秘书长关于其关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议执行情况的报告(A/65/152-S/2010/526)", "决议草案 A/65/L.62/Rev.1和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.30和96", "决议 65/278", "D. 促进人权", "69. 促进和保护人权", "(b) 人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "国际人权学习年", "2007年，大会第六十二届会议宣布2008年12月10日起算的一年为国际人权学习年，并呼吁会员国与所有相关利益攸关方合作，促进地方、国家和国际各级的人权学习和教育(第62/171号决议)。大会第六十三届会议进一步审议了这个问题(第63/173号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议审议了秘书长关于国际年的报告(A/64/293)，并鼓励在各级开展基础广泛的持久人权学习。大会还请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于其决议执行情况的报告(第64/82号决议)。", "大会同届会议请秘书长向会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织进一步征求切实可行的建议和意见，此种建议和意见应有助于在非选择性、公正性和客观性原则的基础上促进国际合作，以加强联合国在人权领域的行动，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于这个问题的全面报告(第64/158号决议)。", "文件：秘书长关于国际人权学习年后续行动的报告(第64/82和64/158号决议)，A/66/225。", "第六十四届会议的参考文件(议程项目69(b))", "秘书长的报告:", "促进国际合作并重视非选择性、公正性和客观性以加强联合国在人权领域的行动(A/64/175)", "国际人权学习年(A/64/293)", "第三委员会的报告 A/64/439/Add.2(Part I和Part II)", "简要记录 A/C.3/64/SR.22-33和36和40-47", "决议草案 A/C.3/64/L.29和A/C.3/64/L.33/Rev.1", "全体会议 A/64/PV.61和65", "决议 64/82和64/158", "E. 有效协调人道主义援助工作", "70. 加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调", "(c) 向个别国家或区域提供特别经济援助", "1993年，大会第四十八届会议决定在全体会议上审议题为“加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调”的项目及其各个分项目(第48/162号决议，附件二)。", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长和联合国系统各机构立即为巴基斯坦提供有效和足够的国际支持和援助，并在题为“加强联合国人道主义和救济援助，包括特别经济援助的协调”的项目下，向大会第六十五届会议报告本决议的执行情况(第64/294号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目69(d))", "秘书长关于在巴基斯坦发生严重洪灾后加强紧急救济、恢复、重建和预防工作的报告(A/65/773)", "秘书长关于为利比里亚开展的人道主义援助和重建工作的报告(A/65/357)", "F. 促进司法和国际法", "76. 海洋和海洋法", "(a) 海洋和海洋法", "大会第六十五届会议续会赞同关于就海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序的特设全体工作组第一次会议的建议；并请秘书长于2011年6月27日和28日召开特设全体工作组第二次会议(第65/37 B号决议)。", "文件：2011年7月3日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信，转递特设全体工作组第二次会议的工作报告(第65/37 B号决议)，A/66/189.", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目74(a))", "关于就海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序的特设全体工作组的工作报告(A/65/759)", "决议草案 A/65/L.65", "全体会议 A/65/PV.84", "决议 65/37 B", "I. 组织、行政和其他事项", "114. 选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "(a) 选举二十个方案和协调委员会成员", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会宣布法国当选为方案和协调委员会成员，任期从2011年9月12日起至2012年12月31日(第65/404 B号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目112(a))", "秘书长的说明 A/65/291/Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/404 B", "116. 接纳新会员加入联合国", "接纳新会员加入联合国的问题必须按照《宪章》第四条、安全理事会暂行议事规则第58至60条和大会议事规则第134至138条的规定和其他规定处理。按照《宪章》第四条第二项的规定、接纳新会员须由大会根据安全理事会的推荐作出决定。根据大会议事规则第83条的规定、接纳新会员须经三分之二多数票通过。", "2011年7月13日，安全理事会在审查了南苏丹共和国加入联合国的申请书(A/65/900-S/2011/418)之后，建议大会接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国(安理会第1999(2011)号决议)。", "2011年7月14日，大会第108次全体会议接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国(第65/308号决议)。", "可在联合国网页www.un.org上查阅会员国名单，其中注明会员国被接纳加入联合国的日期，该名单上现有会员国193个。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目114)", "南苏丹共和国加入申请书 A/65/900-S/2011/418", "2011年7月13日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信(A/65/905)", "决议草案 A/65/L.84和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.108", "决议 65/308", "117. 千年首脑会议成果的后续行动", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会提供一份年度报告，介绍在履行《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言：加大行动力度，消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病宣言》所作承诺方面取得的进展，并在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署支持下，根据千年发展目标全球报告安排，在发展目标2013年审查及其后的审查中向大会报告进展情况(第65/277号决议)(亦涉及项目13)。", "在同届会议上，大会决定保持人权理事会作为大会的一个附属机构的地位，并在适当时候而且在最早十年最晚十五年的时间内再次审议是否保持这一地位的问题，并继续将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会(第65/281号决议)(亦涉及项目13)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目115)", "秘书长关于团结起来普及服务：实现无新的艾滋病毒感染、无歧视、无艾滋病导致的死亡的报告(A/65/797)", "决议草案 A/65/L.77(亦涉及项目13)，A/65/L.78(亦涉及项目13)\n 全体会议 A/65/PV.90-95和100", "决议 65/277和65/281(亦涉及项目13)", "120. 执行联合国各项决议", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定暂时取消阿拉伯利比亚民众国在人权理事会的成员资格并酌情审查此事(第65/265号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目117)", "决议草案 A/65/L.60和Add.1\n 全体会议 A/65/PV.76", "决议 65/265", "121. 大会工作的振兴", "1991年，这个项目列入大会第四十六届会议议程，该项目最初是由大会第四十五届会议主席提议列入大会第四十六届会议议程草案的(见第45/461号决定)。", "大会第四十六届至第四十八届、第五十二届和第五十三届会议审议了这个问题(第46/77、47/233和48/264号决议及第52/479和53/491号决定)。", "大会第五十四届会议决定推迟审议这个项目，并将其列入下一届会议议程草案(第54/491号决定)。", "大会第五十五至六十四届会议继续审议这个项目(第55/285、56/509、57/301、58/126(附件)、61/292、62/276、63/309和64/301号决议)。", "2004年7月，大会第五十八届会议续会通过了一些措施，包括改编大会议程，并决定大会第六十一届会议审查改编议程的规定，以期作出进一步改进(第58/316号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议通过了第一委员会2011年的拟议工作方案和时间表(第65/518号决定)、特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)的拟议工作方案和时间表(第65/522号决定)、第二委员会的工作方案草案(第65/529号决定)、第三委员会的工作方案草案(第65/539号决定)和第六委员会的第六十六届会议暂定工作方案(第65/511号决定)。还是在第六十五届会议上，大会通过了改进第二委员会工作方法的决定(第65/530号决定)。", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定在第六十六届会议上设立一个向所有会员国开放的振兴大会特设工作组，以便进一步确定如何才能加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率，包括参照以往的各项决议，并决定就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(第65/315号决议)。", "文件：特设工作组报告(第65/315号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目118)", "振兴大会特设工作组的报告(A/65/909)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.56、57、60、62、69、71和118\n 第一委员会的报告 A/65/418", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会 A/65/431 (第四委员会)的报告", "第二委员会的报告 A/65/444", "第三委员会的报告 A/65/459", "第六委员会的报告 A/65/476", "决议 65/315", "决定 65/511、65/518、65/522，65/529、65/530和65/539", "122. 安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定在大会第六十六届会议非正式全体会议上立即继续进行关于安全理事会改革的政府间谈判(第65/554号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目119)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/554", "125. 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的后续行动", "2005年，应哥斯达黎加的请求(A/60/235)，这个项目作为一个增列项目列入大会第六十届会议议程。", "大会第六十一至六十五届会议决定推迟审议该项目并将其列入后一届会议的议程草案(第61/503 A、62/555、63/566、64/569和65/555号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目123)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/555", "127. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭", "应秘书长请求，大会第六十三届会议期间第一次审议本项目，以便大会审议法庭庭长的来文并就其采取行动。大会第六十四届和六十五届会议继续审议了这个项目。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目125)", "秘书长的信 A/65/529-S/2010/513和/65/587-S/2010/598", "安全理事会主席的信 A/65/661", "全体会议 A/65/PV.74", "决定草案 A/65/L.57", "决定 65/412", "128. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭", "应秘书长请求，大会第六十三届会议期间第一次审议本项目，以便大会审议法庭庭长的来文并就其采取行动。大会第六十四届和六十五届会议继续审议了这个项目。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目126)", "秘书长的信 A/65/588-S/2010/599", "安全理事会主席的信 A/65/662", "全体会议 A/65/PV.74和109", "决定草案 A/65/L.58和L.83", "决定 65/413 A和B", "129. 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制(秘书长提议的项目)(A/66/143)", "安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议决定设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制，下设两个分支机构，分别在2012年7月1日(卢旺达问题国际法庭分支)和2013年7月1日(前南问题国际法庭分支)开始运作，并为此目的通过了该决议附件一中的余留机制规约。", "安全理事会在该决议第13段中请秘书长执行该决议，并为余留机制自首个开始日(2012年7月1日)起有效开展工作做出实际可行的安排，并至迟于2011年6月30日按规约的规定，启动挑选余留机制法官名册的程序。根据规约，该机制的法官由大会从安全理事会提出的候选人名单中选举。", "此外，根据规约，余留机制主席每年向安全理事会和大会提交一份年度报告。", "因此大会必须在第六十六届会议期间选举出该机制的法官，以便该机制能够在首个开始日(2012年7月1日)开始工作。此外，将要求大会审议该机制的年度报告，并为该机制的工作通过适当的预算和财政安排。", "没有要预发的文件。", "132. 审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议主要会期报告题为“在联合国秘书处实行问责制度”的大会第64/259号决议的执行情况。", "大会第六十五届会议重申其第41/213号决议，其中大会请秘书长在非预算年提出下一个两年期的拟议方案预算大纲，并再次请秘书长在今后提交的预算中尽可能提出各种措施来冲减预算增长，而不妨碍已获授权方案和活动的实施(第65/262号决议)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会重申内部和外部监督机制的独立性及各自的独特作用；鼓励联合国的内部和外部监督机构进一步提高相互合作水平；鼓励内部监督事务厅(监督厅)在未来的年度报告中，加强对联合国内部监督方面大趋势和战略挑战的分析；请秘书长落实该厅就系统性问题一再提出并得到接受但仍未落实的建议；并请他确保迅速及时地全面执行内部监督事务厅获接受的各项建议，包括关于避免费用、追回多付款项、提高效率和作出其他改进的建议；如果监督厅的建议未获接受，则详细说明理由(第65/250号决议)(亦涉及项目142)。", "文件：(另见A/66/100中在项目141“联合检查组”下列出的文件)", "(a) 秘书长关于题为“在联合国秘书处实行问责制度”的大会第64/259号决议执行情况的报告(第64/259号决议)；", "(b) 独立审计咨询委员会关于2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间其活动的报告(第61/275号决议)，A/66/299；", "(c) 内部监督事务厅的报告；", "㈠ 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间年度报告(第48/218 B号决议、第54/244号决议、第57/292号决议第二节第22段、第59/270号决议第3段、第59/271号决议第11段、第59/272号决议、第60/257号决议第14段和第60/282号决议第13段)；", "㈡ 2011年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动年度报告(第48/218 B号决议、第54/244号决议、第59/272号决议及第60/268号决议第17段)；", "(d) 联合检查组关于联合国秘书处高级管理人员甄选和任命的透明度问题的报告(JIU/REP/2011/2)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目128)", "内部监督事务厅关于对秘书处采购管理的审计的报告(A/64/369)", "秘书长的说明，转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会就联合检查组关于联合国系统各组织的离岸外包的报告发表的评论意见(A/65/63/Add.1)(亦涉及项目137)", "秘书长的说明，转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会就联合检查组关于联合国系统各组织的环境形象的报告发表的评论意见(A/65/346/Add.1)", "秘书长的报告：", "关于联合国采购活动的综合报告(第62/269号决议)，A/64/284和Add.1和2", "内部监督事务厅关于该厅2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间活动的报告(A/65/271(Part I)和Corr.1和Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1)", "独立审计咨询委员会关于该委员会2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间活动的报(A/65/329)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的相关报告(A/64/501)", "秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算大纲的报告(A/65/560和Corr.1)", "秘书长关于加强政治事务部的报告(A/65/161)", "联合检查组的报告：", "联合国系统的离岸外包(A/65/63)", "联合国系统各组织的环境形象(A/65/346)", "决议草案 A/C.5/65/L.24和A/C.5/65/L.25", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.3、5、23、24和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/645和649(亦涉及项目142)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/250(亦涉及项目142)、65/261和65/262", "133. 2010-2011两年期方案预算", "与2010-2011两年期方案预算有关的问题", "大会第六十四届会议决议秘书长应向行政和预算问题咨询委员会及大会第六十五届和第六十六届会议报告依据本决议规定就2010-2011两年期意外及非常费用所承付的一切款项及其事由，并就此等承付款项向大会提出追加概算(第64/246号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议授权秘书长在2010-2011两年期方案预算第20款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济社会发展)下承付至多1 758 800美元，并在他的2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中列报实际支出(第65/259号决议，第三节)。", "在同届会议上，大会欢迎成立联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)，这是本组织当前开展的重要工作，旨在加强实现两性平等和增强妇女权能以及领导、协调和促进联合国系统工作问责制的全系统能力(第65/259号决议，第六节)。", "还是在同届会议上，大会回顾其关于有限预算酌处权的第60/283号决议第三节和第64/260号决议第三节，请秘书长执行这两个决议的规定，并在2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/259号决议，第十八节)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会授权秘书长在2011年1月1日至12月31日期间作为特别措施承付至多9 882 594美元，作为塞拉利昂问题特别法庭自愿捐助资金的补充，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告决议执行情况(第65/259号决议，第十二节)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告(第65/259和65/268号决议)；", "㈡ 联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第四次进度报告(第60/283号决议)；", "㈢ 海外房地产管理和在建项目(第65/259号决议)；", "㈣ 关于建立一个确定退休养恤金福利的机制的建议(第65/258号决议)；", "㈤ 经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定所引起的订正估计数(亦涉及项目9和134)；", "㈥ 人权理事会第十六届、十七届和十八届会议(以及2011年举行的任何特别会议)通过的决议和决定所引起的订正估计数(第60/251号决议)；", "㈦ 有限预算酌处权试验的执行情况(第60/283号决议第三节和第64/260号决议第三节)；", "㈧ 发展账户出资的项目的执行情况：第七次进度报告(A/66/84)；", "㈨ 为塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供补助金(第65/259号决议)；", "㈩ 联合国伙伴关系办公室，A/66/188；", "(十一) 内部监督事务厅关于联合国人权事务高级专员办事处执行任务效率的报告中所载建议的执行情况进度报告，A/66/74；", "(b) 联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于联合国合办工作人员养恤基金管理费用的报告(第46/220号决议)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：补编第7号(A/66/7)和增编。", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治行动的估计费用", "大会第六十五届会议核可为大会和(或)安全理事会授权的29项特别政治任务编列预算共计毛额643 094 800美元(净额631 162 600美元)；决定根据大会1986年12月19日第41/213号决议附件一第11段规定的程序，在2010-2011两年期方案预算第3款(政治事务)下批款200 689 200美元；并请秘书长提出联合国布隆迪综合办事处或其后续机构2011年所需资源，供大会第六十五届会议续会第一期会议审议(第65/259号决议)。", "在第六十五届会议续会上，大会核准联合国布隆迪办事处2011年1月1日至12月31日期间预算毛额23 989 700美元(净额22 145 800美元)，并核准联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表2011年1月1日至6月30日期间预算毛额24 600美元(净额24 600美元)，并注意到代表所需资源将在特别政治任务批款总额内匀支，并在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中向大会报告；决定根据其1986年12月19日第41/213号决议的规定，并考虑到已为联合国布隆迪综合办事处(特派团前身)核准14 641 200美元，在2010-2011两年期方案预算第3款(政治事务)下批款7 504 600美元；并决定利用联合国布隆迪综合办事处的未支配余额抵销联合国布隆迪办事处2011年1月1日至12月31日期间的部分所需追加批款，请秘书长在特别政治任务批款总额内匀支联合国布隆迪办事处的所需追加资源，并在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/268号决议)。", "在第六十五届会议续会上，大会核准阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组2011年6月1日至12月31日期间的预算，数额为毛额1 693 500美元(净额1 670 400美元)，核准参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表2011年5月1日至12月31日期间的预算，数额为毛额1 590 600美元(净额1 469 000美元)；决定阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表的活动所需资源将在2010-2011两年期特别政治任务核定批款总额内匀支，并请秘书长在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/288号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计费用(第65/259、65/268和65/288号决议)；", "㈡ 审查特别政治任务的现行供资和支助安排，以确定可供采用的替代办法(第65/259号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "基本建设总计划", "大会第五十七届会议请秘书长每年向大会报告基本建设总计划采购合同的发放情况；此外又请秘书长向大会提交关于基本建设总计划执行情况的年度进展报告(第57/292号决议，第二节)。", "大会第六十五届会议再次请秘书长尽一切努力，通过健全的项目管理做法避免增加预算，尽力确保基本建设总计划在大会第61/251号决议核定的预算内完成，并在其第九次年度进展报告中报告这方面的情况(第65/269号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 关于基本建设总计划执行情况的第九次年度进展报告(第57/292号决议第二节、第61/251和65/269号决议)；", "㈡ 关于由基本建设总计划核定预算供资支付2012年所需连带费用的提议(第65/269号决议)；", "(b) 审计委员会关于2010年12月31日终了年度基本建设总计划的报告：补编第5号(A/66/5(Vol.V))；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "信息和通信技术", "(亦涉及项目134)", "2004年，大会第五十九届会议请秘书长向第六十届会议提交关于信息和通信技术安全、业务连续性和灾后恢复问题的技术研究结果，并提供详细的费用计算和时间表(第59/276号决议，第十一节)。", "大会第六十届和第六十一届会议审议了这个问题(第60/283号决议第二节和第61/234号决议)。", "大会第六十三届会议请秘书长向大会提交一份统一的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划，并就此向大会第六十四届会议主要会期提出报告(第63/262号决议，第四节)。", "在同届会议上，大会请秘书长就信息和通信技术战略向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议提交报告，内容包括：对治理结构作出调整；介绍这些管理和报告安排的最新情况；深入评估组织安排；全面清点整个秘书处的信息和通信技术能力；更准确地查明和量化信息和通信技术战略的实施预计产生的效率收益或效益；用来确定和衡量这些效益的方法和基准；秘书处首席信息技术干事办公室和外勤支助部在信息和通信技术活动方面的作用和职责(第63/262号决议，第一节)。", "大会还请秘书长至迟于大会第六十五届会议主要会期向大会提交一份统一的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划，包括为总部提出的永久解决办法(第63/269号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长审查其关于联合国秘书处信息和通信技术战略实施情况的报告(A/65/491)所载提案，并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中向大会提出新的提案和(或)订正提案；就其报告第71段所述建立次级数据中心的进展情况提出报告，其中适当列报2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算拟为实施这项工作编列的财政资源；并就今后其他信息和通信技术战略设施置于何处向大会提出一个以上的备选方案(第65/259号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：企业资源规划项目第三次进度报告(第63/262号决议，第二节)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "司法行政的经费筹措", "[参见项目143]", "与离职后健康保险福利有关的负债和拟议供资办法", "大会第六十一届会议核准了单设独立的特别账户，记录离职后健康保险应计负债并记载相关会计事项；核准了对2007年7月1日或以后征聘的新工作人员的离职后健康保险规定的修改；决定推迟审议报告中提出的其余筹资建议；请秘书长向大会第六十三届会议提交一份报告，除其他外(a) 说明离职后健康保险福利应计负债的验证结果和现状；(b) 提出关于备选的供资长期战略的进一步资料；(c) 报告为降低本组织在保健计划方面的费用而采取的措施；(d) 除其他外以截至2007年12月31日的离职后健康保险计划精算估值结果为基础，提供与根据筹资来源有区别筹资备选办法有关的更全面的信息和分析；(e) 提出与离职后健康保险准备基金有关的投资战略(第61/264号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长在今后预算执行情况报告中列入有关医药和牙医储备金、预算期间采用的保费特免期月数、所用其他盈余资金分摊办法和对预算的财政影响等资料(第65/259号决议，第四节)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬", "2007年4月，大会第六十一届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十二届会议提交一份报告，说明拟订国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法的备选方案，包括给付确定型办法和缴款确定型办法，并考虑到按任职年数而不是按任期计算养恤金的可能性(第61/262号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议决定在大会第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法，并请秘书长在其报告中建议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制，同时考虑到在国际法院或两法庭服务之前已积获的养恤金权利(第65/258号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于秘书处官员以外其他官员的服务条件和报酬：国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的报告(第65/258号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目129)", "秘书长的报告：", "2010-2011两年期方案预算第一次执行情况报告(A/65/589)", "经济及社会理事会实质性会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/319)", "人权理事会第十二届、第十三届和第十四届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/333和Corr.1)及其第十五届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/333/Add.1和Corr.1)", "关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第三次进展报告(A/65/308)", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的费用估计数：联合国布隆迪综合办事处和联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表(A/65/328/Add.6和Corr.1)", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数：阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表(A/65/328/Add.7)", "秘书处官员以外其他为大会服务的官员的服务条件和报酬：国际公务员制度委员会专任成员及行政和预算问题咨询委员会主席(A/65/676)", "联合国伙伴关系办公室(A/65/347)", "飞行舱位标准(A/65/348)", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会关于统一飞行舱位标准的可行性的报告(A/65/386)", "应急基金：所涉方案预算的综合说明和订正估计数(A/C.5/65/14)", "关于加强政治事务部的大会第63/261号决议执行情况(A/65/161和Corr.1)", "根据任择议定书第5条增加防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会成员引起的订正估计数(A/65/500)(亦涉及项目68(a))", "加强联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处管理能力(A/65/705)", "经修订的安保管理框架以及与加强和统一联合国安保管理系统有关的2010-2011两年期方案预算第5款(维持和平行动)的订正估计数(A/65/320和Corr.1)", "海外房地产管理和在建项目(A/65/351)", "基本建设总计划执行情况第八次年度进展报告(A/65/511)", "关于由基本建设总计划核定预算供资支付2011年连带费用的提议(A/65/ 511/Add.1)", "审计委员会关于联合国2009年12月31日终了两年期的报告和关于基本建设总计划2009年12月31日终了年度的报告所载各项建议的执行情况(A/65/296)", "因保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会成员扩充所引起的订正估计数(A/65/85)", "关于经常预算资源用于联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)规范性支助职能的订正提案(A/65/531)", "因残疾人权利委员会成员扩充所引起的2010-2011两年期方案预算第23款(人权)下的订正估计数(A/65/400)", "因保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约生效而产生的订正估计数(A/65/628)", "关于企业资源规划项目的第二次进度报告以及2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第28 A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下订正估计数和维持和平支助账户下订正估计数(A/65/389)", "秘书长的说明：", "转递联合检查组关于审查联合国系统内部旅行安排的报告(A/65/338)", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会的相关报告(A/65/338/Add.1)", "内部监督事务厅的报告：", "2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间年度报告(A/65/271(Part I)和Corr.1和Add.1和Corr.1)", "关于执行大会在第63/287号决议中指定的试点项目的初步报告(A/65/765)", "维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况的专题评价(A/65/762)", "审计委员会关于2009年12月31日终了年度的报告：基本建设总计划，补编第5号(A/65/5(Vol.V))", "方案和协调委员会第五十届会议的报告：补编第16号(A/65/16)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：(包括A/65/739、A/65/602/Add.1和Add.2、A/65/767、A/65/632、A/65/725)补编第7号(A/65/7)和增编", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6-8、12、13、17-20、22、23、25-31、39和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和Add.1，2和3", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73，84和106", "决议 65/258、65/259、65/260、65/268、65/269和65/288", "决定 65/542和65/543", "134. 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "依照《联合国财务条例和细则》条例2.4，秘书长于每一财政期间的第二年向大会常会提出下一财政期间的拟议方案预算。大会第六十五届会议在题为“审查联合国的行政和财政业务效率”的项目下审议了这个问题(另见项目132)。", "2003年，大会第五十八届会议决定，方案预算各分册的方案说明应与两年期方案计划完全相同；又决定维持拟议方案预算的现有格式及其中所载的信息量；请秘书长在预算分册的导言中列述大会在两年期方案计划通过后批准的新的和(或)订正的任务规定；并请秘书长确保在拟议方案预算各款中明确列出用于履行监测和评估职能的资源(第58/269号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议认可关于每两年一次将联合国裁军研究所补助金请求在大会审议相关的两年期拟议方案预算时提交大会审查与核准的提议(第60/248号决议，第四节)。", "在同届会议上，大会回顾其2005年12月23日第60/246号决议第11段，决定试验性地授与秘书长执行2006-2007和2008-2009两年期预算的有限酌处权，为满足本组织在完成已获授权的方案和活动方面不断变化的需要，在每个两年期承付职位和非员额经费最多2 000万美元；又决定在大会第六十四届会议上审查该项试验，以便最终决定该项试验是否延续，并请秘书长提交一份关于试验执行情况的全面报告，供大会审议(第60/283号决议，第三节)。", "大会第六十三届会议表示注意到秘书长关于更加有成效、有效率地执行与发展有关活动的任务以及有关2008-2009两年期方案预算的订正估计数的报告(A/62/708)和关于发展账户的报告(A/63/335)；认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/62/7/Add.40和A/63/479)所载的结论和建议，但以符合决议的规定为前提；请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告决议执行情况(第63/260号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议续会注意到秘书长关于有限预算酌处权的报告(A/64/ 562)，并认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告所载的结论和建议(第64/260号决议，第三节)。", "还是在第六十四届会议续会上，大会请秘书长结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提出建议，以审查根据现有程序对大会主席办公室的预算分配(第64/301号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议在题为“审查联合国行政和财政业务效率”的项目下，邀请秘书长在按照2010-2011年订正费率计算的初步估计数5 396 697 200美元的基础上编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算，并请秘书长在提出2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时，反映该决议第13段所列的优先事项(第65/262号决议)。", "在同届会议上，大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中进一步说明妇女署为执行第64/289号决议第75段所述任务所开展的规范性政府间进程，以便具体说明妇女署的活动，包括行政、评价、协调、研究和分析政策等职能是否支持或可否视为规范性政府间进程；业务性政府间进程和业务活动；或兼而有之(第65/259号决议，第六节)。", "文件：", "(a) 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：补编第6号：A/66/6(Introduction)、(Sects.1-7)、(Sect.8)和Corr.1、(Sects.9-12)、(Sect.13)和Add.1、(Sects.14-15)、(Sect.16)和Corr.1、(Sects.17-25)、(Sect.26)和Corr.1、(Sect.27)、(Sect.28)和Corr.1、(Sects.29-29C)、(Sect.29D)和Corr.1、(Sect.29E)、(Sect.29F)和Corr.1、(Sects.29G-37)和(Income sects.1-3)；", "(b) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告(第58/269和65/244号决议)，A/66/82(亦涉及项目135)；", "㈡ 大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治行动费用估计数(第65/259号决议第十三节和第65/268号决议第二节)；", "㈢ 有限预算酌处权试验的执行情况(第60/283号决议第三节和第64/260号决议第三节)；", "㈣ 应急基金：所涉方案预算的综合说明和订正估计数(第42/211号决议附件)；", "㈤ 订正估计数：汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响；", "㈥ 人权理事会第十六届、十七届和十八届会议(和2011年举行的任何特别会议)通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(第60/251号决议)；", "㈦ 经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和2011年实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(也涉及项目9和133)；", "㈧ 联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则的第四次进展报告(第60/283号决议，第二节)；", "㈨ 联合国内部司法(第61/261和65/259号决议)；", "㈩ 联合国监察员和调解事务办公室的活动(第65/251和65/259号决议)；", "(十一) 机构复原力管理系统：紧急情况管理框架(第64/260号决议，第二部分)；", "(十二) 关于联合国总部长期房舍需求的可行性研究(第60/282号决议)；", "(十三) 关于联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划的进展报告(第64/243号决议)；", "(十四) 为塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供补助金(第65/259号决议)；", "(十五) 秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬(第65/258号决议)；", "(c) 秘书长的说明：要求按照联合国裁军研究所董事会对该所2012-2013两年期工作方案的建议向研究所提供补助金(第60/248号决议，第四节)，A/66/170；", "(d) 内部监督事务厅关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的年度报告；", "(e) 独立审计咨询委员会的报告：内部监督：2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(A/66/85)；", "(f) 方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议报告：补编第16号(A/66/16)；", "(g) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：补编第7号(A/66/7)和增编。", "发展账户", "2001年，大会第五十六届会议决定继续不断审查发展账户的执行情况(第56/237号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于发展账户出资的项目的执行情况：第七次进度报告(第56/237号决议)，A/66/84；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金", "1991年，大会第四十六届会议决定联合国养恤金制度有关项目在偶数年审议(第46/220号决议)，但安排由第五委员会和大会负责在联合国两年期方案预算议程项目下审查和批准同联合国合办工作人员养恤基金开支有关的一切事项，包括养恤基金两年期预算(见A/54/206)。", "文件：", "(a) 联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于联合国合办工作人员养恤基金管理费用的报告(第46/220号决议)(亦涉及项目133)。", "(b) 秘书长关于联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的报告所涉行政和经费问题的报告；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期方案预算的报告：补编第7号(A/66/7)。", "国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题", "大会第六十五届会议表示注意到秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告内的决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明(A/65/493)以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的有关报告(A/65/532)(第65/259号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告内各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明；", "(b) 国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告：补编第30号(A/66/30)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "信息和通信技术", "[见项目133下的内容]", "文件：秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(第63/262、63/269、64/243、65/259号决议第十七节)，A/66/94。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目129)", "[见第六十五届会议参考文件项目133下的内容]", "秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算大纲的报告(A/65/560和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的相关报告(A/65/611)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6、7、8、12、13、17、18、20、22、25、26、27和28", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和Add.1和2", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73和84", "决议 65/258、65/259、65/260 A-C、65/268和65/269", "决定 65/542和65/543", "135. 方案规划", "2003年，大会第五十八届会议请秘书长编写一份用以取代现行四年期中期计划的试验性战略框架文件，提交大会第五十九届会议(第58/269号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议认可方案和协调委员会第五十届会议工作报告(A/65/16)第二章A节所载2012-2013年期间拟议战略框架，并请秘书长按照核准的优先事项和该决议通过的战略框架，编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(第65/244号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议(2011年6月6日至7月1日)的报告：补编第16号(A/66/16)；", "(b) 秘书长关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告(第58/269号决议)，A/66/82。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目130)", "方案和协调委员会第五十届会议(2010年6月7日至7月2日)的报告：补编第16号(A/65/16)", "2012-2013年拟议战略框架：第一部分：计划大纲(A/65/6(Part one)和第二部分：两年期方案计划(A/65/6(Prog.1-11)、(Prog.12)和Corr.1、(Progs.13-16)、(Prog.17)和Corr.1、(Progs.18-27))", "秘书长关于联合国2008-2009两年期方案执行情况报告的报告(A/65/70)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.4和8", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/544", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/244", "136. 改善联合国财政情况", "1975年，大会第三十届会议决定将题为“联合国财政紧急情况”的项目列入其第三十一届会议临时议程(第3538(XXX)号决议)。大会第三十一届至第三十九届会议审议了这个问题(第31/191、32/104、33/430、35/113、36/116 A和B、37/13、38/228 A和B、39/239 A和B号决议以及第34/435号决定)。", "大会第四十届会议应秘书长的请求(A/40/247)，将题为“联合国当前的财政危机”的项目列入议程。大会第四十届和第四十二届至第四十五届会议审议了这个项目(第42/212、43/215、44/195 A和B及45/236 A和B号决议以及第40/471、40/472和42/460号决定)。", "大会第四十七届会议决定以后把题为“联合国当前的财政危机”和“联合国财政紧急情况”的两个项目合并为一个题为“改善联合国的财政情况”的议程项目来审议；又决定视需要随时审议联合国的财政情况(第47/215号决议)。", "大会第四十八届会议以来的各届会议议程都列入了这个项目(第48/220号决议以及第49/474、50/496、51/462、52/496、53/494、54/495、55/493、56/482、57/598、58/575、59/569、60/566和61/566号决定)。", "文件：秘书长的定期报告(第47/215号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目131)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/519和Add.1", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6、9", "138. 联合国经费分摊比额表", "联合国经常预算由会员国按照大会根据会费委员会的建议通过的经费分摊比额表缴纳(见项目115(b))。分摊比额表也用于摊派基本建设总计划的费用。维持和平行动的经费也由会员国按照经第55/235和55/236号决议和关于维持和平行动经费筹措的其他决议修订的这个比额表分摊。经常预算和维持和平行动采用的分摊比率也用于摊派卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的费用。", "1999年，大会第五十四届会议决定，会员国必须至少在会费委员会会议举行之前两周向大会主席提出《宪章》第十九条所述豁免的请求，以确保能对这些请求进行全面审查(第54/237 C号决议)。", "大会第五十七届会议认可会费委员会报告(A/57/11)第17至23段所载的委员会关于多年付款计划的结论和建议。这些建议中包括：请秘书长通过会费委员会向大会提出关于多年付款计划提交情况的资料，以及通过会费委员会向大会提出关于截至每年12月31日的各会员国缴款计划状况的年度报告(第57/4 B号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议根据会费委员会的建议通过了2010-2012年期间的分摊比额表，并采用同一方法编制过去三个分摊比额表期间的分摊比额表。大会确认现行方法可以改进，但要铭记支付能力原则；又确认需要以有效方式从速深入研究这一方法，同时考虑到会员国表达的观点(第64/248号决议)。", "在同一届会议上，大会请会费委员会尽早审查分摊比额表编制方法的所有要素，以期能在达成一致的情况下，于第六十六届会议结束之前作出决定，以便在2013-2015年比额表期间生效。", "大会第六十五届会议表示注意到会费委员会报告所载建议，但没有为委员会第七十一届会议的工作提供进一步的指导(第65/246号决议)。委员会第七十一届会议决定在下一届会议上根据大会的任何指导进一步审议分摊比额表编制方法的所有要素。", "文件：", "(a) 会费委员会第七十一届会议(2011年6月6日至24日)报告：补编第11号(A/66/11)；", "(b) 秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告(第57/4 B号决议)，A/66/69。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目133)", "会费委员会的报告：补编第11号(A/65/11)", "秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告(A/65/65)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.2、3和7", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/492和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.27和73", "决议 65/3和65/246", "139. 人力资源管理", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长就利益冲突问题向大会提出一份全面报告，供第六十六届会议主要会期审议(第65/247号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告(第63/250、64/231和65/247号决议)：", "㈠ 《工作人员条例》修正案(第65/247号决议第75段)，A/65/213；", "㈡ 个人利益冲突问题(第65/247号决议)，A/66/98；", "㈢ 道德操守办公室的活动(第60/254号决议第16段㈠和第63/250号决议第十二节第5段)；", "(b) 秘书长的其他报告：", "㈠ 秘书处的组成(第57/305号决议第九节、第59/266、60/238、61/241号决议、第63/271号决议第12段)；", "㈡ 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间秘书长处理纪律问题和可能犯罪行为的做法(第59/287号决议第16段)，A/66/135；", "㈢ 关于建立一个确定退休养恤金福利的机制的建议(第65/258号决议)；", "㈣ 秘书长的说明，转递联合检查组关于采取可能的措施以提高高级管理人员甄选和任命的透明度的报告(第64/259号决议，第19段)；", "㈤ 防止性剥削和性虐待的特别保护措施(第57/306号决议)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目134)", "法官的服务条件(A/65/134)", "2008年7月1日至2009年6月30日期间(A/64/269)和2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间秘书长处理纪律问题和可能犯罪行为的做法(A/65/180)", "实行连续任用(A/64/267)", "《暂行工作人员细则》(A/64/230和A/65/202)", "《工作人员条例》修正案(A/65/213)", "人力资源管理改革概览(A/65/305)", "合同安排和统一服务条件(A/65/305/Add.1)", "对地域分配制度的全面评估和对须受地域分配制度限制的员额人数可能变更产生的相关问题的评估(A/65/305/Add.2)", "人才管理工具Inspira(A/65/305/Add.3)", "青年专业人员方案(A/65/305/Add.4)", "道德操守办公室的活动(A/64/316和A/65/343)", "秘书处的组成(A/64/352和A/65/350)", "秘书处的组成：免费提供的人员、退休人员和咨询人(A/65/350/Add.1)", "为解决联合国监察员和调解事务办公室提出的系统性人力资源问题而采取的措施(A/65/332)", "秘书长的说明，转递联合检查组题为“联合国系统的道德操守”的报告，并转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对该报告的评论意见(A/65/345和Add.1)", "联合国秘书处工作人员名单", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/64/518和A/65/537)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.11、12和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/647", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/247", "141. 联合国共同制度", "大会第3042(XXVII)号决议决定原则上设立一个国际公务员制度委员会以管制和协调联合国共同制度的服务条件。大会第3357(XXIX)号决议核可了《国际公务员制度委员会规约》。联合国共同制度包括13个接受委员会规约和参与联合国共同薪金和津贴制度的组织。其他组织未正式接受规约，但完全参与委员会的工作和(或)适用共同薪金、津贴和福利制度。按照规约，委员会需向大会提送年度报告，经由共同制度其他组织的行政首长转送各组织的理事机构。", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告对改变规定的离职年龄这一可能性进行综合性分析的结果(第64/231号决议)。大会第六十五届会表示注意到国际公务员委员会2010年报告；请该委员会颁布本组织在根据双方协议解雇工作人员时应遵循的准则；请联合国共同制度各组织每年向委员会报告所有工作人员合同安排和服务条件的执行情况；请秘书长邀请参与联合国共同制度的机构、基金和方案的行政首长向各自理事机构报告其组织遵守大会关于统一服务条件的决定的情况；还请秘书长在各有关执行情况报告中报告因统一服务条件安排而增加的费用由本组织在现有资源内匀支的情况，并查明哪些资金可以抵冲，从而以不增加费用的方式，在不影响业务费用和不影响开展法定方案和活动开展的前提下，执行统一生活津贴或一次整付津贴的提议；请委员会在年度报告中向大会报告联合国共同制度各组织执行其决定和建议的情况；又请委员会在提交大会的年度报告中报告委员会关于统一不带家属工作地点服务条件的决定在过渡时期的执行情况；还请委员会继续审查联合国共同制度外地服务条件问题(第65/248号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告：补编第30号(A/66/30)；", "(b) 秘书长关于对改变规定的离职年龄这一可能性进行的综合性分析的结果，包括在人力资源政策和养恤金方面涉及的问题的报告(第64/231号决议)；", "(c) 秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告内各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明；", "(d) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目136)", "国际公务员制度委员会2010年度报告：补编第30号(A/65/30)", "秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2010年度报告内各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明(A/65/493)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告内的决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题(A/65/532)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.10和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/648", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/248", "142. 关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "内部监督事务厅(监督厅)是大会第48/218 B号决议设立的。大会决定在其第五十届会议临时议程内列入一个题为“秘书长关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”的项目。", "大会继续在第五十届会议及第五十四至第五十七届会议上审议该项目(第50/239、54/244、55/259、56/246和57/287 A-C号决议)。", "大会第五十九届会议在题为“审查大会第48/218 B号和第54/244号决议的执行情况”的项目下，请秘书长确保内部监督事务厅提交大会的年度报告和半年期报告中列出监督厅该年度印发的所有其他报告的标题和摘要，而且没有提交大会的内部监督事务厅报告的原本，在任一会员国索取时，应予以提供；此外还决定，监督厅的报告应原本原样地直接提交大会，而且秘书长的意见可在另一份报告中提出(第59/272号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议审议了这个项目(第60/255号决议第一节、第60/257号决议和第60/551 A号决定)。", "还是在第六十届会议上，大会决定根据第59/272号决议第3段，将题为“秘书长关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”的议程项目的标题改为“关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”(第60/259号决议)。", "大会第六十一届至六十五届会议审议了这个项目(第61/275、61/279、62/87、62/225、62/232、62/236、62/247、63/248、63/265、64/232和65/250号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议在题为“审查大会第48/218 B号、第54/244号和第59/272号决议的执行情况”的项目下，认可独立审计咨询委员会年度报告(A/64/288)附件中所载的关于监督厅实效、效率和影响的意见、评论和建议，并请秘书长确保充分执行该附件第20(a)至(c)段、20(e)、27、29、33、35和39段，还请他就该附件第19、20(d)、21、22、24、42和43段采取行动(第64/263号决议)。大会还决定至迟于其第六十六届会议主要会期期间重新审议独立审计咨询委员会年度报告附件第19、20(d)、21、22、24、42和43段中所载的问题和建议(第64/263号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议重申内部和外部监督机制的独立性及各自的独特作用；鼓励联合国的内部和外部监督机构进一步提高相互合作水平；鼓励内部监督事务厅在未来的年度报告中，加强对联合国内部监督方面大趋势和战略挑战的分析；请秘书长落实内部监督事务厅就系统性问题一再提出并得到接受但仍未落实的建议；并请秘书长确保迅速及时地全面执行内部监督事务厅获接受的各项建议，包括关于避免费用、追回多付款项、提高效率和作出其他改进的建议；如果监督厅的建议未获接受，则详细说明理由(第65/250号决议)(亦涉及项目132)。", "文件：", "内部监督事务厅的报告：", "(a) 关于监督厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间活动的报告(第48/218 B号决议、第54/244号决议、第57/292号决议第二节第22段、第59/270号决议第3段、第59/271号决议第11段、第59/272号决议、第60/257号决议第14段、第60/282号决议第13段及第63/248号决议第四节第7和8段)；", "(b) 关于2011年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动的年度报告(第48/218 B、54/244和59/272号决议，60/268号决议第17段和第63/248号决议第四节第7和8段)(将在第六十六届会议续会第二会期印发)；", "(c) 内部监督事务厅关于对秘书处新闻职能组织框架的审查的报告(第62/236号决议)，A/66/180；", "(d) 内部监督事务厅关于对基本建设总计划的采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理的审计的报告(第63/270号决议)，A/66/179。", "第六十四届会议的参考文件(议程项目141)", "独立审计咨询委员会关于其2008年8月1日至2009年7月31日期间活动的报告(A/64/288)", "简要记录 A/C.5/64/SR.4和27 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/64/723 \n 全体会议 A/64/PV.81 \n 决议 64/263", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目139)", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "监督厅2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的活动\tA/65/271(PartI)和Corr.1和Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1\n关于2010年1月1日至12月31日期间维持和平监督活动的年度报告\tA/65/271(Part II)\n对联合国秘书处两性平等主流化的专题评价\tA/65/266\n 对联合国苏丹特派团业绩成果的方案评价 A/65/752(亦涉及项目143) \n维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况的专题评价\tA/65/762(亦涉及项目143)\n独立审计咨询委员会关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下内部监督事务厅预算的报告\tA/65/734", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于维持和平行动支助账户2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告和维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间拟议预算的报告(A/65/827)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.5和27 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/649(亦涉及项目132) \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.73 \n 决议 65/250(亦涉及项目132)", "144. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措", "本项目于1995年依照大会第49/251号决议列入大会第五十届会议的议程。", "大会第五十一届至第六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第51/215、52/218、53/213、54/240 A和B、55/226、56/248 A和B、57/289、58/252、58/253、59/273、60/240、60/241、61/241、61/262、61/274、62/229、63/254、63/256、63/259、64/239和64/261号决议及第62/547号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议认识到留住技业高超经验丰富的工作人员对形成相关机构记忆以顺利完成审判和实现法庭《完成工作战略》规定的目标至关重要；请秘书长利用现行合同框架赋予的现有权力，考虑到法庭的需要，与工作人员签订合同；再次请秘书长探讨如有工作需要，能否将法庭任务终了或其服务不再需要之前一直在职的工作人员招聘进联合国；欣见秘书长着力推动选用面临裁撤的法庭人员；重申在法庭总体任务授权和完成工作战略范围内实施有效外联方案至关重要，并请法庭根据其任务授权并与秘书处新闻部协商，继续制定并执行主动积极的外联活动，最佳利用现有资源，通过有效推进对其工作的了解，促进和解进程；并鼓励秘书长继续探寻各种措施，筹集充足的自愿资源，为外联方案供资(第65/252号决议)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会审议了国际法院法官和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬，决定在大会第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法，并请秘书长在其报告中建议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制，同时考虑到在国际法院或两法庭服务之前已积获的养恤金权利；决定国际法院院长或两法庭庭长以及国际法院副院长或两法庭副庭长在代理院长/庭长职务期间的特别津贴分别提高到每年25 000美元和每天156美元；决定前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官享有与国际法院法官等同的搬迁津贴福利；决定对连续服务3年以上的审案法官，在他们完成服务时，根据头3年后服务时间的长短，按照该决议附件一所载附表一次性发放一笔惠给金；决定由于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭未能设立第二个审案法官组而使审案法官的服务条件出现独特和特殊情况，第8段中的决定在任何情况下均不构成有资格享用各项服务条件要素的先例，因为在现行条例框架下并不存在这项资格；并决定对国际法院法官以及两法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬审查周期重新定为3年(第65/258号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告(第55/226号决议)；", "㈡ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算(第55/226号决议)；", "㈢ 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制2012-2013两年期预算；", "㈣ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭订正估计数：汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目129和141)", "秘书长的报告：", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期预算的订正估计数(A/65/178)", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第一次执行情况报告(A/65/578)", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬(A/65/134和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/533和A/65/616和Corr.1)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.12、25和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和A/65/651", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/252和65/258", "145. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措", "本项目于1993年根据秘书长的提议(A/47/955)列入大会第四十七届会议议程。大会该届会议通过了第47/235号决议。", "大会第四十八届至第六十四届会议审议了该项目(第48/251、49/242 A和B、50/212 A至C、51/214 A和B、52/217、53/212、54/239 A和B、55/225 A和B、55/249、55/250、56/247 A和B、56/278、57/288、58/254、58/255、59/274、60/242、60/243、61/242、61/262、61/274、62/230、63/255、63/256、63/259、64/240和64/261号决议以及第48/461号、49/471 A和B、55/477、60/560和62/547号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议认识到留住技业高超经验丰富的工作人员对形成相关机构记忆以顺利完成审判和实现法庭《完成工作战略》规定的目标至关重要；请秘书长利用现行合同框架赋予的现有权力，考虑到法庭的需要，与工作人员签订合同；再次请秘书长探讨如有工作需要，能否将法庭任务终了或其服务不再需要之前一直在职的工作人员招聘进联合国；欣见秘书长着力推动选用面临裁撤的法庭人员；重申在法庭总体任务授权和完成工作战略范围内实施有效外联联方案至关重要，并请法庭根据其任务授权并与秘书处新闻部协商，继续制定并执行主动积极的外联活动，最佳利用现有资源，通过有效推进对其工作的了解，促进和解进程；并鼓励秘书长继续探寻各种措施，筹集充足的自愿资源，为外联方案供资(第65/253号决议)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会审议了国际法院法官和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬，决定在大会第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法，并请秘书长在其报告中建议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制，同时考虑到在国际法院或两法庭服务之前已积获的养恤金权利；决定国际法院院长或两法庭庭长以及国际法院副院长或两法庭副庭长在代理院长/庭长职务期间的特别津贴分别提高到每年25 000美元和每天156美元；决定前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官享有与国际法院法官等同的搬迁津贴福利；决定对连续服务3年以上的审案法官，在他们完成服务时，根据头3年后服务时间的长短，按照该决议附件一所载附表一次性发放一笔惠给金；决定由于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭未能设立第二个审案法官组而使审案法官的服务条件出现独特和特殊情况，第8段中的决定在任何情况下均不构成有资格享用各项服务条件要素的先例，因为在现行条例框架下并不存在这项资格；并决定对国际法院法官以及两法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬审查周期重新定为3年(第65/258号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告(第55/225 A号决议)；", "㈡ 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2012-2013两年期预算(第55/225 A号决议)；", "㈢ 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制2012-2013两年期预算；", "㈣ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭订正估计数：汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目142)", "秘书长的报告：", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭2010-2011两年期预算的订正估计数(A/65/183)", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2010-2011两年期第一次执行情况报告(A/65/581)", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬(A/65/134和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/533和A/65/616和Corr.1)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.12、25和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和A/65/652", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/253和65/258", "146. 联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题", "共有问题", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长加紧努力，在外地特派团内部及其相互间实现规模效益，但不得损害其业务需求及其各自任务的执行，并在概览报告中报告有关情况；提供信息，说明为改进陆运的管理正在采取哪些举措，除其他外，说明与车队全面管理、车队的组成和标准化、燃料效率和零部件管理有关的问题，并就此在下一份关于维持和平行动的概览报告中报告有关情况；在下一份关于联合国维持和平行动经费筹措问题的概览报告中提供在联合国外地特派团落实人力资源管理改革措施的最新情况，尤其是第65/247号决议所载改革措施的落实情况；重申其第65/247号决议第二节第34段所载要求；提供全面信息，说明临时派任机制的使用情况及其对正规征聘过程的影响；在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中提供信息，说明利用临时空缺通知对外地和总部正规征聘工作造成的影响；采取紧急措施，了结目前已积压三个月以上的死亡和伤残索赔案，并向大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议报告取得的进展；关于部队轮调，与部队派遣国和警察派遣国密切协调确保向部队派遣国和警察派遣国提供高水平的合作和成本效益，但不损及它们的业务需要，并在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中列入更多信息。大会还请秘书长确保在不危及安全的情况下，不间断地为所有维持和平特派团提供必要燃料，以确保特派团的顺利运转；确保所有特派团都对口粮承包商的质量管理系统进行监测和评价，以确保食品质量和卫生条件符合规定的标准；在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中提出关于统包安排的效率和成效的全面评估，包括评估节约的资金和产生的影响；继续确保按现行做法，在使用系统合同前全面分析各项费用；向大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议提交一项综合分析，从行政和预算方面分析统筹行动小组的作用和落实情况。大会重申其第62/269号决议第25段对秘书长的要求，请秘书长向大会报告联合国采购工作中执行最高性价比方法的明确指导方针，包括加权估标技术的所有细节，并提交关于试点项目结果的报告；大会还请秘书长在制定招标书方法时确保充分的透明度，并强调应根据本组织的业务要求拟定招标书；继续确保遵守国际民用航空组织的标准和建议措施，以便满足在外地完成任务的业务需要，并在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中说明国际民用航空组织的标准和建议措施与联合国航空安全通用标准之间的不同之处；在下一次维和行动概览报告中说明与世界粮食计划署之间的谅解备忘录及其所涉经费问题的最新情况，并详细分析联合国空中业务的治理情况和整体资源水平，包括说明切实高效地发挥支持职能以及提供信息和通信技术支持的情况。大会还请秘书长继续努力，就性剥削和性虐待问题开展标准化的培训和提高认识工作，并要求在下一次概览报告中提供联合国关于援助和支持受联合国工作人员和有关人员性剥削和性虐待受害人的全面战略的最新执行进展情况；请秘书长就防止由于无事实根据的不当行为指控而使任何联合国维持和平特派团或部队/警察派遣国或联合国维和人员信誉受损采取适当措施，并继续确保迅速采取行动，在不当行为指控最终未能依法证实的情况下，恢复任何联合国维持和平特派团、部队或警察派遣国或联合国维和人员的形象和信誉。大会还请秘书长促使秘书处、特别是外勤支助部和管理事务部加紧努力，与部队派遣国进行密切合作，为按照第63/285号决议的规定收集数据提供便利，协助填写调查问卷，以便在预定期限内完成这项工作；决定作为例外，在2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间向部队派遣国一次性补充支付85 000 000美元，但不损害第63/285号决议所定程序的完整性；在2011年10月之前设立一个高级咨询小组，由秘书长任命的具有相关经验的5位知名人士、主要部队派遣国的5位代表、主要财政捐助国的5位代表和每个区域集团的1位成员组成，负责审议向部队派遣国偿还费用比率和相关问题；决定高级咨询小组应尽快完成工作；为管理维持和平资产，包括消耗性和非消耗性财产以及战略部署物资储存加强内部控制，以确保有适当的保障措施，防止给本组织造成浪费和财务损失；向大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议提交第64/269号决议第一节第14段要求的报告，说明为消除汇率波动的影响而采取的措施和维持和平账户的管理问题；在拟定早期建设和平战略的整个过程中与会员国、建设和平委员会、联合国各机构、基金和方案以及秘书处所有相关实体密切磋商，着重指出维持和平特派团执行的具体的建设和平任务应按照国家自主权原则，基于相关国家的优先事项和具体情况。大会还请秘书长在拟订与后勤模块有关的进一步提议时考虑到使用单一来源或多功能合同所涉风险，并考虑到对每个供应商的联合国商品编码数目的适用限制；在其下一份年度进展报告中纳入所有相关信息，说明预定模块和成套服务的拟定和落实情况；在其下一份进展报告中提供信息，说明在向外地特派团有效提供成套服务方面的使能能力的各项备选办法；向大会通报第64/269号决议第六节第8和9段的执行情况；每年以综合方式向大会通报客户特派团向乌干达恩德培区域服务中心提供的财政和人力资源(第65/289号决议)。", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会核准联合国后勤基地2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间费用估计数68 512 500美元，并就同一期间预算估计数的筹措做出决定；决定在其第六十六届会议期间审议联合国后勤基地经费的筹措问题(第65/291号决议)。", "确定偿还会员国特遣队所属装备费用的改良程序", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会表示注意到2011年特遣队所属装备问题工作组的报告(A/C.5/65/16)，并认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告所载结论和建议(A/65/830)(第65/292号决议)。", "已结束的维持和平特派团", "2011年6月，大会同届会议决定将联合国伊拉克-科威特观察团账户现有的调整后贷记账款净额的三分之二，即70 600美元退还科威特政府；请秘书长根据各特派团最后一次经费分摊适用的比额表，归还截至2010年6月30日可计作各会员国贷项的现金净额230 745 000美元的78.01％，即1.80亿美元；决定在其第六十六届会议续会第二期会议上审议已结束的维持和平特派团的财务状况，包括仍欠会员国的数额；请秘书长向大会提出处理已结束但有现金净额赤字的维持和平特派团所欠各会员国的款项问题的具体提议和备选办法，供大会审议和核准(第65/293号决议)。", "维持和平行动支助账户", "1991年，大会第四十五届会议决定自1990年1月1日起设立维持和平行动支助账户(第45/258号决议)。支助账户于1990年5月1日开始运作。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长考虑到部队派遣国对联合国维持和平工作的贡献，做出进一步具体努力，确保这些国家有适当数目的人员在维持和平行动部和外勤支助部任职；重申维持和平行动需要高成效、高效率的行政和财政管理，敦促秘书长继续确定可提高支助账户成效和效率的措施；注意到改组维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的总体益处，请秘书长评估这些益处并继续尽一切努力，提高联合国管理和持续开展维和行动的能力；注意到秘书处仍在制定早期建设和平战略，在这方面请秘书长与会员国、建设和平委员会、联合国各机构、基金和方案以及秘书处所有有关实体密切协商，并着重指出维持和平特派团执行的具体建设和平任务应建立在有关国家的优先事项和具体情况的基础上；再次请秘书长考虑到维持和平行动的数目、规模和复杂性，定期审查支助账户的经费数额；请秘书长迅速填补所有空缺；核准支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日财政期间所需资源344 792 400美元，其中包括根据大会第64/243号决议为企业资源规划项目提供的47 185 200美元，这些资源用于1 294个续设员额、1个新设临时员额以及该决议附件一所列员额调动、职能改变和改叙、附件二所列151个续设和11个新设一般临时人员职位及其有关的所需员额和非员额经费；并决定就同一期间支助账户经费的筹措做出决定(第65/290号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国维持和平行动的经费筹措概览：2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况以及2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第59/296号决议)；", "㈡ 布林迪西联合国后勤基地2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(第65/291号决议)；", "㈢ 布林迪西联合国后勤基地2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/291号决议)；", "㈣ 已结束的维持和平特派团截至2011年6月30日的最新财务状况(第65/293号决议)；", "㈤ 维持和平行动支助账户2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(第65/290号决议)；", "㈥ 关于维持和平行动支助账户2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算的报告(第65/290号决议)；", "㈦ 全球外勤支助战略执行工作的年度进展报告(第64/269和65/289号决议)；", "(b) 秘书长的说明，转递：", "㈠ 维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源(第49/233 A号决议)；", "㈡ 2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间各项维持和平行动拟议预算额的六个月最新情况(第49/233 A号决议)；", "㈢ 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户经费和布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措(第50/221 B号决议)；", "㈣ 维持和平行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间核定资源(第49/233 A号决议)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目143)", "秘书长的报告：", "已结束的维持和平特派团截至2008年6月30日的最新财务状况(A/63/581)", "所有各类人员的福利和娱乐需求问题及具体影响(A/63/675和Corr.1)", "维持和平培训工作进展情况(A/65/644和Corr.1)", "防止性剥削和性虐待特别保护措施(A/65/742)", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/642)", "已结束的维持和平特派团截至2009年6月30日最新财务状况(A/64/605)", "已结束的维持和平特派团截至2010年6月30日最新财务状况(A/65/556)", "维持和平行动支助账户2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/610和Add.1)", "全球外勤支助战略(A/65/643)", "全球外勤支助战略的标准化筹资模式(A/65/696和Corr.1)", "联合国维持和平行动经费筹措概览：2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的预算执行情况和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的预算(A/65/715)", "维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/761和Corr.1和2)", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/760)", "联合国空中行动(A/65/738)", "确定偿还会员国特遣队所属装备费用的改良程序(A/65/800)", "提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力(A/65/624和Corr.1)", "秘书长的说明，转递：", "2011年2月25日2011年特遣队所属装备工作组主席给第五委员会主席的信(A/C.5/65/16)", "维持和平行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间核定资源(A/C.5/ 65/15)", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间拟议预算额(A/C.5/65/17)", "维持和平行动支助账户和意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措(A/C.5/65/18)", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源(A/C.5/65/19)", "内部监督事务厅关于执行大会在第63/287号决议中指定的试点项目的初步报告(A/65/765)", "内部监督事务厅关于维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况专题评价的报告(A/65/762)", "独立审计咨询委员会关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的内部监督事务厅预算的报告(A/65/734)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/63/746(sect.IV.B)、A/63/856、A/64/659和Corr.1、A/65/743、A/65/743/Add.12、A/65/775、A/65/827和A/65/830)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.33、34、35、39和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/890", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/289至65/293", "147. 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1778(2007)号决议核准与乍得当局和中非共和国当局协商，在乍得和中非共和国境内建立一个多层面存在；并决定该多层面存在中应包含联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团(中乍特派团)，为期一年，负责同联合国国家工作队联络。安理会第1923(2010)号决议决定将中乍特派团任期延至2010年12月31日，并呼吁秘书长至迟于2010年12月31日完成撤出中乍特派团的所有军警和文职人员，但特派团清理结束工作所需人员除外。", "大会第六十五届会议决定批款239 096 600美元给联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团特别账户，充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日财政期间的费用，其中包括205 748 500美元用于2010年7月1日至12月31日期间的特派团维持费用，以及33 348 100美元用于2011年1月1日至4月30日期间特派团的行政清理结束工作费用，同时考虑到先前根据大会第64/286号决议的规定核准2.15亿美元，用作2010年7月1日至12月31日的特派团维持费用。大会又决定，考虑到已按照大会第64/286号决议规定由会员国分摊184 949 000美元，在审议关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间执行情况报告中将提出的特派团最终所需经费之前，推迟决定这一期间的追加摊款(第65/254 A号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议第二期续会注意到秘书长关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团财政执行情况的报告；决定推迟到第六十六届会议再采取行动处理未支配余额149 947 800美元以及其他收入和调整数13 466 100美元及估计工作人员薪金税收入增加1 527 100美元，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告特派团现金状况的最新资料(第65/254 B号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目144)", "秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告(A/65/638)", "秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/487)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/549和A/65/743/Add.11)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.13、27、34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/653和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106", "决议 65/254 A和B", "148. 联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措", "安全理事会根据其第1528(2004)号决议设立了联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)，最初任务期限为12个月，自2004年4月4日开始。在同一项决议中，安理会请秘书长在该日将联合国科特迪瓦特派团(联科特派团)和西部非洲国家经济共同体(西非经共体)部队的权力移交给联科行动。", "安全理事会后来的决议多次延长联科行动的任务期限，最近的两次是第1981(2011)号决议和2000(2011)号决议，安理会在前一项决议中将联科行动的任期延长至2011年7月31日，在后一项决议中决定将联科行动的任期延长至2012年7月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款517 850 700美元给联合国科特迪瓦行动特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该行动的维持费486 726 400美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的26 374 200美元以及给联合国后勤基地的4 750 100美元；决定由会员国分摊43 154 225美元，充作2011年7月1日至31日期间的经费；决定减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 121 350美元中各自应分的数额；还决定由会员国分摊474 696 475美元，每月43 154 225美元，充作2011年8月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该行动的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内12 334 850美元中各自应分的数额；决定25 042 400美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额852 800美元(第65/294号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国科特迪瓦行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国科特迪瓦行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/294号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目145)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国科特迪瓦行动2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/615)", "联合国科特迪瓦行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/736和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.14)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/881", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/294", "149. 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措", "安全理事会第186(1964)号决议建议设立联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(联塞部队)，并建议该部队派驻三个月，任务是尽其最大努力防止战争再度发生，并于必要时协助维持和恢复法律和秩序，恢复正常状态。其后安理会定期延长联塞部队部队的任务期限，通常每次延长六个月。最近的一次是2011年6月13日第1986(2011)号决议将其任务期限再延长至2011年12月15日。", "1993年6月16日以前，未授权秘书长使用除会员国认捐的自愿捐款以外的任何资金为联塞部队筹供经费。依照安全理事会第831(1993)号决议，大会第47/236号决议决定，自1993年6月16日起，联塞部队费用中自愿捐款不足以支付的部分应视为本组织的开支，由会员国根据《联合国宪章》第十七条第二项的规定承担。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款60 121 200美元给联塞部队特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该部队的维持费56 512 000美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的3 058 400美元以及给联合国后勤基地的550 800美元；赞赏地注意到此项批款净额的三分之一，即19 114 267美元，将由塞浦路斯政府的自愿捐款提供，650万美元由希腊政府提供；决定由会员国分摊34 506 933美元；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 721 000美元中各自应分的数额；决定1 361 709美元的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额255 600美元；还决定考虑到2010年6月30日终了财政期间的自愿捐款，2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入的三分之一，即828 604美元，应退还塞浦路斯政府；又决定考虑到2010年6月30日终了财政期间的自愿捐款，2010年6月30日终了财政期间其他收入按比例应分的数额，即297 987美元，应退还希腊政府；并决定为联塞部队1993年6月16日以前期间设立的账户应继续单独开设(第65/295号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/295号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目146)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/625)", "联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/706)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.2)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/882", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/295", "150. 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措", "[见安全理事会第1925(2010)号决议和下文的项目151]", "151. 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1279(1999)号决议中决定，联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团)应由安理会第1258(1999)号和第1273(1999)号决议核定人员包括多学科工作人员组成，到2000年3月1日为止。安理会后来的决议多次延长该特派团的任务期限，最近一次是2010年5月28日第1925(2010)号决议，安理会决定将联刚特派团的部署期限延长至2010年6月30日。安理会同一决议决定，自2010年7月1日起，该特派团应称为联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)，联刚稳定团应部署至2011年6月30日。安理会第1991(2011)号决议将联刚稳定团的任期延长至2012年6月30日。", "大会第六十五届会议决定，考虑到已经分摊682 500 000美元，冲作2010年7月1日至12月31日期间的经费，由会员国再分摊682 500 000美元，充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的维持费用(第65/255号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款1 507 538 900美元给联刚稳定团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费1 416 926 000美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的76 783 900美元，以及给联合国后勤基地的13 829 000美元；又决定由会员国分摊1 507 538 900美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月31日期间的经费；还决定从会员国的摊款中减除2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日会员国在衡平征税基金内39 936 800美元中各自应分的数额，基金内的这笔款项包括该特派团核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数31 980 500美元、支助账户的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数中按比例应分的数额6 503 300美元以及联合国后勤基地的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数中按比例应分的数额1 453 000美元；并决定35 075 700美元的未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额1 841 600美元(第65/296号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/296号决议)；", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目147和148)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的经费筹措安排(A/65/512)", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/682)", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/744)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/598和A/65/743/Add.8)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.21、27、34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/654和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106", "决议 65/255和65/296", "152. 联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会1999年6月11日第1246(1999)号决议决定设立联合国东帝汶特派团(东帝汶特派团)，任期至1999年8月31日。安理会1999年8月27日第1262(1999)号决议将东帝汶特派团的任期进一步延至1999年11月30日。", "大会第五十五届至第六十五届会议都决定推迟审议这个项目，并将其列入下届会议的议程草案(第55/494、56/483、57/599、58/578、59/570、60/567、61/567、62/556、63/567、64/570和65/556号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目149)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/556", "153. 联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1704(2006)号决议决定设立东帝汶后续特派团，即联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团)，最初为期6个月，并打算继续延长。最近的一次是安理会第1969(2011)号决议，决定将联东综合团的任务期限延长至2012年2月26日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议决定批款208 603 700美元给联东综合团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费196 077 500美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的10 614 500美元和给联合国后勤基地的1 911 700美元；还决定由会员国分摊137 270 825美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年2月26日期间的经费；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内6 760 632美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊71 332 875美元，每月17 383 641美元，充作2012年2月27日至6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 513 168美元中各自应分的数额；又决定17 795 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额947 800美元(第65/297号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国东帝汶综合特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国东帝汶综合特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/297号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目150)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国东帝汶综合特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/687)", "联合国东帝汶综合特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/746)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.6)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/883", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/297", "154. 联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1312(2000)号决议设立了联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团(埃厄特派团)，最初为期为六个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了该特派团的任务期限，最近的一项决议是2008年1月30日第1798(2008)号决议，其中把埃厄特派团的任务期限延至2008年7月31日。", "安全理事会2008年7月30日第1827(2008)号决议决定自2008年7月31日起终止埃厄特派团的任务，强调终止这一任务并不妨碍埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚根据《阿尔及尔协议》所承担的义务，并呼吁两国与联合国通力合作，包括全面配合埃厄特派团的清理结束工作。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会注意到秘书长关于埃厄特派团经费筹措的报告，其中介绍了截至2010年12月7日的特派团资产最后处置的详细情况(第65/298号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告，载有联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团最后执行情况报告(第65/298号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目151)", "秘书长关于联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费筹措的报告(A/65/678)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/748)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/878 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/298", "155. 联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第858(1993)号决议决定设立联合国格鲁吉亚观察团(联格观察团)，为期六个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联格观察团的任务期限，最近的一项是第1866(2009)号决议，其中将联格观察团的任务期限延长至2009年6月15日。该特派团的任务期限在此日后未予续延。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定，对于已对该观察团履行财政义务的会员国，应将2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入1 806 800美元中其各自应分的数额贷记其账下；还决定，对于尚未对该观察团履行财政义务的会员国，应将2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入1 806 800美元中其各自应分的数额用来抵充未缴款项；又决定该决议第5和第6段提及的1 806 800美元所产生的贷项，应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额157 600美元(第65/299号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费筹措情况的报告(第65/299号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目152)", "秘书长的报告： \n联合国格鲁吉亚观察团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/681)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.1)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/879 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/299", "156. 联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会2004年4月30日第1542(2004)号决议设立了联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)，最初为期6个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联海稳定团的任务期限，最近的一项是2010年10月4日第1944(2010)号决议，其中将其任务期限延长至2011年10月15日。", "大会第六十五届会议决定，考虑到已为2010年7月1日至12月31日期间分摊3.8亿美元，再分摊473 827 400美元，充作2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间该特派团维持费(第65/256 A号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议决定批款844 258 700美元给联海稳定团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费793 517 100美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的42 997 600美元以及给联合国后勤基地的7 744 000美元；又决定由会员国分摊246 242 100美元，充作2011年7月1日至10月15日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内6 569 900美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊598 016 600美元，每月70 354 892美元，充作2011年10月16日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 955 400美元中各自应分的数额；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 955 400美元中各自应分的数额；并决定26 755 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项，应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数的增加额85 500美元(第65/256 B号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国海地稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国海地稳定特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/256 B号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目153)", "秘书长关于联合国海地稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/535)\t\n秘书长关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间联合国海地稳定特派团预算执行情况的报告(A/65/703和Corr.1)\t\n秘书长关于联合国海地稳定特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/776)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/586和A/65/743/Add.15)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.19、27、37和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/655和Add.1 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106 \n 决议 65/256 A和B", "157. 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会1999年6月10日第1244(1999)号决议设立了联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团)，最初为期12个月，除非安全理事会另有决定，否则以后将予延续。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款47 802 200美元给联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费44 914 800美元，给维持和平行动支助账户的2 446 700美元以及给联合国后勤基地的440 700美元；又决定由会员国分摊47 802 200美元；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内4 634 800美元中各自应分的数额；还决定在该决议第17和18段所述8 297 100美元产生的贷项中加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增额1 054 300美元(第65/300号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/300号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目154)", "秘书长的报告： \n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/621)\t\n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/711)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.4)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/884 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/300", "158. 联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1509(2003)号决议设立了联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)，为期12个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联利特派团的任务期限，最近的一项是2010年9月15日第1938(2010)号决议，其中安理会决定将联利特派团的任务期限延长至2011年9月30日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款559 147 030美元给联利特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费513 404 030美元、用于特派团提供选举支助的12 155 900美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的28 461 200美元和给联合国后勤基地的5 125 900美元；又决定由会员国分摊136 747 783美元，充作2011年7月1日至9月30日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 806 125美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊12 155 900美元，充作该特派团提供选举支助的经费；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内40 900美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊410 243 347美元，每月45 582 593美元，充作2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内11 418 375美元中各自应分的数额；还决定32 775 600美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额361 900美元(第65/301号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国利比里亚特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国利比里亚特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/301号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目155)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国利比里亚特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/620)", "联合国利比里亚特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/727)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.7)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/885", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/301", "159. 联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措", "(a) 联合国脱离接触观察员部队", "安全理事会第350(1974)号决议设立了联合国脱离接触观察员部队(观察员部队)。安理会其后相关决议定期延长了观察员部队的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年6月30日第1994(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将观察员部队的任务限期延至2011年12月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款53 753 200美元给观察员部队特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该部队的维持费50 526 100美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的2 734 600美元以及给联合国后勤基地的492 500美元；又决定由会员国分摊53 753 200美元，每月4 479 434美元，但以安全理事会决定延长该部队的任务为前提；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 810 000美元中各自应分的数额；决定852 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额106 400美元(第65/302号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国脱离接触观察员部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国脱离接触观察员部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/302号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目156(a))", "秘书长的报告： \n联合国脱离接触观察员部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/596)\t\n联合国脱离接触观察员部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/710)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.3)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/886 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/302", "(b) 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队", "安全理事会第425(1978)号决议设立了联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)，最初为期六个月。安理会其后相关决议定期延长了联黎部队任务期限，最近的一项是2010年8月30日第1937(2010)号决议，其中安理会决定将联黎部队的任务期限延长至2011年8月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会再次着重指出以色列应支付因1996年4月18日卡纳事件而引起的1 117 005美元；决定批款580 331 600美元给联黎部队特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该部队的维持费545 470 600美元，给维持和平行动支助账户的29 540 600美元以及给联合国后勤基地的5 320 400美元；又决定由会员国分摊96 721 900美元，充作2011年7月1日至8月31日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 558 100美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊483 609 700美元，每月48 360 967美元，充作2011年9月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该部队的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内12 790 300美元中各自应分的数额；又决定62 951 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项，应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额1 081 300美元(第65/303号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/303号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目156(b))", "秘书长的报告： \n联黎部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/608和Corr.1)\t\n联黎部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日预算(A/65/756)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.9)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34、40和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/880 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/303", "160. 联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1590(2005)号决议设立了联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)，最初为期六个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联苏特派团的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年4月27日第1978(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延至2011年7月9日。在该特派团的任务于2011年7月9日终止后，安理会第1997(2011)号决议决定自2011年7月11日起撤出联苏特派团，并吁请秘书长至迟于2011年8月31日完成撤出联苏特派团的所有军警人员和文职人员，但特派团清理结束所需人员除外。", "2010年12月，大会第六十五届会议决定除已经按大会第64/283号决议的规定核批的用作2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持费的9.38亿美元之外，再批款70 026 300美元给联合国苏丹特派团特别账户，充作同期维持费(第65/257 A号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款513 330 150美元给联苏特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至12月31日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费482 460 550美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的26 158 400美元以及给联合国后勤基地的4 711 200美元；又决定由会员国分摊24 838 556美元，充作2011年7月1日至7月9日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内794 816美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊488 491 594美元，充作2011年7月10日至12月31日期间的经费，用于该特派团的行政清理结束工作、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队、安全理事会第1978(2011)号决议所述、安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议所确认的联合国苏丹特派团的后续特派团，及安全理事会在2011年12月31日前为支持落实《全面和平协定》设立的任何其他特派团；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 631 384美元中各自应分的数额；还决定52 052 100美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额2 702 700美元(第65/257 B号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国苏丹特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联苏特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(第65/257 B号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目157)", "秘书长关于联合国苏丹特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间经费筹措安排的说明(A/65/509)\t\n 秘书长的报告： \n联合国苏丹特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/630和Corr.1)\t\n联合国苏丹特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/731)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/571和A/65/743/Add.10)\t\n内部监督事务厅关于其对联合国苏丹特派团业绩成果的方案评价的报告(A/65/752)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.17、27、37和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/656和Add.1 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106 \n 决议 65/257 A和B", "161. 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第690(1991)号决议根据秘书长所述的时间表(见S/22464)，设立了联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)。安理会其后相关决议延长了西撒特派团的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年4月27日第1979(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延至2012年4月30日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款65 398 400美元给西撒特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费61 449 400美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的3 346 300美元和给联合国后勤基地的602 700美元；又决定由会员国分摊54 498 667美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年4月30日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 590 083美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊10 899 733美元，每月5 449 866美元，充作2012年5月1日至6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内518 017美元中各自应分的数额；还决定2 386 700美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额138 900美元(第65/304号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 西撒特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 西撒特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/304号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目158)", "秘书长的报告：", "西撒特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/665)", "西撒特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/720和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.5)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/887", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/304", "162. 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1769(2007)号决议决定核准和授权设立非洲联盟/联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)，最初为期12个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年7月29日第2003(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延长至2012年7月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定为达尔富尔混合行动特别账户批款1 797 327 600美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该行动的维持费1 689 305 500美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的91 536 100美元以及给联合国后勤基地的16 486 000美元；又决定由会员国分摊149 777 300美元，充作2011年7月1日至31日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 137 200美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊1 647 550 300美元，每月149 777 300美元，充作2011年8月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该行动的任务期限为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内34 509 200美元中各自应分的数额；还决定175 974 100美元的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额2 223 700美元(第65/305号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/305号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目159)", "秘书长的报告：", "非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/631)", "非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/740)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.13)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.37和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/888", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/305", "163. 安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费的筹措", "安全理事会2009年1月16日第1863(2009)号决议表示打算在索马里设立一个联合国维持和平行动，作为非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)的接替部队；并请秘书长向非索特派团提供一揽子联合国后勤支助，包括设备与服务。安理会第1964(2010)号决议决定授权非洲联盟成员国维持非索特派团，直至2011年9月30日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款309 971 000美元给支助非索特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该实体的维持费291 092 700美元，给维护和平行动支助账户的16 039 900美元以及给联合国后勤基地的2 838 400美元；又决定由会员国分摊77 422 725美元，充作2011年7月1日至9月30日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 255 950美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊232 268 175美元，每月25 807 575美元，充作2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长任务期限为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 767 850美元中各自应分的数额；并决定54 457 900美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应减除2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数减少额433 400美元(第65/306号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费筹措的执行情况报告；", "㈡ 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费的筹措(第65/306号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目160)", "秘书长的报告： \n关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费筹措的执行情况报告(A/65/619)\t\n2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费的筹措(A/65/809)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.16)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.37和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/889 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/306", "165. 给予突厥语国家合作委员会大会观察员地位", "2011年5月2日阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(A/66/141)请求将上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "166. 给予国际紧急状况应对组织大会观察员地位", "2011年5月20日前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(A/66/142)请求将上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "167. 给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位", "2011年6月24日圭亚那常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信(A/66/144)请求将上述项目列入在大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "168. 给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位", "2011年7月11日阿拉伯联合酋长国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(A/66/145)请求将上述项目列入在大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* The unannotated preliminary list was issued on 14 February 2011 (A/66/50). The provisional agenda was issued on 15 July 2011 (A/66/150).", "** The present addendum was prepared on the basis of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "¹ In accordance with General Assembly decision 65/551 (see para. 50).", "Annotated draft agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly*", "Addendum**", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Annotated 5 draft \nagenda 4.Election 5 of the President of the General \nAssembly 5.Election 6 of the officers of the Main \nCommittees 6.Election 8 of the Vice-Presidents of the General \nAssembly A. Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations \nconferences 9.Report 9 of the Economic and Social \nCouncil X.Implementation 9 of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on \nHIV/AIDS¹ 13. Integrated 10 and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related \nfields 14. Global 10 Agenda for Dialogue among \nCivilizations 18. Follow-up 11 to and implementation of the outcome of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development and the 2008 Review \nConference 27. Social 11 \ndevelopment b.Social 11 development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the \nfamily A.Maintenance of international peace and \nsecurity 33. Prevention 12 of armed \nconflict a. Strengthening 12 the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and \nresolution 33. Protracted 13 conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and \ndevelopment 38.The 13 situation in the occupied territories of \nAzerbaijan 39.Question 13 of the Comorian island of \nMayotte 53. Comprehensive 14 review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their \naspects B.Development of \nAfrica 63.New 16 Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international \nsupport a.New 16 Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international \nsupport b.Causes 17 of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in \nAfrica C. Promotion of human \nrights 69. Promotion 18 and protection of human \nrights b. Human 18 rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental \nfreedoms D. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance \nefforts 70. Strengthening 19 of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic \nassistance c.Special 19 economic assistance to individual countries or \nregions E. Promotion of justice and international \n law 76. Oceans 19 and the law of the \n sea a.Oceans 19 and the law of the \n sea I.Organizational, administrative and other \nmatters 114. Elections 20 to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other \nelections: a.Election 20 of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and \nCoordination 114. Admission 20 of new Members to the United \nNations 115. Follow-up 21 to the outcome of the Millennium \nSummit 120. Implementation 22 of the resolutions of the United \nNations 121. Revitalization 22 of the work of the General \nAssembly 122.Question 23 of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related \nmatters 125. Follow-up 23 to the recommendations on administrative management and internal oversight of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food \nProgramme 127. International 24 Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December \n 1994 128. International 24 Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since \n 1991 129. International 25 residual mechanism for criminal \ntribunals 132. Review 25 of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United \nNations 133. Programme 27 budget for the biennium \n2010-2011 134.Proposed 35 programme budget for the biennium \n2012-2013 135. Programme 39 \nplanning 136. Improving 40 the financial situation of the United \nNations 138. Scale 41 of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United \nNations 139. Human 42 resources \nmanagement 141. United 44 Nations common \nsystem 142. Report 45 on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices 144. Financing 48 of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December \n 1994 145. Financing 50 of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since \n 1991 146. Administrative 52 and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping \noperations 147. Financing 58 of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and \n Chad 148. Financing 59 of the United Nations Operation in Côte \nd’Ivoire 149. Financing 60 of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in \nCyprus 150. Financing 62 of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 151. Financing 62 of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 152. Financing 63 of the United Nations Mission in East \nTimor 153. Financing 64 of the United Nations Integrated Mission in \nTimor-Leste 154. Financing 65 of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and \nEritrea 155. Financing 66 of the United Nations Observer Mission in \nGeorgia 156. Financing 67 of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in \nHaiti 157. Financing 68 of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in \nKosovo 158. Financing 69 of the United Nations Mission in \nLiberia 159. Financing 70 of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Middle \n East a.United 70 Nations Disengagement Observer \nForce b.United 71 Nations Interim Force in \nLebanon 160. Financing 72 of the United Nations Mission in the \nSudan 161. Financing 74 of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western \nSahara 162. Financing 75 of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in \nDarfur 163. Financing 76 of the activities arising from Security Council resolution \n1863 (2009) 165.Observer 77 status for the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States in the General \nAssembly 166.Observer 78 status for the International Emergency Management Organization in the General \nAssembly 167.Observer 78 status for the Union of South American Nations in the General \nAssembly 168.Observer 78 status for the International Renewable Energy Agency in the General \nAssembly", "I. Introduction", "The present document, which is an addendum to the annotated preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth regular session of the General Assembly (A/66/100), is being issued in accordance with paragraph 17 (c) of annex II to Assembly resolution 2837 (XXVI) of 17 December 1971. The annotated draft agenda has been prepared on the basis of the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session (A/66/150, issued on 15 July 2011) and contains information relating to items 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 27 (b), 33, 34, 38, 39, 51, 53, 63, 69 (b), 70 (c), 76 (a), 116, 117, 120 to 122, 125, 127 to 129, 132 to 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144 to 163 and 165 to 168.", "II. Annotated draft agenda", "4. Election of the President of the General Assembly", "Under rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly shall elect a President at least three months before the opening of the session over which the President is to preside. The President so elected will assume the functions only at the beginning of that session for which the President is elected and shall hold office until the close of that session.", "On 22 June 2011, the General Assembly elected by acclamation Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar) as its President for the sixty-sixth session (decision 65/416).", "In accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. The President is elected by a simple majority. It should be noted, however, that since the thirty-second session, with the exception of the thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-third and forty-sixth sessions, the President has been elected by acclamation.", "At its thirty-third session, in 1978, the General Assembly decided (resolution 33/138, annex, para. 1) that, in the election of the President, regard should be had for equitable geographical rotation of the office among the following groups of States:", "(a) African States;", "(b) Asian States;", "(c) Eastern European States;", "(d) Latin American States;", "(e) Western European or other States.", "At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the practice of dispensing with the secret ballot for elections to subsidiary organs when the number of candidates corresponded to the number of seats to be filled should become standard and that the same practice should apply to the election of the President of the Assembly, unless a delegation specifically requested a vote on a given election (decision 34/401, para. 16).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 4)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.103 \n Decision 65/416", "5. Election of the officers of the Main Committees", "The General Assembly has six Main Committees. At its forty-seventh session, in paragraph 1 of its resolution 47/233 of 17 August 1993, the Assembly decided to amend rule 98 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly as follows:", "“1. Decides that the Main Committees of the General Assembly shall be as follows:", "(a) Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee);", "(b) Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee);", "(c) Economic and Financial Committee (Second Committee);", "(d) Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (Third Committee);", "(e) Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee);", "(f) Legal Committee (Sixth Committee).”", "At its fifty-second session, the General Assembly decided to amend the first sentence of rule 103 of the rules of procedure to read: “Each Main Committee shall elect a Chair, three Vice-Chairs and a Rapporteur” (resolution 52/163, para. 1).", "Rule 103 states that the elections shall be held by secret ballot unless the Committee decides otherwise in an election where only one candidate is standing. Since in the great majority of cases only one candidate is nominated, most officers of Main Committees are elected by acclamation.", "In addition, rule 103 provides that the nomination of each candidate shall be limited to one speaker, after which the Committee shall immediately proceed to the election.", "Rule 99 (a) stipulates that all the Main Committees shall, at least three months before the opening of the session, elect a Chair and that elections of the other officers provided for in rule 103 shall be held at the latest by the end of the first week of the session. In accordance with resolution 58/126 of 19 December 2003, the full Bureaux of the Main Committees shall also be elected three months in advance of the next session.", "On 22 June 2011, the Main Committees elected their Chairs and their other officers for the sixty-sixth session (decision 65/417). The elections of the officers of the Main Committees are held in consecutive meetings of the Main Committees, immediately following the election of the President of the General Assembly in plenary meeting. At its forty-eighth session, the General Assembly decided (in resolution 48/264, annex II), that the six Chairs of the Main Committees should be elected according to the following pattern:", "(a) One representative from an African State;", "(b) One representative from an Asian State;", "(c) One representative from an Eastern European State;", "(d) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(e) One representative from a Western European or other State;", "(f) The sixth chairmanship shall rotate over a period of 20 sessions according to the following pattern:", "(i) One representative from an African State;", "(ii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(iii) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(iv) One representative from an African State;", "(v) One representative from an Asian State;", "(vi) One representative from an African State;", "(vii) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(viii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(ix) One representative from an African State;", "(x) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xi) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xii) One representative from an African State;", "(xiii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xiv) One representative from an African State;", "(xv) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xvi) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xvii) One representative from an African State;", "(xviii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xix) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xx) One representative from an African State.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 5)", "Verbatim record A/C.1/65/PV.24 \nSummary records\tA/C.4/65/SR.26, A/C.2/65/SR.34,A/C.3/65/SR.53, A/C.5/65/SR.41and A/C.6/65/SR.29\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.104 \n Decision 65/417", "6. Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly", "The President of the General Assembly is assisted by 21 Vice-Presidents. The duties involved are performed by heads of delegations of Member States, and not by individuals elected in their personal capacity. The Assembly decided on four occasions to increase the number of Vice-Presidents (resolutions 1104 (XI), 1192 (XII), 1990 (XVIII) and 33/138).", "Under rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly shall elect 21 Vice-Presidents at least three months before the opening of the session over which they are to preside. The Vice-Presidents so elected will assume the functions only at the beginning of the session for which they are elected and shall hold office until the close of that session.", "On 22 June and 29 July 2011, the General Assembly elected its Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session (decisions 65/418 A and B).", "In accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. Vice-Presidents are elected by a simple majority. It should be noted, however, that since the thirty-second session, with the exception of the thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-first and forty-second sessions in the case of one of the regional groups, the Vice-Presidents have been elected by acclamation.", "In accordance with rule 30, the Vice-Presidents shall be elected after the election of the Chairs of the Main Committees (see item 5), in such a way as to ensure the representative character of the General Committee (see item 7).", "At its thirty-third session, in 1978, the General Assembly decided, in its resolution 33/138 (see annex, para. 2) that the 21 Vice-Presidents should be elected according to the following pattern:", "(a) Six representatives from African States;", "(b) Five representatives from Asian States;", "(c) One representative from an Eastern European State;", "(d) Three representatives from Latin American States;", "(e) Two representatives from Western European or other States;", "(f) Five representatives from the permanent members of the Security Council.", "The election of the President of the Assembly has the effect, however, of reducing by one the number of vice-presidencies allocated to the region from which the President is elected (resolution 33/138, annex, para. 3).", "At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the practice of dispensing with the secret ballot for elections to subsidiary organs when the number of candidates corresponded to the number of seats to be filled should become standard and that the same practice should apply to the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly, unless a delegation specifically requested a vote on a given election (decision 34/401, para. 16).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 6)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.104 and 117 \n Decision 65/418 A and B", "A. Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations conferences", "9. Report of the Economic and Social Council", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly amended the General Regulations of the World Food Programme (decision 65/550).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 9)", "Note by the Secretary-General A/65/928 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/550", "XX. Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide an annual report to the Assembly on progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, and, with support from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, report progress to the Assembly in accordance with global reporting on the Millennium Development Goals at the 2013 and subsequent reviews of the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/277) (also relates to items 13 and 117).", "Also at its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to include in the draft agenda of the sixty-sixth session, an item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS” (decision 65/551).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/277).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 10)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/797 \n Draft decision A/65/L.89 \n Draft resolution A/65/L.77 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.95 and 118 \n Decision 65/551 \n Resolution 65/277", "13. Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to maintain the status of the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly and to consider again the question of whether to maintain this status at an appropriate moment and at a time no sooner than ten years and no later than fifteen years, and to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and to the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A (resolution 65/281) (also relates to item 117).", "At the same sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly invited Member States to pursue the elaboration of additional measures that better capture the importance of the pursuit of happiness and well-being in development with a view to guiding their public policies and welcomed the offer of Bhutan to convene a panel discussion on the theme of happiness and well-being during its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/309). No advance documentation is expected.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to further explore, at its sixty-sixth session, the most efficient modalities for the intergovernmental follow-up process of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development and requested the President of the Assembly to hold open, inclusive, timely and transparent consultations with all Member States (resolution 65/313).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 13)", "Draft resolutions\tA/65/L.42/Rev.1, A/65/L.78 (alsorelates to item 117), andA/65/L.86 and Add.1\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.90-95, 100, 109 and 118 \nResolutions\t65/281 (also relates to agendaitem 117), 65/309 and 65/313", "14. Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations", "The item entitled “Dialogue among civilizations” was included as an additional item in the agenda of the fifty-third session of the General Assembly, in 1998, at the request of the Islamic Republic of Iran (A/53/233). At that session, the General Assembly proclaimed the year 2001 as the United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations (resolution 53/22).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-fourth to fifty-sixth sessions (resolutions 54/113, 55/23, 55/254 and 56/6).", "At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to explore enhancing implementation mechanisms for the Global Agenda and for the resolution, and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (resolution 60/4).", "During the sixty-fifth session, the item was considered jointly with agenda item 15 “Culture of Peace”.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 14)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/269 \nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.32 and 33 (jointly withagenda item 15)", "18. Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development and the 2008 Review Conference", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to hold its fifth High-level Dialogue on Financing for Development on 7 and 8 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters (resolution 65/314).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 19)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.91 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Resolution 65/314", "27. Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided that the world youth conference, organized pursuant to its resolution 64/134, would take the form of a high-level meeting of the General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011, and have as its overarching theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding” (resolution 65/267).", "At the same session, the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, reaffirmed the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its fifteen interrelated priority areas, and called upon Member States to continue implementation of the Programme at the local, national, regional and international levels (resolution 65/312).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 27 (b))", "Draft resolutions A/65/L.63 and 87 \nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.78, 110-112, 115 and116\n Resolutions 65/267 and 65/312", "B. Maintenance of international peace and security", "33. Prevention of armed conflict", "(a) Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution", "At its resumed fifty-fifth session, in August 2001, the General Assembly discussed the question of prevention of armed conflict under the item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization”.", "The General Assembly considered the subject at its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions under the same item (resolutions 55/281, 56/512 and 57/337).", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-ninth session a specific item entitled “Prevention of armed conflict” (resolution 57/337). At its fifty-ninth and sixty-second sessions, the Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 59/568 and 62/554). The Assembly had considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-first sessions (resolutions 60/284 and 61/293).", "At its resumed sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly decided to include the item in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 63/563 and 64/563).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the implementation of its resolution 65/283, entitled “Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution” for consideration by Member States at its sixty-sixth session and to include the views of Member States and other relevant actors, as well as guidance for more effective mediation, as an annex to the report, and decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-sixth session, under the item entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, a sub-item entitled “Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution” (resolution 65/283).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/283).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 33)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.79 and Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.102 \n Resolution 65/283", "34. Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "This item was included in the agenda of the sixty-first session of the General Assembly, in 2006, at the request of Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine (A/61/195).", "At its sixty-second to sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly continued its consideration of the item (resolutions 62/249, 63/307 and 64/296).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution (resolution 65/287).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/287).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 34)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/846 \n Draft resolution A/65/L.74 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.105 \n Resolution 65/287", "38. The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan", "This item was included in the agenda of the fifty-ninth session of the General Assembly, in 2004, at the request of Azerbaijan and Turkey (A/59/236 and Add.1).", "At its fifty-ninth, sixty-first, sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 59/571, 61/564, 63/569 and 64/562). The Assembly considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-second sessions (resolutions 60/285 and 62/243).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in September 2011, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/552).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 39)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/552", "39. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte", "This item was included in the agenda of the thirty-first session of the General Assembly, in 1976, at the request of Madagascar (A/31/241).", "At its thirty-second to forty-ninth sessions, the General Assembly continued its consideration of this item (resolutions 32/7, 34/69, 35/43, 36/105, 37/65, 38/13, 39/48, 40/62, 41/30, 42/17, 43/14, 44/9, 45/11, 46/9, 47/9, 48/56 and 49/18; and decision 33/435).", "At its fiftieth to fifty-ninth and sixty-second to sixty-third sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the provisional agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 50/493, 51/436, 52/435, 53/490, 54/439, 55/402, 56/454, 57/503 A, 58/503 A, 59/503 A, 62/503, 63/559).", "At its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to recommend the inclusion of the item in the agenda of its respective sessions on the understanding that there would be no consideration of the item by the Assembly until further notice (decisions 64/503 A and 65/503).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to include the item in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/553).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 40)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.2 and 118 \n Decision 65/503 and 65/553", "53. Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects", "At its nineteenth session, in February 1965, the General Assembly established the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, which was to undertake a comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, including ways of overcoming the financial difficulties of the United Nations (resolution 2006 (XIX)).", "For the current composition of the Special Committee, see A/65/19 (annex).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its twentieth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 2053 (XX), 2220 (XXI), 2308 (XXII), 2451 (XXIII), 2576 (XXIV), 2670 (XXV), 2835 (XXVI), 2965 (XXVII), 3091 (XXVIII), 3239 (XXIX), 3457 (XXX), 31/105, 32/106, 33/114, 34/53, 35/121, 36/37, 37/93, 38/31, 39/97, 40/163, 41/67, 42/161, 43/59 A and B, 44/49, 45/75, 46/48, 47/71, 47/72, 48/42, 48/43, 49/37, 50/30, 51/136, 52/69, 53/58, 54/81, 55/135, 56/225 A and B, 57/129, 57/336, 58/315, 59/281, 59/300, 60/263, 60/289, 61/267 A and B, 61/291, 62/273, 63/280 and 64/266).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in July 2011, the General Assembly endorsed the proposals, recommendations and conclusions of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, contained in paragraphs 15 to 278 of its report (A/65/19), and requested the Special Committee to submit a report on its work to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/310).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group: Supplement No. 19 (A/66/19);", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (resolution 65/310).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 53)", "Report of the Special Committee onPeacekeeping Operations: SupplementNo. 19 (A/65/19)\t\n Reports of the Secretary-General: \nSupport to African Union peacekeepingoperations authorized by the UnitedNations (A/65/510-S/2010/514) (alsorelates to item 146)\t\nStrengthening the capacity of theUnited Nations to manage and sustainpeacekeeping operations (A/65/524 andCorr.1) (also relates to item 146)\t\nProgress in the implementation of theglobal field support strategy(A/65/643) (also relates to item 146)\t\nImplementation of the integratedoperational teams (A/65/669)\t\nImplementation of the recommendationsof the Special Committee onPeacekeeping Operations (A/65/680 andAdd.1)\t\nProsecution of crimes against deployedpeacekeepers (A/65/700)\t\nDisarmament, demobilization andreintegration (A/65/741)\t\nLetter dated 19 January 2011 from thePermanent Representatives of Australiaand Uruguay to the United Nationsaddressed to the President of theGeneral Assembly (A/65/698)\t\n Summary records A/C.4/65/SR.14-17 and 27 \nReport of the Special Political andDecolonization Committee (FourthCommittee)\tA/65/424 and Add.1\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.62 and 109 \n Resolution 65/310", "C. Development of Africa", "63. New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "(a) New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "At its fifty-seventh session, in 2002, the General Assembly adopted the United Nations Declaration on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (resolution 57/2).", "The General Assembly considered this item at its fifty-seventh to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 57/2, 57/7, 58/233, 59/254, 60/222, 61/229, 62/179, 62/242, 63/1, 63/267 and 64/258).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the commitment by all States to establish a monitoring mechanism to follow up on all commitments related to the development of Africa, as contained in the political declaration on Africa’s development needs and requested the President of the Assembly to continue informal consultations, led by Member States with the participation of relevant stakeholders with a view to making the mechanism operational by the end of the sixty-sixth session; reaffirmed its full support for the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, and its commitment to the full implementation of the political declaration on Africa’s development needs; and requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the basis of inputs from Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and other stakeholders in the New Partnership (resolution 65/284).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support (resolution 65/284), A/66/202.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 62 (a))", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nA monitoring mechanism toreview commitments towardsAfrica’s development needs(A/65/165)\t\nNew Partnership for Africa’sDevelopment: eighthconsolidated progress reporton implementation andinternational support(A/65/167)\t\nDraft resolution\tA/65/L.69/Rev.1 (as orallyrevised) and Add.1\nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.30-31 and 102 (jointdebate on items 62 (a) and 12)\n Resolution 65/284", "(b) Causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa", "At its fifty-third session, in 1998, the General Assembly, at the request of Namibia (A/53/231), included the item in its agenda and considered it at that session (resolution 53/92).", "At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the President of the Assembly to establish an open-ended ad hoc working group of the Assembly to monitor the implementation of the recommendations made by the Secretary-General in his report of 1998 on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (resolution 54/234).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions (resolutions 55/217, 56/37, 57/2 and 57/7). At its fifty-seventh session, the Assembly decided to include this item as a sub-item, under a single agenda item on the development of Africa, entitled “New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support”, beginning at its fifty-eighth session (resolution 57/296).", "The General Assembly considered the sub-item at its fifty-eighth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 58/234, 58/235, 59/255, 60/223, 61/230, 62/275, 63/304 and 64/252).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to develop, in consultation with relevant partners, policy proposals on issues identified in his review report; and also requested the Secretary-General to continue to monitor and report to the Assembly, on an annual basis, on persistent and emerging challenges to the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, as well as on the approach and support of the United Nations system (resolution 65/278).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (resolution 65/278), A/66/214-S/2011/476.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 62 (b))", "Report of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of therecommendations contained inhis report on the causes ofconflict and the promotion ofdurable peace and sustainabledevelopment in Africa(A/65/152-S/2010/526)\t\n Draft resolution A/65/L.62/Rev.1 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.30 and 96 \n Resolution 65/278", "D. Promotion of human rights", "69. Promotion and protection of human rights", "(b) Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "International Year of Human Rights Learning", "At its sixty-second session, in 2007, the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 10 December 2008 the International Year of Human Rights Learning and called upon Member States to promote human rights learning and education at the local, national and international levels, in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders (resolution 62/171). The Assembly further considered the question at its sixty-third session (resolution 63/173).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly considered the report of the Secretary-General on the International Year (A/64/293) and encouraged action aimed at broad-based and sustained human rights learning at all levels. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it, at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the implementation of its resolution (resolution 64/82).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary General to invite Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to present further practical proposals and ideas that would contribute to the strengthening of United Nations action in the field of human rights through the promotion of international cooperation based on the principles of non-selectivity, impartiality and objectivity, and to submit a comprehensive report on the question to the Assembly at its sixty sixth session (resolution 64/158).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning (resolutions 64/82 and 64/158), A/66/225.", "References for the sixty-fourth session (agenda item 69 (b))", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nStrengthening United Nationsaction in the field of humanrights through the promotionof international cooperationand the importance ofnon-selectivity, impartialityand objectivity (A/64/175)\t\nInternational Year of HumanRights Learning (A/64/293)\t\nReports of the ThirdCommittee\tA/64/439/Add.2 (Part I and PartII)\nSummary records\tA/C.3/64/SR.22-33 and 36 and40-47)\nDraft resolutions\tA/C.3/64/L.29 andA/C.3/64/L.33/Rev.1\n Plenary meetings A/64/PV.61 and 65 \n Resolutions 64/82 and 64/158", "E. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts", "70. Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance", "(c) Special economic assistance to individual countries or regions", "At its forty-eighth session in 1993, the General Assembly decided to consider the item entitled “Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance” and its sub‑items in the plenary (resolution 48/162, annex II).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations system agencies to mobilize effective, immediate and adequate international support and assistance to Pakistan and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session on the implementation of the present resolution under the item entitled “Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance” (resolution 64/294).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 69 (d))", "Report of the Secretary-General on strengthening emergency relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and prevention in the wake of devastating floods in Pakistan (A/65/773)\n Report of the Secretary-General on humanitarian assistance and reconstruction of Liberia (A/65/357)", "F. Promotion of justice and international law", "76. Oceans and the law of the sea", "(a) Oceans and the law of the sea", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations of the first meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects; and requested the Secretary-General to convene the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on 27 and 28 June 2011 (resolution 65/37 B).", "Document: Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly transmitting the report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole at its second meeting (resolution 65/37 B), A/66/189.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 74 (a))", "Report on the work of the Ad HocWorking Group of the Whole onthe Regular Process for GlobalReporting and Assessment of theState of the Marine Environment,including Socio-economic Aspects(A/65/759)\t\n Draft resolution A/65/L.65 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.84 \n Resolution 65/37 B", "I. Organizational, administrative and other matters", "114. Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "(a) Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly declared France elected a member of the Committee for Programme and Coordination for a term of office beginning on 12 September 2011 and expiring on 31 December 2012 (decision 65/404 B).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 112 (a))", "Note by the Secretary-General A/65/291/Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/404 B", "116. Admission of new Members to the United Nations", "The question of the admission of new Members to the United Nations is governed, inter alia, by Article 4 of the Charter, rules 58 to 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and rules 134 to 138 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Charter, the admission of new Members is effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Under rule 83 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly, a two-thirds majority is required for the admission of new Members.", "On 13 July 2011, the Security Council, having examined the application of the Republic of South Sudan for admission to membership in the United Nations (A/65/900-S/2011/418), recommended to the General Assembly that the Republic of South Sudan be admitted to membership in the United Nations (Council resolution 1999 (2011)).", "At its 108th plenary meeting, on 14 July 2011, the General Assembly admitted the Republic of South Sudan to membership in the United Nations (resolution 65/308).", "A list of the Member States, which now number 193, is available on the United Nations web page: www.un.org, with an indication of the date on which they were admitted to membership in the United Nations.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 114)", "Application of the Republic of SouthSudan for admission\tA/65/900-S/2011/418\nLetter dated 13 July 2011 from thePresident of the Security Counciladdressed to the Secretary-General(A/65/905)\t\n Draft resolution A/65/L.84 and Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.108 \n Resolution 65/308", "117. Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide an annual report to the Assembly on progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, and, with support from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, report progress to the Assembly in accordance with global reporting on the Millennium Development Goals at the 2013 and subsequent Millennium Development Goal reviews (resolution 65/277) (also relates to item 13).", "At the same session, the General Assembly decided to maintain the status of the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary body of the Assembly and to consider again the question of whether to maintain this status at an appropriate moment and at a time no sooner than ten years and no later than fifteen years, and to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and to the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A (resolution 65/281) (also relates to item 13).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 115)", "Report of theSecretary-General on unitingfor universal access: towardszero new HIV infections, zerodiscrimination and zeroAIDS-related deaths(A/65/797)\t\nDraft resolutions\tA/65/L.77 (also relates to item13), A/65/L.78 (also relates toitem 13)\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.90-95 and 100 \nResolutions\t65/277 and 65/281 (also relates toitem 13)", "120. Implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to suspend the rights of membership in the Human Rights Council of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to review the matter, as appropriate (resolution 65/265).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 117)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.60 and Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.76 \n Resolution 65/265", "121. Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "This item, which was included in the agenda of the forty-sixth session of the General Assembly, in 1991, had originally been proposed for inclusion in the draft agenda of that session by the President of the Assembly at its forty-fifth session (see decision 45/461).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its forty-sixth to forty-eighth, fifty-second and fifty-third sessions (resolutions 46/77, 47/233 and 48/264 and decisions 52/479 and 53/491).", "At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decision 54/491).", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item from its fifty-fifth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 55/285, 56/509, 57/301, 58/126, annex, 61/292, 62/276, 63/309 and 64/301).", "At its resumed fifty-eighth session, in July 2004, the General Assembly adopted a number of measures, inter alia, to reorganize the agenda of the Assembly; and decided to review the provisions of the reorganized agenda at its sixty-first session with a view to making further improvements (resolution 58/316).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted the proposed programme of work and timetable of the First Committee for 2011 (decision 65/518), the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) (decision 65/522), the draft programmes of work of the Second Committee (decision 65/529) and the Third Committee (decision 65/539) and the provisional programme of work of the Sixth Committee (decision 65/511) for the sixty-sixth session. Also at the sixty-fifth session, the Assembly adopted a decision on improving the working methods of the Second Committee (decision 65/530).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to establish, at its sixty-sixth session, an Ad Hoc Working Group on the revitalization of the Assembly, open to all Member States, to identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, inter alia, by building on previous resolutions; and to submit a report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/315).", "Document: Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (resolution 65/315).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 118)", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group onthe revitalization of the GeneralAssembly (A/65/909)\t\nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.56, 57, 60, 62,69, 71 and 118\n Report of the First Committee A/65/418 \nReport of the Special Political andDecolonization Committee (FourthCommittee)\tA/65/431\n Report of the Second Committee A/65/444 \n Report of the Third Committee A/65/459 \n Report of the Sixth Committee A/65/476 \n Resolution 65/315 \nDecisions\t65/511, 65/518, 65/522,65/529, 65/530 and 65/539", "122. Question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related matters", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to immediately continue intergovernmental negotiations on Security Council reform in informal plenary of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/554).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 119)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/554", "125. Follow-up to the recommendations on administrative management and internal oversight of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme", "This item was included in the agenda of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly, in 2005, as an additional item at the request of Costa Rica (A/60/235).", "At its sixty-first to sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 61/503 A, 62/555 and 63/566, 64/569 and 65/555).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 123)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/555", "127. International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "This agenda item was first considered by the General Assembly during its sixty-third session, at the request of the Secretary-General, in order for the Assembly to consider and act upon communications from the President of the Tribunal. The Assembly continued its consideration of this item at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 125)", "Letters from theSecretary-General\tA/65/529-S/2010/513 andA/65/587-S/2010/598\nLetter from the President of theSecurity Council\tA/65/661\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.74 \n Draft decision A/65/L.57 \n Decision 65/412", "128. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "This agenda item was first considered by the General Assembly during its sixty-third session, at the request of the Secretary-General, in order for the Assembly to consider and act upon communications from the President of the Tribunal. The Assembly continued its consideration of this item at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 126)", "Letter from the Secretary-General A/65/588-S/2010/599 \nLetter from the President of theSecurity Council\tA/65/662\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.74 and 109 \n Draft decisions A/65/L.58 and L.83 \n Decisions 65/413 A and B", "129. International residual mechanism for criminal tribunals (items proposed by the Secretary-General (A/66/143))", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1966 (2010), decided to establish the international residual mechanism for criminal tribunals with two branches that shall commence functioning on 1 July 2012 (branch for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) and 1 July 2013 (branch for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia), respectively, and to that end adopted the statute of the mechanism contained in annex 1 to the resolution.", "By paragraph 13 of the resolution, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to implement the resolution and to make practical arrangements for the effective functioning of the mechanism from the first commencement date (1 July 2012) and to initiate no later than 30 June 2011 the procedures for the selection of the roster of judges of the mechanism, as provided in its statute. Under the statute, the judges of the mechanism are to be elected by the General Assembly from a list of candidates provided by the Security Council.", "In addition, under the statute, the President of the mechanism shall submit an annual report to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.", "It is therefore necessary for the General Assembly, during its sixty-sixth session, to elect the judges for the mechanism so that the mechanism can begin its work on its first commencement date (1 July 2012). In addition, the Assembly will be required to consider the annual report of the mechanism and to adopt appropriate budgetary and financial arrangements for the mechanism’s work.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "132. Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly, at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, on the implementation of its resolution 64/259, entitled “Towards an accountability system in the United Nations Secretariat”.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed its resolution 41/213, in which it requested the Secretary-General to submit in off-budget years an outline of the proposed programme budget for the following biennium, and reaffirmed its request to the Secretary-General to propose, in future budget submissions, measures to offset budget increases, wherever possible, without undermining the implementation of mandated programmes and activities (resolution 65/262).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the independence and separate and distinct roles of the internal and external oversight mechanisms; encouraged United Nations internal and external oversight bodies to further enhance the level of their cooperation with one another; encouraged the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) to enhance its analysis, in future annual reports, of general trends and strategic challenges regarding internal oversight in the United Nations; requested the Secretary-General to implement outstanding and recurring accepted recommendations of the Office dealing with issues that are systemic in nature; and requested him to ensure the full implementation of the accepted recommendations of the Office, including those relating to cost avoidance, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements, in a prompt and timely manner and to provide detailed justifications in cases where recommendations of the Office are not accepted (resolution 65/250) (also relates to item 142).", "Documents: (see also documents listed in A/66/100, under item 141, Joint Inspection Unit)", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the status of implementation of resolution 64/259, “Towards an accountability system in the United Nations Secretariat” (resolution 64/259);", "(b) Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on its activities for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011 (resolution 61/275), A/66/299;", "(c) Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services:", "(i) Annual report for the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B; 54/244; 57/292, sect. II, para. 22; 59/270, para. 3; 59/271, para. 11; 59/272; 60/257, para. 14; and 60/282, para. 13);", "(ii) Annual report on peacekeeping oversight activities for the period 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244, 59/272 and 60/268, para. 17);", "(d) Report of the Joint Inspection Unit on transparency in the selection and appointment of senior managers in the United Nations Secretariat (JIU/REP/2011/2).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 128)", "Report of the Office ofInternal Oversight Serviceson the audit of procurementmanagement in the Secretariat(A/64/369)\t\nNote by the Secretary-Generaltransmitting his comments andthose of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination on thereport of the JointInspection Unit on Offshoringin United Nations SystemOrganizations (A/65/63/Add.1)(also relates to item 137)\t\nNote by the Secretary-Generaltransmitting his comments andthose of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination on thereport of the JointInspection Unit onEnvironmental Profile of theUnited Nations Systemorganizations(A/65/346/Add.1)\t\nReports of theSecretary-General:\t\nComprehensive report onUnited Nations procurementactivities (resolution62/269), A/64/284 and Add.1and 2\t\nReport of the Office ofInternal Oversight Serviceson the activities of theOffice for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/271 (Part I) and Corr.1and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1)\t\nReport of the IndependentAudit Advisory Committee onthe activities of theCommittee for the period from1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010(A/65/329)\t\nRelated report of theAdvisory Committee onAdministrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/64/501)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on theproposed programme budgetoutline for the biennium2012-2013 (A/65/560 andCorr.1)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening of theDepartment of PoliticalAffairs (A/65/161)\t\nReports of the JointInspection Unit:\t\nOffshoring in the UnitedNations system (A/65/63)\t\nEnvironmental profile of theUnited Nations system oforganizations (A/65/346)\t\n Draft resolutions A/C.5/65/L.24 and A/C.5/65/L.25 \n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.3, 5, 23, 24 and 27 \nReports of the FifthCommittee\tA/65/645 and 649 (also relates toitem 142)\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \nResolutions\t65/250 (also relates to item 142),65/261 and 65/262", "133. Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Questions relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly resolved that the Secretary-General should report to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth and sixty-sixth sessions all commitments made under the provisions of the resolution on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for the biennium 2010-2011, together with the circumstances relating thereto, and should submit supplementary estimates to the Assembly in respect of such commitments (resolution 64/246).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments in an amount up to 1,758,800 dollars under section 20 (Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean) of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and to report, in the context of his second performance report for the biennium 2010-2011, on the actual expenditure incurred (resolution 65/259, sect. III).", "At the same session, the General Assembly welcomed the establishment of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women) as an important ongoing effort by the Organization to strengthen its system-wide capacity to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and to lead, coordinate and promote the accountability of the United Nations system in its work (resolution 65/259, sect. VI).", "Also at the same session, the General Assembly recalled section III of its resolution 60/283 as well as section III of its resolution 64/260 on limited budgetary discretion, and requested the Secretary-General to implement their provisions and to report thereon in the context of his second performance report for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/259, sect. XVIII).", "Also at the sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General, as an exceptional measure, to enter into commitments in an amount not to exceed 9,882,594 dollars to supplement the voluntary financial resources of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011 and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution (resolution 65/259, sect. XII).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report for the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolutions 65/259 and 65/268);", "(ii) Fourth progress report on the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (resolution 60/283);", "(iii) Overseas property management and construction projects in progress (resolution 65/259);", "(iv) Proposal for a mechanism to determine retirement pension benefits (resolution 65/258);", "(v) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session and its resumed substantive session of 2011 (also relates to items 9 and 134);", "(vi) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions (and any special sessions held in 2011) (resolution 60/251);", "(vii) Implementation of the experiment of using limited budgetary discretion (resolutions 60/283, sect. III and 64/260, sect. III);", "(viii) Implementation of projects financed from the Development Account: seventh progress report (A/66/84);", "(ix) Subvention to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (resolution 65/259);", "(x) United Nations Office for Partnerships, A/66/188;", "(xi) Progress report on the implementation of the recommendations of the report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the efficiency of the implementation of the mandate of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A/66/74;", "(b) Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (resolution 46/220);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7) and addenda.", "Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved budgets totalling $643,094,800 gross ($631,162,600 net) for the 29 special political missions authorized by the Assembly and/or the Security Council; decided to appropriate, under the procedure provided for in paragraph 11 of annex I to its resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986, an amount of $200,689,200 under section 3 (Political affairs) of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011; and requested the Secretary-General to submit resource requirements for 2011 for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi or its successor, for consideration by the Assembly at the first part of its resumed sixty-fifth session (resolution 65/259).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved the budget for the United Nations Office in Burundi in the amount of $23,989,700 gross ($22,145,800 net) for the period 1 January to 31 December 2011 and approved the budget for the United Nations Representative on the International Advisory and Monitoring Board in the amount of $24,600 for the period 1 January to 30 June 2011, and noted that the requirements for the Representative would be accommodated from within the overall appropriation for special political missions and reported to the Assembly in the context of the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011; decided to appropriate, under the provisions of its resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986, the amount of $7,504,600 under section 3 (Political affairs) for the biennium 2010-2011, taking into consideration the amount of $14,641,200 already approved for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (the predecessor mission); and decided to utilize the unencumbered balance for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi to offset part of the additional appropriation required for the United Nations Office in Burundi for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011, and requested the Secretary-General to meet the additional requirements for the United Nations Office in Burundi from the overall appropriation for special political missions, and to report thereon in the context of the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/268).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved the budget for the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the amount of $1,693,500 gross ($1,670,400 net) for the period 1 June to 31 December 2011 and approved the budget of the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions in the amount of $1,590,600 gross ($1,469,000 net) for the period 1 May to 31 December 2011, decided that the resources for the activities of the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions would be absorbed within the overall appropriation for special political missions for the biennium 2010-2011 and requested the Secretary-General to report thereon in the context of his second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/288).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council (resolutions 65/259, 65/268 and 65/288);", "(ii) Review of the current funding and backstopping arrangements for the special political missions with a view to identifying possible alternatives (resolution 65/259);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Capital master plan", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it on an annual basis on the awarding of contracts for procurement for the capital master plan; and also requested him to submit to the Assembly annual progress reports on the implementation of the capital master plan (resolution 57/292, sect. II).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reiterated its request that the Secretary-General make every effort to avoid budget increases through sound project management practices and to ensure by all means that the capital master plan is completed within the budget as approved in its resolution 61/251, and to report thereon in the context of his ninth annual progress report (resolution 65/269).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Ninth annual progress report on the implementation of the capital master plan (resolutions 57/292, sect. II, 61/251, and 65/269);", "(ii) Proposals for financing the associated costs required for the year 2012 from within the approved budget for the capital master plan (resolution 65/269);", "(b) Report of the Board of Auditors on the capital master plan for the year ended 31 December 2010: Supplement No. 5 (A/66/5 (Vol. V));", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Information and communications technology", "(also relates to item 134)", "At its fifty-ninth session, in 2004, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixtieth session the results of the technical study on information and communications technology security, business continuity and disaster recovery, with detailed costing and a timetable (resolution 59/276, sect. XI).", "This question was considered by the General Assembly at its sixtieth and sixty-first sessions (resolutions 60/283, sect. II, and 61/234).", "At its sixty-third session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a unified disaster recovery and business continuity plan and to report thereon to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-fourth session (resolution 63/262, sect. IV).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on information and communications technology strategy, including on adjustments to the governance structure; an update on such management and reporting arrangements; an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangement; an inventory of information and communications technology capacities across the Secretariat; more precisely identified and quantified efficiency gains or benefits expected from the implementation of the information and communications technology strategy; the methodology and benchmarks used to identify and measure those benefits; and the roles and responsibilities of the Office of the Chief Information Technology Officer and the Department of Field Support of the Secretariat regarding information and communications technology activities (resolution 63/262, sect. I).", "The General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly no later than at the main part of its sixty-fifth session a unified disaster recovery and business continuity plan, including a permanent solution for Headquarters (resolution 63/269).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals contained in his report on the status of implementation of the information and communications technology strategy for the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/491) and to submit new and/or revised proposals to the Assembly in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013; to report on the progress made in the establishment of a secondary data centre as described in paragraph 71 of the report, including, as appropriate, financial resources proposed for its implementation, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013; and to submit to the Assembly more than one option for locating any other future facilities related to the information and communications technology strategy (resolution 65/259).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the third progress report on the enterprise resource planning project (resolution 63/262, sect. II);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Financing of the administration of justice", "[See item 143]", "Liabilities and proposed funding for after-service health insurance benefits", "At its sixty-first session, the General Assembly approved the establishment of an independent segregated special account to record after-service health insurance accrued liabilities and account for related transactions and also approved the recommended changes to the after-service health insurance provisions for new staff members recruited on or after 1 July 2007; decided to defer its consideration of the remaining funding proposals made in the report; and requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to it at its sixty-third session that would, inter alia: (a) reflect updated and validated after-service health insurance accrued liabilities; (b) provide additional information on alternative long-term financing strategies; (c) report on measures aimed at reducing the Organization’s costs related to health-care plans; (d) provide comprehensive information and analysis based, inter alia, on the results of the actuarial valuation of the after-service health insurance plan as at 31 December 2007 with respect to differentiated funding options based on funding sources; and (e) provide investment strategies with respect to an after-service health insurance reserve fund (resolution 61/264).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include, in future performance reports on the budget, information regarding the medical and dental reserve funds, the number of months that premium holidays have been applied during the budgetary period, other surplus fund distribution methods used, and the financial impact on the budgets (resolution 65/259, sect. IV).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the second performance report for the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "At its resumed sixty-first session, in April 2007, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to it at its sixty-second session on options for designing pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, including defined-benefit and defined contribution schemes, taking into account the possibility of calculating pensions on the basis of the number of years served rather than the term of office (resolution 61/262).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report a proposal for a mechanism that he may use to determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account acquired pension benefit rights accrued prior to serving in the Court or the Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (resolution 65/258);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 129)", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nFirst performance report on theprogramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011 (A/65/589)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom resolutions and decisionsadopted by the Economic andSocial Council at itssubstantive session (A/65/319)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom resolutions and decisionsadopted by the Human RightsCouncil at its twelfth,thirteenth and fourteenthsessions (A/65/333 and Corr.1)and at its fifteenth session(A/65/333/Add.1 and Corr.1)\t\nThird progress report on theadoption of InternationalPublic Sector AccountingStandards by the United Nations(A/65/308)\t\nEstimates in respect of specialpolitical missions, goodoffices and other politicalinitiatives authorized by theGeneral Assembly and/or theSecurity Council: UnitedNations Office in Burundi andUnited Nations representativeto the International Advisoryand Monitoring Board(A/65/328/Add.6 and Corr.1)\t\nEstimates in respect of specialpolitical missions, goodoffices and other politicalinitiatives authorized by theGeneral Assembly and/or theSecurity Council: Panel ofExperts on the Libyan ArabJamahiriya and the UnitedNations Representative to theGeneva InternationalDiscussions (A/65/328/Add.7)\t\nConditions of service andcompensation for officials,other than Secretariatofficials, serving the GeneralAssembly: full-time members ofthe International Civil ServiceCommission and the Chair of theAdvisory Committee onAdministrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/676)\t\nUnited Nations Office forPartnerships (A/65/347)\t\nStandards of accommodation forair travel (A/65/348)\t\nReport of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination on thefeasibility of harmonizingstandards of air travel(A/65/386)\t\nContingency fund: consolidatedstatement of programme budgetimplications and revisedestimates (A/C.5/65/14)\t\nImplementation of GeneralAssembly resolution 63/261 onthe strengthening of theDepartment of Political Affairs(A/65/161 and Corr.1)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom the increase in the numberof members of the Subcommitteeon Prevention of Torture andOther Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment orPunishment pursuant to article5 of the Optional Protocol(A/65/500) (also relates toitem 68 (a))\t\nStrengthening the managementcapacity of the United NationsRelief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the NearEast (A/65/705)\t\nRevised security managementframework and revised estimatesrelating to the programmebudget for the biennium2010-2011 under section 5,Peacekeeping operations,related to a strengthened andunified security managementsystem for the United Nations(A/65/320 and Corr.1)\t\nOverseas property managementand construction projects inprogress (A/65/351)\t\nEighth annual progress reporton the implementation of thecapital master plan (A/65/511)\t\nProposals for financingassociated costs for 2011 fromwithin the approved budget forthe capital master plan(A/65/511/Add.1)\t\nImplementation of therecommendations of the Board ofAuditors contained in itsreports on the United Nationsfor the biennium ended 31December 2009 and on thecapital master plan for theyear ended 31 December 2009(A/65/296)\t\nRevised estimates arising inrelation to the expansion ofthe Committee on the Protectionof the Rights of All MigrantWorkers and Members of TheirFamilies (A/65/85)\t\nRevised proposal for the use ofregular budget resources forthe normative support functionsof the United Nations Entityfor Gender Equality and theEmpowerment of Women (UN-Women)(A/65/531)\t\nRevised estimates under section23, Human rights, of theprogramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011, resultingfrom the increase in themembership of the Committee onthe Rights of Persons withDisabilities (A/65/400)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom the entry into force ofthe International Conventionfor the Protection of AllPersons from EnforcedDisappearance (A/65/628)\t\nSecond progress report on theenterprise resource planningproject and revised estimatesunder section 28A, Office ofthe Under-Secretary-General forManagement, of the programmebudget for the biennium2010-2011, and under thesupport account forpeacekeeping operations(A/65/389)\t\n Notes by the Secretary-General: \nTransmitting the report of theJoint Inspection Unit on thereview of travel arrangementswithin the United Nationssystem (A/65/338)\t\nRelated report of the UnitedNations System Chief ExecutivesBoard for Coordination(A/65/338/Add.1)\t\nReports of the Office ofInternal Oversight Services:\t\nAnnual report for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June2010 (A/65/271 (Part I) andCorr.1 and Add.1 and Corr.1)\t\nPreliminary report on theimplementation of the pilotproject designated by theGeneral Assembly in resolution63/287 (A/65/765)\t\nThematic evaluation ofcooperation between theDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of FieldSupport and regionalorganizations (A/65/762)\t\nReport of the Board of Auditorsfor the year ended 31 December2009: Capital master plan,Supplement No. 5 (A/65/5 (Vol.V))\t\nReport of the Committee forProgramme and Coordination onits fiftieth session:Supplement No. 16 (A/65/16)\t\nReports of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative andBudgetary Questions: (includingA/65/739, A/65/602/Add.1 andAdd.2, A/65/767, A/65/632,A/65/725) Supplement No. 7(A/65/7) and addenda\t\nSummary records\tA/C.5/65/SR.6-8, 12, 13, 17-20,22, 23, 25-31, 39 and 42\n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and Add.1, 2 and 3 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73, 84 and 106 \nResolutions\t65/258, 65/259, 65/260, 65/268,65/269 and 65/288\n Decisions 65/542 and 65/543", "134. Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Pursuant to regulation 2.4 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, the Secretary-General, in the second year of a financial period, submits to the General Assembly at its regular session his proposed programme budget for the following financial period. At its sixty-fifth session, the Assembly considered this question under the item entitled “Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations” (see also item 132).", "At its fifty-eighth session, in 2003, the General Assembly decided that the programme narratives of the programme budget fascicles should be identical to the biennial programme plan; decided also to keep the current format of the proposed programme budget and to maintain the level of information contained therein; requested the Secretary-General to include in the introduction of the budget fascicles information on the new and/or revised mandates approved by the Assembly subsequent to the adoption of the biennial programme plan; and requested the Secretary-General to ensure that resources were clearly identified in all the sections of the proposed programme budget for the performance of the monitoring and evaluation functions (resolution 58/269).", "At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly endorsed the proposal that the request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research be submitted for review and approval by the General Assembly on a biennial basis in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the related biennium (resolution 60/248, sect. IV).", "At the same session, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 11 of its resolution 60/246 of 23 December 2005 and decided to authorize the Secretary-General, on an experimental basis, a limited discretion for budgetary implementation for the bienniums 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, to enter into commitments up to $20 million in each biennium for positions and non-post requirements for the purpose of meeting the evolving needs of the Organization in attaining its mandated programmes and activities; also decided to review the experiment at its sixty-fourth session with a view to taking a final decision on its continuation, and requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the experiment for its consideration (resolution 60/283, sect. III).", "At its sixty-third session, the General Assembly took note of the reports of the Secretary-General on improving the effective and efficient delivery of the mandates of development-related activities and revised estimates relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/708) and the Development Account (A/63/335); endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/62/7/Add.40 and A/63/479), subject to the provisions of the resolution; and requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution within the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 63/260).", "At its resumed sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly took note of the Secretary-General’s report on limited budgetary discretion (A/64/562) and endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (resolution 64/260, sect. III).", "Also at its resumed sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, to review the budget allocation to the Office of the President of the Assembly in accordance with existing procedures (resolution 64/301).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly, under the item entitled “Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations”, invited the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of a preliminary estimate of $5,396,697,200 at revised 2010-2011 rates and requested the Secretary-General to reflect the priorities outlined in paragraph 13 of the resolution when presenting the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 65/262).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to further elaborate, in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the normative intergovernmental processes undertaken by UN-Women to implement its mandate, as referred to in paragraph 75 of its resolution 64/289, in order to specify whether the activities of UN-Women, including administrative, evaluation, coordination, research and analytical policy functions, would support or be considered normative intergovernmental processes; operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities; or a combination thereof (resolution 65/259, sect VI).", "Documents:", "(a) Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013: Supplement No. 6: A/66/6 (Introduction), (Sects. 1-7), (Sect. 8) and Corr.1, (Sects. 9-12), (Sect. 13) and Add.1, (Sects. 14-15), (Sect. 16) and Corr.1, (Sects. 17-25), (Sect. 26) and Corr.1, (Sect. 27), (Sect. 28) and Corr.1, (Sects. 29-29C), (Sect. 29D) and Corr.1, (Sect. 29E), (Sect. 29F) and Corr.1, (Sects. 29G-37) and (Income sects. 1-3);", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Consolidated report on the changes to the biennial programme plan as reflected in the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolutions 58/269 and 65/244), A/66/82 (also relates to item 135);", "(ii) Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council (resolutions 65/259, sect. XIII and 65/268, sect. II);", "(iii) Implementation of the experiment of using limited budgetary discretion (resolution 60/283, sect. III and 64/260, sect. III);", "(iv) Contingency fund: consolidated statement of programme budget implications and revised estimates (resolutions 42/211, annex);", "(v) Revised estimates: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(vi) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions (and any special sessions held in 2011) (resolution 60/251);", "(vii) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2011 and resumed substantive session of 2011 (also relates to items 9 and 133);", "(xiii) Fourth progress report on the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (resolution 60/283, sect. II);", "(ix) Administration of justice at the United Nations (resolution 61/261 and 65/259);", "(x) Activities of the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services (resolutions 65/251 and 65/259);", "(xi) Organizational resilience management system: emergency management framework (resolution 64/260, Part II);", "(xii) Feasibility study for United Nations Headquarters long-term accommodation requirements (resolution 60/282);", "(xiii) Progress report on the strategic heritage plan at the United Nations Office at Geneva (resolution 64/243);", "(xiv) Subvention to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (resolution 65/259);", "(xv) Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (resolution 65/258);", "(c) Note by the Secretary-General: request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research resulting from the recommendations of the Board of Trustees of the Institute on the work programme of the Institute for 2012-2013 (resolution 60/248, sect. IV), A/66/170;", "(d) Annual report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(e) Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee: internal oversight: proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85);", "(f) Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fifty-first session: Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16);", "(g) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7) and addenda.", "Development Account", "At its fifty-sixth session, in 2001, the General Assembly decided to continue to keep the implementation of the Development Account under review (resolution 56/237).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of projects financed from the Development Account: seventh progress report (resolution 56/237), A/66/84;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund", "At its forty-sixth session, in 1991, the General Assembly decided to consider the item related to the United Nations pension system in even-numbered years (resolution 46/220), with the arrangement, however, that the review and approval of all matters related to the expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, including the biennial budgets of the Fund, would be taken up by the Fifth Committee and the General Assembly under the agenda item for the United Nations biennial programme budget (see A/54/206).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (resolution 46/220) (also relates to item 133);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the administrative and financial implications arising from the report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board;", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7).", "Administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010 (A/65/493) and the related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/532) (resolution 65/259).", "Documents:", "(a) Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011;", "(b) Report of the International Civil Service Commission for the year 2011: Supplement No. 30 (A/66/30);", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Information and communications technology", "[See entry under item 133]", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (resolutions 63/262, 63/269, 64/243, 65/259, sect. XVII), A/66/94.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 129)", "[See entries under item 133,References for the sixty-fifthsession]\t\nReport of the Secretary-Generalon the proposed programmebudget outline for the biennium2012-2013 (A/65/560 and Corr.1)\t\nRelated report of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative andBudgetary Questions (A/65/611)\t\nSummary records\tA/C.5/65/SR.6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17,18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27 and 28\n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and Add.1 and 2 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 84 \nResolutions\t65/258, 65/259, 65/260 A-C,65/268 and 65/269\n Decisions 65/542 and 65/543", "135. Programme planning", "At its fifty-eighth session, in 2003, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare, on a trial basis, for submission to the Assembly at its fifty-ninth session, a strategic framework to replace the four-year medium-term plan (resolution 58/269).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the proposed strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, contained in chapter II, section A, of its report on the work of its fiftieth session (A/65/16); and requested the Secretary-General to prepare the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of the approved priorities and the strategic framework as adopted in the resolution (resolution 65/244).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fifty-first session (6 June to 1 July 2011): Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16);", "(b) Consolidated report of the Secretary-General on the changes to the biennial programme plan as reflected in the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 58/269), A/66/82.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 130)", "Report of the Committee forProgramme and Coordination onits fiftieth session(7 June-2 July 2010):Supplement No. 16 (A/65/16)\t\nProposed strategic frameworkfor the period 2012-2013:part one: plan outline(A/65/6 (Part one)) and parttwo: biennial programme plan(A/65/6 (Progs. 1-11), (Prog.12) and Corr.1, (Progs.13-16), (Prog. 17) andCorr.1, (Progs. 18-27))\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on theprogramme performance reportof the United Nations for thebiennium 2008-2009 (A/65/70)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.4 and 8 \nReports of the FifthCommittee\tA/65/544\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolution 65/244", "136. Improving the financial situation of the United Nations", "At its thirtieth session, in 1975, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-first session an item entitled “Financial emergency of the United Nations” (resolution 3538 (XXX)). The Assembly considered this question at its thirty-first to thirty-ninth sessions (resolutions 31/191, 32/104, 33/430, 35/113, 36/116 A and B, 37/13, 38/228 A and B and 39/239 A and B and decision 34/435).", "An item entitled “Current financial crisis of the United Nations” was included in the agenda of the fortieth session at the request of the Secretary-General (A/40/247). The Assembly considered this item at its fortieth and forty-second to forty-fifth sessions (resolutions 42/212, 43/215, 44/195 A and B and 45/236 A and B and decisions 40/471, 40/472 and 42/460).", "At its forty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to consider in future the items entitled “Current financial crisis of the United Nations” and “Financial emergency of the United Nations” under one item entitled “Improving the financial situation of the United Nations”; and also decided to consider the financial situation of the organization as and when required (resolution 47/215).", "The General Assembly has included the item in the agenda since its forty-eighth session (resolution 48/220 and decisions 49/474, 50/496, 51/462, 52/496, 53/494, 54/495, 55/493, 56/482, 57/598, 58/575, 59/569, 60/566, 61/566).", "Document: Periodic report of the Secretary-General (resolution 47/215).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 131)", "Report of theSecretary-General\tA/65/519 and Add.1\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.6, 9", "138. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations", "The regular budget of the United Nations is apportioned among its Member States in accordance with the scale of assessments approved by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Committee on Contributions (see item 115 (b)). The scale of assessments has also been used to apportion the costs of the capital master plan. The scale, as modified by the provisions of resolutions 55/235 and 55/236 and other resolutions concerning the financing of peacekeeping operations, has also been used to apportion the cost of peacekeeping operations among Member States. The assessment rates used for the regular budget and peacekeeping operations are also used for apportioning the costs of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.", "At its fifty-fourth session, in 1999, the General Assembly decided that requests for exemption under Article 19 of the Charter must be submitted by Member States to the President of the Assembly at least two weeks before the session of the Committee on Contributions, so as to ensure a complete review of the requests (resolution 54/237 C).", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee on Contributions concerning multi-year payment plans, as contained in paragraphs 17 to 23 of its report (A/57/11). Among those recommendations were that the Secretary-General should be requested to provide information on the submission of multi-year payment plans to the Assembly through the Committee and to submit an annual report to the Assembly through the Committee on the status of Member States’ payment plans as at 31 December each year (resolution 57/4 B).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly adopted a scale of assessments for the period 2010-2012, based on the recommendations of the Committee on Contributions and using the same methodology applied to the preparation of the scale of assessments for the previous three scale periods. The Assembly recognized that the current methodology could be enhanced bearing in mind the principle of capacity to pay and should be studied in depth and in an effective and expeditious manner, taking into account views expressed by Member States (resolution 64/248).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Committee to review, at its earliest opportunity, all elements of the methodology of the scale of assessments with a view to a decision before the end of its sixty-sixth session to take effect, if agreed, for the 2013-2015 scale period.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Committee containing its recommendations, but did not provide further guidance for the work of the Committee at its seventy-first session (resolution 65/246). At its seventy-first session, the Committee decided to further consider all the elements of the scale methodology at its next session in the light of any guidance from the Assembly.", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session (6-24 June 2011): Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on multi-year payment plans (resolution 57/4 B), A/66/69.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 133)", "Report of the Committee onContributions: Supplement No.11 (A/65/11)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General onmulti-year payment plans(A/65/65)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.2, 3 and 7 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/492 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.27 and 73 \n Resolutions 65/3 and 65/246", "139. Human resources management", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly, for its consideration at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, a comprehensive report on conflict of interest (resolution 65/247).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General (resolutions 63/250, 64/231 and 65/247);", "(i) Amendments to the Staff Regulations (resolution 65/247, paragraph 75), A/65/213;", "(ii) Personal conflict of interest (resolution 65/247), A/66/98;", "(iii) Activities of the Ethics Office (resolutions 60/254, paragraph 16 (i) and 63/250, section XII, paragraph 5);", "(b) Other reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Composition of the Secretariat (resolutions 57/305, sect. IX, 59/266, 60/238, 61/241, 63/271, para. 12);", "(ii) Practice of the Secretary-General in disciplinary matters and possible criminal behaviour, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 59/287, para. 16), A/66/135;", "(iii) Proposal for a mechanism to determine retirement pension benefits (resolution 65/258);", "(iv) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Joint Inspection Unit on possible measures to enhance transparency in the selection and appointment process of senior managers (resolution 64/259, para. 19);", "(v) Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (resolution 57/306);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 134)", "Conditions of service of thejudges (A/65/134)\t\nPractice of theSecretary-General indisciplinary matters andpossible criminal behaviour,1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009(A/64/269) and 1 July 2009 to30 June 2010 (A/65/180)\t\nImplementation of continuingappointments (A/64/267)\t\nProvisional Staff Rules(A/64/230 and A/65/202)\t\nAmendment to the StaffRegulations (A/65/213)\t\nOverview of human resourcesmanagement reform (A/65/305)\t\nContractual arrangements andharmonization of conditionsof service (A/65/305/Add.1)\t\nComprehensive assessment ofthe system of geographicaldistribution and assessmentof the issues relating topossible changes in thenumber of posts subject tothe system of geographicaldistribution (A/65/305/Add.2)\t\nTalent management tool,Inspira (A/65/305/Add.3)\t\nYoung professionals programme(A/65/305/Add.4)\t\nActivities of the EthicsOffice (A/64/316 andA/65/343)\t\nComposition of theSecretariat (A/64/352 andA/65/350)\t\nComposition of theSecretariat: gratispersonnel, retirees andconsultants (A/65/350/Add.1)\t\nMeasures taken to addresssystemic human resourcesissues raised by the Officeof the United NationsOmbudsman and MediationServices (A/65/332)\t\nNotes by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the report ofthe Joint Inspection Unitentitled “Ethics in theUnited Nations system” andtransmitting his comments andthose of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination thereon(A/65/345 and Add.1)\t\nList of staff of the UnitedNations Secretariat\t\nReports of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/64/518 and A/65/537)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.11, 12 and 27 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/647 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 \n Resolution 65/247", "141. United Nations common system", "The General Assembly, by its resolution 3042 (XXVII), decided in principle to establish an international civil service commission for the regulation and coordination of the conditions of service of the United Nations common system. By its resolution 3357 (XXIX), the Assembly approved the statute of the International Civil Service Commission. The United Nations common system comprises 13 organizations that have accepted the Commission’s statute and, together with the United Nations itself, participate in the United Nations common system of salaries and allowances. Other organizations have not formally accepted the statute but fully participate in the Commission’s work and/or apply the common system of salaries, allowances and benefits. Under its statute, the Commission is required to submit an annual report to the Assembly, which is also to be transmitted to the governing organs of the other organizations of the common system, through their executive heads.", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report at its sixty-sixth session on a comprehensive analysis of the possibility of changing the mandatory age of separation (resolution 64/231). At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010; requested the Commission to promulgate guidelines for the Organization to follow when a staff member is terminated by mutual agreement; requested the organizations of the United Nations common system to report annually to the Commission on the implementation of contractual arrangements and conditions of service for all their staff; requested the Secretary-General to invite the executive heads of the agencies, funds and programmes participating in the United Nations common system to report to their respective governing bodies on the compliance of the organizations with the decisions of the General Assembly on the harmonization of the conditions of service; also requested the Secretary-General to report, in the context of the relevant performance reports, on the absorption of additional costs related to harmonization of conditions of service and to identify offsets that could be used to implement the harmonized subsistence allowance or lump sum in a cost-neutral manner without impacting on operational costs and without undermining the implementation of mandated programmes and activities; requested the Commission to report to the Assembly, in its annual report, on the implementation of its decisions and recommendations by the organizations in the United Nations common system; also requested the Commission to report on the implementation of its decisions regarding the harmonization of the conditions of service in non-family duty stations during the transition period, in the context of its annual report to the Assembly; and further requested the Commission to keep the issue of the United Nations common system conditions of service in the field under review (resolution 65/248).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011: Supplement No. 30 (A/66/30);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the results of the comprehensive analysis of the possibility of changing the mandatory age of separation, including the implications in the areas of human resources policies and pensions (resolution 64/231);", "(c) Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011;", "(d) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 136)", "Report of the InternationalCivil Service Commission for2010: Supplement No. 30(A/65/30)\t\nStatement submitted by theSecretary-General inaccordance with rule 153 ofthe rules of procedure of theGeneral Assembly on theadministrative and financialimplications of the decisionsand recommendations containedin the report of theInternational Civil ServiceCommission for 2010(A/65/493)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions onthe administrative andfinancial implications of thedecisions and recommendationscontained in the report ofthe International CivilService Commission for 2010(A/65/532)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.10 and 27 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/648 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolution 65/248", "142. Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 48/218 B. The Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its fiftieth session an item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services”.", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its fiftieth and fifty-fourth to fifty-seventh sessions (resolutions 50/239, 54/244, 55/259, 56/246 and 57/287 A-C).", "At its fifty-ninth session, the General Assembly, under the item entitled “Review of the implementation of Assembly resolutions 48/218 B and 54/244”, requested the Secretary-General to ensure that annual and semi-annual reports submitted by OIOS to the Assembly contained the titles and brief summaries of all other reports of the Office issued during the year and that original versions of the reports of the Office not submitted to the Assembly were, upon request, made available to any Member State; and further decided that reports of the Office should be submitted directly to the Assembly as submitted by the Office and that the comments of the Secretary-General might be submitted in a separate report (resolution 59/272).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its sixtieth session (resolutions 60/255, sect. I, and 60/257 and decision 60/551 A).", "Also at its sixtieth session, the General Assembly, under the agenda item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services”, decided to modify the title of the agenda item to read “Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services” in accordance with paragraph 3 of resolution 59/272 (resolution 60/259).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its sixty-first to sixty-fifth sessions (resolutions 61/275, 61/279, 62/87, 62/225, 62/232, 62/236, 62/247, 63/248, 63/265, 64/232 and 65/250).", "At its sixty-fourth session, under the item entitled “Review of the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244 and 59/272”, the General Assembly endorsed the observations, comments and recommendations on the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of OIOS contained in the annex to the annual report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (A/64/288), requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full implementation of paragraphs 20 (a) to (c), 20 (e), 27, 29, 33, 35 and 39 of the annex, and further requested him to take no action on paragraphs 19, 20 (d), 21, 22, 24, 42 and 43 of the annex. The Assembly also decided to revert to the issues and recommendations contained in paragraphs 19, 20 (d), 21, 22, 24, 42 and 43 of the annex no later than at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/263).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the independence and separate and distinct roles of the internal and external oversight mechanisms; encouraged United Nations internal and external oversight bodies to further enhance the level of their cooperation with one another; encouraged the Office of Internal Oversight Services to enhance its analysis in future annual reports of general trends and strategic challenges regarding internal oversight in the United Nations; requested the Secretary-General to implement outstanding and recurring accepted recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services dealing with issues that are systemic in nature; and requested him to ensure the full implementation of the accepted recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, including those relating to cost avoidance, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements, in a prompt and timely manner and to provide detailed justifications in cases where recommendations of the Office are not accepted (resolution 65/250) (also relates to item 132).", "Documents:", "Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services:", "(a) Report on the activities of the Office for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B; 54/244; 57/292, sect. II, para. 22; 59/270, para. 3; 59/271, para. 11; 59/272; 60/257, para. 14; 60/282, para. 13; and 63/248, sect. IV, paras. 7 and 8);", "(b) Annual report on peacekeeping oversight activities for the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B; 54/244; 59/272; 60/268, para. 17; and 63/248, sect. IV, paras. 7 and 8) (to be issued in the second part of the resumed sixty-sixth session);", "(c) Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the organizational framework of the public information function of the Secretariat (resolution 62/236), A/66/180;", "(d) Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the Audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders (resolution 63/270), A/66/179.", "References for the sixty-fourth session (agenda item 141)", "Report of the Independent AuditAdvisory Committee on itsactivities for the period from 1August 2008 to 31 July 2009(A/64/288)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/64/SR.4 and 27 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/64/723 \n Plenary meeting A/64/PV.81 \n Resolution 64/263", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 139)", "Reports of the Office of InternalOversight Services\t\nActivities of the Office for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010\tA/65/271 (Part I) and Corr.1and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1\nAnnual report on peacekeepingoversight activities for theperiod from 1 January 2010 to 31December 2010\tA/65/271 (Part II)\nThematic evaluation of gendermainstreaming in the UnitedNations Secretariat\tA/65/266\nProgramme evaluation of theperformance and the achievementof results by the United Nationsin the Sudan\tA/65/752 (also relates to item143)\nThematic evaluation ofcooperation between theDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of FieldSupport and regionalorganizations\tA/65/762 (also relates to item143)\nReport of the Independent AuditAdvisory Committee on the budgetof the Office of InternalOversight Services under thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012\tA/65/734\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions on the performancereport on the budget of thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010 andproposed budget for the supportaccount for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/827)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.5 and 27 \nReport of the Fifth Committee\tA/65/649 (also relates to item132)\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \nResolution\t65/250 (also relates to item132)", "144. Financing of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "This item was included in the agenda of the fiftieth session of the General Assembly, in 1995, pursuant to Assembly resolution 49/251.", "At its fifty-first to sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly considered the item (resolutions 51/215, 52/218, 53/213, 54/240 A and B, 55/226, 56/248 A and B, 57/289, 58/252, 58/253, 59/273, 60/240, 60/241, 61/241, 61/262, 61/274, 62/229, 63/254, 63/256, 63/259, 64/239 and 64/261 and decision 62/547).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly recognized the critical importance of retaining highly skilled and experienced staff members with relevant institutional memory in order to successfully complete the trials and meet the targets set out in the completion strategy of the Tribunal; requested the Secretary-General to utilize his existing authority under the existing contractual framework to offer contracts to staff, taking into account the needs of the Tribunal; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to explore the possibility of employing at the United Nations, should their services be required, staff who remain with the Tribunal until the completion of its mandate or their services are no longer needed; welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to facilitate the selection of staff of the Tribunal who are subject to downsizing; reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme within the overall mandate of the Tribunal and its completion strategy, and requested the Tribunal, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, to continue to develop and implement outreach activities that are proactive, utilizing available resources optimally, and that contribute to the reconciliation process by effectively developing an increased understanding of its work; and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources to fund the outreach programme (resolution 65/252).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered the conditions of service and compensation for members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report a proposal for a mechanism that he may use to determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account acquired pension benefit rights accrued prior to serving in the Court or the Tribunals; decided to increase the special allowance of the Presidents and that of the Vice-Presidents, when acting as President of the Court or the Tribunals, to 25,000 United States dollars per year and 156 dollars per day, respectively; decided that the relocation allowance benefit received by the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda should be the same as that received by the members of the International Court of Justice; decided to grant a one-time ex gratia payment upon completion of service for ad litem judges who have served for a continuous period of more than three years, on the basis of the length of time served exceeding those three years, as per the schedule contained in the annex to the resolution; decided that, owing to the unique and exceptional circumstances of the conditions of service of ad litem judges in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, arising from the failure to establish a second pool of ad litem judges, the decision in paragraph 8 should under no circumstances constitute a precedent for eligibility for elements of conditions of service, as such eligibility does not exist under the current regulatory framework; and decided to re-establish a three-year cycle for the review of the conditions of service and compensation for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges and ad litem judges of the two Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 55/226);", "(ii) Budget for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 55/226);", "(iii) Budget for the international residual mechanism for criminal tribunals for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(iv) Revised estimates for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda items 129 and 141)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nRevised estimates relating to thebudget of the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda forthe biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/178)\t\nFirst performance report of theInternational Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda for the biennium2010-2011 (A/65/578)\t\nConditions of service andcompensation for officials otherthan Secretariat officials:members of the InternationalCourt of Justice and judges andad litem judges of theInternational Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia and theInternational Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (A/65/134 and Corr.1)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/533 and A/65/616and Corr.1)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.12, 25 and 27 \n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and A/65/651 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolutions 65/252 and 65/258", "145. Financing of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "This item was included in the agenda of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly, in 1993, on the proposal of the Secretary-General (A/47/955). At that session, the Assembly adopted resolution 47/235.", "At its forty-eighth to sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly considered the item (resolutions 48/251, 49/242 A and B, 50/212 A to C, 51/214 A and B, 52/217, 53/212, 54/239 A and B, 55/225 A and B, 55/249, 55/250, 56/247 A and B, 56/278, 57/288, 58/254, 58/255, 59/274, 60/242, 60/243, 61/242, 61/262, 61/274, 62/230, 63/255, 63/256, 63/259, 64/240 and 64/261 and decisions 48/461, 49/471 A and B, 55/477, 60/560 and 62/547).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly recognized the critical importance of retaining highly skilled and experienced staff members with relevant institutional memory in order to successfully complete the trials and meet the targets set out in the completion strategy of the Tribunal; requested the Secretary-General to utilize his existing authority under the existing contractual framework to offer contracts to staff, taking into account the needs of the Tribunal; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to explore the possibility of employing at the United Nations, should their services be required, staff who remain with the Tribunal until the completion of its mandate or their services are no longer needed; welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to facilitate the selection of staff of the Tribunal who are subject to downsizing; reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme within the overall mandate of the Tribunal and its completion strategy, and requested the Tribunal, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, to continue to develop and implement outreach activities that are proactive, utilizing available resources optimally, and that contribute to the reconciliation process by effectively developing an increased understanding of its work; and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources to fund the outreach programme (resolution 65/253).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered the conditions of service and compensation for members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report a proposal for a mechanism that he may use to determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account acquired pension benefit rights accrued prior to serving in the Court or the Tribunals; decided to increase the special allowance of the Presidents and that of the Vice-Presidents, when acting as President of the Court or the Tribunals, to 25,000 United States dollars per year and 156 dollars per day, respectively; decided that the relocation allowance benefit received by the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda shall be the same as that received by the members of the International Court of Justice; decided to grant a one-time ex gratia payment upon completion of service for ad litem judges who have served for a continuous period of more than three years, on the basis of the length of time served exceeding those three years, as per the schedule contained in the annex to the resolution; decided that, owing to the unique and exceptional circumstances of the conditions of service of ad litem judges in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, arising from the failure to establish a second pool of ad litem judges, the decision in paragraph 8 of the resolution should under no circumstances constitute a precedent for eligibility for elements of conditions of service, as such eligibility does not exist under the current regulatory framework; and decided to re-establish a three-year cycle for the review of the conditions of service and compensation for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges and ad litem judges of the two Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report on the budget of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 55/225 A);", "(ii) Budget for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 55/225 A);", "(iii) Budget for the international residual mechanism for criminal tribunals for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(iv) Revised estimates for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 142)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nRevised estimates relating to thebudget of the InternationalTribunal for the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible for SeriousViolations of InternationalHumanitarian Law Committed in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 for thebiennium 2010-2011 (A/65/183)\t\nFirst performance report of theInternational Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia for thebiennium 2010-2011 (A/65/581)\t\nConditions of service andcompensation for officials otherthan Secretariat officials:members of the InternationalCourt of Justice and judges andad litem judges of theInternational Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia and theInternational Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (A/65/134 and Corr.1)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/533 and A/65/616and Corr.1)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.12, 25 and 27 \n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and A/65/652 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolutions 65/253 and 65/258", "146. Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations", "Cross-cutting issues", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to intensify his efforts to achieve economies of scale within and between field missions without undermining their operational requirements and the implementation of their respective mandates and to report thereon in the context of the overview report; to provide information on initiatives being taken for improved management of ground transportation, inter alia, on issues related to the global management of the vehicle fleet, composition and standardization of the fleet, fuel efficiency and spare parts management, and report in this regard in the context of the next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to provide, in the context of the next report on the overview of the financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, updates on the implementation in United Nations field missions of human resources management reforms, particularly those contained within its resolution 65/247; reiterated its requests contained in paragraph 34 of section 2 of its resolution 65/247; to provide comprehensive information regarding the use of the temporary duty assignment mechanism and its implications for the regular recruitment process; to provide information on the impact of using temporary vacancy announcements on the regular recruitment process in the field and at Headquarters in the context of his next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to take urgent measures to eliminate the existing backlog of death and disability claims pending for more than three months and to report on the progress made to the Assembly at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session; with respect to troop rotations, to ensure a high level of service to troop- and police-contributing countries and cost effectiveness, without affecting their operational requirements, in close coordination with troop- and police-contributing countries, and to include further information in his next overview report on peacekeeping operations. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to ensure that all peacekeeping missions are provided with the necessary fuel supplies in an uninterrupted manner for the smooth functioning of the missions, without jeopardizing safety; to ensure that all missions monitor and evaluate the quality management systems of rations contractors to ensure that food quality and hygienic conditions are in accordance with established standards; to submit a comprehensive assessment of the efficiencies and effectiveness, including savings achieved and impact, of turnkey arrangements in his next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to continue to ensure that the utilization of systems contracts is subject to prior full analysis of all costs, in accordance with current practice; and to provide a comprehensive analysis on the administrative and budgetary aspects of the role and implementation of the integrated operational teams at the second resumed part of its sixty-sixth session. The Assembly reiterated its request to the Secretary-General contained in paragraph 25 of its resolution 62/269 to report to the Assembly on clear guidelines for the implementation of the best value for money methodology in United Nations procurement, including all specifics of the weighted evaluation techniques, and to provide a report on the results of the pilot project; the Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to ensure full transparency in developing the request for proposals methodology, and emphasized that the development of requests for proposals shall be driven by the operational demands of the Organization; to continue to ensure compliance with the Standards and Recommended Practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization with the objective of meeting the operational requirements of mandate delivery in the field, and to report, in the context of the next peacekeeping overview report, on the differences between the Standards and Recommended Practices and the United Nations Common Aviation Safety Standards; to provide an update on the status of the memorandum of understanding with the World Food Programme and its financial implications, as well as detailed analysis of the governance of United Nations air operations and overall resource levels, including information on the effective and efficient provision of backstopping functions and information and communications technology support, in the context of his next peacekeeping overview report. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to continue his efforts with regard to standardized training and awareness-raising on sexual exploitation and abuse matters and requested an update on progress in implementing the United Nations Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Staff and Related Personnel in the next overview report; requested the Secretary-General to take appropriate measures with regard to preventing unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct from damaging the credibility of any United Nations peacekeeping mission or troop- or police-contributing country or United Nations peacekeeping personnel, and to continue to ensure that prompt actions are taken to restore the image and credibility of any United Nations peacekeeping mission, troop- or police-contributing country or United Nations peacekeeping personnel when allegations of misconduct are, ultimately, legally unproven. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to intensify the efforts of the Secretariat, in particular the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management, to work closely with troop-contributing countries with a view to facilitate data collection and assisting in the completion of the questionnaire, under the provisions of resolution 63/285, in order to maintain the process within the envisaged time frame; decided to provide, on an exceptional basis, a one-time supplemental payment of $85,000,000 to troop-contributing countries for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, without prejudice to the integrity of the process set forth in its resolution 63/285; to establish a senior advisory group, by October 2011, consisting of five eminent persons of relevant experience appointed by the Secretary-General, five representatives from major troop contributors, five representatives from major financial contributors and one member from each regional group, to consider rates of reimbursement to troop-contributing countries and related issues; decided that the senior advisory group should complete its work as soon as practicable; to strengthen internal controls in the management of assets for peacekeeping, including expendable and non‑expendable property and strategic deployment stocks, to ensure adequate safeguards that would prevent waste and financial loss to the Organization; to submit the report requested in paragraph 14 of its resolution 64/269, on measures to address the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in the presentation of peacekeeping budgets and the management of peacekeeping accounts, to the Assembly at the second resumed part of its sixty-sixth session; to closely consult, throughout the process of preparation of the strategy for early peacebuilding, with Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and all relevant Secretariat entities, and underlines that specific peacebuilding tasks undertaken by peacekeeping missions should be based on priorities of the country concerned and on the specific context, in accordance with the principle of national ownership. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to take into account the risks involved in using single-source or multifunctional contracts in developing further proposals related to logistics modules; as well as applicable limitations on the number of United Nations commodities codes per vendor; to include all relevant information regarding the development and implementation of predefined modules and service packages in his next annual progress report; to provide information on various options available for enabling capacities in the effective deployment of service packages in field missions in his next progress report; to inform the Assembly on the implementation of paragraphs 8 and 9 of section VI of its resolution 64/269; to provide information, on an annual basis and in a consolidated manner, on the financial and human resources provided by client missions to the Regional Service Centre in Entebbe, Uganda (resolution 65/289).", "Financing of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly approved the cost estimates for the United Nations Logistics Base amounting to $68,512,500 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and decided on the financing of the budget estimates for the same period; and decided to consider at its sixty-sixth session the question of the financing of the United Nations Logistics Base (resolution 65/291).", "Reformed procedures for determining reimbursement to Member States for contingent-owned equipment", "At the resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly took note of the report of the 2011 Working Group on Contingent-Owned Equipment (A/C.5/65/16), and endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/830) (resolution 65/292).", "Closed peacekeeping missions", "At the same session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to return two thirds of the adjusted net credits available in the account of the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission, to the Government of Kuwait, in the amount of $70,600; requested the Secretary-General to return 78.01 per cent of the $230,745,000 net cash available for credit to Member States as at 30 June 2010, in the amount of $180 million, based on the scale applicable to each mission’s last assessment; decided to consider at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session the position of closed peacekeeping missions, including the remaining amounts owed to Member States; and requested the Secretary-General to submit to it, for its consideration and approval, concrete proposals and alternatives on how to address the issue of outstanding dues owed to Member States from closed peacekeeping missions that are in net cash deficit (resolution 65/293).", "Support account for peacekeeping operations", "At its forty-fifth session, in 1991, the General Assembly established the support account for peacekeeping operations, effective 1 January 1990 (resolution 45/258); it became operational on 1 May 1990.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to make further concrete efforts to ensure proper representation of troop-contributing countries in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, taking into account their contribution to United Nations peacekeeping; reaffirmed the need for effective and efficient administration and financial management of peacekeeping operations, and urged the Secretary-General to continue to identify measures to increase the productivity and efficiency of the support account; noted the overall benefits of the restructuring of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, and requested the Secretary-General to assess those benefits, and, in that regard, requested the Secretary-General to continue to make every effort to enhance the capacity of the Organization to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations; noted that the strategy for early peacebuilding is still being developed by the Secretariat, and, in this regard, requested the Secretary-General to consult closely with Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and all relevant Secretariat entities, and underlined that specific peacebuilding tasks undertaken by peacekeeping missions should be based on priorities of the country concerned and on the specific context reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to review the level of the support account on a regular basis, taking into consideration the number, size and complexity of peacekeeping operations; requested the Secretary-General to fill all vacancies in an expeditious manner; approved the support account requirements in the amount of $344,792,400 for the financial period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of the amount of $47,185,200 for the enterprise resource planning project pursuant to its resolution 64/243, including 1,294 continuing posts and 1 new temporary post, as well as the redeployment, reassignment and reclassification of posts contained in annex I to the resolution, and 151 continuing and 11 new general temporary assistance positions and their related post and non-post requirements; and decided on the financing of the requirements for the support account for the same period (resolution 65/290).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Overview of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations: budget performance for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 and budget for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 59/296);", "(ii) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/291);", "(iii) Budget for the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/291);", "(iv) Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/293);", "(v) Performance report on the budget of the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/290);", "(vi) Report on the budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/290);", "(vii) Annual progress report on the implementation of the global field support strategy (resolutions 64/269 and 65/289);", "(b) Notes by the Secretary-General transmitting:", "(i) Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(ii) Six-month update of information on the proposed budgetary levels for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(iii) Financing of the support account for peacekeeping operations and the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 50/221 B);", "(iv) Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda 143)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nUpdated financial position ofclosed peacekeeping missions asat 30 June 2008 (A/63/581)\t\nWelfare and recreation needs ofall categories of personnel anddetailed implications (A/63/675and Corr.1)\t\nProgress of training inpeacekeeping (A/65/644 andCorr.1)\t\nSpecial measures for protectionfrom sexual exploitation andsexual abuse (A/65/742)\t\nFinancial performance of theUnited Nations Logistics Base atBrindisi, Italy, for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/642)\t\nUpdated financial position ofclosed peacekeeping missions asat 30 June 2009 (A/64/605)\t\nUpdated financial position ofclosed peacekeeping missions asat 30 June 2010 (A/65/556)\t\nFinancial performance of thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/610 and Add.1)\t\nGlobal field support strategy(A/65/643)\t\nStandardized funding model of theglobal field support strategy(A/65/696 and Corr.1)\t\nOverview of the financing of theUnited Nations peacekeepingoperations: budget performancefor the period from 1 July 2009to 30 June 2010 and budget forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/715)\t\nBudget for the support accountfor peacekeeping operations forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/761, and Corr.1and 2)\t\nBudget for the United NationsLogistics Base at Brindisi,Italy, for the period from 1 July2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/760)\t\nUnited Nations air operations(A/65/738)\t\nReformed procedures fordetermining reimbursement toMember States forcontingent-owned equipment(A/65/800)\t\nStrengthening the capacity of theUnited Nations to manage andsustain peacekeeping operations(A/65/624 and Corr.1)\t\nNotes by the Secretary-Generaltransmitting:\t\nLetter dated 25 February 2011from the Chair of the 2011Working Group on Contingent-OwnedEquipment to the Chair of theFifth Committee (A/C.5/65/16)\t\nApproved resources forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from 1 July 2010 to 30June 2011 (A/C.5/65/15)\t\nProposed budgetary levels forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/C.5/65/17)\t\nFinancing of the support accountfor peacekeeping operations andthe United Nations Logistics Baseat Brindisi, Italy (A/C.5/65/18)\t\nApproved resources forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/C.5/65/19)\t\nPreliminary report of the Officeof Internal Oversight Services onthe implementation of the pilotproject designated by the GeneralAssembly in resolution 63/287(A/65/765)\t\nReport of the Office of InternalOversight Services on thethematic evaluation ofcooperation between theDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of FieldSupport and regionalorganizations (A/65/762)\t\nReport of the Independent AuditAdvisory Committee on the budgetof the Office of InternalOversight Services under thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/734)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/63/746 (sect. IV.B),A/63/856, A/64/659 and Corr.1,A/65/743, A/65/743/Add.12,A/65/775, A/65/827 and A/65/830)\t\nSummary records\tA/C.5/65/SR.33, 34, 35, 39 and42\n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/890 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolutions 65/289 to 65/293", "147. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1778 (2007), approved the establishment in Chad and the Central African Republic, in consultation with the authorities of Chad and the Central African Republic, of a multidimensional presence; and decided that the multidimensional presence should include, for a period of one year, a United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT), in liaison with the United Nations country team. In its resolution 1923 (2010), the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 31 December 2010 and called upon the Secretary-General to complete withdrawal of all uniformed and civilian MINURCAT components, other than those required for the Mission’s liquidation, by 31 December 2010.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad the amount of 239,096,600 dollars for the financial period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, inclusive of 205,748,500 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 and 33,348,100 dollars for the administrative liquidation of the Mission for the period from 1 January to 30 April 2011, taking into account the amount of 215 million dollars previously authorized for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 under the terms of Assembly resolution 64/286. The Assembly also decided, taking into account the amount of 184,949,000 dollars already apportioned among Member States under the terms of Assembly resolution 64/286, to defer its decision on additional apportionment for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 until its consideration of the final requirements for the Mission, to be submitted in the context of the performance report for the same period (resolution 65/254 A).", "At its second resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010; decided to defer until its sixty-sixth session action on the unencumbered balance of 149,947,800 dollars as well as the other income and adjustments in the amount of 13,466,100 dollars and the increase of 1,527,100 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income; and requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session updated information on the cash position of the Mission (resolution 65/254 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(b) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 144)", "Report of theSecretary-General on thefinancial performance of theUnited Nations Mission in theCentral African Republic andChad for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/638)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the United NationsMission in the CentralAfrican Republic and Chad forthe period from 1 July 2010to 30 June 2011 (A/65/487)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/549 andA/65/743/Add.11)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.13, 27, 34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/653 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolution 65/254 A and B", "148. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1528 (2004), established the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) for an initial period of 12 months as from 4 April 2004. By the same resolution, the Council requested the Secretary-General to transfer authority from the United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (MINUCI) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) forces to UNOCI on that date.", "The Security Council has since extended the mandate of UNOCI in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which were resolution 1981 (2011), by which the Council extended the mandate until 31 July 2011, and resolution 2000 (2011), by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Operation until 31 July 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the Operation the amount of 517,850,700 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 486,726,400 dollars for the maintenance of the Operation, 26,374,200 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 4,750,100 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 43,154,225 dollars for the period from 1 to 31 July 2011; decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 1,121,350 dollars; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 474,696,475 dollars for the period from 1 August 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 43,154,225 dollars, subject to a decision of the Council to extend the mandate of the Operation; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 12,334,850 dollars; decided that the increase of 852,800 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 25,042,400 (resolution 65/294).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/294);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 145)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations Operationin Côte d’Ivoire for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/615)\t\nBudget for the United NationsOperation in Côte d’Ivoire forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/736 and Corr.1)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.14)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/881 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/294", "149. Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus", "By its resolution 186 (1964), the Security Council recommended that a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) be established and that the Force be stationed for three months with a mandate to use its best efforts to prevent a recurrence of fighting and, as necessary, to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and a return to normal conditions. Since then, the Council has periodically extended the mandate of UNFICYP, usually for periods of six months at a time, the latest extension of which was by resolution 1986 (2011) of 13 June 2011 for a further period ending on 15 December 2011.", "Prior to 16 June 1993, the Secretary-General was not authorized to utilize any funds other than voluntary contributions pledged by Member States for the financing of UNFICYP. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 831 (1993), the General Assembly, in its resolution 47/236, decided that, beginning 16 June 1993, the costs of UNFICYP that were not covered by voluntary contributions should be treated as expenses of the Organization to be borne by Member States in accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNFICYP the amount of 60,121,200 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 56,512,000 dollars for the maintenance of the Force, 3,058,400 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 550,800 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; noted with appreciation that a one-third share of the net appropriation, equivalent to 19,114,267 dollars, would be funded through voluntary contributions from the Government of Cyprus and the amount of 6.5 million dollars from the Government of Greece; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 34,506,933 dollars; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 2,721,000 dollars; decided that the increase in the estimated staff assessment income of 255,600 dollars for the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of 1,361,709 dollars; also decided, taking into account its voluntary contribution for the financial period ended 30 June 2010, that one third of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 828,604 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be returned to the Government of Cyprus; further decided, taking into account its voluntary contribution for the financial period ended 30 June 2010, that the prorated share of other income in the amount of 297,987 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be returned to the Government of Greece; and decided to continue to maintain as separate the account established for UNFICYP for the period prior to 16 June 1993 (resolution 65/295).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/295);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 146)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nFinancial performance of theUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forcein Cyprus for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/625)\t\nBudget for the United NationsPeacekeeping Force in Cyprus forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/706)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.2)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/882 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/295", "150. Financing of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "[See Security Council resolution 1925 (2010) and item 151 below]", "151. Financing of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "By its resolution 1279 (1999), the Security Council decided that the personnel authorized under its resolutions 1258 (1999) and 1273 (1999), including a multidisciplinary staff of personnel, should constitute the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) until 1 March 2000. The mandate of the Mission was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the last of which was resolution 1925 (2010) of 28 May 2010, by which the Council extended the deployment of MONUC until 30 June 2010. By the same resolution, the Council decided that, effective 1 July 2010, the Mission would bear the title of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) and that MONUSCO would be deployed until 30 June 2011. The mandate of MONUSCO was extended to 30 June 2012 by the Council in its resolution 1991 (2011).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to apportion among Member States the additional amount of 682,500,000 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, taking into account the amount of 682,500,000 dollars already apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 (resolution 65/255).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MONUSCO the amount of 1,507,538,900 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 1,416,926,000 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 76,783,900 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 13,829,000 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 1,507,538,900 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the amount of 39,936,800 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, comprising the estimated staff assessment income of 31,980,500 dollars approved for the Mission, the prorated share of 6,503,300 dollars of the estimated staff assessment income approved for the support account and the prorated share of 1,453,000 dollars of the estimated staff assessment income approved for the United Nations Logistics Base; and decided that the increase of 1,841,600 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 35,075,700 dollars (resolution 65/296).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Budget for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/296);", "Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda items 147 and 148)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nFinancing arrangements for theUnited Nations OrganizationStabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congofor the period from 1 July 2010to 30 June 2011 (A/65/512)\t\nFinancial performance of theUnited Nations OrganizationMission in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/682)\t\nBudget for the United NationsOrganization StabilizationMission in the DemocraticRepublic of Congo for the periodfrom 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/744)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/598 andA/65/743/Add.8)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.21, 27, 34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/654 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolutions 65/255 and 65/296", "152. Financing of the United Nations Mission in East Timor", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1246 (1999) of 11 June 1999, decided to establish the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) until 31 August 1999. By its resolution 1257 (1999) of 3 August 1999, the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 30 September 1999 and, by its resolution 1262 (1999) of 27 August 1999, decided to further extend the mandate of UNAMET until 30 November 1999.", "At its fifty-fifth to sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of the following session (decisions 55/494, 56/483, 57/599, 58/578, 59/570, 60/567, 61/567, 62/556, 63/567, 64/570 and 65/556).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 149)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/556", "153. Financing of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste", "By its resolution 1704 (2006), the Security Council decided to establish a follow-on mission in Timor-Leste, the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), for an initial period of six months, with the intention to renew it for further periods. In its latest resolution, resolution 1969 (2011), the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 26 February 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIT the amount of 208,603,700 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 inclusive of 196,077,500 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 10,614,500 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 1,911,700 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 137,270,825 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 26 February 2012; further decided that there should be offset against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 6,760,632 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 71,332,875 dollars for the period from 27 February to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 17,383,641 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,513,168 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 947,800 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 17,795,500 dollars (resolution 65/297).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/297);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 150)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations IntegratedMission in Timor-Leste for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/687)\t\nBudget for the United NationsIntegrated Mission in Timor-Lestefor the period from 1 July 2011to 30 June 2012 (A/65/746)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.6)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR. 34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/883 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/297", "154. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1312 (2000), established the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) for an initial period of six months. The Mission’s mandate was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1798 (2008) of 30 January 2008, whereby the mandate of UNMEE was extended until 31 July 2008.", "By its resolution 1827 (2008) of 30 July 2008, the Security Council decided to terminate the mandate of UNMEE effective on 31 July 2008, emphasized that that termination was without prejudice to Ethiopia and Eritrea’s obligations under the Algiers Agreements and called upon both countries to cooperate fully with the United Nations, including in the process of liquidation of UNMEE.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on the financing of UNMEE, which provided details on the final disposition of the assets of the Mission as at 7 December 2010 (resolution 65/298).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General containing the final performance report of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (resolution 65/298);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 151)", "Report of the Secretary-Generalon the financing of the UnitedNations Mission in Ethiopia andEritrea (A/65/678)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/748)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/878 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/298", "155. Financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia", "The Security Council, by its resolution 858 (1993), decided to set up the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) for a period of six months. The mandate of UNOMIG was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the last of which was resolution 1866 (2009), by which the Council extended the mandate of the Mission until 15 June 2009. The mandate of the Mission was not extended beyond that date.", "At its sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided that Member States that had fulfilled their financial obligations to the Observer Mission should be credited with their respective share of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 1,806,800 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010; also decided that, for Member States that had not fulfilled their financial obligations to the Observer Mission, their respective share of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 1,806,800 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be offset against their outstanding obligations; and further decided that the increase of 157,600 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of 1,806,800 dollars referred to in paragraphs 5 and 6 of the resolution (resolution 65/299).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (resolution 65/299);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 152)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations ObserverMission in Georgia for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/681)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.1)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/879 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/299", "156. Financing of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti", "By its resolution 1542 (2004) of 30 April 2004, the Security Council established the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of MINUSTAH was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1944 (2010) of 4 October 2010, whereby it was extended until 15 October 2011.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to apportion the amount of 473,827,400 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, taking into account the amount of 380 million dollars already apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 (resolution 65/256 A).", "At its second resumed sixty-fifth session in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MINUSTAH the amount of 844,258,700 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 793,517,100 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 42,997,600 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 7,744,000 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 246,242,100 dollars for the period from 1 July to 15 October 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 6,569,900 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 598,016,600 dollars for the period from 16 October 2011 to 30 June 2012 at a monthly rate of 70,354,892 dollars subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 15,955,400 dollars; and decided that the increase of 85,500 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 26,755,500 dollars (resolution 65/256 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/256 B);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 153)", "Report of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the United NationsStabilization Mission inHaiti for the period from 1July 2010 to 30 June 2011(A/65/535)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget performance of theUnited Nations StabilizationMission in Haiti for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/703 andCorr.1)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the United NationsStabilization Mission inHaiti for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/776)\t\nReports of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/586 andA/65/743/Add.15)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/ 65/SR.19, 27, 37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/655 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolution 65/256 A and B", "157. Financing of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1244 (1999) of 10 June 1999, established the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) for an initial period of 12 months, to continue thereafter unless the Security Council decided otherwise.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo the amount of 47,802,200 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 44,914,800 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 2,446,700 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 440,700 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 47,802,200 dollars; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 4,634,800 dollars; and decided that the increase of 1,054,300 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of 8,297,100 dollars referred to in paragraphs 17 and 18 of the resolution (resolution 65/300).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/300);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 154)", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nPerformance report on thebudget of the United NationsInterim AdministrationMission in Kosovo for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/621)\t\nBudget for the United NationsInterim AdministrationMission in Kosovo for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/711)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/743/Add.4)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/884 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/300", "158. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Liberia", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1509 (2003), established the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for a period of 12 months. The mandate of UNMIL has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1938 (2010) of 15 September 2010, whereby the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 30 September 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIL the amount of 559,147,030 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 513,404,030 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 12,155,900 dollars for electoral support to be provided by the Mission, 28,461,200 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 5,125,900 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 136,747,783 dollars for the period from 1 July to 30 September 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,806,125 dollars; decides to apportion among Member States the amount of 12,155,900 dollars for electoral support to be provided by the Mission; also decides that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 40,900 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 410,243,347 dollars for the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 June 2012 at a monthly rate of 45,582,593 dollars subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 11,418,375 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 361,900 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 32,775,600 dollars (resolution 65/301).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/301);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 155)", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nPerformance report on thebudget of the United NationsMission in Liberia for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/620)\t\nBudget for the United NationsMission in Liberia for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/727)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/743/Add.7)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/885 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/301", "159. Financing of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Middle East", "(a) United Nations Disengagement Observer Force", "The Security Council, by its resolution 350 (1974), established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF). The mandate of UNDOF has been extended periodically by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1994 (2011) of 30 June 2011, in which the Council decided to renew the mandate of UNDOF until 31 December 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNDOF the amount of 53,753,200 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 50,526,100 dollars for the maintenance of the Force, 2,734,600 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 492,500 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 53,753,200 dollars, at a monthly rate of 4,479,434 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Force; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 1,810,000 dollars; and decided that the increase of 106,400 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 852,500 dollars (resolution 65/302).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/302);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 156 (a))", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nPerformance report on thebudget of the United NationsDisengagement Observer Forcefor the period from 1 July2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/596)\t\nBudget for the United NationsDisengagement Observer Forcefor the period from 1 July2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/710)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/743/Add.3)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/886 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/302", "(b) United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon", "The Security Council, by its resolution 425 (1978), established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of UNIFIL has been extended periodically by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1937 (2010) of 30 August 2010, whereby the Council decided to extend the mandate of UNIFIL until 31 August 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly stressed once again that Israel should pay the amount of 1,117,005 dollars resulting from the incident at Qana on 18 April 1996; decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNIFIL the amount of 580,331,600 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 545,470,600 dollars for the maintenance of the Force, 29,540,600 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 5,320,400 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 96,721,900 dollars for the period from 1 July to 31 August 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 2,558,100 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 483,609,700 dollars for the period from 1 September 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 48,360,967 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Force; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 12,790,300 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 1,081,300 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 62,951,500 (resolution 65/303).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/303);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 156 (b))", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nFinancial performance of UNIFILfor the period from 1 July 2009to 30 June 2010 ( A/65/608 andCorr.1)\t\nBudget for UNIFIL for the periodfrom 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/756)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.9)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34, 40 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/880 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/303", "160. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1590 (2005), established the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of UNMIS was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1978 (2011) of 27 April 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 9 July 2011. The Council, by its resolution 1997 (2011), following the termination of the Mission’s mandate on 9 July 2011, decided to withdraw UNMIS effective 11 July 2011 and called upon the Secretary-General to complete the withdrawal of all uniformed and civilian UNMIS personnel, other than those required for the Mission’s liquidation, by 31 August 2011.", "At its sixty-fifth session, in December 2010, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Mission in the Sudan the amount of 70,026,300 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, in addition to the amount of 938 million dollars already appropriated for the same period under the terms of its resolution 64/283 (resolution 65/257 A).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIS the amount of 513,330,150 dollars for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2011, inclusive of 482,460,550 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 26,158,400 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 4,711,200 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 24,838,556 dollars for the period from 1 July to 9 July 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 794,816 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 488,491,594 dollars for the period from 10 July to 31 December 2011, for the administrative liquidation of the Mission, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), a successor mission to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan as stated in Security Council resolution 1978 (2011) and confirmed by Council resolution 1990 (2011), and any further missions established by the Security Council before 31 December 2011 in support of the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 15,631,384 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 2,702,700 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 52,052,100 dollars (resolution 65/257 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for UNMIS for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 65/257 B);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 157)", "Note by the Secretary-General onthe financing arrangements forthe United Nations Mission in theSudan for the period from 1 July2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/65/509)\t\n Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations Mission inthe Sudan for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/630 and Corr.1)\t\nBudget for the United NationsMission in the Sudan for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/731)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/571 andA/65/743/Add.10)\t\nReport of the Office of InternalOversight Services on itsprogramme evaluation of theperformance and the achievementof results by the United NationsMission in the Sudan (A/65/752)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.17, 27, 37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/656 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolution 65/257 A and B", "161. Financing of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara", "The Security Council, by its resolution 690 (1991), established the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) in accordance with the timetable outlined by the Secretary-General (see S/22464). The Council has since extended the mandate of MINURSO in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 30 April 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MINURSO the amount of 65,398,400 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 61,449,400 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 3,346,300 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 602,700 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 54,498,667 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 April 2012; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 2,590,083 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 10,899,733 dollars for the period from 1 May to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 5,449,866 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 518,017 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 138,900 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 2,386,700 dollars (resolution 65/304).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/304);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 158)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof MINURSO for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/665)\t\nBudget for MINURSO for the periodfrom 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/720 and Corr.1)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.5)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/887 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/304", "162. Financing of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1769 (2007), decided to authorize and mandate the establishment, for an initial period of 12 months, of an African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). The Council has since extended the mandate of UNAMID in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 2003 (2011) of 29 July 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 31 July 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNAMID the amount of 1,797,327,600 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 1,689,305,500 dollars for the maintenance of the Operation, 91,536,100 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 16,486,000 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 149,777,300 dollars for the period from 1 to 31 July 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,137,200 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 1,647,550,300 dollars for the period from 1 August 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 149,777,300 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Operation; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 34,509,200 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 2,223,700 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 shall be added to the credits in the amount of 175,974,100 dollars (resolution 65/305).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolutions 65/305);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 159)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the African Union-UnitedNations Hybrid Operation inDarfur for the period from 1 July2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/631)\t\nBudget for the AfricanUnion-United Nations HybridOperation in Darfur for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/740)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.13)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/888 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/305", "163. Financing of the activities arising from Security Council resolution 1863 (2009)", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1863 (2009) of 16 January 2009, expressed its intent to establish a United Nations Peacekeeping Operation in Somalia as a follow-on force to the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); and requested the Secretary-General to provide a United Nations logistical support package to AMISOM, including equipment and services. The Council, by its resolution 1964 (2010), decided to authorize the States members of the African Union to maintain AMISOM until 30 September 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the support of AMISOM the amount of 309,690,900 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 291,092,700 dollars for the maintenance of the entity, 15,759,800 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 2,838,400 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 77,422,725 dollars for the period from 1 July to 30 September 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 1,255,950 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 232,268,175 dollars for the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 25,807,575 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,767,850 dollars; and decided that the decrease of 433,400 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be set off against the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 54,457,900 dollars (resolution 65/306).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/306);", "(b) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 160)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on thefinancing of support of theAfrican Union Mission in Somaliafor the period from 1 July 2009to 30 June 2010 (A/65/619)\t\nFinancing of support of theAfrican Union Mission in Somaliafor the period from 1 July 2011to 30 June 2012 (A/65/809)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.16)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/889 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/306", "165. Observer status for the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 2 May 2011 (A/66/141), the Permanent Representatives of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "166. Observer status for the International Emergency Management Organization in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 20 May 2011 (A/66/142), the Permanent Representative of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "167. Observer status for the Union of South American Nations in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 24 June 2011 (A/66/144), the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Guyana to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "168. Observer status for the International Renewable Energy Agency in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 11 July 2011 (A/66/145), the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* The unannotated preliminary list (A/66/50), was issued on 14 February 2011. The provisional agenda (A/66/150) was issued on 15 July 2011.", "** The present addendum has been prepared on the basis of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "1 In accordance with General Assembly decision 65/551 (see para.", "Annotated draft agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (*)", "Addendum (**)", "Contents", "Election of the officers of the Main Committees Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Introduction", "The present document is being issued as an addendum to the annotated preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth regular session of the General Assembly (A/66/100), in accordance with paragraph 17 (c) of annex II to Assembly resolution 2837 (XXVI) of 17 December 1971. The annotated draft agenda has been prepared on the basis of the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session (A/66/150, issued on 15 July 2011) and contains information relating to items 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 27 (b), 33, 34, 38, 39, 51, 53, 63, 69 (b), 70 (c), 76 (a), 116, 117, 120 to 122, 125, 127 to 129, 132 to 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144 to 163 and 165 to 168.", "Annotated draft agenda", "Election of the President of the General Assembly", "In accordance with rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly shall elect a President at least three months before the opening of the session over which he or she is to preside. The President so elected will assume the functions only at the beginning of the session for which the President is elected and shall hold office until the close of that session.", "On 22 June 2011, the General Assembly elected by acclamation Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar) as President of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/416).", "In accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. The President is elected by a simple majority. It should be noted, however, that, with the exception of the thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-third and forty-sixth sessions, since the thirty-second session, the President has been elected by acclamation.", "At its thirty-third session, in 1978, the General Assembly decided (resolution 33/138, annex, para. 1) that, in the election of the President, regard should be had for equitable geographical rotation of the office among the following States:", "(a) African States;", "(b) Asian States;", "(c) Eastern European States;", "(d) Latin American States;", "(e) Western European or other States.", "At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the practice of dispensing with the secret ballot for elections to subsidiary organs when the number of candidates corresponded to the number of seats to be filled should become standard and that the same practice should apply to the election of the President of the Assembly, unless a delegation specifically requested a vote on a given election (decision 34/401, para. 16).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 4)", "A/65/PV.103", "Decision 65/416", "Election of the officers of the Main Committees", "The General Assembly has six Main Committees. At its forty-seventh session, in paragraph 1 of its resolution 47/233 of 17 August 1993, the General Assembly decided to amend rule 98 of its rules of procedure as follows:", "“1. Decides that the Main Committees of the General Assembly shall be as follows:", "(a) Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee);", "(b) Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee);", "(c) Economic and Financial Committee (Second Committee);", "(d) Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (Third Committee);", "(e) Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee);", "(f) Legal Committee (Sixth Committee).”", "At its fifty-second session, the General Assembly decided to amend the first sentence of rule 103 of the rules of procedure to read: “The Main Committee shall elect a Chairman, three Vice-Chairmen and a Rapporteur” (resolution 52/163, para.", "Rule 103 provides that the election shall be held by secret ballot unless the Committee decides otherwise in an election where there is only one candidate. Since in most cases there is only one candidate, most officers of Main Committees are elected by acclamation.", "In addition, rule 103 provides that the nomination of each candidate shall be limited to one speaker, after which the Committee shall immediately proceed to the election.", "Rule 99 (a) provides that all the Main Committees shall, at least three months before the opening of the session, elect a Chairman and that elections of the other officers provided for in rule 103 shall be held at the latest by the end of the first week of the session. In accordance with resolution 58/126 of 19 December 2003, all the officers of the Main Committees shall also be elected three months before the opening of the next session.", "On 22 June 2011, the Main Committees elected their Chairs and other officers for the sixty-sixth session (decision 65/417). The election of the officers of the Main Committees shall take place immediately following the election of the President of the General Assembly in plenary meeting, in consecutive meetings of the six Main Committees. At its forty-eighth session, the General Assembly decided (resolution 48/264, annex II) that the Chairmen of the six Main Committees should be elected according to the following pattern:", "(a) One representative from an African State;", "(b) One representative from an Asian State;", "(c) One representative from an Eastern European State;", "(d) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(e) One representative from a Western European or other State;", "(f) The sixth Chair shall rotate during the twentieth session according to the following pattern:", "(i) One representative from an African State;", "(ii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(iii) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(iv) One representative from an African State;", "(v) One representative from an Asian State;", "(vi) One representative from an African State;", "(vii) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(viii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(ix) One representative from an African State;", "(x) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xi) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xii) One representative from an African State;", "(xiii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xiv) One representative from an African State;", "(xv) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xvi) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xvii) One representative from an African State;", "(xviii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xix) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xx) One representative from an African State.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 5)", "A/C.1/65/PV.24", "A/C.4/65/SR.26, A/C.2/65/SR.34, A/C.3/65/SR.53, A/C.5/65/SR.41 and A/C.6/65/SR.29", "A/65/PV.104", "Decision 65/417", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly", "The President of the General Assembly is assisted by 21 Vice-Presidents. The functions involved are performed by heads of delegations of Member States and not by elected individuals in their private capacity. On four occasions, the Assembly decided to increase the number of Vice-Presidents (resolutions 1104 (XI), 1192 (XII), 1990 (XVIII) and 33/138).", "In accordance with rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly shall elect 21 Vice-Presidents at least three months before the opening of the session over which they are to preside. The Vice-Presidents so elected will assume the functions only at the beginning of the session for which they are elected and shall hold office until the close of that session.", "On 22 June and 29 July 2011, the General Assembly elected its Vice-Presidents for the sixty-fifth session (decisions 65/418 A and B).", "In accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. Vice-Presidents are elected by a simple majority. It should be noted, however, that since the thirty-second session, with the exception of the thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-first and forty-second sessions, when one of the regional groups was elected, the Vice-Presidents were elected by acclamation.", "In accordance with rule 30, the Vice-Presidents shall be elected after the election of the Chairmen of the Main Committees (see item 5) in order to ensure the representative character of the General Committee (see item 7).", "At its thirty-third session, in 1978, in its resolution 33/138, the General Assembly decided (see annex, para. 2) that the 21 Vice-Presidents should be elected according to the following pattern:", "(a) Six representatives from African States;", "(b) Five representatives from Asian States;", "(c) One representative from an Eastern European State;", "(d) Three representatives from Latin American States;", "(e) Two representatives from Western European or other States;", "(f) Five representatives from the permanent members of the Security Council.", "However, following the election of the President of the General Assembly, the number of Vice-Presidents from the region to which the President belongs is reduced by one (resolution 33/138, annex, para. 3).", "At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the practice of dispensing with the secret ballot for elections to subsidiary organs when the number of candidates corresponded to the number of seats to be filled should become standard and the same practice should apply to the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly, unless a delegation specifically requested a vote on a given election (decision 34/401, para. 16).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 6)", "A/65/PV.104 and 117", "65/418 A and B", "Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations conferences", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly amended the General Regulations of the World Food Programme (decision 65/550).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 9)", "Note by the Secretary-General A/65/928", "A/65/PV.118", "Decision 65/550", "XX. Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide the Assembly with an annual report on progress made in the implementation of the commitments made in the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, and to report to the Assembly, with the support of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, on progress made in the context of the 2013 review of the development goals and subsequent reviews (resolution 65/277) (also relates to items 13 and 117), in accordance with the global reporting arrangement on the Millennium Development Goals.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to include in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session the item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS” (decision 65/551).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/277).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 10)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/797", "A/65/L.89", "A/65/L.77", "A/65/PV.95 and 118", "Decision 65/551", "Resolution 65/277", "13. Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to maintain the status of the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary body of the Assembly and to revert to the question of whether to maintain that status at an appropriate time and within a maximum period of ten years and fifteen years, and, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A, to continue to allocate the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and the Third Committee (resolution 65/281) (also relates to item 117).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly invited Member States to further develop measures that better reflect the importance of the pursuit of happiness and well-being in development to guide their public policies, and welcomed Bhutan ' s offer to convene a panel discussion on the theme of happiness and well-being during its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/309).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to explore further at its sixty-sixth session the most effective modalities for the intergovernmental follow-up process to the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development and requested the President of the Assembly to hold open, inclusive, timely and transparent consultations with all Member States (resolution 65/313).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 13)", "Draft resolutions A/65/L.42/Rev.1, A/65/L.78 (also relates to item 117) and A/65/L.86 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.90-95, 100, 109 and 118", "65/281 (also relates to item 117), 65/309 and 65/313", "14. Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations", "The item entitled “Dialogue among civilizations” was included as an additional item in the agenda of the fifty-third session of the General Assembly, in 1998, at the request of the Islamic Republic of Iran (A/53/233). At that session, the Assembly proclaimed 2001 the United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations (resolution 53/22).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-fourth to fifty-sixth sessions (resolutions 54/113, 55/23, 55/254 and 56/6).", "At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to explore strengthening the Global Agenda and the mechanisms for its implementation and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (resolution 60/4).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the item was considered jointly with agenda item 15, “Culture of peace”.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 14)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/269", "A/65/PV.32 and 33 (jointly with item 15)", "Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development and the 2008 Review Conference", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to hold its fifth High-level Dialogue on Financing for Development at United Nations Headquarters on 7 and 8 December 2011 (resolution 65/314).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 19)", "A/65/L.91", "A/65/PV.118", "Resolution 65/314", "27. Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided that the World Youth Conference, as decided by the Assembly in its resolution 64/134, would take the form of a high-level meeting of the Assembly, to be held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011, with the overall theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding” (resolution 65/267).", "At the same session, the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the high-level meeting of the Assembly on “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”, reaffirmed the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its fifteen interrelated priority areas, and called upon Member States to continue to implement the Programme of Action at the local, national, regional and international levels (resolution 65/312).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 27 (b))", "A/65/L.63 and 87", "A/65/PV.78, 110-112, 115 and 116", "65/267 and 65/312", "B. Maintenance of international peace and security", "33. Prevention of armed conflict", "(a) Enhanced role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution", "At its resumed fifty-fifth session, in August 2001, the General Assembly discussed the prevention of armed conflict under the agenda item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization”.", "The General Assembly considered this subject at its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions under the same agenda item (resolutions 55/281, 56/512 and 57/337).", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-ninth session a specific item entitled “Prevention of armed conflict” (resolution 57/337). At its fifty-ninth and sixty-second sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 59/568 and 62/554). The General Assembly considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-first sessions (resolutions 60/284 and 61/293).", "At its resumed sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly decided to include the item in the draft agenda of its subsequent sessions (decisions 63/563 and 64/563).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit, for consideration by Member States at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the implementation of resolution 65/283, entitled “Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution”, and to include in the annex to that report the views of Member States and other relevant actors, as well as guidelines for enhancing the effectiveness of mediation, and decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-sixth session, under the item entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, a sub-item entitled “Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution” (resolution 65/283).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/283).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 33)", "A/65/L.79 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.102", "Resolution 65/283", "34. Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "This item was included in the agenda of the sixty-first session of the General Assembly, in 2006, at the request of Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine (A/61/195).", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its sixty-second to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 62/249, 63/307 and 64/296).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution (resolution 65/287).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/287).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 34)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/846", "A/65/L.74", "A/65/PV.105", "Resolution 65/287", "38. The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan", "This item was included in the agenda of the fifty-ninth session of the General Assembly, in 2004, at the request of Azerbaijan and Turkey (A/59/236 and Add.1).", "At its fifty-ninth, sixty-first, sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 59/571, 61/564, 63/569 and 64/562). The General Assembly considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-second sessions (resolutions 60/285 and 62/243).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in September 2011, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/552).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 18)", "A/65/PV.116", "Decision 65/552", "39. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte", "This item was included in the agenda of the thirty-first session of the General Assembly, in 1976, at the request of Madagascar (A/31/241).", "At its thirty-second to forty-ninth sessions, the General Assembly continued its consideration of the item (resolutions 32/7, 34/69, 35/43, 36/105, 37/65, 38/13, 39/48, 40/62, 41/30, 42/17, 43/14, 44/9, 45/11, 46/9, 47/9, 48/56 and 49/18 and decision 33/435).", "At its fiftieth to fifty-ninth and sixty-second to sixty-third sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the provisional agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 50/493, 51/436, 52/435, 53/490, 54/439, 55/402, 56/454, 57/503 A, 58/503 A, 59/503 A, 62/503 and 63/559).", "At its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to recommend the inclusion of the item in the agenda of its respective sessions, on the understanding that the Assembly would consider the item only after further notice (decisions 64/503 A and 65/503).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to include the item in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/553).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 40)", "A/65/PV.2 and 118", "65/503 and 65/553", "53. Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects", "At its nineteenth session, in February 1965, the General Assembly established the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations to undertake a comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, including ways of overcoming the financial difficulties of the United Nations (resolution 2006 (XIX)).", "The current composition of the Special Committee is contained in document A/65/19 (annex).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its twentieth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 2053 (XX), 2220 (XXI), 2308 (XXII), 2451 (XXIII), 2576 (XXIV), 2670 (XXV), 2835 (XXVI), 2965 (XXVII), 3091 (XXVIII), 3239 (XXIX), 3457 (XXX), 31/105, 32/106, 33/114, 34/53, 35/121, 36/37, 37/93, 38/31, 39/97, 40/163, 41/67, 42/161, 43/59 A and B, 44/49, 45/75, 46/48, 47/71, 47/72, 48/42, 48/43, 49/37, 50/30, 51/136, 52/69, 53/58, 54/81, 55/135, 56/225 A and B, 57/129, 57/336, 58/315, 59/281, 59/300, 60/263, 60/289, 61/267 A and B, 61/291, 62/273, 63/280 and 64/266).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in July 2011, the General Assembly endorsed the proposals, recommendations and conclusions contained in paragraphs 15 to 278 of the report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/65/19) and requested the Special Committee to submit a report on its work to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/310).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group: Supplement No. 19 (A/66/19);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (resolution 65/310).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 53)", "Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations: Supplement No. 19 (A/65/19)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Support to African Union peacekeeping operations authorized by the United Nations (A/65/510-S/2010/514) (also relates to item 146)", "Strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations (A/65/524 and Corr.1) (also relates to item 146)", "Progress in the implementation of the global field support strategy (A/65/643) (also relates to item 146)", "Development of integrated operational teams (A/65/669)", "Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/65/680 and Add.1)", "Prosecution of crimes against deployed peacekeepers (A/65/700)", "Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (A/65/741)", "Letter dated 19 January 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of Australia and Uruguay to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly (A/65/698)", "A/C.4/65/SR.14-17 and 27", "A/65/42 and Add.1 (Fourth Committee)", "A/65/PV.62 and 109", "Resolution 65/310", "C. Development of Africa", "63. New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "(a) New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "At its fifty-seventh session, in 2002, the General Assembly adopted the United Nations Declaration on the New Partnership for Africa's Development (resolution 57/2).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-seventh to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 57/2, 57/7, 58/233, 59/254, 60/222, 61/229, 62/179, 62/242, 63/1, 63/267 and 64/258).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the commitment of all States to establish a monitoring mechanism to follow up on the commitments related to Africa ' s development contained in the Political Declaration on Africa ' s Development Needs; requested the President of the Assembly to continue informal consultations led by Member States, with the participation of relevant stakeholders, with a view to making the mechanism a role at the end of its sixty-sixth session; reaffirmed its full support for the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development and its commitment to the full implementation of the political declaration on Africa ' s development needs; and requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution, based on information provided by Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and other stakeholders in the New Partnership (resolution 65/284).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support (resolution 65/284), A/66/202.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 62 (a))", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "A monitoring mechanism to review commitments towards Africa ' s development needs (A/65/165)", "New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: eighth consolidated progress report on progress in implementation and international support (A/65/167)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.69/Rev.1 (as orally revised) and Add.1", "A/65/PV.30-31 and 102 (joint debate on items 62 (a) and 12)", "Resolution 65/284", "(b) Causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa", "At its fifty-third session, in 1998, the General Assembly included the item in its agenda and considered it at the request of Namibia (A/53/231) (resolution 53/92).", "At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the President of the Assembly to establish an open-ended ad hoc working group of the Assembly to monitor the implementation of the recommendations contained in the 1998 report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (resolution 54/234).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions (resolutions 55/217, 56/37, 57/2 and 57/7). At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to include this item as a sub-item under the agenda item on African development, under a single agenda item entitled “New Partnership for Africa's Development: progress in implementation and international support”, beginning at its fifty-eighth session (resolution 57/296).", "The General Assembly considered the sub-item at its fifty-eighth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 58/234, 58/235, 59/255, 60/223, 61/230, 62/275, 63/304 and 64/252).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to develop, in consultation with relevant partners, policy proposals on the issues raised in his review report and to continue to monitor and report to the Assembly on an annual basis on persistent and emerging challenges to the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, as well as on the approach and support of the United Nations system (resolution 65/278).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (resolution 65/278) (A/66/214-S/2011/476)", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 62 (b))", "Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations contained in his report on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (A/65/152-S/2010/526)", "A/65/L.62/Rev.1 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.30 and 96", "Resolution 65/278", "D. Promotion of human rights", "69. Promotion and protection of human rights", "(b) Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "International Year of Human Rights Learning", "At its sixty-second session, in 2007, the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 10 December 2008 the International Year of Human Rights Learning and called upon Member States to promote human rights learning and education at the local, national and international levels, in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders (resolution 62/171). The General Assembly considered the question further at its sixty-third session (resolution 63/173).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly considered the report of the Secretary-General on the International Year (A/64/293) and encouraged broad-based and sustained human rights learning at all levels. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of its resolution (resolution 64/82).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to invite Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to present further practical proposals and ideas that would contribute to the strengthening of United Nations action in the field of human rights through the promotion of international cooperation based on the principles of non-selectivity, impartiality and objectivity, and to submit a comprehensive report on the question to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/158).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning (resolutions 64/82 and 64/158), A/66/225.", "References for the sixty-fourth session (agenda item 69 (b))", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Strengthening United Nations action in the field of human rights through the promotion of international cooperation and the importance of non-selectivity, impartiality and objectivity (A/64/175)", "International Year of Human Rights Learning (A/64/293)", "A/64/439/Add.2 (Parts I and II)", "A/C.3/64/SR.22-33 and 36 and 40-47", "Draft resolutions A/C.3/64/L.29 and A/C.3/64/L.33/Rev.1", "A/64/PV.61 and 65", "64/82 and 64/158", "E. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts", "70. Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance", "(c) Special economic assistance to individual countries or regions", "At its forty-eighth session, in 1993, the General Assembly decided to consider in plenary meeting the item entitled “Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance” and its sub-items (resolution 48/162, annex II).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the agencies of the United Nations system to provide effective and adequate international support and assistance to Pakistan without delay and to report to it at its sixty-fifth session on the implementation of the resolution, under the item entitled “Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance” (resolution 64/294).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 69 (d))", "Report of the Secretary-General on strengthening emergency relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and prevention in the aftermath of the devastating floods in Pakistan (A/65/773)", "Report of the Secretary-General on humanitarian assistance and reconstruction for Liberia (A/65/357)", "Promotion of justice and international law", "76. Oceans and the law of the sea", "(a) Oceans and the law of the sea", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations of the first meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects; and requested the Secretary-General to convene the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on 27 and 28 June 2011 (resolution 65/37 B).", "Document: Letter dated 3 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly transmitting the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the work of its second meeting (resolution 65/37 B), A/66/189.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 74 (a))", "Report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects (A/65/759)", "A/65/L.65", "A/65/PV.84", "65/37 B", "Organizational, administrative and other matters", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "(a) Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly declared France elected a member of the Committee for Programme and Coordination for a term of office beginning on 12 September 2011 and ending on 31 December 2012 (decision 65/404 B).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 112 (a))", "A/65/291/Add.1", "A/65/PV.118", "Decision 65/404 B", "116. Admission of new Members to the United Nations", "The admission of new Members to the United Nations is governed, inter alia, by Article 4 of the Charter, rules 58 to 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and rules 134 to 138 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Charter, the admission of new Members is subject to a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. In accordance with rule 83 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, a two-thirds majority is required for the admission of new Members.", "On 13 July 2011, after examining the application of the Republic of South Sudan for admission to membership in the United Nations (A/65/900-S/2011/418), the Security Council recommended to the General Assembly that the Republic of South Sudan be admitted to membership in the United Nations (Council resolution 1999 (2011)).", "At its 108th plenary meeting, on 14 July 2011, the General Assembly admitted the Republic of South Sudan to membership in the United Nations (resolution 65/308).", "The list of Member States, which now stands at 193, is available on the United Nations Web site at www.un.org and indicates the date on which they were admitted to membership in the United Nations.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 114)", "A/65/900 S/2011/418 Application for accession by the Republic of South Sudan", "Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General (A/65/905)", "A/65/L.84 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.108", "Resolution 65/308", "Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide the Assembly with an annual report on progress made in the implementation of the commitments made in the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, and to report to the Assembly, with the support of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, on progress made in the context of the 2013 review of the development goals and subsequent reviews (resolution 65/277) (also relates to item 13), in accordance with the global reporting arrangement on the Millennium Development Goals.", "At the same session, the General Assembly decided to maintain the status of the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary body of the Assembly and to revert to the question of whether to maintain that status at the appropriate time and within the earliest 10 years and at the latest 15 years, and to continue to allocate the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary Assembly and the Third Committee (resolution 65/281) (also relates to item 13).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 115)", "Report of the Secretary-General on united access: towards zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths (A/65/797)", "A/65/L.77 (also relates to item 13), A/65/L.78 (also relates to item 13) Plenary meetings A/65/PV.90-95 and 100", "65/277 and 65/281 (also relates to item 13)", "120. Implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to suspend the membership of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Human Rights Council and to review the matter as appropriate (resolution 65/265).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 117)", "A/65/L.60 and Add.1 Plenary meetings A/65/PV.76", "Resolution 65/265", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "This item was included in the agenda of the forty-sixth session of the General Assembly, in 1991, initially proposed by the President of the Assembly at its forty-fifth session for inclusion in the draft agenda of the forty-sixth session (see decision 45/461).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its forty-sixth to forty-eighth, fifty-second and fifty-third sessions (resolutions 46/77, 47/233 and 48/264 and decisions 52/479 and 53/491).", "At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decision 54/491).", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its fifty-fifth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 55/285, 56/509, 57/301, 58/126 (annex), 61/292, 62/276, 63/309 and 64/301).", "At its resumed fifty-eighth session, in July 2004, the General Assembly adopted a number of measures, including the restructuring of the agenda of the Assembly, and decided to review the provisions of the restructured agenda at its sixty-first session with a view to making further improvements (resolution 58/316).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted the proposed programme of work and timetable of the First Committee for 2011 (decision 65/518), the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) (decision 65/522), the draft programme of work of the Second Committee (decision 65/529), the draft programme of work of the Third Committee (decision 65/539), and the provisional programme of work of the Sixth Committee for the sixty-sixth session (decision 65/511). Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted a decision to improve the working methods of the Second Committee (decision 65/530).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to establish, at its sixty-sixth session, an ad hoc working group on the revitalization of the General Assembly, open to all Member States, in order to further identify ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, including in the light of previous resolutions, and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/315).", "Document: Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (resolution 65/315).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 118)", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly (A/65/909)", "A/65/PV.56, 57, 60, 62, 69, 71 and 118", "Report of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee)", "Report of the Second Committee A/65/444", "Report of the Third Committee A/65/459", "Report of the Sixth Committee A/65/476", "Resolution 65/315", "65/511, 65/518, 65/522, 65/529, 65/530 and 65/539", "122. Question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related matters", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to immediately continue intergovernmental negotiations on Security Council reform in informal plenary meetings of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/554).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 119)", "A/65/PV.118", "Decision 65/554", "125. Follow-up to the recommendations on administrative management and internal oversight of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme", "This item was included as an additional item in the agenda of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly, in 2005, at the request of Costa Rica (A/60/235).", "At its sixty-first to sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 61/503 A, 62/555, 63/566, 64/569 and 65/555).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 123)", "A/65/PV.118", "Decision 65/555", "127. International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "At the request of the Secretary-General, this item was considered for the first time during the sixty-third session of the General Assembly in order for the Assembly to consider and take action on communications from the President of the Tribunal. The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 125)", "Letters from the Secretary-General A/65/529-S/2010/513 and [587-S/2010/598", "A/65/661 Letter from the President of the Security Council", "A/65/PV.74", "A/65/L.57", "Decision 65/412", "128. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "At the request of the Secretary-General, this item was considered for the first time during the sixty-third session of the General Assembly in order for the Assembly to consider and take action on communications from the President of the Tribunal. The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 126)", "A/65/588-S/2010/599", "A/65/662", "A/65/PV.74 and 109", "A/65/L.58 and L.83", "65/413 A and B", "129. International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (item proposed by the Secretary-General) (A/66/143)", "By its resolution 1966 (2010), the Security Council decided to establish the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, with two branches, which became operational on 1 July 2012 (branch of the International Tribunal for Rwanda) and 1 July 2013 (branch of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia), and to that end adopted the statute of the Mechanism as contained in annex I to the resolution.", "In paragraph 13 of the resolution, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to implement the resolution and to make practical arrangements for the effective functioning of the Mechanism from its first commencement date (1 July 2012) and to initiate no later than 30 June 2011 the process for the selection of the roster of judges of the Mechanism, as provided for in its statute. In accordance with the statute, the judges of the Mechanism are elected by the General Assembly from a list of candidates submitted by the Security Council.", "In addition, in accordance with the statute, the President of the Mechanism submits an annual report to the Security Council and the General Assembly.", "The General Assembly must therefore elect the judges of the mechanism during its sixty-sixth session so that it could begin its work on its first commencement date (1 July 2012). In addition, the General Assembly will be requested to consider the annual report of the mechanism and to adopt appropriate budgetary and financial arrangements for its work.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "132. Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at the main part of its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of Assembly resolution 64/259, entitled “Access to accountability in the United Nations Secretariat”.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed its resolution 41/213, in which it requested the Secretary-General to submit, in off-budget years, an outline of the proposed programme budget for the following biennium, and reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to include in future budget submissions, to the extent possible, measures to offset budgetary growth without prejudice to the implementation of mandated programmes and activities (resolution 65/262).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the independence and the separate and distinct roles of internal and external oversight mechanisms; encouraged the internal and external oversight bodies of the United Nations to further enhance the level of cooperation among them; encouraged the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) to enhance its analysis of the broad trends and strategic challenges in internal oversight in the United Nations in future annual reports; requested the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations of the Office that had been repeatedly made and accepted on systemic issues but remained unimplemented; and requested him to ensure the full implementation of the accepted recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, including those relating to cost avoidance, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements, in a prompt and timely manner; and to provide a detailed justification if its recommendations were not accepted (resolution 65/250) (also relates to item 142).", "Document: (see also document A/66/100, under item 141, “Joint Inspection Unit”", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/259, entitled “Accountability in the United Nations Secretariat” (resolution 64/259);", "(b) Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on its activities for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011 (resolution 61/275), A/66/299;", "(c) Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services;", "(i) Annual report for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244, 57/292, section II, paragraph 22, 59/270, paragraph 3, 59/271, paragraph 11, 59/272, 60/257, paragraph 14, and 60/282, paragraph 13);", "(ii) Annual report on peacekeeping oversight activities for the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244, 59/272 and 60/268, para. 17);", "(d) Report of the Joint Inspection Unit on transparency in the selection and appointment of senior managers in the United Nations Secretariat (JIU/REP/2011/2).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 128)", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the audit of procurement management in the Secretariat (A/64/369)", "Note by the Secretary-General transmitting his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit on offshoring in United Nations system organizations (A/65/63/Add.1) (also relates to item 137)", "Note by the Secretary-General transmitting his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit on the environmental image of United Nations system organizations (A/65/346/Add.1)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Comprehensive report on United Nations procurement activities (resolution 62/269), A/64/284 and Add.1 and 2", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the activities of the Office for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/271 (Part I) and Corr.1 and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1)", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on its activities for the period from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010 (A/65/329)", "Related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/64/501)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the proposed programme budget outline for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/65/560 and Corr.1)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of the Department of Political Affairs (A/65/161)", "Reports of the Joint Inspection Unit:", "Offshoring in the United Nations system (A/65/63)", "Environmental image of United Nations system organizations (A/65/346)", "Draft resolutions A/C.5/65/L.24 and A/C.5/65/L.25", "A/C.5/65/SR.3, 5, 23, 24 and 27", "A/65/645 and 649 (also relates to item 142)", "A/65/PV.73", "65/250 (also relates to item 142), 65/261 and 65/262", "133. Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Questions relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the Secretary-General should report to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth and sixty-sixth sessions all commitments made under the provisions of the resolution for unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for the biennium 2010-2011, together with the circumstances relating thereto, and should submit supplementary estimates to the Assembly in respect of such commitments (resolution 64/246).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments up to $1,758,800 under section 20, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and to report on actual expenditures in the context of his second performance report for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/259, sect. III).", "At the same session, the General Assembly welcomed the establishment of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as an important ongoing effort of the Organization to strengthen system-wide capacity to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and to lead, coordinate and promote accountability in the work of the United Nations system (resolution 65/259, sect. VI).", "Also at the same session, the Assembly, recalling section III of its resolution 60/283 and section III of its resolution 64/260 on limited budgetary discretion, requested the Secretary-General to implement the provisions of those resolutions and to report thereon in the context of the second performance report for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/259, sect. XVIII).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011 in an amount not exceeding $9,882,594 as an exceptional measure to supplement the voluntary contributions to the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution (resolution 65/259, sect. XII).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolutions 65/259 and 65/268);", "(ii) Fourth progress report on the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (resolution 60/283);", "(iii) Overseas property management and construction projects in progress (resolution 65/259);", "(iv) Proposal for a mechanism to determine retirement pension benefits (resolution 65/258);", "(v) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive and resumed substantive sessions of 2011 (also relates to items 9 and 134);", "(vi) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions (and any special sessions held in 2011) (resolution 60/251);", "(vii) Implementation of the limited budgetary discretion experiment (resolution 60/283, sect. III, and resolution 64/260, sect. III);", "(viii) Implementation of projects financed from the Development Account: seventh progress report (A/66/84);", "(ix) Subvention to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (resolution 65/259);", "(x) United Nations Office for Partnerships, A/66/188;", "(xi) Progress report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the efficiency of the implementation of its mandate,A/66/74;", "(b) Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (resolution 46/220);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7) and addenda.", "Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved budgets totalling $643,094,800 gross ($631,162,600 net) for 29 special political missions authorized by the Assembly and/or the Security Council; decided to appropriate, under the procedures provided for in paragraph 11 of annex I to Assembly resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986, an amount of $200,689,200 under section 3, Political affairs, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011; and requested the Secretary-General to submit the resource requirements for 2011 for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi or its successor for consideration by the Assembly at the first part of its resumed sixty-fifth session (resolution 65/259).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved the budget for the United Nations Office in Burundi in the amount of $23,989,700 gross ($22,145,800 net) for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011, approved the budget for the United Nations Representative to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board in the amount of $24,600 gross ($24,600 net) for the period from 1 January to 30 June 2011, noted that the resource requirements of the Representative would be absorbed within the overall appropriation for special political missions and reported to the Assembly in the context of the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011; decided to appropriate an amount of $7,504,600 under section 3, Political affairs, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 in accordance with the provisions of its resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986, taking into account the amount of $14,641,200 already approved for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (former Mission); and decided to utilize the unencumbered balance of the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi to offset the additional appropriation required for the United Nations Office in Burundi for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011, and requested the Secretary-General to absorb the additional requirements for the United Nations Office in Burundi within the overall appropriation for the special political mission and to report", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved the budget for the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya for the period from 1 June to 31 December 2011 in the amount of $1,693,500 gross ($1,670,400 net) and for the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions for the period from 1 May to 31 December 2011, in the amount of $1,590,600 gross ($1,469,000 net); decided that the requirements for the activities of the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions would be absorbed within the overall appropriation approved for special political missions for the biennium 2010-2011 and requested the Secretary-General to report thereon in the context of the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/288).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council (resolutions 65/259, 65/268 and 65/288);", "(ii) Review of the current funding and support arrangements for special political missions with a view to identifying alternative options (resolution 65/259);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Capital master plan", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it on an annual basis on the issuance of contracts for procurement for the capital master plan; and also requested the Secretary-General to submit to it annual progress reports on the implementation of the capital master plan (resolution 57/292, sect. II).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to make every effort to avoid budget increases through sound project management practices, to make every effort to ensure that the capital master plan was completed within the budget approved by the Assembly in its resolution 61/251 and to report thereon in the context of his ninth annual progress report (resolution 65/269).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Ninth annual progress report on the implementation of the capital master plan (resolutions 57/292, sect. II, 61/251 and 65/269);", "(ii) Proposal for financing the associated costs required for 2012 from within the approved budget of the capital master plan (resolution 65/269);", "(b) Report of the Board of Auditors on the capital master plan for the year ended 31 December 2010: Supplement No. 5 (A/66/5 (Vol. V));", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Information and communications technology", "(also relates to item 134)", "At its fifty-ninth session, in 2004, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixtieth session the results of the technical study on information and communications technology security, business continuity and disaster recovery, with detailed costing and a timetable (resolution 59/276, sect. XI).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-first sessions (resolutions 60/283, sect. II, and 61/234).", "At its sixty-third session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly a unified disaster recovery and business continuity plan and to report thereon to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-fourth session (resolution 63/262, sect. IV).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at the main part of its sixty-fifth session a report on the information and communications technology strategy, including: adjustments to the governance structure; an update on those management and reporting arrangements; an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangements; a comprehensive inventory of information and communications technology capacity across the Secretariat; a more accurate identification and quantification of the efficiency gains or benefits expected from the implementation of the information and communications technology strategy; the methodology and benchmarks used to identify and measure those benefits; and the roles and responsibilities of the Office of the Chief Information Technology Officer of the Secretariat and the Department of Field Support in information and communications technology activities (resolution 63/262, sect. I).", "The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit to it a unified disaster recovery and business continuity plan, including a permanent solution for Headquarters, no later than the main part of its sixty-fifth session (resolution 63/269).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals contained in his report on the implementation of the information and communications technology strategy for the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/491) and to submit new and/or revised proposals to the Assembly in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013; to report on the progress made in the establishment of the secondary data centre, as described in paragraph 71 of his report, with an appropriate presentation of the financial resources proposed in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for the implementation of that work; and to submit to the Assembly more than one option for the location of other information and communications technology strategic facilities in the future (resolution 65/259).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the third progress report on the enterprise resource planning project (resolution 63/262, sect. II);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Financing of the administration of justice", "[See item 143]", "Liabilities and proposed funding for after-service health insurance benefits", "At its sixty-first session, the General Assembly approved the establishment of a separate special account to record accrued after-service health insurance liabilities and to record related transactions; approved changes to the after-service health insurance provisions for new staff recruited on or after 1 July 2007; decided to defer consideration of the remaining funding recommendations made in the report; and requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-third session a report on, inter alia, (a) the results and status of the validation of the accrued after-service health insurance benefits liabilities; (b) further information on alternative long-term funding strategies; (c) measures taken to reduce the Organization ' s costs with respect to health plans; (d) more comprehensive information and analysis related to differentiated funding options based on, inter alia, the results of the actuarial valuation of the after-service health insurance plan as at 31 December 2007; and (e) investment strategies related to the after-service health insurance reserve fund (resolution 61/264).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include in future budget performance reports information on the medical and dental reserves, the number of premium waiver months applied during the budget period, the method of assessment for other surplus funds used and the financial impact on the budget (resolution 65/259, sect. IV).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "At its resumed sixty-first session, in April 2007, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-second session a report on options for designing pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, including defined-benefit and defined-contribution schemes, taking into account the possibility of calculating pensions on the basis of the number of years served rather than the term of office (resolution 61/262).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to recommend, in his report, the establishment of a mechanism by which he could determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account pension rights accrued prior to the service of the Court or the Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (resolution 65/258);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 129)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "First performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/589)", "Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session (A/65/319)", "Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth sessions (A/65/333 and Corr.1) and its fifteenth session (A/65/333/Add.1 and Corr.1)", "Third progress report on the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (A/65/308)", "Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council: United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi and United Nations Representative to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board (A/65/328/Add.6 and Corr.1)", "Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council: Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and United Nations representative to the Geneva international discussions (A/65/328/Add.7)", "Conditions of service and compensation for officials, other than Secretariat officials, serving the General Assembly: full-time members of the International Civil Service Commission and the Chair of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/676)", "United Nations Office for Partnerships (A/65/347)", "Standards of accommodation for air travel (A/65/348)", "Report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the feasibility of harmonizing standards of air travel (A/65/386)", "Contingency fund: consolidated statement of programme budget implications and revised estimates (A/C.5/65/14)", "Implementation of General Assembly resolution 63/261 on the strengthening of the Department of Political Affairs (A/65/161 and Corr.1)", "Revised estimates resulting from the increase in the membership of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment under article 5 of the Optional Protocol (A/65/500) (also relates to item 68 (a))", "Strengthening the management capacity of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (A/65/705)", "Revised security management framework and revised estimates relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 under section 5, Peacekeeping operations, related to a strengthened and unified security management system for the United Nations (A/65/320 and Corr.1)", "Overseas property management and construction in progress (A/65/351)", "Eighth annual progress report on the implementation of the capital master plan (A/65/511)", "Proposal for financing associated costs for 2011 from within the approved budget of the capital master plan (A/65/511/Add.1)", "Implementation of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors contained in its reports on the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009 and on the capital master plan for the year ended 31 December 2009 (A/65/296)", "Revised estimates resulting from the increase in the membership of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (A/65/85)", "Revised proposal for regular budget resources for the normative support functions of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) (A/65/531)", "Revised estimates relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 under section 23, Human rights, arising from the expansion of the membership of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (A/65/400)", "Revised estimates resulting from the entry into force of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (A/65/628)", "Second progress report on the enterprise resource planning project and revised estimates under section 28A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and under the support account for peacekeeping operations (A/65/389)", "Notes by the Secretary-General:", "Transmitting the report of the Joint Inspection Unit on the review of travel arrangements within the United Nations system (A/65/338)", "Related report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (A/65/338/Add.1)", "Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Annual report for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/271 (Part I) and Corr.1 and Add.1 and Corr.1)", "Preliminary report on the implementation of the pilot project designated by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/287 (A/65/765)", "Thematic evaluation of cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support and regional organizations (A/65/762)", "Report of the Board of Auditors for the year ended 31 December 2009: capital master plan, Supplement No. 5 (A/65/5 (Vol. V))", "Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fiftieth session: Supplement No. 16 (A/65/16)", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/739, A/65/602/Add.1 and Add.2, A/65/767, A/65/632, A/65/725) Supplement No. 7 (A/65/7) and addenda", "A/C.5/65/SR.6-8, 12, 13, 17-20, 22, 23, 25-31, 39 and 42", "A/65/646 and Add.1, 2 and 3", "A/65/PV.73, 84 and 106", "65/258, 65/259, 65/260, 65/268, 65/269 and 65/288", "65/542 and 65/543", "134. Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "In accordance with regulation 2.4 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, the Secretary-General submits to the General Assembly at its regular session, in the second year of each financial period, the proposed programme budget for the following financial period. The General Assembly considered this question at its sixty-fifth session under the item entitled “Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations” (see also item 132).", "At its fifty-eighth session, in 2003, the General Assembly decided that the programme narratives of the programme budget fascicles should be identical to the biennial programme plan; also decided to maintain the current format of the proposed programme budget and the level of information contained therein; requested the Secretary-General to include in the introduction to the budget fascicles information on new and/or revised mandates approved by the Assembly subsequent to the adoption of the biennial programme plan; and requested the Secretary-General to ensure that resources for the performance of monitoring and evaluation functions were clearly identified in all sections of the proposed programme budget (resolution 58/269).", "At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly endorsed the proposal that the request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research be submitted to the Assembly for review and approval on a biennial basis in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the related biennium (resolution 60/248, sect. IV).", "At the same session, the General Assembly, recalling paragraph 11 of its resolution 60/246 of 23 December 2005, decided to grant the Secretary-General, on an experimental basis, limited discretion in the implementation of the budgets for the bienniums 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, to enter into commitments of up to $20 million per biennium for positions and non-post requirements in order to meet the evolving needs of the Organization in the accomplishment of its mandated programmes and activities; also decided to review the experiment at its sixty-fourth session with a view to eventually deciding on the continuation of the experiment; and requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the experiment for consideration by the Assembly (resolution 60/283, sect. III).", "At its sixty-third session, the General Assembly took note of the reports of the Secretary-General on improving the effective and efficient implementation of the mandates of development-related activities and revised estimates relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/708) and on the Development Account (A/63/335); endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/62/7/Add.40 and A/63/479), subject to the provisions of the resolution; and requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 63/260).", "At its resumed sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on limited budgetary discretion (A/64/562) and endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (resolution 64/260, sect. III).", "Also at its resumed sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, proposals to review the budget allocation to the Office of the President of the General Assembly in accordance with existing procedures (resolution 64/301).", "At its sixty-fifth session, under the item entitled “Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations”, the General Assembly invited the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of a preliminary estimate of $5,396,697,200 at revised 2010-2011 rates, and requested the Secretary-General to reflect the priorities set out in paragraph 13 of the resolution when presenting his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 65/262).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, further information on the normative intergovernmental processes undertaken by UN-Women to implement the mandate set out in paragraph 75 of resolution 64/289, with a view to specifying whether the activities of UN-Women, including administrative, evaluation, coordination, research and analytical policy functions, supported or could be considered normative intergovernmental processes; operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities; or a combination thereof (resolution 65/259, sect. VI).", "Documents:", "(a) Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013: Supplement No. 6 (A/66/6 (Introduction), (Sects. 1-7), (Sect. 8) and Corr.1, (Sects. 9-12), (Sect. 13) and Add.1, (Sects. 14-15), (Sect. 16) and Corr.1, (Sects. 17-25), (Sect. 26) and Corr.1, (Sect. 27), (Sect. 28) and Corr.1, (Sects. 29-29C), (Sect. 29D) and Corr.1, (Sect. 29E), (Sect. 29F) and Corr.1, (Sects. 29G-37) and (Income secs. 1-3);", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Consolidated report on the changes to the biennial programme plan as reflected in the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolutions 58/269 and 65/244), A/66/82 (also relates to item 135);", "(ii) Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council (resolutions 65/259, sect. XIII, and 65/268, sect. II);", "(iii) Implementation of the limited budgetary discretion experiment (resolution 60/283, sect. III, and 64/260, sect. III);", "(iv) Contingency fund: consolidated statement of programme budget implications and revised estimates (resolution 42/211, annex);", "(v) Revised estimates: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(vi) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions (and any special sessions held in 2011) (resolution 60/251);", "(vii) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive and resumed substantive sessions of 2011 (also relates to items 9 and 133);", "(viii) Fourth progress report on the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (resolution 60/283, sect. II);", "(ix) Administration of justice at the United Nations (resolutions 61/261 and 65/259);", "(x) Activities of the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services (resolutions 65/251 and 65/259);", "(xi) Organizational resilience management system: emergency management framework (resolution 64/260, part II);", "(xii) Feasibility study on the long-term accommodation needs of United Nations Headquarters (resolution 60/282);", "(xiii) Progress report on the strategic heritage plan of the United Nations Office at Geneva (resolution 64/243);", "(xiv) Subvention to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (resolution 65/259);", "(xv) Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (resolution 65/258);", "(c) Note by the Secretary-General requesting a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research resulting from the recommendations of the Board of Trustees of the Institute on the work programme of the Institute for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 60/248, sect. IV), A/66/170;", "(d) Annual report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(e) Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on internal oversight: proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85);", "(f) Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fifty-first session: Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16);", "(g) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7) and addenda.", "Development Account", "At its fifty-sixth session, in 2001, the General Assembly decided to keep the implementation of the Development Account under review (resolution 56/237).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of projects financed from the Development Account: seventh progress report (resolution 56/237), A/66/84;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund", "At its forty-sixth session, in 1991, the General Assembly decided that the items related to the United Nations pension system should be considered in even-numbered years (resolution 46/220), with the proviso that the Fifth Committee and the Assembly would be responsible for reviewing and approving all matters relating to the expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, including the biennial budget of the Fund, under the agenda item on the biennial programme budget of the United Nations (see A/54/206).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (resolution 46/220) (also relates to item 133).", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the administrative and financial implications arising from the report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board;", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7).", "Administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010 (A/65/493) and the related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/532) (resolution 65/259).", "Documents:", "(a) Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011;", "(b) Report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011: Supplement No. 30 (A/66/30);", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Information and communications technology", "[See under item 133]", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives in the United Nations Secretariat (resolutions 63/262, 63/269, 64/243, 65/259, sect. XVII), A/66/94.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 129)", "[See references to item 133 of the reference document for the sixty-fifth session]", "Report of the Secretary-General on the proposed programme budget outline for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/65/560 and Corr.1)", "Related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/611)", "A/C.5/65/SR.6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27 and 28", "A/65/646 and Add.1 and 2", "A/65/PV.73 and 84", "65/258, 65/259, 65/260 A-C, 65/268 and 65/269", "65/542 and 65/543", "135. Programme planning", "At its fifty-eighth session, in 2003, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare, on a trial basis, for submission to the Assembly at its fifty-ninth session, a strategic framework to replace the current four-year medium-term plan (resolution 58/269).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly endorsed the proposed strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 contained in chapter II, section A, of the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the work of its fiftieth session (A/65/16), and requested the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 in accordance with the approved priorities and the strategic framework adopted in the resolution (resolution 65/244).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fifty-first session (6 June-1 July 2011): Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16);", "(b) Consolidated report of the Secretary-General on the changes to the biennial programme plan as reflected in the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 58/269), A/66/82.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 130)", "Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fiftieth session (7 June-2 July 2010): Supplement No. 16 (A/65/16)", "Proposed strategic framework for the period 2012-2013: Part one: plan outline (A/65/6 (Part one) and Part two: biennial programme plan (A/65/6 (Progs. 1-11), 12 and Corr.1, (Progs. 13-16), 17 and Corr.1, (Progs. 18-27))", "Report of the Secretary-General on the programme performance of the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/65/70)", "A/C.5/65/SR.4 and 8", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/544", "A/65/PV.73", "Resolution 65/244", "Improving the financial situation of the United Nations", "At its thirtieth session, in 1975, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-first session the item entitled “Financial emergency of the United Nations” (resolution 3538 (XXX)). The General Assembly considered the question at its thirty-first to thirty-ninth sessions (resolutions 31/191, 32/104, 33/430, 35/113, 36/116 A and B, 37/13, 38/228 A and B, 39/239 A and B and decision 34/435).", "The item entitled “Current financial crisis of the United Nations” was included in the agenda of the fortieth session at the request of the Secretary-General (A/40/247). The General Assembly considered the item at its fortieth and forty-second to forty-fifth sessions (resolutions 42/212, 43/215, 44/195 A and B and 45/236 A and B and decisions 40/471, 40/472 and 42/460).", "At its forty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to consider at a later date the items entitled “Current financial crisis of the United Nations” and “Financial emergency of the United Nations” under one agenda item entitled “Improving the financial situation of the United Nations”; and also decided to keep the financial situation of the United Nations under review as necessary (resolution 47/215).", "The General Assembly has included the item in its agenda since its forty-eighth session (resolution 48/220 and decisions 49/474, 50/496, 51/462, 52/496, 53/494, 54/495, 55/493, 56/482, 57/598, 58/575, 59/569, 60/566 and 61/566).", "Document: Periodic report of the Secretary-General (resolution 47/215).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 131)", "A/65/519 and Add.1", "A/C.5/65/SR.6, 9", "138. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations", "The regular budget of the United Nations is funded by Member States in accordance with the scale of assessments adopted by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Committee on Contributions (see item 115 (b)). The scale of assessments is also used to apportion the cost of the capital master plan. The scale, as modified by resolutions 55/235 and 55/236 and other resolutions on the financing of peacekeeping operations, has also been assessed on Member States in accordance with that scale. The assessment rates used for the regular budget and peacekeeping operations are also used to apportion the costs of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.", "At its fifty-fourth session, in 1999, the General Assembly decided that requests for exemption under Article 19 of the Charter must be submitted by Member States to the President of the Assembly at least two weeks before the session of the Committee on Contributions in order to ensure a full review of those requests (resolution 54/237 C).", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee on Contributions on multi-year payment plans, as contained in paragraphs 17 to 23 of its report (A/57/11). Among those recommendations were the request to the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly, through the Committee on Contributions, information on the submission of multi-year payment plans and an annual report to the Assembly, through the Committee on Contributions, on the status of payment plans of Member States as at 31 December each year (resolution 57/4 B).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly adopted the scale of assessments for the period 2010-2012 on the recommendation of the Committee on Contributions and used the same methodology in preparing the scale of assessments for the past three scale periods. The Assembly recognized that the current methodology could be improved, bearing in mind the principle of capacity to pay, and also recognized the need to study the methodology in depth and in an effective and expeditious manner, taking into account the views expressed by Member States (resolution 64/248).", "At the same session, the Assembly requested the Committee on Contributions to review all the elements of the methodology for the preparation of the scale of assessments as early as possible with a view to taking a decision before the end of the sixty-sixth session, if agreed, with a view to its entry into force for the 2013-2015 scale period.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the recommendations contained in the report of the Committee on Contributions but did not provide further guidance for the work of the Committee at its seventy-first session (resolution 65/246). At its seventy-first session, the Committee decided to consider further all elements of the methodology for the preparation of the scale of assessments at its next session in the light of any guidance from the General Assembly.", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session (6-24 June 2011): Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on multi-year payment plans (resolution 57/4 B), A/66/69.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 133)", "Report of the Committee on Contributions: Supplement No. 11 (A/65/11)", "Report of the Secretary-General on multi-year payment plans (A/65/65)", "A/C.5/65/SR.2, 3 and 7", "A/65/492 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.27 and 73", "65/3 and 65/246", "139. Human resources management", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on conflict of interest to the Assembly for its consideration at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/247).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General (resolutions 63/250, 64/231 and 65/247):", "(i) Amendments to the Staff Regulations (resolution 65/247, para. 75), A/65/213;", "(ii) Individual conflicts of interest (resolution 65/247), A/66/98;", "(iii) Activities of the Ethics Office (resolution 60/254, para. 16 (i), and resolution 63/250, sect. XII, para. 5);", "(b) Other reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Composition of the Secretariat (resolutions 57/305, sect. IX, 59/266, 60/238, 61/241, 63/271, para. 12);", "(ii) Practice of the Secretary-General in disciplinary matters and possible criminal behaviour, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 59/287, para. 16), A/66/135;", "(iii) Proposal for a mechanism to determine retirement pension benefits (resolution 65/258);", "(iv) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Joint Inspection Unit on possible measures to improve transparency in the selection and appointment of senior managers (resolution 64/259, para. 19);", "(v) Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (resolution 57/306);", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 134)", "Conditions of service of judges (A/65/134)", "Practice of the Secretary-General in disciplinary matters and possible criminal behaviour, 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009 (A/64/269) and 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/180)", "Implementation of continuing appointments (A/64/267)", "Provisional Staff Rules (A/64/230 and A/65/202)", "Amendments to the Staff Regulations (A/65/213)", "Overview of human resources management reform (A/65/305)", "Contractual arrangements and harmonization of conditions of service (A/65/305/Add.1)", "Comprehensive assessment of the system of geographical distribution and assessment of issues related to possible changes in the number of posts subject to the system of geographical distribution (A/65/305/Add.2)", "Talent management tool Inspira (A/65/305/Add.3)", "Young professionals programme (A/65/305/Add.4)", "Activities of the Ethics Office (A/64/316 and A/65/343)", "Composition of the Secretariat (A/64/352 and A/65/350)", "Composition of the Secretariat: gratis personnel, retirees and consultants (A/65/350/Add.1)", "Measures taken to address systemic human resources issues raised by the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services (A/65/332)", "Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Ethics in the United Nations system” and transmitting his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination thereon (A/65/345 and Add.1)", "List of staff of the United Nations Secretariat", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/64/518 and A/65/537)", "A/C.5/65/SR.11, 12 and 27", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/647", "A/65/PV.73", "Resolution 65/247", "141. United Nations common system", "In its resolution 3042 (XXVII), the General Assembly decided to establish, in principle, an International Civil Service Commission for the regulation and coordination of the conditions of service of the United Nations common system. The General Assembly, in its resolution 3357 (XXIX), approved the statute of the International Civil Service Commission. The United Nations common system comprises 13 organizations that have accepted the statute of the Commission and participate in the United Nations common system of salaries and allowances. Other organizations did not formally accept the statute, but fully participated in the work of the Commission and/or applied the common system of salaries, allowances and benefits. Under its statute, the Commission is required to submit an annual report to the General Assembly, which is transmitted to the governing bodies of the other organizations of the common system through their executive heads.", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the results of a comprehensive analysis of the possibility of changing the mandatory age of separation (resolution 64/231). At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010; requested the Commission to promulgate guidelines to be followed by the Organization in the termination of staff by mutual agreement; requested the organizations of the United Nations common system to report to the Commission on an annual basis on the implementation of contractual arrangements and conditions of service for all staff; requested the Secretary-General to invite the executive heads of the agencies, funds and programmes participating in the United Nations common system to report to their respective governing bodies on the compliance of their organizations with the decisions of the Assembly on the harmonization of conditions of service; also requested the Secretary-General to report, in the context of the relevant performance reports, on the extent to which the increased costs resulting from the harmonization of conditions of service arrangements could be absorbed by the Organization within existing resources and to identify funds that could be offset in such a way as to implement, without prejudice to operational costs and to the implementation of mandated programmes and activities, the proposal for a unified subsistence allowance or lump-sum allowance; requested the Commission to report to the Assembly in its annual report on the implementation of its decisions and recommendations by the organizations of the United Nations common system; also requested the Commission to report to report to the Assembly", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011: Supplement No. 30 (A/66/30);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the results of the comprehensive analysis of the possibility of changing the mandatory age of separation, including on human resources policies and pension implications (resolution 64/231);", "(c) Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011;", "(d) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 136)", "Report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010: Supplement No. 30 (A/65/30)", "Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010 (A/65/493)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010 (A/65/532)", "A/C.5/65/SR.10 and 27", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/648", "A/65/PV.73", "Resolution 65/248", "142. Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 48/218 B. The General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its fiftieth session an item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services”.", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its fiftieth and fifty-fourth to fifty-seventh sessions (resolutions 50/239, 54/244, 55/259, 56/246 and 57/287 A-C).", "At its fifty-ninth session, under the item entitled “Review of the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B and 54/244”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the annual and semi-annual reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services submitted to the Assembly included the titles and summaries of all other reports of the Office issued during the year and that original versions of the reports of the Office that had not been submitted to the Assembly should be made available, upon request, to any Member State; and further decided that the reports of the Office should be submitted directly to the Assembly as submitted and that the comments of the Secretary-General could be submitted in a separate report (resolution 59/272).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its sixtieth session (resolutions 60/255, sect. I, and 60/257 and decision 60/551 A).", "Also at its sixtieth session, the General Assembly decided to change the title of the agenda item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services” to “Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services”, in accordance with paragraph 3 of resolution 59/272 (resolution 60/259).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its sixty-first to sixty-fifth sessions (resolutions 61/275, 61/279, 62/87, 62/225, 62/232, 62/236, 62/247, 63/248, 63/265, 64/232 and 65/250).", "At its sixty-fourth session, under the item entitled “Review of the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244 and 59/272”, the General Assembly endorsed the observations, comments and recommendations on the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of OIOS contained in the annex to the annual report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (A/64/288), and requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full implementation of paragraphs 20 (a) to (c), 20 (e), 27, 29, 33, 35 and 39 of the annex, and requested him to take action on paragraphs 19, 20 (d), 21, 22, 24, 42 and 43 of the annex (resolution 64/263). The Assembly also decided to revert to the issues and recommendations contained in paragraphs 19, 20 (d), 21, 22, 24, 42 and 43 of the annex to the annual report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee no later than at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/263).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the independence and separate and distinct roles of the internal and external oversight mechanisms; encouraged the internal and external oversight bodies of the United Nations to further enhance the level of mutual cooperation; encouraged the Office of Internal Oversight Services to enhance its analysis of the broad trends and strategic challenges in internal oversight in the United Nations in future annual reports; requested the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services that had repeatedly been accepted but remained unimplemented on systemic issues; and requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full and timely implementation of the recommendations accepted by the Office of Internal Oversight Services, including those relating to cost avoidance, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements; and to provide a detailed justification if its recommendations were not accepted (resolution 65/250) (also relates to item 132).", "Documents:", "Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "(a) Report on the activities of OIOS for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244, 57/292, section II, paragraph 22, 59/270, paragraph 3, 59/271, paragraph 11, 59/272, 60/257, paragraph 14, 60/282, paragraph 13, and 63/248, section IV, paragraphs 7 and 8);", "(b) Annual report on peacekeeping oversight activities for the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244 and 59/272, paragraph 17 of resolution 60/268 and section IV, paragraphs 7 and 8, of resolution 63/248) (to be issued during the second part of the resumed sixty-sixth session);", "(c) Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the review of the organizational framework of the public information function of the Secretariat (resolution 62/236), A/66/180;", "(d) Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders (resolution 63/270), A/66/179.", "References for the sixty-fourth session (agenda item 141)", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on its activities for the period from 1 August 2008 to 31 July 2009 (A/64/288)", "A/C.5/64/SR.4 and 27 Reports of the Fifth Committee A/64/723 Plenary meetings A/64/PV.81 Resolution 64/263", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 139)", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on the budget for the Office of Internal Oversight Services under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 A/65/734", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the performance report on the budget of the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 and proposed budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/827)", "A/C.5/65/SR.5 and 27 Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/649 (also relates to item 132) Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 Resolution 65/250 (also relates to item 132)", "144. Financing of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "This item was included in the agenda of the fiftieth session of the General Assembly, in 1995, pursuant to Assembly resolution 49/251.", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-first to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 51/215, 52/218, 53/213, 54/240 A and B, 55/226, 56/248 A and B, 57/289, 58/252, 58/253, 59/273, 60/240, 60/241, 61/241, 61/262, 61/274, 62/229, 63/254, 63/256, 63/259, 64/239 and 64/261 and decision 62/547).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly recognized that the retention of highly skilled and experienced staff was essential for developing the institutional memory for the successful completion of trials and the achievement of the goals set out in the completion strategy of the Tribunal; requested the Secretary-General to utilize existing authority under the current contractual framework to contract staff, taking into account the needs of the Tribunal; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to explore the possibility of recruiting into the United Nations staff members who had served until the end of the Tribunal ' s mandate or until their services were no longer required; welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to promote the selection of Tribunal personnel facing abolition; reaffirmed the importance of an effective outreach programme within the overall mandate and completion strategy of the Tribunal, and requested the Tribunal, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, to continue to develop and implement proactive outreach activities, making the best use of available resources, to promote reconciliation by effectively advancing understanding of its work; and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to mobilize adequate voluntary resources to fund the outreach programme (resolution 65/252).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly, having considered the conditions of service and compensation for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension scheme for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and requested the Secretary-General, in his report, to recommend the establishment of a mechanism by which he could determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account the pension rights accrued prior to service with the International Court of Justice or the Tribunals; decided that the special allowance of the President of the International Court of Justice or the Vice-Presidents of the International Court of Justice or the Vice-Presidents of the Tribunals should be increased to $25,000 per year and $156 per day, respectively, while acting as President/President; decided that the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda should benefit from the same relocation allowance as the judges of the International Court; decided to re-establish a one-time ex gratia payment on the basis of service after the completion of their first three years, in accordance with", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 55/226);", "(ii) Budget for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 55/226);", "(iii) Budget for the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(iv) Revised estimates for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda items 129 and 141)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Revised estimates relating to the budget of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/178)", "First performance report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/578)", "Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (A/65/134 and Corr.1)", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/533 and A/65/616 and Corr.1)", "A/C.5/65/SR.12, 25 and 27", "A/65/646 and A/65/651", "A/65/PV.73", "65/252 and 65/258", "145. Financing of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "This item was included in the agenda of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly, in 1993, on the proposal of the Secretary-General (A/47/955). At that session, the Assembly adopted resolution 47/235.", "The General Assembly considered the item at its forty-eighth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 48/251, 49/242 A and B, 50/212 A to C, 51/214 A and B, 52/217, 53/212, 54/239 A and B, 55/225 A and B, 55/249, 55/250, 56/247 A and B, 56/278, 57/288, 58/254, 58/255, 59/274, 60/242, 60/243, 61/242, 61/262, 61/274, 62/230, 63/255, 63/256, 63/259, 64/240 and 64/261 and decisions 48/461, 49/471 A and B, 55/477, 60/560 and 62/547).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly recognized that the retention of highly skilled and experienced staff was critical to building the institutional memory for the successful completion of trials and the achievement of the objectives set out in the completion strategy of the Tribunal; requested the Secretary-General to utilize existing authority under the current contractual framework to contract staff, taking into account the needs of the Tribunal; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to explore the possibility of recruiting into the United Nations staff members who had served until the end of the Tribunal ' s mandate or until their services were no longer required; welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to promote the selection of Tribunal personnel facing abolition; reaffirmed the importance of an effective outreach programme within the overall mandate and completion strategy of the Tribunal, and requested the Tribunal, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, to continue to develop and implement proactive outreach activities, making the best use of available resources, to promote reconciliation by effectively advancing understanding of its work; and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to mobilize adequate voluntary resources to fund the outreach programme (resolution 65/253).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly, having considered the conditions of service and compensation for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension scheme for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and requested the Secretary-General, in his report, to recommend the establishment of a mechanism by which he could determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account the pension rights accrued prior to service with the International Court of Justice or the Tribunals; decided that the special allowance of the President of the International Court of Justice or the Vice-Presidents of the International Court of Justice or the Vice-Presidents of the Tribunals should be increased to $25,000 per year and $156 per day, respectively, while acting as President/President; decided that the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda should benefit from the same relocation allowance as the judges of the International Court; decided to re-establish a one-time ex gratia payment on the basis of service after the completion of their first three years, in accordance with", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 55/225 A);", "(ii) Budget for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 55/225 A);", "(iii) Budget for the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(iv) Revised estimates for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 142)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Revised estimates relating to the budget for the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/183)", "First performance report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/581)", "Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (A/65/134 and Corr.1)", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/533 and A/65/616 and Corr.1)", "A/C.5/65/SR.12, 25 and 27", "A/65/646 and A/65/652", "A/65/PV.73", "65/253 and 65/258", "146. Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations", "Cross-cutting issues", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to intensify his efforts to achieve economies of scale within and among field missions, without prejudice to their operational requirements and the implementation of their respective mandates, and to report thereon in the context of the overview report; to provide information on initiatives being taken to improve the management of ground transportation, inter alia, on issues related to the overall management of the vehicle fleet, the composition and standardization of the fleet, fuel efficiency and the management of spare parts, and to report thereon in the context of the next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to provide an update on the implementation of human resources management reform measures in United Nations field missions, in particular those contained in resolution 65/247, in the next overview report on the financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations; to reiterate its request contained in section II, paragraph 34, of its resolution 65/247; to provide comprehensive information on the use of the temporary assignment mechanism and its impact on the regular recruitment process; to provide information on the impact of the use of temporary vacancy announcements on regular recruitment in the field and at Headquarters in the next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to take urgent measures to close the backlog of death and disability claims that had reached more than three months and to The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the necessary fuel is provided for all peacekeeping missions on an ongoing basis, without endangering security, in order to ensure the smooth functioning of the missions; to ensure that all missions monitor and evaluate the quality management systems of rations contractors to ensure that food quality and hygienic conditions are in accordance with established standards; to provide a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of turnkey arrangements, including the savings and impact; to continue to ensure that, in accordance with current practice, a full analysis of costs is carried out prior to the use of systems contracts; and to submit to the Assembly at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session a comprehensive analysis of the role and implementation of the integrated operational teams in terms of administration and budget. The General Assembly reiterated its request to the Secretary-General, contained in paragraph 25 of its resolution 62/269, to report to the General Assembly on clear guidelines for the implementation of the best value for money methodology in United Nations procurement, including all details of the weighted evaluation techniques, and to submit a report on the results of the pilot project; also requested the Secretary-General to ensure full transparency in the development of the request for proposals methodology and to emphasize that the request for proposals should be prepared in accordance with the operational requirements of the Organization; to continue to ensure compliance with the standards and recommended measures of the International Civil Aviation Organization in order to meet the operational requirements for the fulfilment of its mandate in the field and to indicate in the next overview report on peacekeeping operations the differences between the standards and recommended measures of the International Civil Aviation Organization and the United Nations common aviation safety standards; and to provide an update on the memorandum of understanding with the World Food Programme and its financial implications in the next overview report on peacekeeping operations, as well as a detailed analysis of the governance of United Nations air operations and the overall level of resources, including information on the effective and efficient performance of support functions and the provision of information and communications technology support. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to conduct standardized training and awareness-raising on sexual exploitation and abuse and requested an update on progress in the implementation of the United Nations Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Staff and Related Personnel in his next overview report; and requested the Secretary-General to take appropriate measures to prevent unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct from damaging the credibility of any United Nations peacekeeping mission or troop- or police-contributing country or United Nations peacekeeping personnel and to continue to ensure that prompt action was taken to restore the image and credibility of any United Nations peacekeeping mission, troop- or police-contributing country or United Nations peacekeeping personnel in cases where allegations of misconduct were ultimately not legally substantiated. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to intensify the efforts of the Secretariat, in particular the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management, to work closely with troop-contributing countries to facilitate the collection of data in accordance with the provisions of resolution 63/285 and to facilitate the completion of the questionnaire in order to complete the work within the scheduled time frame; decided, on an exceptional basis, to make a one-time supplemental payment of $85,000,000 to troop-contributing countries for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, without prejudice to the integrity of the procedures established in resolution 63/285; to establish, by October 2011, a Senior Advisory Group, with five eminent persons appointed by the Secretary-General with relevant experience, five representatives of major troop-contributing countries, five representatives of major financial contributors and one member of each regional group, to consider rates of reimbursement to troop-contributing countries and related issues; decided that the Senior Advisory Group should complete its work as soon as possible; to strengthen internal controls for the management of peacekeeping assets, including expendable and non-expendable property and strategic deployment stocks, to ensure adequate safeguards to prevent waste and financial losses to the Organization; to submit to the General Assembly at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session a report on measures taken The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to take into account the risks associated with the use of single-source or multifunctional contracts in the development of further proposals related to the logistics module and to take into account the applicable limitations on the number of United Nations commodity codes for each vendor; to include in his next annual progress report all relevant information on the development and implementation of predefined modules and service packages; to provide information in his next progress report on options for enabling capacity in the effective delivery of service packages to field missions; to inform the Assembly on the implementation of section VI, paragraphs 8 and 9, of resolution 64/269; and to inform the Assembly on an annual basis, in an integrated manner, of the financial and human resources provided by client missions to the Regional Service Centre at Entebbe, Uganda (resolution 65/289).", "Financing of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly approved the cost estimates for UNLB for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 in the amount of $68,512,500 and decided on the financing of the budget estimates for the same period; and decided to consider the question of the financing of UNLB at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/291).", "Reformed procedures for determining reimbursement to Member States for contingent-owned equipment", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly took note of the report of the 2011 Working Group on Contingent-Owned Equipment (A/C.5/65/16) and endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/830) (resolution 65/292).", "Closed peacekeeping missions", "At the same session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to return to the Government of Kuwait two thirds of the net credits available in the accounts of the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission, equivalent to $70,600; requested the Secretary-General to return 78.01 per cent of the net cash available for credit to Member States as at 30 June 2010 in the amount of $230,745,000, or $180 million, based on the scale applicable to the final assessment of the missions; decided to consider the financial position of closed peacekeeping missions, including amounts still owed to Member States, at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session; and requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly, for its consideration and approval, specific proposals and options for addressing the issue of amounts owed to Member States by closed peacekeeping missions with net cash deficits (resolution 65/293).", "Support account for peacekeeping operations", "At its forty-fifth session, in 1991, the General Assembly decided to establish the support account for peacekeeping operations, effective 1 January 1990 (resolution 45/258). The support account became operational on 1 May 1990.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to make further concrete efforts to ensure an adequate representation of troop-contributing countries in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, taking into account the contribution of troop-contributing countries to United Nations peacekeeping; reiterated the need for effective and efficient administration and financial management of peacekeeping operations, and urged the Secretary-General to continue to identify measures that would enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the support account; took note of the overall benefits of the restructuring of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, requested the Secretary-General to assess those benefits and to continue to make every effort to enhance the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations; took note of the ongoing development of early peacebuilding strategies by the Secretariat, requested the Secretary-General to consult closely with Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and all relevant entities of the Secretariat, and stressed in that specific peacebuilding tasks carried out by peacekeeping missions should be based on the priorities and circumstances of the countries concerned; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to review the level of the support account on a regular basis, taking into account the number, size and complexity of peacekeeping operations", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Overview of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations: budget performance for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 and budget for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 59/296);", "(ii) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/291);", "(iii) Budget for the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/291);", "(iv) Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/293);", "(v) Performance report on the budget of the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/290);", "(vi) Report on the budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/290);", "(vii) Annual progress reports on the implementation of the global field support strategy (resolutions 64/269 and 65/289);", "(b) Notes by the Secretary-General transmitting:", "(i) Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(ii) Six-month update on the proposed budgetary levels for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(iii) Financing of the support account for peacekeeping operations and the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 50/221 B);", "(iv) Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 143)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2008 (A/63/581)", "Welfare and recreation needs of all categories of personnel and specific implications (A/63/675 and Corr.1)", "Progress in peacekeeping training (A/65/644 and Corr.1)", "Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (A/65/742)", "Financial performance of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy, for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/642)", "Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2009 (A/64/605)", "Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2010 (A/65/556)", "Financial performance of the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/610 and Add.1)", "Global field support strategy (A/65/643)", "Standardized funding model for the global field support strategy (A/65/696 and Corr.1)", "Overview of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations: budget performance for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 and budget for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/715)", "Budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/761 and Corr.1 and 2)", "Budget for the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy, for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/760)", "United Nations air operations (A/65/738)", "Reformed procedures for determining reimbursement to Member States for contingent-owned equipment (A/65/800)", "Strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations (A/65/624 and Corr.1)", "Notes by the Secretary-General transmitting:", "Letter dated 25 February 2011 from the Chair of the 2011 Working Group on Contingent-Owned Equipment addressed to the Chair of the Fifth Committee (A/C.5/65/16)", "Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/C.5/65/15)", "Proposed budgetary levels for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/C.5/65/17)", "Financing of the support account for peacekeeping operations and the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy (A/C.5/65/18)", "Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/C.5/65/19)", "Preliminary report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the implementation of the pilot project designated by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/287 (A/65/765)", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the thematic evaluation of cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support and regional organizations (A/65/762)", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on the budget for the Office of Internal Oversight Services under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734)", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/63/746 (sect. IV.B), A/63/856, A/64/659 and Corr.1, A/65/743, A/65/743/Add.12, A/65/775, A/65/827 and A/65/830)", "A/C.5/65/SR.33, 34, 35, 39 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/890", "A/65/PV.106", "65/289 to 65/293", "Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad", "By its resolution 1778 (2007), the Security Council approved the establishment of a multidimensional presence in Chad and the Central African Republic, in consultation with the authorities of Chad and the Central African Republic, and decided that the multidimensional presence should include the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) for a period of one year to liaise with the United Nations country team. By its resolution 1923 (2010), the Council decided to extend the mandate of MINURCAT until 31 December 2010 and called upon the Secretary-General to complete the withdrawal of all uniformed and civilian personnel of MINURCAT, except those required for its liquidation, by 31 December 2010.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad the amount of $239,096,600 for the financial period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, inclusive of $205,748,500 for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 and $33,348,100 for the administrative liquidation of the Mission for the period from 1 January to 30 April 2011, taking into account the amount of $215 million previously authorized for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 under the terms of Assembly resolution 64/286. The Assembly also decided, taking into account the amount of $184,949,000 already apportioned among Member States under the terms of its resolution 64/286, to defer the decision on the additional assessment for the period, pending consideration of the final requirements for the Mission to be submitted in the context of the performance report for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/254 A).", "At its second resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010; decided to defer to its sixty-sixth session action on the unencumbered balance of $149,947,800, as well as other income and adjustments in the amount of $13,466,100 and the estimated increase in staff assessment income in the amount of $1,527,100; and requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the updated cash position of the Mission (resolution 65/254 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 144)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/638)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the budget for the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/65/487)", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/549 and A/65/743/Add.11)", "A/C.5/65/SR.13, 27, 34 and 42", "A/65/653 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.73 and 106", "65/254 A and B", "148. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire", "By its resolution 1528 (2004), the Security Council established the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) for an initial period of 12 months, beginning on 4 April 2004. In the same resolution, the Council requested the Secretary-General to transfer authority from the United Nations Mission in Côte d ' Ivoire (MINUCI) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) forces to UNOCI on that date.", "The mandate of UNOCI has been extended by subsequent Security Council resolutions, the most recent of which were resolution 1981 (2011) and resolution 2000 (2011), by which the Council extended the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2011, and by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire the amount of $517,850,700 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $486,726,400 for the maintenance of the Operation, $26,374,200 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $4,750,100 for the United Nations Logistics Base; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $43,154,225 for the period from 1 to 31 July 2011; decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $1,121,350; further decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $474,696,475 for the period from 1 August 2011 to 30 June 2012, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Operation; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $12,334,850; and decided that the increase of $852,800 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income of $25,04 (resolution 65/2", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/294);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 145)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/615)", "Budget for the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/736 and Corr.1)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.14)", "A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/881", "A/65/PV.106", "Resolution 65/294", "149. Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus", "By its resolution 186 (1964), the Security Council recommended the establishment of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) and recommended that the Force be established for a period of three months with the mandate to do its utmost to prevent a recurrence of war and, as necessary, to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and the restoration of normal conditions. Since then, the Council has regularly extended the mandate of UNFICYP, usually for six months at a time. The most recent was resolution 1986 (2011) of 13 June 2011, by which the mandate was extended for a further period until 15 December 2011.", "Prior to 16 June 1993, the Secretary-General was not authorized to utilize any funds other than voluntary contributions pledged by Member States for the financing of UNFICYP. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 831 (1993), the General Assembly, in its resolution 47/236, decided that, effective 16 June 1993, those costs of UNFICYP that were not covered by voluntary contributions should be treated as expenses of the Organization to be borne by Member States in accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNFICYP the amount of $60,121,200 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $56,512,000 for the maintenance of the Force, $3,058,400 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $550,800 for the United Nations Logistics Base; noted with appreciation that one third of the net appropriation, equivalent to $19,114,267, would be funded through voluntary contributions from the Government of Cyprus and $6.5 million would be funded by the Government of Greece; decided that Member States should be assessed on the amount of $34,506,933; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $2,721,000; decided that the increase of $255,600 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from 1,361,709 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010; further decided that, taking into account the voluntary contribution in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010, one third of the unencumbered balance and other income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010, amount of $828, should be", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/295);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 146)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Financial performance of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/625)", "Budget for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/706)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.2)", "A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/882", "A/65/PV.106", "Resolution 65/295", "150. Financing of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "[See Security Council resolution 1925 (2010) and item 151 below.]", "151. Financing of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC", "By its resolution 1279 (1999), the Security Council decided that the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) should comprise the personnel authorized by the Council in its resolutions 1258 (1999) and 1273 (1999), including multidisciplinary staff, until 1 March 2000. The mandate of the Mission has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1925 (2010) of 28 May 2010, by which the Council decided to extend the deployment of MONUC until 30 June 2010. By the same resolution, the Council decided that, effective 1 July 2010, the Mission should be known as the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and that MONUSCO should be deployed until 30 June 2011. By its resolution 1991 (2011), the Council extended the mandate of MONUSCO until 30 June 2012.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to apportion among Member States the additional amount of $682,500,000 for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, taking into account the amount of $682,500,000 already apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 (resolution 65/255).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MONUSCO the amount of $1,507,538,900 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $1,416,926,000 for the maintenance of the Mission, $76,783,900 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $13,829,000 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $1,507,538,900 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 31 June 2012; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $39,936,800 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, comprising the estimated staff assessment income of $31,980,500 approved for the Mission, the prorated share of $6,503,300 of the estimated staff assessment income approved for the support account and the prorated share of $1,453,000 of the estimated staff assessment income approved for the United Nations Logistics Base; and decided that the increase of $1,841,600 in the estimated staff assessment income approved for the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income of $35,075,700 (resolution 65/296).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Budget for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/296);", "Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda items 147 and 148)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Financing arrangements for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/65/512)", "Financial performance of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/682)", "Budget for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/744)", "Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/598 and A/65/743/Add.8)", "A/C.5/65/SR.21, 27, 34 and 42", "A/65/654 and Add.1", "A/65/PV.73 and 106", "65/255 and 65/296", "152. Financing of the United Nations Mission in East Timor", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1246 (1999) of 11 June 1999, established the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) for the period ending 31 August 1999. By its resolution 1262 (1999) of 27 August 1999, the Council further extended the mandate of UNAMET until 30 November 1999.", "At its fifty-fifth to sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 55/494, 56/483, 57/599, 58/578, 59/570, 60/567, 61/567, 62/556, 63/567, 64/570 and 65/556).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 149)", "A/65/PV.118", "Decision 65/556", "Financing of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste", "By its resolution 1704 (2006), the Security Council decided to establish a follow-on mission in Timor-Leste, the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), for an initial period of six months, with the intention to renew it for further periods. The most recent was resolution 1969 (2011), by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of UNMIT until 26 February 2012.", "At its sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIT the amount of $208,603,700 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $196,077,500 for the maintenance of the Mission, $10,614,500 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $1,911,700 for the United Nations Logistics Base; further decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $137,270,825 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 26 February 2012; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $6,760,632; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $71,332,875 for the period from 27 February to 30 June 2012 at a monthly rate of $17,383,641, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $3,513,168; and also decided that the increase of $947,800 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of 30 June 2010 (resolution 65/297).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/297);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 150)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/687)", "Budget for the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/746)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.6)", "A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/883", "A/65/PV.106", "Resolution 65/297", "154. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea", "By its resolution 1312 (2000), the Security Council established the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of the Mission has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1798 (2008) of 30 January 2008, by which the mandate of UNMEE was extended until 31 July 2008.", "By its resolution 1827 (2008) of 30 July 2008, the Security Council decided to terminate the mandate of UNMEE, effective 31 July 2008, stressed that the termination of that mandate was without prejudice to the obligations of Ethiopia and Eritrea under the Algiers Agreements, and called upon both countries to cooperate fully with the United Nations, including in the liquidation of UNMEE.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on the financing of UNMEE, which provided details on the final disposition of the Mission ' s assets as at 7 December 2010 (resolution 65/298).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General containing the final performance report of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (resolution 65/298);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 151)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the financing of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (A/65/678)", "155. Financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia", "By its resolution 858 (1993), the Security Council decided to establish the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) for a period of six months. The mandate of UNOMIG has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1866 (2009), by which the mandate was extended until 15 June 2009. The mandate of the Mission was not extended beyond that date.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided that Member States that had fulfilled their financial obligations to the Observer Mission should be credited their respective share of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of $1,806,800 in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010; further decided that, for Member States that had not fulfilled their financial obligations to the Observer Mission, their respective share of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of $1,806,800 in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be set off against their outstanding obligations; and also decided that the increase of $157,600 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of $1,806,800 referred to in paragraphs 5 and 6 of the resolution (resolution 65/299).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (resolution 65/299);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 152)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the performance report on the budget of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/681)", "156. Financing of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1542 (2004) of 30 April 2004, established the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of MINUSTAH has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1944 (2010) of 4 October 2010, by which the mandate was extended until 15 October 2011.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to apportion the additional amount of $473,827,400 for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, taking into account the amount of $380 million already apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 (resolution 65/256 A).", "At the second part of its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MINUSTAH the amount of $844,258,700 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $793,517,100 for the maintenance of the Mission, $42,997,600 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $7,744,000 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $246,242,100 for the period from 1 July to 15 October 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $6,569,900; decided that the increase of $85,500 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the apportionment among Member States in the amount of $15,955,400 (resolution 65/256 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/256 B);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 153)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the budget for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/65/535)", "157. Financing of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1244 (1999) of 10 June 1999, established the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) for an initial period of 12 months, to continue thereafter unless the Security Council decided otherwise.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo the amount of $47,802,200 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $44,914,800 for the maintenance of the Mission, $2,446,700 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $440,700 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $47,802,200; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $4,634,800; and further decided that the increase of $1,054,300 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of $8,297,100 referred to in paragraphs 17 and 18 of the resolution (resolution 65/300).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/300);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 154)", "Report of the Secretary-General: performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/621) Budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/711) Summary records of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.4) A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/884 Plenary meetings A/65/PV.106 Resolution 65/300", "158. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Liberia", "By its resolution 1509 (2003), the Security Council established the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for a period of 12 months. The mandate of UNMIL has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1938 (2010) of 15 September 2010, by which the Council extended the mandate of UNMIL until 30 September 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIL the amount of $559,147,030 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $513,404,030 for the maintenance of the Mission, $12,155,900 for electoral support for the Mission, $28,461,200 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $5,125,900 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $136,747,783 for the period from 1 July to 30 September 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $3,806,125; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $12,155,900 for electoral support for the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $40,900; decided that an amount of $410,243,347 should be apportioned among Member States at a monthly rate of $45,582,593 for the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 June 2012, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; further decided that there should be set off", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/301);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 155)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/620)", "Budget for the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/727)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.7)", "A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/885", "A/65/PV.106", "Resolution 65/301", "159. Financing of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Middle East", "(a) United Nations Disengagement Observer Force", "The Security Council, by its resolution 350 (1974), established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF). The mandate of UNDOF has been extended periodically by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1994 (2011) of 30 June 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Force until 31 December 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNDOF the amount of $53,753,200 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $50,526,100 for the maintenance of the Force, $2,734,600 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $492,500 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $53,753,200 at a monthly rate of $4,479,434, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Force; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $1,810,000; and decided that the increase of $106,400 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of $852,500 (resolution 65/302).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/302);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 156 (a))", "Report of the Secretary-General on the performance of the budget of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/596)", "(b) United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon", "The Security Council, by its resolution 425 (1978), established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of UNIFIL has been extended periodically by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1937 (2010) of 30 August 2010, by which the Council extended the mandate of UNIFIL until 31 August 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly again stressed that Israel should pay the amount of $1,117,005 resulting from the incident at Qana on 18 April 1996; decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNIFIL the amount of $580,331,600 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $545,470,600 for the maintenance of the Force, $29,540,600 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $5,320,400 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $96,721,900 for the period from 1 July to 31 August 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $2,558,100; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $483,609,700 at a monthly rate of $48,360,967 for the period from 1 September 2011 to 30 June 2012, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Force; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $12,790,300; and decided that the unencumbered balance and other income of $62,951,500 should be added to", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/303);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 156 (b))", "Report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of UNIFIL for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/608 and Corr.1)", "160. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan", "By its resolution 1590 (2005), the Security Council established the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of UNMIS was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1978 (2011) of 27 April 2011, by which the Council extended the mandate of the Mission until 9 July 2011. Following the termination of the Mission ' s mandate on 9 July 2011, the Council, in its resolution 1997 (2011), decided to withdraw UNMIS from 11 July 2011 and called upon the Secretary-General to complete the withdrawal of all uniformed and civilian UNMIS personnel, with the exception of those required for the liquidation of the Mission, by 31 August 2011.", "At its sixty-fifth session, in December 2010, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Mission in the Sudan the amount of $70,026,300 for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, in addition to the amount of $938 million already appropriated for the same period under the terms of its resolution 64/283 (resolution 65/257 A).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIS the amount of $513,330,150 for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2011, inclusive of $482,460,550 for the maintenance of the Mission, $26,158,400 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $4,711,200 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $24,838,556 for the period from 1 July to 9 July 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $794,816; decided that the amount of $488,491,594 for the period from 10 July to 31 December 2011 should be apportioned among Member States for the administrative liquidation of the Mission, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, the follow-up mission to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, as referred to in Security Council resolution 1978 (2011), and any other mission established by the Security Council by 31 December 2011 in support of the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $15,631,38484", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for UNMIS for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 65/257 B);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 157)", "Note by the Secretary-General on the financing arrangements for the United Nations Mission in the Sudan for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/65/509)", "161. Financing of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara", "By its resolution 690 (1991), the Security Council established the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) in accordance with the timetable outlined by the Secretary-General (see S/22464). The mandate of MINURSO has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011, by which the Council extended the mandate of the Mission until 30 April 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MINURSO the amount of $65,398,400 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $61,449,400 for the maintenance of the Mission, $3,346,300 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $602,700 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $54,498,667 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 April 2012; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $2,590,083; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $10,899,733 for the period from 1 May to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of $5,449,866, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $518,017; and further decided that the increase of $138,900 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of 30 June 2010 should be added to the estimated staff assessment income in the financial period (resolution 65/304).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/304);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 158)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Performance report on the budget of MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/665)", "Budget for MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/720 and Corr.1)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.5)", "A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/887", "A/65/PV.106", "Resolution 65/304", "162. Financing of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "By its resolution 1769 (2007), the Security Council decided to approve and authorize the establishment of the African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for an initial period of 12 months. The mandate of UNAMID has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 2003 (2011) of 29 July 2011, by which the Council extended the mandate of the Mission until 31 July 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNAMID the amount of $1,797,327,600 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $1,689,305,500 for the maintenance of the Operation, $91,536,100 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $16,486,000 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $149,777,300 for the period from 1 to 31 July 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $3,137,200; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $1,647,550,300 for the period from 1 August 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of $149,777,300, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Operation; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $34,509,200; and further decided that the increase of $2,223,700 in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits of $17,974,100 (resolution 65/305).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/305);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 159)", "Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Performance report on the budget of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/631)", "Budget for the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/740)", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/743/Add.13)", "A/C.5/65/SR.37 and 42", "Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/888", "A/65/PV.106", "Resolution 65/305", "163. Financing of the activities arising from Security Council resolution 1863 (2009)", "In its resolution 1863 (2009) of 16 January 2009, the Security Council expressed its intention to establish a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Somalia as a follow-on force to the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); and requested the Secretary-General to provide a United Nations logistical support package to AMISOM, including equipment and services. By its resolution 1964 (2010), the Council decided to authorize States members of the African Union to maintain AMISOM until 30 September 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the support of AMISOM the amount of $309,971,000 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of $291,092,700 for the maintenance of the entity, $16,039,900 for the support account for peacekeeping operations and $2,838,400 for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $77,422,725 for the period from 1 July to 30 September 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $1,255,950; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of $232,268,175 for the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 June 2012 at a monthly rate of $25,807,575, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of $3,767,850; and decided that there should be set off against the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income of $54,457,900 and other income in the amount of $433,400 for the financial period from 30 June 2010 (resolution 65/306).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/306);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 160)", "Report of the Secretary-General on the performance report on the financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/619)", "165. Observer status for the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 2 May 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/66/141) requesting the inclusion of the above-mentioned item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "Observer status for the International Emergency Management Organization in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 20 May 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/66/142) requesting the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "167. Observer status for the Union of South American Nations in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Guyana to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/66/144) requesting the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "168. Observer status for the International Renewable Energy Agency in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 11 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/66/145) requesting the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "No advance documentation is expected." ]

[ "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年8月10日克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会秘书处致意，谨随函转递克罗地亚关于安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "克罗地亚共和国对安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会主席提出的提供补充资料要求的答复", "遏制大规模毁灭性武器及其运载系统的扩散是为了应对全球安全威胁。克罗地亚认为遵守多边不扩散协定并参与非正式的不扩散机制对于成功地防扩散至关重要，要取得这一成功，只能通过不断改进国内系统和加强广泛的国际合作。", "克罗地亚加入了所有相关国际条约和公约，例如《不扩散核武器条约》、《核材料实物保护公约》、《全面禁止核试验条约》、《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》、《特定常规武器公约》、《渥太华公约》和《集束弹药公约》。克罗地亚参加了所有的出口控制机制，(瓦森纳安排、核供应国集团、澳大利亚集团和桑戈委员会)，并且申请成为导弹技术控制制度成员。克罗地亚遵守《防止弹道导弹扩散海牙行为准则》，并且参加了防扩散安全倡议和打击核恐怖主义全球倡议等国际倡议。", "《克罗地亚共和国贸易法》规定，如存在下列事由，则应适用特定货物进出口许可证制度：为国家安全目的；为执行国际条约或公约；为保护人的生命和健康、动物、植物和环境之目的；为保护公共道德；为控制艺术品和特定贵金属的出口。根据经济、劳动和企业部的建议，克罗地亚政府通过了《关于适用进出口许可证的货物的法令》。为更好地控制武器和军事装备贸易，克罗地亚共和国于2009年推出追踪方案。在上一期间，所有参与为上述货物颁发许可证程序的国家机关都已经与掌管主要数据库的经济、劳动和企业部联网。并且在2004年7月通过了《两用物项出口法》。", "2008年7月2日，克罗地亚议会通过了《两用物项出口法修订案》。该法案于2008年7月26日生效。《两用物项出口法修订案》的内容涉及两用物项的转运、提供有关两用物项的中介服务和技术支持方面的规定，并且对违反法案危及克罗地亚共和国的国家或外交政治利益的行为人规定了处罚。通过上述法律修订案，克罗地亚履行了对安全理事会关于不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议作出的承诺。实际上，安理会成员国必须通过相关法规，以便能够防止扩散核武器、化学或生物武器以及用于运输此类武器的物品。", "2011年7月1日，克罗地亚议会在其第23届会议期间就《两用物项贸易管制法》进行投票。该法使克罗地亚能够实施理事会第(EC)428/2009号条例，建立共同体两用物项出口、转让、中介和过境管制制度。由于执行该条例是一项直接适用于欧洲联盟成员国的有约束力的义务，《两用物项贸易管制法》将于克罗地亚加入欧洲联盟之时生效。", "克罗地亚已经建立了完整的防止大规模毁灭性武器、两用货物及其运载系统扩散的立法和制度框架。", "克罗地亚参加了各种主题培训、讲习班和会议，从而有助于通过增加国际合作和能力建设改进国内系统并建立伙伴国家网络。克罗地亚根据防扩散安全倡议，于2008年5月在里耶卡港和奥帕蒂亚组织的国际演习“亚德里亚之盾08”也是专门为防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散而举行的。在北大西洋公约组织(北约)的支持下，克罗地亚共和国于2009年在斯普利特组织了关于制订国家战略防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的讲习班。", "为提高监督工作的效率，尤其是为了执行安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议，克罗地亚特别重视提升区域能力。执行该决议是所有国家机构的持续性任务，极其有助于区域安全。2008年6月，克罗地亚与罗马尼亚和北约的欧洲-大西洋合作理事会一同在区域军备控制核查和实施协助中心为区域各国组织了一次执行第1540(2004)号决议的讲习班。2010年6月14日至17日，联合国在斯普利特组织了关于执行第1540(2004)号决议的讲习班。东南欧合作进程各国参加了这次讲习班，其目的是交流经验，以期为进一步执行第1540(2004)号决议而增强国家对出口程序的监管能力。该讲习班是为负责边境管制、海关和起草相关法律的公务员举办的。", "根据安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议的规定，克罗地亚不断开展管制两用货物重要性的宣传工作。克罗地亚将继续承担并履行与该决议有关的义务。", "在防止核恐怖主义方面，克罗地亚共和国参与了打击核恐怖主义全球倡议的全球核探测架构项目。克罗地亚共和国与其他国家合作，交流相关信息并协调活动，以提高能力打击核恐怖主义。", "为进一步改进控制大规模毁灭性武器扩散的系统，克罗地亚决定开展一个项目，以制定防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略。2009年6月26日的政府会议通过一项决定，设立一个部际工作组，制定防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略以及执行该战略的行动计划。部际工作组的成员包括来自总统办公室、政府、外交和欧洲一体化部、国防部、克罗地亚海军、内务部、海洋、交通和基础设施部、司法部、财政部、海关管理局、经济、劳动和企业部、农业、渔业和农村发展部、卫生和社会福利部、国家核安全局、克罗地亚辐射防护研究所、全国防护和救援总局、国家检察官办公室、军事情报局和安全情报局的代表。最终目标是在2011年底之前制定并通过克罗地亚防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略，并使其成为一个典范，可供政治地理环境相似的其他国家参照拟定其本国的战略。", "2010年和2011年期间，克罗地亚分别于2010年12月14至16日在萨格勒布和2011年6月13日至15日在斯普利特举行了两次旨在评价国家战略草案的全国活动。另外2011年4月9日和10日，外交和欧洲一体化部与禁止化学武器组织合作，在察夫塔组织了关于《化学武器公约》、防范化学武器和防止恐怖分子利用大规模毁灭性武器有关材料的讲习班。", "在有效执行国家战略方面，克罗地亚将采取步骤，以更好地协调参与打击大规模毁灭性武器扩散工作的各机构的活动。为此，克罗地亚计划于2011年底建立一个协调机制，监测国家战略及其行动计划的执行工作。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Croatia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the secretariat of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of Croatia on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair", "Response of the Republic of Croatia to the request for additional information issued by the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "The suppression of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems is a response to global security threats. Croatia considers that compliance with multilateral, non-proliferation agreements and participation in informal non-proliferation regimes is of crucial importance for successful non‑proliferation, which can be achieved only through the continuous improvement of the national system and wide-ranging international cooperation.", "Croatia is a party to all relevant international treaties and conventions, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the Ottawa Convention and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Croatia participates in all export control regimes (the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group and the Zangger Committee). It has applied for membership in the Missile Technology Control Regime. Croatia has adhered to the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation. It has joined international initiatives, such as the Proliferation Security Initiative and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism.", "The Law on Trade of the Republic of Croatia stipulates that import/export licensing for certain goods shall be applied for the following reasons: for national security purposes; in the implementation of international treaties or conventions; for purposes of protecting life, the health of human beings, animals, plants and the environment; in the protection of public morality; and for controlling the export of works of art and certain precious metals. On the recommendation of the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, the Croatian Government adopted a decree on goods subject to import and export licensing. For the purpose of better control of trade in arms and military equipment, in 2009, the Republic of Croatia introduced the Tracker Programme. In the preceding period, all State bodies participating in the process of issuing licences for the above-mentioned goods were networked with the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, which houses the main database. Also, in July 2004, the Law on Export of Dual-Use Items was adopted.", "On 2 July 2008, Croatian Parliament adopted the Act on the Amendments to the Law on Export of Dual-Use Items. The Act has been in force since 26 July 2008. The Amendments to the Law on Export of Dual-Use Items refer to the regulation of the transit of dual-use items, the provision of brokering services and technical assistance associated with dual-use items and the prescription of penalties for offenders of the Act when national or foreign political interests of the Republic of Croatia are at risk. With the Amendments to the Law, the commitments related to Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are fulfilled. Actually, the Council member countries have to adopt the regulations that will enable the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and items that may be used for the transport of such weapons.", "On 1 July 2011, Croatian Parliament voted for the Act on the Trade Control of Dual-Use Items during its 23rd session. This Act allows the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 428/2009, setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items. Implementation of the Regulation is binding and directly applicable to member States of the European Union. The Act will come into force upon Croatia’s accession to the European Union.", "Croatia has established a complete legislative and institutional framework for the prevention of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, dual-use goods and the systems for their delivery.", "Croatia participates in thematic training, workshops and meetings, thus contributing to the improvement of the national system and creating a network of partner countries through increasing international cooperation and capacity-building. The international exercise Adriatic Shield 08, organized by Croatia in Rijeka and Opatija in May 2008 under the Proliferation Security Initiative was also devoted to preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. With the support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Republic of Croatia organized in 2009 in Split a workshop on developing the National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.", "In order to increase the efficiency of supervision, Croatia pays special attention to the upgrading of regional capacities, particularly in the light of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004). The implementation of this resolution is a continuous task for all State institutions which significantly contribute to security in the region. Together with Romania and the NATO Euro‑Atlantic Partnership Council, in June 2008, Croatia organized a workshop for the countries in the region on the topic of implementing resolution 1540 (2004), in the Regional Arms Control Verification and Implementation Assistance Centre. From 14 to 17 June 2010, in Split, the United Nations organized a workshop on the implementation of the resolution. The countries of the South-East European Cooperation Process participated in this workshop, whose aim was the exchange of experience with a view to improving national capacity for supervision over export processes for the purpose of further implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004). The workshop was intended for civil servants in charge of border control, customs and preparation of relevant legislation.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), Croatia has been continuously working on raising awareness of the importance of the control of dual-use goods. Croatia will continue to undertake and fulfil obligations regarding the resolution.", "Regarding the prevention of nuclear terrorism, the Republic of Croatia participates in the global nuclear detection architecture project of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. The Republic of Croatia cooperates with other countries, exchanges relevant information and coordinates activities to enhance capacity to combat nuclear terrorism.", "For the purpose of further improving the system for the control of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Croatia has decided to start a project for the preparation of the National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. At the Government session of 26 June 2009, a decision on the establishment of an inter-ministerial working group for the preparation of the National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and of the Action Plan for the implementation of this Strategy was adopted. The Inter-Ministerial Working Group includes representatives from the Office of the President, the Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, the Ministry of Defence, the Croatian Navy, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Customs Administration, the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, the State Office for Nuclear Security, the Croatian Institute for Protection against Radiation, the National Protection and Rescue Directorate, the State Attorney’s Office, the Military Intelligence Agency and the Security Intelligence Agency. The ultimate goal is to prepare and adopt the Croatian National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction by the end of 2011 and to make this Strategy a model according to which other countries in similar geopolitical environments might prepare their own national strategies.", "During 2010 and 2011 (Zagreb, 14-16 December 2010; Split, 13-15 June 2011), two national exercises aimed at evaluating the draft text of the National Strategy were held. Also, on 9 and 10 April 2011 in Cavtat, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration in cooperation with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons organized a workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention, protection against chemical weapons and prevention of terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction-related materials.", "Regarding effective implementation of the National Strategy, Croatia will take steps in order to better coordinate activities between bodies involved in combating the spread of weapons of mass destruction. To that effect, Croatia is planning to establish (until the end of 2011) a coordination mechanism that will monitor the implementation of the Strategy and its Action Plan." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the secretariat of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of Croatia on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Response of the Republic of Croatia to the request for additional information made by the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Curbing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems is a response to global security threats. Croatia believes that compliance with multilateral non-proliferation agreements and participation in informal non-proliferation regimes are essential for successful non-proliferation, which can be achieved only through continuous improvement of the domestic system and the strengthening of broad international cooperation.", "Croatia is a party to all relevant international treaties and conventions, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the Ottawa Convention and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Croatia participates in all export control mechanisms (the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group and the Zangger Committee) and applies for membership in the Missile Technology Control Regime. Croatia adheres to the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation and participates in international initiatives such as the Proliferation Security Initiative and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism.", "The Law on Trade of the Republic of Croatia stipulates that the import and export licensing of specified goods shall be applied if there are grounds: for national security purposes; for the implementation of international treaties or conventions; for the protection of human life and health, animals, plants and the environment; for the protection of public morals; for the control of the export of works of art and specified precious metals. On the recommendation of the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Enterprise, the Government of Croatia adopted the Decree on Goods Applicable to Import and Export Permits. In order to better control the trade in weapons and military equipment, the Republic of Croatia launched a tracking programme in 2009. In the previous period, all the State bodies involved in the licensing process for the aforementioned goods had been connected to the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Enterprise, which was in charge of the main database. The Export of Dual-Use Items Act was also adopted in July 2004.", "On 2 July 2008, the Croatian Parliament adopted amendments to the Law on the Export of Dual-Use Items. The Act entered into force on 26 July 2008. The Law on Amendments to the Law on the Export of Dual-Use Items deals with provisions on the transfer of dual-use items, the provision of brokering services and technical support related to dual-use items, and establishes penalties for those who violate the Law which endangers the national or diplomatic political interests of the Republic of Croatia. Through the above-mentioned legal amendments, Croatia has fulfilled its commitment to Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Indeed, the members of the Council must adopt the relevant legislation in order to be able to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and of goods used for the transport of such weapons.", "On 1 July 2011, during its 23rd session, the Croatian Parliament voted on the Law on Control of Trade in Dual-Use Items. This Act enables Croatia to implement Council Regulation (EC) 428/2009, which establishes a Community system for the control of exports, transfers, brokering and transit of dual-use items. As the implementation of the Regulation is a binding obligation directly applicable to the member States of the European Union, the Law on the Control of Trade in Dual-Use Items will enter into force on the accession of Croatia to the European Union.", "Croatia has established a complete legislative and institutional framework to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, dual-use goods and their delivery systems.", "Croatia has participated in various thematic trainings, workshops and conferences, thus contributing to the improvement of domestic systems and the establishment of networks of partner countries through increased international cooperation and capacity-building. Under the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), Croatia organized international exercises in May 2008 in Port Rijeka and Opatia, the Adriatic Shield08, also specifically aimed at preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. With the support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Republic of Croatia organized a workshop on the development of a national strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in Split in 2009.", "In order to improve the efficiency of oversight, and in particular to implement Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), Croatia attaches particular importance to the enhancement of regional capacities. The implementation of the resolution is an ongoing task for all national institutions and is an essential contribution to regional security. In June 2008, Croatia, together with Romania and the NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, organized a workshop at the Regional Arms Control Verification and Implementation Assistance Centre for States of the region on the implementation of resolution 1540 (2004). From 14 to 17 June 2010, the United Nations organized a workshop in Split on the implementation of resolution 1540 (2004). The SEECP countries participated in the workshop, which was aimed at sharing experiences with a view to enhancing national regulatory capacity in export procedures for the further implementation of resolution 1540 (2004). The workshop was organized for civil servants responsible for border control, customs and the drafting of relevant legislation.", "In accordance with the provisions of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), Croatia has been carrying out an ongoing public awareness campaign on the importance of controlling dual-use goods. Croatia will continue to assume and fulfil its obligations in relation to this resolution.", "With regard to the prevention of nuclear terrorism, the Republic of Croatia participates in the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture Project of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. The Republic of Croatia cooperates with other States to exchange relevant information and coordinate activities to enhance capacity to combat nuclear terrorism.", "To further improve the system for controlling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Croatia has decided to undertake a project to develop a national strategy to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The Government meeting of 26 June 2009 adopted a decision to establish an inter-ministerial working group to develop a national strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and an action plan for its implementation. The members of the inter-ministerial working group include representatives from the Office of the President, the Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, the Ministry of Defence, the Croatian Navy, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Customs Administration, the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Enterprise, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, the State Agency for Nuclear Safety, the Croatian Radiation Protection Institute, the National Directorate for Protection and Rescue, the State Prosecutor ' s Office, the Military Intelligence and the Security Intelligence Service. The ultimate goal is to develop and adopt, by the end of 2011, Croatia ' s national strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to make it a model for other countries with similar political and geographical circumstances to draw upon in formulating their own national strategies.", "During 2010 and 2011, Croatia held two national events to evaluate the draft national strategy, in Zagreb from 14 to 16 December 2010 and in Split from 13 to 15 June 2011. In addition, on 9 and 10 April 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, in cooperation with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, organized a workshop in Cavta on the Chemical Weapons Convention, the prevention of chemical weapons and the prevention of the use by terrorists of materials related to weapons of mass destruction.", "With regard to the effective implementation of the national strategy, Croatia will take steps to better coordinate the activities of agencies involved in combating the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. To that end, Croatia planned to establish a coordination mechanism by the end of 2011 to monitor the implementation of the national strategy and its action plan." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目19", "可持续发展", "为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "常常被称为“海洋雨林”的热带珊瑚礁，是全球生物物种最丰富和生产力最旺盛的生态系统之一，为千百万人民带来社会、经济和环境效益。然而，珊瑚礁虽然重要，却因为人类活动和气候变化而面临许多地方性和全球性威胁。不可持续的捕捞做法、沿海开发、污染、海洋暖化和海洋酸化，已经造成五分之一珊瑚礁受损无法修复，如果不作出改变，前景将令人震惊。因此，全球、国家、区域和地方各级迫切需要步调一致采取行动。要按照区域、国家和地方社区的需求，量身定制让所有利益攸关方参与的保护、复原力建设、恢复、养护和适应措施，并以统筹和连贯一致的方式加以执行。联合国可持续发展会议将提供机会审查迄今为止在执行《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》各项原则、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中与海洋有关的目标和具体目标以及其他涉及海洋的国际协定方面取得的进展和仍然存在的差距。此外，此次会议还可以通过制订与海洋和珊瑚礁有关的具体措施和行动，确保政治承诺焕然一新。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.珊瑚礁和可持续发展 3\nA.联合国 3\nB.国际及区域网络和非政府组织 6\nC.未来合作机会 6\n3.为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的重要性(包括现状和不利影响) 74.结合将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议的主题和目标，分析保护 13 \n珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境效益 \n5.国家立法在保护珊瑚礁方面的作用(包括将土著和地方社区包含在内的重要性) 17\nA.澳大利亚大堡礁的保护 18\nB.帕劳的海洋保护区 196.前进方向：保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统可能需要的与国际法相符的行动， 19 \n包括在整个联合国系统开展协调一致行动的提议", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第六十五届会议通过了题为“为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁”的第65/150号决议，其中敦促各国在所有级别采取一切实际步骤，为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统，包括立即在全球、区域和地方各级采取协商一致的行动，回应挑战并设法消除气候变化和海洋酸化对珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的不利影响；还敦促各国制订、通过并实施统筹和综合管理珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的办法。", "2. 在同一决议第3段中，大会请秘书长编写一份关于为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁的综合报告，供大会第六十六届会议审议。根据这一要求，本报告将着重阐述保护珊瑚礁的重要性，并结合将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议的主题和目标，对保护珊瑚礁的经济、社会和发展效益进行分析。报告还将确定保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统可能需要的行动。", "3. 报告利用了各国政府以及联合国各方案和组织，特别是联合国开发计划署(开发署)和联合国环境规划署(环境署)[2] 提供的投入和资料。国际海事组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)国际海洋学委员会、政府间气候变化专门委员会、国际自然保护联盟、世界资源研究所、国际珊瑚礁倡议、西印度洋沿海挑战倡议和保护国际基金会也提供了投入。[3]", "二. 珊瑚礁和可持续发展", "4. 海洋和珊瑚礁在实现可持续发展目标方面的重要性已经妥为确立，[4] 本报告将结合这一点，列举国际、国家、区域和地方各级为保护和管理珊瑚礁所作的努力，作为增进海洋和沿海地区可持续发展的总体努力的组成部分。", "A. 联合国", "5. 参加1992年在里约热内卢举行的联合国环境与发展会议的会员国通过了《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》[5] 和《21世纪议程》。[6] 《21世纪议程》第17章专门述及在《联合国海洋法公约》[7] 框架内对海洋和沿海环境的保护和可持续发展。该公约确立了海洋治理的依据，并提供了处理海域经济活动、海洋环境保护和保全、以及海洋科学和技术等海洋事务的全面法律框架。", "6. 《生物多样性公约》[8] 于1993年生效，1995年11月在雅加达举行的该公约缔约方大会第二次会议则通过了《关于养护和可持续利用海洋和沿海生物多样性的雅加达任务规定》。[9] 自1998年以来，该公约已经处理了海洋和沿海地区综合管理、海洋保护区、珊瑚白化、以及珊瑚礁物理退化和毁坏等问题。", "7. 2010年10月在日本名古屋举行的该公约缔约方大会第十次会议最终由缔约方大会通过了关于制订2011-2020年促进生物多样性战略计划的第X/2号决定，其中目标之一是到2015年尽可能地减少珊瑚礁和其他脆弱生态系统面临的种种威胁(目标10)。[10] 在同一背景下，第X/29号决定[11] 强调要进行数据收集和分析以及环境(影响)评估，并采取措施确保对海洋和沿海生物资源的养护和可持续利用。此外还建议起草一份报告，说明在执行有关珊瑚白化的具体工作计划方面取得的进展。", "8. 1994年生效的《联合国气候变化框架公约》，[12] 为制订协议稳定大气中的温室气体浓度和采取政府间努力应对气候变化带来的挑战提供了框架。", "9. 其他涉及保护珊瑚礁的公约包括《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》、《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋公约》(伦敦公约)[13] 及其附加议定书(伦敦议定书)、《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》、[14] 《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地的公约》(拉姆萨尔公约)、[15] 《养护野生动物移栖物种公约》[16] 和《保护、管理和开发东非区域海洋和沿海环境公约》。[17]", "10. 1994年小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议通过了《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》，[18] 其中明文确定沿海和海洋资源是一个需要立即行动的领域。可持续发展委员会在1996年第四届和1998年第六届会议上审查了该行动纲领的执行情况。2005年的《毛里求斯宣言》[19] 和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》[20] 再次对此作了确认。", "11. 1999年可持续发展委员会第七届会议呼吁采取行动，根除过度捕捞和浪费性捕捞的做法。委员会第7/1号决定[21] 强调，“支撑生命的地球绝大部分由海洋构成，海洋驱动气候和水文循环并提供极其重要的资源，用于确保今世后代的福祉和经济繁荣、消灭贫穷、保障粮食安全、以及保护海洋生物多样性及其对维持地球上生命支撑环境的固有价值”(第1段)。", "12. 其他涉及珊瑚礁的大会决议包括2006年12月8日关于可持续渔业的第61/105号决议、2008年12月19日关于为今世后代实现加勒比海可持续发展的第63/214号决议和2009年12月7日关于为人类今世后代保护全球气候的第64/73号决议。", "13. 2000年的《联合国千年宣言》[22] 再次强调要保护环境并以可持续方式管理所有生物物种和自然资源，同时重申支持可持续发展的各项原则，包括在《21世纪议程》中阐述的原则。", "14. 2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(“约翰内斯堡执行计划”)[23] 第30至36段着重于海洋、岛屿和沿海地区。该执行计划推动在联合国系统内建立机构间协调机制，并鼓励相关区域组织和方案开展区域合作。", "15. 教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会通过便利和协调对海洋变量和流程的持续观测、制模和分析，支持世界范围的决策进程，并已为此开发出全球海洋观测系统，提供对包括生物资源在内海洋现状的准确描述，对未来海洋环境的连续预报，以及对气候变化的预报依据，包括监测和保护珊瑚礁所需的预报依据。", "16. 2003年创建的联合国海洋网络[24] 是一个有关海洋和沿海包括珊瑚礁问题的机构间协调机制，以行政协调委员会前海洋和沿海地区小组委员会的工作为行动基础，其作用是根据大会的任务授权、千年发展目标和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中载列的优先事项、以及联合国海洋网络所有成员理事机构的任务授权，促进联合国系统有关海洋和沿海地区的各项活动保持连贯一致，并支持在国际一级对海洋进行统筹管理。", "B. 国际及区域网络和非政府组织", "17. 1994年推出的国际珊瑚礁倡议作为政府、国际组织和非政府组织之间的伙伴关系，是全球唯一专门致力于珊瑚礁养护的实体，其目的是通过执行《21世纪议程》第17章以及其他相关国际公约和协定，对珊瑚礁和相关生态系统进行养护。与此同时，全球珊瑚礁监测网络则作为该倡议的具体行动单位应运而生，参与开展珊瑚礁监测和生态及社会经济信息并重的数据管理，并汇编关于全球珊瑚礁状况的报告。", "18. 1995年，国际珊瑚礁倡议吁请成员国承诺对珊瑚礁开展更多研究和监测，以便为其行动呼吁和行动框架所述的有效管理提供数据。", "19. 2007年，塞舌尔政府提出西印度洋沿海挑战倡议，邀请区域各国协作减少气候变化的不利影响，同时促进生态系统复原力、生计可持续性和人类安全。", "20. 2009年，作为全球海洋论坛的世界海洋大会汇聚政府部长和代表团团长、行业专家、科学工作者和政府间及非政府组织，讨论海洋面临的威胁、气候变化对海洋的影响、以及海洋在气候变化中的作用。会后通过的《瓦鸦老海洋宣言》，强调要制订关于可持续管理沿海和海洋生态系统的国家战略。", "21. 2010年，太平洋领袖论坛通过太平洋海景框架，呼吁采取联合行动抵抗整个太平洋遇到的威胁。该框架是称为“太平洋2020挑战倡议”的更广泛运动的组成部分，这一政府间倡议旨在鼓励领导人合作应对太平洋面临的主要威胁。", "22. 与珊瑚礁有关的其他重要区域倡议包括珊瑚礁、渔业和粮食安全问题珊瑚三角区倡议，密克罗尼西亚挑战倡议，加勒比挑战倡议，东热带太平洋海景项目，西印度洋伙伴关系，西非养护挑战倡议，以及美洲养护和明智利用红树林和珊瑚礁区域倡议等。", "23. 此外，还有许多非政府组织和基金会在执行以保护和养护珊瑚礁为目标的方案和倡议。", "C. 未来合作机会", "24. 2012年6月4日至6日在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展会议(里约＋20)将为汇聚政府代表、民间社会、学术界、科学界和私营部门讨论包括可持续管理和保护珊瑚礁在内的可持续发展问题提供独一无二的机会。", "25. 此次会议将提供机会审查迄今为止在执行《里约宣言》各项原则、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中与海洋有关的目标和具体目标以及其他涉及海洋的国际协定方面取得的进展和仍然存在的差距。", "26. 此外，此次会议还可以通过制订与海洋和珊瑚礁有关的具体措施和行动，确保政治承诺焕然一新。新出现的挑战，例如近期气候变化的严重影响以及新技术(例如地球工程)带来的机遇和可能弊端，也可在会议上设法应对。", "27. 可持续发展委员会预定在2015至2016年对海洋、海洋生物和小岛屿发展中国家进行一次两年期审查。", "三. 为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的重要性(包括现状和不利影响)", "28. 在大西洋、印度洋、中东、太平洋、东南亚和澳大利亚可以看到大面积的造礁区，澳大利亚的大堡礁是世界上最大的珊瑚礁系统。珊瑚礁立足于海底，由造礁珊瑚(主要为石珊瑚)所遗弃的碳酸钙骨骼经过很长时间(数百年或更长)堆积而成。", "29. 大多数珊瑚礁存在于热带水域。形成热带珊瑚礁的珊瑚是一种叫作珊瑚虫的海洋小生物，它们生长在小型群落中，依靠与一种藻类的共生关系，这种藻类在珊瑚虫的组织内部生存并形成珊瑚虫的颜色。", "30. 冷水珊瑚群在物种多样性方面同热带珊瑚礁不相上下，据目前所知，冷水珊瑚存在于世界各地，一般是在水深超过40米的水域中，远远超过1 000米深的水下也可以是它们的栖息之地。虽然只有少数几个物种形成真正的礁，但冷水珊瑚丘垄为各类物种提供栖息和繁殖地，包括具有重要商业价值的鱼类和贝类。2002年底在挪威北部发现的罗斯特礁被认为是最大的冷水珊瑚礁。迄今为止，对于冷水珊瑚的生态，对于这些群落的范围和状况及其社会经济价值，人们的了解还很有限。", "31. 热带珊瑚礁常被称为“海洋雨林”，是地球上最具生物多样性的系统之一。热带珊瑚礁具有很强的生产力，它们通过各种供给和支持服务维系着人类社会。热带珊瑚礁所占海域面积约为25万平方公里，不到海洋环境的0.1%，却为25%的已知海洋物种提供了生境。", "32. 全球珊瑚礁的主要功能之一是保护100多个国家和地区约15万公里的海岸线，因为珊瑚礁可以化解波能，减少因侵蚀、洪水和风暴而造成的损害，从而保护人类住区、基础设施和沿海生态系统。", "33. 除了环境效益，珊瑚礁还提供重要的社会和经济效益。据估计，在地球上所有的自然生态系统中，珊瑚礁同红树林和海草床提供的生态系统服务所产生的年价值最高。约有8.5亿人(全球人口的八分之一)生活在离珊瑚礁100公里以内并从珊瑚礁获得某些惠益；超过2.75亿人直接依靠珊瑚礁维持生计，这些人口主要是在发展中国家和岛屿国家。", "34. 珊瑚礁鱼种是重要的蛋白质来源，约占发展中国家平均总捕鱼量的四分之一，同时还提供了就业机会。健全并得到有效管理的珊瑚礁每年每平方公里可出产5至15吨鱼类和海产品。", "35. 珊瑚礁维系着100多个国家的旅游业，因为它们吸引了潜水者、浮潜者和钓鱼爱好者，并提供海滩的沙子。此外，一些与珊瑚礁有关的海洋物种甚至经过了药用分析和试验，主要用在癌症、艾滋病毒和疟疾治疗领域。有关经济、社会和环境效益的进一步信息见下文第四节。", "36. 尽管有这些重要性，珊瑚礁却面临着多种地方性和全球性威胁，两者往往还相伴而生。", "37. 地方性威胁主要包括不可持续的捕捞做法、沿海开发以及集水区和海洋污染。这些威胁减损了珊瑚礁、相关生态系统和人类居民承受和适应日益加剧的气候变化的能力(见表1)。", "38. 从区域角度来看，东南亚最受地方性威胁影响，近95%的珊瑚礁濒危。澳大利亚的珊瑚礁受威胁最小，只有约14%的珊瑚礁面临风险。[25]", "表1 地方性威胁及其影响概览", "威胁\t详情\t受影响珊瑚礁所占\t影响\t趋势 \n 百分比 \n过度捕捞和破坏性捕捞\t•不可持续地捕捞鱼类和无脊椎动物•损害性的捕捞做法(使用炸药或毒药)•非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞•破坏性的渔具(例如刺网、废弃/丢失的渔网)\t超过55%(其中30%面临高度威胁)\t•活珊瑚面积减少•物种多样性减少\t将因下列原因持续增加：• 人口增长•过度的捕捞能力•渔业治理不力，管理办法不当•对鱼类的国际需求 \n\t•“沿食物链向下捕捞” •缺少其他收入\n •鱼量减少\t沿海开发(例如人类住区、工业、水产养殖、基础设施)\t• 沿海工程•陆地建筑和清理流出物(沉积物)• 疏浚或垃圾填埋•污染：污水排放和有毒化学品\t约25%(其中10%面临高度威胁)\t•藻类覆盖面增加/生长过度•珊瑚生长放慢\t将随下列因素继续增加：•沿海地区的人口增长速度继续超过总体人口增长 •直接建在大片礁石上的建筑(机场等) \n • 不可持续的旅游业 \n集水区污染(例如作物耕种、密集的禽畜饲养、毁林、采矿)\t• 侵蚀(沉积物)• 追肥• 农药• 化学毒素由河流带入沿海水域的农业流出物\t超过25%(其中10%面临高度威胁)\t•珊瑚更易受到风暴、疾病、侵染之害•珊瑚白化\t将因下列原因继续增加：• 毁林•气候变化导致降雨量增加•因全球人口增长，食物需求增加，因此更多地使用化肥(尤其是在非洲和南亚) •“死水区”/生态系统崩溃 \n •渔业崩溃和关闭\t船只造成的海洋污染和损害(例如商业、娱乐和客运船只) •固体废物（包括塑料)、营养物以及油气安装和运输所产生的有毒物(例如被污染的舱水、燃料泄漏等)\t约10%(其中1%面临高度威胁)\t将因下列原因继续增加：•全球石油需求增加•海洋运输和游船旅游增加•入侵物种的威胁增加 • 船只的压载水中意外载运入侵物种 \n •船只搁浅、抛锚和漏油造成的实体损害", "资料来源：L.Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited(华盛顿特区，世界资源研究所，2011年)。", "39. 除了这些地方性威胁之外，气候变化造成的全球性威胁也使珊瑚礁面临危险(见表2)。", "表2 主要全球性威胁及其影响概览", "威胁\t详情\t受影响珊瑚礁所占\t影响\t趋势/2030-2050年预测 \n 百分比 \n海洋酸化\t•二氧化碳排放增加，导致碳酸蓄积，使海洋表层水的化学性质发生变化\t超过75%(与当地威胁相加)\t•珊瑚生长放慢\t到2030年：预计全球不到50%的珊瑚礁生存在利于珊瑚生长的区域\n •珊瑚骨骼弱化\t到2050年：预计全球只有约15%的珊瑚礁生存在利于珊瑚生长的区域 • \n 促使珊瑚白化 • \n 珊瑚停止生长\t\n •珊瑚礁缓慢解体\t\n海洋变暖\t• 海水温度升高\t超过75%\t•(大规模)珊瑚白化\t到2030年：预计全球50%的珊瑚礁将经历热应力和珊瑚白化\n (与当地威胁相加)\t•珊瑚死亡\t到2050年：95%以上的珊瑚礁将经历热应力和珊瑚白化", "资料来源：Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited(华盛顿特区,世界资源研究所，2011年)。", "40. 严重的全球性威胁之一是海洋变暖，导致“珊瑚白化”，即珊瑚失去与其共生的藻类并因此失去颜色。珊瑚如果持续失去藻类，最终就会死亡。最严重的珊瑚白化发生在1998年，由厄尔尼诺相关极端天气引起，导致全球约16%的珊瑚死亡。[26] 自那以后，大多数区域都不断发生珊瑚白化。2010年，一场大规模珊瑚白化影响了大珊瑚三角区。最近的研究预测，到2030至2050年，大堡礁和加勒比的珊瑚礁将为藻类所占据，因为在发生珊瑚白化后，藻类常常在死珊瑚中繁衍，妨碍新珊瑚立足。[27]", "41. 另一种严重的全球性威胁是日益增加的二氧化碳排放引起的海洋酸化。全球二氧化碳排放约有30%被海洋吸收，与水反应后形成碳酸，继而导致珊瑚的生长和钙化放慢，珊瑚骨骼弱化，甚至造成现存珊瑚礁缓慢解体。[28]", "42. 自工业革命开始至今，海洋的酸度已经提高30%，根据预测，到2050年，海洋酸度可能会提高150%，海洋生态系统只有很短的时间适应这种变化，因为这一上升速度比过去2 000万年以来任何海洋酸度变化的速度都快100倍。[29]", "43. 减少二氧化碳排放至关重要，为此已经采取初步措施，特别是通过《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》。[30] 2011年7月，国际海事组织海洋环境保护委员会第六十二届会议通过了减少国际海运中温室气体排放的强制性措施。这些措施适用于总吨数超过400吨的所有船只，预期将于2013年1月1日生效。", "44. 其他可能的威胁包括：(a) 海平面上升(主要影响太平洋小岛屿发展中国家及环礁)，导致更多的侵蚀、洪水以及岛下淡水污染；(b) 更频繁的高强度热带风暴(例如飓风)；(c) 疾病(主要是在加勒比)；(d) 天灾和棘冠海星(珊瑚天敌)的侵扰。", "45. 冷水珊瑚生长缓慢，生性脆弱，也极易因为人类活动而遭受物理损伤。海底捕捞和深海拖钓已经而且仍在造成严重影响，探矿则构成另一种可能很严重的直接威胁。此外，铺设海底管道和电缆也对冷水珊瑚礁造成危害。", "46. 全球有27个国家和地区的珊瑚礁极易受损，其中19个是小岛屿发展中国家国家。有九个国家的适应能力，即应对珊瑚礁退化所致影响的能力最弱，需要给予特别关注(另见图示)。", "27个高度脆弱国家和地区的致弱因素", "资料来源：Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited。", "47. 虽然面临这些威胁，全球珊瑚礁却只有约27%位于海洋保护区内，其中一半以上在澳大利亚。此外，根据世界资源研究所最近的一项研究，全球珊瑚礁只有6%位于得到有效管理的海洋保护区内。[31]", "48. 因此，珊瑚礁、红树林和海草床受到的负面影响相当严重。全球海草床覆盖面100年里减少了近三分之一，而历史上的红树林已经消失至少四分之一。", "49. 国际珊瑚礁倡议指出，全球约五分之一的珊瑚礁已经受损无法修复，如果不作出任何改变，预计35%的珊瑚礁会在未来20至40年内消失。世界资源研究所最近一项题为“珊瑚危机再探”的研究指出，目前约有341个珊瑚礁物种受到威胁，其中包括200种造礁珊瑚；这项研究还预测，在地方性和全球性威胁的双重影响下，如果不采取保护措施，到2030年，全球90%的珊瑚礁将受到威胁，到2050年则全部珊瑚礁都会受到威胁。", "50. 因此，保护珊瑚礁、红树林和海草床至关重要，[32] 应理解为必须采取一系列广泛行动，实行可持续管理，直接、切实地保护珊瑚礁，保护依赖珊瑚礁生存的居民和行业的权益。", "四. 结合将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议的主题和目标，分析保护珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境效益", "51. 在2011年3月7日和8日举行的联合国可持续发展会议(持发会议)筹备委员会第二次会议上，许多小岛屿发展中国家特别呼吁持发会议支持可持续海洋管理和海洋资源保护。因此，预计持发会议将突出讨论包括珊瑚礁在内的海洋议题。 此外，许多筹备会议预计也会涉及海洋管理和保护议题。[33]", "52. 持发会议将重点关注两个主题：(a) 可持续发展和减贫背景下的绿色经济；(b) 促进可持续发展的体制框架。", "53. 尽管尚须作准确定义，但绿色经济这一概念可以被认为主要涉及环境与经济之间的交叉部分，注重抓住机会同时推动经济和环境目标。绿色经济的发展将严重依赖可持续海洋管理和包括珊瑚礁在内的海洋资源养护。", "54. 许多会员国正在用“蓝色经济”取代绿色经济概念，这意味着发展绿色经济要包括关注沿海社区的利益，在小岛屿发展中国家和依赖海洋及海洋资源维持生存的发展中国家尤其如此。[34] 这一概念还强调健康海洋对可持续发展三大支柱的重要性，因为健康的海洋可以产生重要的经济、社会和环境效益。因此，明确与珊瑚礁有关的效益十分重要。", "55. 珊瑚礁提供渔业领域的就业机会，是重要的营养来源。全球沿海社区中至少有3 000万人完全依赖珊瑚礁作为其食物生产、收入和生计的主要来源。[35]", "56. 珊瑚礁国家的居民年均消费29公斤鱼类和海产品，其中马尔代夫的消费量最高。主要的鱼类消费国是太平洋小岛屿发展中国家，其平均鱼消费量比全球平均数高两倍或四倍。然而，已经预测到太平洋区域在2030年可能会发生鱼类资源短缺。", "57. 2010年，珊瑚礁渔业在全球创造了68亿美元的年度净收益。管理有效且无害环境的渔业能通过提供食物和就业机会，在支持可持续发展和减贫方面发挥重要作用。从事渔业的通常是小规模个体企业，由于门槛费用低，渔业成为具有吸引力的商业选择方向。亚洲国家从事珊瑚礁渔业的人数最多，例如，在印度尼西亚、越南和中国，每个国家都有10万至100万以上的珊瑚礁渔民。", "58. 世界资源研究所称，2010年，所有与珊瑚礁有关的货物和服务产生的全球年度净效益共计约290亿美元，但来源于珊瑚礁的经济收入在不同地区大不相同，决定因素包括但不限于：(a) 旅游市场规模，(b) 渔业的生产力和重要性，(c) 沿海岸发展水平，(d) 与主要中心城市的距离。一般来说，经济收入主要来自珊瑚礁出口和旅游业。", "59. 珊瑚礁物种和产品出口是许多国家重要的收入来源，其中包括但不限于活的珊瑚礁食用鱼、观赏鱼和旅游纪念品。法属波利尼西亚[36] 的珊瑚礁出口产品(主要是黑珍珠)相对价值最高，占其国内生产总值的62%。", "60. 珊瑚礁旅游为发展中和发达国家带来可观收入，2010年产生的全球年度净效益达115亿美元。超过96个珊瑚礁国家受益于珊瑚礁旅游，在其中23个国家，此类收益占国内生产总值的15%。珊瑚礁旅游收入来自潜水者、浮潜者、钓鱼爱好者和海滩游客，他们为潜水和钓鱼活动、酒店、餐馆及交通付费，有时还需要支付“游客费”。", "61. 此外，珊瑚礁还提供海岸线保护，为海洋物种提供生境，有助于形成(适合旅游的)海滩。在一些小岛屿发展中国家，珊瑚礁为80%的海岸线提供保护。2010年，全球海岸线保护的年度净收益达107亿美元。除了海岸线保护之外，珊瑚礁还为所有海洋物种中的25%提供栖息地，并为红树林、海草床等其他生态系统创造有利条件。[37]", "62. 最后，对于许多土著和其他沿海社区，珊瑚礁还具有重要的文化和精神价值。", "63. 尽管许多国家都高度依赖珊瑚礁，全球有15亿人严重依赖珊瑚礁获取食物、生计和旅游，[38] 但小岛屿发展中国家和发展中国家沿海社区对珊瑚礁的依赖度最高，必须对他们的特殊需要和关切给予特别关注。", "64. 世界资源研究所指出，由于人类活动和气候变化，到2015年,珊瑚礁退化可能会导致加勒比遭受重大经济损失，使渔业净收入减少0.95亿至1.4亿美元，旅游业收入减少1亿至3亿美元。此外，预计该区域在下一个50年内因海岸保护被削弱所导致的损失每年将达1.4亿至4.2亿美元。", "65. 其他研究显示，气候变化引起的大堡礁退化可能在未来19年中让澳大利亚付出22亿至53亿美元的代价，而印度尼西亚可能会因为过度捕捞做法而在20年时间里遭受19亿美元的损失。[39]", "66. 联合国可持续发展会议的第二个目标是加强可持续发展的制度框架。与珊瑚礁以及依赖珊瑚礁生存的社区和部门有关的地方、区域、国家和国际目标、倡议和进程不计其数，其中许多都以国际协定为坚实基础。", "67. 必须加强与《联合国海洋法公约》等现有国际协定和公约有关的政治承诺，其中应包含采取必要行动以促进保护和保存稀有和脆弱生态系统以及枯竭、受威胁或濒危物种和其他形式海洋生物的栖息地，包括珊瑚礁。", "68. 建立、监测和执行可持续的国家海洋管理区和海洋保护区以及建设区域网络是十分重要的行动。[40]", "69. 由于珊瑚礁对沿海社区极其重要，各国正在创建越来越多的海洋保护区，即使珊瑚礁及其资源仅涉及国民经济的一小部分。苏丹即是一例。该国参与了保护红海和亚丁湾环境区域组织旨在养护包括珊瑚礁在内的所有海产资源的各项活动。", "70. 有效管理区，例如博奈尔国家海洋公园(方框一)和马纳尔湾生物圈保护区(方框二)，证明采取适当措施可以极大地减少威胁并产生重要的经济、社会和环境效益。", "方框一博奈尔国家海洋公园的效益 背景 博奈尔位于加勒比海委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国以北约100公里处。面积为2700公顷的博奈尔国家海洋公园于1979年建立，目标是“保护和管理该岛屿的自然、文化和历史资源，同时允许在生态上可持续地使用上述资源，以造福子孙后代。”自1991年以来，非政府组织博奈尔国家公园基金会(STINAPABonaire)一直负责管理该公园并承担其所有直接费用，包括执法、维护、教育、研究和监测费用。 旅游，尤其是潜水，是博奈尔的首要经济收入来源。1994年有2.5万名潜水者来到博奈尔，带来3400万美元的毛收入。目前每年来到博奈尔的潜水者超过2.8万人。 措施：推出入园费(“自然费”) 在所有相关利益攸关方的协作下成功推出收费制度，要求游客为进入博奈尔国家海洋公园支付入园费(“自然费”)。1992年，收取的游客费总额超过17万美元，用于支付管理费以及珊瑚礁保护和养护措施的费用。 目前，博奈尔国家海洋公园向戴水肺潜水者收取25美元年费，向不戴水肺潜水者收取10美元年费。博奈尔居民支付的费用稍低。其他收入来自于出租系泊设备和销售旅游纪念品以及赠款和捐助。 结果 博奈尔国家海洋公园在经济上自给自足。 \n来源：博奈尔国家公园基金会，博奈尔国家海洋公园2006年管理计划；以及http://www.stinapa.org。", "71. 保护国际基金会指出，海洋保护区内的收入是其之外收入的两倍，海洋保护区可以大大改善生计机会、粮食安全和环境意识。", "72. 珊瑚礁保护和养护领域的另一个成功办法是由国际海事组织指定“特别敏感海区”。被指定为特别敏感海区的区域必须表现出易受国际航运活动影响的特点，同时，从生态、社会经济和科学角度看，必须具有一定特性。自1990年以来，国际海事组织已经指定13个此类海区，其中8个海区的目的是保护珊瑚礁不受国际航运的影响。[41]", "方框二马纳尔湾生态圈保护区项目的效益 背景 马纳尔湾位于印度最南端泰米尔纳德邦的东南海岸与斯里兰卡的西北海岸之间。1986年，21个近岸珊瑚沙岛及其周边的珊瑚礁、海草床和红树林栖息地被指定组成马纳尔湾国家公园。1989年，整个马纳尔湾被指定为生物圈保护区，是印度和南亚区域的第一个此类海洋保护区。 马纳尔湾生物圈保护区项目最初于2002年实施，是印度和泰米尔纳德邦政府、联合国开发计划署与全球环境基金之间的伙伴关系项目。其目的是展示促进生物多样性养护、可持续沿海区管理与包括土著和部落居民在内的当地社区生计相互融合的模式。项目的总体目标是使用多部门和综合体系办法，养护马纳尔湾的沿海生物多样性。 措施 通过加强养护努力、支持替代生计和开展宣传活动，增强当地社区以可持续方式管理沿海生态系统的能力。 结果 生物圈保护区项目有助于当地社区和渔民的行为转变。反过来，对海洋资源的威胁大大减少，2006年至2010年期间项目区内的珊瑚覆盖率增加7.5%就证明了这一点。 \n 来源：联合国开发署-全球环境基金；以及http://www.gombrt.org。", "73. 来自政府和非政府组织、各项倡议、民间社会和私营部门的广大行为体都参与珊瑚礁的保护和养护。因此，他们之间的活动协调一致至关重要，这样才能避免重复，优化保护、恢复、养护和适应措施。", "74. 为吸引包括私营部门在内的所有利益攸关方参与有效管理和保护珊瑚礁，可采取经济激励措施，例如奖励买断安排、养护协议和替代生计，作为对罚款和刑罚等传统措施的有吸引力的补充。[42]", "75. 由于冷水珊瑚存在于各国的管辖范围之外，而且珊瑚礁通常既面临地方性威胁也面临全球性威胁，不能仅在地方、区域和国家一级，还必须在国际一级开展珊瑚礁保护，同时仍应让地方社区保持对珊瑚礁及其资源管理的强大主导权。", "76. 区域渔业管理组织在保护国家管辖范围之外的海洋物种方面能发挥重要作用，因为此类组织负责管理公海鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群，可帮助制订捕捞和打渔作业限额、执行技术标准并监督履行控制义务。", "五. 国家立法在保护珊瑚礁方面的作用(包括将土著和地方社区包含在内的重要性)", "77. 国家政府和立法在提供一个有利环境，让所有利益攸关方都能切实为保护珊瑚礁作出贡献方面的作用至关重要。[43]", "78. 例如，巴西创建了九个珊瑚礁养护单位，包括市级、州级和联邦一级的单位。该国政府启动了国家养护单位系统，汇集所有相关的现有文书和法规，作为创建、执行、合并和管理这些单位的框架。通过整合不同单位，联邦政府得以与州政府和当地政府联手，为巴西的环境提供更好的保护。", "79. 除了侧重于珊瑚礁保护，国家立法还应包含气候变化适应措施，这样才能降低依赖珊瑚礁为生者的脆弱性。有效的政府体制、法规和实施机制还在设立、监测和执行可持续海洋管理区和海洋保护区方面发挥重要作用。", "80. 实行“生态系统服务付费”和其他激励机制，有助于执行保护和养护措施。[44] 由于这些资源的公益性质，有能力查明相关生态系统服务的“卖方”和“买方”对于海洋和沿海“生态系统服务付费”机制格外重要。新的体制安排，例如基于社区的管理、管理特许权和联合管理计划，能够用使用权和出入权代替所有权。", "81. 珊瑚礁生境中生态系统服务付费机制的一个著名例子来自坦桑尼亚联合共和国私人非营利性的琼碧岛珊瑚公园。桑给巴尔政府于1994年在该岛及其裙礁周围设立保护区，并将管理权交给珊瑚公园，由其负责执行1995-2016年珊瑚公园管理计划。", "82. 国家立法的成功往往取决于是否将所有利益攸关方纳入决策进程。将土著和其他地方社区纳入该进程至关重要，因为他们常常是最依赖珊瑚礁获取食物和生计的群体。", "83. 在这方面，德国政府向沿海地区综合规划和管理框架内专门针对珊瑚礁的国际倡议和项目提供支持，这些倡议和项目都包含土著和地方社区以及地方、国家、区域和国际各级合作伙伴。", "84. 澳大利亚和帕劳通过国家立法，在推动土著和其他地方社区参与的情况下成功执行了珊瑚礁保护措施，可以提供宝贵的经验教训。", "A. 澳大利亚大堡礁的保护", "85. 澳大利亚政府于1975年设立大堡礁海洋公园管理局，开始采取步骤保护大堡礁。各类保护和养护措施已经到位，包括在2004年制定一个新的分区计划，将受到“禁渔区”高度保护的海洋公园面积比例从不足5%提高到33%以上。[45]", "86. 大堡礁海洋公园管理局与土著群体(土著和托雷斯海峡岛民)合作，制订了管理该海洋公园的经法律承认的正式协定，即海洋资源传统使用协定。该协定为传统所有者群体表达权利和利益提供了一个切实可行和更为灵活的途径，还为根据传统知识保护文化价值和管理具有重要文化意义的物种以及处理影响土著和托雷斯海峡岛民的其他活动，例如非法捕鱼和偷取资源，提供了协作机会。", "87. 其他重要举措包括珊瑚礁水质保护计划(珊瑚礁计划)和2008-2013年拯救珊瑚礁五年方案，后者旨在将农业用地排向大堡礁泻湖的溶解营养盐和化学品减少25%，将沉积物和营养物的排放减少10%。", "88. 澳大利亚进行海洋生物区域规划的目的是通过改善海洋资源和生态系统(包括珊瑚礁生境)的养护、可持续使用和管理(借助海洋管理区和海洋保护区)，为珊瑚礁和相关生态系统提供长期保护。", "89. 大会第65/150号决议是由澳大利亚政府在与可能会因珊瑚礁和相关生态系统退化或丧失而受到直接影响的太平洋和其他国家(例如瑙鲁)的密切合作下提出。", "B. 帕劳的海洋保护区", "90. 帕劳位于菲律宾以东约800公里处。2003年，该国政府提出《保护区网络法》，规定设立全国海洋保护区网络以保护生物多样性和自然资源。在指定的28个海洋保护区中，24个含有珊瑚礁。", "91. 《保护区网络法》让利益攸关方能够灵活参与规划进程，得到了土著社区和国家最高一级政府的支持。该法规定设立一个非政府实体保护区网络基金，并在来访者离开机场时收取15美元的入场费(绿色费)。该法促使密克罗尼西亚联邦的多个政府于2006年推出密克罗尼西亚挑战倡议。", "六. 前进方向：保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统可能需要的与国际法相符的行动，包括在整个联合国系统开展协调一致行动的提议", "92. 保护海洋和相关生态系统包括珊瑚礁，仍然是一个主要目标，这一点在《21世纪议程》第17章、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和其他国际协定中都已有所述及。", "93. 最近研究显示，如果有如同美利坚合众国《珊瑚礁养护法》这样充分的保护、复原力建设、恢复和养护措施，珊瑚礁就有能力从极为严重的损害中恢复。在此方面，一些地区已经成功建立国家海洋公园和人造珊瑚礁[46] 其他积极趋势包括公共意识的提高和更为积极的地方参与。虽然在印度洋和西太平洋的部分地区，特别是直接应力低的地区出现了强有力的恢复，但在人为压力大的地区，恢复已经停滞或减弱。", "94. 因此，需要进一步加大力度，消除珊瑚礁面临的威胁，特别是因为采取适当行动能够产生显著的社会、经济和环境效益。", "95. 作为海洋和沿海问题的协调机制，联合国海洋网络可以发挥更广泛的作用，确保整个联合国系统在珊瑚礁保护方面采取协调一致的行动。可考虑在其之下设立一个专门的珊瑚礁工作队，由各自成员组织的专家组成，包括与国家珊瑚礁工作队开展协作。", "96. 在全球一级和地方一级为促进可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁的其他建议包括：", "(a) 尽量减少全球二氧化碳排放，因为这一排放会导致海洋酸化和海洋变暖，进而破坏珊瑚礁。立即推动达成关于减少造成气候变化的二氧化碳和其他温室气体的多边协定并采取相关行动，对于减少气候变化对珊瑚礁生物多样性和生态系统服务影响的短期和长期努力都是必不可少的；", "(b) 通过以下途径减少过度捕捞和破坏性捕捞等不可持续的捕捞做法：㈠ 通过适当措施(例如促进替代性生计)消除主要驱动因素(例如粮食无保障和贫穷)；㈡ 制定可持续渔业管理政策、做法和准则；[47] ㈢ 减少过剩的捕捞能力；㈣ 通过加强港口国控制和港口国措施打击非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞等做法；㈤ 消除不当的渔业补贴；㈥ 禁止破坏性捕捞；以及㈦ 强制执行渔业条例；", "(c) 通过以下途径减少集水区沉积和污染：㈠ 改善农业、牲畜饲养和采矿做法；㈡ 尽量减少和控制工业、城市和采矿废物流入海中；以及㈢ 保护和恢复植被(尤其是红树林和海草床)。可通过实行“生态系统服务付费”机制和其他激励机制支持这些措施；", "(d) 通过以下措施减少海上污染和破坏：㈠ 通过议定书和公约控制和监管船只排放压载物：㈡ 改善港口和游艇码头的废物管理；㈢ 指定安全航道和划船区域以及“特别敏感海区”；以及㈣ 有效管理近海石油和天然气开采活动(包括通过风险评估和应急计划)；", "(e) 通过以下措施改善沿海发展：㈠ 基于生态系统的管理；㈡ 沿海综合管理；㈢ 海洋区划；㈣ 建立陆地和海洋保护区之间的联系；㈤ 防止不当的土地开发；㈥ 制约或限制离岸一定宽度的沿海发展(沿海发展后置)；㈦ 适当的集水区管理；以及㈧ 重要沿海生境和植被的保护和恢复(包括重新造林措施)。鉴于沿海地区预计人口增长速度将继续高于总人口增长速度，适当的沿海发展尤其重要；", "(f) 增加海洋管理区和海洋保护区的覆盖面和有效性，包括通过网络构建。通过资源调动和能力建设措施提供充足的财政资源、适当的设备和训练有素的工作人员，对于保证这些管理区和保护区的有效运作至关重要；", "(g) 通过以下途径加强在保护、复原力建设、恢复、适应和养护措施方面的区域和国际合作：㈠ 执行国际协定(例如联合国《海洋法公约》和《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》)；㈡ 制订跨界合作和区域协定；㈢ 改善有关珊瑚礁产品(特别是活珊瑚礁生物)贸易的国际法规以及㈣ 加强区域和国际应对气候变化的努力；", "(h) 促进分享与珊瑚礁保护、恢复、复原力建设、适应和养护有关的成功方法(最佳做法)并推动(新)技术转让；", "(i) 实施可持续旅游和促进生态旅游，因为预计旅游将在世界各地继续增加。与旅游产业建立伙伴关系和使用激励措施促进珊瑚礁保护(例如认证制度、为生态友好型酒店设奖、让潜水或旅游经营者作出保证)可在这方面发挥重要作用；", "(j) 鼓励进行数据收集和科学研究，以进一步探讨珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境效益，支持决策者制订保护珊瑚礁、加强珊瑚礁复原力和增强沿海社区适应环境变化和珊瑚礁退化的能力的措施。特别需要对冷水珊瑚礁生态系统的状况和趋势进行评估。此外，还应支持扩展和(或)建立珊瑚礁监测系统(包括社会经济因素)；", "(k) 促进有关珊瑚礁问题的教育和沟通，使公民、私营部门、政府代表和潜在捐助方了解珊瑚礁当前面临的威胁和保护珊瑚礁的迫切需要。各国政府应通过提高对地方法律法规的认识和促进可持续捕捞做法，鼓励公民采取可持续的个人行动购买以可持续方法捕捞的海产品并减少家庭废物和污染；", "(l) 确保所有利益攸关方、特别是地方和土著社区通过伙伴关系方案参与国家立法的制订和执行等工作。", "珊瑚礁拥有更加可持续的未来是可以实现的。可考虑在绘制愿景和行动计划方面开展国际合作，以激励采取行动，执行确保对珊瑚礁进行保护所需的行动。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见环境署的珊瑚礁网站：http://coral.unep.ch/。", "[3] 见http:www.un.org/esa/dsd/。", "[4] 一些珊瑚礁还被宣布为教科文组织世界遗产地(例如1996年的伯利兹堡礁)。", "[5] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，1992年6月3日至14日，里约热内卢》，第一卷，《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一。", "[6] 出处同上，附件二。", "[7] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1833卷，第31363号。", "[8] 出处同上，第1760卷，第30619号。", "[9] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/2/19，附件，第II/10号决定。", "[10] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27，附件。", "[11] 出处同上。", "[12] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1771卷，第30822号。", "[13] 出处同上，第1046卷，第15749号。", "[14] 出处同上，第993卷，第14537号。", "[15] 出处同上，第996卷，第14583号。", "[16] 出处同上，第1651卷，第28395号。", "[17] 可查阅www.unep.org。", "[18] 《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议的报告，1994年4月25日至5月6日，巴巴多斯布里奇敦》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.94.I.18和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件二。", "[19] 《审查小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领执行情况国际会议的报告，2005年1月10日至14日，毛里求斯路易港》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.05.II.A.4和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件一。", "[20] 出处同上，附件二。", "[21] 见E/1999/29，第一章C。", "[22] 见大会第55/2号决议。", "[23] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告，2002年8月26日至9月4日，南非约翰内斯堡》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议2，附件。", "[24] 现成员包括生物多样性公约秘书处、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构、国际劳工组织、教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会、国际海事组织、国际海底管理局、联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、联合国秘书处法律事务厅海洋和海洋法司、开发署、环境署、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、世界气象组织、世界银行和联合国世界旅游组织。", "[25] Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited(华盛顿特区，世界资源研究所，2011年)，pp.1-14。", "[26] 同上，pp.21-37。", "[27] S. Wooldridge等“recursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: a belief network approach”，载于Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 295 (2005), pp. 157-169。", "[28] Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited，pp. 21-37。", "[29] 生物多样性公约秘书处，《关于海洋酸化对生物多样性影响的科学综论》，《技术丛刊》第46期 (2009年，蒙特利尔),第9页。", "[30] 联合国条约，《条约汇编》，第2303卷，第30822号。", "[31] Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited，pp.79-84。", "[32] 另见2010年于日本制订的《保护珊瑚礁生态系统行动计划》。", "[33] 见：http://www.uncsd2012.org和A/CONF.216/PC/9。", "[34] 澳大利亚/Pew环境集团，“让绿色经济保持蓝色”概念文件(2011年)。", "[35] Wilkinson，主编，“Status of coral reefs of the world：2008”(澳大利亚汤斯维尔，全球珊瑚礁监测网络及珊瑚礁和雨林研究中心，2008年)，pp.5-19。", "[36] 另见，法国保护珊瑚礁倡议(L’IFRECOR)网站(http://www.ifrecor.fr/)。", "[37] Burke等，“Reefs at Risk Revisited”,pp.66-78。", "[38] Wilkinson，C.，“Status of coral reefs of the world：2008”，pp.5-19。", "[39] Burke等，“Reefs at Risk Revisited”，pp.66-78。", "[40] 另见，国际珊瑚礁倡议的东亚海洋保护区网络(包括泰国)倡议。", "[41] 另见http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/PSSAs。", "[42] 另见，Niesten and H.Gjertsen，“Economic incentives for marine conservation” (Arlington，Virginia，Science and Knowledge Division，Conservation International， 2010)。", "[43] 另见哥伦比亚的促进海洋及沿海地区和岛屿的可持续发展国家环境政策。", "[44] 另见http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/。", "[45] 见墨西哥的《国家水法》(2008年核准)，其中特别提到设立监管区、禁渔区和蓄水区的问题。", "[46] 另见伦敦公约和议定书/联合国环境署《人工礁石安放准则》(伦敦，国际海事组织，2009年)和“美国国家海洋和大气管理局2007-2009年珊瑚礁养护方案活动报告：国家珊瑚礁行动战略执行情况——给国会的报告”(华盛顿特区，美国商务部，2010年)第84页所载的“Aquarius Coral Restoration and Resilience Experiments”。", "[47] 另见粮农组织《负责任渔业技术准则》。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea”, tropical coral reefs, which rank among the most biologically rich and productive global ecosystems, provide social, economic and environmental benefits for millions of people. Yet, despite their importance, coral reefs are facing numerous local and global threats caused by human activity and climate change. Unsustainable fishing practices, coastal development, pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification have already damaged one fifth of the coral reefs beyond repair and predictions of what could arise should no change occur are alarming. Concerted global, national, regional and local efforts are therefore urgently required.", "Protection, resilience-building, recovery, conservation and adaptation measures need to be implemented in an integrated and coherent manner and tailored to regional, national and local community needs, while involving all stakeholders. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will offer the opportunity to review progress made to date as well as the remaining gaps in the implementation of the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, the marine-related goals and targets set out in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and other ocean-related international agreements. In addition, the Conference could serve to secure renewed political commitment by formulating concrete ocean and coral reef-related measures and actions.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Coral 3 reefs and sustainable \ndevelopment A.The 3 United \nNations B. International 6 and regional networks and non-governmental \norganizations C. Opportunities 7 for further \ncooperation III.The 8 importance of protecting coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development (including current status and adverse \nimpacts) IV. Economic, 14 social and environmental benefits of protecting coral reefs, in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in \n 2012 V.The 19 role of national legislation in protecting coral reefs (including the importance of involving indigenous and local \ncommunities) A.Protection 20 of Australia’s Great Barrier \n Reef B.Marine 21 protected areas in \nPalau VI.The 21 way forward: potential actions (consistent with international law) needed to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems, including proposals for coordinated and coherent action across the United Nations \nsystem", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly adopted resolution 65/150, entitled “Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development”, at its sixty-fifth session in which it, inter alia, urged States to take all practical steps at all levels to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including immediate and concerted global, regional and local action to respond to the challenges and to address the adverse impact of climate change, as well as of ocean acidification, on coral reefs and related ecosystems; and also urged them to formulate, adopt and implement integrated and comprehensive approaches for the management of coral reefs and related ecosystems.", "2. In paragraph 3 of the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a comprehensive report on the protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development by the Assembly, for consideration at its sixty-sixth session. Pursuant to that request, the present report highlights the importance of protecting coral reefs and conducts an analysis of the economic, social and development benefits of coral-reef protection in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012. The report also identifies needed actions with the potential to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems.", "3. The report draws on substantive inputs and information provided by Governments and United Nations programmes and organizations, in particular the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).[1] The International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature; the World Resources Institute; the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI); the Western Indian Ocean Coastal Challenge; and Conservation International also contributed inputs.[2]", "II. Coral reefs and sustainable development", "4. In the context of the well-established importance of oceans and coral reefs in achieving sustainable development goals,[3] this report enumerates a number of international, national, regional and local efforts that have been designed to protect and manage coral reefs as part of an overall effort to enhance the sustainable development of marine and coastal areas.", "A. The United Nations", "5. Member States meeting at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development[4] and Agenda 21.[5] Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 specifically addresses the protection and sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment within the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[6] which has established the basis for ocean governance and provided the overall legal framework for dealing with ocean matters, including economic activities in maritime areas, protection and preservation of the marine environment, and marine science and technology.", "6. The Convention on Biological Diversity[7] entered into force in 1993. At their second meeting, held in Jakarta in November 1995, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention adopted the Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity.[8] Since 1998, the Convention has addressed issues such as integrated marine and coastal area management, marine protected areas, coral bleaching, and physical degradation and destruction of coral reefs.", "7. The tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010, resulted in the adoption by the Conference of the Parties of decision X/2 regarding the establishment of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 which aims, inter alia, to minimize the multiple threats to coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems by 2015 (target 10).[9] In the same context, decision X/29[10] emphasized the need for data collection and analysis, environmental (impact) assessments and the establishment of measures to ensure conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources. In addition, it suggested the drafting of a report on the progress made in the implementation of the specific workplan on coral bleaching.", "8. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,[11] which came into force in 1994, provides the framework for establishing protocols to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and for undertaking intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenges posed by climate change.", "9. Other conventions that are relevant for the protection of coral reefs include the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter (London Convention)[12] and the Protocol thereto (London Protocol), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,[13] the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention),[14] the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,[15] and the Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region.[16]", "10. In 1994, the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States adopted the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,[17] which explicitly identified coastal and marine resources as an area requiring urgent action. Its implementation was reviewed at the fourth session (1996) and the sixth session (1998) of the Commission on Sustainable Development and it was reaffirmed by the Mauritius Declaration[18] and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States[19] in 2005.", "11. At the seventh session of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 1999, a call for action was launched to eliminate overfishing and wasteful fishing practices. Commission decision 7/1[20] emphasized that “oceans and seas constitute the major part of the planet that supports life, drive the climate and hydrological cycle, and provide the vital resources to be used to ensure well-being for present and future generations and economic prosperity, to eradicate poverty, to ensure food security and to conserve marine biological diversity and its intrinsic value for maintaining the conditions that support life on earth” (para. 1).", "12. Other General Assembly resolutions relating to coral reefs include resolution 61/105 (8 December 2006) on sustainable fisheries, resolution 63/214 on the sustainable development of the Caribbean Sea for present and future generations (19 December 2008) and resolution 64/73 (7 December 2009) on the protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind.", "13. In 2000, the United Nations Millennium Declaration[21] re-emphasized the need to protect the environment and to manage all living species and natural resources in a sustainable manner, while reaffirming support for the principles of sustainable development, including those set out in Agenda 21.", "14. Paragraphs 30 to 36 of the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”),[22] adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, focus on oceans, seas, islands and coastal areas. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation promotes the establishment of inter-agency coordination mechanisms within the United Nations system and encourages regional cooperation among relevant regional organizations and programmes.", "15. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO facilitates and coordinates sustained observations, modelling and analysis of marine and ocean variables and processes to support decision-making process worldwide. In this context, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) has been developed to provide accurate descriptions of the present state of the ocean, including living resources, continuous forecasts of the future conditions of the sea, and the basis for forecasts of climate change, including those needed to monitor and protect coral reefs.", "16. In 2003, UN-Oceans[23] was created as an inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues, including coral reefs, building on the work of the former Subcommittee on Oceans and Coastal Areas of the Administrative Committee on Coordination. Its role is to promote the coherence of United Nations system activities on oceans and coastal areas with the mandates of the General Assembly, the priorities contained in the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the mandates of governing bodies of all members of UN-Oceans, and to support the integrated management of oceans at the international level.", "B. International and regional networks and non-governmental organizations", "17. The International Coral Reef Initiative, a partnership among Governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, was launched in 1994 as the only global entity devoted solely to coral reef conservation. Its aim is to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems by implementing chapter 17 of Agenda 21, and other relevant international conventions and agreements. At the same time, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) was established as an operating unit of the Initiative, to assist in the development of coral reef monitoring and data management, with equal emphasis on ecological and socio-economic information, and to compile reports on the global status of coral reefs.", "18. In 1995, the International Coral Reef Initiative called on member States to commit themselves to engaging in more research on and monitoring of coral reefs so as to provide data for effective management (under its Call to Action and Framework for Action).", "19. In 2007, the Government of Seychelles initiated the Western Indian Ocean Coastal Challenge (WIO-CC), which invited countries of the region to collaborate on reducing the adverse impacts of climate change, while promoting resilient ecosystems, sustainable livelihoods and human security.", "20. In 2009, the World Ocean Conference, a global forum on oceans, assembled ministers and heads of delegations, experts, scientists, and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to discuss threats to the ocean, effects of climate change on the ocean, and the role of ocean in climate change. The result was the adoption of the Manado Ocean Declaration, which stressed the need for national strategies for the sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems.", "21. In 2010, the Pacific Oceanscape framework was adopted by the Pacific Leaders Forum as a call for united action against ocean threats across the Pacific. This framework was part of a broader movement entitled the “Pacific Ocean 2020 Challenge”, an intergovernmental initiative encouraging leaders to cooperate in responding to the major threats to the Pacific.", "22. Other important regional initiatives relevant to coral reefs include the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security, the Micronesia Challenge, the Caribbean Challenge, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape project, the West Indian Ocean Partnership, the West African Conservation Challenge, and the Regional Initiative for the Conservation and Wise Use of Mangroves and Coral Reefs in the Americas.", "23. Finally, numerous non-governmental organizations and foundations are implementing programmes and initiatives whose aim is to protect and conserve coral reefs.", "C. Opportunities for further cooperation", "24. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), which will be held in Rio de Janeiro, from 4 to 6 June 2012, offers a unique opportunity to bring together government representatives, civil society, academia, the scientific community and the private sector to discuss sustainable development issues, including the sustainable management and protection of coral reefs.", "25. The Conference will provide the opportunity to review progress made to date as well as the remaining gaps in the implementation of the principles contained in the Rio Declaration, of Agenda 21, of the marine-related goals and targets set out in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and of other ocean-related international agreements.", "26. In addition, the Conference could serve as an opportunity to secure renewed political commitment through the formulation of concrete ocean and coral reef‑related measures and actions. New and emerging challenges, such as the recent severe impacts of climate change and the opportunities (and possible drawbacks) associated with new technologies (for example, geo-engineering), could also be addressed.", "27. The Commission on Sustainable Development is scheduled to undertake a two-year review of oceans, marine life and small island developing States in 2015-2016.", "III. The importance of protecting coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development (including current status and adverse impacts)", "28. Large reef-building areas can be found in the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, the Pacific, South-East Asia and Australia, with its Great Barrier Reef, which represents the world’s largest coral reef system. Grounded by the seabed, coral reefs are built up over very long periods of time (centuries or more) through the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons, which have been discarded by reef-building corals (mainly stony corals).", "29. Most coral reefs exist in tropical waters. The corals that build tropical coral reefs are small marine organisms called polyps which live in compact colonies and depend upon a symbiotic relationship with the algae that live within their tissue and give them their colouration.", "30. Rivalling the tropical coral reefs in species diversity, cold-water coral communities are now known to exist around the world, generally in waters deeper than 40 metres (m) and also at depths that can be well over 1,000 m. While only a few species form actual reefs, cold-water coral mounds and banks provide a habitat and reproductive grounds for a range of species, including commercially important fish and shellfish. Discovered in 2002, the Røst Reef in northern Norway is regarded as the largest cold-water reef. To date, knowledge of cold-water coral ecology, of the extent and status of communities, and of their socio-economic value remains limited.", "31. Often referred to as “rainforests of the sea”, tropical coral reefs are among the most biodiverse systems on the planet. They are also highly productive, and sustain human society through a range of provisioning and supporting services. Tropical coral reefs cover about 250,000 square kilometres (km²) of ocean and while constituting only less than one tenth of 1 per cent of the marine environment, they offer habitat to 25 per cent of all known marine species.", "32. One of the main functions of global coral reefs is to protect about 150,000 km of shoreline in more than 100 countries and territories as they dissolve wave energy and reduce damages from erosion, floods and storms, thereby protecting human settlements, infrastructure and coastal ecosystems.", "33. Apart from environmental benefits, coral reefs also offer important social and economic ones. Of all natural ecosystems on the planet, coral reefs, along with mangroves and seagrass beds, have been estimated to deliver the highest annual value in terms of ecosystem services. Approximately 850 million people (one eighth of the global population) live within 100 km of reefs and derive some benefits from coral reefs, while over 275 million, mostly in developing countries and island nations, depend directly on reefs for livelihoods and sustenance.", "34. Coral-reef fish species represent an important source of protein and contribute about one quarter of the total fish catch on average in developing countries, while at the same time creating job opportunities. A healthy and effectively managed coral reef can produce 5 to 15 tons of fish and seafood per km per year.", "35. Coral reefs support the tourism industry of more than 100 countries, as they attract divers, snorkellers and recreational fishers and provide sand for beaches. In addition, some reef-related marine species have even been analysed and tested for pharmaceutical use, mainly in the area of cancer, HIV and malaria treatment. Further information on economic, social and environmental benefits can be found in section IV below.", "36. Despite their importance, coral reefs are facing numerous local and global threats, which generally occur in combination.", "37. The main local threats are unsustainable fishing practices, coastal development and watershed- and marine-based pollution. These threats reduce the ability of coral reefs, associated ecosystems and human populations to withstand and adapt to increasing climate change (see table 1).", "38. From a regional perspective, South-East Asia has been the most affected by local threats, resulting in endangerment of almost 95 per cent of its coral reefs. The coral reefs in Australia are the least threatened, with only about 14 per cent at risk.[24]", "Table 1 Overview of local threats and their impacts", "Localthreat\tDetails\tPercentageof\tImpacts\tTrends \n affectedcoralreefs \nOverfishinganddestructivefishing\t• Unsustainableharvesting offish orinvertebrates• Damagingfishingpractices (useof explosives orpoisons)• Illegal,unreported andunregulatedfishing• Destructivefish gear (forexample, gillnets,discarded/lostnets)• “Fishing downthe food chain”\tMorethan55 percent(ofwhich30 percentface ahighthreat)\t•Reducedareasoflivingcorals•Reducedspeciesdiversity\tWillcontinue toincreaseowing to:•Populationgrowth• Excessfishingcapacity• Poorfisheriesgovernanceandmanagementpractices•Internationaldemand forfish \n • Lack ofalternativeincome\n •Lowerfishabundance\tCoastaldevelopment(forexample,humansettlements,industry,aquaculture,infrastructure)\t• Coastalengineering• Run-off fromlandconstruction andclearing(sediment)• Dredging orland filling• Pollution:sewage dischargeand toxicchemicals\tApproximately25 percent(ofwhich10 percentface ahighthreat)\t•Increasedalgalcover/overgrowth•Reducedcoralgrowth\tWillcontinue toincrease:• Aspopulationgrowth incoastalareascontinuesto outpaceoverallpopulationgrowth • Directconstruction onreef expanses(airports, etc.) \n\t• Unsustainabletourism \nWatershed-basedpollution(forexample,cropcultivation,intensivelivestockfarming,deforestation,mining)\t• Erosion(sediment)• Nutrientfertilizer• Pesticides• ChemicaltoxinsRun-offdelivered byrivers tocoastal waters\tMorethan25 percent(ofwhich10 percentface ahighthreat)\t•Coralsmoresusceptibletostorms,diseases,infestations•Coralbleaching\tWillcontinue toincreaseowing to:•Deforestation• Climatechange-inducedincrease inprecipitation• Increasedfertilizeruse(especiallyin Africaand SouthAsia) duetoincreasedfood demandofincreasingglobalpopulation •“Dead zones”/ecosystem collapse •Collapsesand \n closuresoffisheries\tMarine-basedpollutionanddamagefromships(forexample,commercial,recreationalandpassengervessels) •Solidwaste(includingplastics),nutrientsandtoxinsfromoilandgasinstallationsandshipping(for\tApproximately10 percent(ofwhich1 percentface ahighthreat)\tWillcontinue toincreaseowing to:• Increasein globaloil demand• Increasein maritimeshippingand cruisetourism• Increasedthreat byinvasivespecies example,contaminatedbilgewater,fuelleakages) •Accidentaltransportof invasive speciesinships’ ballastwater • Physicaldamagefromshipgroundings, \n anchorsandoilspills", "Source: L. Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011).", "39. Apart from these local threats, serious global threats induced by climate change are endangering coral reefs (see table 2).", "Table 2 Overview of main global threats and their impacts", "Globalthreat\tDetails\tPercentageof affectedcoral reefs\tImpacts\tTrends/projections2030-2050 \nOceanacidification\t•Increasedcarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionscausechange inchemistryof oceansurfacewaters:build-upofcarbonicacid\tMore than75 per cent(incombinationwith localthreats)\t•Reductionof coralgrowthrates\tBy 2030:less than50 per centof globalcoral reefsexpected tobe in areasfavourablefor coralgrowth\n •Weakeningof coralskeletons\tBy 2050:onlyapproximately15 per centexpected tobe in areasfavourablefor coralgrowth\n • Supportof coralbleaching\t\n • Halt ofcoralgrowth • Slow \n dissolutionof coralreefs\t\nOceanwarming\t• Risingseatemperatures\tMore than75 per cent(incombinationwith localthreats)\t• (Mass)coralbleaching\tBy 2030: 50per cent ofglobalcoral reefsexpected toexperiencethermalstress andcoralbleaching\n • Coraldeath\tBy 2050:more than95 per centexpected toexperiencethermalstress andcoralbleaching", "Source: L. Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011).", "40. One severe global threat is ocean warming, which leads to “coral bleaching”, a phenomenon whereby corals lose their symbiotic algae and, as a result, their colouration. If continued algae loss occurs, the corals eventually die. The most severe coral bleaching to date, which occurred in 1998, was caused by extreme El Niño-related weather events and resulted in the killing of about 16 per cent of global corals.[25] Since then, repeated coral bleaching has been recorded in most regions. In 2010, a mass coral bleaching event affected the Greater Coral Triangle region. Recent studies predict the dominance of algae on the Great Barrier Reef and Caribbean reefs by 2030-2050, as they often colonize dead corals after coral bleaching events, thereby preventing the settlement of new corals.[26]", "41. The other important global threat is ocean acidification caused by increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. About 30 per cent of global CO₂ emissions are absorbed by oceans and form carbonic acid in reaction with water, which leads to reduced coral growth and calcification, weakened coral skeletons and even the slow dissolution of existing coral reefs.[27]", "42. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, oceans have become 30 per cent more acidic and predictions show that by 2050, ocean acidity could even increase by 150 per cent. This would give marine ecosystems a very small period of time for adaptation, as it would represent a rate of increase that is 100 times faster than that of any ocean acidity change experienced over the last 20 million years.[28]", "43. The reduction of global CO₂ emissions is crucial and first steps have already been taken, inter alia, through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.[29] In July 2011, mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping were adopted at the sixty-second session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization. The regulations apply to all ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2013.", "44. Other potential threats are: (a) sea-level rise (mostly affecting Pacific small island developing States and atolls), which increases erosion, inundation and pollution of freshwater below islands; (b) increased frequency of high-intensity tropical storms (for example, hurricanes); (c) diseases (mainly in the Caribbean); and (d) plagues and infestations of crown-of-thorns starfish (natural predators of corals).", "45. Slow-growing and fragile, cold-water coral reefs are also extremely vulnerable to physical damage caused by human activity. Bottom-fishing and deep-sea trolling have already caused and continue to cause severe impacts; and prospecting constitutes another potentially significant direct threat. In addition, the placement of underwater pipelines and cables endangers cold-water coral reefs.", "46. Globally, 27 countries and territories are highly vulnerable to coral reef loss, of which 19 are small island developing States. Nine countries showed the lowest adaptive capacity, that is, the lowest ability to cope with the effects of coral reef degradation, and will need particular attention (see also figure).", "Vulnerability drivers in 27 very highly vulnerable nations and areas", "Source: Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited.", "47. Despite these threats, only about 27 per cent of global coral reefs are located inside marine protected areas, more than half of which are in Australia. In addition, according to a recent study of the World Resources Institute, only 6 per cent of global coral reefs are located in effectively managed marine protected areas.[30]", "48. As a result, the negative impacts on coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds have been considerable. Global coverage of seagrass beds has declined by almost one third in 100 years and at least one quarter of the historical mangrove cover has been lost.", "49. According to ICRI, about one fifth of the global coral reefs have already been damaged beyond repair and it is predicted that 35 per cent will be lost within the next 20 to 40 years if no change occurs. The recent World Resources Institute report entitled Reefs at Risk Revisited notes that some 341 coral-reef species, including 200 reef-building corals, are currently threatened and predicts that, through the combined impacts of local and global threats, 90 per cent of coral reefs will be threatened by 2030 and all coral reefs will be threatened by 2050, if no protective measures are taken.", "50. The protection of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds is therefore crucial[31] and should be understood as requiring a broad range of actions directed towards sustainable management that directly and tangibly protect coral reefs as well as the rights and interests of reef-dependent populations and sectors.", "IV. Economic, social and environmental benefits of protecting coral reefs, in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012", "51. At the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held on 7 and 8 March 2011, many small island developing States called specifically for the Conference to provide support for sustainable ocean management and the protection of marine resources. Therefore, the topic of oceans, including coral reefs, is expected to figure prominently at the Conference. Furthermore, numerous preparatory meetings are expected to cover the topic of ocean management and protection.[32]", "52. The Conference will focus on two themes: (a) a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and (b) the institutional framework for sustainable development.", "53. Although a precise definition has yet to be formulated, the concept of a green economy can be perceived as a lens focused primarily on the intersection between environment and economy and on seizing opportunities to advance economic and environmental goals simultaneously. The development of this green economy will rely heavily on the sustainable management of oceans and the conservation of marine resources, including coral reefs.", "54. Many member States are now replacing the concept of a green economy with that of a “blue economy”, which implies that development of a green economy needs to include a focus on benefits for coastal communities, especially in small island developing States and developing countries, which depend on the ocean and its marine resources for their existence.[33] This also highlights the importance of healthy oceans in the context of the three pillars of sustainable development, as they can generate significant economic, social, environmental benefits. The identification of coral reef-related benefits is therefore crucial.", "55. Coral reefs offer employment opportunities in fisheries and are an important nutrition source. No less than 30 million people in global coastal communities are entirely dependent on coral reefs as their primary sources of food production, income and livelihood.[34]", "56. On average, people in coral-reef countries consume 29 kilograms (kg) of fish and seafood per year, with the consumption in Maldives being the highest. Main fish consumer countries are the Pacific small island developing States, with average fish consumption twice or four times higher than the global average. Nevertheless, a potential shortage of fish resources has been predicted for 2030 in the Pacific area.", "57. In 2010, coral-reef fisheries generated global annual net benefits of US$ 6.8 billion. Effectively managed and environmentally sound fisheries can play an important role in supporting sustainable development and poverty eradication by providing food and employment opportunities. Fisheries are, in general, small-scale and artisanal enterprises and, as such, represent an attractive business option owing to low entry costs. The greatest number of coral-reef fisheries can be found in Asian countries (for example, Indonesia, Viet Nam and China), each of which has between 100,000 and more than 1 million coral-reef fishers.", "58. According to the World Resources Institute, global annual net benefits from all coral reef-related goods and services totalled approximately US$ 29 billion in 2010, but the economic revenues derived from coral reefs vary considerably by site, depending, inter alia, on: (a) size of tourism markets, (b) importance and productivity of fisheries, (c) level of coastal development and (d) distance to major urban centres. In general, economic revenues originate mainly from coral-reef exports and tourism.", "59. The export of coral-reef species and products represents an important source of income for many countries and includes, inter alia, live reef food fish, aquarium fish and tourist souvenirs. The greatest relative value of coral reef exports (mainly black pearls) can be found in French Polynesia,[35] where they constitute 62 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP).", "60. Coral-reef tourism provides considerable income for both developing and developed countries and generated global annual net benefits of US$ 11.5 billion in 2010. More than 96 coral-reef countries benefit from coral-reef tourism, which in 23 accounts for 15 per cent of their GDP. Revenue associated with coral-reef tourism comes from divers, snorkellers, recreational fishers and beach visitors, who pay for diving and fishing activities, hotels, restaurants and transportation and, in some cases, have to pay a “visitor fee” as well.", "61. In addition, coral reefs offer shoreline protection, provide habitation for marine species and contribute to the formation of (tourist) beaches. In some small island developing States, coral reefs protect more than 80 per cent of the coastline. The global annual net benefits of shoreline protection amounted to US$ 10.7 billion in 2010. Apart from providing shoreline protection, coral reefs offer a habitat for 25 per cent of all marine species and create favourable conditions for other ecosystems (for example, mangroves and seagrass beds).[36]", "62. Finally, coral reefs possess a significant cultural and spiritual value for many indigenous and other coastal communities.", "63. While the dependence on coral reefs is high in many countries, with one half billion people greatly depending on coral reefs for food, livelihood and tourism,[37] small island developing States and coastal communities in developing countries are the most reef-dependent and their particular needs and concerns need to be given particular attention.", "64. According to the World Resources Institute, coral-reef degradation caused by human activity and climate change could lead to significant economic losses in the Caribbean by 2015, namely US$ 95 million-US$ 140 million in diminished net revenues from fisheries and US$ 100 million-US$ 300 million in reduced income from tourism. In addition, annual losses of US$ 140 million-US$ 420 million from reduced coastal protection are predicted in the region within the next 50 years.", "65. According to other studies, the climate change-induced deterioration of the Great Barrier Reef could cost Australia US$ 2.2 billion-US$ 5.3 billion over the next 19 years, while Indonesia could experience losses in the amount of US$ 1.9 billion over 20 years owing to the practice of overfishing.[38]", "66. The second objective of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development is to strengthen the institutional framework for sustainable development. There are numerous local, regional, national and international targets, initiatives and processes relevant to coral reefs and dependent communities and sectors, many of which have firm anchoring in international agreements.", "67. There is a need to reinforce political commitment with regard to existing international agreements and conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which should include necessary actions for the protection and preservation of rare and fragile ecosystems, as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life, including coral reefs.", "68. The establishment, monitoring and enforcement of sustainable national marine managed and marine protected areas, and the building of (regional) networks, are important actions.[39]", "69. Increasingly, countries are creating marine protected areas, even if coral reefs and their resources are associated with only a minor segment of their national economy, owing to their fundamental importance for those countries’ coastal communities. One example is the Sudan, which participates in the activities of the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) geared towards the conservation of all aquatic resources, including coral reefs.", "70. Effectively managed areas — for example, the Bonaire National Marine Park (box I) and the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (box II) — attest to the fact that adequate measures can significantly reduce threats and generate important economic, social and environmental benefits.", "Box IBenefits of the Bonaire Natural Marine Park Background \nBonaire is located approximately 100 kilometres (km) north of theBolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the Caribbean. The goal of the2,700 hectare Bonaire National Marine Park, created in 1979, is “toprotect and manage the island’s natural, cultural and historicalresources, while allowing ecologically sustainable use, for thebenefit of future generations”. Since 1991, the non-governmentalorganization Stichting Nationale Parken Bonaire (STINAPA Bonaire)has been managing the Park and is responsible for covering all itsdirect costs (including law enforcement, maintenance, education,research and monitoring).\nTourism, especially diving, provides the primary economic revenueto Bonaire. In 1994, 25,000 divers visited Bonaire, generatinggross revenues of US$ 34 million. Currently, more than 28,000divers visit Bonaire annually.\n Measures: introduction of an admission fee (“nature fee”) \nIn collaboration with all relevant stakeholders, a successful feesystem was introduced, which entails the payment of an admissionfee (“nature fee”) for visitor entry into the Bonaire NationalMarine Park. In 1992, the imposed visitor fees yielded a total ofover US$ 170,000, which was used to cover management costs, andcoral reef protection and conservation measures.\nToday, the Bonaire National Marine Park charged a one calendar yearfee of $25 for scuba divers and $10 for non-scuba divers. Passesare also available at a cost of $10 for one day of scuba diving.Residents of Bonaire pay a reduced fee. Further revenues aregenerated from the renting of moorings, and the sale of touristsouvenirs, as well as from grants and donations.\n Results \n The Bonaire National Marine Park is financially self-sufficient. \nSources: STINAPA Bonaire, Bonaire National Marine Park ManagementPlan 2006; and http://www.stinapa.org.", "71. According to Conservation International, incomes within marine protected areas are twice as high as those outside of marine protected areas; and marine protected areas can significantly improve livelihood opportunities, food security and environmental awareness.", "72. Another successful approach in the area of coral reef protection and conservation entails the designation of particularly sensitive sea areas (PSSAs) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). In order for an area to be designated a particularly sensitive sea area, it must demonstrate vulnerability to damage by international shipping activities, while possessing certain attributes from an ecological, socio-economic and scientific perspective. Since 1990, IMO has designated 13 such areas, of which 8 are designed to protect coral reefs from the impacts of international shipping.[40]", "Box IIBenefits of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve project \n Background \nThe Gulf of Mannar lies between the southern tip of India, thesouth-east coast of Tamil Nadu State and the north-west coast ofSri Lanka. In 1986, 21 inshore coral sand islands and theirsurrounding coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove habitats weredesignated as constituting the Gulf of Mannar National Park. In1989, the entire Gulf of Mannar was designated a biosphere reserve,thereby representing the first marine conservation area of thiskind in India and the South Asia region.\nThe Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve project was first implementedin 2002 as a partnership between the Governments of India and TamilNadu, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and theGlobal Environment Facility (GEF). It aims to demonstrate themodalities for integrating biodiversity conservation, sustainablecoastal zone management and the livelihoods of local communities,including indigenous and tribal populations. Its overall objectiveis to use a multisectoral and integrated systems approach toconserving the coastal biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar.\n Measures \nMeasures encompassed empowering local communities to manage thecoastal ecosystems in a sustainable manner through strengthening ofconservation efforts, support for alternative livelihood andimplementation of awareness programmes.\n Results \nThe Biosphere Reserve project has helped to transform thebehaviours of local communities and fishermen. In turn, threats tomarine resources have been significantly reduced, as evidenced by a7.5 per cent increase in coral cover in the project area in theperiod from 2006 to 2010.\n Sources: UNDP-GEF; and http://www.gombrt.org.", "73. A wide range of actors from governmental and non-governmental organizations, initiatives, civil society and the private sector are involved in coral-reef protection and conservation. It is therefore crucial to ensure among their activities so as to avert duplication and optimize protection, recovery, conservation and adaptation measures.", "74. To engage all stakeholders, including the private sector, in the effective management and protection of coral reefs, economic incentives (for example, buyouts, conservation agreements and alternative livelihoods incentives) can be utilized as an attractive complement to more traditional measures, such as imposition of fines and penalties.[41]", "75. Owing to the fact that cold-water corals exist beyond national jurisdiction and that coral reefs in general face not only local but also global threats, coral-reef protection has to be conducted not only at the local, regional and national levels but also at the international level, while still allowing local communities to exercise a strong ownership role in the management of coral reefs and their resources.", "76. Regional fisheries management organizations have a key role to play in the conservation of marine species beyond national jurisdictions, as they are responsible for managing high-seas fish stocks and highly migratory species and can help to set catch and fishing effort limits, implement technical measures and oversee control obligations.", "V. The role of national legislation in protecting coral reefs (including the importance of involving indigenous and local communities)", "77. The role of national Governments and legislation in providing an enabling environment within which all stakeholders can meaningfully contribute to coral-reef protection is a pivotal one.[42]", "78. In Brazil for example, nine coral-reef conservation units have been created, including municipal, State and federal units. The Government initiated the National System of Conservation Units, which brought together all existing instruments and regulations on the issue, to establish a framework for the creation, implementation, consolidation and management of these units. Through the integration of the various units, the federal Government is able to join State and local governments in providing better protection of the environment in Brazil.", "79. Apart from focusing on coral-reef protection, national legislation should also include climate change adaptation measures, which could reduce the vulnerability of reef-dependent populations. Effective government institutions, regulations and enforcement mechanisms also play an important role in the establishment, monitoring and enforcement of sustainable marine managed areas and marine protected areas.", "80. The application of payments for ecosystem services (PES) and other incentive-based mechanisms can support the implementation of protection and conservation measures.[43] Of particular importance for marine and coastal payments for ecosystem services, owing to the public-good nature of these resources, is the ability to identify “sellers” and “buyers” of the ecosystem service of interest. New institutional arrangements, such as community-based management, management concessions, and co-management schemes, can substitute use and access rights for ownership.", "81. A notable example of payments for ecosystem services within the context of coral-reefs habitat is provided by the private and non-profit Chumbe Island Coral Park in the United Republic of Tanzania. The Government of Zanzibar established a protected area around the island and its fringing coral reef in 1994 and gave the management rights to the Park, which is responsible for implementing the Chumbe Island Coral Park management plans 1995-2016.", "82. The success of national legislation often depends on the integration of all stakeholders in the decision-making process. The inclusion of indigenous and other local communities is therefore of the utmost importance, as those communities are often the ones most dependent on coral reefs for food and livelihood.", "83. In this regard, the Government of Germany provides support to international initiatives and projects devoted to coral reefs in the context of integrated coastal area planning and management, that include indigenous and local communities, as well as partners at local, national, regional and international levels.", "84. Through their national legislation, Australia and Palau, which could offer valuable lessons learned, have implemented successful measures designed to protect coral reefs while involving their indigenous and other local communities.", "A. Protection of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef", "85. The Government of Australia had begun taking steps to protect its Great Barrier Reef when it created, in 1975, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Various protection and conservation measures have been put in place, including the establishment in 2004 of a new zoning plan which increased the proportion of the Marine Park that was highly protected by “no take zones” from less than 5 per cent to more than 33 per cent.[44]", "86. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority is working in partnership with indigenous groups (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) to develop formal legally recognized agreements, known as Traditional Use of Marine Resource Agreements, regarding the management of the Marine Park. The Agreements provide a practical and more flexible pathway towards expression by traditional owner groups of their rights and interests. The framework also provides collaborative opportunities for protecting cultural values and managing culturally important species in accordance with traditional lore, and for addressing other activities that impact Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, such as illegal fishing and resource poaching.", "87. Other important initiatives include the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan) and Reef Rescue, a five-year programme (2008-2013) that aims to reduce the discharge of dissolved nutrients and chemicals from agricultural lands into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon by 25 per cent and the discharge of sediment and nutrients by 10 per cent.", "88. Australia’s marine bioregional planning is designed to provide long-term protection of coral reefs and related ecosystems by improving the conservation, sustainable use, and management of marine resources and ecosystems (through marine managed areas and marine protected areas), including coral-reef habitats.", "89. Implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/150 was initiated by the Government of Australia in close partnership with Pacific and other countries that may be directly affected by the degradation or loss of coral reefs and related ecosystems (for example, Nauru).", "B. Marine protected areas in Palau", "90. Palau is located approximately 800 km east of the Philippines. In 2003, the Government introduced the Protected Areas Network Act (PAN Act), which consisted in the establishment of a nationwide network of marine protected areas for the purpose of protecting biodiversity and natural resources. Of the 28 marine protected areas designated, 24 contain coral reefs.", "91. The PAN Act has been supported by indigenous communities and at the highest level of national government, as it allows stakeholder involvement and flexibility in the planning process. It encompassed the establishment of the Protected Areas Network Fund (PANF), a non-governmental corporation, and the implementation of the imposition of an admission fee of US$ 15, collected from visitors upon their departure from the airport (Green fee). The Act inspired several Governments of the Federated States of Micronesia to establish the Micronesia Challenge, launched in 2006.", "VI. The way forward: potential actions (consistent with international law) needed to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems, including proposals for coordinated and coherent action across the United Nations system", "92. The protection of oceans and related ecosystems, including coral reefs, remains a main objective, as already envisaged in chapter 17 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and other international agreements.", "93. Recent studies have shown that coral reefs have the capacity to recover even from very extreme damage if adequate protection, resilience-building, recovery and conservation measures, such as the Coral Reef Conservation Act (United States of America), are in place. In this context, the establishment of marine national parks and artificial coral reefs[45] has been successful in certain areas. Other positive trends are increased public awareness and a more active local engagement. Although strong recovery has been seen in parts of the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, especially where direct stress is low, recovery has been stalled or weak in areas where there are substantial human pressures.", "94. Further major efforts are therefore needed to diminish threats to coral reefs, particularly since appropriate actions can generate significant social, economic and environmental benefits.", "95. As coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues UN-Oceans could play an expanded role in ensuring coordinated and coherent action across the United Nations system with respect to coral-reef protection. The creation of a specialized coral-reefs task force under its umbrella, comprising experts from its respective member organizations and including collaboration with national coral-reef task forces, could be considered.", "96. Others recommendations for the protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development at the global and local levels include:", "(a) Minimize global CO₂ emissions, as they lead to ocean acidification and ocean warming, thus destroying coral reefs. Urgent progress towards multilateral agreements and action to reduce CO₂ and other greenhouse gases responsible for climate change is essential for both short- and longer-term efforts to reduce the impacts of climate change on coral-reef biodiversity and ecosystem services;", "(b) Reduce unsustainable fishing practices such as overfishing and destructive fishing by (i) addressing their primary drivers (for example, food insecurity and poverty) through appropriate measures (for example, promotion of alternative livelihoods); (ii) establishing sustainable management policies, practices and guidelines[46] for fisheries; (iii) reducing excess fishing capacity; (iv) combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, inter alia, through enhanced port State control and port State measures; (v) eliminating unsound fishing subsidies; (vi) prohibiting destructive fishing; and (vii) enforcing fishing regulations;", "(c) Decrease watershed-based sedimentation and pollution through (i) improved agriculture, livestock and mining practices; (ii) the minimization and control of industrial, urban and mining run-off; and (iii) the protection and restoration of vegetation (especially mangroves and seagrass beds). These measures can be supported by applying payments for ecosystem services and other incentive-based mechanisms;", "(d) Reduce marine-based pollution and damage by (i) controlling and regulating ballast discharge from ships through protocols and conventions; (ii) improving waste management at ports and marinas; (iii) designating safe shipping lanes and boating areas, and particularly sensitive sea areas; and (iv) efficiently managing offshore oil and gas activities (including through risk assessment and emergency plans);", "(e) Improve coastal development through (i) ecosystem-based management; (ii) integrated coastal management; (iii) ocean zoning; (iv) linkage of terrestrial and marine protected areas; (v) prevention of unsound land development; (vi) restriction or limitation of coastal development within a specified distance from the coast (coastal development setbacks); (vii) adequate watershed management; and (viii) protection and recovery of critical coastal habitats and vegetation (including reforestation measures). Adequate coastal development is especially important in light of predicted population growth in coastal areas, which will continue to outpace overall population growth;", "(f) Increase the coverage and effectiveness of marine managed and marine protected areas, including through the building of networks. The provision of sufficient financial resources, adequate equipment and trained staff through resource mobilization and capacity-building measures is crucial for guaranteeing their effective functioning;", "(g) Reinforce regional and international collaboration in protection, resilience-building, recovery, adaptation and conservation measures through: (i) implementation of international agreements (for example, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships); (ii) establishment of transboundary collaboration and regional agreements; (iii) improved international regulations regarding trade of coral-reef products (particularly live coral-reef organisms); and (iv) enhanced regional and international climate change efforts;", "(h) Promote sharing of successful approaches related to coral-reef protection, recovery, resilience-building, adaptation and conservation (best practices), and the transfer of (new) technologies;", "(i) Implement sustainable tourism and promote ecotourism, as tourism is projected to continue to increase worldwide. The establishment of partnerships with the tourism industry and the use of incentives for coral-reef protection (for example, certification schemes, awards for eco-friendly hotels, and engagement of diving or tour operators) can play an important role in this regard;", "(j) Encourage data collection and scientific research directed towards further exploration of the economic, social and environmental benefits of coral reefs in support of the development by decision makers of measures designed to protect coral reefs, reinforce their resilience and enhance the ability of coastal communities to adapt to environmental changes and coral-reef degradation. There is a particular need to carry out assessments on the status and trends in respect of cold-water coral-reef ecosystems. In addition, the extension and/or establishment of coral-reef monitoring systems (including socio-economic factors) should be supported;", "(k) Promote education and communication on the subject of coral reefs so as to inform citizens, the private sector, government representatives and potential donors on current threats affecting coral reefs and the urgent need to protect them. Governments should encourage sustainable individual action of citizens by raising awareness of local laws and regulations and by promoting sustainable fishing practices, the purchase of sustainably caught seafood and the reduction of household waste and pollution;", "(l) Ensure the involvement of all stakeholders, especially local and indigenous communities, in the development and implementation of national legislation, inter alia, through partnership programmes.", "A more sustainable future for coral reefs is achievable. International cooperation on mapping out a vision and action plan designed to spur action on implementing policies needed to ensure the protection of coral reefs could be considered.", "[1] See UNEP Coral Reefs website (http://coral.unep.ch/).", "[2] See http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/.", "[3] Some coral reefs are even declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites (for example, the Belize Barrier Reef, in 1996).", "[4] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.", "[5] Ibid., annex II.", "[6] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363.", "[7] Ibid., vol. 1760, No. 30619.", "[8] UNEP/CBD/COP/2/19, annex, decision II/10.", "[9] See UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27, annex.", "[10] Ibid.", "[11] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822.", "[12] Ibid., vol. 1046, No. 15749.", "[13] Ibid., vol. 993, No. 14537.", "[14] Ibid., vol. 996, No. 14583.", "[15] Ibid., vol. 1651, No. 28395.", "[16] Available from www.unep.org.", "[17] Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.I.18 and corrigenda), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[18] Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritius, 10‑14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.A.4 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.", "[19] Ibid., annex II.", "[20] See E/1999/29, chap. I.C.", "[21] See General Assembly resolution 55/2.", "[22] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[23] Current members include: the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Labour Organization (ILO), IOC-UNESCO, IMO, the International Seabed Authority, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, UNDP, UNEP, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Bank and the World Tourism Organization.", "[24] L. Burke, and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011), pp. 1-14.", "[25] Ibid., pp. 21-37.", "[26] S. Wooldridge and others, “Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: a belief network approach” in Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 295 (2005), pp. 157-169.", "[27] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 21-37.", "[28] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Scientific Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity, Technical Series, No. 46 (Montreal, 2009), p. 9.", "[29] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2303, No. 30822.", "[30] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 79-84.", "[31] See also the Action Plan to Conserve the Coral Reef Ecosystem, established in 2010 in Japan.", "[32] See http://www.uncsd2012.org; and A/CONF.216/PC/9.", "[33] Australia/Pew Environment Group, “Keeping the green economy blue”, concept paper (2011).", "[34] C. Wilkinson, ed., “Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008” (Townsville, Australia, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, 2008), pp. 5-19.", "[35] See also, French Initiative for Coral Reefs (L’IFRECOR) website (http://www.ifrecor.fr/).", "[36] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 66-78.", "[37] Wilkinson, “Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008”, pp. 5-19.", "[38] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 66-78.", "[39] See, also, the ICRI East Asia Initiative on MPAs Networks (including Thailand).", "[40] See, also, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/PSSAs.", "[41] See, also, E. Niesten and H. Gjertsen, “Economic incentives for marine conservation” (Arlington, Virginia, Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, 2010).", "[42] See also the National Environmental Policy for Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coastal Areas and Islands of Colombia.", "[43] See, also, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/.", "[44] See, also, in this regard, Mexico’s “National Law of the Waters” (approved in 2008), which specifically addresses the issue of the establishment of regulated zones, zones closed to fishing, and water reserves.", "[45] See, also, London Convention and Protocol/UNEP, Guidelines for the Placement of Artificial Reefs (London, IMO, 2009); and “Aquarius coral restoration and resilience experiments”, in “Report on NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program activities from 2007-2009: implementation of the National Coral Reef Action Strategy — report to Congress” (Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, 2010), p. 84.", "[46] See, also, FAO “Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries”." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 of the provisional agenda [1]", "Sustainable development", "Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Tropical coral reefs, often referred to as “ocean rainforests”, are one of the richest and most productive ecosystems in the world's biological species, with social, economic and environmental benefits for millions of people. However, coral reefs, while important, face many local and global threats as a result of human activities and climate change. Unsustainable fishing practices, coastal exploitation, pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification have caused damage to one fifth of coral reefs that cannot be repaired, and the prospects will be alarming if they are not changed. Concerted action at the global, national, regional and local levels is therefore urgently needed. Protection, resilience-building, recovery, conservation and adaptation measures involving all stakeholders need to be tailored to the needs of regional, national and local communities and implemented in an integrated and coherent manner. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will provide an opportunity to review the status of the Conference Progress to date and gaps in the implementation of the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the oceans-related goals and targets of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and other international agreements concerning oceans and seas. In addition, the meeting could ensure renewed political commitment by developing specific measures and actions related to oceans and coral reefs.", "Contents", "International and regional networks and non-governmental organizations", "Introduction", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/150, entitled “Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development”, in which it urged States to take all practical steps at all levels to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including immediate and concerted action at the global, regional and local levels to address challenges and address the adverse impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on coral reefs and related ecosystems; and also urged States to develop, adopt and implement integrated and integrated management approaches to coral reefs and related ecosystems.", "2. In paragraph 3 of the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a comprehensive report on the protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development for consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In response to that request, the report focuses on the importance of coral reef protection and analyses the economic, social and developmental benefits of coral reef protection in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in 2012. The report will also identify actions that may be required to protect coral reefs and associated ecosystems.", "3. The report draws on inputs and information provided by Governments and United Nations programmes and organizations, in particular the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Inputs were also received from the International Maritime Organization, the International Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the World Resources Institute, the International Coral Reef Initiative, the West Indian Ocean Coastal Challenge Initiative and the Conservation International Foundation. [3]", "Coral reefs and sustainable development", "4. The importance of oceans and coral reefs in achieving sustainable development goals is well established, and [4] the present report will take this into account by outlining international, national, regional and local efforts to protect and manage coral reefs as part of the overall effort to enhance the sustainable development of marine and coastal areas.", "A. United Nations", "5. Member States participating in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21. [6] Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 is devoted to the protection and sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention establishes the basis for ocean governance and provides a comprehensive legal framework for ocean affairs, such as economic activities in the oceans, the protection and preservation of the marine environment and marine science and technology.", "6. The Convention on Biological Diversity[8] entered into force in 1993 and the Jakarta Mandate on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity was adopted at the second meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Jakarta in November 1995. [9] Since 1998, the Convention has addressed such issues as integrated marine and coastal area management, marine protected areas, coral bleaching and physical degradation and destruction of coral reefs.", "7. The tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010, culminated in the adoption by the Conference of the Parties of decision X/2 on the development of a strategic plan for biodiversity for 2011-2020, one of which aims to minimize, by 2015, threats to coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems (Goal 10). [10] In the same context, decision X/29 [11] stressed the need for data collection and analysis, as well as environmental (impact) assessments and measures to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources. It was also recommended that a report be prepared on progress made in the implementation of the specific work plan on coral bleaching.", "8. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which entered into force in 1994, [12] provides the framework for the development of agreements to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and for intergovernmental efforts to address the challenges posed by climate change.", "9. Other conventions relevant to the protection of coral reefs include the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) [13] and its Additional Protocol (London Protocol), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, [14] the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), [15] the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals [the Convention] 16] and the Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region. [17]", "10. The 1994 Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States adopted the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,[18] which explicitly identified coastal and marine resources as an area requiring immediate action. The Commission on Sustainable Development reviewed the implementation of the Programme of Action at its fourth and sixth sessions, in 1996 and 1998. This was reaffirmed in the 2005 Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States [20].", "11. At its seventh session, in 1999, the Commission on Sustainable Development called for action to eradicate overfishing and wasteful fishing practices. In its decision 7/1, the Commission emphasized that “the vast majority of the planet's life-supporting consists of oceans, which drive the climate and hydrological cycles and provide vital resources for ensuring the well-being and economic prosperity of present and future generations, eradicating poverty, guaranteeing food security and protecting marine biodiversity and its intrinsic value for the environment that sustains life on Earth” (para.", "12. Other General Assembly resolutions on coral reefs include resolutions 61/105 of 8 December 2006 on sustainable fisheries, 63/214 of 19 December 2008 on achieving the sustainable development of the Caribbean Sea for present and future generations and 64/73 of 7 December 2009 on protecting global climate for present and future generations of humankind.", "13. The United Nations Millennium Declaration of 2000 [22] re-emphasizes the need to protect the environment and manage all living species and natural resources in a sustainable manner, while reaffirming its support for the principles of sustainable development, including those set out in Agenda 21.", "Paragraphs 30 to 36 of the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”), adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, focus on oceans, islands and coastal areas. The implementation plan promotes the establishment of inter-agency coordination mechanisms within the United Nations system and encourages regional cooperation among relevant regional organizations and programmes.", "15. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO supports decision-making processes worldwide by facilitating and coordinating continuous observation, modelling and analysis of ocean variables and processes, and has developed the Global Ocean Observing System to provide an accurate description of the current state of the oceans, including living resources, continuous forecasts of the future marine environment and the basis for predictions of climate change, including those required to monitor and protect coral reefs.", "16. The United Nations Oceans Network [24], established in 2003, is an inter-agency coordination mechanism on oceans and coastal issues, including coral reefs, based on the work of the former Subcommittee on Oceans and Coastal Areas of the Administrative Committee on Coordination. Its role is to promote coherence in the activities of the United Nations system relating to oceans and coastal areas and to support the integrated management of the oceans at the international level, in accordance with the mandates of the General Assembly, the Millennium Development Goals and the priorities contained in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, as well as the mandates of the governing bodies of all members of UN-Oceans.", "International and regional networks and non-governmental organizations", "17. The International Coral Reef Initiative, launched in 1994, as a partnership between Governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, is the only global entity dedicated to coral reef conservation that aims to conserve coral reefs and associated ecosystems through the implementation of chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and other relevant international conventions and agreements. At the same time, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) was created as the concrete action unit of the Initiative to engage in coral reef monitoring and ecological and socio-economic information, as well as data management, and to compile reports on the state of global coral reefs.", "18. In 1995, the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) called on member States to commit to more research and monitoring of coral reefs in order to provide data for effective management as outlined in its Call to Action and Framework for Action.", "19. In 2007, the Government of Seychelles launched the West Indian Ocean Coastal Challenge Initiative, which invites countries in the region to work together to reduce the adverse impacts of climate change while promoting ecosystem resilience, livelihood sustainability and human security.", "20. In 2009, the World Ocean Congress, as the Global Ocean Forum, brought together government ministers and heads of delegation, industry experts, scientists and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to discuss threats to the oceans, the impacts of climate change on the oceans and the role of oceans in climate change. Following the conference, the Wadow Ocean Declaration emphasized the development of national strategies for the sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems.", "21. In 2010, the Pacific Leaders Forum, through the Pacific Seascape Framework, called for joint action to counter threats across the Pacific. The framework is part of a broader campaign called the Pacific 2020 Challenge Initiative, an intergovernmental initiative designed to encourage leaders to work together to address key threats to the Pacific.", "22. Other important regional initiatives related to coral reefs include the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security, the Micronesia Challenge Initiative, the Caribbean Challenge Initiative, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape Project, the Western Indian Ocean Partnership, the West Africa Conservation Challenge Initiative and the Regional Initiative for the Conservation and Wise Use of Mangroves and Coral Reefs in the Americas.", "23. In addition, many non-governmental organizations and foundations are implementing programmes and initiatives aimed at protecting and conserving coral reefs.", "C. Future opportunities for cooperation", "24. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), held in Rio de Janeiro from 4 to 6 June 2012, will provide a unique opportunity to bring together government representatives, civil society, academia, the scientific community and the private sector to discuss sustainable development issues, including the sustainable management and protection of coral reefs.", "25. The meeting will provide an opportunity to review progress to date and gaps in the implementation of the principles of the Rio Declaration, the oceans-related goals and targets of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and other international agreements relating to oceans and seas.", "26. In addition, the Conference could ensure renewed political commitment by developing specific measures and actions related to oceans and coral reefs. Emerging challenges, such as the severe impacts of recent climate change and the opportunities and possible disadvantages of new technologies, such as geoengineering, could also be addressed at the Conference.", "27. The Commission on Sustainable Development is scheduled to conduct a biennial review of oceans, marine life and small island developing States from 2015 to 2016.", "III. The importance of protecting coral reefs and associated ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development (including current status and adverse impacts)", "28. Large reef areas can be observed in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Middle East, Pacific, South-East Asia and Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef is the world ' s largest coral reef system. Coral reefs are based on the sea floor and are made of calcium carbonate bones that have been abandoned by reef-building corals (mainly rock corals) over a long period of time (hundreds or more).", "Most coral reefs exist in tropical waters. Corals that form tropical coral reefs are small marine organisms called coral worms, which grow in small communities and rely on symbiotic relationships with an algae that survives within their tissues and colours them.", "30. Cold-water coral communities are not unlike tropical coral reefs in terms of species diversity, and as far as is known, cold-water corals are present in various parts of the world, generally in waters with water depths exceeding 40 metres and can also be their habitat well above 1,000 metres. Although only a few species form real reefs, cold-water coral plumes provide habitats and breeding grounds for various species, including fish and shellfish of significant commercial value. Roest Cay, found in northern Norway at the end of 2002, is considered the largest cold-water coral reef. To date, there is limited understanding of the ecological aspects of cold-water corals, the extent and status of these communities and their socio-economic value.", "Tropical coral reefs, often referred to as “ocean rainforests”, are one of the most biologically diverse systems on Earth. Tropical coral reefs are highly productive and sustain human society through various supply and support services. Tropical coral reefs cover an area of approximately 250,000 square kilometres, less than 0.1 per cent of the marine environment, but provide habitats for 25 per cent of known marine species.", "32. One of the main functions of global coral reefs is to protect approximately 150,000 kilometres of coastline in more than 100 countries and territories, as coral reefs can mitigate wave energy and reduce damage from erosion, floods and storms, thereby protecting human settlements, infrastructure and coastal ecosystems.", "33. In addition to environmental benefits, coral reefs provide important social and economic benefits. It is estimated that coral reefs produce the highest annual value of ecosystem services from mangroves and seagrass beds in all natural ecosystems on Earth. Some 850 million people (one eighth of the global population) live within 100 kilometres of coral reefs and derive some of their benefits from them; more than 275 million people depend directly on coral reefs for their livelihoods, mainly in developing and island countries.", "34. Coral reef species are an important source of protein, accounting for about one quarter of the average total catch in developing countries, while providing employment opportunities. Soundly managed coral reefs produce 5 to 15 tons of fish and seafood per square kilometre per year.", "35. Coral reefs sustain tourism in more than 100 countries as they attract divers, divers and fish lovers and provide sand on beaches. In addition, some coral reef-related marine species have even undergone drug analysis and testing, mainly in the areas of cancer, HIV and malaria treatment. Further information on economic, social and environmental benefits is provided in section IV below.", "36. Despite these importance, coral reefs face multiple local and global threats, often accompanied by a combination of them.", "37. Local threats include, inter alia, unsustainable fishing practices, coastal exploitation and watershed and marine pollution. These threats undermine the ability of coral reefs, associated ecosystems and human populations to withstand and adapt to increasing climate change (see table 1).", "38. From a regional perspective, South-East Asia is most affected by endemic threats, with nearly 95 per cent of coral reefs at risk. Australia ' s coral reefs are the least threatened, with only about 14 per cent at risk. [25]", "Table 1 Overview of local threats and their impact", "Over-fishing and destructive fishing • Other income • Reduction of coastal development (e.g., use of explosives, aquaculture, infrastructure) • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Disruptive fishing gear (e.g., gill nets, abandoned/lost nets) • More than 55 per cent (of which 30 per cent are highly threatened) • Reduction in the area of live coral • Reduction in species diversity will continue to increase as a result of: • Population growth — Over-fishing capacity — inadequate management practices — International demand for fish • Lack of other income — 10 per cent (under the food chain) • Reduction of fish • Increase of coastal development (e.g., use of explosives, aquaculture, infrastructure) • Increase of coastal development (e.g., use of coastal engineering) • Increase of pollution of fish by sea (e.g., by sea) and by sea (e.g., by sea) • Increase of the level of water pollution (e.g., by sea) and by sea (e.g., by sea)", "Source: L. Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Review (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011).", "39. In addition to these local threats, the global threat posed by climate change puts coral reefs at risk (see table 2).", "Table 2 Overview of major global threats and their impact", "More than 75 per cent (plus local threats) of the surface water of the ocean has changed its chemical properties. Coral skeletal weakening by 2050: only about 15 per cent of global coral reefs are expected to survive in areas conducive to coral growth • Increased sea temperature, more than 75% By 2030: 50 per cent of global coral reefs are expected to experience heat stress and coral bleaching (plus local threats) • Coral death by 2050: more than 95 per cent of coral reefs will experience heat stress and coral bleaching", "Source: Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Reviewed (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011).", "One of the serious global threats is ocean warming, leading to “creas bleaching”, where corals lose their symbiotic algae and therefore their colour. Corals eventually die if they continue to lose algae. The worst coral bleaching occurred in 1998 and was caused by El Niño-related extreme weather events, resulting in approximately 16 per cent of global coral deaths. Since then, coral bleaching has continued in most regions. In 2010, a large-scale coral bleaching affected the Great Coral Triangle. Recent studies predict that, by 2030 to 2050, coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef and the Caribbean will be occupied by algae, which, after coral bleaching, tend to reproduce in dead corals, preventing new corals from building. [27]", "41. Another serious global threat is ocean acidification caused by increasing carbon dioxide emissions. About 30 per cent of global CO2 emissions are absorbed by the oceans, which reacts with water to form carbon acid, leading to a slowdown in coral growth and calcification, a weakening of coral bones and even a slow disintegration of existing coral reefs. [28]", "42. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the acidity of the oceans has increased by 30 per cent, and by 2050 it is projected to increase by 150 per cent. Marine ecosystems have only a short time to adapt to this change, as this increase is 100 times faster than that of any ocean acidity in the past 20 million years. [29]", "43. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions was crucial and initial steps had been taken to that end, in particular through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [30] In July 2011, the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization, at its sixty-second session, adopted mandatory measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime transport. These measures apply to all vessels of 400 gross tonnage and are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2013.", "44. Other potential threats include: (a) sea-level rise (mainly affecting Pacific small island developing States and atolls), which leads to increased erosion, flooding and contamination of freshwater under the island; (b) more frequent high-intensity tropical storms (e.g. hurricanes); (c) disease (mainly in the Caribbean); and (d) natural disasters and disturbance of the Elephant Seastar (the coral predator).", "45. Cold-water corals are slow to grow and fragile and are highly vulnerable to physical damage as a result of human activities. Seabed fisheries and deep-sea trawling have had and continue to have serious impacts, while prospecting poses another potentially serious direct threat. In addition, the laying of submarine pipelines and cables also endangers cold-water coral reefs.", "46. Coral reefs are highly vulnerable in 27 countries and territories globally, 19 of which are small island developing States. Nine countries have the least capacity to cope with the impacts of coral reef degradation and require special attention (see also figure).", "Weaknesses in 27 highly vulnerable countries and territories", "Source: Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Reviewed.", "47. Despite these threats, only about 27 per cent of global coral reefs are located in marine protected areas, more than half of them in Australia. In addition, according to a recent study by the World Resources Institute, only 6 per cent of global coral reefs are located in effectively managed marine protected areas. [31]", "48. The negative impact on coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds is therefore considerable. Global seagrass bed coverage has been reduced by almost one third in 100 years, while historically mangroves have disappeared by at least one quarter.", "49. The International Coral Reef Initiative noted that approximately one fifth of the world ' s coral reefs were damaged and could not be repaired and that, if nothing was changed, 35 per cent of them were expected to disappear in the next 20 to 40 years. A recent study by the World Resources Institute entitled Coral Crisis Retrace, which indicates that there are currently some 341 coral reef species at risk, including 200 reef-building corals, also predicts that 90 per cent of global coral reefs will be threatened by 2030 and all coral reefs by 2050, if protective measures are not taken, due to the combined effects of local and global threats.", "50. The protection of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds is therefore essential and should be understood as requiring a broad range of actions for sustainable management, direct and effective protection of coral reefs and protection of the rights and interests of populations and industries dependent on coral reefs.", "IV. Analysis of the economic, social and environmental benefits of coral reef protection in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in 2012", "51. At the second meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), held on 7 and 8 March 2011, many small island developing States specifically called for the Conference to support sustainable ocean management and the protection of marine resources. It is therefore expected that the Conference will highlight oceans issues, including coral reefs. In addition, many preparatory meetings are expected to address issues of ocean management and protection. [33]", "52. The Conference will focus on two themes: (a) a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty reduction; and (b) an institutional framework for sustainable development.", "53. While a precise definition is yet to be made, the concept of a green economy can be considered to be primarily concerned with the cross-cutting aspects of the environment and economy, with a focus on seizing opportunities while advancing economic and environmental objectives. The development of a green economy will depend heavily on sustainable ocean management and the conservation of marine resources, including coral reefs.", "Many Member States are replacing the concept of a green economy with a “blue economy”, which means that the development of a green economy involves attention to the interests of coastal communities, particularly in small island developing States and developing countries dependent on the oceans and their resources for their subsistence. [34] The concept also emphasizes the importance of healthy oceans for the three pillars of sustainable development, as healthy oceans can produce important economic, social and environmental benefits. It is therefore important to identify the benefits associated with coral reefs.", "55. Coral reefs provide employment opportunities in fisheries and are an important source of nutrition. At least 30 million people in global coastal communities depend entirely on coral reefs as their primary source of food production, income and livelihoods. [35]", "56. The population of coral reef countries consumes an average of 29 kg of fish and seafood annually, with the Maldives having the highest consumption. The main fish-consuming countries are the Pacific small island developing States, with average fish consumption twice or four times higher than the global average. However, a possible fish stock shortage in the Pacific region is already projected for 2030.", "57. Coral reef fisheries generated a net annual gain of $6.8 billion globally in 2010. Managing effective and environmentally sound fisheries can play an important role in supporting sustainable development and poverty reduction by providing food and employment opportunities. Fishery is usually conducted by small-scale artisanal enterprises, which, because of low threshold costs, are attractive business options. Asian countries have the largest number of people engaged in coral reef fisheries, for example, in Indonesia, Viet Nam and China, each country has between 100,000 and more than 1 million coral reef fishermen.", "58. According to the World Resources Institute, in 2010, the global net annual benefits of all coral reef-related goods and services totalled approximately $29 billion, but the economic revenues derived from coral reefs varied significantly from region to region, with determinants including, but not limited to, (a) the size of the tourism market, (b) the productivity and importance of fisheries, (c) the level of coastal development and (d) distance from major central cities. In general, economic revenues come mainly from coral reef exports and tourism.", "59. The export of coral reef species and products is an important source of income for many countries, including, but not limited to, living coral reef fish, fish watchers and tourist souvenirs. French Polynesia[36] has the highest relative value for coral reef exports (mainly black pearls), accounting for 62 per cent of its GDP.", "60. Coral reef tourism has generated significant revenues for developing and developed countries, with annual global net benefits of $11.5 billion in 2010. More than 96 coral reef countries benefit from coral reef tourism, and in 23 of those countries such benefits account for 15 per cent of GDP. Coral reef tourism revenues come from divers, divers, fish lovers and beach tourists who pay for diving and fishing activities, hotels, restaurants and transportation, and sometimes “visitors”.", "61. In addition, coral reefs provide shoreline protection, provide habitats for marine species and contribute to the formation of (tourism-friendly) beaches. In some small island developing States, coral reefs protect 80 per cent of the coastline. In 2010, the annual net gain from coastline protection was $10.7 billion. In addition to shoreline protection, coral reefs provide habitats for 25 per cent of all marine species and create favourable conditions for other ecosystems, such as mangroves and seagrass beds. [37]", "62. Finally, coral reefs have important cultural and spiritual values for many indigenous and other coastal communities.", "63. Although many countries are highly dependent on coral reefs and 1.5 billion people globally rely heavily on coral reefs for food, livelihoods and tourism,[38] small island developing States and coastal communities in developing countries are the most dependent on coral reefs and must pay special attention to their special needs and concerns.", "64. The World Resources Institute noted that, as a result of human activities and climate change, coral reef degradation could lead to significant economic losses in the Caribbean by 2015, reducing net fisheries revenues by between $95 million and $140 million and tourism revenues by between $100 million and $300 million. In addition, the region is expected to lose between $140 million and $420 million per year over the next 50 years as a result of the erosion of coastal protection.", "65. Other studies suggest that climate change-induced degradation of the Great Barrier Reef could cost Australia $2.2 billion to $5.3 billion over the next 19 years, while Indonesia could suffer $1.9 billion over 20 years as a result of overfishing. [39]", "66. The second objective of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was to strengthen the institutional framework for sustainable development. There are numerous local, regional, national and international goals, initiatives and processes relating to coral reefs and communities and sectors dependent on them for survival, many of which are firmly based on international agreements.", "67. Political commitments related to existing international agreements and conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, must be strengthened and should include necessary actions to promote the protection and preservation of rare and vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, including coral reefs, of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life.", "68. The establishment, monitoring and implementation of sustainable national marine management areas and marine protected areas and the establishment of regional networks are important actions. [40]", "69. As coral reefs are of critical importance to coastal communities, countries are creating an increasing number of marine protected areas, even if coral reefs and their resources involve only a fraction of the national economy. The Sudan is one example. It participated in the activities of the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden aimed at the conservation of all marine resources, including coral reefs.", "70. Effectively managed areas, such as the Bonaire National Marine Park (box I) and the Mannar Bay Biosphere Reserve (box II), have proved that appropriate measures can significantly reduce threats and generate important economic, social and environmental benefits.", "Box I: Benefits of the Bonaire National Marine Park The Bonaire National Marine Park, an area of 2,700 hectares, was established in 1979 with the objective of “protecting and managing the island's natural, cultural and historical resources, while allowing for their ecologically sustainable use for the benefit of future generations”. Since 1991, the non-governmental organization STINAAPABONEIRE has been responsible for the management of the park and for all its direct costs, including law enforcement, maintenance, education, research and monitoring. Tourism, especially diving, is the primary source of economic income for Bonaire. In 1994, 25,000 divers came to Bonaire, generating $34 million in gross revenue. There are currently more than 28,000 divers each year in Bonaire. Measures: Introduction of gardening fees (“natural expenses”) and the successful introduction of a fee system in collaboration with all relevant stakeholders, requiring tourists to pay for entering the Bonaire National Marine Park (“natural expenses”). In 1992, tourist fees totalling over $170,000 were charged to cover management fees and coral reef protection and conservation measures. At present, the Bonaire National Marine Park charges an annual fee of $25 to divers and $10 to divers who do not. The residents of Bonaire paid a slightly lower fee. Other income comes from rental of berthing equipment and sales of tourism souvenirs, as well as grants and donations. As a result, Bonaire National Marine Park is economically self-sufficient. Source: Bonaire National Park Foundation, Bonaire National Marine Park Management Plan 2006; and http://www.stinapa.org.", "71. Conservation International noted that income in marine protected areas was twice as high as income outside them and that marine protected areas could significantly improve livelihood opportunities, food security and environmental awareness.", "Another successful approach in the area of coral reef protection and conservation has been the designation by the International Maritime Organization of “PSSAs”. Areas designated as PSSAs must be characterized as being vulnerable to international shipping activities, and must be characterized from an ecological, socio-economic and scientific perspective. Since 1990, the International Maritime Organization has designated 13 such areas, eight of which are intended to protect coral reefs from international shipping. [41]", "Box 2 The benefits of the Bay of Mannar Eco-Ridge Reserve Project are in the context of the Gulf of Mannar between the south-east coast of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of India, and the north-west coast of Sri Lanka. In 1986, 21 near-shore coral sand islands and their surrounding coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove habitats were designated as Manar Bay National Park. In 1989, the entire Gulf of Mannar was designated as a biosphere reserve, the first such marine protected area in India and South Asia. The Mannar Bay Biosphere Reserve Project, initially implemented in 2002, is a partnership between the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu, the United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility. The aim is to demonstrate models that promote the integration of biodiversity conservation, sustainable coastal zone management and the livelihoods of local communities, including indigenous and tribal peoples. The overall objective of the project is to conserve coastal biodiversity in the Gulf of Mannar using a multisectoral and integrated system approach. Measures to strengthen the capacity of local communities to manage coastal ecosystems in a sustainable manner through enhanced conservation efforts, support for alternative livelihoods and advocacy activities. As a result, the Biosphere Reserve project helped to transform the behaviour of local communities and fishermen. In turn, the threat to marine resources has decreased significantly, as evidenced by the 7.5 per cent increase in coral cover in the project area between 2006 and 2010. Source: UNDP-GEF; and http://www.gombrt.org.", "73. A wide range of actors from governmental and non-governmental organizations, initiatives, civil society and the private sector are involved in coral reef protection and conservation. Coordination of their activities is therefore essential in order to avoid duplication and optimize protection, rehabilitation, conservation and adaptation measures.", "74. In order to engage all stakeholders, including the private sector, in the effective management and protection of coral reefs, economic incentives, such as buy-out arrangements, conservation agreements and alternative livelihoods, could be introduced as an attractive complement to traditional measures such as fines and penalties. [42]", "75. Since cold-water corals exist outside the jurisdiction of States and are often threatened both locally and globally, coral reefs must not only be protected at the local, regional and national levels, but also at the international level, while local communities should retain strong ownership of coral reefs and their management.", "76. Regional fisheries management organizations have an important role to play in the protection of marine species beyond national jurisdiction, as they are responsible for the management of high seas fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and can assist in the development of fishing and fishing limits, the implementation of technical standards and the monitoring of control obligations.", "V. The role of national legislation in the protection of coral reefs (including the importance of including indigenous and local communities)", "77. The role of national Governments and legislation in providing an enabling environment for all stakeholders to contribute effectively to the protection of coral reefs is crucial. [43]", "78. For example, Brazil has created nine coral reef conservation units, including at the municipal, state and federal levels. The Government launched the National Conservation Units System, which brings together all relevant existing instruments and regulations as a framework for the creation, implementation, consolidation and management of these units. By integrating different units, the federal Government has been able to work with state and local governments to provide better protection of the Brazilian environment.", "79. In addition to focusing on coral reef protection, national legislation should include climate change adaptation measures in order to reduce the vulnerability of those who depend on coral reefs for their livelihoods. Effective government institutions, regulations and enforcement mechanisms also play an important role in the establishment, monitoring and implementation of sustainable marine management areas and marine protected areas.", "The implementation of “pay for ecosystem services” and other incentives contributes to the implementation of protection and conservation measures. [44] The ability to identify “sellers” and “buyers” of related ecosystem services is particularly important for marine and coastal “ecosystems services payments” mechanisms, given the public good nature of these resources. New institutional arrangements, such as community-based management, management of concessions and joint management plans, can replace ownership by rights of use and access.", "81. A notable example of ecosystem service payment mechanisms in coral reef habitats comes from the private not-for-profit coral park of Jonglei Island in the United Republic of Tanzania. In 1994, the Government of Zanzibar established a protected area around the island and its nectar reefs and delegated management to coral parks, which is responsible for the implementation of the coral park management plan for 1995-2016.", "82. The success of national legislation often depends on the inclusion of all stakeholders in decision-making processes. The inclusion of indigenous and other local communities in the process is crucial, as they are often the most dependent on coral reefs for food and livelihoods.", "83. In this regard, the Government of Germany has provided support to international coral reef-specific initiatives and projects within the framework of integrated coastal zone planning and management, which include indigenous and local communities and local, national, regional and international partners.", "84. The successful implementation of coral reef protection measures through national legislation in Australia and Palau, involving indigenous and other local communities, can provide valuable lessons.", "A. Protection of Australia ' s Great Barrier Reef", "85. The Australian Government established the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in 1975 and has begun to take steps to protect the Great Barrier Reef. Various protection and conservation measures are in place, including a new zoning plan in 2004 to increase the proportion of marine parks that are highly protected by the “no-fish areas” from less than 5 per cent to over 33 per cent. [45]", "86. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, in collaboration with indigenous groups (indigenous and Torres Strait Islander peoples), has developed a legally recognized formal agreement for the management of the marine park, the traditional use of marine resources. The Agreement provides a practical and more flexible way for traditional owner groups to express their rights and interests. It also provides opportunities for collaboration in the protection of cultural values and the management of culturally significant species based on traditional knowledge, as well as in other activities affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, such as illegal fishing and resource theft.", "87. Other important initiatives include the coral reef water quality protection plan (CIF) and the Five-Year Coral Reef Rescue Programme 2008-2013, which aims to reduce dissolved nutrient salt and chemicals from agricultural land to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon by 25 per cent and sediment and nutrient emissions by 10 per cent.", "88. Australia ' s marine biological area planning aims to provide long-term protection of coral reefs and associated ecosystems by improving the conservation, sustainable use and management of marine resources and ecosystems, including coral reef habitats (through marine management and marine protected areas).", "89. General Assembly resolution 65/150 was proposed by the Government of Australia in close cooperation with the Pacific and other countries that may be directly affected by the degradation or loss of coral reefs and associated ecosystems, such as Nauru.", "B. Marine protected areas in Palau", "90. Palau is located about 800 kilometres east of the Philippines. In 2003, the Government introduced the Protected Areas Network Act, which provides for the establishment of a national network of marine protected areas to protect biodiversity and natural resources. Of the 28 designated marine protected areas, 24 contain coral reefs.", "91. The Protected Areas Network Act allows for the flexible participation of stakeholders in the planning process, with the support of indigenous communities and the highest levels of government in the country. The Act provides for the establishment of a fund for a network of non-governmental entities in protected areas and for a fee of $15 (green) for admission when visitors leave the airport. The Act prompted several Governments in the Federated States of Micronesia to launch the Micronesia Challenge Initiative in 2006.", "VI. The way forward: actions consistent with international law that may be required to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems, including proposals for coordinated action across the United Nations system", "92. The protection of oceans and related ecosystems, including coral reefs, remains a major objective, as has been addressed in chapter 17 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and other international agreements.", "93. Recent studies have shown that coral reefs have the capacity to recover from extreme damage if adequate protection, resilience-building, rehabilitation and conservation measures such as the Coral Reef Conservation Act of the United States of America are in place. In this regard, several regions have successfully established national marine parks and artificial coral reefs [46] Other positive trends include increased public awareness and more active local participation. While there has been a strong recovery in parts of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, particularly in areas with low direct response, recovery has stalled or subdued in areas of high human pressure.", "94. Further efforts are therefore needed to address the threats to coral reefs, especially as appropriate action can yield significant social, economic and environmental benefits.", "95. As a coordinating mechanism on oceans and coastal issues, UN-Oceans could play a broader role in ensuring coordinated action on coral reef protection across the United Nations system. Consideration could be given to the establishment of a dedicated coral reef task force under it, consisting of experts from each member organization, including in collaboration with the national coral reef task force.", "96. Other recommendations for coral reef protection for sustainable livelihoods and development at the global and local levels include:", "(a) Minimize global carbon dioxide emissions, which lead to ocean acidification and ocean warming, thereby destroying coral reefs. The immediate promotion of and action on multilateral agreements to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change is essential for short- and long-term efforts to reduce the impacts of climate change on coral reef biodiversity and ecosystem services;", "(b) Reduce unsustainable fishing practices, such as overfishing and destructive fishing, by: (i) addressing key drivers (e.g., food insecurity and poverty) through appropriate measures (e.g., promoting alternative livelihoods); (ii) developing sustainable fisheries management policies, practices and guidelines;[47] (iii) reducing overcapacity; (iv) combating illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, inter alia, by strengthening port State control and port State measures; (v) eliminating inappropriate fisheries subsidies; (vi) prohibiting destructive fishing; and (vii) enforcing fisheries regulations;", "(c) Reducing sedimentation and pollution in catchment areas by: (i) improving agricultural, livestock and mining practices; (ii) minimizing and controlling the flow of industrial, urban and mining waste into the sea; and (iii) protecting and rehabilitating vegetation (especially mangroves and seagrass beds). These measures could be supported through the introduction of “pay for ecosystem services” and other incentives;", "(d) Reducing marine pollution and damage by: (i) controlling and regulating the discharge of ballasts from ships through protocols and conventions; (ii) improving waste management at ports and yacht terminals; (iii) designating safe shipping lanes and boating areas and “specially sensitive sea areas”; and (iv) effectively managing offshore oil and gas mining activities (including through risk assessment and contingency plans);", "(e) Improved coastal development through: (i) ecosystem-based management; (ii) integrated coastal management; (iii) marine zoning; (iv) establishment of links between terrestrial and marine protected areas; (v) prevention of inappropriate land development; (vi) constraints or limitations on coastal development (coastal development); (vii) adequate watershed management; and (viii) protection and restoration of critical coastal habitats and vegetation (including reforestation measures). Appropriate coastal development is particularly important given that the population growth rate of coastal areas is expected to continue to be higher than that of the total population;", "(f) Increase the coverage and effectiveness of marine management and marine protected areas, including through networking. Adequate financial resources, appropriate equipment and trained staff, through resource mobilization and capacity-building measures, are essential to ensure the effective functioning of these managed and protected areas;", "(g) Strengthening regional and international cooperation in protection, resilience-building, rehabilitation, adaptation and conservation measures by: (i) implementing international agreements (such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships); (ii) developing transboundary cooperation and regional agreements; (iii) improving international regulations on trade in coral reef products, in particular living coral reef organisms; and (iv) enhancing regional and international efforts to address climate change;", "(h) Promote the sharing of successful approaches (best practices) and promote (new) technology transfer related to coral reef protection, restoration, resilience-building, adaptation and conservation;", "(i) Implementation of sustainable tourism and promotion of ecotourism, as tourism is expected to continue to increase worldwide. Partnerships with the tourism industry and the use of incentives to promote coral reef protection (e.g. certification schemes, awards for eco-friendly hotels, guarantees for divers or tour operators) can play an important role in this regard;", "(j) Encourage data collection and scientific research to further explore the economic, social and environmental benefits of coral reefs and support policymakers in developing measures to protect coral reefs, enhance their resilience and enhance the capacity of coastal communities to adapt to environmental change and coral reef degradation. In particular, assessments of the state and trends of cold-water coral reef ecosystems are needed. Support should also be provided for the expansion and/or establishment of coral reef monitoring systems (including socio-economic factors);", "(k) Promote education and communication on coral reef issues to inform citizens, the private sector, government representatives and potential donors about current threats to coral reefs and the urgent need to protect them. Governments should encourage citizens to take sustainable personal action to purchase seafood that is sustainably harvested and to reduce household waste and pollution by raising awareness of local laws and regulations and promoting sustainable fishing practices;", "(l) Ensure the participation of all stakeholders, in particular local and indigenous communities, in the development and implementation of national legislation, including through partnership programmes.", "A more sustainable future for coral reefs is achievable. International cooperation in mapping visions and action plans could be considered to stimulate action to implement actions needed to ensure the protection of coral reefs.", "[1] ^ (*) A/66/150.", "[2] See UNEP coral reef website: http://core.unep.ch/.", "[3] See http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/.", "[4] A number of coral reefs have also been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites (e.g., Fort-Belize, 1996).", "[5] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.", "[6] Ibid., annex II.", "[7] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363.", "[8] Ibid., vol. 1760, No. 30619.", "[9] See UNEP/CBD/COP/2/19, annex, decision II/10.", "[10] See UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27, annex.", "[11] Ibid.", "[12] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822.", "[13] Ibid., vol. 1046, No. 15749.", "[14] Ibid., vol. 993, No. 14537.", "[15] Ibid., vol. 996, No. 14583.", "[16] Ibid., vol. 1651, No. 28395.", "[17] Available at www.unep.org.", "[18] Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.I.18 and corrigenda), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[19] Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritius, 10-14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[20] Ibid., annex II.", "[21] See E/1999/29, chap. I.C.", "[22] See General Assembly resolution 55/2.", "[23] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[24] Current members include the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Labour Organization, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, the International Maritime Organization, the International Seabed Authority, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the Division for Oceans and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, UNDP, UNEP, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Meteorological Organization, the World Bank and the United Nations World Tourism Organization.", "[25] Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Review (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011), pp. 1-14.", "[26] Ibid., pp. 21-37.", "[27] “recursors for relief in central communities: a trust network application”, Marine Economic Progress Series, vol. 295 (2005), pp. 157-169.", "[28] Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Revisted, pp. 21-37.", "[29] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Scientific Panorama on the Impact of Ocean Acidification on Biodiversity, Technical Series, No. 46 (Montreal, 2009), p. 9.", "[30] United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 2303, No. 30822.", "[31] Burke et al., Reefs at Risk Reviewed, pp. 79-84.", "[32] See also the Action Plan for the Protection of Coral Reef Ecosystems, developed in Japan in 2010.", "[33] See: http://www.uncsd2012.org and A/CONF.216/PC/9.", "[34] Australia/Pew Environment Group, concept paper “Making the Green Economy Blue” (2011).", "[35] Wilkinson, Editor-in-Chief, “Status of strategic reefs of the world: 2008” (Tonsville, Australia, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Centre for Coral Reef and Rainforest Research, 2008), pp. 5-19.", "[36] See also the website of the French Initiative for the Protection of Coral Reef (L'IFRECOR) (http://www.ifrecor.fr/).", "[37] Burke et al., “Reefs at Risk Review”, pp. 66-78.", "[38] Wilkinson, C., “Status of central reefs of the world: 2008), pp. 5-19.", "[39] Burke et al., “Reefs at Risk Review”, pp. 66-78.", "[40] See also the International Coral Reef Initiative Network of Marine Protected Areas in East Asia (including Thailand) initiative.", "[41] See also http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environnement/PollitionProvention/PSSAs.", "[42] See also Niesten and H. Gjertsen, “Economic inclusions for marine service” (Arlington, Virginia, Science and Knowledge Division, Corporation International, 2010).", "[43] See also Colombia ' s National Environmental Policy for the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coastal Areas and Islands.", "[44] See also http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/.", "[45] See Mexico ' s National Water Law (approved in 2008), which specifically refers to the establishment of regulatory, closed and storage areas.", "[46] See also London Conventions and Protocols/United Nations Environment Programme Guidelines for Artificial Reef Emplacement (London, International Maritime Organization, 2009) and “Report of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Coral Reef Conservation Programme for 2007-2009: Implementation of the National Coral Reef Action Strategy - Report to Congress” (Washington, D.C., United States Department of Commerce, 2010), p. 84.", "[47] See also FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领东耶路撒冷和其余 巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行动", "2011年8月11日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我不得不再次写信给你，通报包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土不断恶化的局势。2011年8月4日(星期四)，占领国以色列宣布在被占领的东耶路撒冷位于阿布古奈姆山所谓的“霍马山”定居点批准新建900个定居单位。我于2011年8月8日就以色列这种非法、草率和挑衅性的公告写信(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500) 给你。但就在一周以后，完全妄自尊大的占领国，全然无视国际法和国际社会对以色列发出的停止非法定居活动的呼吁，今天厚颜无耻地宣布在被占领的东耶路撒冷所谓“拉马特什洛莫”定居点批准新建1 600个定居单位。", "占领国单方面的非法行动非常清楚地向国际社会表明，以色列对和平没有兴趣；相反，它意欲强化其殖民统治和对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的占领。国际社会必须迫使以色列：遵守根据国际法承担的义务，结束其非法占领，包括停止其殖民化运动，必须认真地开始采取进一步的有效措施，结束从1967年开始的以色列占领，以挽救可能实施的两国解决方案。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出了398封信，本信是上述信件的后续。从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年8月8日(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500)的这些信件，基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和有系统地侵犯人权的行为负责，犯罪者必须被绳之以法。", "请将此信作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am compelled to write to you once again on the deteriorating situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. On 8 August 2011, I sent a letter (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500) regarding the illegal, reckless and provocative declaration that came on Thursday, 4 August 2011, in which Israel, the occupying Power, announced the approval given to build 900 more settlement units in the so‑called settlement of “Har Homa” located in Jabal Abu Ghneim in Occupied East Jerusalem. Only one week later, with total arrogance and total disregard for international law and the calls made by the international community on Israel to end its illegal settlement campaign, the occupying Power shamefully announced today the approval of 1,600 more settlement units in the so-called settlement of “Ramat Shlomo” in Occupied East Jerusalem.", "The illegal unilateral actions of the occupying Power make it extremely clear to the international community that Israel is not interested in peace; rather it is interested in entrenching its colonization and 44-year long occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. The international community must compel Israel to abide by its obligations under international law and end its illegal occupation including its colonization campaign, and must seriously begin to take further effective measures to end the Israeli occupation which began in 1967 to salvage the possibility of the two-State solution.", "The present letter is in follow-up to our previous 398 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 8 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 5", "Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory Security Council Sixty-ninth year", "Identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am compelled to write to you again to inform you of the deteriorating situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. On Thursday, 4 August 2011, Israel, the occupying Power, announced the approval of 900 new settlement units in Occupied East Jerusalem in the so-called settlement of Jabal Homa in Jabal Abu Ghneim. I wrote to you on 8 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500) regarding this illegal, hasty and provocative Israeli announcement. But just a week later, in total defiance of international law and the international community's call on Israel to cease its illegal settlement activities, the occupying Power, with total pride, today shamelessly announced the approval of 1,600 new settlement units in the so-called “Ramat Shlomo” settlement in Occupied East Jerusalem.", "The occupying Power ' s unilateral and illegal actions have made it very clear to the international community that Israel has no interest in peace; rather, it intends to strengthen its colonial rule and its 44-year occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. The international community must compel Israel to comply with its obligations under international law to end its illegal occupation, including its colonization campaign, and must seriously begin to take further effective measures to end the Israeli occupation that began in 1967 in order to salvage the possible two-State solution.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 398 letters to you regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 8 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中项目的完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月7日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "恐怖行为对国际和平与安全造成的威胁(2001年9月12日；2011年5月2日)", "第6526次会议，2011年5月2日举行。", "利比亚局势(2011年2月22日；2011年5月4日)", "第6527次会议，2011年5月3日举行；以及第6528次会议，2011年5月4日举行。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 7 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts (12 September 2001; 2 May 2011)", "6526th meeting, held on 2 May 2011.", "The situation in Libya (22 February 2011; 4 May 2011)", "6527th meeting, held on 3 May 2011; and 6528th meeting, held on 4 May 2011." ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General on matters of which the Security Council is seized and on the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 7 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts 12 September 2001; 2 May 2011)", "6526th meeting, held on 2 May 2011.", "The situation in Libya (22 February 2011; 4 May 2011)", "6527th meeting, held on 3 May 2011; and 6528th meeting, held on 4 May 2011." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中的项目完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月14日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那局势(1992年9月9日；2011年5月9日)", "第6529次会议，2011年5月9日举行。", "利比亚局势(2011年2月22日；2011年5月9日)", "第6530次会议，2011年5月9日举行。", "武装冲突中保护平民(1999年2月12日；2011年5月10日)", "第6531次会议，2011年5月10日举行。", "索马里局势(1992年3月17日；2011年5月11日)", "第6532次会议，2011年5月11日举行。", "冲突后建设和平(2005年5月26日；2011年5月12日)", "第6533次会议，2011年5月12日举行。", "安全理事会第1160(1998)、1199(1998)、1203(1998)、1239(1999)和1244(1999)号决议(1998年3月31日；2011年5月12日)", "第6534次会议，2011年5月12日举行。", "科特迪瓦局势(2002年12月20日；2011年5月13日)", "第6535次会议，2011年5月13日举行。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 14 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (9 September 1992; 9 May 2011)", "6529th meeting, held on 9 May 2011.", "The situation in Libya (22 February 2011; 9 May 2011)", "6530th meeting, held on 9 May 2011.", "Protection of civilians in armed conflict (12 February 1999; 10 May 2011)", "6531st meeting, held on 10 May 2011.", "The situation in Somalia (17 March 1992; 11 May 2011)", "6532nd meeting, held on 11 May 2011.", "Post-conflict peacebuilding (26 May 2005; 12 May 2011)", "6533rd meeting, held on 12 May 2011.", "Security Council resolutions 1160 (1998), 1199 (1998), 1203 (1998), 1239 (1999) and 1244 (1999) (31 March 1998; 12 May 2011)", "6534th meeting, held on 12 May 2011.", "The situation in Côte d’Ivoire (20 December 2002; 13 May 2011)", "6535th meeting, held on 13 May 2011." ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General on matters of which the Security Council is seized and on the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 14 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (9 September 1992; 9 May 2011)", "6529th meeting, held on 9 May 2011.", "The situation in Libya (22 February 2011; 9 May 2011)", "6530th meeting, held on 9 May 2011.", "Protection of civilians in armed conflict (12 February 1999; 10 May 2011)", "6531st meeting, held on 10 May 2011.", "The situation in Somalia (17 March 1992; 11 May 2011)", "6532nd meeting, held on 11 May 2011.", "Post-conflict peacebuilding (26 May 2005; 12 May 2011)", "6533rd meeting, held on 12 May 2011.", "Security Council resolutions 1160 (1998), 1199 (1998), 1203 (1998), 1239 (1999) and 1244 (1999) (31 March 1998; 12 May 2011)", "6534th meeting, held on 12 May 2011.", "The situation in Côte d ' Ivoire (20 December 2002; 13 May 2011)", "6535th meeting, held on 13 May 2011." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中的项目完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月21日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "安全理事会附属机构主席通报情况(2002年12月18日；2011年5月16日)", "第6536次会议，2011年5月16日举行。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告(2004年6月11日；2011年5月17日)", "第6537次会议，2011年5月17日举行。", "布隆迪局势(1993年10月25日；2011年5月17日)", "第6538次会议，2011年5月17日举行。", "有关刚果民主共和国的局势(1997年5月29日；2011年5月18日)", "第6539次会议，2011年5月18日举行。", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题(2000年10月3日；2011年5月19日)", "第6540次会议，2011年5月19日举行。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 21 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "Briefings by Chairmen of subsidiary bodies of the Security Council (18 December 2002; 16 May 2011)", "6536th meeting, held on 16 May 2011.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan (11 June 2004; 17 May 2011)", "6537th meeting, held on 17 May 2011.", "The situation in Burundi (25 October 1993; 17 May 2011)", "6538th meeting, held on 17 May 2011.", "The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo (29 May 1997; 18 May 2011)", "6539th meeting, held on 18 May 2011.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question (3 October 2000; 19 May 2011)", "6540th meeting, held on 19 May 2011." ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General on matters of which the Security Council is seized and on the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 21 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "Briefings by Chairmen of subsidiary bodies of the Security Council (18 December 2002; 16 May 2011)", "6536th meeting, held on 16 May 2011.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan (11 June 2004; 17 May 2011)", "6537th meeting, held on 17 May 2011.", "The situation in Burundi (25 October 1993; 17 May 2011)", "6538th meeting, held on 17 May 2011.", "The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo (29 May 1997; 18 May 2011)", "6539th meeting, held on 18 May 2011.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question (3 October 2000; 19 May 2011)", "6540th meeting, held on 19 May 2011." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中的项目完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "在2011年5月28日终了的一周内，安全理事会没有对它当前任何处理中项目采取行动。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "During the week ending 28 May 2011, the Security Council took no action on any of the items of which it is seized." ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General on matters of which the Security Council is seized and on the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "During the week ending 28 May 2011, the Security Council took no action on any of the items of which it is currently seized." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目132", "审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "独立审计咨询委员会2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动", "^(*) A/66/150。", "独立审计咨询委员会的报告", "摘要", "本报告述及2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。独立审计咨询委员会(审咨委)在这段期间举行了4届会议，均由戴维·沃克(美利坚合众国)主持。沃克先生当选连任2011日历年度的主席。维贾延德拉·考尔(印度)担任副主席至2010年12月任期届满，其后由约翰·穆万加(乌干达)接替他担任副主席。审咨委所有成员——其中也酌情包括未寻求连任的考尔先生以及后来作为亚洲集团代表接替他担任副主席的维诺德·拉伊(印度)，都出席了本报告期间4届会议中的每一届会议。", "报告第二节概述了审咨委的活动、其各项建议的现况以及其2012年的计划。第三节载有审咨委的详细评论。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.独立审计咨询委员会的活动 3\nA.审咨委历届会议概览 3\nB.审咨委各项建议的现况 4\nC.审咨委2012年计划概述 5\n3.审咨委的详细评论意见 6\nA.联合国监督机构各项建议的现况 6\nB.风险管理和内部控制框架 9\nC.内部监督事务厅审计活动和其他职能的实效、效率和影响 10\nD.财务报告 13\nE.联合国监督机构之间的协调 15\nF.合作及准许接触 16\n4.结论 16", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第60/248号决议设立了独立审计咨询委员会，作为附属机构，担任专家咨询的工作，协助大会履行其监督责任。审咨委的职权范围(见大会第61/275号决议，附件)授权其每年举行4届会议。审咨委自2008年1月成立以来已举行15届会议。", "2. 审咨委按照其职权范围，每年向大会提交报告，其中摘要叙述它的活动和相关意见。本报告为第四次年度报告，涵盖期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。", "3. 以前作为附件载于审咨委报告内的审咨委关于内部监督事务厅(监督厅)监督活动实效、效率和影响的意见、评论和建议，现已融入本报告主体第三节C中。大会第65/250号决议决定将审咨委报告(A/65/329)附件三所载事项的审议推迟至其第六十六届会议，并邀请审咨委视需要进一步提出咨询意见。审咨委重申其此前的建议，同时决定在本报告第三节B中提供此一信息。", "二. 独立审计咨询委员会的活动", "A. 审咨委历届会议概览", "4. 在本报告所述期间，独立审计咨询委员会举行了4届会议：2010年12月15日和16日(第十二届会议)、2011年2月15日至17日(第十三届会议)、2011年4月12日和13日(第十四届会议)和2011年7月11日至13日(第十五届会议)。所有各届会议均在联合国总部举行。", "5. 审咨委依照其已通过的议事规则进行运作，这些议事规则载于其第一次年度报告(A/63/328)的附件。迄今为止，审咨委所有成员的会议出席率为100%。审咨委的所有决定均一致通过；不过，其议事规则规定，成员可在记录中对经多数票通过的决定表示异议。", "6. 审咨委成员在2010年12月举行的第十二届会议上，选举戴维·沃克(美利坚合众国)连任2011年主席，选举约翰·穆万加(乌干达)为2011年副主席。关于审咨委的更多信息，请见联合国所有正式语文版本的审咨委网站(http://www.un.org/　ga/iaac/index.shtml)。", "7. 审咨委自成立以来向大会提交了11份报告，其中3份是在本报告所述期间提交的。这包括通过行政和预算问题咨询委员会提交大会的关于2012年至2013年期间监督厅拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)以及关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅预算的报告(A/65/734)。审咨委还向大会提出了其2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间年度报告(A/65/329)。", "B. 审咨委各项建议的现况", "8. 截至2011年6月30日，审咨委在其各次报告中共计提出了82项建议。审咨委前几次年度报告(A/65/734和A/66/85)中提出的其中10项建议现正由大会审议。在其余72项建议中，大会已推迟至以后届会审议的有15项，已落实的有43项，正在落实的有14项。", "9. 在推迟审议的建议中，多数将至迟在大会第六十六届会议主要会期由大会审议(见第64/263号决议第6段和第65/250号决议第9段)。这些建议中的头一部分涉及内部监督，内容涵盖下列问题：监督厅业务独立性的定义、监督厅独立性受损的定义、对于监督厅独立性的年度保证、载列定义和术语的内部监督文件的编写、分发监督厅报告的规程以及拟任命和晋升工作人员的挑选。第二部分涉及关于问责的第65/250号决议，本报告第三节B作了详述。独立审计咨询委员会重申这些建议，并认为大会应当在其第六十六届会议上审议这些建议。", "10. 审咨委尽管每年只举行4届会议，每届会议为期两、三天，但迄今为止已取得相当大的成就，尤其是在监督厅业务方面。作为每届会议的一个常设议程项目，审咨委一直跟踪其各项建议的落实情况，并期待看到监督厅和管理部门采取的行动产生充分效果。审咨委在本报告所述期间提出的部分重大建议所涉及的是：", "(a) 监督厅和管理部门需要协调风险分类工作，以使监督厅基于风险的审计规划与行政部门已着手采用的企业风险管理框架相一致，从而避免主要利益攸关方之间出现混乱；", "(b) 秘书长建议在整体部门战略、部门内合作举措、司级活动监测以及该厅日常业务和行政职责方面为副秘书长提供支持；", "(c) 经重申的一项建议要求紧急采取行动，填补监督厅的空缺员额，特别是司长级别的员额，以确保监督厅履行其法定职能的效力和效率不受削弱；", "(d) 审咨委确认，监督厅已着手对主要控制措施进行的审计是朝着正确方向迈出的一步，同时重申建议监督厅对残余风险作一次系统的评估，以更好地估定分配给监督厅的资源总数，并在现有资源数额范围内更好地确定审计任务；", "(e) 审咨委重申其建议，即：包括内部审计司在内的监督厅各司均应报告所取得的成果，从而说明向本组织提供的服务的价值；", "(f) 有必要重新讨论监督厅的供资安排问题，尤其是涉及由预算外资源供资的行动和实体时的供资安排；", "(g) 建议审咨委不反对合理地裁减涉及监督厅的预算，条件是会员国决定采取这一立场，与此同时重申审咨委的立场，即：主管内部监督事务副秘书长应当能够灵活决定如何进行任何整体裁减。", "C. 审咨委2012年计划概述", "11. 审咨委按照大会及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的会议日程安排，根据其任务授权履行职责。审咨委将继续安排自身会议和活动，以确保与政府间机构协调互动并及时提出其报告。审咨委在对其工作计划进行初步审查时，确定了将成为其2012年会计年度所有4届会议工作焦点的若干主要领域(见下表)。", "表", "审咨委2012年工作计划", "会议届次 主要焦点领域 政府间机构对审咨委报告的审议", "第十七届 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅拟议预算 行政和预算问题咨询委员会，2012年第一季度", "监督机构之间的协调与合作", "第十八届 监督机构各项建议的落实状况 大会", "风险管理和内部控制", "监督机构之间的协调与合作", "第十九届 审计委员会财务报表和报告中所述问题和趋势对业务活动的影响 大会第六十六届会议主要会期", "联合国监督机构之间的合作", "审咨委年度报告的编写", "第二十届 监督厅风险评估结果", "监督厅2013年工作计划", "审查监督厅涉及维持和平行动支助账户的预算 行政和预算问题咨询委员会，2013年第一季度", "本组织企业风险管理和内部控制框架的审查", "选举2013年主席和副主席", "12. 审咨委在讨论2012年工作规划时，确定了下列相关活动：", "(a) 由大会审议审咨委在其年度报告中提出的(A/64/288，附件)、但大会决定推迟到至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期审议(第64/263号决议，第6段)的关于监督厅的建议；", "(b) 由大会审议审咨委在其年度报告中提出的(A/65/329,附件三)、但大会决定推迟到至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期审议(第65/250号决议，第二部分，第9段)的关于问责制的建议；", "(c) 鉴于两名成员的任期将于2011年12月31日届满，大会将需在其第六十六届会议上任命两人填补由此产生的空缺。获任者任期将为三年，从2012年1月1日开始。", "三. 审咨委的详细评论意见", "A. 联合国监督机构各项建议的现况", "13. 在本报告所述期间，审咨委根据常规做法审查了管理部门对联合国监督机构各项建议的落实状况。据审计委员会在其关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日12个月期间联合国维持和平行动的报告(A/65/5(Vol.II))中指出，所提出的涉及2009年6月30日终了财政期间维持和平行动相关建议的落实率为44%。审计委员会注意到，与往年相比，所提建议的落实率有所提高，见下图一。", "图一", "维持和平行动所涉建议的落实率", "14. 审咨会确认落实率有所提高，并注意到审计委员会有关维持和平行动的大多数建议在三年后都获得充分落实，但是审咨委仍然认为，存在着改进的余地，及时落实这些建议对于提高问责度至关重要。", "15. 审咨会还获得了对审计委员会报告内各项与维持和平行动有关建议所涉重点领域的趋势分析结果。如图二所示，在过去五年里，涉及后勤支持的建议数目最多。针对一个重点领域提出如此众多的建议，也许表明存在着一些有待解决的系统性问题，或存在着一些活动频繁的领域。", "图二", "审计委员会所提建议中涉及的重点领域", "16. 在监督机构之间的合作与协调方面，独立审计咨询委员会在其报告(A/65/329)附件一第8段中指出，监督厅可以对系统性共有问题进行更多的审计，以此增加其监督工作的价值。因此，审咨委建议监督厅更注重强调对共有问题的审计(横向审计)，以查明需要管理部门优先处理的普遍系统性问题。", "17. 审咨委后来获悉，就维持和平行动而言，监督厅计划在2011年对此类共有/系统性问题进行审计，审计内容涉及信息和通信技术管理、因特网出版、安全管理、维持和平行动中人力资源管理改革的实施以及一个民事方案。所审议的领域大多数属于后勤支持范围。独立审计咨询委员会将继续跟进监督厅的审计，并期待这些审计的及时完成。", "18. 关于监督厅提出的建议，审咨委听取了管理部门就与这些建议落实情况有关的趋势所作的通报。管理部门告诉审咨委：在三年之后，监督厅的大多数建议都已得到充分落实；相关单位继续提请管理委员会注意仍未落实的关键或高风险建议。独立审计咨询委员会谨借此机会肯定管理委员会在加强秘书处内部问责方面起着重要作用，并重申管理委员会应当继续同包括独立审计咨询委员会在内的监督机构举行会议，每年至少一次。", "19. 关于监督厅每年提出的建议总数，管理部门告知审咨委，建议总数没有多大变化，略微从2006年的2 270项减少到2010年的2 015项(见下图三)。在其年度报告(A/64/288)第35段中，审咨委没有对建议总数作评判，而是鼓励监督厅把注意力集中于建议的质量和所增价值而不是建议的数量。后来，独立审计咨询委员会获悉，监督厅已概要订立了一项就尚待落实的建议进行监测和汇报的新计划，该计划将帮助消除迄今已表达的各种关切。审咨委将继续监测这个问题，以确保它得到成功落实。", "图三", "内部监督事务厅每年所提建议总数", "20. 审咨委还接到了关于联合检查组所提建议落实情况的最新信息。根据联检组的年度报告，秘书处2004年至2009年期间对联合检查组所提建议的总体接受率为54.4%，而2004年至2008年期间则为41.3%。2004年至2009年期间的总体落实率为35.3%，而2004年至2008年期间则为33.3%。审咨委获悉，秘书处在落实联合检查组建议方面面临种种挑战，例如其中有些建议是针对大会提出的，管理部门无法控制。图四显示联合检查组在其年度报告中报告的秘书处的总体落实率/接受率。独立审计咨询委员会注意到，接受率有所提高；它在确认管理部门所面临挑战的同时，鼓励秘书处提高其对联合检查组所提涉及秘书处的建议的落实率。", "图四", "联合检查组所提建议的落实/接受情况", "B. 风险管理和内部控制框架", "21. 独立审计咨询委员会的职权范围(见大会第61/275号决议，附件)第2段(f)和(g)分段具体责成审咨委就风险管理程序的质量和总体实效以及就联合国内部控制框架中存在的不足之处向大会提供咨询。", "22. 审咨委在其报告(A/65/329)附件三中载述了对题为“在联合国秘书处实行问责制度”的大会第64/259号决议执行情况的评论意见。大会在其关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告的第65/250号决议中，决定把对这些建议的审议推迟到第六十六届会议主要会期。与此同时，大会邀请审咨委视需要就其职权范围内的相关问题进一步提出咨询意见。", "23. 关于问责制度，审咨委听取了关于管理部门迄今在执行第64/259号决议方面所取得进展的通报。独立审计咨询委员会肯定这些成就，包括完成了问责制网站的最终建立，同时决定重申其报告(A/65/329)附件三内载述的所有建议，即：", "• 秘书长应把企业风险管理纳入方案规划进程(第7段)。", "• 由秘书长负责设计、监测和评价问责制度(第8段)。", "• 大会应考虑扩大问责制的定义，使其包含增加价值和管理风险；此外，风险应界定为包含财务、业务、声誉和人力资源方面的风险(第9段)。", "• 问责制定义中应包括提到承包人和咨询人的义务(第10段)。", "• 秘书处应制定一个经明确界定和妥善编拟的实施计划(第12段)。", "24. 审咨委在其第一次年度报告(A/63/328)中就第一次问责制报告提出了若干项建议，其中包括：(a) 在一些选定的组织单位分阶段实施企业风险管理(b) 有必要拟订一份针对管理人员的文件，向高级管理层明确说明采用企业风险管理和内部控制框架有哪些好处，此外也有必要在本组织实施计划中包括一项结构化培训方案和一项面向全体工作人员的传播战略；(c) 项目的监督工作应指定一个高级别委员会——例如现有的管理委员会——承担，以便展示高级管理层对实施工作的承诺；(d) 设立一个首席风险官职位。", "25. 在与管理部门进行讨论之后，审咨委获悉，企业风险管理仍然是秘书处所面临的一个重大挑战。审咨委还获悉，秘书处已在主管管理事务副秘书长办公室内设立一个协调中心，以便为企业风险管理框架的未来执行奠定基础。管理部门还告诉审咨委，企业风险管理政策框架已得到管理委员会的认可，并将提交大会第六十六届会议审议。审咨委还获悉，管理委员会也将充当负责处理与企业风险管理有关问题的委员会。", "26. 独立审计咨询委员会赞扬管理部门为执行企业风险管理而正在采取的步骤，并认为，鉴于本组织的规模和复杂性，应当把企业风险管理视为本组织的最高优先事项之一，而且应当继续争取高级领导层的支持，以确保成功执行这项工作。", "27. 独立审计咨询委员会还指出，上文第24段所述四项建议中关于设置首席风险官的建议尚未得到落实。审咨委愿重申，设立此员额对于在全秘书处实施企业风险管理而言很主要。首席风险官应当拥有适当的授权和足够供他/她履行相关职责的资源。", "C. 内部监督事务厅审计活动和其他职能的实效、效率和影响", "28. 独立审计咨询委员会的职权范围规定审咨委就内部监督的各个方面向大会提供咨询(见第61/275号决议，附件，第2段(c)至(e))。在履行任务过程中，审咨委保持了它的常规做法，在审咨委届会期间会见主管内部监督事务副秘书长和监督厅其他高级官员。讨论的重点是监督厅工作计划的执行、监督厅报告的重大调查结果、业务工作上的任何制约因素、员额占用情况以及管理部门落实监督厅建议的现况，包括管理部门尚未落实的10至20个最重要建议、调查力度的加大以及供资上的安排。", "内部监督事务厅2011-2012年工作计划和预算", "29. 审咨委职权范围中规定了其涉及监督厅的职责，其中包括审查监督厅的工作计划，同时考虑到其他监督机构的工作计划，并就此向大会提供咨询。", "30. 审咨委在其关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅预算的报告(A/65/734)以及关于监督厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)中，提出了其对于监督厅工作计划的意见和建议。在其关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅预算的报告(A/64/652)第25段中，审咨委除其他外建议监督厅审查它的规划假设和估计数，尤其是鉴于它们涉及可用审计天数(另见第19至24段)。审咨委在其报告中(A/65/734，第14段)高兴地注意到监督厅已将这项建议付诸实施，从而有助于减少内部审计司的资源需求量。", "31. 审咨委还重申它以前就残余风险问题提出的建议，并深感鼓舞地注意到，监督厅已在其涉及经常预算的工作计划中纳入对管理部门为减轻内在风险而实行的重要控制措施的审计。独立审计咨询委员会期待所重申的此方面建议得到落实，尤其是那些关于系统性评估残余风险，作为确定分配给监督厅的资源总数的依据的建议。", "32. 审咨委继续监测监督厅各司工作计划的执行情况以及各报告的提交时间表。关于监督厅延迟提出报告的问题，审咨委强调及时最终完成报告的重要性，因为如果完成报告的时间过长，就会减损监督工作的价值。", "33. 关于监督厅的经常预算，审咨委在其报告(A/66/85)中表示支持秘书长提出的关于设置副手的要求。审咨委认为，鉴于该职位的拟议作用以及联合国内的业务规程，其职等很重要。因此，审咨委认为，这一职位的职等应当反映其所承担的任务和职责以及联合国其他组织单位类似职位的职等。", "监督厅内的空缺员额", "34. 审咨委曾在以往提交大会的报告中报告说，监督厅内空缺数目偏高。同样，审计委员会在其关于联合国维持和平行动和账户的报告(A/64/5(Vol.II)和A/65/5 (Vol.II))中也就各维持和平特派团和各调查中心的驻地审计员和调查员空缺率作了评论。", "35. 监督厅告知审咨委，截至2011年5月31日，监督厅整体空缺率为21.5%，低于审咨委上次年度报告(见A/65/329)中报告的23.2%空缺率。空缺率最高的仍然是调查司(25.5%)和内部审计司(22.4%)。这两个司出缺的主要是经常预算和维持和平支助账户供资员额。例如，在调查司，截至2011年5月31日，32.7%由经常预算供资的员额和25.0%由维持和平支助账户供资的员额出缺。同样，内部审计司员额空缺率分别为21.1%(维持和平预算)和30.6%(预算外账户)。", "36. 审咨委在其报告(A/65/329)中关切地注意到，两个司长级员额——即调查司司长及检查和评价司司长——尚未填补。审咨委后来获悉，这两个司长均已聘请，将于2011年8月上任。这意味着所有司长级员额在多年来将首次填满。", "37. 大会在其第64/263号和第65/250号决议中认可审咨委以前就监督厅空缺填补问题所作的评论，并请秘书长确保充分落实审咨委的相关评论。监督厅告知审咨委，它正采取步骤征聘工作人员并降低空缺率。其后，审咨委获悉，在若干招聘行动最终完成后，2011年8月以后的空缺率将会更低。尽管作出了这一努力，但独立审计咨询委员会感到关切的是，调查司——特别是各调查中心——的空缺率很高，可能影响与调查有关的试点项目的结果，因而请监督厅在评估核可某项备选方案的相对益处时，把此类影响考虑进去。审咨委将继续监测监督厅为加快填补空缺员额尤其是驻地审计员和调查员职位而采取的步骤。", "内部监督事务厅内部审计司的质量评估", "38. 2011年，内部监督事务厅内部审计司就客户满意度展开了一项调查，涵盖其监督职能的各个方面。该司向审咨委通报了调查结果。客户调查表涉及2010年，于2011年2月至3月进行，内容包括对该司工作的总体反馈、对内部审计人员的评分、对审计范围的评分以及对审计程序和报告的评分。", "39. 审咨委获悉，调查结果显示，有62.5%的客户同意认为审计工作有助于确定并管理重大风险；提高内部控制的成本效益；实现业务目标；使管理过程具备效力。根据从客户调查中获得的反馈意见，审咨委获悉，监督厅计划与各方面客户进行会晤，以讨论客户在一些方面提出的关切，例如对客户任务、方案和流程的了解；报告的提交时间表；调查结果的准确性。", "40. 独立审计咨询委员会仍然认为，监督厅开展这些调查是朝正确方向迈出的步伐，因为这些调查可为监督厅提供独立依据，供该厅评估其工作的质量和价值，了解答卷人的积极反馈，并处理需要采取纠正行动的方面。审咨委还认为，监督厅应努力使满意率在2011年报告的62.5%的基础上有所提高。审咨委还重申其以前的建议，即：监督厅应采用基于成果的具体衡量措施，反映该厅给联合国带来的增值，以此补充所进行的客户调查。", "41. 根据内部审计师协会关于外部评估的标准1312，从2002年1月1日开始，内部审计活动至少应每5年作一次外部评估。在本报告所述期间，审咨委获悉，监督厅请内部审计师协会进行了一次外部质量评估。审查的目的是评估内部审计司的做法和流程是否符合其审计手册及内部审计师协会所订标准，评估该司满足各利益攸关方需求的效率和效力，以及就改进和简化内部审计流程提出建议。", "42. 独立审计咨询委员会期待收到此次评估的结果，同时鼓励监督厅将此类审查扩展到调查司以及检查和评价司。", "加强调查", "43. 审咨委在其报告(A/65/329)中回顾，大会关于加强调查的第62/247号决议第18段请秘书长与内部监督事务厅密切合作，编写一份报告，供大会审议和批准，其中应详细说明拟议对联合国内部调查工作进行的全面审查的职权范围。", "44. 独立审计咨询委员会了解到，应大会要求，一个由常务副秘书长担任主席的工作队业已设立。该工作队的宗旨是审查在秘书处进行的各种类型调查，就改进系统的需要提出建议，研究进行变革所需的步骤，以及拟订大会第62/247号决议要求的职权范围。该工作队由一个工作组提供辅助，工作组的任务是进行审查并向工作队提出汇报。经过此一审查，审咨委获悉，监督厅一直在评估如果监督厅承担联合国内部的所有调查责任即会产生的工作量，而且也在评估届时将需要的资源数量，其后会就此作出最后决定。独立审计咨询委员会将继续监测这方面的情况发展，并期待获悉关于为满足大会要求而采取的关键步骤的最新情况。审咨委认为，有必要以更加统筹协调的方式对待联合国内部的调查活动。", "检查和评价职能", "45. 审咨委在其报告(A/66/85)中报告说，方案和协调委员会在2012-2013年期间战略框架中核准了关于将评价周期从11至13年缩短到8年的决定，大会第65/244号决议也核准了这项决定。报告中还说，监督厅认为有必要对所有27个方案进行八年一周期的方案评价，以便在合理的时间框架内向秘书长和大会提供对每一方案的方案一级全面评价。", "46. 27项方案中包括主要由预算外资金供资的项目。根据提交审咨委的2012-2013两年期工作计划，在拟评价的五个方案中，除一个方案之外，95%或以上的供资都来自预算外来源。审咨委还获悉，所有检查和评价活动目前都由经常预算或支助账户供资。独立审计咨询委员会因此在其报告(A/66/85)中建议根据大会第61/275号决议第三部分第3段要求秘书长提交的报告来重新考虑监督厅的供资安排问题。", "D. 财务报告", "47. 审咨委职权范围第2段(h)和(i)分段中规定，独立审计咨询委员会有责任就本组织财务报表和审计委员会报告中反映的问题和趋势对业务工作产生的影响，并就会计政策和披露做法的适当性，向大会提供咨询；此外也有责任对这些政策的变化和风险作出评估。", "48. 在本报告所述期间，独立审计咨询委员会同审计委员会以及方案规划、预算和账户厅官员讨论了涉及财务报告的若干问题。所讨论的问题包括：", "(a) 联合国实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的现况，包括最近的进展、面临的挑战、订正的公共部门会计准则实施时间表、公共部门会计准则实施时间表和战略同企业资源规划系统项目时间表的同步一致；", "(b) 对摊款和自愿捐款的增长情况以及财务报表中反映的其它趋势的审议。", "49. 关于摊款和自愿捐款的增长情况，审咨委根据审计委员会2002年至2009年关于联合国的报告，讨论了有关趋势(见图五)。审咨委注意到，摊款在2004-2005年期间的增长率为27%，2006-2007年期间的增长率为28%，2008-2009年的增长率为17%。另一方面，自愿捐款在相同期间的增长率分别为48%、67%和22%。审咨委还注意到，自愿捐款在总收入中所占百分比从2002-2003年的18%增至2008-2009年的26%。审咨委获悉，联合国外聘审计团以前也曾在给秘书长的信中提出了它对此事的关切。", "图五", "摊款和自愿捐款的趋势^(a)", "(千美元)", "^(a)　根据审计委员会关于联合国的报告中所列数字(A/59/5(Vol.I)，第二章；A/61/5 (Vol.I)，第二章；A/63/5(Vol.I)，第二章；A/65/5(Vol.I)，第二章)。", "50. 就审计委员会关于联合国的报告而言，独立审计咨询委员会认为，其四分之一的资金依靠自愿捐款，这使整个联合国，特别是各个方案面临种种风险。审咨委认为，行政部门应当明确阐述并且减轻这些风险。此外，鉴于许多会员国面临财政困难，审咨委对总体捐款方面的此种大幅增加是否能够持久表示担忧。", "E. 联合国监督机构之间的协调", "一般性考虑", "51. 在本报告所述期间，除了安排同监督厅举行定期会议之外，独立审计咨询委员会还与其他监督机构举行了会议，其中包括联合检查组、联合国开发计划署审计咨询委员会和联合国审计委员会。审咨委和联合国开发计划署审计咨询委员会都欢迎有机会讨论共同关心的问题。审咨委在单独与审计委员会、联合检查组和监督厅举行会议时注意到，通过监督机构的三方协调会议以及彼此交流工作计划以免重复，有关各方形成了积极的相互关系。", "52. 审咨委在其第十五届会议上，继续同审计委员会交流经验，讨论了在不妨碍各自授权任务情况下加强合作与实效的方法。审咨委和审计委员会还深入讨论了审计委员会关于财务报表所反映趋势对业务工作的影响的调查结果。", "53. 审计委员会和审咨委之间的对话使双方能够交流共同关心事项的看法，并为联合国各监督机构之间的合作提供一个有益的机会。", "其他事项", "54. 作为其与监督厅定期举行会议的一部分，审咨委获得了关于相关情况发展的通报，涉及大会第65/243 B号决议中关于审计委员会愿意进行业绩审计的第19和第20段要求提出的建议。在意见交流期间与审计委员会进一步讨论了这个问题。", "55. 审咨委指出，外部审计的主要目的是就本组织的财务报表发表意见。审咨委确认，在此过程中，外部审计员也许会发觉存在效率、经济核算和效力方面的问题；对于这些问题，他们可根据其专业判断，将其作为应当由他们、监督厅或另一个适当审计实体进行进一步业绩审计的依据。审咨委获悉，审计委员会一直在按照《联合国财务条例和细则》第7.5条的规定，仅从效率角度进行业绩审计。", "56. 审咨委意识到这样一个事实：根据《最高审计机关国际准则》的准则5000，由公共资金供资的国际机构的外部审计员既进行常规审计(传统的财务报表审计)也进行业绩审计。审计委员会正在争取一项强化授权，以便涵盖三个方面(“三个E”)，即经济合算、效率和效力，同时也力求获得就审计结果提出相关独立报告的能力。审咨委认为，如果大会授权审计委员会进行额外的业绩审计，就应当实行措施，确保此类审计不会与监督厅所从事的审计发生无谓或不当的重复或重叠。为确保不出现重复或重叠，监督厅和审计委员会之间必须协同努力，而且审计委员会必须更加重视监督厅所做的工作。", "57. 审咨委还获悉，审计委员会在其财务审计工作基础上启动的任何业绩审计都不会给本组织带来额外费用，因为其间将会对现有财务审计安排下的资源进行调整。然而，如果大会要求进行更多的业绩审计，则未来将会产生额外费用。", "F. 合作及准许接触", "58. 独立审计咨询委员会要高兴地报告，它在履行职责过程中得到了联合检查组、审计委员会、内部监督事务厅和包括管理事务部在内的秘书处各高级管理部门的通力合作。审咨委也获许适当接触它为履行职责而需接触的工作人员、文件和资料。审咨委期待同那些与审咨委有互动关系的实体继续合作，以便适时履行其职权范围中规定的职责。", "四. 结论", "59. 独立审计委员会根据其职权范围内的规定，提出上文第9、14、17至20、23、26、27、31、37、40、42、44、46、50和56段中载述的意见、评论和建议，供大会审议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 132 of the provisional agenda*", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "Summary", "The present report covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. During the period, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (the Committee) held four sessions, all of which were presided over by David M. Walker (United States of America). Mr. Walker was re-elected to continue as Chair for the 2011 calendar year. Vijayendra Kaul (India) served as Vice-Chair until the end of his term in December 2010, after which, John Muwanga (Uganda) succeeded him as Vice-Chair. All the members of the Committee, including, where applicable, Mr. Kaul, who did not seek re-election, and Vinod Rai (India), who succeeded him as the representative from the Asia Group, attended each of the four sessions during the reporting period.", "Section II of the report contains an overview of the activities of the Committee, the status of its recommendations and its plans for 2011. Section III sets out the detailed comments of the Committee.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the Independent Audit Advisory \nCommittee A.Overview 3 of the sessions of the \nCommittee B.Status 4 of the recommendations of the \nCommittee C.Overview 5 of the plans of the Committee for \n 2012 III.Detailed 6 comments of the \nCommittee A.Status 6 of the recommendations of United Nations oversight \nbodies B.Risk 10 management and internal control \nframework C.Effectiveness, 11 efficiency and impact of the audit activities and other functions of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices D. Financial 15 \nreporting E.Coordination 16 among United Nations oversight \nbodies F.Cooperation 18 and \naccess \nIV. Conclusion 18", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, by its resolution 60/248, established the Independent Audit Advisory Committee as a subsidiary body to serve in an expert advisory capacity and to assist it in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities. In accordance with its terms of reference (see General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex), the Committee is authorized to hold up to four sessions per year. The Committee has held 15 sessions since its inception in January 2008.", "2. In accordance with its terms of reference, the Committee submits an annual report to the General Assembly, containing a summary of its activities and related advice. The present, fourth annual report covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "3. The observations, comments and recommendations of the Committee on the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of the oversight activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which were previously included as an annex to the Committee’s report, have been incorporated in the body of the present report under section III.C. In its resolution 65/250, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the issues contained in annex III of the Committee’s report (A/65/329) to its sixty-sixth session and invited the Committee to provide any further advice it deemed necessary. While reiterating its previous recommendation, the Committee has decided to include that information in section III.B of the present report.", "II. Activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "A. Overview of the sessions of the Committee", "4. During the reporting period, the Committee held four sessions: on 15 and 16 December 2010 (twelfth session); from 15 to 17 February 2011 (thirteenth session); on 12 and 13 April 2011 (fourteenth session); and from 11 to 13 July 2011 (fifteenth session). All of the sessions were held at United Nations Headquarters.", "5. The Committee functions under its adopted rules of procedure, as contained in the annex to its first annual report (A/63/328). To date, all members of the Committee have a 100 per cent attendance rate at its sessions. All of the decisions of the Committee have been unanimous; however, its rules of procedure make provision for members to record their dissent with decisions taken by the majority.", "6. At its twelfth session, held in December 2010, the members re-elected David M. Walker (United States of America) as Chair and elected John Muwanga (Uganda) as Vice-Chair, for 2011. Additional information about the Committee can be found on its website in all the official languages of the United Nations (see http://www.un.org/ga/iaac/index.shtml).", "7. Since its establishment, the Committee has submitted 11 reports to the General Assembly, 3 of which were submitted during the current reporting period. These include two reports to the General Assembly, through the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, on the proposed programme budget of OIOS for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85) and on the budget of OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734). The Committee also issued its annual report to the General Assembly for the period 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010 (A/65/329).", "B. Status of the recommendations of the Committee", "8. As at 30 June 2011, the Committee had made a total of 82 recommendations in its reports. Ten of the recommendations contained in the Committee’s previous reports (A/65/734 and A/66/85) are before the General Assembly. The remaining 72 recommendations include 15 recommendations that the General Assembly has deferred to subsequent sessions, 43 recommendations that have been implemented and 14 recommendations that are in the process of being implemented.", "9. Most of the deferred recommendations are to be considered by the General Assembly no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see resolutions 64/263, para. 6, and 65/250, para. 9). The first set of the recommendations pertains to internal oversight and covers the following issues: definition of the operational independence of OIOS; definition of impairment to OIOS independence; annual assurance on OIOS independence; development of an internal oversight document that contains the definitions and terms; protocol for the distribution of OIOS reports; and selection of staff for appointment and promotion. The second set pertains to resolution 65/250 on accountability, and is addressed in detail in section III.B of the present report. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee reiterates these recommendations and believes that it is important for the General Assembly to consider the recommendations at its sixty-sixth session.", "10. Although it meets only four times per year for two to three days at each session, the Committee has made significant achievements to date, particularly in relation to the operations of OIOS. The Committee follows up on the implementation of its recommendations as a standard agenda item at each session and looks forward to seeing the full effect of the actions taken by OIOS and by management. Some of the significant recommendations made by the Committee during the reporting period relate to:", "(a) The need for OIOS and management to coordinate the risk categorization process so as to align the OIOS risk-based audit planning process with the enterprise risk management framework that the administration has embarked on in order to avoid confusion among key stakeholders;", "(b) The proposal of the Secretary-General to provide support to the Under-Secretary-General in the overall departmental strategy, in intradepartmental cooperation initiatives, in the monitoring of divisional activities, and in the operational and administrative responsibilities of the Office;", "(c) The reiterated recommendation calling for urgent action to fill vacant posts in OIOS, especially at the level of division heads, in order to ensure that the effectiveness and efficiency of OIOS in the performance of its mandated functions is not compromised;", "(d) While the Committee acknowledged that the audit of key controls embarked upon by OIOS was a step in the right direction, the reiterated recommendation for OIOS to establish a systematic assessment of residual risk in order to better assess the overall level of resources allocated to OIOS and to enhance the determination of the audit assignments within the available level of resources;", "(e) The reiterated recommendation that all OIOS divisions, including the Internal Audit Division, show the value of the services delivered to the Organization by reporting on the achievement of results;", "(f) The need to revisit the issue of a funding arrangement for OIOS, especially in connection with operations and entities funded by extrabudgetary sources;", "(g) Recommendation that the Committee would not object to a reasonable level of budget cuts involving OIOS should Member States decide to take such a position, while reiterating the Committee’s position that the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services should have the flexibility to decide how any overall cuts would be achieved.", "C. Overview of the plans of the Committee for 2012", "11. The Committee undertook its responsibilities, as set out in its terms of reference, in accordance with the scheduling of the sessions of the General Assembly and of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions. The Committee will continue to schedule its sessions and activities to ensure coordinated interaction with intergovernmental bodies and timely availability of its reports. In a preliminary review of its workplan, the Committee identified several key areas that will be the focus for each of its four sessions in fiscal year 2012 (see table).", "Table Workplan of the Committee for 2012", "Sessions\tKey focus area\tIntergovernmentalconsideration ofthe report of theCommittee \nSeventeenth\tProposed budget for OIOS underthe support account forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from 1 July 2012 to 30June 2013\tAdvisory Committeeon Administrativeand BudgetaryQuestions, firstquarter 2012\n\tCoordination and cooperationamong oversight bodies\t\nEighteenth\tStatus of implementation ofoversight bodiesrecommendations\tGeneral Assembly\n\tRisk management and internalcontrols\t\n\tCoordination and cooperationamong oversight bodies\t\nNineteenth\tOperational implications ofissues and trends in thefinancial statements andreports of the Board ofAuditors\tGeneral Assembly,main part of thesixty-sixth session\n\tCooperation among UnitedNations oversight bodies\t\n\tPreparation of the annualreport of the Committee\tTwentieth\tResults of OIOS riskassessments \n Workplans of OIOS for 2013 \n\tReview of OIOS budget for thesupport account forpeacekeeping operationsReview of the enterprise riskmanagement and internal controlframework in the Organization\tAdvisory Committeeon Administrativeand BudgetaryQuestions, firstquarter 2013\n\tElection of the Chair andVice-Chair for 2013", "12. In the discussion on planning for 2012, the Committee identified the following relevant events:", "(a) Consideration by the General Assembly of recommendations concerning OIOS made by the Committee in its annual report (A/64/288, annex) and deferred by the Assembly to no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/263, para. 6);", "(b) Consideration by the General Assembly of recommendations concerning accountability made by the Committee in its annual report (A/65/329, annex III) and deferred by the Assembly to no later than its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/250, Part II, para. 9);", "(c) Since the terms of office of two members will expire on 31 December 2011, it will be necessary for the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to appoint two persons to fill the resulting vacancies. The persons so appointed will serve for a period of three years, beginning on 1 January 2012.", "III. Detailed comments of the Committee", "A. Status of the recommendations of United Nations oversight bodies", "13. During the reporting period, the Committee reviewed the status of implementation by management of the recommendations of United Nations oversight bodies, as a standard practice. According to the report of the Board of Auditors on United Nations peacekeeping operations for the 12-month period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/5 (Vol. II), chap. II), the rate of implementation of the recommendations made for the financial period ended 30 June 2009, in respect of peacekeeping operations, was 44 per cent. The Board noted that there was an improvement in the rate of implementation of recommendations when compared with the previous years, as shown in figure I below.", "Figure I Rate of implementation of peacekeeping operations", "[]", "14. While acknowledging the improvement in the implementation rate, and noting that most of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors on peacekeeping operations are fully implemented after three years, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee still believes that there is room for improvement and that the timely implementation of recommendations is essential to increase the level of accountability.", "15. The Committee was also provided with a trend analysis of the thrust areas addressed by the various recommendations contained in the Board of Auditors reports on peacekeeping operations. As figure II indicates, over the past five years, logistics support has had the highest number of recommendations. High numbers of recommendations in one thrust area could be an indicator of systemic issues that need to be addressed or of areas of high activity.", "Figure II Thrust areas addressed in Board of Auditors recommendations", "[]", "16. Within the context of cooperation and coordination among the oversight bodies, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee noted in paragraph 8 of annex I of its report (A/65/329), that OIOS could add value to its oversight work by conducting more audits of cross-cutting and systemic issues. Consequently, the Committee recommended that OIOS place greater emphasis on audits of cross-cutting issues (horizontal audits) in order to identify prevalent systemic issues that needed to be addressed by management as a priority.", "17. The Committee has since been informed that as far as peacekeeping operations is concerned, OIOS plans to conduct audits of such cross-cutting/systemic issues in 2011, including regarding information and communications technology governance; Internet publishing; security management; implementation of the human resources management reform in peacekeeping operations; and a civil affairs programme. Most of the areas under consideration fall under logistics support. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee will continue to follow up with OIOS and looks forward to timely completion of such audits.", "18. With respect to the recommendations made by OIOS, the Committee received a briefing from management on the trends associated with the implementation of the recommendations. The Committee was informed by management that after a period of three years most of the outstanding recommendations of OIOS had been fully implemented, and the critical or high-risk recommendations that remained unimplemented continued to be brought to the attention of the Management Committee. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee wishes to take this opportunity to recognize the important role that the Management Committee is playing in strengthening accountability in the Secretariat and reiterates that the Management Committee should continue to meet with the oversight bodies including the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, at least once a year.", "19. With respect to the number of recommendations issued annually by OIOS, the Committee was informed by management that the number had almost remained constant, declining slightly from 2,270 in 2006 to 2,015 in 2010 (see figure III below). In paragraph 35 of its annual report (A/64/288), the Committee, without making judgement on the number of recommendations, encouraged OIOS to concentrate on quality and value added, rather than on quantity. Consequently, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee has been informed that OIOS has outlined a new plan for monitoring and reporting on outstanding recommendations that will help to allay the concerns expressed thus far. The Committee will continue to monitor this issue to ensure its successful implementation.", "Figure III", "Total number of Office of Internal Oversight Services recommendations per year", "[]", "20. The Committee also received an update on the status of implementation of the recommendations made by the Joint Inspection Unit. According to the annual report of the Unit, the aggregate acceptance rate of its recommendations by the Secretariat was 54.4 per cent for the 2004-2009 period, compared with 41.3 per cent for the 2004-2008 period. The aggregate implementation rate was 35.3 per cent for the 2004-2009 period, compared with 44 per cent for the 2004-2008 period. The Committee was informed of the challenges the Secretariat faces in implementing the Joint Inspection Unit recommendations, including the fact that some of the recommendations are addressed to the General Assembly and that management has no control over them. Figure IV shows the aggregate implementation/acceptance rates by the Secretariat as reported by the Joint Inspection Unit in its annual reports. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee notes the improvement in the acceptance rates and, while acknowledging the challenges faced by management, encourages the Secretariat to enhance its implementation rates of the Joint Inspection Unit recommendations addressed to the Secretariat.", "Figure IV Status of implementation/acceptance of Joint Inspection Unit recommendations", "[]", "B. Risk management and internal control framework", "21. Subparagraphs 2 (f) and (g) of the terms of reference of the Committee (see General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex) mandate the Committee with the responsibility to advise the General Assembly on the quality and overall effectiveness of risk management procedures and on deficiencies in the internal control framework of the United Nations.", "22. In annex III of its report (A/65/329), the Committee included comments on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/259 entitled “Towards an accountability system in the United Nations Secretariat”. By its resolution 65/250, on the report on the Office of Internal Oversight Services on its activities, the Assembly decided to defer consideration of those recommendations to the main part of its sixty-sixth session. At the same time, the Assembly invited the Committee to provide further advice on relevant issues under its terms of reference, as it deemed necessary.", "23. With respect to the accountability system, the Committee was briefed on the progress management had so far achieved in implementing resolution 64/259. While noting these achievements, including the finalization of the accountability website, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee decided to reiterate all the recommendations contained in annex III of its report (A/65/329), namely, that:", "• The Secretary-General integrate enterprise risk management in the programme planning process (para. 7).", "• The Secretary-General be responsible to design, monitor and evaluate the system of accountability (para. 8).", "• The General Assembly consider expanding the definition of accountability to include adding value and managing risks, and that risk should be defined to include financial, operational, reputation and human resources risks (para. 9).", "• The definition of accountability include a reference to the obligation of contractors and consultants (para. 10).", "• The Secretariat develop a clearly defined and well-documented implementation plan (para. 12).", "24. In its first annual report (A/63/328), the Committee made several recommendations in respect of the first accountability report, including (a) the phased implementation of enterprise risk management in a few selected organizational units; (b) the need for an executive-level document that describes in clear terms for senior management what the benefits are to adopting enterprise risk management and an internal control framework, and for the Organization’s implementation plan to include a structured training programme and a communication strategy targeting all staff; (c) the assignment of project oversight to a high-level committee, such as the existing Management Committee, in order to demonstrate senior management’s commitment to its implementation; and (d) the establishment of a Chief Risk Officer.", "25. Following discussions with management, the Committee was informed that enterprise risk management remained a significant challenge for the Secretariat. The Committee was also informed that the Secretariat had established a focal point in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, to lay the foundation for future implementation of an enterprise risk management framework. Management further informed the Committee that a policy framework for enterprise risk management had been endorsed by the Management Committee and would be presented to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Committee was also informed that the Management Committee would also serve as the Committee for issues related to enterprise risk management.", "26. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee commends the steps that management is taking to implement enterprise risk management, and believes that, given the size and complexity of the Organization, enterprise risk management should be considered one of the highest priorities of the Organization and should continue to enlist the support of senior leadership to ensure successful implementation.", "27. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee also noted that one of the four recommendations enumerated in paragraph 24 above (for a Chief Risk Officer) had yet to be implemented. The Committee wishes to reiterate the importance of such a post to the successful implementation of enterprise risk management Secretariat-wide. The Chief Risk Officer should have appropriate authority and adequate resources to achieve his/her related responsibilities.", "C. Effectiveness, efficiency and impact of the audit activities and other functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "28. The terms of reference provide for the Independent Audit Advisory Committee to advise the General Assembly on aspects of internal oversight (see resolution 61/275, annex, paras. 2 (c)-(e)). In undertaking its mandate, the Committee has maintained its standard practice of meeting with the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services and other senior OIOS officials during its sessions. The discussions have focused on OIOS workplan execution, significant findings reported by OIOS, operational constraints (if any), post incumbency and the status of implementation by management of OIOS recommendations, including the top 10 to 20 recommendations that had not been implemented by management, strengthening investigations and funding arrangements.", "Workplan and budget of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for 2011-2012", "29. The responsibilities of the Committee with respect to OIOS are set out in the terms of reference and include the examination by the Committee of the workplans of OIOS, taking into account the workplans of the other oversight bodies and advising the General Assembly thereon.", "30. The Committee reported its observations and recommendations with regard to OIOS workplans in its report on the budget of OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734) and in its report on the proposed programme budget for OIOS for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85). In paragraph 25 of its report on the OIOS budget under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/64/652), the Committee recommended, inter alia, that OIOS undertake a review of its planning assumptions and estimates, in particular as they related to the available audit days (see also paras. 19-24). In its report (A/65/734, para. 14), the Committee, was pleased to note that OIOS had put the recommendation into effect, contributing to a reduction in the resource requirement for the Internal Audit Division.", "31. The Committee also reiterated its previous recommendation regarding residual risk and was encouraged to note that OIOS had included in its workplan for the regular budget, the audit of key controls that management has put in place to mitigate the inherent risks. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee looks forward to the implementation of the reiterated recommendations in this regard, especially those related to the systematic assessment of the residual risk as the basis for determining the overall level of resources allocated to OIOS.", "32. The Committee continued to monitor implementation of the workplans of the divisions in OIOS and the timelines of reports. In addressing OIOS delays in the issuance of its reports, the Committee stressed the importance of finalizing reports in a timely manner since the value of oversight work diminished when reports took too long to be completed.", "33. With respect to the regular budget of OIOS, the Committee, in its report (A/66/85), noted its support for the Deputy position requested by the Secretary-General. In the Committee’s view, the level of the position is important, given the proposed role and the operational protocols within the United Nations. The Committee therefore believes that the level of the position should reflect its duties and responsibilities and the level of similar positions in other United Nations organizational units.", "Vacant posts in the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "34. In its previous reports to the General Assembly, the Committee reported on the high number of vacancies in OIOS. Similarly, in its reports on United Nations peacekeeping operations and accounts (A/64/5 (Vol. II) and A/65/5 (Vol. II)), the Board of Auditors commented on the vacancy rate of resident auditors and investigators in peacekeeping missions and investigation hubs.", "35. OIOS informed the Committee that as at 31 May 2011, the overall vacancy rate in OIOS was 21.5 per cent, which is an improvement over the 23.2 per cent rate reported by the Committee in its previous annual report (A/65/329). The highest vacancy rates continue to be in the Investigations Division (25.5 per cent) and in the Internal Audit Division (22.4 per cent). In those two divisions, the vacancies related mainly to posts funded from the peacekeeping support account and extrabudgetary funds. For example, in the Investigations Division, as at 31 May 2011, 32.7 per cent of posts funded from the peacekeeping budget and 25.0 per cent of posts funded from the extrabudgetary account were vacant. Similarly, the vacancy rate for posts in the Internal Audit Division was 21.1 per cent (peacekeeping budget) and 30.6 per cent (extrabudgetary account), respectively.", "36. In its report (A/65/329), the Committee noted with concern that two posts at the Director level, namely, the Director of the Investigations Division and the Director of the Inspections and Evaluation Division, had not been filled. The Committee has since been informed that the two Directors have been hired and will be on board in August 2011. This will mean that all division head positions will be filled for the first time in many years.", "37. In its resolutions 64/263 and 65/250, the General Assembly endorsed the comments made previously by the Committee on the filling of vacancies in OIOS and requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full implementation of the relevant comments of the Committee. OIOS advised the Committee that it was taking steps to recruit staff and to lower the vacancy rates. Accordingly, the Committee was informed that the vacancy rate after August 2011 would be even lower after the several recruitment actions had been finalized. This effort notwithstanding, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee is concerned that the high vacancy rate in the Investigations Division, especially in the hubs, could affect the result of the pilot project on investigations, and requests that OIOS takes into account such effects when assessing the relative utility of endorsing one of the options. The Committee will continue to monitor steps taken by OIOS to expedite the filling of vacant posts, especially the resident auditor and investigation positions.", "Quality assessments of the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "38. In 2011, the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services initiated a client satisfaction survey covering various aspects of its oversight function and shared the results of the surveys with the Committee. The client survey questionnaire, which related to year 2010, was conducted between February and March 2011 and covered overall feedback on the work of the Division; ratings of the internal audit staff; rating of the scope of the audit; and rating on the audit process and report.", "39. The Committee was informed that the survey result showed that 62.5 per cent of the clients agreed that audits contributed to the identification and management of key risks; the cost effectiveness of internal controls; the achievement of operational objectives; and an effective governance process. Based on the feedback from the client survey, the Committee was informed that OIOS planned to meet with the various clients to discuss concerns raised in such areas as knowledge of a client’s mandates, programmes and processes; timeliness of reporting; and accuracy of findings.", "40. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee continues to believe that the surveys initiated by OIOS are steps in the right direction since they provide an independent basis for OIOS to be able to assess the quality and value of its work, to identify the positive feedback from the respondents and to address areas in which corrective action was required. The Committee also believes that OIOS should strive to achieve a higher rate of satisfaction than the 62.5 per cent reported in 2011. The Committee also reaffirms its prior recommendation that OIOS supplement the client survey with specific outcome-based measurements that demonstrate the value that OIOS adds to the United Nations.", "41. According to the Institute of Internal Auditors Standard 1312, on external assessment, internal audit activities are to undergo an external assessment at least once every five years, starting 1 January 2002. During the reporting period, the Committee was informed that OIOS had engaged the Institute of Internal Auditors to undertake an external quality assessment. The objectives of the review are to assess the conformity of Internal Audit Division practices and processes with its audit manual and with the standards of the Institute of Internal Auditors, to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the Division in meeting the needs of stakeholders and to make recommendations to improve and streamline the internal audit process.", "42. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving the result of that assessment and encourages OIOS to extend such reviews to investigation and inspection and evaluation divisions.", "Strengthening investigations", "43. In its report (A/65/329), the Committee recalled that, in paragraph 18 of General Assembly resolution 62/247, on strengthening investigations, the Assembly had requested the Secretary-General to prepare for its consideration and approval, in close cooperation with the Office of Internal Oversight Services, a report providing detailed information on terms of reference with regard to the proposed comprehensive review of investigations in the United Nations.", "44. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee understood that, in response to the request of the General Assembly, a task force, chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General, had been established. The objective of the task force was to review the types of investigations being conducted in the Secretariat; make suggestions on the need to improve systems; examine steps that would be required to implement change; and prepare the terms of reference that had been requested by the Assembly in its resolution 62/247. The task force was supported by a working group that was tasked to conduct the review and report back to the task force. As a result of the review, the Committee has been informed that OIOS has been conducting an assessment of the workload that would result if OIOS were to assume the responsibility to conduct all investigations in the United Nations and an assessment of the amount of resources that would be entailed, before taking a final position in that respect. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee will continue to monitor developments in this area and looks forward to receiving an update on the key steps being taken to address the request of the Assembly. The Committee believes that there is a need for a more coordinated and integrated approach to investigation activities within the United Nations.", "Inspection and evaluation function", "45. In its report (A/66/85), the Committee reported that a decision to reduce the evaluation cycle from a period of 11 to 13 years to a period of 8 years had been approved by the Committee for Programme and Coordination in the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 and by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/244. It was also noted that in the view of OIOS, an eight-year cycle of programme evaluation covering all 27 programmes was necessary in order to provide the Secretary-General and the Assembly with comprehensive programme-level evaluations on each of the programmes within a reasonable time frame.", "46. Included among the 27 programmes are those funded predominantly from extrabudgetary sources. According to the workplan that was presented to the Committee for the biennium 2012/2013, all but one of the five programmes under consideration for evaluation were funded 95 per cent or more from extrabudgetary sources. The Committee was further informed that all the inspection and evaluation activities are currently being funded from either the regular budget or the support account. This led the Independent Audit Advisory Committee to recommend in its report (A/66/85) that the issue of funding arrangements for OIOS be revisited in the light of the report that had been requested of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 3, part III, of General Assembly resolution 61/275. The Committee would like to reiterate this recommendation.", "D. Financial reporting", "47. Under subparagraphs 2 (h) and (i) of the terms of reference, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee has the responsibility to advise the General Assembly on the operational implications of the issues and trends apparent in the financial statements of the Organization and the reports of the Board of Auditors, and on the appropriateness of accounting policies and disclosure practices; and to assess changes and risks in those policies.", "48. During the reporting period, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee engaged in discussions with the Board of Auditors and officials of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts on a number of issues relating to financial reporting. The issues discussed included:", "(a) The status of implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in the United Nations, including recent progress, challenges faced, the revised timeline for the implementation of IPSAS and the synchronization of the IPSAS timeline and strategy with that of the enterprise resource planning system project timeline;", "(b) Consideration of the growth in assessed and voluntary contributions and other trends in the financial statements.", "49. With respect to the growth in assessed and voluntary contributions, the Committee looked at the trends based on the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations from 2002 to 2009 (see figure V). The Committee noted that the assessed contributions grew at a rate of 27 per cent in 2004-2005, 28 per cent in 2006-2007 and 17 per cent in 2008-2009. On the other hand, voluntary contributions grew by 48 per cent, 67 per cent, and 22 per cent during the same periods. The Committee also noted that as a percentage of total income, voluntary contributions had grown from 18 per cent in 2002-2003 to 26 per cent in 2008-2009. The Committee was informed that the Panel of External Auditors of the United Nations had also previously raised its concern on the matter in a letter to the Secretary-General.", "Figure V Trends in assessed and voluntary contributions^(a) (Thousands of United States dollars)", "[]", "^(a) As set out in the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations (A/59/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; A/61/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; and A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. II).", "50. As far as the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations are concerned, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee believes that relying on voluntary contributions for one quarter of its financing exposes the Organization in general and the respective programmes in particular to risks which the Committee believes the Administration should articulate and mitigate. Furthermore, the Committee expresses concern regarding the sustainability of such significant overall contribution increases given the fiscal challenges facing many Member States.", "E. Coordination among United Nations oversight bodies", "General consideration", "51. During the reporting period, in addition to its regularly scheduled meetings with OIOS, the Committee also met with other oversight bodies, including the Joint Inspection Unit, the Audit Advisory Committee of the United Nations Development Programme and the Board of Auditors of the United Nations. Both the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and the Audit Advisory Committee of the United Nations Development Programme welcomed the opportunity to discuss issues of common interest. In separate meetings with the Board of Auditors, the Joint Inspection Unit and OIOS, the Committee took note of the positive relationship fostered through the tripartite coordination meetings of the oversight bodies and the sharing of workplans to avoid duplication.", "52. During the its fifteenth session, the Committee and the Board of Auditors continued to exchange experiences and discussed ways to enhance cooperation and effectiveness without prejudice to their respective mandates. The Committee and the Board also engaged in extensive discussions on the Board’s findings on the operational implications of the trends in the financial statements.", "53. The dialogue between the Board and the Committee allowed for the sharing of perspectives on matters of mutual concern and provided a useful opportunity for cooperation among United Nations oversight bodies.", "Other matters", "54. As part of its regular sessions with OIOS, the Committee was apprised of the developments pertaining to the proposal requested pursuant to paragraphs 19 and 20 of the General Assembly resolution 65/243 B regarding the willingness of the Board of Auditors to conduct performance audits. The matter was further discussed with the Board in an exchange of views.", "55. The Committee noted that the main purpose of the external audits was to express an opinion on the financial statements of the Organization. In so doing, the Committee recognized that the external auditors might become aware of issues of efficiency, economy and effectiveness, which could, in their professional judgement, serve as a basis for additional performance audit work that should be performed by them, OIOS or another appropriate audit entity. The Committee was informed that the Board of Auditors had been carrying out performance audits in the context of efficiency alone, as provided for in regulation 7.5 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations.", "56. The Committee was cognizant of the fact that according to International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions (ISSAI) Standard 5000, external auditors of publicly funded international institutions perform both regularity (the traditional financial statement audit) and performance audits. The Board of Auditors is seeking a strengthened mandate to cover the “three Es” (economy, efficiency and effectiveness), as well as the ability to issue stand-alone reports on the results. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee is of the view that should the General Assembly authorize the Board of Auditors to carry out additional performance audits, measures should be put in place to make sure that such audits are not unnecessarily or inappropriately duplicative or overlapping with those performed by OIOS. Ensuring the absence of overlap or duplication will require concerted effort between OIOS and the Board of Auditors and would necessitate the Board to place more emphasis on the work done by OIOS.", "57. The Committee was also informed that any performance audits initiated by the Board of Auditors, based on its financial audit work, would not result in additional costs to the Organization because there would be a realignment of the resources under the existing financial audit arrangement. However, additional costs would be incurred in the future, should the General Assembly request additional performance audits.", "F. Cooperation and access", "58. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee is pleased to report that it has received the full cooperation of the Joint Inspection Unit, the Board of Auditors, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and senior management in the Secretariat, including the Department of Management, in discharging its responsibilities. The Committee was also given appropriate access to the staff, documents and information it needed to undertake its work. The Committee looks forward to continued cooperation with the entities with whom the Committee interacts in order for it to discharge its responsibilities, as set out in the terms of reference, in a timely manner.", "IV. Conclusion", "59. Within the context of its terms of reference, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee provides the observations, comments and recommendations, as contained in paragraphs 9, 14, 17 to 20, 23, 26, 27, 31, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 50 and 56 above, for the consideration of the General Assembly." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 132 of the provisional agenda*", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and", "Activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011", "A/66/150.", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "Summary", "The present report covers activities during the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee (IAAC) held four sessions during the period, all chaired by David Walker (United States of America). Mr. Walker was re-elected Chairperson for the calendar year 2011. Vijayendra Kaul (India) served as Vice-Chair until December 2010, after which John Muwanga (Uganda) replaced him as Vice-Chair. All members of the Committee, including, as appropriate, Mr. Kaul, who had not sought re-election, and Vinod Rai (India), who had subsequently succeeded him as Vice-Chairperson as representative of the Asian Group, attended each of the four sessions during the reporting period.", "Section II of the report provides an overview of the activities of the Committee, the status of its recommendations and its plans for 2012. Section III contains the detailed comments of the Committee.", "Contents", "2. Overview of the activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee at previous sessions", "Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 60/248, established the Independent Audit Advisory Committee as a subsidiary body to serve as an expert advisory body to assist the Assembly in the discharge of its oversight responsibilities. The terms of reference of the Committee (see General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex) authorize it to hold four sessions per year. The Committee has held 15 sessions since its establishment in January 2008.", "2. In accordance with its terms of reference, the Committee submits an annual report to the General Assembly containing a summary of its activities and related observations. The present fourth annual report covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "3. The observations, comments and recommendations of the Committee on the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of the oversight activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), previously contained in the Committee ' s report as an annex, have been incorporated into section III.C of the main body of the present report. In its resolution 65/250, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the matters contained in annex III to the report of the Committee (A/65/329) to its sixty-sixth session and invited the Committee to provide further advice, as necessary. While reiterating its previous recommendation, the Committee decides to provide this information in section III.B of the present report.", "II. Activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "Overview of the sessions of the Committee", "4. During the reporting period, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee held four sessions: 15 and 16 December 2010 (twelfth session), 15-17 February 2011 (thirteenth session), 12 and 13 April 2011 (fourteenth session) and 11-13 July 2011 (fifteenth session). All sessions are held at United Nations Headquarters.", "The Committee operates in accordance with its adopted rules of procedure, which are contained in the annex to its first annual report (A/63/328). To date, the attendance of all members of the Committee has been 100 per cent. All the Committee ' s decisions were adopted unanimously; however, its rules of procedure provided that members could challenge decisions adopted by a majority vote in the record.", "6. At its twelfth session, held in December 2010, the members of the Committee elected David Walker (United States of America) as Chair and John Muwanga (Uganda) as Vice-Chair for 2011. For more information on IAAC, please see the IAAC website in all official languages of the United Nations (http://www.un.org/ga/iaac/index.shtml).", "7. Since its establishment, the Committee has submitted 11 reports to the General Assembly, of which 3 were submitted during the reporting period. This included the adoption of the reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions to the General Assembly on the proposed programme budget for OIOS for the period from 2012 to 2013 (A/66/85) and on the budget of OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734). The Committee also submitted its annual report to the General Assembly for the period from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010 (A/65/329).", "Status of the recommendations of the Committee", "8. As at 30 June 2011, the Committee had made a total of 82 recommendations in its reports. Ten of the recommendations made in the previous annual reports of the Committee (A/65/734 and A/66/85) are currently under consideration by the General Assembly. Of the remaining 72 recommendations, 15 had been deferred by the General Assembly to future sessions, 43 had been implemented and 14 were in progress.", "9. Most of the deferred recommendations will be considered by the General Assembly no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see resolutions 64/263, para. 6, and 65/250, para. 9). The first part of those recommendations, which dealt with internal oversight, covered the following issues: the definition of the operational independence of OIOS; the definition of the impairment of OIOS independence; the annual assurance of OIOS independence; the preparation of internal oversight documents containing definitions and terminology; the protocol for the dissemination of OIOS reports; and the selection of staff to be appointed and promoted. Part II deals with resolution 65/250 on accountability, as detailed in section III.B of the present report. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee reiterated those recommendations and considered that they should be considered by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "10. Although the Committee holds only four sessions per year, each of two or three days ' duration, considerable achievements have been made to date, particularly with regard to the operations of OIOS. As a standing agenda item at each session, IAAC has been following up on its recommendations and looks forward to seeing the full impact of the actions taken by OIOS and management. Some of the significant recommendations made by the Committee during the reporting period relate to:", "(a) The need for OIOS and management to coordinate risk classification in order to align OIOS risk-based audit planning with the enterprise risk management framework that the Administration has initiated, thus avoiding confusion among key stakeholders;", "(b) The Secretary-General proposes to support the Under-Secretary-General in the overall departmental strategy, intra-departmental cooperation initiatives, monitoring of divisional activities and day-to-day operational and administrative responsibilities of the Office;", "(c) One reiterated recommendation called for urgent action to fill vacant posts in OIOS, in particular at the Director level, to ensure that the effectiveness and efficiency of the Office in discharging its mandated functions were not undermined;", "(d) While acknowledging that OIOS had initiated the audit of key controls as a step in the right direction, the Committee reiterated its recommendation that OIOS conduct a systematic assessment of residual risks in order to better estimate the total resources allocated to OIOS and to better identify audit assignments within existing resources;", "(e) The Committee reiterates its recommendation that all divisions of OIOS, including the Internal Audit Division, report on the results achieved, thus demonstrating the value of the services provided to the Organization;", "(f) There was a need to revisit the funding arrangements for OIOS, particularly when they related to operations and entities funded from extrabudgetary resources;", "(g) Recommended that IAAC have no objection to a reasonable reduction in the budget relating to OIOS, provided that Member States decide to take this position, while reiterating the position of IAAC that the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services should be able to exercise flexibility in deciding on any overall reduction.", "C. Overview of the plans of the Committee for 2012", "11. The Committee discharges its responsibilities in accordance with its mandate in accordance with the schedule of meetings of the General Assembly and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions. The Committee will continue to organize its meetings and activities to ensure coordination with intergovernmental bodies and the timely submission of its reports. In its preliminary review of its workplan, the Committee identified a number of key areas that would be the focus of its work at all four sessions in fiscal year 2012 (see table below).", "Table", "Workplan of the Committee for 2012", "Consideration of the report of the Committee by intergovernmental bodies", "Seventeenth OIOS budget proposal under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013", "Coordination and cooperation among oversight bodies", "Status of implementation of recommendations of oversight bodies", "Risk management and internal controls", "Coordination and cooperation among oversight bodies", "Implications for operational activities of issues and trends in the financial statements and reports of the Board of Auditors", "Cooperation between United Nations oversight bodies", "Preparation of the annual report of the Committee", "Results of OIOS risk assessment", "OIOS workplan for 2013", "Review of the budget of OIOS relating to the support account for peacekeeping operations, Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, first quarter of 2013", "Review of the enterprise risk management and internal control framework of the Organization", "Election of the Chair and Vice-Chair for 2013", "12. In its discussions on work planning for 2012, the Committee identified the following relevant activities:", "(a) Consideration by the General Assembly of the recommendations on OIOS made by the Committee in its annual report (A/64/288, annex) and deferred until no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/263, para. 6);", "(b) To consider by the General Assembly the recommendations on accountability made by the Committee in its annual report (A/65/329, annex III), but the Assembly decided to defer its consideration to no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/250, part two, para. 9);", "(c) Since the terms of office of the two members will expire on 31 December 2011, it will be necessary for the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to appoint two persons to fill the resulting vacancies. The term of office will be three years, beginning on 1 January 2012.", "III. Detailed comments of the Committee", "A. Status of recommendations of United Nations oversight bodies", "13. During the reporting period, the Committee reviewed the status of management ' s follow-up to the recommendations of the United Nations oversight bodies, in accordance with established practice. According to the Board of Auditors in its report on United Nations peacekeeping operations for the 12-month period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/5 (Vol. II)), the implementation rate of the relevant recommendations relating to peacekeeping operations for the financial period ended 30 June 2009 was 44 per cent. The Board noted an improvement in the rate of implementation of recommendations compared to previous years, as shown in figure I below.", "Figure I", "Rate of implementation of recommendations relating to peacekeeping operations", "14. While acknowledging the improved implementation rate and noting that most of the Board ' s recommendations on peacekeeping operations had been fully implemented after three years, the Committee remained of the view that there was room for improvement and that the timely implementation of those recommendations was critical to improving accountability.", "15. The Board was also provided with a trend analysis of the focus areas of the Board ' s report in relation to the relevant recommendations on peacekeeping operations. As shown in figure II, the largest number of recommendations involving logistical support has been made over the past five years. There are so many suggestions for a focus area that may indicate some systemic issues to be addressed or areas of high activity.", "Figure II", "Areas of focus addressed in the Board ' s recommendations", "16. With regard to cooperation and coordination among oversight bodies, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee noted in paragraph 8 of annex I to its report (A/65/329) that OIOS could add value to its oversight work by conducting more audits of systemic cross-cutting issues. The Committee therefore recommends that OIOS place greater emphasis on audits of cross-cutting issues (horizontal audits) in order to identify general systemic issues that need to be prioritized by management.", "17. The Committee was subsequently informed that, in the case of peacekeeping operations, OIOS planned to conduct an audit in 2011 on such cross-cutting/systemic issues as information and communications technology management, Internet publishing, security management, implementation of human resources management reform in peacekeeping operations and a civil affairs programme. Most of the areas considered fall within the scope of logistical support. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee will continue to follow up on OIOS audits and looks forward to their timely completion.", "18. With regard to the recommendations made by OIOS, the Committee was briefed by management on trends related to their implementation. Management informed the Committee that, three years later, most of the OIOS recommendations had been fully implemented and that the relevant units continued to bring critical or high-risk recommendations that remained outstanding to the attention of the Management Committee. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee wishes to take this opportunity to acknowledge the important role of the Management Committee in strengthening accountability within the Secretariat and to reiterate that the Management Committee should continue to meet with oversight bodies, including the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, at least once a year.", "19. With regard to the total number of recommendations issued by OIOS each year, management informed the Committee that the total number of recommendations had not changed significantly, from 2,270 in 2006 to 2,015 in 2010 (see figure III below). In paragraph 35 of its annual report (A/64/288), the Committee did not judge the total number of recommendations, but encouraged OIOS to focus on the quality of recommendations and the added value rather than on the number of recommendations. Subsequently, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee was informed that OIOS had outlined a new plan for monitoring and reporting on outstanding recommendations, which would help address the concerns expressed so far. The Committee will continue to monitor this issue to ensure its successful implementation.", "Figure III", "Total number of recommendations issued annually by the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "20. The Committee was also provided with updated information on the status of implementation of recommendations made by the Joint Inspection Unit. According to the annual report of the Unit, the overall acceptance rate of the Joint Inspection Unit recommendations by the Secretariat between 2004 and 2009 was 54.4 per cent, compared with 41.3 per cent between 2004 and 2008. The overall implementation rate was 35.3 per cent between 2004 and 2009, compared to 33.3 per cent between 2004 and 2008. The Committee was informed of the challenges faced by the Secretariat in implementing the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit, such as those addressed to the General Assembly and beyond the control of management. Figure IV shows the overall implementation/acceptance rate of the Secretariat as reported by the Joint Inspection Unit in its annual report. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee noted an increase in the acceptance rate; while recognizing the challenges faced by management, it encouraged the Secretariat to increase its implementation rate of the Joint Inspection Unit recommendations concerning the Secretariat.", "Figure IV", "Implementation/acceptance of recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "B. Risk management and internal control framework", "21. Paragraphs 2 (f) and (g) of the terms of reference of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (see General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex) specifically mandate the Committee to advise the Assembly on the quality and overall effectiveness of risk management procedures and on deficiencies in the internal control framework of the United Nations.", "The comments of the Committee on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/259, entitled “Accountability in the United Nations Secretariat”, are contained in annex III to its report (A/65/329). In its resolution 65/250 on the report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of those recommendations until the main part of its sixty-sixth session. At the same time, the Assembly invited the Committee to provide further advice, as necessary, on relevant issues within its purview.", "23. With regard to accountability, the Committee was briefed on the progress made so far by management in the implementation of resolution 64/259. While recognizing those achievements, including the completion of the final establishment of the accountability website, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee decided to reiterate all the recommendations contained in annex III to its report (A/65/329), namely:", "• The Secretary-General should integrate enterprise risk management into the programme planning process (para.", "• The design, monitoring and evaluation of accountability systems are the responsibility of the Secretary-General (para.", "• The General Assembly should consider expanding the definition of accountability to include value added and management risk; furthermore, risk should be defined as a risk that encompasses financial, operational, reputational and human resources (para.", "• The definition of accountability should include a reference to the obligations of contractors and consultants (para.", "• The Secretariat should develop a clearly defined and well-prepared implementation plan (para.", "In its first annual report (A/63/328), the Committee made a number of recommendations on the first accountability report, including: (a) the phased implementation of enterprise risk management in selected organizational units; (b) the need to develop a management-specific document to clarify to senior management the benefits of adopting an enterprise risk management and internal control framework, as well as the need to include in the Organization's implementation plan a structured training programme and a communications strategy for all staff; (c) the need to assign oversight of projects to a high-level committee, such as the existing management committee, in order to demonstrate senior management commitment to implementation; and (d) the establishment of a Chief Risk Officer position.", "25. Following discussions with management, the Committee was informed that enterprise risk management remained a major challenge for the Secretariat. The Committee was also informed that the Secretariat had established a focal point within the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management to lay the foundation for the future implementation of the enterprise risk management framework. Management also informed the Committee that the enterprise risk management policy framework had been endorsed by the Management Committee and would be submitted to the General Assembly for consideration at its sixty-sixth session. The Committee was also informed that the Management Committee would also serve as the committee for issues related to enterprise risk management.", "26. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee commends management for the steps being taken to implement enterprise risk management and considers that, given the size and complexity of the Organization, enterprise risk management should be considered one of the highest priorities of the Organization and should continue to enlist the support of senior leadership to ensure its successful implementation.", "27. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee also notes that the four recommendations referred to in paragraph 24 above regarding the establishment of a Chief Risk Officer have not yet been implemented. The Committee wishes to reiterate that the establishment of this post is central to the implementation of enterprise risk management throughout the Secretariat. The Chief Risk Officer should have the appropriate authority and resources to carry out his/her related responsibilities.", "C. Effectiveness, efficiency and impact of audit activities and other functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "28. The terms of reference of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee provide for the Committee to advise the General Assembly on all aspects of internal oversight (see resolution 61/275, annex, paras. 2 (c)-(e)). In carrying out its mandate, the Committee has maintained its usual practice of meeting with the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services and other senior officials of OIOS during its sessions. Discussions focused on the implementation of the OIOS workplan, the significant findings reported by OIOS, any operational constraints, post incumbency and the status of implementation of OIOS recommendations by management, including the outstanding 10 to 20 most critical recommendations by management, increased investigations and funding arrangements.", "Workplan and budget of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for 2011-2012", "29. The Committee ' s responsibilities with respect to OIOS are set out in its terms of reference, which include a review of the OIOS workplan, taking into account the workplans of other oversight bodies, and advising the General Assembly thereon.", "30. In its reports on the budget for OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734) and on the proposed programme budget for OIOS for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85), the Committee provided its observations and recommendations on the workplan of OIOS. In paragraph 25 of its report on the budget for OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/64/652), the Committee recommended, inter alia, that OIOS review its planning assumptions and estimates, particularly in view of their implications for the number of audit days available (see also paras. 19-24). In its report (A/65/734, para. 14), the Committee was pleased to note that OIOS had implemented the recommendation, thus contributing to a reduction in the resource requirements of the Internal Audit Division.", "31. The Committee also reiterates its previous recommendation on residual risk and is encouraged to note that OIOS has included in its workplan for the regular budget an audit of key controls implemented by management to mitigate inherent risks. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee looks forward to the implementation of the reiterated recommendations in this regard, in particular those relating to the systematic assessment of residual risks as a basis for determining the total resources allocated to OIOS.", "32. The Committee continued to monitor the implementation of the workplans of OIOS divisions and the submission schedule of reports. With regard to delays in the submission of reports by OIOS, the Committee stresses the importance of the timely finalization of reports, as the length of time taken to complete reports diminishes the value of oversight.", "33. With regard to the regular budget of OIOS, the Committee, in its report (A/66/85), had expressed support for the Secretary-General ' s request for a deputy. The Committee is of the view that, given the proposed role of the position and the operational protocols within the United Nations, its level is important. The Committee is therefore of the opinion that the level of the position should reflect the tasks and responsibilities assigned to it and the level of similar positions in other United Nations organizational units.", "Vacant posts in OIOS", "34. In its previous reports to the General Assembly, the Committee had reported a high number of vacancies in OIOS. Similarly, in its reports on United Nations peacekeeping operations and accounts (A/64/5 (Vol. II) and A/65/5 (Vol. II)), the Board commented on the vacancy rates of resident auditors and investigators in peacekeeping missions and investigation centres.", "35. OIOS informed the Committee that the overall vacancy rate for OIOS as at 31 May 2011 was 21.5 per cent, lower than the 23.2 per cent rate reported in the previous annual report of the Committee (see A/65/329). The highest vacancy rates remain in the Investigations Division (25.5 per cent) and the Internal Audit Division (22.4 per cent). The two divisions are largely vacant from posts funded from the regular budget and the peacekeeping support account. For example, in the Investigations Division, 32.7 per cent of posts funded from the regular budget and 25.0 per cent of posts funded from the peacekeeping support account were vacant as at 31 May 2011. Similarly, vacancy rates for posts in the Internal Audit Division were 21.1 per cent (peacekeeping budget) and 30.6 per cent (extrabudgetary accounts), respectively.", "In its report (A/65/329), the Committee noted with concern that two Director-level posts — the Director of the Investigations Division and the Director of the Inspection and Evaluation Division — had not been filled. The Committee was subsequently informed that both Directors had been engaged and would take up their duties in August 2011. This means that all Director-level posts will be filled for the first time in many years.", "37. In its resolutions 64/263 and 65/250, the General Assembly endorsed the previous comments of the Committee on the filling of vacancies in OIOS and requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the related comments of the Committee were fully implemented. OIOS informed the Committee that it was taking steps to recruit staff and reduce vacancy rates. Subsequently, the Committee was informed that the vacancy rate would be lower after August 2011 after a number of recruitment actions were finalized. Despite this effort, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee is concerned that the high vacancy rate in the Investigations Division, in particular in the investigation centres, may affect the results of the pilot project related to investigations and requests OIOS to take such impact into account when assessing the relative benefits of approving an option. The Committee will continue to monitor the steps taken by OIOS to expedite the filling of vacant posts, in particular resident auditor and investigator positions.", "Quality assessment of the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "38. In 2011, the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services conducted a client satisfaction survey covering all aspects of its oversight function. The Division informed the Committee of its findings. The client questionnaire, covering 2010 and conducted from February to March 2011, included overall feedback on the work of the Division, scoring of internal auditors, scoring of audit coverage and scoring of audit procedures and reports.", "39. The Committee was informed that the results of the survey showed that 62.5 per cent of clients agreed that the audit work helped to identify and manage significant risks; to improve the cost-effectiveness of internal controls; to achieve operational objectives; and to make the management process effective. On the basis of the feedback received from the client survey, the Committee was informed that OIOS planned to meet with a wide range of clients to discuss the concerns raised by clients in a number of areas, such as knowledge of client mandates, programmes and processes; reporting timelines; and accuracy of the findings.", "40. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee continues to believe that the conduct of these investigations by OIOS is a step in the right direction, as they provide an independent basis for OIOS to assess the quality and value of its work, obtain positive feedback from respondents and address areas requiring corrective action. The Committee is also of the view that OIOS should strive to increase the satisfaction rate from 62.5 per cent reported in 2011. The Committee also reiterates its previous recommendation that the Office of Internal Oversight Services complement the client surveys conducted by using specific results-based measures that reflect the added value that the Office brings to the Organization.", "41. In accordance with Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) standard 1312 on external evaluation, from 1 January 2002, internal audit activities should be subject to an external evaluation at least once every five years. During the reporting period, the Committee was informed that OIOS had requested the Institute of Internal Auditors to conduct an external quality assessment. The objective of the review was to assess whether the Internal Audit Division ' s practices and processes conformed to its audit manual and the standards established by the Institute of Internal Auditors, to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the Division in meeting the needs of stakeholders and to make recommendations for improving and streamlining the internal audit process.", "42. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving the results of this assessment and encourages OIOS to extend such reviews to the Investigations Division and the Inspection and Evaluation Division.", "Strengthening investigations", "43. In its report (A/65/329), the Committee recalled that the General Assembly, in paragraph 18 of its resolution 62/247 on strengthening investigations, had requested the Secretary-General to prepare, in close cooperation with the Office of Internal Oversight Services, a report for consideration and approval by the General Assembly detailing the terms of reference for the proposed comprehensive review of investigations within the United Nations.", "44. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee was informed that, at the request of the General Assembly, a task force chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General had been established. The purpose of the task force is to review the various types of survey conducted in the Secretariat, to make recommendations on the need to improve the system, to study the steps required for change and to develop the terms of reference requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/247. The task force is supported by a working group mandated to review and report to the task force. As a result of that review, the Committee was informed that OIOS had been assessing the workload that would arise if OIOS assumed all investigative responsibilities within the United Nations and that a final decision would be taken on the level of resources that would be required at that time. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee will continue to monitor developments in this regard and looks forward to receiving an update on the key steps taken to meet the requests of the General Assembly. The Committee is of the view that there is a need for a more integrated and coordinated approach to investigation activities within the United Nations.", "Inspection and evaluation functions", "45. In its report (A/66/85), the Committee reported that the Committee for Programme and Coordination had endorsed the decision to reduce the evaluation cycle from 11 to 13 years to 8 years in its strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, as had the General Assembly in its resolution 65/244. The report also stated that OIOS considered it necessary to conduct eight-year cycle programme evaluations of all 27 programmes in order to provide the Secretary-General and the General Assembly with a comprehensive programme-level evaluation of each programme within a reasonable time frame.", "46. The 27 programmes include projects funded mainly from extrabudgetary funds. Under the workplan for the biennium 2012-2013 submitted to the Committee, 95 per cent or more of the five programmes to be evaluated were funded from extrabudgetary sources, with the exception of one. The Committee was also informed that all inspection and evaluation activities are currently funded from the regular budget or the support account. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee therefore recommended in its report (A/66/85) that the funding arrangements for OIOS should be reconsidered in the light of the report of the Secretary-General requested in paragraph 3 of part III of General Assembly resolution 61/275.", "Financial reporting", "47. Under paragraphs 2 (h) and (i) of the terms of reference of the Committee, it is the responsibility of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee to advise the General Assembly on the operational implications of the issues and trends reflected in the financial statements of the Organization and the reports of the Board of Auditors and on the appropriateness of accounting policies and disclosure practices, as well as to assess changes and risks in those policies.", "48. During the reporting period, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee held discussions with the Board of Auditors and officials of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts on a number of issues related to financial reporting. Issues discussed included:", "(a) The status of implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) at the United Nations, including recent progress, challenges faced, the revised IPSAS implementation timetable, the IPSAS implementation timetable and the synchronization of the strategy with the ERP project schedule;", "(b) Consideration of the growth of assessed and voluntary contributions and other trends reflected in the financial statements.", "49. With regard to the growth of assessed and voluntary contributions, the Committee discussed trends based on the report of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations from 2002 to 2009 (see figure V). The Committee notes that the increase in assessed contributions was 27 per cent in 2004-2005, 28 per cent in 2006-2007 and 17 per cent in 2008-2009. On the other hand, voluntary contributions grew by 48 per cent, 67 per cent and 22 per cent over the same period, respectively. The Committee also notes that voluntary contributions as a percentage of total income increased from 18 per cent in 2002-2003 to 26 per cent in 2008-2009. The Committee was informed that the Panel of External Auditors of the United Nations had previously raised its concerns on the matter in a letter to the Secretary-General.", "Figure V", "Trends in assessed and voluntary contributions ^ (a)", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "(a) Based on the figures contained in the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations (A/59/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; A/61/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; and A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. II).", "50. With regard to the report of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee is of the view that one quarter of its funding depends on voluntary contributions, which exposes the Organization in general and the programmes in particular to risks. The Committee is of the view that these risks should be clearly articulated and mitigated by the Administration. Furthermore, in view of the financial difficulties faced by many Member States, the Committee is concerned about the sustainability of such a significant increase in overall contributions.", "E. Coordination among United Nations oversight bodies", "General considerations", "51. During the reporting period, in addition to arranging regular meetings with OIOS, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee held meetings with other oversight bodies, including the Joint Inspection Unit, the Audit Advisory Committee of the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Board of Auditors. Both IAAC and the Audit Advisory Committee of the United Nations Development Programme welcomed the opportunity to discuss issues of common interest. In separate meetings with the Board of Auditors, the Joint Inspection Unit and OIOS, the Committee noted that positive interrelationships had emerged between the parties concerned through tripartite coordination meetings of oversight bodies and the exchange of workplans to avoid duplication.", "52. At its fifteenth session, the Committee continued to share its experience with the Board of Auditors and discussed ways to enhance cooperation and effectiveness without prejudice to their respective mandates. The Committee and the Board also discussed in depth the findings of the Board of Auditors on the operational impact of trends reflected in the financial statements.", "53. The dialogue between the Board of Auditors and IAAC had allowed for an exchange of views on matters of common interest and had provided a useful opportunity for cooperation among United Nations oversight bodies.", "Other matters", "54. As part of its regular meetings with OIOS, the Committee was briefed on relevant developments regarding the recommendations requested by the General Assembly in paragraphs 19 and 20 of its resolution 65/243 B on the willingness of the Board of Auditors to conduct performance audits. This issue was further discussed with the Board of Auditors during the exchange of views.", "55. The Committee notes that the main purpose of the external audit is to express an opinion on the financial statements of the Organization. The Committee recognizes that, in the process, external auditors may find problems of efficiency, economic accounting and effectiveness that, in their professional judgement, may serve as a basis for further performance audits by them, OIOS or another appropriate audit entity. The Committee was informed that the Board had been conducting performance audits only from the point of view of efficiency, in accordance with regulation 7.5 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations.", "56. The Committee is aware of the fact that, in accordance with International Standards for Supreme Audit Institutions, guideline 5000, external auditors of publicly funded international institutions conduct both regular audits (traditional financial statement audits) and performance audits. The Board is seeking a strengthened delegation of authority to cover three areas (“three Es”) — cost-effective, efficient and effective — while also seeking the ability to report independently on the results of audits. The Committee is of the view that, should the General Assembly authorize the Board of Auditors to undertake additional performance audits, measures should be put in place to ensure that such audits do not lead to unnecessary or inappropriate duplication or overlap with audits conducted by OIOS. To ensure that there was no duplication or overlap, there must be a concerted effort between OIOS and the Board of Auditors, and the Board must pay greater attention to the work done by OIOS.", "57. The Committee was also informed that any performance audits initiated by the Board of Auditors on the basis of its financial audit work would not entail additional costs to the Organization, as the resources under the existing financial audit arrangements would be adjusted in the interim. However, if the General Assembly were to request more performance audits, additional costs would arise in the future.", "F. Cooperation and access", "58. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee is pleased to report that it has enjoyed the full cooperation of the Joint Inspection Unit, the Board of Auditors, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and senior management of the Secretariat, including the Department of Management, in the discharge of its responsibilities. The Committee was also given appropriate access to the staff, documents and information it needed to carry out its functions. The Committee looks forward to continuing its cooperation with those entities that interact with it in order to discharge in due course the responsibilities set out in its terms of reference.", "Conclusions", "59. In accordance with its terms of reference, the Independent Audit Committee submits for the consideration of the General Assembly its observations, comments and recommendations contained in paragraphs 9, 14, 17 to 20, 23, 26, 27, 31, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 50 and 56 above." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(c)", "可持续发展国际减少灾害战略", "《国际减少灾害战略》执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告依照大会第65/157号决议的要求概括介绍了《国际减少灾害战略》的进展情况。灾害风险增加的速度超过经济增长速度，从而影响了千年发展目标的进展和实现。对《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》的中期审查表明，该框架各项原则指导抗灾能力建设取得进展。但是，国家、国家以下和国际各级风险管理系统和决策进程还需要取得重大进展，包括风险损失核算和综合风险建模，以便为合理规划发展和投资提供支助。 \n2011年5月举行了第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议，来自各个部门的抗灾能力建设方面的领导人和专家参加了会议，所涉部门范围之广前所未有。会议讨论为进一步实施《兵库行动框架》提供了指导。与会者认为务必紧急增加对减少灾害风险的投资。日本政府提出担任2015年第三次世界减灾会议的东道国。", "目录", "页次\n1.灾害及灾害风险趋势 3\n2.与实施《兵库行动框架》有关的挑战和机遇 4\n3.通过战略系统进行协调和指导 6\nA.加强全球、区域和国家各级协调 6\nB.力主更为安全的城市、学校和医院 9\nC.增加对减少灾害风险的投资 10\n4.结论和建议 11 \n 附件 \n关于《兵库行动框架》执行进展情况的具体资料 13", "一. 灾害及灾害风险趋势", "1. 大大小小各种灾害，从2010年7月巴基斯坦洪灾到贝宁或巴西等国家的洪灾，进一步表明了灾害与贫困之间的密切联系，正如《2011年全球减少灾害风险评估报告：揭示风险、重新界定发展》所强调的那样。[1] 与此同时，澳大利亚洪灾，新西兰克里斯特彻奇地震，给日本东北部造成巨大破坏的地震、海啸及核灾难无疑再次提醒我们，发达国家及其经济和城市同样面临灾害风险。与气候变化有关的数百起较小规模灾害也给许多国家造成了巨大的损害，显示了风险与发展做法欠佳、经济增长和人口爆炸之间的密切关系。", "2. 显然，灾害造成的金融、社会和政治代价越来越大。在全球一级，与天气有关的灾害导致死亡的风险不断下降，而经济损失在所有区域均呈上升趋势。据《2011年全球评估报告》，自1990年以来，东亚和太平洋遭受热带气旋的风险减少了50%。而就地震和海啸风险而言，在全球一级，无论是生命损失还是经济损失的风险都越来越大。在报告所述期间，发生共计347次自然灾害，受影响人数超过2.55亿，造成106 000人丧生，经济损失超过3 040亿美元。[2]", "3. 高收入国家经济损失风险的增加速度更快。自从1980年以来，高收入国家因热带气旋造成经济损失的风险增加了262%，而低收入国家为155%。2010年，经济合作与发展组织国家因洪灾造成经济损失风险与1990年相比增加了170%，超过国内总产值增长速度。在许多国家，洪灾和热带气旋造成经济损失的风险都超过了国内总产值增长速度，这意味着灾害造成财富损失风险的增长速度超过创造财富的速度。低收入国家承受灾害造成的经济损失能力以及复原能力较低。总的来说，与小岛屿发展中国家等小经济体相比，较大的经济体承受灾害损失的能力更强，因为这些经济体在地理和经济上更为多样化。", "4. 旱灾是与社会和经济政策选择不当关系最密切的灾害，而且经常与冲突造成的不稳定有关。旱灾依然是隐蔽的风险，尽管旱灾对人类健康、生计和许多经济部门的影响如此之大，而人们对旱灾的了解却十分有限。旱灾给农村人口和牧民带来压力和不安全感。各国以及国际一级报告的灾害数据均未如实反映出旱灾的影响。例如，2010年7月至2011年6月期间，据报告，全球只有4人死于旱灾，而受到旱灾影响的人数为32 482 102人，超过任何其他灾害的受影响人数。² 必须采取的一个关键步骤是，加强地方和国家一级的综合风险管理系统并系统地记录旱灾造成的影响，以便减少旱灾风险，改进早期预警，防止旱灾影响升级为粮食安全危机。", "5. 1970-2010年期间，世界人口增长了87%。同期，洪灾易发区河流流域的人口增加了114%，气旋易发区沿海人口增加了195%。因此，经济和生产性资产在最易受灾地区，特别是在低收入和中下收入国家，不断积累。为了扭转上述趋势，发展计划和投资选择都必须考虑到风险信息，并通过减少灾害风险框架处理。", "6. 正如日本东部大地震和海啸所表明的那样，自然灾害可能造成一系列灾难性后果，不仅核设施而且水电站大坝、工业、桥梁和公路之类基础设施也会遭到破坏。各项新的努力应将上述因素考虑在内，采取有远见的思维和规划方式来制定有关标准、备灾措施、早期预警机制和应对措施。", "二. 与实施《兵库行动框架》有关的挑战和机遇", "7. 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》中期审查、[3] “兵库行动框架监测系统”、[4]《2011年全球评估报告》、全球及各区域平台以及相关协商进程查明了减少风险和脆弱性方面的主要挑战、机遇和优先事项。在全球、国家、地方各级以及公共和私营部门，进行灾害管理的政治意愿日益加强。现在重要的是将这种决心落实到行动上，就“如何操作”提供更明确的指导，促进循证决策、知情的舆论、不同行业间以及全球、国家和地方各级加强合作。", "8. 减灾战略秘书处根据大会第64/200号决议促进国际、区域以及国家各级利益攸关者共同参与，以推动《兵库行动框架》中期审查。", "9. 中期审查强调指出在过去五年中《兵库行动框架》大大推动了减少灾害风险方面的国际及国内政治势头和行动。该框架的各项原则被普遍作为指导。审查指出了尚需进一步努力和合作的重要领域。", "10. 中期审查确认减少灾害风险、灾害影响和脆弱性主要取决于得当的发展政策和投资。尽管有一些这方面的好例子，但是风险管理尚未被充分纳入发展规划，原因包括社区和地方政府参与确定国家优先事项的程度有限，且采取整体政府方式的程度也有限。", "11. 管理灾害风险及其灾害后果需要跨部门、地方以及国家之间密切合作。尽管在一些部门取得进展，但是由于没有实现系统一体化，尚未取得预期效果。尽管生成了很多这方面的知识，但是没有得到充分利用。公共和私人部门拟订了重要的做法，积累了重要的经验教训可供分享。因此，必须审查现有灾害风险管理系统及其在国家和国际一级的相互联系。在这方面，国家一级多方利益攸关方“国家减少灾害风险平台”是一个重要的模式，有可能为作出知情决策和提高公众认识提供指导。但是，这种模式的潜力没有得到充分利用，有必要进一步审查如何使这种模式最有效地支助国内决策和国际合作。", "12. 有效管理灾害方面的问责制需要进一步加强。许多国家通过了相关立法，迈出了重要的一步。与此同时，由于缺少如实记录灾害损失的机制，缺少明确的标准、基线和目标指标，无法指导和衡量进展情况。因此，利用跨部门知识和经验开发各种指南工具至关重要。用于跟踪和了解灾害原因的通用分析工具可支助发展投资和规划以及备灾工作。尽管风险属于地区性，但是减少风险需要国家及国际各级合作。", "13. 有证据表明，能否进行有效的风险管理取决于是否建立了高级别政府一级的高级综合权威机构，负责决策、领导政府统筹进程以及确保为减少灾害风险的所有不同方面分配预算，并承担这方面的问责责任。《2011年全球评估报告》的结论认为，在中央政府一级，灾害风险管理应由一个具有政治权威并负责所有部门政策一致的负有规划监督和财政责任的部委负责。在将责任逐步下放给地方政府的同时，能力和资源也需要下放。只有与易受灾害影响家庭和社区以及他们的组织共同合作，才能有效地进行灾害风险管理。这是实现成本效益、可持续性、公民及社会凝聚力的关键。开展这类伙伴合作的实例越来越多，但是在许多国家这意味着公共行政管理文化的变化。所面临的挑战不是如何促进社区参与的问题，而是促进政府参与社区和地方灾害风险管理的规划和实施。", "14. 已经建立了若干生成和分享信息的机制，但是减少灾害风险方面的标准依然不统一，未综合在一起，或者没有涉及如何管理同时或先后发生的多个灾害的问题。备灾工作有必要采取预防多种灾害的方式，将作为自然灾害附带后果的技术灾害考虑在内。", "15. 《兵库行动框架》中期审查指出对减少灾害风险的资助依然不足，还需要做更多努力跟踪投资情况，为发展投资创造有利环境并支助地方一级行动。为此，减灾战略秘书处与一些国家和组织共同拟订模式和指南。", "16. 据2011年全球评估报告，多数国家没有系统地核算灾害给公共资产造成的损失。未核算的损失多由低收入群体承受，从而加重了贫困，影响了实现千年发展目标方面的进展。与此同时，转化为货币的公共资产损失往往在国内总产值或国家预算中占相当大的比例。多数国家未能量化减少灾害风险方面的投资，即使有量化的投资数据，投资规模也很少与损失程度匹配。除非计算出灾害损失的成本，否则很难解释为何在国家预算中增加对灾害风险管理的投资。《2011年全球评估报告》还得出结论认为，旨在避免造成风险的土地使用规划和加固建筑物措施的成本-效益比率为4或更多，而通过迁移或翻修避免风险只是刚刚达到成本效益而已。鉴于公共投资通常占国内总产值的3%至15%，将减少灾害风险纳入公共投资规划是一项具有战略意义的决定，可有助大大减少中期风险。哥斯达黎加和秘鲁等国将灾害风险列入公共投资评估标准。最具成本效益的减少风险投资是那些集中在一个国家的公共建筑和重要设施投资组合中最脆弱的一部分的投资。可通过调整现有社会保障手段，以相对较低的额外成本为数百万人提供保障。例如，智利扩大了社会援助方案的支付范围，为受到2010年2月地震和海啸影响的家庭提供援助。", "17. 灾害风险信息在指导投资决定和支助舆论方面发挥重要作用。获得有关自然灾害和现有减少风险措施的信息将为减少脆弱性提供机会。在灾害发生之后立即获得风险信息，对作出有效的回应来说是至关重要的，可指导救灾和抗灾班子、国家及地方各级政府以及一般公众的紧急行动。一个需要认真的集体思考的复杂问题是，政府、组织和社区在审议极端事件影响的时候，采用什么标准来确定风险的程度和减轻灾害措施的成本。", "18. 2010年12月，在坎昆举行了联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国会议。缔约国在会上强调指出务必加强旨在减少与气候变化有关的灾害风险战略，同时酌情考虑到《兵库行动框架》。《坎昆适应框架》对减少灾害风险的关注表明国家在减少灾害风险方面的强有力的自主权，制定和实施国家适应计划方面的现有程序是有影响力的手段，可通过多部门、多个利益攸关方进程扩大减少灾害风险努力的规模。", "三. 通过战略系统进行协调和指导", "19. 要有效地减少灾害风险，就必须建立新型跨部门伙伴关系，包括在地方一级以及公共与私营部门之间。实践证明，全球、区域以及国家各级现有机制在形成减少灾害风险政治势头和空间方面发挥了至关重要的作用。有必要进一步加强这些机制，确保这些机制之间相互关联，并包容不同的利益攸关方，应对新出现的与气候和减少灾害风险有关的各种挑战。", "A. 加强全球、区域和国家各级协调", "全球", "20. 2011年5月8日至13日在日内瓦举行了第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议。来自168个国家政府、25个政府间组织、65个非政府组织、国际红十字和红新月协会、地方政府、议会、私人部门、学术机构、民间社会和国际组织的2 600名代表与会。考虑到减少灾害风险是联合国及其合作伙伴的发展、环境及人道主义工作的中心，我的副秘书长主持了第三次会议。", "21. 在第三次会议上，确认全球平台及其筹备和参与进程是一个全球一级主要论坛，通过这个论坛提供政治指导、促进协调和伙伴关系发展以及跨部门交流减少灾害风险方面的好做法。设在日内瓦的《国际减少灾害战略》支助小组、国际红十字和红新月运动、全球民间社会组织网络、参加“加强城市复原力”活动的合作伙伴和地方政府、《国际减少灾害战略》私营部门咨询小组、区域组织以及联合国机构和世界银行为筹备第三次会议提供了重要投入。", "22. 除了会员国作出承诺声明外，市长们还承诺落实《确保城市复原力的十大要点》；私营部门参与者商定了《企业五大要点》；一组年轻人组织共同推动关于儿童与减少灾害问题的五点章程；关注健康的若干国际组织联合发表声明，呼吁扩大对减少灾害风险来说至关重要的社区保健队伍，还呼吁各国政府和合作伙伴进行投资，加强自身能力。区域组织再次承诺实施在世界部长级会议上商定的区域战略。", "23. 《兵库行动框架》有效期为2005年至2015年。第三次会议上的讨论强调确保进一步实施该框架的重要性，同时在该战略的秘书处作为联合国系统减少灾害风险的联络中心推动下，开展了关于2015年以后减少灾害风险框架的讨论。在这方面，日本政府在第三次会议期间主动提出担任第三次世界减少灾害风险会议的东道国，第三次会议将于2005-2015年《兵库行动框架》到期之年2015年举行。", "24. 全球减灾和灾后恢复基金、世界银行和减灾战略秘书处组织了第一次世界重建会议，作为第三次世界减少灾害风险会议的一个组成部分，重建会议确认灾后恢复和重建的协调和筹资方面的挑战。讨论侧重如何拟订一个有效的恢复框架，更可靠的筹资和加深了解的做法，强调将减少风险纳入所有灾后行动。", "25. 会员国对减少灾害风险的承诺日益增强，拓宽了促进讨论和行动所需政治空间。2011年2月9日，联合国大会主席召集了一次关于减少灾害风险的非正式专题辩论，旨在进一步了解如何通过有效的投资政策和做法以及可持续的城市管理来减少风险和受灾害影响的程度。", "26. 兵库行动框架监测系统是很有价值的信息来源，可通过该系统了解实施《兵库行动框架》各项原则的进展情况，交流做法并查明正在出现的战略问题，以便在国家和国际各级加以解决。共计133个国家为2009-2011年第三个报告周期提供了资料。正在进一步完善上述工具，包括增加了一个地方一级自我评估单元。", "区域", "27. 在报告所述期间，展开了许多区域活动。[5] 减灾战略秘书处为各国政府和区域组织筹备区域部长级会议、区域平台会议和其他会议以及制定行动计划和后续活动提供了实质性咨询意见和支助，对此，利益攸关者表示赞赏。", "28. 区域会议确认有必要以权力下放的方式实施地方和社区减少灾害风险战略和方案，为此建立适当的、切合实际的、可预测的筹资机制，加强地方政府和包括志愿者网络在内的各种地方非政府组织的作用。另外，会议讨论和公报都重申《兵库行动框架》的各项规定为减少灾害风险提供了指导原则。", "国家", "29. 在国家一级，国家减少灾害风险平台或者类似的国家协调机制有可能支助国家发展计划和投资方面决策。在第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议期间，举行了一次国家平台会议，讨论了旨在增强各国行动的各种选择和最佳做法。减灾战略秘书处将为审查目前做法和促进加强多方利益攸关方减少灾害风险能力提供进一步支助。", "30. 随着需要和要求越来越明确，联合国驻地协调员越来越多地参与高危国家的减少灾害风险行动。减灾战略秘书处与合作伙伴一道推动将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化目标纳入30个联合国发展援助框架。", "31. 通过动员利益攸关者团体和“推动变革者”参与，大大拓宽了减少灾害风险的政治组合范围。一些市长、州长和议员与减灾战略秘书处一道呼吁其他市长、州长和议员增强对建立复原能力的承诺和行动。2011年联合国减少风险笹川奖被授予最佳复原力城市和地方行动，由北温哥华(加拿大)、圣菲(阿根廷)和圣佛朗西斯克(菲律宾)分享该奖，布巴内斯瓦尔(印度)、中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心(中美洲)及地震重建和复原管理局(巴基斯坦)获得绩优证书。", "32. 最近，减灾战略秘书处建立了减少灾害风险私营部门咨询小组。该小组起到催化剂的作用，促进包括范围很广的私营部门实体结成全球伙伴关系，通过各种具体行动建立复原能力，例如为国家和地方风险评估提供支助、促进风险筹资方面的社会和环境可持续性、促进数据传播以及充分利用按部门分类的私营部门专门知识和优势，例如，私营部门在城市和沿海之类高风险地区建造复原力强的基础设施和促进可持续的土地使用和发展方面的专门知识和优势。", "33. 通过与议员、各国议会联盟和国家议会合作，增强了全球和国家各级对投资于减少灾害风险和适应气候风险措施的政治承诺。另外，减灾战略秘书处还提倡采取考虑到性别平等的减少灾害措施，促进个人和机构合作伙伴的自主权和领导能力。", "34. 在我的减少灾害风险问题特别代表的领导下，减灾战略秘书处继续在以下方面发挥主导作用：提供协调和确保上述机制间协同增效作用、影响减灾战略利益攸关方的愿景、知识的生成及分享、促进新的伙伴关系以及倡导建立复原力更强的社区。由于减灾战略秘书处的任务具有跨部门的特点，使其能够与来自发展、环保和救济各个领域的伙伴合作，拟订促进实施《兵库行动框架》的下一步措施。", "35. 《兵库行动框架》中期审查和《2011年全球减少灾害风险评估报告》突显了加强包括联合国系统在内的各级治理机制以确保有效地减少风险的必要性，尤其突显了联合国系统加强政策和业务一致性的必要性，以便通过联合国驻地协调员和联合国国家工作队更有效地为各国提供支助。我要求我的特别代表向行政首长理事会简要介绍中期审查的结论并就未来行动方案提出建议。方案问题高级别委员会将进一步讨论该事项，以确定整个联合国系统的适宜的行动方案。减灾战略秘书处将继续侧重加强联合国系统内部的协调。", "36. 合作伙伴和各国政府在不同场合多次重申减灾战略秘书处在加强联合国系统减少灾害风险方面的重要作用。鉴于中期审查以及大会第65/157号决议均对内部监督事务厅关于减灾战略秘书处的治理审计表示赞赏，行政和预算问题咨询委员会同意我关于将减少灾害风险事务特别代表职位的任期延长四年的建议，延至2015年年底，以确保中期审查的后续行动，推动实施《兵库行动框架》，协助拟订2015年后减少灾害风险框架。另外，我还将考虑采取其他措施以确保减灾战略秘书处高效率、有效地完成任务。", "B. 力主更为安全的城市、学校和医院", "37. 如今有一半人口住在城市。到2050年，城市化将增至70%，城市风险将继续增加。2010年，减灾战略秘书处发起“让城市具有防灾能力：我的城市正作好准备”的世界减灾运动，力求从市长和市委员会着手，加强地方政府在减少灾害风险和建设抗灾能力方面的作用。该运动正在推动制定和实施地方的抗灾战略。截至2011年6月底，已有750多个城市和地方政府在不到一年的时间里参加运动。该运动还会聚了来自世界各地和国内各城市、联合国系统、民间社会和私营部门的许多热情高涨的支持者。这次运动激发了城市与城市之间越来越多的减少灾害风险方面的合作努力和类似举措。", "38. 《气候变化问题全球市长理事会波恩宣言》等一些国际宣言和在墨西哥城召开的第三次城市和地方政府联合世界大会提出的建议均呼吁其城市成员和伙伴参加运动，并积极支持和监测其落实情况。", "39. 减灾战略秘书处与亚洲地区和全球减灾战略的伙伴一起，发起了百万安全学校和医院的宣誓运动。[6] 到6月底，各区域都已发起这一主动行动，有138 000所学校和医院承诺保证安全。世界卫生组织(世卫组织)报告了世界各地42个以上的国家建设更为安全的医院的进展情况。现已对630多个保健设施的安全及其对付紧急的能力进行了评估，并已在印度尼西亚、墨西哥、尼泊尔、阿曼、菲律宾和摩尔多瓦共和国采取了减少薄弱环节和加强备灾能力的措施。", "40. 减灾战略秘书处的知识和教育专题平台通过一批核心伙伴，[7] 设计了一个关于学校安全的全球基线研究。全球平台会议在一次专门活动中，讨论了这一研究。参加那次活动的有教育部和国家灾害管理机构。会议建议将减少灾害风险作为学校课程的一个优先事项，并使每个儿童都有权利实现全球教育的目标。代表们呼吁捐助方进一步有步骤地继续为学校安全进行投资。这次会议使一系列试点弱势国家宣布对学校安全进行评估。", "C. 增加对减少灾害风险的投资", "41. 大多数国家报告，根据兵库行动框架监测系统的监测结果，各部门或地方政府用于管理风险能力和灾害风险管理的资源增加得不多。但其中的一部分原因在于记录减少风险的开支这项工作比较复杂，因为财务报告制度不便于量化这类支出(投资是通过各种手段提供的，包括部门预算、环境保护资金、社会巩固和发展资金、补偿资金、民间社会等，在某些国家还通过私营部门提供)。", "42. 在第二次全球减少灾害风险平台会议上(2009年)，与会者提出了减少风险方面的投资目标，即国家发展预算的1%，人道主义援助资金的10%，[8] 重建和恢复资金的10%。根据经合组织的官方统计，人道主义援助投资中专门用于防灾备灾的那部分资金已有一定增加(2009年为4.2%)。这是一个指示性数字，因为随着官方发展援助支出的增加(2009年达到1 320亿美元以上)，[9] 加上发展界越来越强调抗灾能力，实际数字想必大得多。但是，由于没有一个较为普遍而且明示的减灾预算，因此要形成更准确的概念，需要加大投资力度才行。", "43. 国家和社区不论穷富，都无法承受往往在大多可以预防的灾害之后采取昂贵措施的负担。因此，发展界越来越认识到，需要将重点放在抗灾能力上。援助效力对话中越来越经常地讨论的是减少风险和抗灾战略问题。国家和国际社会在设计和实施发展方案时，也越来越面向未来以及社区和国家面对的风险，并且制定大量政策，积极推动在拟定可持续发展方案时减少风险。这方面的范例包括澳大利亚的“实际的综合工作——澳大利亚在援助方案中综合减少灾害风险、气候变化和环境因素三方面的考虑”；欧洲联盟委员会2011-2014年欧洲联盟(欧盟)支持发展中国家减少灾害风险的实施计划；大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府承诺在联合王国国际发展部的所有国家方案中，都致力于建设抗灾能力。", "44. 定于2011年11月在大韩民国釜山举行的援助实效问题第四次高级别论坛将使发展部长、多边和双边发展机构领导人有机会作出公开和可以衡量的承诺，将抗灾和减少风险作为国内和国际投资战略的核心，使消除贫穷工作具有可持续性和成本效益，并促进持久和平与安全。", "45. 联合国-世界银行伙伴关系继续通过全球减灾和灾后恢复基金，将减少灾害风险作为综合发展的优先事项。2007-2011年期间，恢复基金的捐助方共认捐3.04亿美元以上，用于减少灾害风险的活动。", "为国际减少灾害战略秘书处供资", "46. 大会在审议时要求以更可预测和稳定的方式，为目前由预算外资源供资的减少灾害战略秘书处供资。根据这一要求，并考虑到监督厅关于该秘书处的审计报告，我在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(见A/66/6(Sect.27))中，请设1个D-1职等的区域方案和政策制订处处长员额。该员额将领导减少灾害战略秘书处的区域工作，为执行大会交给秘书处的任务(即在协调减灾方面充当联合国系统协调中心，并确保联合国系统和各区域组织减灾活动与社会经济和人道主义领域各种活动之间的协同增效)方面发挥重要作用。", "四. 结论和建议", "47. 经与国家、区域和全球各级与各国政府磋商，举行了第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议。会议确认了[10] 在今后五年中携手工作的重要领域和机会，以管理灾害风险，加强《兵库行动框架》的执行工作。", "48. 减少灾害风险有助于支持最弱势民众的社会保护政策，并有助于经济增长和生态系统的管理。因此，需将风险管理进一步纳入可持续发展和气候风险管理工作。减少灾害风险与可持续发展两者具有内在联系。在迎接里约＋20可持续发展世界首脑会议之际，对减少灾害风险作出政治和财政承诺必须成为我们憧憬可持续发展的一个核心内容。", "49. 在管理灾害风险方面，我们已作出明确的政治承诺。如今必须将这一政治承诺变成实际行动。在国家一级，可以建立风险摸底、登记灾害损失、综合部门知识等重要机制，以更好地寻找灾害原因和制定今后的减灾措施，并确定减灾目标，从而有助于作出发展投资和规划方面的明智决定。", "50. 国家的多方利益攸关机制可以在支持明智决策和制定综合宣传战略教育公众从而支持个人选择方面发挥重要作用。过去十年里制定了各种国家平台范本，结果有好有坏。联合国国际减少灾害战略将与国家机制联合开展一项工作，目的是总结国家经验，确保建立一个促进减少灾害风险的可行模式，以有助于优化风险管理。", "51. 还需要进一步努力，理清减少灾害风险与适应气候变化之间的密切联系。加强防灾和减少气候风险举措之间的协同作用是减少受灾风险的必要步骤。需要特别注意通过管理气候风险的战略，有重点地采取行动，减少自然灾害。", "52. 我们可以从报告所述期间发生的灾害中，汲取以下一些教训：", "• 通过宣传、教育和演练，培养抗灾能力。但是，在提高公众认识和提供风险管理资料方面做得很不够。此外，人们对风险的认识会随着时间流逝而变化，因此必须经常重新评估，以确保人们愿意听取预警和接受风险信息，并使决策者能够作出正确的选择。向公众进行教育和提供资料是使他们信任风险管理机制的重要途径。在发生危机时，信任是至关重要的。", "• 国家的风险管理系统必须“由政府统管”，全国一盘棋，并且与国际系统接轨。机构协调和知识方面的缺陷会对风险管理构成重大挑战，因为危机管理人和领导人无法正确得知他们必须管理的危机具有的性质和影响。", "• 安全方面的信息应该相互参照并集中起来，而且还应配备跨系统和跨利益攸关团体的多风险综合预警机制。", "• 地方政府和城市管理人员是第一线的机构应急人员。他们还负责对抗灾和风险有影响的服务和城市发展。下放责任，同时配备能力、资源和联系多方利益攸关者对地方政府有办法采取行动至关重要。", "53. 鉴于中期审查的结果、《2011年全球评估报告》、兵库行动框架监测系统报告、第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议的审议情况，我提出以下建议：", "(a) 今后所有的可持续发展框架都应该明确说明其中包括的灾害和气候风险管理内容。同样，减少贫穷和薄弱环节是有效管理灾害风险的组成部分。", "(b) 应该建立并进一步完善国家的灾害损失登记册、灾害风险摸底和财务跟踪系统，以有效支助今后的发展规划和投资选择。", "(c) 只有在地方政府和社区充分参与的情况下，才能有效地减少风险。地方政府和社区需要适当的权力和财政能力，并需要参与国家风险管理政策的制定工作。", "(d) 可以更好地利用诸如多方利益攸关者国家平台等减少灾害风险国家机制方面的实践和业务模式，以进行宣传、积累知识和开展合作。我鼓励进一步加强这些机制，并在没有的地方将它们建立起来。", "(e) 会员国和各组织需要加大对减少灾害风险的财政、能力和技术投资，包括发展私营和公共部门的伙伴关系。", "(f) 我鼓励捐助方和发展中国家作出承诺，在其方案中更明确地注重支持地方和社区的抗灾能力，创造性地解决问题，并大胆革新，加强合作，将抗灾作为承诺提高援助效率的一部分。", "附件", "关于《兵库行动框架》执行进展情况的具体资料", "1. 以下概述各国政府、[11] 联合国机构、世界银行和其他伙伴向减灾战略秘书处报告的与《兵库行动框架》优先领域有关的成就。", "A. 国家一级的行动", "优先事项1 确保减少灾害风险成为国家和地方的优先事项", "2. 世界各地都在这方面取得了进展。有42个以上的国家报告在这一优先领域取得显著成效。特别是，48个国家报告在制定国家政策和法律框架方面进展显著。但是，一些国家也强调指出，这一进展并不一定意味着灾害风险的有效管理，尤其是在地方一级。", "3. 国家平台从61个增加到81个。在报告所述期间建立国家平台的国家有：阿尔及利亚、亚美尼亚、加拿大、冈比亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、塞拉利昂和土耳其。[12] 荷兰、挪威和塞尔维亚计划在今后几个月内推出其国家平台。在许多国家，减少灾害风险的机构安排已经从传统和单一机构的“民间保护”结构发展到多部门系统和平台。但是，寻找适当的机构安排，从而将减少灾害风险顺利地纳入发展规划和公共投资工作，依然是一个挑战。", "4. 一些国家加强了它们的机构和立法安排：缅甸、尼泊尔和博茨瓦纳将风险管理作为总统和副总统办公厅的最重要机构，而坦桑尼亚联合共和国则将这一责任转交给经济规划部和财政规划部。智利、多米尼加共和国和乌拉圭三国政府在减灾战略秘书处的协调下，由公正的机构间专家对国家机构能力和兵库行动框架的所有优先领域的现状进行了一次审查。智利和乌拉圭根据审查结果制定了新的立法框架。", "优先事项2 查明、评估和监测灾害风险和加强早期预警", "5. 全面风险评估方面的进展依然艰难，特别是在地方一级。20多个国家在全国进行了多危害风险评估，以便指导规划和发展决策。但是，在将评估与国家和地方的发展进程相联系方面，许多国家面临重大挑战。遗憾的是，报告在这方面取得重大进展的国家还同时强调国家缺乏评估灾害损失和风险的标准。只有少数国家对学校和保健设施进行了风险评估。", "6. 欧洲联盟委员会根据多危害和多风险的做法，制定了指导对风险进行摸底和评估的方针。加拿大正在制定一项评估所有危害风险的国家框架。巴巴多斯动用大量资源，对主要的沿海风险进行了一次全面的沿海风险评估。其他一些国家努力将风险评估纳入保健、教育、农业、交通和水管理等各种部门。", "7. 在增强预警能力方面，巴林、布基纳法索、莱索托、摩尔多瓦共和国、尼泊尔、塞拉利昂、多哥和也门等一些国家报告取得了某些进展。巴基斯坦政府制定了改善洪水预报能力和风险摸底能力的计划。海地在世界气象组织(气象组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和联合国开发计划署(开发署)的支持下，通过技术援助、能力建设和培训，加强了沿海风险的预警服务。澳大利亚和马达加斯加利用移动电话传播预警消息。芬兰正在发展数字无线电网络系统，用户外警报通知其80%的居民。", "优先事项3 利用知识、创新和教育在各级创建安全和抗灾", "8. 这一优先领域的进展依然有限。确认和进一步发展评估多种风险和分析成本效益的方法与工具依然是一个特别薄弱的领域。只有19个国家评定它们在将减少风险纳入学校课程和有关正规培训方面，作出了大量的努力。大多数国家报告，在为城乡脆弱社区制定宣传战略方面存在显著差距。中国是一个值得注意的例外。中国报告在提供风险信息、制定全国的宣传战略和将减少灾害风险纳入学校课程方面取得了全面进展。", "9. 非洲一些国家，例如埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和乌干达，正在开发管理灾害风险资料的中央数据库。巴基斯坦政府进行了一次损害评估，对教师进行了培训，并且为受到洪灾影响的儿童和不识字的妇女提供学习机会。在海地，3 000多名中学教师接受了以学员为中心的心理社会支助和减少灾害风险培训。缅甸教育部发起努力，通过以女教师为对象的恢复教育方案，减少受灾风险。", "优先事项4 减少潜在风险因素", "10. 这方面的进展更慢。尽管各国报告已经进一步认识到需要在规划和投资工作中考虑减少灾害风险，但只有22个国家认为其减少潜在风险因素的进展可谓显著。各国报告了在对付不同发展部门的内在风险方面存在的困难，说明了为什么经济损失和损害继续增加的原因。只有32个国家对改造学校和医院等公共基础设施进行了投资。克罗地亚报告，政府受到建筑业的压力，后者甚至要求在灾害易发区降低标准和规范，以减少总体成本。", "11. 非洲的一些国家正在建立机制保护环境，并确保可持续发展，许多国家作出重大努力，将减少灾害风险纳入其适应气候变化的国家计划。在乌干达，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和世界粮食计划署(粮食署)支持政府为再三遭到干旱影响没有粮食保障的牧民和农牧民提供生产安全网的主动行动。", "12. 厄瓜多尔实施广泛的社会政策，作为其减少灾害风险战略的一部分。马拉维制定并实施了新的社会发展政策，以减少高风险社区的弱势。在孟加拉国，粮食署支持政府和非政府伙伴帮助30 000户没有粮食保障的家庭垫高住宅，超过洪水线。", "优先事项5 在各级为有效救灾加强备灾工作", "13. 这是各国政府几十年来重点关注的领域。该领域包括各级行政机构的备灾和应急计划、准备金和应急机制，以及在出现紧急情况时交流信息的既定程序。有46个国家报告在发展政策、技术和机构能力方面取得显著成就。显然，有效管理灾害帮助在全球减少了因天气造成的灾害死亡率。", "14. 秘书处人道主义事务协调厅在阿尔巴尼亚、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、多米尼加共和国、加纳、海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦、马尔代夫、黑山、纳米比亚、阿曼和土耳其等一些国家开展各种活动，加强国家的备灾能力。", "15. 埃塞俄比亚政府的天气风险管理框架在世界银行和粮食署的支持下，建立了一个综合性的风险管理系统，支持国家的生产安全网方案。该框架每年筹集1.60亿美元的应急资金，援助800万粮食没有保障的家庭。", "16. 在海地，粮食署支持政府与伙伴缔结备用协定，并将救生物资预先放在灾害发生时可以使用的地方，从而使政府做好防灾准备。这些努力使海地政府、粮食署和各伙伴得以迅速应对飓风托马斯和霍乱的流行。", "17. 在西非，人道主义机构结成备灾战略伙伴关系。区域和全球伙伴支持各国在国内开展能力建设活动。在加纳，防备紧急情况和评估应对能力的工作为2011-2012年的行动计划奠定了基础。", "B. 区域一级的行动", "18. 区域和次区域减少灾害风险的多方利益攸关者平台正在逐步体制化，为利益攸关者交流经验、监测进展和采取集体行动以加强兵库行动框架的落实工作提供了区域一级的独特机会。减灾战略秘书处区域办事处与联合国各机构、世界银行和其他伙伴一起，为这些平台提供支持。", "非洲", "19. 非洲联盟执行理事会在2011年1月的首脑会议上，通过了关于第二次非洲减少灾害风险部长会议报告的决定，显示出非洲联盟成员国决心继续致力于减少灾害风险。执行理事会赞同报告中的建议，包括整个大陆、次区域和国家执行《减少灾害风险非洲区域战略扩大行动纲领》(2006-2015)的战略行动领域、主要活动、预期成果和指标。", "20. 区域经济共同体得以为成员国提供有效的协调和战略指导，使次区域战略和方案符合《非洲区域战略》和《行动纲领》，并推动其在次区域的落实。如今，西非国家经济共同体、中非国家经济共同体、政府间发展管理局(伊加特)和南部非洲发展共同体已将减少灾害风险作为优先事项纳入工作方案，支持《非洲区域战略》和《减少灾害风险行动纲领》的执行工作。", "21. 伊加特和伙伴国家正在全球减灾和灾后恢复基金的财政和技术支持下，建设能力和加强减少灾害风险的机构；加强国家和次区域机构的灾害风险管理能力；建设减少灾害风险以及监测和预测气候的技术能力和机构能力。", "阿拉伯国家区域", "22. 阿拉伯国家认识到目前环境退化、气候变化、迅速而无计划的城市化、严重缺水、人口结构变化和移民趋势对该区域实现可持续发展目标带来的影响。民众流离失所、疾病爆发、流感、粮食无保障、冲突和内乱造成的次级风险对整个区域构成多重挑战，其规模前所未有。", "23. 由于认识到必须减少造成区域灾害趋势的有关风险，阿拉伯国家环境部长理事会于2010年12月通过《2020年阿拉伯减少灾害风险战略》。其后，第二次阿拉伯社会-经济发展首脑会议于2011年1月核可了这一战略。", "24. 在国家一级，各国开始建立灾害损失数据库，为决策者提供关于国家和地方风险和薄弱环节的必要信息，强化信息系统并使之系统化。约旦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和也门的国家灾害数据库已经完成，吉布提、埃及、黎巴嫩和摩洛哥的数据库正在完成。", "亚洲及太平洋", "25. 第四次亚洲减少灾害风险部长级会议通过的2010年《仁川宣言》和《仁川区域路线图》确认，该地区在2015年之前的主要优先领域是将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化结合起来。会议通过的行动计划为使部长会议决定和路线图变成国家和地方各级的具体行动提供了全面指导。一些民间社会组织和红十字与红新月国际联合会承诺协助配合其各自的政府实施这些活动。", "26. 太平洋灾害风险管理平台于2010年建立，其主题是“通过多方利益攸关者加强太平洋灾害风险和灾害管理行动框架的执行工作”。该平台致力于在国家和区域各级促使更好地将灾害风险管理和适应气候变化结合起来，其采取的办法是：更好地协调和发展一体化的筹资方式；加强对太平洋岛国灾害风险管理的投资，并使投资符合国家现有的优先事项；推动将减少灾害风险的工作纳入国家的政策、预算和可以纳入的国家所有部门计划；通过多方利益攸关者，特别是社区、妇女和青年、政治家和议员以及民间社会和部门专家的参与，交流管理灾害风险的信息和经验。", "美洲", "27. 美洲减少灾害风险区域平台第二届会议于2011年3月15日至17日在墨西哥纳亚里特州新瓦雅塔举行。会上发表的《纳亚里特公报》表达了与会者的关切，并明确提议在区域发展议程中包括减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的考虑。", "28. 中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心(防灾中心)、安第斯防灾救灾委员会、关于减少社会自然灾害风险、民间防御、民间保护和人道主义援助特别会议、加勒比灾害紧急情况管理机构等次区域机制在促进将减少灾害风险纳入国家政策方面发挥了推动作用。其中的一个突出事例是批准了防灾中心推动的中美洲统筹管理风险政策。该政策将减少灾害风险作为对会员国有约束力的一项政策内容。2011年，防灾中心荣获笹川奖的表扬。", "欧洲", "29. 一些高级别活动帮助增强了区域和次区域对减少灾害风险的政治承诺，并促使减少灾害风险成为欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟委员会和东南欧区域合作理事会等欧洲机构的核心优先任务。同时，兵库框架的协调中心、国家平台和伙伴还在减少灾害风险欧洲论坛上交流信息、知识和经验，在技术上补充并支持政治进程。", "30. 2010年9月，欧洲委员会欧洲和欧洲地中海主要灾害协定第十二次部长会议在圣彼得堡召开。会上通过了2011-2015年中期计划，“以改善防灾和备灾工作，促进良好的风险管理，利用知识减少薄弱环节，更好地防备紧急情况”。会上，委员会讨论了气候变化对灾害的频率和程度产生的影响，并讨论了加强社会的适应性和抗灾能力的措施。", "31. 2009年，欧洲议会就欧洲联盟委员会的通讯“预防自然和人为灾害社区做法”通过一项决议，欢迎委员会致力于确保欧洲联盟的政策和方案更好地统筹预防灾害的有关问题。欧洲减少灾害风险论坛将于2011年10月在斯科普里举行第二次年会。", "C. 国际一级的行动", "优先事项1 确保减少灾害风险成为国家和地方的优先事项", "32. 在国家、区域和全球一级的议会合作下，减少灾害风险已列入一些全球和区域议会的议程。来自124个国家的议员从各国议会联盟和减灾战略秘书处制定的宣传材料“减少灾害风险：实现千年发展目标的手段”中受益。", "33. 2010-2011年期间，全球减灾和灾后恢复基金在这一优先领域为31个优先国家中的13个国家提供大量帮助。为了支持减少灾害风险方面的机构能力并建立共识，全球基金支助了123个现行项目，资金达5 400万美元以上，受益的国家有50多个，并且还在区域和全球一级提供支助。世界银行-联合国联合出版的题为“自然风险、非自然灾害：有效预防经济学”从经济角度说明投资预防灾害的理由，从而为政治宣传奠定基础。报告强调了交流风险数据以有助于决策的重要性。", "优先事项2 查明、评估和监测灾害风险并加强预警", "34. 查明全球风险方案通过开展各种活动，例如确定灾害风险基线以及在决策过程和发展方案中考虑风险信息等，帮助30多个国家改善风险信息方面的基础，以利决策。", "35. 教科文组织减少地震风险国际平台促进交流信息地震学和地震工程。在这方面，建筑规范全球工作队推进了其行动计划。世界滑坡论坛将于2011年10月3日至9日在国际减少灾害战略的主持下，在罗马举行第二次会议。", "36. 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)支持阿富汗、哥伦比亚和毛里求斯等会员国评估风险，例如评估能力，为拟订紧急健康风险管理方案奠定基础。东南亚国家开展制定基准的活动，对现有能力进行评估，同时确认能力发展方面的优先事项。", "37. 红十字与红新月国际联合会出版了《2010年世界灾害报告：注重城市风险》。该报告深入探讨了城镇居民人数剧增的情况。", "38. 联合国环境规划署(环境署)开发并维持网上技术平台以及洪水、气旋、滑坡、地震、海啸、火灾、风暴潮和干旱等全球风险评估原始数据，以便支持国际减少灾害战略系统为撰写2011年《全球减轻灾害风险评估报告》进行的全球风险评估。环境署还创造性地开发了一个名为RiVAMP的风险评估工具，使决策者能够作出有助于可持续发展的明智决定。", "39. 改善灾害风险的评估和监测是全球减灾和灾后恢复基金支持的54个项目的优先事项，投资总额近2 200万美元。世界气象组织(气象组织)通过区域气候中心和气候展望论坛，促进发展气候服务，其中包括分析不断变化的危害形态，提供当季及至更为长期的气象预报和展望，以帮助国家减少灾害风险，作出适应气候的计划。气象组织与联合国-国际减少灾害战略伙伴合作，在加勒比、中美洲、东南欧和东南亚帮助区域和国家的能力建设项目，以加强水文气象风险评估和多危害预警系统。此外，气象组织根据记录和综合的7个国家的良好做法，出版了题为“多危害预警系统方面的机构伙伴关系”一书。", "40. 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)与伙伴合作，充实关于灾害风险与儿童的实证库。儿基会与伙伴在7个国家进行的研究表明，为了确保应对具体的气候风险和儿童面临的受害危险，需要以“儿童为中心”，制定减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的举措。", "优先事项3 利用知识、创新和教育在各级培养安全和抗灾意识", "41. 要求支持发展减少灾害风险的能力这方面的需求依然不断增加。由联合国开发计划署、秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和减灾战略秘书处共同发起的减灾能力倡议支持高风险国家建设评估和培训能力。", "42. 虽然取得了重大进展，但越来越明显的是，需要依然存在，尤其是要加强有关部门和部委的能力，将性别问题纳入主流，包括加强负责收集和分析统计数据的机构和政府部门的能力，收集和使用按性别分类的数据。题为“在减少灾害风险方面敏感考虑性别问题：政策和实践导则(2009)”出版后，即成为适应气候变化培训班的参考书。迄今已有来自107个国家的1 000多名受训人员从中获益。", "43. 环境署筹资倡议与私人保险公司合作，力求在全球范围将以健全的环境管理为基础的可持续性原则与减少灾害标准相结合。教科文组织尤其通过将减少灾害风险纳入国家的教育战略和规划的方式，促使减少灾害风险成为联合国教育促进可持续发展十年的一个要素。", "44. 世界粮食计划署在25个以上国家支持政府实施粮食安全监测制度，跟踪粮食安全、营养和市场指标，同时监测自然危害，以提供有助于备灾、预防和应对的有效分析。", "45. 据统计，使用Preventionweb.net的人数增加，而且该网站备受欢迎。伙伴提交的内容增加了130%，使用人数增加了75%。", "优先事项4 减少潜在的风险因素", "46. 环境和减少灾害风险伙伴关系设计了一个培训课程，以培养国家和地方政府推动和实施环境管理和生态举措的能力，减少灾害风险。", "47. 环境署与伙伴一起提供技术援助，使政府能够使用环境管理工具抗灾和规划可持续发展，尤其是在容易遭灾的主要生态区——沿海地区、山区、河流流域和干旱地区。海地、尼泊尔、秘鲁、斯里兰卡和乌干达已经从方案中受益。人居署通过具体的城市方案，支持海地、智利、哥伦比亚、古巴和厄瓜多尔减少城市风险。", "48. 开发署通过现行的全球和区域方案，完成了在一些国家进行的气候风险评估。开发署的培训和讲习班推动了国家和地方的能力建设，使其能够评估气候风险、影响和这方面的能力。", "49. 2011年1月22日，第六十四届世界卫生大会通过一项决议(WHA64.10)，其中除其它外，敦促会员国加强各种健康危害紧急情况和灾害风险管理方案，并制定关于安全医院的方案。东地中海区域和泛美区域也通过了类似的决议。", "50. 全球减灾和灾后恢复基金为33个减少灾害风险和资助可持续发展项目提供支助，总共核定1 410万美元的费用。例如，恢复基金在非洲联盟委员会的政策指导下，开展了一项研究，探讨以新的方式在非洲资助干旱造成的紧急情况的可行性，着重为整个大陆制定由国家主导的可持续风险管理战略。", "优先事项5 加强所有各级备灾有效应对措施", "51. 机构间常设委员会(机构间常委会)负责人认识到，做好应对紧急情况的准备是快速有效地进行灾后救济和恢复的根本。机构间常委会备灾工作分组在5个试点国家，着重帮助加强国家做好应对紧急情况准备的能力。加强减灾能力倡议正在支持这些举措，帮助高风险国家在国际系统的共同支持下，特别发展备灾方面的能力。人道协调厅与伙伴合作，采取开发和修改备灾手段、联合规划和领导工作队等若干主动行动，加强区域一级的应急准备工作。", "52. 《国际灾后恢复纲要》提供关于基础设施、住所、保健、心理社会、气候变化和适应、环境、性别、治理和生计以及评估灾后需要等方面的说明指导，发挥伙伴们的协同作用，开发灾后恢复工具，并为国家和地方政府提供灾后恢复方面的能力发展服务。", "[1] 2011年全球评估报告由国际减灾战略系统合作伙伴共同编写。见www.preventionweb.net/gar。", "[2] EM-DAT：国外救灾处/灾害流行病学研究中心国际灾害数据库。", "[3] A/CONF.206/6和Corr.1，第一章，决议2，见www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr/。", "[4] www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-monitoring/。", "[5] 减灾战略秘书处，《统一区域和全球减少灾害风险议程：主要区域政治承诺和减少灾害风险优先事项概述》(2011年5月)。", "[6] www.safe-schools-hospitals.net。", "[7] 教科文组织、儿童基金会、世界银行、国际计划、拯救儿童联盟、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会、世界展望组织、全球安全学校联盟、防灾2000、减灾战略秘书处等。", "[8] 包括澳大利亚、欧洲联盟委员会人道主义援助办事处(欧盟人道处)、德国和美利坚合众国等一些捐助方声称已经或超额实现这一目标。", "[9] 根据欧安组织/发展援助委员会的统计，2010年。", "[10] 见第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议主席的总结(2011年5月8日至13日，日内瓦)。", "[11] 通过兵库行动框架监测系统和2011年全球监测报告。", "[12] 国家平台的完整清单见以下链接：http://preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/national/list/。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Agenda item 19 (c) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Sustainable development: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "Implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of progress on the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in response to General Assembly resolution 65/157. Disaster risk is accumulating faster than economic growth, thus hampering development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters revealed that its principles have guided progress towards resilience. However, risk management systems and decision-making at national, subnational and international levels require further critical development, including disaster loss accounting and integrated risk modelling, to support sound development and investment planning.", "The third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, held in May 2011, convened the broadest-ever cross-section of leaders and experts committed to building resilience. Its deliberations provided guidance for the further implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action. A strong sense of urgency for increased investments in disaster risk reduction was expressed. The Government of Japan offered to host the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015.", "Contents", "PageI.Trends 3 in disasters and disaster \nrisks II. Challenges 4 and opportunities associated with the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for \nAction III.Coordination 6 and guidance through the Strategy \nsystem A. Strengthening 7 global, regional and national level \ncoordination B.Advocating 10 for safer cities, schools and \nhospitals C.Increasing 11 investment in disaster risk \nreduction IV.Conclusions 12 and \nrecommendations \nAnnex Specific 15 informationon progress madein implementing theHyogoFramework \nforAction", "I. Trends in disasters and disaster risks", "1. Large and small disasters, ranging from the Pakistan floods in July 2010 to floods in countries such as Benin or Brazil, are a further demonstration of the intimate relationship between disasters and poverty, as highlighted by the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development.[2] Meanwhile, the floods in Australia, the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand, and the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disasters wreaking havoc in north-eastern Japan are stark reminders that developed countries and their economies are also exposed and cities are at risk. Hundreds of smaller disasters associated with climate variability have caused enormous damage in many countries, revealing how risk is linked to unsound development practices and growth in economic and population exposure.", "2. The increasing financial, social and political cost of disasters is evident. Mortality risk associated with weather-related hazards is declining at the global level, while economic losses continue to increase across all regions. According to the 2011 Global Assessment Report, mortality risk related to tropical cyclones has decreased by 50 per cent in East Asia and the Pacific since 1990. Concerning earthquake and tsunami risk, both mortality and economic loss risk are rising globally. During the reporting period, a total of 347 disasters triggered by natural hazards affected more than 255 million people, claiming more than 106,000 lives and causing economic losses of over US$ 304 billion.[3]", "3. Economic loss risk is growing faster in higher-income countries. Since 1980, economic loss related to tropical cyclones increased by 262 per cent in high-income countries, compared to 155 per cent in low-income countries. In 2010, the economic loss risk related to floods in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries was about 170 per cent more than in 1990, rising faster than gross domestic product (GDP). Economic risk related to floods and tropical cyclones is indeed increasing faster than GDP per capita in many countries, meaning that the risk of losing wealth in a disaster is increasing faster than wealth is being created. Low-income countries have less capacity to absorb and recover from economic losses owing to disasters. In general, larger economies are more able to absorb losses than smaller ones — such as small island developing States — because they tend to be more geographically and economically diverse.", "4. Drought is the “disaster” that is most associated with inappropriate social and economic policy choices, and often with the instability caused by conflict. It remains a hidden risk, poorly understood despite its impacts on human health, livelihoods and multiple economic sectors. Drought leads to stress and insecurity for rural and pastoralist populations. Disaster data reported nationally and internationally fail to capture the extent of drought impacts. For example, only four drought-related deaths were reported globally between July 2010 and June 2011, while 32,482,102 people were reported affected by droughts — more than by any other hazard.² Strengthened integrated risk management systems at local and national levels, with systematic recording of drought impacts, is a key step required to reduce drought risks, improve early warning and prevent drought impacts from cascading into food security crises.", "5. In the period 1970-2010, the world population increased by 87 per cent. During the same period, the population growth in flood-prone river basins increased by 114 per cent, and in cyclone-prone coastlines by 195 per cent. Hence, economic and productive assets are accumulating in the most hazard-exposed areas, particularly in low- and lower-middle-income countries. To reverse these trends, development plans and investment choices must be informed by risk information and addressed through an applied disaster risk reduction framework.", "6. Natural hazards, as illustrated by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, can have devastating sequential and collateral impact — not only for nuclear facilities, but also for infrastructural complexes such as hydropower dams, industry, bridges and highways. These considerations must motivate new efforts for integrated, over-the-horizon thinking and planning for design standards, preparedness, early warning and response.", "II. Challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action", "7. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters,[4] the HFA Monitor,[5] the 2011 Global Assessment Report, the global and regional platforms and associated consultative processes have identified critical challenges, opportunities and priorities to reduce risk exposure and vulnerability. There is a solidly growing political will to manage disaster risk at global, national and local levels as well as across the public and private sectors. It is now critical to channel this determination through clearer guidance on “how-to-do-it” through evidence-based decisions, informed public opinion and increased cooperation across business areas and global, national and local levels.", "8. In line with General Assembly resolution 64/200, the Strategy secretariat facilitated the midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action through a participatory approach involving stakeholders at international, regional and national levels.", "9. The midterm review highlighted that the Hyogo Framework for Action over the past five years had significantly contributed to generate international and national political momentum and action to reduce disaster risk. Its principles have been widely adopted as guidance. The review indicated critical areas for further work and cooperation.", "10. The review confirmed that reduction of disaster risk, exposure and vulnerability primarily depend on sound development policies and investments. Whereas there are some good examples of how this can be done, a full integration of risk management in development planning is still lacking and this is attributable to, among other causes, the limited engagement of communities and local governments as well as the lack of a whole-of-government approach in the determination of national priorities.", "11. Managing disaster risk and its consequences requires strong cooperation across sectors and among nations, including local constituencies. While there is progress in certain sectors, this cannot yet yield the expected results given the lack of integration of systems. Significant knowledge has been generated but is not fully used. The public and the private sectors have developed important practices and have important lessons to share. It is therefore critical to review existing disaster risk management systems and their interfaces both at national and international levels. In this context, national-level, multi-stakeholder “national platforms for disaster risk reduction” have represented an important model and potential source for guidance for informed decision-making and public awareness. However, their potential has not been fully utilized and there is a need to further review how can they best support domestic decision-making and international cooperation.", "12. Accountability for effective disaster management requires further strengthening. The adoption of relevant legislation by numerous countries is a significant step. At the same time, it cannot yet be effectively implemented owing to the lack of appropriate recording of disaster losses, as well as the lack of clear standards, baselines and target indicators to guide and measure progress. In this context, the development of guidance tools based on cross-sectoral knowledge and experience is critical. Common analytical tools to trace and understand the causes of disasters would support development investment and planning, as well as prepare for future hazards. Whereas risk is local in nature, its reduction requires national and global cooperation.", "13. Evidence has emerged that effective disaster risk management is dependent on the existence of a senior, over-arching authority at a high governmental level where both responsibility and accountability rest for setting policies, leading whole-of-government processes, and ensuring budget allocations for all the different aspects of disaster risk reduction. The 2011 Global Assessment Report concluded that at the central government level, responsibility for disaster risk management needs to be located in a ministry or department with planning oversight and fiscal responsibility that can provide political authority and policy coherence across sectors. The incremental decentralization of responsibilities to local governments needs to be accompanied by a decentralization of capacities and resources. Disaster risk management will be effective only when it is carried out in partnership with disaster-prone households and communities, and their organizations. This is key to cost-effectiveness, sustainability, citizenship and social cohesion. There are a growing number of examples of such partnerships, but in many countries this implies a change in the culture of public administration. The challenge is not community participation — it is government participation in the planning and implementation of community and local disaster risk management.", "14. While a number of mechanisms for generating and sharing information are in place, standards for disaster risk reduction remain varied, unintegrated or do not address management of multiple hazards that occur simultaneously or sequentially. A multi-hazard approach for preparedness that factors in technological disasters as secondary effects of natural disasters is necessary.", "15. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action noted that financing of disaster risk reduction is still underdeveloped and more work is needed to track investments, positively condition development investments and support local level action. In this context, the Strategy secretariat has engaged a number of countries and organizations for the development of models and guidance.", "16. According to the 2011 Global Assessment Report, most countries are not systematically accounting for losses in public assets owing to disasters. Unaccounted losses are often absorbed by low-income groups, increasing poverty and eroding progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, when these losses in public assets are monetized they often represent a significant proportion of GDP or national budgets. Most countries are unable to quantify their investments in disaster risk reduction but when they do, those investments are rarely commensurate with the scale of the losses. Unless the costs of those losses are calculated, it is unlikely that a country would be able to justify increased investments in disaster risk management in the national budget. The 2011 Global Assessment Report further concludes that land-use planning and building improvement to avoid creating risk has benefit-cost ratios of 4 or more, whereas correcting risk through relocation or retrofitting is only just cost-effective. Given that public investment typically represents 3 to 15 per cent of GDP, incorporating disaster risk reduction into public investment planning is a strategic decision which could lead to a significant reduction in risk in the medium term. Countries such as Costa Rica and Peru have included disaster risk in their criteria for the evaluation of public investment. The most cost-effective risk reduction investments are those concentrated in the most vulnerable part of a country’s portfolio of public buildings and critical facilities. Existing social protection instruments can be adapted to reach out to millions at relatively low additional cost. For example, Chile extended payments from its social assistance programmes to households affected by the February 2010 earthquake and tsunami.", "17. Disaster risk information plays a critical role in guiding investment decisions and supporting public opinion. Access to information about natural hazards and the available risk reduction measures provides opportunities to reduce vulnerabilities. Risk information in the immediate aftermath of disasters is vital to an effective response and can guide the immediate actions of relief and response teams, national and local government and the general public. A complex question that requires careful and collective consideration is the criteria for the determination of the level of risk and the cost of the mitigating measures that governments, organizations and communities are ready to take when considering the impact of extreme events.", "18. In December 2010, at the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Cancún, Parties asserted the importance of enhancing climate change-related disaster risk reduction strategies, taking into consideration the Hyogo Framework for Action where appropriate. The attention to disaster risk reduction in the Cancún Adaptation Framework signals strong national ownership of disaster risk reduction, and the established processes for formulating and implementing national adaptation plans present an influential means of scaling up disaster risk reduction through multisectoral, multi-stakeholder processes.", "III. Coordination and guidance through the Strategy system", "19. Effective disaster risk reduction requires innovative and cross-sector partnerships, including at the local level and between public and private entities. The existing mechanisms at global, regional and national levels have proved to be critical for creating political momentum and space for disaster risk reduction. There is a need to further strengthen those mechanisms and to ensure their interconnectedness and the inclusiveness of various stakeholders to address the emerging challenges related to climate and disaster risk reduction.", "A. Strengthening global, regional and national level coordination", "Global", "20. The third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Geneva from 8 to 13 May 2011. It brought together over 2,600 delegates representing 168 Governments, 25 intergovernmental organizations, 65 non-governmental organizations, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, local governments, parliamentarians, the private sector, academic institutions, civil society and international organizations. The third session was chaired by my Deputy Secretary-General in consideration of the fact that disaster risk reduction is at the centre of the development, environmental and humanitarian work of the United Nations and its partners.", "21. At the third session, the Global Platform and its preparatory, participatory process were confirmed to be the main forum at the global level for policy guidance, coordination and partnership development, and cross-sector fertilization for the sharing of good practice on disaster risk reduction. The Geneva-based International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Support Group, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Global Network of Civil Society Organizations, partners and local governments in the “Making Cities Resilient” campaign, the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Private Sector Advisory Group, and regional organizations as well as the United Nations agencies and the World Bank, provided critical inputs for the preparation of the third session.", "22. In addition to statements of commitments by Member States, mayors advanced their commitment to the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient; private sector participants agreed on Five Essentials for Business; a group of young people came together to advance a five-point charter on children and disaster reduction; and a joint statement from international organizations focusing on health called for scaling up the community-based health workforce as vital for disaster risk reduction, and called for Governments and partners to invest for strengthening their capacity. Regional organizations reaffirmed their commitment to implementing regional strategies agreed to in ministerial meetings worldwide.", "23. The Hyogo Framework for Action has a lifespan from 2005 to 2015. Discussions at the third session stressed the importance of ensuring the further implementation of the Framework, while discussions concerning the post-2015 disaster risk reduction framework unfold, facilitated by the Strategy secretariat as the focal point in the United Nations system for disaster risk reduction. In this context, during the third session, the Government of Japan made an offer to host the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015 to coincide with the expiration of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.", "24. An integral component of the third session of the Global Platform, the first World Reconstruction Conference, organized by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the World Bank and the Strategy secretariat, recognized challenges in the coordination and financing of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Discussions focused on how to develop an effective recovery framework, more reliable financing and knowledge practice, stressing the integration of risk reduction into all post-disaster actions.", "25. Member States demonstrated a growing commitment to disaster risk reduction and widening the necessary political space for discussions and actions. On 9 February 2011, the President of the United Nations General Assembly convened an informal thematic debate on disaster risk reduction with the aim of strengthening the understanding of how to reduce risk and exposure to disasters through effective investment policies and practices and sustainable urban management.", "26. The HFA Monitor is a valuable source of information for monitoring progress on the Hyogo Framework principles, sharing of practices and identifying emerging strategic issues to address nationally and internationally. A total of 133 countries contributed to the third reporting cycle 2009-2011. A further refinement of this tool is under way, including a module for self-assessment at the local level.", "Regional", "27. Regional activities were significant over the reporting period.[6] The Strategy secretariat’s substantive advice and support provided to governments and regional organizations in the preparation of regional Ministerial conferences, regional platforms and other meetings, with resulting action plans and follow-up activities, are valued by stakeholders.", "28. Regional meetings identified the need to decentralize and implement local and community-based disaster risk reduction strategies and programmes, through adequate, realistic and predictable funding mechanisms and with an enhanced role for local governments and local non-governmental organizations, including volunteer networks. Moreover, discussions and communiqués reiterated commitment to the provisions of the Hyogo Framework as guiding principles for disaster risk reduction.", "National", "29. At the national level, national platforms for disaster risk reduction or similar national coordination mechanisms have the potential to support decision-making concerning national development plans and investments. During the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, a meeting of national platforms discussed options and best practices to improve their action. The Strategy secretariat will further support reviews of the current practices and promote enhanced multi‑stakeholder disaster risk reduction capacities.", "30. United Nations Resident Coordinators are increasingly engaged in disaster risk reduction in high-risk countries as the needs and demands become more explicit. The Strategy secretariat, together with partners, has contributed towards the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation objectives in 30 United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks.", "31. Mobilizing specific stakeholder groups and “agents of change” has led to a considerable increase in the political profile of disaster risk reduction. Mayors, governors and parliamentarians advocated with the Strategy secretariat among their peers for increased commitments and actions to build resilience. The United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction 2011 targeted resilient cities and local action, with North Vancouver (Canada), Santa Fe (Argentina) and San Francisco (Philippines) sharing the award, while Bhubaneswar (India), the Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC) (Central America) and the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (Pakistan) received certificates of distinction.", "32. Most recently, the Strategy secretariat established the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Private Sector Advisory Group. It acts as a catalyst, bringing together a wide range of private sector entities into a global partnership in order to build resilience through specific actions, such as supporting national and local risk assessments, promoting social and environmental sustainability in risk financing, fostering dissemination of data, and leveraging sectoral private sector expertise and strengths, for instance, in construction of resilient infrastructure and sustainable land use and development in high-risk areas, such as cities and coastal zones.", "33. The work with parliamentarians, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and national assemblies has led to increased political commitment to invest in disaster risk reduction and climate risk adaptation at global, regional and national levels. In addition, the Strategy secretariat advocated gender-sensitive disaster reduction by promoting the shared ownership and leadership of individual and institutional partners.", "34. Under the leadership of my Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Strategy secretariat continued to play a leading role in providing coordination and ensuring synergy through the above-mentioned global, regional and national mechanisms, in leveraging International Strategy for Disaster Reduction stakeholders’ vision, and knowledge generation and knowledge-sharing, fostering new partnerships and advocating for more resilient communities. The uniqueness of its cross-cutting mandate has allowed the Strategy secretariat to bring together partners from the development, environmental and relief communities to charter the next steps for the further implementation of the Hyogo Framework.", "35. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action and the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction have brought to the fore the need to strengthen governance mechanisms at all levels in order to ensure effective disaster risk reduction, including within the United Nations system. In particular, it has highlighted the need for the United Nations system to strengthen its policy and operational coherence to better support countries through the United Nations Resident Coordinators and the United Nations country teams. I asked my Special Representative to brief the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the findings of the review and to propose a future course of action. The High-level Committee on Programmes will discuss the matter further in order to determine the appropriate course of action across the United Nations system. The Strategy secretariat will continue to focus on enhancing coordination within the United Nations system.", "36. On multiple occasions, partners and governments have reiterated the Strategy secretariat’s critical role in the strengthening of the United Nations system’s work for disaster risk reduction. Based on the appreciation expressed by the review, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in its audit report of 28 July 2010 on the governance of the Strategy secretariat, as well as General Assembly resolution 65/157, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions concurred with my proposal to extend the post of the Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction for another four years until the end of 2015 to ensure the follow-up to the midterm review, further implementation of the Hyogo Framework, and to facilitate the development of a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction. I will also look into other measures to ensure that the Strategy secretariat can discharge its mandate with efficiency and effectiveness.", "B. Advocating for safer cities, schools and hospitals", "37. Half of humanity is now living in cities. By 2050, urbanization will rise to 70 per cent and urban risk will continue to increase. The Strategy secretariat worked to raise the profile of local governments’ work in reducing disaster risk and building resilience by targeting mayors and city councils, through the world disaster risk reduction campaign “Making Cities Resilient: My city is getting ready”, launched in 2010, which is boosting efforts to develop and implement local resilience strategies. In less than a year, at the end of June 2011, more than 750 cities and local governments had signed up in the campaign, which has accrued a host of enthusiastic supporters from across the global and national city networks, the United Nations system, civil society and the private sector. A growing number of city-to-city collaboration efforts and similar initiatives on disaster risk reduction are emerging as a result of the campaign.", "38. Several international declarations, such as the Bonn Declaration of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change and recommendations from the third World Congress of United Cities and Local Governments in Mexico City, called on their member cities and partners to join the campaign and to actively support and monitor its implementation.", "39. The Strategy secretariat launched the One Million Safe Schools and Hospitals pledging initiative[7] with partners from the Asian region and global International Strategy for Disaster Reduction partners. By the end of June, regional launches of the initiative took place in all regions and more than 138,000 schools and hospitals were pledged for safety. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported progress on the implementation of safer hospitals initiatives in more than 42 countries across the world. More than 630 health facilities have been assessed for their safety and ability to function in emergencies, and the measures have been implemented to reduce vulnerability and increase preparedness, in countries such as Indonesia, Mexico, Nepal, Oman, the Philippines and the Republic of Moldova.", "40. The Strategy secretariat’s Thematic Platform on Knowledge and Education, through a core group of partners,[8] developed a global baseline study on school safety, which was discussed at a featured event during the Global Platform. The event brought together Ministries of Education and national disaster management agencies and resulted in recommendations to make disaster risk reduction a priority in school curricula and a right for all children to achieve the global education objectives. Representatives called for more systematic and continued investment by donors in school safety. As a result, a series of school safety assessments were announced in vulnerable pilot countries.", "C. Increasing investment in disaster risk reduction", "41. Most countries reported, according to the HFA Monitor, relatively little progress towards measurable increases in resources for risk governance capacities and disaster risk management in individual sectors or for local governments. However, that is in part attributable to the complexity of recording risk reduction expenditure, as financial reporting systems do not allow easy quantification — investments are provided through diverse instruments, including sector budgeting, environmental protection funds, social solidarity and development funds, compensation funds, civil society and, in some countries, the private sector.", "42. At its second session, the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (2009) suggested targets for risk-reducing investments, namely, 1 per cent of national development budgets, 10 per cent of humanitarian aid financing,[9] and 10 per cent of reconstruction and recovery funds. Measurable progress has been observed in the increasing proportion of humanitarian aid investment dedicated to disaster prevention and preparedness, as recorded in official statistics of OECD (4.2 per cent in 2009). This is an indicative figure, as with rising spending on official development assistance (ODA) — to over $132 billion in 2009[10] — and the growing emphasis on resilience within the development community, the actual figure is assumed to be much higher. But in the absence of more widespread explicit budgeting for risk reduction, a significantly greater investment is required to develop a more accurate picture.", "43. Countries and communities, rich or poor, cannot afford to keep resorting to expensive post-disaster measures in the case of mostly preventable disasters. Therefore, the appreciation of the wider development community of the need to focus on resilience has grown significantly. Risk reduction and strategies for resilience feature with increasing frequency in aid effectiveness dialogue. Countries and the international community are increasingly looking to the future, and the risks that communities and countries face, when designing and implementing development programmes. Significant policy developments have been made in actively promoting risk reduction in sustainable development programming; good examples include Australia’s “Integration in practice — Integrating disaster risk reduction, climate change and environmental considerations in AusAID programmes”, the European Commission’s Implementation Plan of the European Union (EU) Strategy for supporting disaster risk reduction in developing countries, 2011-2014 and the commitment of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to build resilience in all country programmes of the United Kingdom Department for International Development.", "44. The fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November 2011, will provide an opportunity for Development Ministers, as well as heads of multilateral and bilateral development institutions, to make a public and measurable commitment to promote the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of poverty eradication and promote lasting peace and security, by placing resilience and risk reduction at the heart of domestic and international investment strategies.", "45. The United Nations-World Bank partnership continues to mainstream disaster risk reduction as an integrated development priority through the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. During 2007-2011, donors to the Facility have cumulatively pledged over $304 million for disaster risk reduction activities.", "Funding of the Strategy secretariat", "46. In line with General Assembly deliberations calling for more predictability and stability in funding for the Strategy secretariat, currently funded only through extrabudgetary resources, and taking into account the OIOS audit report on the Strategy secretariat, I have requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 27)) the creation of a D-1 post of Chief of Branch, Regional Programme and Policy Development. This post will lead the Strategy secretariat’s regional work, critical for the execution of the mandate given by the General Assembly to the Strategy secretariat, namely, to serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and humanitarian fields.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "47. Consultations with governments and partners through national, regional and global processes culminated with the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, which identified[11] critical areas and opportunities for joint work to manage disaster risk and strengthen the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action over the next five years.", "48. Disaster risk reduction contributes to social protection measures in support of the most vulnerable people, to economic growth and to ecosystem management. Hence, there is the need for further integrating disaster risk reduction in sustainable development and climate risk management. Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development are intrinsically linked. Ahead of the “Rio+20” World Summit on Sustainable Development, political and financial commitment to reducing disaster risk has to become a core component of our vision for sustainable development.", "49. There is a clear political commitment to manage disaster risk. It is now critical to channel it through practical action. At the national level, sound decisions on development investments and planning can be supported by the establishment of key mechanisms for integrated risk mapping, disaster loss recording, integration of sectoral knowledge to better identify the causes of disasters and future mitigating measures, as well as the determination of targets for reduction.", "50. National multi-stakeholder mechanisms can play a critical role in supporting informed decision-making, the development of integrated communication strategies to inform the public and thus support individuals’ choices. Different models of national platforms have developed over the past 10 years with mixed results. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction will launch a process jointly with national mechanisms to capture national experiences and ensure that a viable model for disaster risk reduction promotion can be established to contribute to optimal risk management.", "51. Further work is required in clarifying the close link between actions for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Strengthening the synergies between disaster prevention and climate risk reduction initiatives is an indispensable step towards reducing vulnerability. Particular attention needs to be paid to focused, applied actions targeting disaster risk reduction through climate risk management strategies.", "52. From the disasters that occurred during the reporting period a number of lessons can be drawn, including:", "• Public awareness, education and drills work to build resilience. Yet, little is done to increase public awareness and access to risk-management-related information. In addition, people’s perception of risk changes over a period of time and thus it must be constantly reassessed to ensure a high degree of receptivity for early warning and risk information and to enable decision makers to make the right choices. Public education and access to information are instrumental to generate trust in risk management mechanisms, critical at times of crisis.", "• National risk management systems must be “all-of-government” and integrated within the country and with the international systems. Indeed, gaps in institutional coordination and knowledge pose major challenges to risk management, as the crisis-managers and leaders are not properly informed about the nature and implications of the crisis they are called upon to manage.", "• Safety and security information needs to be cross-referenced and combined, as well as coupled with integrated multi-hazard early warning mechanisms across systems and stakeholder groups.", "• Local governments and city managers are the first institutional responders. They are also responsible for services and urban development that impact on resilience and risk. Decentralized responsibilities with accompanying capacities, resources and multi-stakeholder outreach are essential for local governments to have the means to act.", "53. In the light of the findings of the midterm review, the 2011 Global Assessment Report, the HFA Monitor reports, and the deliberations at the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, I recommend the following:", "(a) Any future framework for sustainable development needs to include a clear prescription for incorporation of disaster and climate risk management. Equally, poverty and vulnerability reduction are integral to effective disaster risk management.", "(b) National disaster loss registers, disaster risk mapping and financial tracking systems need to be established and further developed to effectively support future development planning and investment choices.", "(c) Effective risk reduction takes place only with the full engagement of local governments and their communities. They need the appropriate authority, and the human and financial capacity, and to be engaged in the definition of national risk management policies.", "(d) The practice and operational models of national mechanisms for disaster risk reduction, such as multi-stakeholder national platforms, can be much better used for advocacy, knowledge and cooperation, and I encourage their further strengthening and establishment where still lacking.", "(e) Member States and organizations need to scale up their financial, human and technology investments for disaster risk reduction, including the development of private and public sector partnerships.", "(f) I encourage a commitment from donors and developing countries to focus more clearly on supporting local and community resilience in their programming, using creative solutions and innovations and through stronger collaboration, as part of their aid-effectiveness commitments.", "Annex", "Specific information on progress made in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action", "1. The following section provides an overview of achievements as reported to the Strategy secretariat by national Governments,[12] United Nations agencies, the World Bank and other partners in relation to the five priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action.", "A. Action at the national level", "Priority 1", "Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority", "2. Progress in this area has been consistent across the world. More than 42 countries reported substantial achievement in this priority area. Specifically, 48 countries reported substantial achievement developing national policy and legal frameworks. However, several countries also highlighted that this progress does not necessarily translate into effective disaster risk management, especially at the local level.", "3. National platforms increased from 61 to 81. Among countries that established national platforms during the reporting period were: Algeria, Armenia, Canada, the Gambia, Kyrgyzstan, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone and Turkey.[13] The Netherlands, Norway and Serbia are set to launch their national platforms in the coming months. The institutional arrangements for disaster risk reduction in many countries have evolved from traditional single-agency “civil protection” structures to multisector systems and platforms. However, finding appropriate institutional arrangements to ease the incorporation of disaster risk reduction into development planning and public investment remains a challenge.", "4. Several countries strengthened their institutional and legislative arrangements: Myanmar, Nepal and Botswana made disaster risk management apex bodies of presidents’ and vice-presidents’ offices while the United Republic of Tanzania transferred that responsibility to its economic and financial planning ministries. The Governments of Chile, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay carried out reviews by impartial inter-agency experts, coordinated by the Strategy secretariat, of national institutional capacities and the status of all the priority areas in the Hyogo Framework for Action, which resulted in new legislative frameworks in Chile and Uruguay.", "Priority 2", "Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning", "5. Progress on comprehensive risk assessments remains elusive, particularly at the local level. More than 20 countries undertook national multi-hazard risk assessments that could inform planning and development decisions. However, many countries faced major challenges linking them to development processes at the national and local levels. Unfortunately, countries that reported substantial progress in this area also highlighted an absence of national standards for assessing both disaster losses and risks. Only a few countries carried out risk assessments of schools and health facilities.", "6. The European Commission adopted guidelines for mapping and assessing risks, based on a multi-hazard and multi-risk approach. Canada is developing a national all-hazards risk assessment framework. Barbados committed significant resources to conduct a comprehensive coastal risk assessment for the major coastal hazards. Several other countries made efforts to integrate risk assessments into a range of sectors, including health, education, agriculture, transportation and water management.", "7. Countries reporting some progress in increasing early warning capacity include Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Lesotho, Nepal, the Republic of Moldova, Sierra Leone, Togo and Yemen. The Government of Pakistan prepared a plan for the improvement of the integrated flood forecasting abilities and hazard mapping capacity. Haiti’s warning services for coastal hazards were strengthened through technical assistance, capacity-building and training, supported by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Australia and Madagascar use mobile telephones to communicate warnings. Finland is developing digital radio networks reaching 80 per cent of its population with outdoor sirens.", "Priority 3", "Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels", "8. This priority area continues to show limited progress. Identifying and further developing methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost-benefit analyses remains a particularly weak area. Only 19 countries rated as substantial their efforts to integrate risk reduction into school curricula and relevant formal training. The majority of countries reported significant gaps in developing public awareness strategies for vulnerable urban and rural communities. China was a notable exception, reporting comprehensive progress on the availability of risk information, on developing a countrywide public awareness strategy and integrating disaster risk reduction into school curricula.", "9. Some countries in Africa, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania are in the process of developing a central database for disaster risk management information. The Government of Pakistan carried out an assessment of damages and the training of teachers and provided learning opportunities for children and illiterate women affected by floods. In Haiti, over 3,000 secondary schoolteachers were trained on learner-centred psychosocial support and disaster risk reduction. Namibia made progress in introducing standards and tools for disaster risk reduction. The Ministry of Education in Myanmar initiated an effort to reduce vulnerability to disaster through an education recovery programme, targeted at female teachers.", "Priority 4", "Reduce the underlying risk factors", "10. Progress in this area is even lower. Although countries reported a greater awareness of the need to factor disaster risk reduction into planning and investment, only 22 rated their progress towards addressing the underlying risk drivers as substantial. Countries reported difficulties in addressing the risks internalized in different development sectors. That explains why economic loss and damage continue to increase. Only 32 countries invested in retrofitting critical public infrastructure such as schools and hospitals. Croatia reported pressure from the construction industry to lower standards and codes to reduce overall costs, even in hazard-prone areas.", "11. Several countries in Africa are establishing mechanisms to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development, and many made significant efforts to incorporate disaster risk reduction in their national plans for climate change adaptation. In Uganda, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) supported an initiative to provide a productive safety net for food-insecure pastoral and agropastoral households affected by recurrent droughts.", "12. Ecuador implemented a wide range of social policy instruments as part of its disaster risk reduction strategy. Malawi’s new social development policies are designed and implemented so as to reduce vulnerability of at-risk communities. In Bangladesh, WFP supported the Government and non-governmental partners to assist 30,000 food-insecure households to raise their homes above flood levels.", "Priority 5", "Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels", "13. This area has been the dominant focus of national Governments for decades. It encompasses disaster preparedness and contingency plans at all administrative levels, financial reserves and contingency mechanisms, and well-established procedures for information exchange during emergencies. Forty-six countries reported substantial achievement in developing policy, technical and institutional capacities. It is clear that effective disaster management has contributed to the global decline in weather-related disaster mortality.", "14. Various activities to reinforce national preparedness capacities were carried out by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat in a number of countries, including Albania, Colombia, Croatia, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Montenegro, Namibia, Oman and Turkey.", "15. The Government of Ethiopia’s weather risk management framework, supported by the World Bank and WFP, put in place an integrated risk management system to support the national productive safety net programme, which triggers a $160 million contingent finance pool to assist 8 million food-insecure households every year.", "16. In Haiti, WFP supported the Government to prepare for disasters through standby agreements with partners and pre-positioning lifesaving supplies to be used in case of a disaster. Those efforts enabled the Government, the Programme and its partners to quickly respond to Hurricane Tomas and the cholera epidemic.", "17. In West Africa, humanitarian agencies formed the Strategic Partnership for Preparedness. Capacity development activities are undertaken in-country, supported by regional and global partners. In Ghana, the emergency preparedness and response capacity assessment led to an action plan for 2011-2012.", "B. Action at the regional level", "18. Regional and subregional multi-stakeholder platforms for disaster risk reduction are gradually being institutionalized and represent unique regional opportunities for stakeholders to share experiences, monitor progress and take collective action to enhance the implementation of the Hyogo Framework. The Strategy secretariat regional offices support those platforms, in partnership with United Nations agencies, the World Bank and other partners.", "Africa", "19. States members of the African Union demonstrate continued commitment to disaster risk reduction through the adoption by the Executive Council of the African Union, at the January 2011 Summit, of a decision on the report of the Second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. The Executive Council endorsed the recommendations contained in the report, including strategic areas of action, key activities, expected results and indicators of the Extended Programme of Action for the implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2006-2015) at continental, subregional and national levels.", "20. Regional economic communities were empowered to provide effective coordination and strategic guidance to their member States to align their subregional strategies and programmes to the Africa Regional Strategy and Programme of Action and facilitate their implementation in their subregions. The work programme of the Economic Community of West African States, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Southern African Development Community now integrate disaster risk reduction as a priority in support of the Africa Regional Strategy and Programme of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction implementation.", "21. The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development and the partner countries are working to build capacity and strengthen disaster risk reduction institutions; strengthen disaster risk management capacities of national and subregional bodies; build technical competencies and institutional capacities for disaster risk reduction and climate monitoring and prediction with financial and technical support by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery.", "Arab States region", "22. Arab nations recognize the impacts of ongoing environmental degradation, climate change, rapid unplanned urbanization, acute water scarcity, a changing demography and migration trends on achieving sustainable development goals for the region. Secondary risks associated with population displacements, disease outbreaks, pandemic influenza, food insecurity, conflict and civil unrest pose multifold challenges to the region, on a larger scale than ever before.", "23. In recognition of the necessity to reduce risks associated with disaster trends in the region, the Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment adopted in December 2010 the Arab Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2020, subsequently endorsed by Heads of State at the second Arab Summit on Socio-Economic Development in January 2011.", "24. At the national level, countries began enhancing and systematizing information systems for disasters by establishing disaster losses databases that provide needed national and local risk and vulnerability information for decision makers. Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen completed their national disaster databases, while Djibouti, Egypt, Lebanon and Morocco are currently finalizing their own.", "Asia and the Pacific", "25. The Incheon Declaration of 2010 and the Incheon Regional Road Map, adopted at the fourth Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, identified the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as the key priority focus area in the region until 2015. An action plan was adopted that provides comprehensive guidance to convert the Ministerial decisions and the Road Map into concrete actions at the national and local levels. Several civil society organizations and the Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have expressed commitment to contribute to the implementation of those activities, in support of their respective Governments.", "26. The 2010 Pacific Platform for Disaster Risk Management convened under the overarching theme “Enhancing the implementation of the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action through a multi‑stakeholder approach”. The Platform committed to enhance disaster risk management and climate change adaptation linkages at the national and regional level through better coordination and the development of integrated funding modalities; increase investments into disaster risk management in Pacific island countries and align investments with existing national priorities; foster mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into national policies, budgets and all national sector plans where feasible; and share disaster risk management information and expertise through multi-stakeholder involvement, and especially the participation of communities, women and youth, politicians and parliamentarians, as well as civil society and sector experts.", "The Americas", "27. The second session of the Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Americas took place in Nuevo Vallarta, Nayarit, Mexico, from 15 to 17 March 2011, and resulted in the Communiqué of Nayarit, a statement on concerns and proposals for a regional development agenda that explicitly and effectively includes disaster risk reduction along with considerations of adaptation to climate change.", "28. The role of the subregional mechanisms, such as the Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC), the Comité Andino para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres (CAPRADE), the Reunión Especializada de Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres Socionaturales, la Defensa Civil y la Asistencia Humanitaria del Mercosur (REHU) and the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, has been catalytic in fostering the inclusion of disaster risk reduction into national policies. A remarkable example was the approval of the Central American Policy for Integral Risk Management fostered by CEPREDENAC, which introduces disaster risk reduction as a binding policy instrument for the member countries. The experience of CEPREDENAC was awarded with a mention in the Sasakawa Award 2011.", "Europe", "29. Several high-level events contributed to increasing the political commitment for disaster risk reduction at the regional and subregional levels and to the integration of disaster risk reduction as a core priority of the mandate of key European institutions such as the Council of Europe, the European Commission and the Regional Cooperation Council for South East Europe. These political processes were complemented and supported by technical exchange of information, knowledge and experience among the Hyogo Framework focal points, national platforms, and partners in the context of the European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "30. A medium-term plan for 2011-2015 was adopted in September 2010 at the twelfth Ministerial session of the Council of Europe European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA) in St. Petersburg, to “improve prevention and preparedness and promote good risk governance, use knowledge to reduce vulnerability, improve preparedness for emergencies”. At the session, the Council discussed the consequences of climate change on the frequency and intensity of disasters and the measures to strengthen societies’ adaptation and resilience.", "31. The European Parliament adopted a resolution on the Commission Communication: “A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters” in 2009 that welcomes the Commission’s commitment to ensuring that issues related to disaster prevention are taken into account more coherently in European Union policies and programmes. The European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction will convene its second annual meeting in Skopje in October 2011.", "C. Action at the international level", "Priority 1", "Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority", "32. In partnership with parliaments at national, regional and global levels, disaster risk reduction was included in the agenda of several global and regional parliamentary assemblies. The Advocacy Kit “Disaster Risk Reduction: An Instrument for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals”, developed by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Strategy secretariat, benefited parliamentarians from 124 countries.", "33. The period 2010-2011 demonstrated that the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery has been able to significantly contribute towards this priority area in 13 of its 31 priority countries. To support institutional capacity and consensus-building for disaster risk reduction, the Global Facility supported 123 active projects worth over $54 million and spanning more than 50 countries as well as regional and global engagements. The joint World Bank-United Nations publication entitled Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters: The Economics of Effective Prevention provides the economic rationale for investments in disaster prevention to underwrite political advocacy. The importance of sharing risk data to enable informed decision-making is highlighted in the report.", "Priority 2", "Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning", "34. The Global Risk Identification Programme assists over 30 countries to build better risk information foundations for sound decision-making through various activities, such as setting up base lines for disaster risk and incorporating risk information in decision-making processes and development programmes.", "35. The UNESCO international platform on earthquake risk reduction promoted the exchange of information-based seismology and earthquake engineering. In this context, the global task force on building codes has furthered its action plan. The International Consortium on Landslides will convene the second World Landslide Forum from 3 to 9 October 2011 in Rome, under the aegis of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.", "36. The World Health Organization (WHO) supported Member States, including Afghanistan, Colombia and Mauritius, in aspects of risk assessment, such as the assessment of capacities, as a foundation for developing health emergency risk management programmes. South-east Asian countries applied a benchmarking process to assess current capacities and identify priorities for capacity development.", "37. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies published the World Disasters Report 2010: Focus on urban risk, which provides an in-depth look at the dramatic surge in the number of persons living in cities and towns.", "38. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) supported the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system in undertaking global risk assessments for the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, through the development and maintenance of a web-based technical platform and source data for global risk evaluation of floods, cyclones, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, fires, storm surges and droughts. UNEP also developed an innovative risk assessment tool known as RiVAMP enabling policymakers to make informed decisions in support of sustainable development growth.", "39. Improving disaster risk assessment and monitoring was the priority of 54 projects supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery with almost $22 million invested. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), through regional climate centres and climate outlook forums, facilitated the development of climate services that include analysis of the changing patterns of hazards and provision of seasonal to longer-time-scale forecasts and outlooks to support national disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation planning. In cooperation with United Nations-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system partners, WMO is facilitating regional and national capacity development projects for strengthening hydrometeorological risk assessment and multi-hazard early warning systems in the Caribbean, Central America, South-east Europe and South-east Asia. In addition, WMO published a book entitled Institutional Partnerships in Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems, based on documentation and synthesis of seven national good practices.", "40. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and its partners collaborated to strengthen the evidence base on disaster risk and children. Carried out in seven countries, the studies conclude that to ensure that the specific climate risks and vulnerabilities faced by children are addressed, a “child centred approach” to disaster risk reduction and adaptation is needed.", "Priority 3", "Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels", "41. Support for disaster risk reduction capacity development continues to be an area of growing demand. The Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI) — a partnership between the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the Strategy secretariat — supported high-risk countries with capacity assessments and training.", "42. While strides have been made, it is increasingly evident that needs remain, especially in strengthening the capacity of Ministries and relevant sectors to mainstream gender, including those institutions and government departments responsible for statistical collection and analysis, to collect and utilize sex-disaggregated data. The publication entitled Making Disaster Risk Reduction Gender-Sensitive: Policy and Practical Guidelines (2009) has been used as a reference for climate change adaptation training, benefiting more than 1,000 trainees from 107 countries.", "43. The UNEP Finance Initiative works with major private insurance companies on a global initiative to integrate sustainability principles based on sound environmental management and disaster reduction criteria. UNESCO promoted disaster risk reduction as an intrinsic element of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, especially through the integration of disaster risk reduction into national education strategies and plans.", "44. In over 25 countries, WFP supported Governments to implement food security monitoring systems tracking food security, nutrition, and market indicators alongside natural hazards to provide effective analysis to support disaster preparedness, prevention and response.", "45. There are measurable increases in the use and popularity of Preventionweb.net, with a 130 per cent increase in content submissions from partners and a 75 per cent increase in the number of users.", "Priority 4", "Reduce the underlying risk factors", "46. The Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction developed a training course to build capacities of national and local governments in promoting and implementing environmental management and ecosystem-based initiatives for disaster risk reduction.", "47. Together with partners, UNEP provides technical assistance that enables Governments to use environmental management tools for disaster-resilient, sustainable development planning, especially in the major ecozones vulnerable to disasters — coastal areas, mountains, river basins and drylands. Countries such as Haiti, Nepal, Peru, Sri Lanka and Uganda have benefited from such programmes. UN-Habitat supported Haiti, Chile, Colombia, Cuba and Ecuador in reducing urban risk through specific city programmes.", "48. The UNDP Climate Risk Management initiative completed climate risk assessments in several countries across the world through ongoing global and regional programmes. Trainings and workshops contributed to national and local capacity-building in climate risk, impact and capacity assessment.", "49. On 22 January 2011, the sixty-fourth World Health Assembly adopted a resolution (WHA64.10) in which it urged Member States, inter alia, to strengthen all-hazards health emergency and disaster risk-management programmes and develop programmes on safe hospitals. Similar resolutions were adopted in the Eastern Mediterranean and Pan American regions.", "50. Disaster risk reduction and financing for sustainable development was supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery in 33 projects with a total approved cost of $14.1 million. For example, a study was launched under the policy guidance of the African Union Commission to explore the feasibility of establishing new ways of funding drought-related emergency relief in Africa, with a focus on country-led, sustainable risk management strategies for the continent.", "Priority 5", "Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels", "51. The Principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) have recognized preparedness for emergency response as fundamental for rapid and effective post-disaster relief and recovery. The IASC Sub-Working Group on Preparedness is focusing efforts in support of strengthening national capacity for preparedness for emergency response in five pilot countries. The Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative is supporting these initiatives to help high-risk countries develop capacity specifically in the area of disaster preparedness with combined support from the international system. In collaboration with partners, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs undertook several initiatives, including development and revision of preparedness tools, joint planning as well as leading a task team to strengthen response preparedness at the regional level.", "52. By capturing the synergies of the partners, the International Recovery Platform developed tools for recovery and provides capacity development on post-disaster recovery for national and local governments, through the guidance notes on infrastructure, shelter, health, psychosocial, climate change and adaptation, environment, gender, governance and livelihoods, as well as the post-disaster needs assessment.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The 2011 Global Assessment Report is a collaborative effort of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system partners. See www.preventionweb.net/gar.", "[3] EM-DAT: the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database.", "[4] A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2. See www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr/.", "[5] www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-monitoring/.", "[6] Strategy secretariat, Aligning Regional and Global Disaster Risk Reduction Agendas: Summary of key regional political commitments and disaster risk reduction priorities (May, 2011).", "[7] www.safe-schools-hospitals.net.", "[8] UNESCO, UNICEF, the World Bank, Plan International, Save the Children, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Vision, the Coalition for Global School Safety (COGSS), Prevention 2000, the Strategy secretariat and others.", "[9] A target that some donors, including Australia, the European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department (ECHO), Germany, and the United States of America, claim to have reached or surpassed.", "[10] Based on OECD/Development Assistance Committee, 2010.", "[11] See the Chair’s Summary of the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva, 8-13 May 2011).", "[12] Through the HFA Monitor and the 2011 Global Assessment Report.", "[13] See the following link for the complete list of national platforms: http://preventionweb.net/ english/hyogo/national/list/." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 19 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "International Strategy for Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Development", "Implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The present report provides an overview of the progress of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/157. Disaster risk increases faster than economic growth, thus affecting progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and their achievement. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters showed that the principles of the Framework guided progress in building resilience. However, significant progress needs to be made in risk management systems and decision-making processes at the national, subnational and international levels, including risk loss accounting and integrated risk modelling to support sound planning for development and investment. The third meeting of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction was held in May 2011, with the participation of leaders and experts from various sectors on resilience-building, with an unprecedented range of sectors. The discussions provided guidance for the further implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action. There was an urgent need to increase investment in disaster risk reduction. The Government of Japan offered to host the Third World Conference on Disaster Reduction in 2015.", "Contents", "2. Coordination and guidance through strategic systems", "I. Disaster and disaster risk trends", "1. Large and small disasters, from floods in Pakistan in July 2010 to floods in countries such as Benin or Brazil, further illustrate the close link between disasters and poverty, as highlighted in the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Discovering Risks and Redefining Development. At the same time, the floods in Australia, the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand, and the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear catastrophe that devastated north-east Japan are no doubt a reminder that developed countries and their economies and cities are equally exposed to disaster risks. Hundreds of smaller-scale disasters associated with climate change have also caused enormous damage to many countries, demonstrating the close relationship between risk and poor development practices, economic growth and population explosion.", "It is clear that the financial, social and political costs of disasters are increasing. At the global level, the risk of death from weather-related disasters is decreasing, while economic losses are increasing in all regions. According to the Global Assessment Report 2011, the risk of tropical cyclones in East Asia and the Pacific has decreased by 50 per cent since 1990. In terms of earthquake and tsunami risk, the risk of loss of life and economic loss is increasing at the global level. During the reporting period, a total of 347 natural disasters affected more than 255 million people, killing 106,000 people and causing economic losses in excess of $304 billion. [2]", "The risk of economic loss in high-income countries is increasing more rapidly. The risk of economic loss from tropical cyclones has increased in high-income countries by 262 per cent since 1980, compared with 155 per cent in low-income countries. In 2010, the risk of economic loss due to floods in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries increased by 170 per cent compared with 1990 and exceeded GDP growth. In many countries, the risk of economic loss from floods and tropical cyclones exceeds the rate of growth of GDP, which means that the risk of loss of wealth from disasters is growing faster than wealth creation. Low-income countries are less able to sustain economic losses and recover from disasters. In general, larger economies are more resilient to disaster losses than small economies, such as small island developing States, as they are more geographically and economically diverse.", "4. Drought is the disaster most closely associated with inappropriate social and economic policy choices and is often associated with conflict-induced instability. Drought remains a hidden risk, and, despite its impact on human health, livelihoods and many economic sectors, there is limited knowledge of the drought. The drought has put pressure and insecurity on rural populations and pastoralists. Disaster data reported at the national and international levels do not accurately reflect the effects of drought. For example, between July 2010 and June 2011, only four people worldwide were reported to have died from drought, which affected 32,482,102 people, more than any other disaster. A key step must be the strengthening of integrated risk management systems at the local and national levels and the systematic recording of drought impacts in order to reduce drought risks, improve early warning and prevent drought impacts from escalating into food security crises.", "5. The world population grew by 87 per cent between 1970 and 2010. During the same period, the population of flood-prone river basins increased by 114 per cent and the coastal population of cyclone-prone areas increased by 195 per cent. As a result, economic and productive assets have accumulated in the most vulnerable areas, particularly in low- and lower-middle-income countries. To reverse this trend, both development plans and investment choices must take into account risk information and be addressed through a disaster risk reduction framework.", "As the great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami had shown, natural disasters could have a series of disastrous consequences, not only for nuclear facilities but also for infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, industry, bridges and roads. These elements should be taken into account in new efforts to develop standards, preparedness measures, early warning mechanisms and response measures through visionary thinking and planning.", "II. Challenges and opportunities related to the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action", "The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters,[3] the Hyogo Framework for Action Monitoring System,[4] the 2011 Global Assessment Report, global and regional platforms and related consultative processes identified key challenges, opportunities and priorities in reducing risk and vulnerability. There is growing political will for disaster management at the global, national, local and public and private levels. It is now important to translate this commitment into action, to provide clearer guidance on how to “do” and to promote evidence-based decision-making, informed public opinion, increased cooperation among different sectors and at the global, national and local levels.", "8. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/200, the Strategy secretariat facilitated the midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action by engaging stakeholders at the international, regional and national levels.", "9. The midterm review highlighted that the Hyogo Framework for Action had contributed significantly to international and national political momentum and action on disaster risk reduction over the past five years. The principles of the Framework are generally guiding. The review identified important areas where further efforts and cooperation were needed.", "10. The midterm review recognized that disaster risk reduction, disaster impact and vulnerability depend primarily on sound development policies and investments. Despite some good examples in this regard, risk management has not been fully integrated into development planning, owing, inter alia, to the limited involvement of communities and local governments in the identification of national priorities and the adoption of a holistic government approach.", "11. Managing disaster risk and its consequences requires close cooperation across sectors, at the local level and among countries. Despite progress in some sectors, the lack of systematic integration has not yet produced the desired results. Although much of this knowledge has been generated, it has not been fully utilized. Important practices have been developed in the public and private sectors and important lessons can be shared. It is therefore important to review existing disaster risk management systems and their interlinkages at the national and international levels. In this regard, the multi-stakeholder National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction at the national level is an important model that has the potential to provide guidance for informed decision-making and public awareness. However, the potential of this model has not been fully exploited and there is a need to examine further how it can best support domestic policy-making and international cooperation.", "12. Accountability for effective disaster management needs to be further strengthened. Many countries have taken an important step by adopting relevant legislation. At the same time, progress could not be guided and measured by the absence of a mechanism to record disaster losses in good faith and of clear criteria, baselines and target indicators. The development of guidance tools using cross-sectoral knowledge and experience is therefore crucial. Common analytical tools for tracking and understanding the causes of disasters can support development investment and planning and preparedness. While risks are regional in nature, risk reduction requires cooperation at the national and international levels.", "13. There is evidence that effective risk management depends on the establishment of a high-level, integrated authority at the senior government level responsible for decision-making, leading government-led processes and ensuring that budgets are allocated and accountable for all different aspects of disaster risk reduction. The 2011 Global Assessment Report concluded that at the central government level, disaster risk management should be the responsibility of a ministry with political authority and responsibility for planning oversight and financial responsibility for policy coherence across all sectors. The gradual decentralization of responsibilities to local governments needs to be accompanied by decentralization of capacities and resources. Effective disaster risk management can be achieved only in partnership with vulnerable families and communities and their organizations. This is key to cost-effectiveness, sustainability, citizenship and social cohesion. There are increasing examples of such partnerships, but in many countries this means a change in the culture of public administration. The challenge is not to promote community participation, but to promote government involvement in the planning and implementation of community and local disaster risk management.", "14. A number of mechanisms for generating and sharing information have been established, but standards for disaster risk reduction are still not uniform, integrated or address the management of multiple disasters occurring simultaneously or sequentially. There is a need for a multi-hazard approach to disaster preparedness that takes into account technological disasters that are associated with the consequences of natural disasters.", "15. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action noted that funding for disaster risk reduction remained inadequate and that more needed to be done to track investment, create an enabling environment for development investment and support action at the local level. To this end, the Strategy secretariat has worked with a number of countries and organizations to develop modalities and guidelines.", "16. According to the 2011 global assessment report, most countries do not systematically account for losses to public assets caused by disasters. Uncounted losses are mostly borne by low-income groups, which exacerbates poverty and undermines progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, the loss of public assets converted into currencies often accounts for a significant proportion of GDP or national budgets. Most countries have failed to quantify investment in disaster risk reduction and, even when quantitative investment data are available, the scale of investment rarely matches the level of loss. Unless the cost of disaster losses is calculated, it is difficult to explain why increased investment in disaster risk management is made in national budgets. The 2011 Global Assessment Report also concluded that the cost-benefit ratio of land-use planning and building enhancement measures to avoid risk is 4 or more, and that risk avoidance through relocation or refurbishment is only just cost-effective. Given that public investment usually accounts for between 3 and 15 per cent of GDP, integrating disaster risk reduction into public investment planning is a strategic decision that can significantly reduce risks in the medium term. Countries such as Costa Rica and Peru have included disaster risk in public investment assessment criteria. The most cost-effective risk-reduction investments are those that are concentrated in the most vulnerable part of a country ' s portfolio of public buildings and vital facilities. Millions of people could be covered by adjusting existing social security instruments at relatively low additional costs. Chile, for example, expanded its social assistance programme to assist families affected by the earthquake and tsunami of February 2010.", "17. Disaster risk information plays an important role in guiding investment decisions and supporting public opinion. Access to information on natural disasters and existing risk reduction measures will provide opportunities to reduce vulnerability. Access to risk information in the immediate aftermath of a disaster is critical for an effective response, guiding emergency action by relief and response teams, national and local governments and the general public. A complex issue that requires serious collective reflection is the criteria used by Governments, organizations and communities to determine the level of risk and the cost of mitigation measures when considering the impact of extreme events.", "18. The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was held in Cancun in December 2010. At the meeting, States parties stressed the importance of strengthening disaster risk reduction strategies related to climate change, taking into account the Hyogo Framework for Action, as appropriate. The attention given to disaster risk reduction in the Cancun Adaptation Framework demonstrates strong national ownership of disaster risk reduction and the impact of existing processes for the development and implementation of national adaptation plans, which can scale up disaster risk reduction efforts through multisectoral, multi-stakeholder processes.", "III. Coordination and guidance through the strategic system", "19. Effective disaster risk reduction requires innovative cross-sectoral partnerships, including at the local level and between the public and private sectors. Existing mechanisms at the global, regional and national levels have proven to be crucial in building political momentum and space for disaster risk reduction. These mechanisms need to be further strengthened to ensure that they are interlinked and inclusive of different stakeholders to address emerging challenges related to climate and disaster risk reduction.", "A. Strengthening coordination at the global, regional and national levels", "Global", "20. The third meeting of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Geneva from 8 to 13 May 2011. It was attended by 2,600 representatives from 168 Governments, 25 intergovernmental organizations, 65 non-governmental organizations, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, local governments, parliaments, the private sector, academic institutions, civil society and international organizations. Given that disaster risk reduction is central to the development, environmental and humanitarian work of the United Nations and its partners, my Under-Secretary-General chaired the third meeting.", "21. At the third meeting, the Global Platform and its preparatory and participatory processes were recognized as the main global-level forum through which political guidance, coordination and partnership development and the cross-sectoral exchange of good practices in disaster risk reduction were provided. The Geneva-based Support Group for the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the global network of civil society organizations, partners and local governments involved in the “Building Urban Resilience”, the Private Sector Advisory Group for the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, regional organizations and United Nations agencies and the World Bank provided important inputs in preparation for the third meeting.", "22. In addition to the statements of commitment by Member States, mayors committed themselves to implementing the Ten Keys for Ensuring Urban Resilience; private sector participants agreed on the Five Keys for Business; a group of young people ' s organizations worked together to promote a five-point charter on children and disaster reduction; and several health-focused international organizations issued a joint statement calling for the expansion of community-based health workforces that are critical to disaster risk reduction and for Governments and partners to invest in strengthening their capacities. Regional organizations reaffirmed their commitment to the implementation of the regional strategies agreed at the World Ministerial Conference.", "23. The Hyogo Framework for Action is valid from 2005 to 2015. Discussions at the third meeting emphasized the importance of ensuring further implementation of the framework, while discussions on a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction were initiated by the Strategy secretariat as the focal point for disaster risk reduction in the United Nations system. In this regard, the Government of Japan offered to host the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction during the Third Conference, to be held in 2015 at the end of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.", "24. The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the World Bank and the Strategy secretariat organized the first World Reconstruction Conference as an integral part of the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, which identified the challenges of coordination and financing for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Discussions focused on how to develop an effective recovery framework, more reliable financing and better understanding practices, with emphasis on integrating risk reduction into all post-disaster operations.", "25. The growing commitment of Member States to disaster risk reduction has broadened the political space for discussion and action. On 9 February 2011, the President of the United Nations General Assembly convened an informal thematic debate on disaster risk reduction, with the aim of improving understanding of how to reduce risk and vulnerability to disasters through effective investment policies and practices and sustainable urban management.", "26. The Hyogo Framework for Action Monitoring System is a valuable source of information on progress made in implementing the principles of the Hyogo Framework for Action, sharing practices and identifying emerging strategic issues to address them at the national and international levels. A total of 133 countries provided information for the third reporting cycle, 2009-2011. These tools are being further refined, including the addition of a self-assessment module at the local level.", "Regional", "27. During the reporting period, many regional activities were undertaken. [5] Stakeholders appreciate the substantive advice and support provided by the Strategy secretariat to Governments and regional organizations in the preparation of regional ministerial meetings, regional platform meetings and other meetings, as well as in the development of action plans and follow-up activities.", "28. The regional meeting recognized the need for decentralized implementation of local and community-based disaster risk reduction strategies and programmes by establishing appropriate, realistic and predictable funding mechanisms and strengthening the role of local governments and local non-governmental organizations, including volunteer networks. Furthermore, the discussions and communiqués of the Conference reaffirmed that the provisions of the Hyogo Framework for Action provide guiding principles for disaster risk reduction.", "National", "29. At the national level, national platforms for disaster risk reduction or similar national coordination mechanisms have the potential to support decision-making on national development plans and investments. During the Third Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, a national platform meeting was held to discuss options and best practices to enhance national action. The Strategy secretariat will provide further support to review current practices and promote the strengthening of multi-stakeholder capacities for disaster risk reduction.", "30. As needs and requirements become clearer, United Nations resident coordinators are increasingly involved in disaster risk reduction in high-risk countries. The Strategy secretariat has worked with partners to promote the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation goals into 30 United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks.", "The political mix of disaster risk reduction has been significantly broadened by engaging stakeholder groups and “changers”. A number of mayors, governors and parliamentarians joined the Strategy secretariat in calling on other mayors, governors and parliamentarians to increase their commitment to and actions to build resilience. The 2011 United Nations Sasakawa Award for Risk Reduction was awarded to Best Resilient Cities and Local Action and was shared by North Vancouver (Canada), Santa Fe (Argentina) and San Francisco (Philippines), with a certificate of merit from Bubanesval (India), the Central American Coordination Centre for Natural Disaster Prevention (Central America) and the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (Pakistan).", "32. Recently, the Strategy secretariat established the Private Sector Advisory Group on Disaster Risk Reduction. The group acts as a catalyst for a global partnership involving a wide range of private sector entities to build resilience through specific actions, such as support for national and local risk assessments, promotion of social and environmental sustainability in risk financing, promotion of data dissemination and the full use of private sector expertise and strengths, disaggregated by sector, for example, in building resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable land use and development in high-risk areas such as cities and coasts.", "33. In partnership with parliamentarians, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and national parliaments, political commitment to investing in disaster risk reduction and climate-resilient measures at the global and national levels has been strengthened. In addition, the Strategy secretariat promotes gender-responsive disaster reduction measures and promotes ownership and leadership of individual and institutional partners.", "34. Under the leadership of my Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Strategy secretariat continues to play a leading role in providing coordination and ensuring synergies among the above-mentioned mechanisms, influencing the vision of Strategy stakeholders, generating and sharing knowledge, promoting new partnerships and advocating for more resilient communities. The cross-sectoral nature of the mandate of the Strategy secretariat has enabled it to work with partners in the areas of development, environmental protection and relief to develop next steps to promote the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action.", "35. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action and the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction highlighted the need to strengthen governance mechanisms at all levels, including the United Nations system, to ensure effective risk reduction and, in particular, the need for greater policy and operational coherence within the United Nations system to support countries more effectively through United Nations resident coordinators and United Nations country teams. I requested my Special Representative to brief CEB on the findings of the midterm review and to make recommendations for a future course of action. The High-level Committee on Programmes will discuss the matter further in order to determine an appropriate course of action for the entire United Nations system. The Strategy secretariat will continue to focus on strengthening coordination within the United Nations system.", "36. The important role of the Strategy secretariat in strengthening the United Nations system for disaster risk reduction has been reiterated on various occasions by partners and Governments. In view of the fact that both the midterm review and the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/157, expressed appreciation to the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the governance audit of the Strategy secretariat, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions concurred with my recommendation to extend the mandate of the post of Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction for a period of four years, until the end of 2015, to ensure follow-up to the midterm review, to advance the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action and to assist in the development of the post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction. I will also consider additional measures to ensure that the Strategy secretariat fulfils its mandate efficiently and effectively.", "B. Advocate for safer cities, schools and hospitals", "37. Half of the population today lives in cities. Urbanization will increase to 70 per cent by 2050 and urban risk will continue to increase. In 2010, the ISDR secretariat launched the World Disaster Reduction Campaign, Making Cities Resilient: My Cities Prepare, which seeks to strengthen the role of local governments in disaster risk reduction and building resilience, starting with mayors and city councils. The campaign is promoting the development and implementation of local disaster response strategies. By the end of June 2011, more than 750 municipalities and local governments had participated in the campaign in less than a year. The campaign will also bring together many enthusiastic supporters from cities around the world and within countries, the United Nations system, civil society and the private sector. The campaign galvanized growing collaborative efforts and similar initiatives between cities and cities for disaster risk reduction.", "38. Several international declarations, such as the Bonn Declaration of the Global Council of Mayors on Climate Change and the recommendations of the Third United Cities and Local Governments World Congress, held in Mexico City, called on their city members and partners to participate in the campaign and to actively support and monitor its implementation.", "39. The Strategy secretariat, together with partners in the Asian region and the Global Strategy for Disaster Reduction, launched a swearing-in campaign for one million safe schools and hospitals. [6] By the end of June, the initiative had been launched in all regions, with 138,000 schools and hospitals committed to ensuring security. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported on progress in building safer hospitals in more than 42 countries around the world. The security of over 630 health facilities and their capacity to respond to emergencies have been assessed, and measures to reduce vulnerability and strengthen preparedness have been taken in Indonesia, Mexico, Nepal, Oman, the Philippines and the Republic of Moldova.", "40. Through a core group of partners, the ISDR secretariat ' s thematic platform on knowledge and education [7] designed a global baseline study on school safety. The study was discussed at a dedicated event at the meeting of the Global Platform. The event was attended by the Ministry of Education and the National Disaster Management Agency. The meeting recommended that disaster risk reduction be a priority in school curricula and that every child have the right to achieve the goals of global education. Delegates called on donors to continue to invest further systematically in school safety. The meeting resulted in a series of pilot vulnerable countries announcing school safety assessments.", "C. Increased investment in disaster risk reduction", "41. Most countries reported that, based on the monitoring results of the Hyogo Framework for Action monitoring system, there was little increase in resources for risk management capacity and disaster risk management at the sectoral or local level. However, part of this is due to the complexity of recording risk-reduction expenditures, as financial reporting systems do not facilitate the quantification of such expenditures (investments are provided through various means, including sectoral budgets, environmental protection funds, social consolidation and development funds, compensatory funds, civil society, etc., and in some countries through the private sector).", "42. At the second meeting of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (2009), participants proposed investment goals for risk reduction, namely 1 per cent of national development budgets, 10 per cent of humanitarian assistance funding and [8] 10 per cent of reconstruction and rehabilitation funding. According to official OECD statistics, there has been a certain increase in the proportion of humanitarian aid investments devoted to disaster prevention and preparedness (4.2 per cent in 2009). This is an indicative figure, as the real figure is expected to be much larger as official development assistance spending increases (more than $132 billion in 2009),[9] and the development community ' s increasing emphasis on resilience to disasters. However, in the absence of a more general and explicit disaster reduction budget, more investment is needed to develop a more accurate concept.", "43. Countries and communities, rich and poor alike, cannot afford the burden of costly measures, often after most preventable disasters. As a result, the development community is increasingly recognizing the need to focus on resilience. Increasingly, the issue of risk reduction and resilience strategies is being addressed in aid effectiveness dialogues. In designing and implementing development programmes, countries and the international community are also increasingly oriented towards the future and the risks faced by communities and countries, and have developed numerous policies that actively promote risk reduction in the design of sustainable development programmes. Examples include Australia's “Practical Integration — Australia's integration of disaster risk reduction, climate change and environmental considerations in its assistance programme”; the European Union (EU) implementation plan for 2011-2014 to support developing countries in disaster risk reduction; and the commitment of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to building resilience to disasters in all DFID country programmes.", "44. The Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, to be held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November 2011, will provide an opportunity for development ministers and leaders of multilateral and bilateral development agencies to make an open and measurable commitment to placing disaster resilience and risk reduction at the centre of domestic and international investment strategies, to make poverty eradication sustainable and cost-effective and to promote durable peace and security.", "45. The United Nations-World Bank partnership continues to prioritize disaster risk reduction for integrated development through the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. During the period 2007-2011, donors to the Recovery Fund pledged over $304 million for disaster risk reduction activities.", "Financing of the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "46. In its deliberations, the General Assembly called for a more predictable and stable funding of the Strategy secretariat, currently funded from extrabudgetary resources. In response to that request, and taking into account the OIOS audit report on the Secretariat, I have requested the post of Chief of the Regional Programme and Policy Development Branch at the D-1 level in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 27)). The post would lead the regional work of the Strategy secretariat and play an important role in the implementation of the mandate given to the secretariat by the General Assembly to serve as the focal point within the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies between the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in the socio-economic and humanitarian fields.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "47. The third meeting of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction was held in consultation with Governments at the national, regional and global levels. The meeting identified key areas and opportunities for working together over the next five years to manage disaster risks and enhance the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action.", "48. Disaster risk reduction contributes to supporting social protection policies for the most vulnerable and to economic growth and ecosystem management. Therefore, risk management needs to be further integrated into sustainable development and climate risk management. Disaster risk reduction is intrinsically linked to sustainable development. In the run-up to the Rio+20 World Summit on Sustainable Development, political and financial commitment to disaster risk reduction must be a central element of our vision of sustainable development.", "49. We have made a clear political commitment to disaster risk management. This political commitment must now be translated into action. At the national level, important mechanisms, such as risk mapping, registration of disaster losses, and integration of sectoral knowledge, could be established to better identify the causes of disasters and to develop future mitigation measures, as well as to set disaster reduction targets, thus contributing to informed decisions on development investment and planning.", "50. National multi-stakeholder mechanisms can play an important role in supporting individual choices by supporting informed decision-making and developing comprehensive communication strategies to educate the public. Various models of national platforms have been developed over the past decade, with mixed results. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction will work jointly with national mechanisms to draw on national experiences and ensure that a viable model for disaster risk reduction is in place to help optimize risk management.", "51. Further efforts are needed to clarify the close link between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Strengthening synergies between disaster prevention and climate risk reduction initiatives is an essential step in reducing exposure to disasters. Particular attention needs to be paid to focused action to reduce natural disasters through climate risk management strategies.", "52. Some lessons can be drawn from the disasters that occurred during the reporting period:", "• Building resilience through advocacy, education and exercises. However, not enough has been done to raise public awareness and provide risk management information. In addition, the perception of risks will change over time and must be reassessed on a regular basis to ensure that people are willing to listen to early warning and receive risk information and to enable decision makers to make the right choices. Educating and providing information to the public is an important way to convince them of risk management mechanisms. In times of crisis, trust is essential.", "• The national risk management system must be “government-led”, national-wide and integrated with the international system. Institutional coordination and knowledge gaps pose significant challenges to risk management, as crisis managers and leaders are not properly informed about the nature and impact of crises that they must manage.", "• Security information should be cross-referenced and centralized and should be equipped with integrated multi-risk early warning mechanisms across systems and stakeholder groups.", "Local government and city managers are the first line of institutional emergency response. They are also responsible for disaster and risk-impact services and urban development. Decentralizing responsibilities, together with capacity, resources and multi-stakeholder linkages, is essential for local governments to have the means to act.", "53. In view of the outcome of the midterm review, the 2011 Global Assessment Report, the report of the Hyogo Framework for Action Monitoring System and the deliberations at the third Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, I make the following recommendations:", "(a) All future sustainable development frameworks should clearly identify the disaster and climate risk management elements included therein. Similarly, reducing poverty and vulnerability is an integral part of effective disaster risk management.", "(b) National disaster loss registers, disaster risk mapping and financial tracking systems should be established and further refined to effectively support future development planning and investment options.", "(c) Risk reduction can be effective only with the full involvement of local governments and communities. Local governments and communities need appropriate power and financial capacity, as well as involvement in the development of national risk management policies.", "(d) Practice and business models for national mechanisms for disaster risk reduction, such as multi-stakeholder national platforms, could be better utilized for advocacy, knowledge-building and cooperation. I encourage their further strengthening and, where they do not exist, their establishment.", "(e) Member States and organizations need to increase financial, capacity and technology investment in disaster risk reduction, including the development of private and public sector partnerships.", "(f) I encourage donors and developing countries to commit themselves to a more explicit focus in their programmes on supporting the resilience of local and community communities, creatively addressing problems and boldly renewing cooperation and making disaster resilience part of their commitment to more effective aid.", "Annex", "Specific information on progress in the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action", "1. The following is a summary of achievements related to the priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action reported to the Strategy secretariat by Governments, United Nations agencies, the World Bank and other partners.", "Action at the national level", "Priority 1 Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority", "2. Progress has been made in this regard throughout the world. More than 42 countries reported significant results in this priority area. In particular, 48 countries reported significant progress in developing national policy and legal frameworks. However, some countries also stressed that this progress does not necessarily mean effective disaster risk management, especially at the local level.", "3. The number of national platforms increased from 61 to 81. National platforms were established during the reporting period by Algeria, Armenia, Canada, the Gambia, Kyrgyzstan, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone and Turkey. [12] The Netherlands, Norway and Serbia plan to launch their national platforms in the coming months. In many countries, institutional arrangements for disaster risk reduction have evolved from traditional and single-agency “civil protection” structures to multisectoral systems and platforms. However, finding appropriate institutional arrangements for the smooth integration of disaster risk reduction into development planning and public investment remains a challenge.", "4. Some countries have strengthened their institutional and legislative arrangements: Myanmar, Nepal and Botswana have made risk management the most important body in the Office of the President and Vice-President, while the United Republic of Tanzania has transferred this responsibility to the Ministry of Economic Planning and the Ministry of Finance Planning. The Governments of Chile, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay, coordinated by the Strategy secretariat, conducted a review of the capacity of national institutions and the status of all priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action by impartial inter-agency experts. Chile and Uruguay have developed new legislative frameworks based on the review.", "Priority 2 Identifying, assessing and monitoring disaster risks and enhancing early warning", "Progress in comprehensive risk assessment remains difficult, especially at the local level. More than 20 countries conducted multi-hazard risk assessments at the national level to guide planning and development decisions. However, many countries face major challenges in linking assessments to national and local development processes. Unfortunately, the countries reporting significant progress in this area also emphasize the lack of national criteria for assessing disaster losses and risks. Only a few countries conducted risk assessments of schools and health facilities.", "6. The European Commission has developed guidelines for risk mapping and assessment based on a multi-hazard and multi-risk approach. Canada is developing a national framework for assessing all hazard risks. Barbados undertook a comprehensive coastal risk assessment of key coastal risks with significant resources. Others have made efforts to integrate risk assessment into various sectors, including health, education, agriculture, transport and water management.", "7. In terms of enhancing early warning capacity, some countries, including Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Lesotho, the Republic of Moldova, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Yemen, reported some progress. The Government of Pakistan has developed plans to improve flood forecasting and risk mapping capabilities. Haiti, with the support of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), has strengthened early warning services for coastal risk through technical assistance, capacity-building and training. Australia and Madagascar used mobile phones to disseminate early warning messages. A digital radio network system is being developed in Finland, where 80 per cent of its residents are informed by out-of-user alerts.", "Priority 3", "8. Progress in this priority area remains limited. The identification and further development of methodologies and tools for assessing multiple risks and analysing cost-effectiveness remains a particularly weak area. Only 19 countries assessed their efforts to integrate risk reduction into school curricula and related formal training. Most countries reported significant gaps in the development of communication strategies for vulnerable rural and urban communities. China is a notable exception. China reported overall progress in providing risk information, developing a national communications strategy and integrating disaster risk reduction into school curricula.", "A number of countries in Africa, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda, are developing central databases for disaster risk management information. The Government of Pakistan conducted a damage assessment, trained teachers and provided learning opportunities for flood-affected children and illiterate women. In Haiti, more than 3,000 secondary school teachers were trained in student-centred psychosocial support and disaster risk reduction. The Ministry of Education of Myanmar initiated efforts to reduce the risk of disaster through rehabilitation education programmes targeting female teachers.", "Priority 4 Reducing potential risk factors", "Progress in this area has been slower. While countries reported increased recognition of the need to consider disaster risk reduction in planning and investment, only 22 countries considered their progress in reducing potential risk factors to be significant. Countries reported on difficulties in coping with inherent risks in different development sectors, explaining why economic loss and damage continued to increase. Only 32 countries have invested in the rehabilitation of public infrastructure, such as schools and hospitals. Croatia reported that the Government was under pressure from the construction industry, which had even requested that standards and norms be reduced in disaster-prone areas to reduce overall costs.", "11. A number of countries in Africa are putting in place mechanisms to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development, and many have made significant efforts to integrate disaster risk reduction into their national plans to adapt to climate change. In Uganda, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) supported the Government ' s initiative to provide productive safety nets for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists affected by recurrent droughts and food insecurity.", "12. Ecuador implemented a wide range of social policies as part of its disaster risk reduction strategy. Malawi has developed and implemented a new social development policy to reduce the vulnerability of high-risk communities. In Bangladesh, WFP supported governmental and non-governmental partners to help 30,000 food-insecure families to raise their homes above the flood line.", "Priority 5 Strengthening preparedness for effective disaster response at all levels", "13. This is an area that Governments have focused on for decades. This area includes preparedness and contingency planning, reserves and emergency response mechanisms at all levels of administration, as well as established procedures for the exchange of information in the event of an emergency. Forty-six countries reported significant achievements in development policy, technology and institutional capacity. It is clear that effective disaster management has helped to reduce weather-induced disaster mortality globally.", "14. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat undertook activities to strengthen national preparedness in a number of countries, including Albania, Colombia, Croatia, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Montenegro, Namibia, Oman and Turkey.", "15. The Government of Ethiopia ' s weather risk management framework, with support from the World Bank and WFP, established an integrated risk management system to support the country ' s production safety net programme. The framework raised $160 million annually in emergency funding to assist 8 million food-insecure families.", "16. In Haiti, WFP supported the Government in preparing for disaster by establishing standby agreements with partners and prepositioning life-saving supplies where they could be used in the event of a disaster. These efforts enabled the Government of Haiti, WFP and partners to respond rapidly to Hurricane Tomas and the cholera epidemic.", "17. In West Africa, humanitarian agencies form strategic partnerships for disaster preparedness. Regional and global partners support national capacity-building activities. In Ghana, emergency preparedness and assessment of response capacity provided the basis for the 2011-2012 action plan.", "Action at the regional level", "18. The gradual institutionalization of regional and subregional multi-stakeholder platforms for disaster risk reduction provides unique opportunities for stakeholders to share experiences, monitor progress and take collective action to enhance the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action at the regional level. The regional offices of the Strategy secretariat support these platforms with United Nations agencies, the World Bank and other partners.", "Africa", "19. The decision adopted by the Executive Council of the African Union at its Summit in January 2011 on the report of the second African Conference of Ministers for Disaster Risk Reduction demonstrated the commitment of African Union member States to continuing to work on disaster risk reduction. The Executive Board endorsed the recommendations contained in the report, including the strategic areas of action, key activities, expected accomplishments and indicators for the implementation of the Expanded Programme of Action for the African Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2006-2015) across the continent, subregion and country.", "20. The regional economic communities have been able to provide effective coordination and strategic guidance to member States to align subregional strategies and programmes with the African Regional Strategy and Programme of Action and to facilitate their subregional implementation. The Economic Community of West African States, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Southern African Development Community have now included disaster risk reduction as a priority in their work programmes in support of the implementation of the African Regional Strategy and the Programme of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "21. With financial and technical support from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, IGAD and partner countries are building capacity and strengthening disaster risk reduction institutions; strengthening national and subregional disaster risk management capacities; and building technical and institutional capacities for disaster risk reduction and climate monitoring and forecasting.", "Arab States region", "22. The Arab States recognize the impact of current environmental degradation, climate change, rapid and unplanned urbanization, severe water shortages, demographic changes and migration trends on the region ' s sustainable development goals. The sub-risks of population displacement, disease outbreaks, influenza, food insecurity, conflict and civil strife pose multiple and unprecedented challenges to the entire region.", "23. In recognition of the need to reduce the risks associated with regional disaster trends, the Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment adopted the Arab Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2020 in December 2010. The strategy was subsequently endorsed by the second Arab Summit for Socio-Economic Development in January 2011.", "24. At the national level, countries have begun to develop disaster loss databases to provide decision makers with the necessary information on national and local risks and vulnerabilities, and to strengthen and systematize information systems. National disaster databases have been completed in Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen, and are in the process of being completed in Djibouti, Egypt, Lebanon and Morocco.", "Asia and the Pacific", "25. The Incheon Declaration of 2010 and the Incheon Regional Road Map adopted at the Fourth Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction recognized that the main priority area for the region until 2015 was the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The action plan adopted by the Conference provided overall guidance for translating the decisions of the Council of Ministers and the road map into concrete actions at the national and local levels. A number of civil society organizations and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies pledged to assist their respective Governments in implementing these activities.", "The Pacific Platform for Disaster Risk Management was established in 2010 under the theme “Strengthening the implementation of the Pacific Framework for Action on Disaster Risk and Management through Multi-stakeholders”. The Platform works to promote better integration of disaster risk management and adaptation to climate change at the national and regional levels by: better coordinating and developing integrated funding modalities; enhancing investment in disaster risk management in Pacific island countries and aligning it with existing national priorities; promoting the integration of disaster risk reduction into national policies, budgets and all national sectoral plans that can be incorporated; and exchanging information and experiences on disaster risk management through the participation of multi-stakeholders, in particular communities, women and youth, politicians and parliamentarians, as well as civil society and sectoral experts.", "Americas", "27. The second session of the Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction for the Americas was held in Novo Wayata, Nayarit, Mexico, from 15 to 17 March 2011. The Nayarit communiqué issued at the meeting expressed the concerns of the participants and made a clear proposal to include disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation considerations in the regional development agenda.", "28. Subregional mechanisms such as the Coordination Centre for the Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America (CEPREDENAC), the Andean Commission for Disaster Prevention and Relief, the Special Conference on Social Risk Reduction, Civil Defence, Civil Protection and Humanitarian Assistance and the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency have played a catalytic role in promoting the integration of disaster risk reduction into national policies. One notable example is the approval of the Central American integrated risk management policy promoted by the Disaster Preparedness Centre. The policy makes disaster risk reduction a policy element binding on Member States. In 2011, the Disaster Prevention Centre was awarded the Sasakawa Prize.", "Europe", "29. A number of high-level events helped to strengthen regional and subregional political commitment to disaster risk reduction and made disaster risk reduction a core priority for European institutions such as the Council of Europe, the European Commission and the South-East European Regional Cooperation Council. At the same time, the Hyogo Framework focal points, national platforms and partners also exchange information, knowledge and experience at the European Forum on Disaster Risk Reduction, technically complementing and supporting political processes.", "30. In September 2010, the twelfth Ministerial Meeting of the Council of Europe European-Mediterranean Major Disasters Agreement was held in St. Petersburg. At that meeting, the medium-term plan for 2011-2015 was adopted “to improve prevention and preparedness, promote good risk management, use knowledge to reduce vulnerability and better prepare for emergencies”. At the meeting, the Committee discussed the impact of climate change on the frequency and extent of disasters and measures to enhance the adaptive and resilience of societies.", "In 2009, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the European Commission newsletter “Community approaches to natural and man-made disaster prevention”, in which it welcomed the Commission's efforts to ensure better integration of disaster prevention-related issues in European Union policies and programmes. The European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction will hold its second annual meeting in Skopje in October 2011.", "C. Action at the international level", "Priority 1 Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority", "32. Disaster risk reduction is on the agenda of a number of global and regional parliaments with parliamentary cooperation at the national, regional and global levels. Parliamentarians from 124 countries benefited from the promotional material “Drug risk reduction: a means to achieve the Millennium Development Goals”, developed by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Strategy secretariat.", "33. During 2010-2011, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery provided significant assistance to 13 of the 31 priority countries in this priority area. To support institutional capacity and consensus-building in disaster risk reduction, the Global Fund supported 123 ongoing projects, with funding of more than $54 million, benefiting more than 50 countries and also providing support at the regional and global levels. A joint World Bank-United Nations publication entitled “Natural risks, non-natural disasters: economics for effective prevention” provides an economic rationale for investing in disaster prevention, thus laying the foundation for political advocacy. The report highlights the importance of sharing risk data to facilitate decision-making.", "Priority 2 Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning", "34. The Global Risk Identification Programme has assisted over 30 countries in improving the basis for risk information for decision-making through activities such as setting disaster risk baselines and taking into account risk information in decision-making processes and development programmes.", "35. The UNESCO International Platform for Earthquake Risk Reduction promotes the exchange of information on seismology and seismic engineering. In this regard, the Global Task Force on Building Codes advanced its action plan. The World Landslides Forum will hold its second meeting in Rome from 3 to 9 October 2011, under the auspices of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.", "36. The World Health Organization (WHO) supported Member States such as Afghanistan, Colombia and Mauritius in assessing risks, such as assessment capacity, to lay the foundation for the development of emergency health risk management programmes. Countries in South-East Asia have undertaken benchmarking activities to assess existing capacities while identifying priorities for capacity development.", "37. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies published the World Disasters Report 2010: Focusing on Urban Risk. The report examined in depth the dramatic increase in the number of urban dwellers.", "38. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has developed and maintained a web-based technical platform and global risk assessment raw data for floods, cyclones, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, fires, storm surges and droughts in support of the global risk assessment conducted by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system for the preparation of the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. UNEP has also creatively developed a risk assessment tool called RIVAMP to enable policymakers to make informed decisions that contribute to sustainable development.", "39. Improving disaster risk assessment and monitoring is a priority for 54 projects supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, with investments totalling nearly $22 million. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), through the Regional Climate Centre and the Climate Outlook Forum, promotes the development of climate services, including the analysis of changing hazard patterns and the provision of current and longer-term weather forecasts and outlooks to assist countries in disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation plans. WMO, in collaboration with the United Nations-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, has helped regional and national capacity-building projects in the Caribbean, Central America, South-Eastern Europe and South-East Asia to strengthen hydrometeorological risk assessment and multi-hazard early warning systems. In addition, WMO published a book entitled “Institutional partnerships in multi-hazard early warning systems”, based on good practices documented and synthesized in seven countries.", "40. The United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF) worked with partners to enhance the evidence base on disaster risk and children. Studies conducted by UNICEF and partners in seven countries have shown that in order to ensure that specific climate risks and risks to children are addressed, there is a need to develop “child-centred” disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation initiatives.", "Priority 3 Using knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels", "41. Demand for support for the development of disaster risk reduction capacities continues to grow. The Disaster Reduction Capacity Initiative, launched jointly by the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the Strategy secretariat, supports the development of assessment and training capacities in high-risk countries.", "42. While significant progress has been made, it is increasingly evident that there is a need to continue, in particular to strengthen the capacity of relevant ministries and departments to mainstream gender issues, including those of agencies and government departments responsible for the collection and analysis of statistical data and the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data. The publication entitled Gender Sensitivity in Disaster Risk Reduction: Policy and Practice Guidelines (2009) became a reference for the climate change adaptation training course. To date, more than 1,000 trainees from 107 countries have benefited.", "43. The UNEP Funding Initiative, in collaboration with private insurance companies, seeks to integrate globally sustainability principles based on sound environmental management with disaster reduction standards. UNESCO promotes disaster risk reduction as an element of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, in particular by integrating disaster risk reduction into national education strategies and planning.", "44. The World Food Programme supported Governments in over 25 countries in implementing food security monitoring systems to track food security, nutrition and market indicators, while monitoring natural hazards to provide effective analysis that contributes to preparedness, prevention and response.", "45. According to statistics, the use of Preventionweb.net has increased and the website is popular. The number of submissions from partners increased by 130 per cent and the number of users increased by 75 per cent.", "Priority 4 Reducing potential risk factors", "46. The Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction designed a training course to build the capacity of national and local governments to promote and implement environmental management and ecological initiatives for disaster risk reduction.", "UNEP, together with partners, has provided technical assistance to enable Governments to use environmental management tools to respond to disasters and plan for sustainable development, particularly in coastal areas, mountain areas, river basins and arid areas, which are the main ecological areas vulnerable to disasters. Haiti, Nepal, Peru, Sri Lanka and Uganda have benefited from the programme. UN-Habitat supported urban risk reduction in Haiti, Chile, Colombia, Cuba and Ecuador through specific urban programmes.", "48. Through its ongoing global and regional programmes, UNDP has completed climate risk assessments in a number of countries. UNDP training and workshops have contributed to national and local capacity-building to enable it to assess climate risks, impacts and capacities in this regard.", "49. On 22 January 2011, the sixty-fourth World Health Assembly adopted a resolution (WHA64.10), in which it, inter alia, urged Member States to strengthen their health emergency and disaster risk management programmes and to develop programmes on safe hospitals. Similar resolutions were adopted in the Eastern Mediterranean region and the Pan American region.", "50. The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery supported 33 disaster risk reduction and sustainable development projects with a total approved cost of $14.1 million. For example, the Recovery Fund, under the policy guidance of the African Union Commission, carried out a study on the feasibility of new ways to finance drought-induced emergencies in Africa, focusing on the development of country-led sustainable risk management strategies for the continent as a whole.", "Priority 5", "51. The heads of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) recognized that preparedness to respond to emergencies was essential for rapid and effective post-disaster relief and recovery. The IASC Sub-Working Group on Preparedness, in five pilot countries, focused on helping to strengthen national capacities for emergency preparedness. The Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative is supporting these initiatives to help high-risk countries, with the joint support of the international system, to develop capacity for disaster preparedness in particular. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has worked with partners to strengthen emergency preparedness at the regional level through a number of initiatives, including the development and adaptation of preparedness tools, joint planning and leadership teams.", "52. The International Recovery Platform provides illustrative guidance on infrastructure, shelter, health, psychosocial, climate change and adaptation, the environment, gender, governance and livelihoods, and assessing post-disaster needs, building on synergies among partners, developing disaster recovery tools and providing capacity development services for national and local governments in post-disaster recovery.", "[1] The 2011 global assessment report was prepared by ISDR system partners. See www.preventionweb.net/gar.", "[2] EM-DAT: International Disaster Database, Foreign Disaster Relief Service/Disaster Epidemiology Research Centre.", "[3] A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2, see www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr/.", "[4] www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-monitoring/.", "[5] Strategy secretariat, Harmonizing regional and global agendas for disaster risk reduction: Overview of key regional political commitments and priorities for disaster risk reduction (May 2011).", "[6] www.safe-schools-hopitals.net.", "[7] UNESCO, UNICEF, World Bank, Plan International, Save the Children Alliance, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Vision, Global Alliance for Safe Schools, Disaster Prevention 2000, Strategy Secretariat, etc.", "[8] Some donors, including Australia, the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO), Germany and the United States of America, have claimed to have achieved or exceeded this goal.", "[9] According to OSCE/DAC statistics, 2010.", "[10] See summary by the Chair of the Third Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva, 8-13 May 2011).", "[11] Adopt the Hyogo Framework for Action monitoring system and the 2011 global monitoring report.", "[12] For a complete list of national platforms, see http://preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/national/list/." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目19(h)", "可持续发展：与自然和谐相处", "与自然和谐相处", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会决议第65/164号决议提交的，大会该项决议请秘书长在第六十五届会议期间开展一次关于与自然和谐相处的互动对话，以庆祝2011年4月20日国际地球母亲日，并积极有效地推动和支持将于2012年6月在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程，并就该主题向其第六十六届会议提出报告。秘书长这份报告着重阐述环境立法中所反映人类与自然关系的逐步演变，并借鉴了互动对话中讨论的重要问题。报告中还提出了具体建议，以便会员国进一步审议该问题。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.人类与自然不断演变的关系 4\nA.古代文明的相关经验教训 4\nB.环保运动的出现：第十六世纪至第十九世纪 5\nC.二十世纪及人类与自然的和解 8\n3.在二十一世纪促进与自然和谐 10\nA.立法和公共政策的强化作用 10\nB.拥有自然还是让自然保持其状态？ 12\n4.结论 16\n5.建议 17", "一. 导言", "1. 2010年，大会在题为“与自然和谐相处”的第65/166号决议中请秘书长在第六十五届会议庆祝2011年4月20日国际地球母亲日期间安排两次全体会议，以进行一次由会员国、联合国组织、独立专家和其他利益攸关方参加的互动对话，以便积极有效地推动和支持2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程。大会的互动对话由两个专家小组开展，讨论议题如下：(a) 如何推动以综合办法实现与自然和谐的可持续发展；(b) 分享各国为衡量与自然和谐的可持续发展情况而制定标准和指标方面的经验。[2]", "2. 大会第65/164号决议还请秘书长利用由联合国可持续发展大会秘书处维持的现有的可持续发展信息门户，收集关于推动以综合办法促进与自然和谐的可持续发展的活动的信息，包括利用传统知识的成功案例以及现行国内立法，以促进跨学科科学工作，并了解这方面的各种建言，以期为大会的筹备进程及以后的工作作出实质贡献。目前正在开发这一信息门户，并将于2012年6月推出。", "3. 随着联合国为在2012年6月4日至6日举行联合国可持续发展大会(亦称“里约+20”)开展筹备工作，本报告重点阐述环境立法所体现的不同文明与自然的历史关系，参考了2011年4月互动对话为推进支持可持续发展理念的整体思维而讨论的重要议题，本报告应该结合秘书长关于与自然和谐相处的第一次报告(A/65/314)来阅读。", "4. 各国正式颁布环境立法始于1960年代，因为人们深刻认识到保护环境的重要性，而且公众对环境的关心日益高涨，于1970年创立了地球日。两年后，于1972年召开了联合国人类环境会议(斯德哥尔摩会议)，这次会议有助于在世界各国的施政构架内实现环境问题制度化。会议促成在政治上认识到，环境退化是富裕和贫困这种两种现象共同造成的，对富国和穷国都产生影响，尽管影响的方式不同。1982年，在斯德哥尔摩会议十周年之际，各国政府通过了《世界大自然宪章》，反映了保护和发展的相互依存关系。", "5. 作为斯德哥尔摩会议的后续行动，政府建立了世界环境与发展委员会(布伦特兰委员会)，研究可持续发展的概念。该委员会在其题为“我们共同的未来”的报告(A/42/427，附件)中进一步阐述了这一概念。", "6. “我们共同的未来”这一报告发表后，各国政府于1994年召开了联合国环境与发展会议，谈判一项全球行动计划，以实现全球可持续发展。这次会议的成果文件称为“21世纪议程”的环发会议在帮助各国开展可持续发展方面发挥了促进作用。在为这次会议开展为期两年的筹备工作的同时，还设立了各政府间谈判委员会，以拟定关于生物多样性和气候变化的框架公约。会议还拟定了一套保护森林的商定原则，并开始谈判如何防治荒漠化和干旱。", "7. 《里约宣言》的第一项原则解释了联合国环境与发展会议的基本原则：“人是可持续发展各种关切问题的中心，有权过上健康和富有成效的生活，与自然和睦相处”。在1994年会议之后，联合国设立了可持续发展委员会，以落实《21世纪议程》，并于2002年在约翰内斯堡举行了可持续发展问题世界首脑会议，重申关于对可持续发展的全球承诺。 2012年6月，将召开联合国可持续发展问题会议，进一步评估各国在实现可持续发展方面取得的进展，处理新出现的挑战，以确保为所有人实现在与自然和谐相处的前提下的可持续未来。", "二. 人类与自然不断演变的关系", "8. 在东方和西方思想传统中，人类与自然不断演变的关系存在很大的不同。它最早起源于哲学和宗教。虽然东方思想传统历来不同于西方的思想传统，但是，亚洲的伟大思想家试图解答的问题与欧洲和美洲的哲学家和宗教领袖思索的问题并无二致，即如何使我们的生命具有意义？如何寻找幸福？东方和西方传统的深刻见解和智慧为不同文明之间开展对话以及深刻理解我们与自然的关系提供了机会。以下各节描述了人类与自然不断演变的关系，以及对这一问题的思考如何对21世纪的环境立法的发展产生影响。", "A. 古代文明的相关经验教训", "9. 东方传统常常被解释为在创建者和被创动物之间、人和神之间没有明显的鸿沟。譬如，印度教注重玄学，包括轮回(转世)、因果报应(宇宙正义)、解脱(摆脱存在周期)、 至高精神法则(内在最终现实)等概念。[3]", "10. 在中国的文化习俗和思想体系中，“对外部大自然从来就不依据其自身来理解；它始终与人类的生活密切相关”。中国文化坚守的信念是，现实是一个完整的统一体(“道”)的无数表现形式构成的。中国人提出了一种宇宙密论，把宇宙看作是许多相互依存部分的有机体。这种观点导致认定万物就其本质而言是根本统一的。²", "11. 古埃及人依靠尼罗河每年的泛滥而获得食物，他们崇拜一些神灵，他们根据自己的生活环境演绎出一套复杂的信仰和礼仪。人们看到尼罗河使他们耕作的农田富饶肥沃，与他们所葬身的干旱沙漠截然不同，因而形成了他们的身份特征和宗教信仰。", "12. 非洲社区一度认为自然现象拥有精神力量，提供食物和住所的自然世界受到尊重和敬仰。有些树木被认为是神树，它们神圣，具有治病疗伤的作用。土地属于由生者、死者以及尚未诞生者组成的氏族，这个概念增强了共享并关怀大自然的观念。", "13. 哥伦布之前的早期文化追踪着天体和星球、包括太阳和月亮的运动，它们的运动与日常生活的每个方面相互交织，地上和天上共成一体。在整个安第斯山脉，大地之母(Pachamama)是对地球母亲最广泛的称呼。这一称呼最基本的意思是肥沃的和硕果累累的地球母亲。大地母亲表达出人类与大自然之间的共生关系，从而给予大自然应有的尊重。", "14. 在西方传统中，希腊和罗马哲学家对自然法则提出了明确的概念，不同于人制定的法律。他们认识到，人在公民秩序和政府建立之前就存在，因此，他们将自然法(jus naturale)和普通法(jus commune)作了明确区分。", "15. 许多西方传统思想家指出，早期的文明与自然的关系比较密切，比较平衡。譬如，罗马人认为应该有动物权利(jus animalium)，就是后来哲学家们认为独立于人类文明和政府的自然权利。在希腊和罗马衰落和基督教诞生之后，人们日益认为大自然之所以存在，就是为人类服务的。对大自然价值的定义完全是从满足人类需求的角度来确定的。[4]", "16. 罗马人将空气、水和鱼是供所有人共同使用的概念编纂为法典。公元535年， 优士丁尼皇帝颁布了《民法典》(Corpus Iurus Civilis)，将现行罗马法汇编成一套简单而明确的法律系统。第一项查士丁尼法规于529年完成，后来扩大到包括优士丁尼自己订立的法律以及关于其他法律领域的两册书。《优士丁尼法典大全》是有史以来第一部与环境有关的成文法。它宣称，自然法则就是大自然教导所有动物的法则，即它不单单涉及人类，也涉及所有动物，不论是地上走的，空中飞的，还是水里游的。", "17. 随着罗马帝国的衰败，欧洲的法律体系开始分崩离析，出现了地方性的法律制度，这是一套封建制法律，在许多情况下，包括民法和教会法，这是欧洲大陆唯一的法律框架。到封建时代之后颁布了《拿破仑法典》之后，欧洲才又有一部如此完整的法典。《拿破仑法典》迅速取代了封建时代截然不同的法律体系，罗马-日耳曼法律传统在整个欧洲和世界其他地区扩展的主要支柱之一。", "B. 环保运动的出现：第十六世纪至第十九世纪", "18. 在十七世纪，医学在不断发展，活体解剖被广泛用于研究人体的运作。这种做法引起早期人道主义者的愤怒，活体解剖者们求助于勒内·笛卡尔(1596-1650年)来为他们的研究方法作辩护。笛卡尔是著名的数学家、生理学家和心理学家，他对人与自然的关系采用了一种与道德无关的基本哲学观点。", "19. 笛卡尔认为，动物是无感知、无理性的生物，不会感觉疼痛；动物没有心智，它们不会受到伤害，没有痛苦，没有意识。但是，人有灵魂和思想。实际上，思想界定了人的机体。笛卡尔的格言是“我思故我在”。这种将人与大自然相隔离的二元论为活体解剖以及人类利用环境的任何行为提供了辩解理由。笛卡尔明确指出，人是“大自然的主人和拥有者”。笛卡尔认为将大自然物化的理论是科学和文明取得进步的重要先决条件。³", "20. 在十六世纪和十七世纪，戈特弗里德·莱布尼兹、约翰·雷和巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎等欧洲其他当代哲学家不同意笛卡尔的观点，他们认为，自然界和原野具有精神价值，因此，人与自然界是不可分割的。1790年，作家约翰·劳伦斯指出，人最根本的不足之处在于不承认动物的权利(jus animalium)，他呼吁法制充分承认这一概念，而托马斯·霍布斯则认为，在自然状态下，人会不惜一切代价寻求自我保护，将此作为自己的“自然权利”。", "21. 笛卡尔在欧洲的影响力达到顶峰时，美国早期定居者持相反的观点，他们认为动物不是命中注定应遭受痛苦的愚笨野兽。从希腊-罗马古典哲学观点中衍生的一种不同的少数派观点认为，动物是自然状态的组成部分，是因循自然法的。新英格兰的早期定居者推动了这种观点，他们颁布了一项法律，承认非人类的权利。1641年马萨诸塞湾殖民地公布的“马萨诸塞自由法典”是英美法学中禁止虐待家畜最早的普通法。", "22. 约翰·洛克在其“漫谈教育”一书中提出了与笛卡尔相反的论点，他认为，动物会感受疼痛和痛苦，无谓地伤害它们是在道义上是错误的。他在1693年的论文中超越了严格的功利概念，即不仅要善待牛马等人们通常拥有的有益牲畜，还要善待松鼠、鸟类、昆虫以及“任何生物”。[5] 十六至十九世纪期间，在纳撒尼尔·沃德和约翰·洛克等人的著作激励下，种下了一种不同的世界观种子，即人是大自然的一个组成部分。英国植物学家约翰·雷在其1691年“上帝的智慧体现在他的创造物中”一文中指出，动物和植物之所以存在是为了荣耀上帝，它们的生命权不依附于它们对人类的用途。", "23. 在约翰·雷和巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎等学者著书的时代，科学的视野正在迅速扩大，对人类中心说产生了相关的挑战。望远镜表明地球并非宇宙的中心。显微镜揭示的是人类赖以生存的复杂世界，而不是相反。探险家发现了无人居住的广袤旷野，那里生机盎然，那里完美而且完备，从未被人所见。人类对自然界了解越多，就越难认为宇宙是为人类而存在。人类不再被视为大自然的主人，而是大自然的成员。", "24. 1660年代，路易十四的大臣让-巴博迪斯特·科尔贝尔提出并实施了法国历史上最严格的森林法。[6] 1822年，在英国，理查德·马丁的维权行动促成了对大型牲畜、特别是牛的保护(“马丁法”)。两年后，马丁、威廉·威伯福斯等人创建了英国皇家爱护动物协会。二十年之前，威尔伯福斯已经是废除奴隶制度和奴隶贸易的领导者。19世纪的著名哲学家约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒写道，还应该将惩处父母虐待儿童的法律延伸到动物。解放被压迫者的理念不应该局限于人类。", "25. 查尔斯·达尔文(1809-1882年)把人类的进化和动物的进化相提并论，二者都是自然的组成部分，从而震撼了人高傲自负的态度。他对地球上生命的扩展作了进化论解释，破坏了几千年来的二元论哲学。达尔文的著作《物种起源》(1859年)和《人类的起源》(1871年)成为环境论和环境伦理学发展的重要源头。德国科学家迪特里希·布兰迪斯在印度开创了林业管理事业，并辅导了亨利·格雷夫斯和吉福德·平肖等许多林务官。后来，平肖成为美国林务局局长。[7]", "26. 1876年，联合王国通过了《爱护动物法》，将促进人道主义立法的斗争推向高潮。活体解剖成为一个争论的问题，引起联合王国科学界和人道主义界主要成员发表了强烈的意见。19世纪在将人道主义价值观和权利制度化成为法律方面取得了长足的进步。此前，各国社会及其法律为了上层集团的利益，剥夺了他们周围一切的利益。", "27. 虽然人类中心论受到质疑，许多人仍然坚信，人是生命的最高级形式，将继续利用其他生命，并且从环境开采所需物品。有人指出，人类应该依照妥善管理的原则，采取谨慎的做法，并始终铭记这还包括宗教等其他方面的利益。从这个角度来看，人类对地球的影响产生了一些令人不安的伦理问题。", "28. 由于欧洲大多数地方已经改变了其大部分荒野地带，但是，人们日益担心美洲这个新世界会照搬这一做法。法国思想家和历史学家亚历克西斯·德托克维尔和路德派牧师和作家约翰·布鲁克纳等人在其著作中论及这一可预见的趋势，他们预言，大批野生生物将遭屠杀，有些物种将绝种。到十八世纪，美国民众开始抗议虐待动物的做法，如活体解剖、斗鸡、安排斗狗和猎狐等各种毫无意义的暴行。这种环境维权行动代表了对自然的精神、文化和恢复性价值的尊重，这种尊重始终存在，并在不断增强。环保运动已经实实在在地开始了。", "29. 大约在美国环保运动开始立足之时，其他社会运动，尤其是维护妇女权利的运动也开始形成。能够调动有势力的个人和金钱并能普及美学价值的关键人物，如约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦、约翰·缪尔、刘易斯·芒福德、吉福德·平肖、亨利·索尔特和亨利·大卫·梭罗等知名人士，在推动美国的环保运动方面发挥了关键的作用。生物多样性概念的先驱芒福德激励了东方的许多作家，例如印度环境和社会问题评论家拉姆昌德拉·古哈。", "30. 虽然这些精英份子并没有形成一个严密的社会运动，但是，这些有影响力的人士形成了一个松散的网络，呼吁保护荒茫大地。在19世纪中叶，梭罗主张建立保护区。许多其他人士分别呼吁实现同一目标。弗雷德里克·劳奥姆斯特德和雷蒙德在1863年考察了加利福尼亚优胜美地之后，向美国国会请愿，要求保护该地区的自然状态。1864年，保护优胜美地的法案获得批准，规定拨出10平方英里“供公众使用、度假和娱乐”。", "31. 十六至十九世纪期间，保护动物及其权利以及保护美国动物环境的呼声不断高涨，促成这一现象的是与结束奴隶制、颁布童工法和承认妇女权利的同类呼声齐驱并进的、日益高涨的人文主义和人道主义思想。在十八世纪后期，法国大革命标志着欧洲人权和世界动物权利概念合为一体。", "32. 在本世纪初，爱德华·佩森·埃文斯(1831-1917年)在美国就后被称为环境伦理的概念发表了第一篇内容广泛的宣言。埃文斯认为，非人类的生命形式包括每一种“有感觉的”生物、甚至岩石和矿物等无生命的物体，这些生命形式都享有人类应不违反的固有权利。波兰的彼得·克鲁泡特金王子以及俄罗斯的列夫·托尔斯泰和印度领袖圣雄甘地都将环保作为他们世界观的组成部分。", "33. 在此数百年之前，东方思想传统中的学者们也一直关注人类与自然界不断演变的关系。中国哲学家王阳明(1472-1529年)推进了“心与意”的概念，与笛卡尔的二元论不同的是，他的理论概括了思想过程和身体之间的联系。他认为，心的概念并非仅指个人自身，而是从个人开始，流传至其他人，并从人至动物以及从动物至树木、植物，进而至石头和物体。", "C. 二十世纪及人类与自然的和解", "34. 十九世纪，主张环境保护主要处于功利目的，是为了获得粮食、木材或住所，在二十世纪，保护环境和自然资源的科学依据取得了重大进展。学者和科学家提出了地球上的生命相互关联的新观念和保持平衡的重要性。", "35. 弗雷德里克·克莱门茨(1874-1945年)对他所称的植物“演替”现象进行了调查。他认为，许多生物共同发挥作用，总体大于部分的总和；植物与气候、土壤以及相互间发生相互关联，形成草原等自然环境。苏格兰科学家亚瑟·汤普森(1861-1933年)也阐述了他的生命之网的概念，维克多·谢尔福德(1877-1968年)提出了生物群落概念。利波提·海德·贝利(1858-1954年)主张放弃“宇宙自私观念”，提出了“地球正义论”。这些早期生态学家常常将自己的科学和得到哲学相联系。", "36. 1927年，查尔斯·埃尔顿(1900-1991年)创造了 “食物链” 一词。他的生态研究揭示了从太阳向植物进而向食草动物和食肉动物提供生命力。埃尔顿还金字塔来作比喻：食物链最短的最简单有机体数目最多，它们在结构的最底层，也最重要。去掉食物金字塔的顶端——例如鹰，或人——这个系统基本不会受到扰乱。但是，如果去掉底层最简单的生物体，如植物或土壤细菌，金字塔就会倒塌。", "37. 哲学和神学的探究还为环境保护的伦理原则提供了依据。诺贝尔和平奖获得者艾伯特·史怀哲(1875-1965年)认为，敬畏生命就构成珍惜环境的充分理由。史怀哲研究了印度和中国传统伦理学说之后，延伸了基于“生存意愿”的价值观，其中包括人和所有生物。他认为，人应该“同敬畏自己生命一样，也敬畏每一个有生存意愿的生物”。艾尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海(1861-1947年)补充了这一思想，他还认为，宇宙中每个物体的特征和目的都来自它与其他所有物体的关系。每一个有机体，乃至每一个原子，都有内在价值，即便仅仅是为了促进构成世界的各个环环相扣物体的持续现实。史怀哲呼吁保护、促进和强化生命，就将动物和人置于同等地位。", "38. 美国学者奧多·李奧波(1887-1948年)也推动了环境伦理学的发展，他强化并进一步扩展了地球是人类物质存在的来源、因而值得在伦理方面给予考虑的理论。以往的人道主义者关注的生物，然而，李奥波认为，海洋和山脉虽然是无机的，但它们同样是相互关联和具有生命的地球的重要组成部分。俄罗斯哲学家彼得·乌斯宾斯基(1878-1947年)支持李奥波的论点，他指出，“自然界中没有任何物体是死亡或机械的……生命和感觉……必然存在于一切”。[8] 这些思想家认为，宇宙万物都有目的和本质，虽然不为人类所知。", "39. 李奧波呼吁人类和自然之间建立起伦理关系，他强调指出，采取绝对的经济态度对待自然界，已经产生了严重的生态和伦理问题。“我们滥用土地，因为我们将它视为属于我们的商品。如果我们把土地看作是我们归属的社会，我们可以出于爱和尊重来使用它”。[9] 他认为，地球是活着的，“虽然其程度远不如我们，但在久远的时间和浩瀚的空间，其程度远远超过我们”。在1950年代，普利策奖获得者细菌学家雷尼·杜伯士(1901-1982年)解释了微生物、包括细菌和其伴随的疾病的重要性，它们是地球自然界和谐关系的一部分。", "40. 雷切·尔卡逊在她关于环境的重要研究论文“寂静的春天”(1962年)中记载农药对人类和自然的害处。卡森帮助人们了解到，人类支配和控制自然的能力不断提高，其结果可能是适得其反。人类需要的是她所称的“谦卑态度”以及强调“与其他生物共享地球”的伦理道德。", "41. 爱德华·威尔逊对蚂蚁和蜜蜂等展现社会关系的昆虫进行了研究，因而引起对亲族关系和道德责任的关注。他认为，人类的生存因丧失生物多样性而受到威胁。某些物种的实用价值可能尚未被确定，但这并不意味着它们没有价值，今后它们可能对发明新药具有重要意义。威尔逊热爱生命的天性说明人在心理上与环境相互关联，补充并充实了关于人类的生存依赖于自然环境的其他解释。", "42. 到二十世纪末，尽管人类对大自然仍然持人类中心论观点，但已经完全接受了大自然各种形式的存在：动物、植物、生命、岩石、生态系统、地球和宇宙。因此，处理人类生存的支离破碎的方式逐渐被可持续发展的整体概念所取代。", "43. 在我们重申信守可持续发展概念之时，有必要思考这一概念的某些重要成就。当我们高举令今后世世代代将继续寻求灵感的火炬时，我们要纪念在20世纪末为联合国环境与发展会议作出贡献的所有人士所完成的工作。", "三. 在二十一世纪促进与自然和谐", "A. 立法和公共政策的强化作用", "44. 1992年《里约宣言》的27项原则指导国际社会努力实现与自然和谐相处的可持续发展。这些原则激励着决策者、科学家、研究人员、环保人员、作家和民间社会成员在世界各地不断巩固全球的可持续发展。这些原则进一步使人类加深对大自然的了解，加强与大自然的相互作用，今天，各种利益攸关者能够利用各种机制来保护和捍卫大自然。", "45. 世界许多法律体系中都明确体现了人类和大自然的同理心。在20年期间，许多会员国已经采纳了《里约宣言》所体现的原则，通过订立宪法条款或颁布部门法的一般规定等方式，将其纳入国家立法。下面的例子说明利益攸关者可以采用的一些文书。", "46. 2001年，在欧洲经济委员会主持下，通过了《在环境问题上获得信息、公众参与决策和诉诸法律的公约》(《奥胡斯公约》)。虽然这是一项区域性公约，但它具有全球性意义，即它确认各国政府只有通过利益攸关者的参与，才能实现可持续发展。", "47. 《奥胡斯公约》为公众确立了三套权利，规定公共当局：(a) 在公众提出要求时必须立即提供，并有义务收集和向公众传播现有的环境信息；(b) 建立透明和公正的程序，让公众参与环境决策，包括参与制订与环境有关的计划和方案，或参与起草可能对环境具有重大影响的行政法规以及其他普遍适用、具有法律约束力的规则；(c) 制定程序，保证公众在被剥夺获得信息机会时能够获得信息，保障公众参与或者对个人或公共当局违反有关环境的国家法律条款的行为或不行为提出异议。[10]", "48. 区域协定对如何在国家一级制订野生生物条例提供了详细标准。欧洲联盟的环境立法要求其成员国及时、有效地将其规则纳入各国立法。现有一套司法制度可以对不采取措施实施这些规则的现象处以罚款，所有成员国都必须遵守，这套制度加强了加强这些立法衍生的义务。⁹", "49. 在非洲，一些区域协定对野生生物的管理具有直接或间接的相关性，这些协定缔约国的立法者应该考虑到这些协定。例如，《非洲保护自然和自然资源公约》最初是1968年在阿尔及尔缔结的，后来非洲联盟大会于2003年在马普托进行了修订。经修订的公约的总体目标是保护和管理动物和植物物种及其环境。为了保护动物，尤其是受到威胁的物种，缔约国必须制订政策和管理措施，在这些物种的自然生境内外对其作可持续利用并保护。如何继续开展科学研究和监测，就可以指导这些物种及其环境的管理工作。⁹", "50. 1976年《南太平洋自然养护公约》(《阿皮亚公约》)建立了在南太平洋地区保护自然的广泛框架，其中特别涉及到候鸟和濒危物种以及对野生生物栖息地和陆地生态系统的保护和管理。公约中列有关于建立保护区的规定，并呼吁各缔约方禁止在国家公园中猎取以及为商业目的利用这些物种，维持濒临灭绝危险的本地动植物名册，依照传统文化习俗给予充分保护(第5条)。⁹", "51. 1985年东南亚国家联盟《保护自然和自然资源协定》的宗旨是维持基本的生态过程和生命支持系统，保护遗传多样性，并确保可持续利用所收获的自然资源。它还涉及公众参与规划和执行保护措施的问题。⁹", "52. 获得司法保护是法律赋予妇女权力的支柱之一。它增强问责制，保护权利，包括公众参与的权利。《奥胡斯公约》第9条涉及获得司法保护问题，公众应该有机会诉诸行政和(或)司法程序，有关环境的违法行为或不行为提出异议。这包括挑战官方行为、包括挑战不提供环境信息行为的权利。⁹", "53. 法律应确保能够就有关野生生物的事项对个人或公共当局诉诸法律。此外，法律应明确规定官方权力的界线，从而使法院或行政的审查有明确标准可循。一般的环境立法可以满足这一要求，但是，在这方面也有一些关于野生生物的具体规定。⁹", "54. 在通常情况下，法律只会提及解决纠纷的一般性方式，但是，利益攸关者可能需要更具体的条款，以确保有一个公平和有效率的司法程序，因为需要解决的不仅是使用者之间的争端，而且是使用者和政府实体之间的争端。在行政和司法层面对政府决定提出挑战的权利是对野生生物监管系统的一种问责制机制。此外，法律不仅可以解决冲突，也可以为预防冲突建立解决争端的其他办法。例如，调解员可以帮助社区和野生生物机构在具体冲突出现之前，谈判关于保护区的管理或执法的一般性协议。⁹ 事实证明，这些机制是穷人愿意接收的：比诉诸法院更简便易行，代价不高，易于理解并行之有效(例如，联合国开发计划署促进穷人法律权益委员会)。在某些情况下，法律可以授予公民权利就违反野生生物保护法提出控诉，或要求作出强制性禁令。⁹", "55. 在美国，联邦野生生物保护法规定，公众有权对破坏或伤害某些野生生物物种的行为提出控告。为此，公民必须证明自己本人受到的伤害(而不是环境受到伤害)、因果关系和补救能力(例如，见美国最高法院对地球之友协会诉莱德劳公司环境服务公司一案的裁决(2000年))。补救伤害的形式可以是一种处罚，以有效减缓经证明会伤害环境的行为。但是，1973年《濒危物种法》对这项规则作出了明确的例外规定，即任何公民都有权以自己的名义提起民事诉讼，禁止任何人，包括政府任何机关或机构从事违反《濒危物种法》任何规定的某些活动。1998年，美国一项法律设立了环境冲突研究所。该研究所维持一份训练有素、富有经验的环境调解人名册(可在网上查看)，其中包括具有与土著社区交涉经验的一批专门调解人。⁹", "56. 虽然拉丁美洲和加勒比已经有许多协定和合作机制，如《国际环境与发展公约》年度会议以及《保护和发展海洋环境公约》，但是，该区域一些最强有力和最重要的环境法是在国家和多边层面上实施的。", "57. 专门解决环境问题的环境法院和法庭数量不断增加，1970年代这种法院和法庭寥寥无几，现在41个国家中这种法院和法庭已经超过了350个，它们在世界各国诉诸司法的机会、环境治理和环境保护方面迈出了很大的步子。环境法复杂多样，加上公众认识到环境问题，因此，此类法院大幅度增加。阿布扎比、玻利维亚、智利、中国、萨尔瓦多、印度、泰国和菲律宾都已设立了环境法院和法庭。现在公众日益要求“获取权”，并日益关切具体的环境问题，如气候变化、可持续发展、物种灭绝以及自然区的丧失，因此，预计环境法将会不断演变。[11]", "58. 公众不但有必要参与政府决策，还需要更广泛地参与可持续发展的工作，这是《21世纪议程》和《里约宣言》的核心所在。然而，尽管社会各阶层都作出了承诺，但是，环境继续在退化，贫困依然存在，金融危机不断重演。这些现象在不断提醒我们注意主要从经济角度来看待可持续发展努力的种种弱点。", "B. 拥有自然还是让自然保持其状态？", "59. 当前世界各地的消费和生产模式都对地球及其资源产生了严重的影响，我们许多问题的根源可以追溯到消费模式演变过程。目前，在世界许多地方以及许多文化系统中占主导地位的文化型态是消费之上主义，鼓励人们主要通过消费商品和服务来寻找生活的意义、满足感和被人认同。[12]", "60. 奇怪的是，研究显示，尽管消费可以满足心理需要，创造瞬时快感，但是，有证据表明，增加消费并不一定与增加幸福有关联。实际上，有些心理研究表明，金钱和幸福只维持到某一点之前。在欠发达国家，缺少金钱会对社会贫穷阶层的福祉产生影响，不过，一旦人们的收入增加，额外的增加数对福祉的影响似乎甚少，“这表明，在小康的基础上收入增加，不再能满足重要的欲望和需要”。[13]", "61. 消费之上主义的支柱之一是不断地要获取更多金钱和更多物品，这与不同社会阶层的人之间的福祉有着相反的相互关系。¹² 人在没有能力获得想得到的东西时，会感到沮丧，但即便他们有能力得到，满足感也是短暂的。心理学家们推测，物质主义的毒性作用无法满足人内在的欲望，因而形成一个永远无法实现的目标。", "62. 环境科学家和系统分析师多尼拉·麦多斯指出，改变一个系统最有效的作用点是改变该系统的模式，即改变该系统赖以运作的共同想法和基本假设。就消费模式而言，需要改变的假设包括：物品越多，人就越快乐；人和自然是隔离的；自然是供人利用的资源库。¹¹", "63. 正如消费之上主义的模式鼓励人通过其消费模式来看待自己及自己的福祉，可持续发展模式则是通过文化体制和驱动因素来寻求一套不同的志向并予以加强。人们寻找生活的价值和意义应该是自己能够如何帮助地球复原，而不是自己可以赚取多少，住所有多大，或者拥有多少东西，这应该成为一种“自然”现象。[14]", "64. 现有查明的解决办法基本上都着眼于减少排放，而不是防止排放，着眼于制造新的消费品，而不是减缓消费，着眼于制造绿色产品，而不是减少生产。“绿色技术不能拯救我们，原因是这些技术也是现状的组成部分。我们共同对地球产生的影响[……]来自我们庞大的人口数量、我们使用的技术种类以及我们无穷尽的消费数量”。[15]", "65. 目前，科学家、知识分子和其他思想家都在寻找衡量福祉的尺度。传统上，各国家都利用国内生产总值(国内总产值)作为其人口福祉的间接指标。广义而言，大多数国家的目标是增加人口的经济能力。但是，心理学家发现，金钱并不始终可以使人感到享有福祉。福祉包括其他方面，例如人际关系、健康和清洁的环境，这些方面通常都不计入国内总产值。", "66. 为了制订指标来准确地反映民众的福祉程度，人们正在考虑如何制订其他衡量尺度，其重点是对福祉和社会的共同目的作出新的定义。除了尊重环境之外，“还可以对美好生活有新的理解，其核心不是财富，而是福祉：基本生存需要得到满足，而且享有有自由、健康、安全及满意的社会关系”。[16] 制订衡量可持续发展和低消费社会的其他指标不仅是可能的，也是必要的。¹⁵ 我们必须改变目前的模式，因为作为其依据的前提就是错误的，即自然是一种可以被拥有并加以利用的物品。", "67. 今天，我们正在经历所谓“营养不良双重负担”：虽然世界上有近一亿人[17] 营养不良，但是，与肥胖相关的一些健康问题也在增加。据计算，世界上为每个人生产了每天2 700卡路里的足够食物，比成人推荐量还多出600卡路里热量。[18] 据估计，每年世界上生产供人消费的食物会损失或浪费三分之一。富国浪费食物的主要是消费者，发展中国家的主要问题是基础设施薄弱造成食物损失——储存、加工和包装设施不当，无法保持农产品的新鲜度。富裕国家消费者浪费的食物(2.22亿吨)相当于整个撒哈拉以南非洲地区粮食总产量(2.3亿吨)。[19]", "68. 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)关于非传染性疾病全球现状的第一份报告证实，2008年有3 610万人死于非传染性疾病。全世界有五分之三的人死于四种主要非传染性疾病——心血管疾病、癌症、慢性肺部疾病和糖尿病，这些疾病在所有国家、尤其是发展中国家造成社会经济方面巨大的危害。非传染性疾病正在增加，其许多病因与不良饮食习惯(心血管疾病和糖尿病)、吸烟以及接触有毒化学物质和致癌物质(癌症和呼吸系统疾病)等相关。为了促进采取集体行动来防治这一流行病，联合国大会将于2011年9月19日和20日召开一个非传染性疾病问题高级别会议。", "69. 与地球一样，人类的健康正在失去保持自我平衡的能力，这种能力可以使生物体或细胞处于平衡状态以调节内部状况，如体液的化学成分，从而保持健康及其功能，而不论外部情况如何。如果没有适当的平衡，即便是健康的饮食，也无法提供人体所需要的营养物质。人体不是食物构成的，而是新陈代谢所构成的，地球也是如此。地球的表层土壤是它具有活力的血浆，基本上是不可再生的，已经以每年每亩5至100顿的速度在丧失，污染也在造成伤害。", "70. 现在，人类在侵蚀其源头、大地母亲的根基，恰恰是给自身的存在造成了风险。", "71. 自然灾害的强度不断增强，频率在提高，受影响的地区在扩大，天气因素给人类造成的巨大破坏和痛苦证明了今后存在的威力。2011年3月，自然灾害袭击了日本，该国正在重新审视其能源计划，并在考虑对其能源作重大调整，从核能转换成替代能源。德国和瑞士等国也宣布将分别在2022和2034年底之前淘汰核电厂，采用可再生能源。", "72. 如果我们最终要避免灾难，那么，当前的世界状况显然表明，必须对我们处理可持续发展的三大支柱(环境、社会和经济)的方式作出重大改变。我们选择以物品来确定自己的身份，但也恰恰是这些物品在阻止我们发挥自己的充分潜力，阻止我们实现与大自然的内在关联，制止我们逐步实现可持续发展，并最终阻止我们享有与大自然和睦的生活。", "73. 在第二个千年来临之际，有些国家已经开始放弃几百年来对大自然的人类中心论观点。新西兰1986年的《环境法》具体提出了大自然的内在价值如下：“确保在管理自然和物质资源时，全面并平衡地顾及生态系统的内在价值”。[20]", "74. 在瑞典，保护生物多样性是1999年《环境法》所载的五项目标之一，其中规定，“生物多样性必须得到保护，因为自然环境本身就值得保护。这意味着必须保持生态系统的长期生产能力。生物多样性关系到生态系统的多样性和动植物物种的多样性。”[21] 芬兰2006年可持续发展国家战略指出，其目标是在全国和全球大自然的承载能力范围内，确保人民的福祉。[22] 2010年1月生效的挪威《保护动物法》第3条规定，“动物有内在价值，这与它们可能对人类的使用价值无关。必须善待动物，保护它们避免遭受不必要的紧张和压力”。[23]", "75. 厄瓜多尔新近于通过的《宪法》(2008年)规定，在所有规划活动中，都必须顾及大自然的权利，包括大自然的生存得到全面尊重的权利，例如维持其周期和周期的再生、功能和进化过程以及恢复的权利。[24] 2010年12月，多民族玻利维亚国通过了一项新的《地球母亲权利法》，规定了下列七项权利：生命和存在的权利，细胞结构和基因不受改变权，纯净水权，清新空气权，平衡权，不受人类改变的持续生命周期和进程权，不受污染权。[25]", "四. 结论", "76. 后工业现代社会抱着幸福无止境、物质充斥和控制支配自然的幻觉，已成为物欲横流和消费之上的社会。自工业时代以来发展起来的经济体系，其决定因素不是考虑人的福祉，更不考虑对大自然的福祉，而是什么有利于经济体系的增长。在这样一个体系中，作为人类的本源并为我们的生存提供营养的大自然遭到忽视，被开发利用。我们盲目地破坏了大地母亲惊人的能力及其提供的丰富的营养物质和能源，而这些本来是为了维持地球的再生能力以及我们人类的生存。", "77. 经常发生的金融危机一直提醒我们，一个以物质增长为基础的社会经济制度是不可持续的，因为在一个资源有限的世界中追求无限的增长是矛盾的。我们需要把我们的社会转变为一个崇敬所有生命形式的社会。只有这样一种社会才能真正健康的。为了实现这一目标，我们必须不仅重新审视现有的经济模式，还有审视支持这种经济模式的道德价值。财富、知识和技术都可以作出宝贵贡献。但仅凭这些，不能将人类从过渡消费中拯救出来，也不能消除对地球母亲的耗竭性影响。我们正在目睹地球母亲的健康在加速恶化。我们必须承认，我们自己就是大自然的内在组成部分。当我们在污染和消耗地球母亲时，我们也在污染和消耗自己。我们所促成的各种力量和失衡现象正在造成我们所遭受自然灾害不断增加。", "78. 当我们准备召开联合国可持续发展会议时，改变我们在地球上的行为方式，价值观念就要有重大转变。我们的生存依赖于明智地选择如何与地球母亲共同生存。专家告诉我们，我们每年的消费总量超过地球在一年中可以重新产生的资源三分之一。全世界的消费和生产需要趋于可持续的范围之内，发达国家应发挥带头作用。", "79. 我们必须承认大自然可以为我们提供指导，指导我们建立在道德和科学两个方面都完善的一个经济体系。我们必须承认大自然可以为我们提供指导，指导我们结束千百万人的贫穷，对这些人来说，世界依然广袤而陌生。我们必须承认大自然可以为我们提供指导，指导我们结束精神上的贫乏，让我们学会量入为出，学会消费不超出需要。我们必须用一种空前未有的方式与自然融为一体。大自然的内在价值必须受到敬畏和敬仰。最后，我们必须认识到，要大力推动可持续发展事业，就必须努力使其每一个支柱(环境、社会和经济支柱)都是完整无损的。", "80. 我们不仅要敬畏大自然并以大自然作为我们的指导，我们还必须求靠自己的精神来推进可持续发展。我们必须审视人类内在价值观的基石，审视我们行动背后的意图。当我们纪念有史以来无数人为实现一个完善的社会而留下的遗产，我们应该为这一遗产心怀感恩。人类的历史已有上万年。全体人类都受到邀请共同参加这个行程。让我们创建一个新的日程表，创建全球对自然界的崇敬意识，让我们借鉴古代文明的智慧，与自然和谐相处。在我们重申致力于可持续发展之时，我们不要忽视一个事实，即我们应该被后人记得，我们这一代人在联合国可持续发展大会上达成了一项共识，恢复了文明的根基，与文明的源头——地球母亲建立了和睦关系。", "五. 建议", "81. 根据上文论述的内容以及就与自然和谐相处问题的政府间会议和主要群体协商期间所表达的意见，各国不妨考虑下列建议：", "(a) 考虑在2012年6月联合国可持续发展会议的范畴内，发表一项声明，确认大自然的内在价值和它的再生能力；", "(b) 为在与自然和谐相处的基础上进一步更新知识，大会应继续酌情邀请各机构、组织、研究中心、学术界的代表以及诺贝尔奖获得者特别就本报告所述的各专题，为决策者做情况简报；", "(c) 继续通过联合国各个可持续发展网站，展示目前正在如何作出努力，在与自然和谐相处并融入经济、社会和环境三大支柱的前提下，为所有人的福祉而推动发展。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=252&menu=46。", "[3] Grant Hardy,“Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Traditions”,The Teaching Company, 2011。", "[4] Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989。", "[5] James L. Axetell Ed.,The Educational Writings of John Locke: A Critical Edition with Introducation and Notes, Cambridge University Press,London,1968。", "[6] Paul Walden Bamford,“French Forest Legislation and Administration,1660-1789”,Agricultural History,Vol.29, No.3,1955。", "[7] Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F.R.S., The Geographical Journal, vol. 30, No. 1, 1907。", "[8] Peter D.Ouspensky,Tertium Organum,Knopf,New York,1981。", "[9] Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac,Oxford University Press,1949。", "[10] Elisa Morgera，“加强穷人权能的野生生物法”，联合国粮食及农业组织，罗马，2010年。", "[11] George and Catherine Pring,Greening Justice,Creating and Improving Environmental Courts and Tribunals,The Access Initiative,2009。", "[12] Donella Meadows, “Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System”, The Sustainability Institute,1999。", "[13] Ed Diener,The Science of Well-Being,2009。", "[14] State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability, The World Watch Institute, 2010 (http://www.worldwatch.org)。", "[15] Annie Leonard,The Story of Stuff, Simon and Soliuster, New York,2010。", "[16] State of the World,2004: Special Focus: The Consumer Society,The Worldwatch Institute, 2004(http://www.worldwatch.org)。", "[17] 2010年全世界营养不良人口为9.25亿。2009年，因爆发多重危机，这一人数曾高达10.23亿。2010年下半年以来，粮食价格激增，威胁到2010年取得的些微改善。见“2010年世界粮食不安全状况”，粮农组织，罗马，2010年。", "[18] “How much is enough?”http://www.economist.com/node/18200702。", "[19] “全球食物损失和食物浪费”，粮农组织，罗马，2011年。", "[20] 见http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0127/latest/DLM98975.html。", "[21] 见http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/05/49/6736cf92.pdf。", "[22] 见http://www.ymparisto.fi。", "[23] 见http://www.regjeringen.no。", "[24] 见http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/。", "[25] 见http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 September 2011.", "** A/66/150.", "Item 19 (h) of the provisional agenda**", "Sustainable development: Harmony with Nature", "Harmony with Nature", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/164, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to convene, at its sixty-fifth session, an interactive dialogue on harmony with nature to commemorate International Mother Earth Day, on 20 April 2011, in order to actively and effectively contribute to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Brazil in June 2012, and to submit a report on the subject at its sixty-sixth session. The report of the Secretary-General focuses on the evolving relationship of humankind with nature as reflected in environmental legislation and draws upon key issues discussed at the interactive dialogue. Concrete recommendations are provided to facilitate further consideration of the theme by Member States.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.The 4 evolving relationship of humankind with \nnature A.Relevant 4 lessons from ancient \ncivilizations B.The 6 emergence of the environmental movement: sixteenth to nineteenth \ncenturies C.The 9 twentieth century and human reconciliation with \nnature III. Promoting 11 harmony with nature in the twenty-first \ncentury A.The 11 enabling role of legislation and public \npolicy B.Nature: 14 to have or to \n be? \nIV. Conclusion 17\nV.Recommendations 18", "I. Introduction", "1. In 2010, the General Assembly, by its resolution 65/164, entitled “Harmony with Nature”, requested the Secretary-General to convene, at its sixty-fifth session, an interactive dialogue, to be held at two plenary meetings in commemoration of International Mother Earth Day, on 20 April 2011, with the participation of Member States, United Nations organizations, independent experts and other stakeholders, in order to actively and effectively contribute to the preparatory process of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is to be held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. The interactive dialogue of the General Assembly, with two panels of experts, addressed: (a) ways to promote a holistic approach to sustainable development in harmony with nature; and (b) sharing national experiences on criteria and indicators for measuring sustainable development in harmony with nature.[1]", "2. In its resolution 65/164 the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to make use of the existing information portals on sustainable development maintained by the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to gather information on ideas and activities to promote the undertaking of a holistic approach to sustainable development in harmony with nature and to advance the integration of interdisciplinary scientific work, including success stories on the use of traditional knowledge, and existing national legislation, with a view to making substantive contributions to the preparatory process for the Conference and beyond. Such a portal is being developed and will be launched by June 2012.", "3. As the United Nations prepares to hold the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (also referred to as Rio+20), from 4 to 6 June 2012, the report focuses on the historic relationships different civilizations have had with nature, as expressed, inter alia, through environmental legislation, draws upon key issues discussed at the interactive dialogue in April 2011 to advance the holistic thinking undergirding the concept of sustainable development and builds upon, and should be read in conjunction with, the first report of the Secretary-General on harmony with nature (A/65/314).", "4. The promulgation of environmental legislation began in earnest in the 1960s, with greater awareness of the need for environmental protection, and increasing public interest in the environment was behind the establishment of Earth Day, in 1970. The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (the Stockholm Conference), which took place two years later, in 1972, helped to institutionalize consideration of the environment within national governance structures around the world. That Conference cemented the political realization that environmental degradation was caused both by affluence and by poverty, affecting rich and poor nations equally, albeit in different ways. On the tenth anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, in 1982, Governments adopted the World Charter for Nature, which reflected the interdependence of conservation and development.", "5. As a follow-up to the Stockholm Conference, Governments established the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) to examine the concept of sustainable development. That concept is elaborated in the report of the Commission, “Our Common Future” (A/42/427, annex).", "6. On the heels of “Our Common Future”, Governments convened the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in 1994, to negotiate a global programme of action to achieve sustainable development worldwide. The outcome document of the Conference, known as Agenda 21, played a catalytic role in helping countries to operationalize sustainable development. In parallel to the two-year preparatory work for the Conference intergovernmental negotiating committees were established to formulate the framework conventions on biological diversity and climate change. The Conference also produced a set of agreed upon principles to protect forests and initiated negotiations to combat desertification and drought.", "7. The underlying principle of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development is explained in the first principle of the Rio Declaration: “Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature”. Following the 1994 Conference the United Nations established the Commission on Sustainable Development to follow up on the implementation of Agenda 21, and in 2002 it convened the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, to renew the global commitment to sustainable development. In June 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held to further assess the progress countries are making towards achieving sustainable development and to address new and emerging challenges to ensure a sustainable future for all in harmony with nature.", "II. The evolving relationship of humankind with nature", "8. The evolving relationship of humankind with nature varies greatly in Eastern and Western intellectual traditions. Its roots are originally found in philosophy and religion. Although Eastern intellectual traditions are historically distinct from Western ones, the basic questions the great thinkers of Asia tried to answer are similar to those that have occupied philosophers and religious leaders in Europe and the Americas — how can we give our life meaning? How can we find happiness? The insight and wisdom offered by Eastern and Western traditions provide opportunities for dialogue among civilizations and a deeper understanding of our relationship with nature. The following sections describe the evolving relationship of humankind with nature and how thinking about this relationship has influenced the development of environmental legislation in the twenty-first century. Lessons for achieving harmony with nature today are also considered.", "A. Relevant lessons from ancient civilizations", "9. Eastern traditions are often interpreted as presenting no sharp divide between creator and created animals, between humans and gods. In Hinduism, for example, there is a focus on metaphysics, including the concepts of samsara (reincarnation), karma (cosmic justice), moksha (liberation from the cycle of existence) and atman (inner ultimate reality).[2]", "10. In cultural practices and thought systems in China, “external nature is never understood on its own terms; it is always intimately related with human life”. Chinese culture upholds the belief that reality consists of countless manifestations of one unbroken continuum, the tao. The Chinese developed a cosmological myth through which the universe was viewed as an organic system of interdependent parts. This view led to the assertion of fundamental unity of all things in their essential aspects.²", "11. The ancient Egyptians, whose source of food depended on the annual flooding of the Nile, worshipped a number of deities, and their complex system of beliefs and rituals revolved around the environment in which they lived. The recognition of the fact that the Nile itself rendered their agricultural lands fertile, in contrast to the arid desert in which their dead were buried, shaped their identity and religious beliefs.", "12. In African communities, natural phenomena were once perceived to possess spiritual powers, and the natural world that supplied food and shelter was respected and revered. Certain trees were considered God’s trees, sacred and endowed with healing powers. Land belonged to clans consisting of the living, the dead, and even the unborn, a concept which enhanced the idea of sharing and caring for nature.", "13. Early pre-Columbian cultures tracked the movements of the planets and stars, including the Sun and the Moon, and their movements became woven into every aspect of life, binding the mundane with the celestial. Throughout the Andes, Pachamama is the most widespread name for Mother Earth. The name, in its fundamental sense, means fertile and fruitful Mother Earth. Pachamama conveys the symbiosis between humankind and nature, thereby giving nature due respect.", "14. In the Western tradition, Greek and Roman philosophers had a clear concept of the laws of nature, as opposed to man-made law. Recognizing that people existed prior to the establishment of civil order and government, they made a clear distinction between natural law (jus naturale) and common law (jus commune).", "15. Many classical Western thinkers pointed out that earlier civilizations had a more intimate and balanced relationship with nature. The Romans, for example, believed in the rights of animals (jus animalium), what philosophers would later consider as natural rights, which are independent of human civilization and government. After the decline of Greece and Rome and with the advent of Christianity, people increasingly came to see nature in the service of human beings. The value of the natural world came to be defined solely in terms of its capacity to fulfil human needs.[3]", "16. The concept that air, water and fish are held in common for use by all was codified into law by the Romans. In A.D. 535, at the order of the Emperor Justinian, the Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law) was issued and existing Roman law was collected into a simple and clear system of laws. The first Justinian Code was completed in A.D. 529 and was later expanded to include Justinian’s own laws, as well as two additional books on other areas of law. The Justinian Code, the first body of law relating to the environment, asserted that the law of nature is that which nature teaches to all animals, that is, it does not pertain exclusively to the human race, but to all life forms, whether of the earth, the air or the water.", "17. With the fall of the Roman Empire the legal system prevailing in Europe became fragmented, and with the emergence of local regimes, a patchwork of feudal laws, which in many cases included a combination of civil law and cannon law, constituted the only legal framework on the continent. It would not be until the introduction of the Napoleonic Code, in the post-feudal era, that there would be another such coherent body of law in Europe. The Napoleonic Code took the place of the disparate legal systems of feudal times and became one of the major pillars of the expansion of the Romano-Germanic legal tradition throughout Europe and the rest of the world.", "B. The emergence of the environmental movement: sixteenth to nineteenth centuries", "18. In the evolution of medical science that took place in the seventeenth century, vivisection was widely used to study the workings of the body. The practice angered early humanitarians, and vivisectionists turned to Rene Descartes (1596-1650) to justify their research methods. A celebrated mathematician, physiologist and psychologist, Descartes provided a general philosophy of the irrelevance of ethics to the relationship between man and nature.", "19. Animals, according to Descartes, were insensible and irrational creatures, living things with no sensation of pain: lacking minds, they could not be harmed, did not suffer and had no consciousness. Humans, on the other hand, had souls and minds. Thinking, in fact, defined the human organism. “Cogito ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am) was Descartes’ basic axiom. This dualism, the separation between human beings and nature, justified vivisection and any human exploitation of the environment. Descartes left no doubt that people were the “masters and possessors of nature”. Descartes believed that the objectification of nature was an important prerequisite for the progress of science and civilization.³", "20. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, other contemporary scholars in Europe, including Gottfried Leibnitz, John Ray and Baruch Spinoza, disagreed with Descartes, believing that nature and the wilderness were imbued with spiritual values, and that humans could not, therefore, be separated from nature. In 1790, the writer John Lawrence noted that the lack of recognition of the rights of animals, jus animalium, was a fundamental human defect, and he called for full recognition of this concept, while for Thomas Hobbes, man, in the state of nature, sought self-preservation at all costs, as his “right of nature”.", "21. At the height of Descartes’ influence in Europe, the early American settlers held an opposing view, believing that animals were not merely dumb beasts meant for a life of suffering. This alternate, but minority view was derived, in part, from the classical Greco-Roman idea that animals were part of the state of nature and subject to natural law. This idea was advanced by the early settlers in New England, who enacted a law which acknowledged the rights of non-human beings. The “Massachusetts Body of Liberties” published in 1641 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, is the earliest general law forbidding cruelty to domestic animals in Anglo-American jurisprudence.", "22. In his book, Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), John Locke reasoned, in opposition to Descartes, that animals can experience pain and suffering, and that harming them needlessly is morally wrong. In his 1693 discourse, Locke moved beyond a strict concept of utility, in which not only customarily owned and useful animals like cattle and horses should be well treated, but also squirrels, birds, insects and, indeed “any living creature”.[4] Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, encouraged by the writings of people like Nathaniel Ward and John Locke, the seeds of an alternate worldview where humans were an integral part of nature were planted. In his 1691 publication, The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of Creation, the English botanist John Ray argued that animals and plants exist to glorify God and that their right to life do not depend on their usefulness to man.", "23. John Ray and Baruch Spinoza, among others, were writing during a time of rapidly widening scientific horizons and related challenges to anthropocentrism. Telescopes suggested that the earth was not the centre of the universe. The microscope revealed a complex community on which mankind seemed to depend rather than the other way around. Explorers revealed the existence of vast uninhabited wilderness that was teeming with different forms of life, perfect and complete in and of themselves and, never even seen by humans. The more human beings learned about nature, the more difficult it became to entertain the notion that the universe existed solely for them. No longer were people considered as the masters of nature, but rather as members of the natural community.", "24. In the 1660s, Louis XIV’s Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert introduced and enforced the strictest forestry laws in the history of France.[5] In 1822, in the United Kingdom, Richard Martin’s activism led to the protection of large domesticated animals, notably cattle (Martin’s Act). Two years later, Martin, William Wilberforce, and others created the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Twenty years earlier, Wilberforce had been a leader in the fight to abolish slavery and the slave trade. John Stuart Mill, a pre-eminent nineteenth century philosopher, wrote that the laws making it a crime for parents to abuse their children should also be extended to animals. The idea of liberating oppressed beings was not easily confined to humankind.", "25. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) shocked the conceit of humanity by placing human evolution alongside that of animals, that is, as part of nature. The evolutionary explanation of the proliferation of life on earth undermined dualistic philosophies thousands of years old. Darwin’s works, The Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871), became important sources in the development of environmentalism and environmental ethics. Dietrich Brandis, a German scientist, pioneered forestry management in India and mentored many foresters, including Henry Graves, as well as Gifford Pinchot, who would later head the United States Forest Service.[6]", "26. The struggle for humanitarian legislation in the United Kingdom reached a high point in 1876 with the passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act. Vivisection was an issue which elicited strong opinions from the leading members of the scientific and humanitarian communities in the United Kingdom. The nineteenth century saw significant advancements for the institutionalization of humanitarian values and rights into law. Heretofore, societies and their accompanying laws had usurped the rights of all around them for the gain of elites.", "27. Although anthropocentrism was questioned, many people remained convinced that human beings, as the most advanced form of life, would continue to exploit other beings and to extract what they wanted from the environment. The point was made that they should do so carefully, according to the principles of good stewardship, and always mindful of the fact that other interests, including religious interests, were involved. From that point of view, the impact of people on the planet carried with it some disturbing ethical problems.", "28. Since in Europe, for the most part, the wilderness had been transformed, there was increasing concern that the new world, the Americas, would follow suit. Writers such as the French thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville and the Dutch Lutheran minister and author John Bruckner wrote about this foreseeable trend, predicting the widespread slaughter of wildlife, some species to the point of extinction. By the eighteenth century, people in the United States had begun to protest against cruelty to animals, including vivisection, cock-fighting, staged fights with dogs, and fox hunting, among other forms of purposeless brutality. This activism to advance environmental rights represented a persistent and growing respect for the spiritual, cultural and restorative values of nature. The environmental movement had begun in earnest.", "29. Around the same time that the environmental movement in the United States was taking hold, so too were other social movements, notably the movement for women’s rights. This is no coincidence. Prominent figures, including John James Audubon, John Muir, Lewis Mumford, Gifford Pinchot, Henry S. Salt and Henry David Thoreau, who were able to mobilize powerful individuals and money and to popularize aesthetic values, played a key role in catalysing the environmental movement in the United States. A pioneer of the concept of biodiversity, Mumford inspired many writers, for example, in the East, Ramchandra Guha, the Indian environmental and social commentator.", "30. Despite the fact that they were not tightly organized as a social movement, these elites nonetheless formed a loosely linked network of influential people who were calling for wilderness protection. In the mid-1800s, as Thoreau was advocating the establishment of protected areas, many other individuals were separately arguing for the same goal. After a visit to Yosemite, California, in 1863, Frederick Law Olmsted and I. W. Raymond petitioned the United States Congress to preserve the area in its natural state. The bill for the preservation of Yosemite was approved in 1864, setting aside 10 square miles “for public use, resort and recreation”.", "31. From the sixteenth and to the nineteenth centuries, calls for the protection of animals and their rights as well as the protection of their environment increased, catalysed by a growing ideology of humanism and humanitarianism that paralleled similar calls for the end of slavery, the enactment of child labour laws and recognition of women’s rights. In the late eighteenth century, the French Revolution would mark the consolidation of the concept of the rights of man in Europe and around the world.", "32. In the United States, at the turn of the century, Edward Payson Evans (1831-1917) made the first extensive statement of what would come to be called environmental ethics. For Evans, non-human life forms, including every “sensitive” living thing, even inanimate objects such as rocks and minerals, have intrinsic rights that humans ought to not violate. In Russia, Peter Kropotkin and Leo Tolstoy and in India, Mahatma Gandhi all made environmental protection an integral part of their world view.", "33. Scholars in the Eastern intellectual tradition were also concerned in earlier centuries with the evolving relationship of humankind with nature. The Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming (1472-1529) advanced the “heart and mind” concept, which, in contrast with Descartes’ dualism, encapsulated the connection between the mental process and the body. In his understanding, the concept of the mind is not reduced to one’s self, but starts with one’s self and flows to other people and from people to animals and from animals to trees and plants, and thence to stones and material things.", "C. The twentieth century and human reconciliation with nature", "34. Whereas in the nineteenth century, environmental protection was largely advanced for utilitarian purposes, be it for food, timber or shelter, the scientific basis for the need to protect the environment and its natural resources gained significant ground in the twentieth century. Scholars and scientists developed new concepts describing the importance of interconnectedness and the balance of life on Earth.", "35. Frederic E. Clements (1874-1945) investigated what he called the “succession” of plants. He understood that many living things function together, and that the whole was more than the sum of the parts; plants interrelate with the climate, soil and with each other to form a natural environment, for example, a grassland habitat. The Scottish scientist J. Arthur Thompson (1861-1933) also described his concept of the web of life, and Victor E. Shelford (1877-1968) set out his understanding of the biome. Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858-1954) advocated abandoning “cosmic selfishness” and developing a sense of “earth righteousness”. Because of the holistic orientations of their discipline, these early ecologists frequently connected their scientific research to moral philosophy.", "36. In 1927, Charles Elton (1900-1991) coined the phrase “food chain”. His ecological research revealed nutritional dependencies that started with the life force provided by the sun to plants, to plant eaters and to carnivores. Elton used the metaphor of a pyramid: the simplest organisms with the shortest food chains were the most numerous and, at the base of the structure, the most important. Remove the top of the food pyramid, a hawk or a human, and the system was hardly disturbed. But take away the simplest organisms at the base, such as plant life or soil bacteria, and the pyramid would collapse.", "37. Philosophy and theological inquiry also informed environmental conservation ethics. Nobel Laureate Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) considered that a reverence for life was a sufficient rationale for valuing the environment. From his study of the ethical teachings of the Indian and Chinese traditions, Schweitzer extended a theory of value based on the “will to live”, which included humans and all living beings. He believed that human beings should give all creatures with a will to live the same reverence for life that they give to their own. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) added to this idea, contending that the identity and purpose of every object in the universe arose from its relationship to everything else. Every organism, indeed every atom, had intrinsic value if only for the contribution it made to the ongoing reality of the interlocking pieces that make up the world. In calling for the preservation, promotion and enhancement of life, Schweitzer placed animals on the same footing as humans.", "38. Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), an American scholar, also contributed to development of environmental ethics, reinforcing and further expanding the argument that the earth, as the source of our physical existence, was worthy of ethical consideration. Whereas past humanitarians were concerned with living things, Leopold argued that the oceans and mountains, while inorganic, were equally important components of the inter-connected and living Earth. Russian philosopher Peter D. Ouspensky (1878-1947) supported Leopold’s arguments, stating that “there can be nothing dead or mechanical in nature … life and feeling … must exist in everything”.[7] These thinkers believed that, although hidden from humans, everything in the universe had a purpose and an essence.", "39. Leopold called for an ethical relationship between man and nature, stressing that a strictly economic posture towards nature created serious ecological and ethical problems. “We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect”.[8] In his view, the earth was alive, “vastly less alive than ourselves in degree, but vastly greater than ourselves in time and space”. In the 1950s Pulitzer Prize winner and bacteriologist René Dubos (1901-1982) explained the importance of micro-organisms, including germs and their accompanying diseases, as part of the natural harmony of the Earth.", "40. Rachel Carson, in her landmark study on the environment, Silent Spring (1962), chronicled the harmful effects of pesticides on man and nature. Carson helped make people understand that mankind’s growing ability to dominate and control nature could prove to be counterproductive. Humans needed what she called “humbleness” and an ethic that stressed “sharing our earth with other creatures”.", "41. For Edward O. Wilson, the study of insects that exhibit social ties, such as ants and bees, led to a concern for kinship ties and ethical responsibility. Wilson reasoned that human survival is threatened by the loss of biological diversity. While the utility of certain species may not yet have been determined, this does not mean that they do not have value, including the possibility that some may be used in the creation of new medicines. Wilson’s biophilia explained human’s psychological connection to the environment, complementing and rounding out other explanations of human dependence on the natural environment for survival.", "42. By the end of the twentieth century, humankind, while still holding an underlying anthropocentric view of nature, had fully embraced the existence of nature in all its forms: animals, plant life, rocks, ecosystems, the planet and the Universe. Thus a fragmented approach to human existence was gradually replaced by a holistic concept of sustainable development.", "43. As we renew our commitment to the concept of sustainable development, it is important to reflect upon some of its key achievements. The work accomplished by the men and women who contributed to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at the close of the twentieth century is a legacy to honour as we carry forward the torch to which future generations will look for inspiration.", "III. Promoting harmony with nature in the twenty-first century", "A. The enabling role of legislation and public policy", "44. The 27 principles contained in the Rio Declaration of 1992 have guided the international community in its efforts to achieve sustainable development in harmony with nature. They have inspired decision makers, scientists, researchers, environmentalists, writers and members of civil society in their journey to consolidate sustainable development worldwide. The principles have further enabled humankind to deepen its understanding and interaction with nature and, today, stakeholders have access to mechanisms to protect and defend nature.", "45. The empathy of humankind with nature is clearly manifested in numerous legal systems worldwide. In the space of 20 years many Member States have incorporated the principles embodied in the Rio Declaration into national legislation either through constitutional provisions or general provisions in sectoral laws. The following examples illustrate some of the instruments that stakeholders have at their disposal.", "46. In 2001, the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention) was adopted under the aegis of the Economic Commission for Europe. Although regional in scope, the convention is considered global in its significance, specifically in the recognition that Governments can only achieve sustainable development through the involvement of stakeholders.", "47. The Aarhus Convention establishes three sets of rights for the public, requiring public authorities to: (a) provide environmental information upon request from the public, including an obligation to collect and disseminate available environmental information to the public; (b) establish transparent and fair procedures allowing public participation in environmental decision-making, including in the preparation of plans and programmes relating to the environment or in the drafting of executive regulations and other generally applicable legally binding rules that may have a significant effect on the environment; and (c) establish procedures guaranteeing the public access to information or participation and the right to challenge illegal acts and omissions by private persons and public authorities, including denial of access to environmental information, that contravene provisions of national laws relating to the environment.[9]", "48. Regional agreements provide detailed standards on how to frame wildlife regulation at the national level. Environmental legislation within the European Union requires a timely and effective integration of its rules into national legislation by its member States. The existence of a judicial system able to impose financial penalties for lack of implementation for enforcement, to which all member States are subject, strengthens the obligations that derive from such legislation.⁹", "49. In Africa, several regional agreements have direct or indirect relevance for wildlife management and should be taken into account by legal drafters in the States parties to them. For example, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was originally concluded in 1968 in Algiers and was then revised in Maputo in 2003 by the Assembly of the African Union. The overall objective of the revised convention is the conservation and management of animal and plant species and their environment. To conserve animals, particularly threatened species, States parties must adopt policies and management measures for the sustainable use and the conservation of those species both in and outside their natural habitats. Continued scientific research and monitoring will guide management of the species and their environment.⁹", "50. The Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific of 1976 (the Apia Convention) established a broad framework for nature conservation in the South Pacific region, particularly in relation to migratory and endangered species and the preservation and management of wildlife habitat and terrestrial ecosystems. The convention includes provisions for the establishment of protected areas and calls upon States parties to prohibit the hunting and commercial exploitation of such species in national parks and to maintain lists of indigenous fauna and flora at risk of extinction for their full protection (article 5), in accordance with traditional cultural practices.⁹", "51. The 1985 Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations has the objectives of maintaining essential ecological processes and life-support systems, preserving genetic diversity and ensuring the sustainable utilization of harvested natural resources. It also addresses public participation in planning and implementation of conservation measures.⁹", "52. Access to justice is one of the pillars of legal empowerment. It increases accountability and protects rights, including rights to public participation. Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention deals with access to justice and states that the public should have access to administrative and/or judicial procedures to challenge illegal acts and omissions relating to the environment. This includes the right to challenge official acts, including denial of access to environmental information.⁹", "53. Legislation should assure access to justice in instances involving both private persons and public authorities in wildlife-related matters. Furthermore, the legislation should draw the bounds of official powers clearly, so that courts or administrative reviews have clear standards to apply. While general environmental legislation may serve this purpose, there are also examples of wildlife-specific provisions in this regard.⁹", "54. While laws usually refer to general means for dispute resolution, stakeholders may need more specific provisions ensuring a fair and efficient process for resolving disputes, not only between users, but also between users and government entities. The right to challenge government decisions at administrative and judicial levels functions as a public accountability mechanism over the wildlife regulatory system. In addition, laws can set up alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, not only for the resolution of conflicts but also for their prevention. For example, mediators can help communities and wildlife agencies negotiate general agreements concerning protected area management or enforcement before specific conflicts arise.⁹ Such mechanisms have proven to be preferable for the poor since they are more accessible than courts, affordable, easily understood and effective (for example, the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor of the United Nations Development Programme). In some instances, legislation may empower citizens to submit a complaint or request an injunction for violations of wildlife laws.⁹", "55. In the United States, in accordance with federal wildlife laws, the public has the right to sue for destruction or injury to certain species of wildlife. To that end, a citizen must show personal injury rather than injury on behalf of the environment itself, causation and redress ability (see, for example, United States Supreme Court decision in Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000)). Redress of an injury can occur in the form of a sanction that effectively abates conduct that is proven to be injurious to the environment. However, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a clear exception to this rule, providing the right to any private citizen to commence a civil suit on his or her own behalf to enjoin any person, including any governmental instrumentality or agency, from engaging in certain activities in violation of any provision of the act. In 1998, a United States law created the Institute for Environmental Conflict Resolution. The Institute maintains a roster, searchable online, of individuals trained and experienced as environmental mediators, including a special group of mediators who have experience with indigenous communities.⁹", "56. While numerous agreements and cooperation mechanisms on the protection and enhancement of the environment have emerged in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example the annual International Convention on Environment and Development as well as the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment, the strongest and most significant environmental laws in this region are implemented at the national and multilateral level.", "57. The increasing number of specialized environmental courts and tribunals that resolve environmental issues, which have grown from only a handful in the 1970s to more than 350 in 41 countries, are making major strides in providing access to justice, environmental governance and protection of the environment around the world. The dramatic growth in the number of these courts is the result of the complexity of environmental laws and in public awareness of environmental problems. Environmental courts and tribunals have recently been created in Abu Dhabi, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Chile, China, El Salvador, India, Thailand and the Philippines. It is foreseen that changes in environmental law will continue, driven by increasing demands from the public for “access rights” and increasing public concern about specific environmental issues, including climate change, sustainable development, extinction of species and loss of natural areas.[10]", "58. The importance of and need for public participation, not only in governmental decision-making but also, more broadly, in the work of sustainable development, is at the core of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. However, in spite of the commitment by different sectors of society, environmental degradation continues, poverty persists and financial crises recur. These are constant reminders of the weaknesses of viewing sustainable development efforts through a predominantly economic framework.", "B. Nature: to have or to be?", "59. Current consumption and production patterns worldwide are taking a heavy toll on the Earth and its resources. Indeed, the roots of many of our problems can be traced back to the evolution of our consumption patterns. The current cultural paradigm dominant in many parts of the world and across many cultural systems is consumerism, which encourages people to find meaning, contentment and acceptance primarily through the consumption of goods and services.[11]", "60. Paradoxically, research shows that while consumerism is associated with the catering of psychological needs and the creation of instantaneous pleasure, there is evidence that consuming more is not necessarily linked to more happiness. Indeed, according to some psychological studies, money and well-being are related only until a certain point. While in less developed countries, lack of money has an effect on the well-being of the poorer sectors of society, it also appears that once people achieve higher incomes, additional increases have a small impact on well-being, “suggesting that added income beyond modest affluence no longer helps answer important desires and needs”.[12]", "61. One of the pillars of consumerism, the constant desire for more money and more goods, is inversely correlated to well-being among people of different social strata.¹² People get frustrated when they cannot afford the objects of their desire, but even when they can, their satisfaction is short lived. Psychologists have hypothesized that the toxic effects of materialism do not fulfil intrinsic human desires and lead to goals that can never be completely fulfilled.", "62. Environmental scientist and systems analyst Donella Meadows has explained that the most effective leverage point for changing a system is to change its paradigm, that is to say, the shared ideas or basic assumptions around which the system functions. In the case of the consumerist paradigm, the assumptions that need to change include that more goods make people happier, that perpetual growth is good, that humans are separate from nature and that nature is a stock of resources to be exploited for human purposes.¹¹", "63. Just as a consumerist paradigm encourages people to define themselves and their well-being through their consumption patterns, a sustainability paradigm would work to find an alternative set of aspirations, and to reinforce it through cultural institutions and drivers. It should become “natural” to find value and meaning in life through how much a person helps to restore the planet rather than how much an individual earns, how large a dwelling is or how many material goods someone has.[13]", "64. In general, the solutions that have been identified have focused on reducing emissions rather than preventing them, on creating new products to consume rather than in slowing down consumption, in producing green products rather than in producing less. “The reason that green technologies will not save us is that they are only part of the picture. Our collective impact on the planet … results from a combination of how many of us there are, what kind of technologies we use, and how much we are consuming.”[14]", "65. At present, scientists, intellectuals and other thinkers are looking into measures of well-being. Traditionally, States have used the gross domestic product (GDP) as an indirect indicator of national well-being. Broadly, the goal of most countries has been to increase the economic means of the population. Nevertheless, as psychologists are finding out, money does not always produce a sense of well-being. Well-being encompasses, inter alia, interpersonal relations, health and a clean environment, aspects which are not normally taken into account in the GDP.", "66. In order to create indicators that could provide a more accurate reflection of the level of well-being of a population, alternative measures focusing on the redefinition of well-being and our common social purpose are being considered. Along with respect for the environment, “a new understanding of the good life can be built not around wealth but around well-being: having basic survival needs met, along with freedom, health, security and satisfying social relationships. Consumption would still be important but only to the extent that it boosts quality of life.”[15] Additional indicators of sustainable development and a less consumerist society are not only possible, but essential.¹⁵ It is necessary to change our current paradigm, which is grounded in the false premise that nature is an object that can be appropriated and exploited.", "67. Today we are experiencing what has been called the “double burden of malnutrition”: while there are close to a billion[16] malnourished people in the world, we also have an increase in a number of health problems associated with obesity. It has been calculated that the world is producing enough food to provide every person with 2,700 calories a day, which is 600 calories more than the recommended amount for adults.[17] It is also estimated that one third of the world’s food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year. While rich countries waste food primarily at the level of the consumer, the main issue for developing countries is food lost because of weak infrastructure, including poor storage, processing and packaging facilities that lack the capacity to keep produce fresh. Food wasted by consumers in rich countries (222 million tons) is roughly equal to the entire food production of sub-Saharan Africa (230 million tons).[18]", "68. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its first Global Status Report on Non-communicable Diseases, has confirmed that 36.1 million people died from such causes in 2008. The four main non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases and diabetes, kill three in five people worldwide, and cause great socio-economic harm within all countries, particularly developing nations. Clearly non-communicable diseases are on the increase, and many of their origins can be traced back to poor eating habits (cardiovascular and diabetes), smoking and exposure to toxic chemicals and carcinogenic substances (cancer and respiratory diseases), among other causes. To promote collective action against the epidemic, the General Assembly will convene a High-level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases on 19 and 20 September 2011.", "69. Human beings, like the Earth, are losing their capacity to live in homeostasis, which is the ability of an organism or cell to maintain equilibrium, to regulate its internal conditions, for example the chemical composition of its body fluids, in order to maintain health and functioning, regardless of outside conditions. Without proper balance, even a healthy diet will fail to provide nutrients the body needs. We are not what we eat we are what we metabolize and this also holds true for the Earth. The Earth’s topsoil, its living plasma, which is essentially non-renewable, has been sloughed off at a rate of five to one hundred tons per acre per year, and contamination is taking an additional toll.", "70. At present, humankind, by eroding the foundations of its source, Mother Earth, has put its very existence at risk.", "71. As natural disasters become stronger, more frequent and hit wider areas, the devastation and suffering the elements inflict act as portents of the future. In the light of the natural disasters that hit Japan in March 2011, the country’s energy plan is being re-examined and a major shift in its sources of energy, from nuclear to alternatives, is being considered. Countries like Germany and Switzerland have also announced the phasing-out of nuclear plants in favour of renewable energy by 2022 and 2034, respectively.", "72. If we are to avoid catastrophe, current world conditions leave no doubt that a major change is required in the way that human beings relate to the three pillars of sustainable development: environmental, social and economic. We have chosen to be defined in terms of things, and it is precisely things which are holding us back from reaching our full potential, from realizing our interrelatedness with nature, from advancing towards sustainable development and, ultimately, from living a life in harmony with nature.", "73. By the dawn of the second millennium, a number of countries had already started to move away from the anthropocentric view of nature held over so many centuries. In New Zealand’s Environmental Act of 1986, the essential value of nature was specified, as follows: “Ensure that, in the management of natural and physical resources, full and balanced account is taken of the intrinsic values of ecosystems”.[19]", "74. In Sweden, the preservation of biological diversity is one of the five objectives contained in the Environmental Code of 1999, which states “Biological diversity must be protected since the natural environment is worth protecting for its own sake. This means that the long-term productive capacity of ecosystems must be preserved. Biological diversity relates both to the diversity of ecosystems and the diversity of animal and plant species.”[20] Finland’s 2006 national strategy for sustainable development states that its goal is to assure people’s well-being within the limits of the carrying capacity of nature both, nationally and globally.[21] Norway’s Animal Welfare Act, which came into force in January 2010, states, in article 3, “Animals have an intrinsic value which is irrespective of the usable value they may have for man. Animals shall be treated well and be protected from danger of unnecessary stress and strains”.[22]", "75. The newly adopted constitution of Ecuador (2008) states that the rights of nature should be taken into account in all planning activities, including: the right to have its existence respected in an integral manner, including the maintenance and regeneration of its cycles, functions and evolutionary processes; and the right to restoration.[23] On December 2010, the Plurinational State of Bolivia adopted a new Law of the Rights of Mother Earth, granting her the following seven rights: the right to life and to exist; the right to not have cellular structure modified or genetically altered; the right to pure water; the right to clean air; the right to balance; the right to continue vital cycles and processes free from human alteration; and the right not to be polluted.[24]", "IV. Conclusion", "76. Modern, post industrial society has become materialistic and consumerist based upon the illusory promise of unlimited happiness, material abundance and domination of nature. Since the industrial age, the economic system that has been developed has not been determined by what is good for people, much less for nature, but rather by what is good for the growth of the economic system. In such a system, nature, our source and the sustenance of our existence, has been ignored and exploited. In our blindness, we have undermined the amazing abilities, the abundant nutrients and energy given us by Mother Earth to sustain both the Earth, in her regenerating capacity, as well as our human existence.", "77. As recurrent financial crises constantly remind us, a socio-economic system based on material growth is not sustainable, just as striving for infinite growth in a world of finite resources is contradictory. We need to transform our society into one in which all forms of life are revered. Only such a society can truly be wholesome. In order to achieve this, we must revisit not only the existing economic paradigm but also the moral values that support it. Wealth, knowledge and technology make valuable contributions. But they alone will not save humankind from its excesses and its deleterious impact on Mother Earth. We are witnessing an accelerating deterioration of the health of our Mother Earth. We must accept that we ourselves are an intrinsic part of nature. By contaminating and depleting Mother Earth, we are also contaminating and depleting ourselves. We are contributing to the forces and imbalances that cause the increasing natural disasters that are affecting us.", "78. As we prepare to convene the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, changing how we behave on the planet will require a major shift in values. Our survival depends on the wise choices of how we coexist with Mother Earth. Experts tell us that we are collectively consuming, each year, one third more resources that can be regenerated by the Earth herself in a single year. World consumption and production needs to converge towards a sustainable range, with developed countries taking the lead.", "79. We need to accept nature as our source of guidance to create an economic system that is both morally and scientifically sound. We need to accept nature as our source of guidance for ending the poverty afflicting so many millions of people for whom the world remains wide and alien. We need to accept nature as our source of guidance for ending our paucity of spirit so that we can learn to live below our means and within our needs. We need to reintegrate with nature in a way that we have not yet done. Nature and her intrinsic value must be revered and honoured. We must finally realize that in order to reinforce the cause of sustainable development we must work to render each one of its pillars, environmental, social and economic, whole.", "80. Along with reverence for nature as our guide, it is to our spirit that we must turn in order to advance in our journey towards sustainable development. We must look at the bedrock of our intrinsic human values, at the intentions behind our actions. As we honour the legacy of the innumerable people who have sought throughout history to achieve a wholesome society, we must, in turn, recognize our gratitude for their work. Mankind has a history of ten thousand years, and all of humankind is involved in this journey together. Let us create a new calendar, a global consciousness of reverence for nature, let us draw upon the wisdom of ancient civilizations to live in harmony with nature. As we renew our commitment to sustainable development, let us not lose sight of the fact that we should be remembered as the generation that created a consensus at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which restored civilization to its roots, in harmony with its source: Mother Earth.", "V. Recommendations", "81. Drawing on the foregoing discussion and on views expressed at intergovernmental meetings as well as major group consultations on Harmony with Nature, States may wish to take into account the following recommendations:", "(a) To consider a declaration recognizing nature’s intrinsic value and its regenerating capacity, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in June 2012;", "(b) To further update the knowledge base on Harmony with Nature, the General Assembly should continue to invite, as appropriate, representatives of institutions, organizations, research centres and academia, as well as Nobel laureates, to provide briefings for decision makers, inter alia, on the themes addressed in the present report;", "(c) To continue showcasing, through the United Nations sustainable development websites, the work being undertaken to advance development for all in Harmony with Nature, integrating the economic, social and environmental pillars.", "[1] See http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=252&menu=46.", "[2] Grant Hardy, “Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Tradition”, The Teaching Company, 2011.", "[3] Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.", "[4] James L. Axtell, ed., The Educational Writings of John Locke: A Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes, Cambridge University Press, London, 1968.", "[5] Paul Walden Bamford, “French Forest Legislation and Administration, 1660-1789”, Agricultural History, vol. 29, No. 3, 1955.", "[6] Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F.R.S., The Geographical Journal, vol. 30, No. 1, 1907.", "[7] Peter D. Ouspensky, Tertium Organum, Knopf, New York, 1981.", "[8] Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1949.", "[9] Elisa Morgera, “Wildlife law and the empowerment of the poor”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010.", "[10] George and Catherine Pring, Greening Justice: Creating and Improving Environmental Courts and Tribunals, The Access Initiative, 2009.", "[11] Donella Meadows, “Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System”, The Sustainability Institute, 1999.", "[12] Ed Diener, The Science of Well-Being, 2009.", "[13] State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability, The Worldwatch Institute, 2010 (http://www.worldwatch.org).", "[14] Annie Leonard, The Story of Stuff, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2010.", "[15] State of the World 2004: Special focus: The Consumer Society, The Worldwatch Institute, 2004 (http://www.worldwatch.org).", "[16] In 2010, the number of malnourished people in the world was 925 million. That number rose to 1.023 billion in 2009 owing to multiple crises. This marginal improvement in 2010 is being threatened by a surge in food prices in the later half of 2010. See The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010.", "[17] “How much is enough?”, http://www.economist.com/node/18200702.", "[18] Global Food Losses and Food Waste, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2011.", "[19] http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0127/latest/DLM98975.html.", "[20] See http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/05/49/6736cf92.pdf.", "[21] See http://www.ymparisto.fi.", "[22] See http://www.regjeringen.no.", "[23] See http://pdba.georgetown.edu/constitutions/ecuador/ecuador.html.", "[24] See http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (h) of the provisional agenda", "Sustainable development: harmony with nature", "Natural harmony", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/264, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to conduct an interactive dialogue with natural harmony during its sixty-fifth session in order to mark the International Day of Mother Earth of 20 April 2011 and to actively promote and support the preparatory process for the replenishment to be held in Brazil in June 2012 and to report on the subject to its sixty-sixth session. The Secretary-General's report highlights the evolution of human and natural relations reflected in environmental legislation and draws on the important issues discussed during the interactive dialogue. The report also makes specific recommendations for further consideration by Member States of this issue.", "Contents", "Introduction 3 2. Relevant lessons learned from the evolving relationship between human beings and natural cultures 4 B. Environmental movements: the twenty-first century 5 C. twentieth century and human and natural reconciliation 8 3. Enhanced role in promoting harmony with natural 10A. Legislative and public policies in the twenty-first century 10 B. Natural or naturalizing them? Conclusions 16", "Introduction", "In 2010, in its resolution 63/266, entitled “Towards harmony with nature”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to organize, at its sixty-fifth session, two plenary meetings during the celebration of the International Mother Earth on 20 April 2011 in order to conduct an interactive dialogue involving Member States, United Nations organizations, independent experts and other stakeholders in order to actively promote and support the preparatory process for the 2012 held in Rio de Janeiro. The interactive dialogue of the General Assembly was carried out by two expert groups on the following topics: (a) how to promote a comprehensive approach to sustainable development in harmony with nature; and (b) sharing experiences of countries in developing standards and indicators for measuring sustainable development in harmony with nature. [2]", "In its resolution 63/264, the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to collect information on activities aimed at promoting a comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable development with natural harmony, including successful cases of traditional knowledge and existing domestic legislation, in order to promote interdisciplinary scientific work and to understand the various developments in that regard, with a view to contributing substantively to the preparatory process and subsequent work of the General Assembly. This information portal is being developed and will be launched in June 2012.", "With the preparatory work of the United Nations for the holding of conferences from 4 to 6 June 2012 (also known as “Russall ”), the present report focuses on the historical relationship of civilizations and naturalities embodied in environmental legislation, taking into account the important topic discussed during the interactive dialogue in April 2011 to advance the overall thinking of the concept of sustainable development, which should be read in conjunction with the first report of the Secretary-General on harmony with nature (A/65/314).", "The formal enactment of environmental legislation by States started in the 1960s, since there was a deep recognition of the importance of environmental protection and the growing public interest in the environment and the creation of Earth Days in 1970. Two years later, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (the Stockholm Conference) was held in 1972, which helped to institutionalize environmental issues within the framework of governance around the world. The meeting resulted in political recognition that environmental degradation was a common result of both rich and poor phenomena and had an impact on both rich and poor countries, albeit differently. In 1982, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, Governments adopted the Universal Charter of Nature, reflecting the interdependence between protection and development.", "As a follow-up to the Stockholm Conference, the Government established the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brontland Commission) to study the concept of sustainable development. The Commission further elaborated this concept in its report entitled “A common future” (A/42/427, annex).", "Following the publication of the report “We share the common future”, Governments convened the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1994 to negotiate a global plan of action to achieve global sustainable development. The outcome document of the Conference, known as Agenda 21, played a catalytic role in helping countries to implement sustainable development. In parallel to the two-year preparatory work for the Conference, intergovernmental negotiating committees were established to develop a framework convention on biodiversity and climate change. The meeting also developed a set of agreed principles to protect forests and started negotiations on how to combat desertification and drought.", "The first principle of the Rio Declaration explains the basic principles of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: “All are central to the concerns of sustainable development and have the right to a healthy and productive life and live in harmony with nature”. Following the 1994 meeting, the United Nations established the Commission on Sustainable Development to implement Agenda 21, and held the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002, reaffirming its global commitment to sustainable development. In June 2012 the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be convened to further assess the progress made by States in achieving sustainable development and address emerging challenges in order to ensure a sustainable future for all, subject to natural harmony.", "Human and natural evolution", "In both East and Western ideological traditions, there is a great difference between human and natural evolution. It was first of its origin in philosophy and religion. Although the East idea tradition is traditionally different from Western ideological traditions, the question of how great thinkers in Asia try to respond to questions with philosophical and religious leaders in Europe and the Americas is nothing to make our lives meaningful? How can we find happiness? The deep insights and wisdom of the East and Western traditions offer opportunities for dialogue among civilizations and deep understanding of our relationship with nature. The following sections describe the evolving relationship between human beings and naturalities, as well as the reflections on how this issue affects the development of environmental legislation in the twenty-first century.", "Lessons learned from ancient civilization", "Oriental traditions are often interpreted as a lack of a clear gap between the creation and the emergence of animals, people and myths. For example, India's teaching of bassy, including a round of backwards (transfers), causes and consequences (universal justice), distributing (free from the cycle of existence), and the concept of high-level mental law (in the final reality). [3]", "In China's cultural practices and ideological systems, “[t]he external nature cannot be understood in accordance with itself; it has always been closely linked to human life”. China's belief in cultural integrity is that it is a reality that is part of numerous expressions of a complete uniform (the “Tice”). China had put forward a steadfast argument that the universe was seen as an organ of many interdependent components. This view has led to the determination that the substance is fundamental in its essence. Contents", "The ancient Egyptians are dependent on the spread of the Nile River each year, and they live in a number of myths, in accordance with their own living environment a complex set of beliefs and gifts. It is seen that the Nile River makes them fertile and differs from the drought desert that they are burial, thus creating their identity and religious beliefs.", "The African community has always held that natural phenomena have mental power and that the natural world that provides food and shelter is respected and respected. Some of the trees are considered to be bricked, sanctuary and play a role in therapy. The concept of land is an ethnic group consisting of birth attendants, dead persons and those who have not yet been born, which reinforces the idea of sharing and taking care of the nature of the population.", "The early culture before Columb tracks the day and planets, including the Sun and the heinous movement, whose movements are intertwined with each aspect of their daily lives and live on the ground and day. The largest mother (Pachamama) is the widest message of Mother Earth throughout the Andean mountains. This is the most basic sign of fertile and fruitful Mother Earth. The mother of the Grande has expressed a living relationship between human beings and the natural nature, thereby giving rise to natural due respect.", "In Western traditions, Greece and the Romani philosophicalists have made a clear concept of the natural law, distinct from the law developed by the human person. They recognized the existence of persons prior to the establishment of the civil order and the Government, which made a clear distinction between natural law (jus naturale) and general law (jus commune).", "Many Western traditional thinkers point out that early civilization is more closely and balanced. For example, the Roma believe that there should be an animal right (jus flourium) and that the philosophicalists consider independence from human civilization and the natural rights of the Government. After the fall of Greece and Rome and the birth of Christianity, there is growing perception that the existence of naturality is to serve humanity. The definition of gross natural value is determined solely from the perspective of meeting human needs. [4]", "The concept of air, water and fish to be used jointly by the Romaners is regulated. In five35 years, the Prince Dinni issued the Civil Code (Corpus Iurus Civilis) to compile existing Rome law into a simple and clear legal system. The first Cristinedinini Act was completed in 529 and was subsequently extended to include the law of Heindinini itself and two books in other areas of law. The Grand Dublin Code is the first ever law relating to the environment. It stated that the natural law is the law of a great nature that governs all animals, i.e. it does not exclusively involve human beings, but also all animals, whether on the ground, and the air claves or water downstream.", "With the collapse of the Roman Empire, the European legal system started to break down, and the emergence of a local legal system, which is a set of law-making, in many cases, including civil and church law, which is the only legal framework for the European continent. This complete code was followed by the promulgation of the Naleton Code after the era of construction. The Nathrone Code quickly replaced the legal system of the era of construction, one of the main pillars of the expansion of the Roman-Yur legal tradition throughout Europe and other parts of the world.", "The emergence of environmental movements: the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries", "In the twenty-seventh century, medical development has been widely used to study the operation of human beings. This practice has led to anger of early humanitarians, who have sought to defend their research methods in René Zhencar (1596-1650). The Zioncar is a well-known scholar, a physiologist and a psychologist, and he has adopted a basic philosophical opinion that is ethically irrelevant to the human relationship.", "According to Zioncar, animal is unknown and unjustifiable and does not feel pain; the animal does not think that they will not be harmed, without suffering or awareness. However, there is a good and thought. Indeed, the idea defines human machines. I think that I think it is in my mind”. This divergence between the human person and the natural nature provides justification for the conduct of the automotive and human use environment. The ADBcar clearly states that the human person is “the owners and owners of the great nature”. The doctrine of naturalization is considered an important prerequisite for progress in science and civilization. 3", "In the twenty-sixth and seventeenth centuries, other contemporary philosophicalists in Europe, such as Gratfred Lebneyz, John Re and Baruq Sbinanosha, disagreed with the view of Zioncar, which they considered that the natural community and the original ambitions had a moral value and thus human beings were indivisible with the natural community. In 1790, writer John Rice pointed out that the most fundamental inadequacies of the rights of animals (jus animalium), he called for the full recognition of the concept by the rule of law, while Thomas Hobs considered that, under natural circumstances, people would seek self-protection at all costs as their “natural rights”.", "At the peak of the impact of IADcar in Europe, early United States settlers held the contrary view that animals were not expected to be exposed to painstaking shocks. A different minority from the Greek-Rome philosophical view is of the view that the animal is an integral part of the natural state and is based on natural law. Early settlers in England have contributed to this view, and they have enacted a law that recognizes non-human rights. The “Judicial of the Liberties of Mansaça”, published in the Saguin Bay, 1641, is the first general law prohibiting abuse of livestock in the English French language.", "In his book “Linking education”, John Luck presented the contrary argument with respect to Zerocar, in his view that the animal would feel pain and suffering and that it was morally wrong. In his 1693 paper, he went beyond the concept of strict efficacy, i.e., the useful livestock that is usually owned not only for those who are waiting for cattle, but also for rats, birds, Kests and “any biological”. [5] During the twenty-sixth to nineteenth centuries, in the form of research incentives from Naalny Vod and John Luck et al., a different world view seeds, i.e. a natural component. In his 1691 “The wisdom of the Lord is reflected in his creativity”, British Purologist John Re, stated that the existence of flora and fauna is an honour for God and that their right to life is not attached to the purposes of humanity.", "In the era of scholars such as John Re and Baruque Sbinnoiza, the scientific vision is rapidly expanding and the human centre has said the challenges related. The telescope shows that the planet is not the centre of the universe. Slights reveal the complex world on which human beings are living, not the opposite. The visitor found a large number of uninhabited sites, where the navia was perfect and complete and never seen. Human beings are more aware of the natural community, and it is more difficult to believe that the universe is human. Human beings are no longer considered as natural owners but are largely natural members.", "In the 1660s, Jean-Barbodister Klebel, Minister of Roads is making and implementing the most stringent forest law in France's history. [6] In 1822, in the United Kingdom, the rightful actions of Richard Martin resulted in the protection of large livestock, particularly cattle (the “Mart Law”). Two years later, Martin, William Hiberus and others have created the Royal British Association of Handicapped. By 20 years, Wilfords had been the lead in the abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The famous philosophical, John Stuyate Mulet, in the nineteenth century, should also extend the law on the punishment of child abuse by parents to animals. The idea of the emancipation of oppressed persons should not be limited to human beings.", "Charles Darwit (1809-1882) said that human penetration and the evolution of the animal were natural components, thereby attesting to a sense of pride. He explained the expansion of life on the planet and undermined the two-year philosophy. The publication “Status of species” (1859) and the origin of human beings (1871 years) are important sources of environmental argument and environmental ethics development. German scientists Dirishe Burandis have established the cause of forest management in India, and have steered many forest officers, such as Henry Gréf and Gofd Whes. Subsequently, Pusha was the Director of the United States Bureau for Forestry. [7]", "In 1876, the United Kingdom adopted the Act on the Protection of Animals, which will push the fight against humanitarian legislation to a high level. The autopsies are a question of controversy, which has given rise to strong views from key members of the United Kingdom scientific community and the humanitarian community. Considerable progress was made in institutionalizing humanitarian values and rights into law in the nineteenth century. Previously, national societies and their laws have deprived them of all of their interests in the interests of the upper-level groups.", "While the Human Centre has been questioned, many remain convinced that human beings are the most advanced form of life and will continue to use other life and exploit the goods needed from the environment. It was noted that human beings should exercise caution, in accordance with the principle of proper management, and always bear in mind the benefits of such other aspects as religion. From this point of view, the impact of human beings on the Earth has created a number of disturbing ethical issues.", "Because most parts of Europe have changed most of their desert areas, there is growing concern about the replication of this practice in the new world of the Americas. France's thoughts and historic writers Accass Detokville and Ludmads and writers John Brookna et al., addressed this foreseeable trend in their books, who predify that a large number of wildlifes will be massacred and some species will be in no way. By the eighteenth century, the population of the United States started to protest against ill-treatment of animals, such as live autopsies, struggles, arsenals and hunting atrocities. Such environmental actions represent respect for the spiritual, cultural and restorative values of nature, which persist and are constantly increasing. The environmental movement has started in real terms.", "At a time when the United States Environment Campaign started to build, other social movements, in particular women's rights, have also started to form. The mobilization of influential individuals and key figures, such as John James Odun, John Mol, Liuiss Mofde, Gofeid, Henry Sult and Henry Grand Guardo, has played a key role in promoting the United States environmental movement. The concept of biodiversity was pioneered in many writers in the east, such as the Indian Environment and Social Issues Review home Ramchdel Ghar.", "Although these elites do not form a strong social movement, those influential have created a loose network calling for the protection of the terrain. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Silo advocated the establishment of protected areas. Many others called for the same goal. Fredrik Luthemster and Remmond, after a study in 1863 of the salinity of California, petitioned the United States Congress to protect the natural situation of the region. In 1864, the Bill for the Protection of the Words was approved, providing for the allocation of 10 square miles “for public use, holidays and recreation”.", "During the period XVI to nineteenth century, the voices for the protection of animals and their rights and the protection of the United States animal environment have been increasing, leading to a combination of voices with ending slavery, enacting child labour laws and recognizing women's rights. In the late eighteenth century, the French revolution marked the convergence of the European concept of human rights and the rights of the world.", "At the beginning of this century, Edward Person Evanz (1831-1917) issued a broad declaration in the United States on the concept known as environmental ethics. According to Evans, the form of life of non-human beings includes lifeless objects such as “a sense”, or even rocks and minerals, which enjoy the inherent right of human beings to be incompatible. His Majesty Peter Krubkin of Poland and the Russian Vice-President, Viv Toolsta, and the Indian leader, San Gang, will make the environment an integral part of their world perspective.", "Until this hundreds of years ago, scholars from the East idea tradition have also been concerned about the evolving relationship between human beings and the natural community. The Chinese philosophoon (1472-1529) advanced the concept of “princency and intent”, which was different from that of the divergence of Zerocar, and his theory outlined the link between the ideological process and the body. In his view, the concept of mind was not merely a reference to the individual itself, but it was from the outset of the individual, to others, and from the person to animals and from animals to trees, plants and objects.", "C. Reconciliation in the twentieth century and with humanity and naturality", "In the twenty-ninth century, the promotion of environmental protection was primarily vested for the purpose of obtaining food, timber or shelter, and in the twentieth century, significant progress was made in the scientific basis of environmental protection and natural resources. scholars and scientists raised the importance of a new vision and balance in the life of the planet.", "Fédérique Clerz (1874-1945) conducted a survey of the phenomenon of plant “performation” allegedly committed against him. In his view, many biological beings had a common role to play, with an overall greater part, and the natural environment, such as flora and fauna and climate, soil and interconnection. The concept of a network of his life was also elaborated by Scientist, Abel Topson, Scotland (1861-1933), and the concept of living species was presented by Victor Schulof (1877-1968). Liboit Hed Beley (1858-1954) advocated for the abandonment of the “University of the Astronaut” and proposed the “One Earth”. These early economists often link their own science and philosophical.", "In 1927, Charles Erton (1900-1991) created the term “food chain”. His ecological studies reveal the life-threatening of her her her herths and herals from the Sun to plant. The words “Elton” are more simulated: the shortest number of simple organic bodies in the food chain is the most important of their structure. This system is not generally disrupted at the top of the food pyramid, e.g., cholera or humans. However, if the most simple biota of the bottom is removed, such as plant or soil bacteriological, the pyramid would fall.", "Philosophical and religious studies also provide the basis for ethical principles of environmental protection. The Nobel Peace Prize winner, Ebert Smithi (1875-1965) said that honouring life constituted sufficient grounds for valuating the environment. After the study of traditional ethics in India and China, the values based on “sustainability”, including the human and all biological. In his view, the human person should “like paying for his or her life, and pay tribute to every life-threatening life”. The idea was supplemented by Afred Nothi Writer (1861-1947), and he was also of the view that the characteristics and purpose of each object in the universe were derived from its relationship with all other objects. Each organic body, and even every atomic, has an inherent value, even if it is intended to contribute to the ongoing reality of the various loaded objects that constitute the world. History calls for the protection, promotion and strengthening of life, and placed animals and people on the same footing.", "The development of environmental ethics was also facilitated by the United States scholars Alexandru Leu (1887-1948) and he strengthened and further expanded the doctrine of the Earth as a source of human material and thus merit ethical considerations. Although Lee Oopol believes that the oceans and mountains, although unwarranted, are equally an important component of the interconnected and lifeful planet. The Russian philosophical, Peter Urbski (1878-1947), in support of the Lee Oopo argument, said that “No object in the natural community is ... life and feelings of death or machinery”. [8] These thinkers believe that the universe has the purpose and essence, although it is not known to humanity.", "Lee crunch called for ethical relations between humanity and naturality, and he stressed that the absolute economic attitude towards the natural community had created serious ecological and ethical issues. “We abuse land because we see it as our commodities. If we see land as a society of our belonging, we can use it for love and respect”. [9] In his view, the Earth was living and “While it was far from us, it was far too long to go beyond us”. In the 1950s, the bacterial bacterialists (1901-1982) explained the importance of microorganism, including bacteriological and concomitant diseases, as part of harmonious relations among the Earth's natural communities.", "In her important research paper on the environment, Rachel Carson documented pesticides for human and natural hazards. Carson has helped to understand that human ownership and control of natural capacities are constantly increasing and that their results may be counterproductive. Human needs to be the humiliation of what she said and the ethics of “other biosharing Earth”.", "Eduard Wilson conducted a study on the stereotypes showing social relations, such as oxans, which raised concerns about parent relations and ethical responsibility. In his view, human survival was threatened by loss of biodiversity. The practical value of certain species may not be determined, but this does not mean that they do not have value and that they may be important in preventing new medicines in the future. The life-loving spaces of Wilson are psychologically linked to the environment, complementing and enriching other interpretations of human survival that depend on the natural environment.", "By the end of the twentieth century, while human beings still hold a human centre view of nature, they have fully accepted the natural variety of forms: animals, plants, life, rocks, ecosystems, the Earth and the universe. Thus, the fragmented approach to human survival is gradually replaced by the overall concept of sustainable development.", "As we reaffirm our commitment to the concept of sustainable development, there is a need to reflect on certain important achievements of the concept. When our eloquents will continue to find a sense of fire, we would like to commemorate the work done by all those who contributed to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at the end of the twentieth century.", "Promoting harmony and natural harmony in the twenty-first century", "Enhanced role of legislation and public policies", "The 27 principles of the 1992 Rio Declaration guide the international community's efforts to achieve sustainable development in harmony with nature. These principles stimulate the continued consolidation of global sustainable development by policymakers, scientists, researchers, environmentalists, writers and members of civil society around the world. These principles further deepen human understanding of nature and enhance the interaction of nature, and today, various stakeholders are able to use mechanisms to protect and defend nature.", "Human and natural philosophical are clearly reflected in many world legal systems. During 20 years, many Member States have adopted the principles embodied in the Rio Declaration and incorporated them into national legislation, including through the establishment of constitutional provisions or the enactment of general provisions of sectoral law. The following examples illustrate some of the instruments that can be adopted by stakeholders.", "In 2001, the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters was adopted under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe (Oarhus Convention). Although this is a regional convention, it is global in nature that it recognizes that Governments can achieve sustainable development only through the participation of stakeholders.", "The Oarhus Convention established three sets of rights for the public, providing for the public authorities: (a) the need for immediate public requests and the obligation to collect and disseminate existing environmental information to the public; (b) the establishment of transparent and impartial procedures to involve the public in environmental decision-making, including participation in the formulation of plans and programmes related to the environment or participation in the drafting of administrative and other generally applicable, legally binding rules that may have a significant impact on the environment; and (c) the development of procedures to ensure that the public has access to information when it is deprived of access to information, and to guarantee public participation in or to challenge violations of national laws or omissions by public authorities. [10]", "Regional agreements provide detailed criteria for how to develop wildlife regulations at the national level. The European Union environmental legislation requires its member States to incorporate their rules into national legislation in a timely and effective manner. The existing set of judicial systems can impose fines on the non-implementation of these rules, which must be respected by all Member States, which reinforce the obligations arising from those legislation. Contents", "In Africa, a number of regional agreements have direct or indirect relevance to the management of wildlife, which should be taken into account by the legislators of these agreements. For example, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was initially concluded in Algiers in 1968 and was subsequently revised by the African Union General Assembly in Maputo in 2003. The overall objective of the revised Convention is to protect and manage animal and plant species and their environment. In order to protect animals, particularly endangered species, States parties must develop policy and regulatory measures that make sustainable use and protection of natural habitats within and outside these species. The continuation of scientific research and monitoring will guide the management of these species and their environment. Contents", "The South Pacific Convention on the Conservation of Nature, 1976 (Apia Convention), established a broad framework for the protection of natural hazards in the South Pacific region, particularly in relation to the protection and management of land-based and terrestrial ecosystems. The Convention includes provisions on the establishment of protected areas and calls upon Parties to prohibit hunting in national parks and the use of species for commercial purposes and to maintain a local plant and plant roster at risk of extinction, with full protection under traditional cultural practices (art. Contents", "The purpose of the 1985 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is to maintain basic ecological processes and life support systems, protect genetic diversity and ensure sustainable use of the natural resources that have been harvested. It also concerns the involvement of the public in planning and implementing protection measures. Contents", "Access to justice is one of the pillars of the legal empowerment of women. It strengthens accountability and protects rights, including the right to public participation. Article 9 of the Oarhus Convention concerns access to justice, and the public should have the opportunity to resort to administrative and/or judicial proceedings and to challenge environmental violations or omissions. This includes the right to challenge official acts, including challenges that do not provide environmental information. Contents", "The law should ensure access to justice for individuals and public authorities on matters relating to wildlife. Moreover, the law should specify the boundaries of official powers so that there is clear criteria for court or administration review. General environmental legislation can meet this requirement, but there are also specific provisions on wildlife. Contents", "In the usual context, the law will only refer to the general approach to resolving disputes, but stakeholders may need more specific provisions to ensure a fair and efficient judicial process, since it is not only a dispute between users but also a dispute between users and government entities. The right to challenge government decisions at the administrative and judicial levels is an accountability mechanism for wildlife regulatory systems. Moreover, the law could not only resolve conflicts but also establish alternative approaches for conflict prevention. For example, mediators can help communities and wildlife institutions negotiate general agreements on the management or enforcement of protected areas before specific conflicts arise. These mechanisms have proved to be willing to receive by the poor: they are more prone to justice and less costly and understandable and effective (e.g., the United Nations Development Programme Commission for the Promotion of the Legal Rights and Interests of the Poor). In some cases, the law may grant civil rights complaints of violations of wildlife protection laws or require mandatory prohibitions. Contents", "In the United States, the Federal Wildlife Protection Act stipulates that the public has the right to complain about acts that undermine or harm certain wildlife species. To this end, citizens must demonstrate their personal harm (and not environmental harm), causal relations and remedy (see, for example, the United States Supreme Court's ruling in the case of the Ledau Corporation Environmental Services (2000). The form of redress can be a sanction for effective mitigation of proven environmental harm. However, the 1973 Endangered Species Act provides for a clear exception to this rule that any citizen has the right to initiate civil proceedings in his own name, prohibiting any person, including any organ or agency of the Government, to engage in certain activities that violate any provisions of the Endangered Species Act. In 1998, a United States law established the Institute for Environmental Conflict. The Institute maintains a roster of well-trained and experienced environmental mediators (available on the Internet), including a specialized mediator with experience with indigenous communities. Contents", "Although there are many agreements and cooperation mechanisms in Latin America and the Caribbean, such as the annual session of the International Convention on Environment and Development and the Convention on the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment, some of the most powerful and most important environmental laws in the region are implemented at the national and multilateral levels.", "The number of environmental courts and tribunals devoted to addressing environmental issues has increased, with few courts and tribunals in the 1970s, which are now more than 350 in 41 countries, and they have taken significant steps in access to justice, environmental governance and environmental protection throughout the world. The complexity of environmental law, coupled with public awareness of environmental issues, has resulted in a significant increase in such courts. Environmental courts and tribunals have been established in Abu Dhabi, Bolivia, Chile, China, El Salvador, India, Thailand and the Philippines. There is growing public demand for “accessibility” and growing concern about specific environmental issues, such as climate change, sustainable development, extinction of species and loss of natural areas, and environmental law is expected to evolve. [11]", "There is no need for the public to participate in decision-making in the Government and to engage more broadly in sustainable development, which is at the heart of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. However, despite commitments made by all sectors of society, the environment continues to be degraded, poverty persists and the financial crisis continues. These phenomena have consistently reminded us of the weaknesses that need to be addressed in the context of sustainable development efforts, mainly from the economic perspective.", "What is natural or naturally maintained?", "The current patterns of consumption and production around the world have a serious impact on the planet and its resources, and the root causes of many problems can be traced to the evolution of consumption patterns. At present, in many parts of the world and in many cultural systems, the dominant cultural landscape is consumer-basedism, encouraging people to find the meaning, satisfaction and identity of their lives, mainly through consumption of goods and services. [12]", "It is surprising that, while consumption can meet psychological needs and create a sense of rapidness, there is evidence that increases in consumption are not necessarily linked to increased happiness. In practice, some psychological studies have shown that money and happiness are only maintained before a particular point. In less developed countries, the lack of money would have an impact on the well-being of the poor segments of society, although the impact of additional increases on well-being would appear to be very low once the income of the people increased, “a demonstration that income increases on a minor basis would no longer be able to meet important expectations and needs”. [13]", "One of the pillars of consumerism is the continuous need to obtain more money and more goods, which is contrary to the well-being of the different segments of society. Those who had no capacity to obtain what they wanted would be dismayed, but even if they were able to meet, they were brief. Psychologists argue that the toxicity of materialism cannot be met with the desires of the human person, thereby creating a goal that will never be achieved.", "Environmental scientists and systematic analysts pointed out that changing the most effective role of a system was a model for changing the system's functioning common ideas and basic assumptions. In terms of consumption patterns, the hypotheses that need to be changed include: the greater number of goods, the greater happiness; and the natural isolation; and naturally, the pool of resources for use by the person. 11", "As consumer-dependent models encourage people to see themselves and their well-being through their consumption patterns, sustainable development patterns seek and strengthen a set of different logs through cultural institutions and drivers. The value and significance of finding living should be how they can help to recover the planet, rather than what they can earn, the great number of residences or what is they, which should be a “natural” phenomenon. [14]", "The existing identified solutions are largely focused on reducing emissions rather than preventing emissions, focusing on the manufacture of new consumer goods rather than on mitigating consumption, targeting green products rather than production. “green technologies cannot save us because they are also part of the status quo. We have a common impact on the planet [] the number of our large population, the type of technology we use and the quantity of consumption that we do not have. [15]", "Currently, scientists, knowledge elements and other thinkers are finding measurements of well-being. Traditionally, countries use gross domestic product (GDP) as their indirect targets for population well-being. In general, the goal of most countries is to increase the economic capacity of the population. However, psychologists found that money was not always able to feel well-being. The well-being includes other aspects, such as interpersonal relations, health and clean environments, which are often not incorporated into GDP.", "In order to develop indicators to accurately reflect the level of well-being of the population, consideration is being given to how other measurements are being developed, with a focus on new definitions for shared purposes of well-being and society. In addition to respecting the environment, “should also have a new understanding of a better life, its core is not wealth but well-being: basic survival needs are met and enjoy free, healthy, safe and satisfactory social relations”. [16] Other indicators for measuring sustainable development and low-cost societies are not only possible but also necessary. We must change the current model because it is wrong to base it, that is, naturally, an goods that can be owned and used.", "Today, we are experiencing the so-called double burden of malnutrition: Although almost 1 billion people in the world are undernourished, some of the health problems associated with obesity are increasing. It has been calculated that the world has produced sufficient food for everyone on a daily basis for 2,700 cards, with more than 600 calamity than adult recommendations. [18] It is estimated that one third of the world's annual food produced for human consumption will lose or waste. The main consumer of waste of food in rich countries is the major problem in developing countries, which is due to weak infrastructure, inadequate storage, processing and packaging facilities, and cannot sustain new fresh agricultural productivity. The waste of food by consumers in wealthy countries (222 million tons) is equivalent to total food production in sub-Saharan Africa (2.3 billion tons). [19]", "The first report of the World Health Organization (WHO) on the global state of non-communicable diseases confirmed that 361 million people died of non-communicable diseases in 2008. Three quarters of the world have died of four major non-communicable diseases — cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic pneum diseases and diabetes, which have caused enormous socio-economic hazards in all countries, especially in developing countries. Non-communicable diseases are increasing, many of which are related to poor dietary habits ( cardiovascular diseases and diabetes), smoking and exposure to toxic chemical substances and cancer substances ( cancer and respiratory diseases). In order to promote collective action to combat the epidemic, the United Nations General Assembly will convene a high-level conference on non-communicable diseases on 19 and 20 September 2011.", "Like the Earth, human health is losing the ability to maintain a self-balanced balance, which allows biophysical or cell to be balanced in order to regulate the internal situation, such as the chemical component of the hydration, thereby maintaining health and its functioning, irrespective of external circumstances. In the absence of an adequate balance, even healthy diets cannot provide the nutritional material needed by the human body. Humans are not a food composition but a new stereotype, as is the planet. Earth's surface soil is a vibrant blood pulp, which is essentially irreplaceable and has been lost at a rate of 5 to 100ton per acre.", "Now, human beings are at risk of losing their origins and the foundation of their mothers.", "The increasing intensity of natural disasters, the increasing frequency, the expansion of affected areas, the enormous damage and suffering caused by weather factors to humanity are testimony to the strength of the future. In March 2011, natural disasters struck Japan, which was re-examining its energy plans and considered significant changes in its energy sources, from nuclear energy to alternative energy. Countries such as Germany and Switzerland have also announced the phasing out of nuclear power plants by 2022 and 2034, respectively, and the use of renewable energy.", "If we are ultimately to avoid disasters, the current world situation clearly demonstrates that significant changes must be made in our approach to the three pillars of sustainable development (environment, social and economic). We have chosen to determine their identity in terms of goods, but it is also precisely that they prevent us from playing their full potential and prevent us from realizing the inherent relevance of our natural nature, halting our progressive achievement of sustainable development and ultimately deter us from enjoying a life of great nature and harmony.", "On the occasion of the second millennium, some countries have already abandoned the idea of a large natural human centre for centuries. New Zealand's Environment Act 1986 specifically presents the natural inherent value as follows: “to ensure that ecosystem values are fully and balanced when managing natural and material resources”. [20]", "In Sweden, the protection of biodiversity is one of the five objectives contained in the 1999 Environment Act, which states that “[t]he biological diversity must be protected because the natural environment itself deserves protection. This means that the long-term productive capacities of ecosystems must be maintained. Biodiversity concerns ecosystem diversity and diversity of flora and fauna species.” [21] Finland's 2006 National Strategy for Sustainable Development stated that its objective is to ensure the well-being of the people within the natural capacity of the country and the global economy. [22] Article 3 of the Norwegian Act on the Protection of Animals, which entered into force in January 2010, provides that “the animal has an inherent value that is not relevant to the value they may use for human beings. They must be treated in a way that protects them from unnecessary tensions and pressures”. [23]", "Ecuador's newly adopted Constitution (2008) stipulates that in all planning activities it must take into account the rights of great nature, including the right to full respect for natural survival, such as the maintenance of re-entry, functionality and evolution processes and the right to recovery. [24] In December 2010, the Plurinational State of Bolivia adopted a new Act on the Rights of Mother Earth, which sets out the following seven rights: life and existence, cell structure and gene non-removable rights, purification of new air rights, balanced rights, and non-removable right to life and process without human change, without pollution. [25]", "Conclusion", "The modern community of the latter industry has been slackened, materialized and controlled by natural shocks, and has become a society that wants to flow and consumption. The economic system that has been developed since the industrial era has decided not to take into account human well-being, but not to consider the well-being of nature, but what is conducive to the growth of the economic system. In such a system, the great nature of nutrition as a source of human beings and for our survival is neglected and exploited. We blindly undermine the ability of large mothers and their rich nutritional material and energy, which have been aimed at maintaining the regeneration capacity of the planet and the survival of our human beings.", "The regular financial crisis has reminded us that a socio-economic system based on material growth is unsustainable, as the pursuit of unlimited growth in a limited world of resources is a contradiction. We need to transform our society into a society that pays tribute to all lifestyles. Only such a society can be truly healthy. In order to achieve that, we must not only revisit existing economic models, but also look at the ethical values that support such economic models. wealth, knowledge and technology can make a valuable contribution. However, it is not possible to save human beings from transition consumption or to eliminate the depletion of Mother Earth. We are witnessing an accelerated deterioration in the health of Mother Earth. We must recognize that we themselves are a natural component. We are also polluting and consuming ourselves when we pollution and consumable Mother Earth. The various forces and imbalances that we have contributed are creating an increasing number of natural disasters.", "When we are ready to convene the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, we change our way of behaviour on the planet, values will have a significant transformation. Our survival depends on the wise choice of how to live with Mother Earth. The experts told us that our total consumption per year exceeds one third of the resources that the planet could recover in one year. The world's consumption and production needs to be sustainable and developed countries should play a leading role.", "We must recognize that we are naturally able to guide us and guide us in an economic system that is both ethical and scientific. We must recognize that it is natural to provide us with guidance to guide us in ending the poverty of millions of people, and for these people, the world remains largely afraid. We must recognize that naturally, we can guide us to end the mental poverty, let us learn from the volume and learn that consumption goes beyond the needs. We must combine with naturalization in an unprecedented manner. The inherent values of the natural nature must be respected and respected. Finally, we must recognize that efforts to make every pillar (environment, social and economic pillars) are incomplete.", "We must not only pay tribute to the great nature and be guided by us, but we must also pursue our own spirit to advance sustainable development. We must look at the cornerstones of values within humanity and look at the intent behind our actions. When we commemorate the legacy of many people that have been left to a well-established society, we should be mindful of that legacy. The history of human beings has been a year. All human beings are invited to join the course. Let us create a new schedule to create a global awareness of the natural community, drawing on the wisdom of ancient civilization and harmony with nature. As we reaffirm our commitment to sustainable development, we do not ignore the fact that we should be remembered by the latter, which we have reached a consensus on restoring the foundation of civilization and establishing harmony with the source of civilization — Mother Earth.", "Recommendations", "In accordance with the contents discussed above and the views expressed during the intergovernmental meetings and major groups consultations on issues of harmony with nature, States may wish to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) Consider making a declaration in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in June 2012, recognizing the value and resilience of large natural beings;", "(b) To further update knowledge on the basis of natural harmony, the General Assembly should continue to invite institutions, organizations, research centres, academic representatives and Nobel awards, as appropriate, to brief policymakers on the topics referred to in the present report;", "(c) Continue to demonstrate how efforts are being made to promote development for the well-being of all, subject to natural harmony and integration into the economic, social and environmental pillars.", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "[2] See http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=252&menu=46.", "[3] Grant Hardy, “Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Ttions”, The Teaching Company, 2011.", "[4] Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.", "[5] James L. Axetell Ed., The Educational Writings of John Locke: A Critical Edition with Making and Notes, Cambridge University Press, London, 1968.", "[6] Paul Walden Bamford, “French forest legislation and administration, 1660-1789”, Agricultural History, vol. 29, No.3, 1955.", "[7] Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F.R.S., The Geographical Journal, vol. 30, No. 1,1907.", "[8] Peter D. Ouspensky, Tertium Organum, Knopf, New York, 1981.", "[9] Aldo Leopold, A Sandnis Almanac, Oxford University Press, 1949.", "[10] Elisa Morgera, “A wildlife Act for the empowerment of the poor”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010.", "[11] George and Catherine Pring, Greening Justice, Creating and Improving Environmental Courts and Justice, The Access Initiative, 2009.", "[12] Donella Meadows, “Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System”, The Sustainability Institute, 1999.", "[13] Ed Diener, The Science of Well-Being, 2009.", "[14] State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability, The World Watch Institute, 2010 (http://www.worldwatch.org).", "[15] Annie Leonard, The Story of Stuff, Simon and Soliuster, New York, 2010.", "[16] State of the World 2004, Special Focus: The Consumer Society, The Worldwatch Institute, 2004 (http://www.worldwatch.org).", "[17] The world's undernourished population was 9.25 million in 2010. In 2009, as a result of the multiple crises, the number was up to 1.23 million. The surge in food prices since the second half of 2010 threatens some minor improvements achieved in 2010. See “World Food Insecurity in 2010”, FAO, Rome, 2010.", "[18] “How much is sufficient?” http://www.economist.com/node/18200702.", "[19] “Global food losses and food waste”, FAO, Rome, 2011.", "[20] See http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0127/DLM98975.html.", "[21] See http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/05/49/6736cf92.pdf.", "See http://www.ymparisto.fi.", "[23] See http://www.regjeringen.no.", "[24] See http://pdba.george Town.edu/Constitutions/ Ecuador/.", "[25] See http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(a)", "可持续发展：《21世纪议程》、《进一步 执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续 发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况", "农业技术促进发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "粮食价格回升以及有必要适应气候变化，重新引发对适合小农特别是小农妇女的农业技术的兴趣。小农生产要可持续强化，就必须向知识密集农业转移，把当地知识与最新的可持续性相关科学研究结合起来，以便采取的做法适应地方生态系统，并增强对气候变化和价格及其他冲击的抵御力。贫穷农民往往是妇女除了与市场联系不多外，通常生活在更极端的环境中。只有国家农业计划重点发生根本性变化，并进行大量投资，才能释放出小农的生产潜力，为实现千年发展目标作出贡献，并推动粮食生产满足到2050年增长70%的需要。必须用一种统筹兼顾的办法来提高农业的生产力和复原力，支持生态系统，并确保农业供应链的高效公平运作。", "一. 概览", "1. 本报告是应大会第64/197号决议编写的。该决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，说明提供负担得起的适当的可持续农业技术，特别是向小农提供这种技术，以及使农业包括对气候变化更具复原力的进展情况。", "2. 最近的危机在粮食和营养安全、[1] 满足营养需要、食物权和对小农户包括女农民投资方面产生了广泛的全球政治参与、伙伴关系和承诺。正在出现一项共识：要实现农业可持续强化、粮食和营养安全、农户复原力和千年发展目标，就必须对国家农业政策、教育、伙伴关系、市场、基础设施和机构进行重大改革。最近的一些努力提供了可借鉴和推广的良好做法。本报告概述了这个新出现的共识的要素。", "3. 本报告得益于联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和全球粮食安全高级别工作队提出的意见。", "二. 新背景，新范式", "4. 2008年粮食危机以及最近粮价回升伴随着价格较大浮动，令人质疑目前的粮食系统。在这种系统下，1990/92年度至2010年期间，营养不良人数增加了近10%。[2] 小农和家庭农户尽管是主要粮食生产者，特别是在发展中地区，却是世界穷人中的大多数，占长期营养不良者的很大比例。推动粮食生产力，特别是小农的生产力，是应对全球贫穷以及改进粮食和营养安全最有效的方式之一。对于减少贫穷，增加农业产出比其他部门增长有效两至四倍。[3] 国际粮食政策研究所发现，就抗病、高产木薯品种开发和分销、小麦防锈、玉米杂交研究等不同领域投资而言，农业研究和发展实现了50%至66%的年经济回报率。农业发展项目的回报可以在20%和147%之间。[4]", "5. 粮食生产必须在土地和水日趋稀缺、与气候变化有关的恶劣天气的情况下增加。土地退化正在影响生产力，而且产量增长跟不上人口增长的速度，尽管对高产量品种进行了大量投资。在西非各国，仅土壤压实就造成产量减少40%至90%。在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚，养分耗竭也减少生产力。与此同时，20个非洲国家已经严重缺水，还有12个国家将在今后25年面临缺水。", "6. 土地退化在贫穷和饥饿集中、气候变化不成比例地影响小农的地区更为严重，因为小农更可能依赖雨水灌溉的农业和退化土地。² 资源退化还特别影响妇女，增加她们必须用于做饭、拾柴和保护水土等职责上的时间。", "7. 由于75%至90%的主食在当地生产和消费，农业可持续强化是避免长期粮食和营养不安全地方化的唯一办法。² 因此，高级别工作队的结论是，激发小农包括女农民的全部潜力，是全球粮食和营养安全、创造体面就业和农业可持续强化的关键。粮农组织估计，给予妇女更多利用土地、生产资料和技术的机会，可以提高产量2.5%至4%，减少营养不良12-17%。²", "8. 今后，农业生产力可持续增长的道路将与绿色革命的办法大不相同。小农必须处于十分适合农业生态系统的粮食系统的中心，以提高环境和经济的复原力。调整可持续农业做法以适应农业生态系统，可以增加多样性，从而更好地预防入侵害虫和极端事件，还可以使收入多样化，同时减少粮食生产对价格浮动越来越大的矿物燃料的依赖。[5]", "9. 在发展中国家，农业——包括作物种植、牲畜饲养、养鱼和森林维护——必须经过重大改革，才能迎接上述挑战。这个新的农业范式将要求小农处于革新系统的中心，帮助塑造研究和开发及推广服务的议程，使对生产者和消费者都重要的作物、鱼类和畜产品得到适当注意。[6] 这还要求现行政策发生根本性变化。这些变化将导致加强目前分散的创新系统，重新设计教育制度，并通过与农民的创新伙伴关系，对农业发展的整个供应链和可持续资源管理进行投资。²", "赋予妇女权力", "10. 在发展中地区，大多数小农和农村企业家是妇女，她们为家庭提供食品、水和燃料，在农村经济中发挥重要作用。不过，由于获取土地、教育、技术和生产性投入等一系列资产方面的性别差距，她们的生产潜力仍有待发掘。例如，在非洲、妇女是80%的农业生产者，³ 占农业产出的一半。² 在北非和西非只有5%的土地所有者是妇女，在撒哈拉以南非洲是15%，但在非洲及东亚和东南亚，妇女占农业劳动力的40%。² 如果妇女拥有的话，也是小农场。", "11. 科学和技术为农村贫穷妇女面临的诸多挑战提供了几种经证实的解决办法，并为赋予她们经济权力提供了机会。这些解决办法包括与妇女家务和生产工作有关的省力技术，如水泵和社区供水办法、经改进的做饭技术、经改进的水、木材和庄稼运输、经改进的耕作技术以及收获后和食品加工技术。在世界大多数地区，农村妇女得到的技术服务仍然不足，最穷的妇女继续依靠传统、劳动密集型技术，或根本不用技术。由于妇女教育水平低，以及妇女获取信贷的机会较少和没有土地保有权等歧视性做法，男子从新的改进农业技术中获得的好处往往大于妇女。²", "12. 农业推广继续在技术传播上发挥关键作用。多年来，推广方法发生了很大变化，一般转向更参与式的办法，越来越多地利用新的信息技术。不过，女农民继续在接触推广服务方面面对固有偏见。在妇女占主导地位的商品和生产过程的推广服务和技术研究中，应更多考虑妇女在农业生产中的作用。妇女参与新技术评价和决策过程的参与式研究方案，可大大促进满足妇女需要的农业实践的发展。例如，由农发基金支持的国际稻米研究所的若干举措采用了一种参与式办法，让妇女为生物技术研究的品种选择和种质评价建议新标准，如味道和碾磨质量。[7] 缩小妇女的教育差距，以及增加参与科学和农业方案的妇女人数和女推广人员人数(非洲只有7%的推广人员是妇女)，也可以增加妇女对农业生产的贡献。[8]", "13. 可以通过粮农组织社会经济与性别分析方案，协助将性别观点纳入农业政策以及关于技术使用的法律法规框架的主流。该方案帮助会员国建设其分析和决策能力，以减少影响参加发展，包括获取和利用技术的两性不平等。", "三. 国家政策和战略", "14. 2008年粮食危机帮助世界再次发现，需要正确的农业发展计划来实现粮食和营养安全、经济增长和实现千年发展目标的进展。这一认识有助于扭转捐助国和发展中国家减少农业投资的长期趋势。", "15. 为应对2008年粮食危机，八国集团和五个其他捐助国在《拉奎拉粮食安全倡议》中承诺，今后三年调动220亿美元，用于支持由国家牵头的农业计划，提出统筹协调的农业及粮食和营养安全战略。作为《拉奎拉倡议》的组成部分，发起了全球农业和粮食安全方案这个由世界银行管理的基金，支持由国家牵头的农业发展战略。在非洲，该基金专门支持通过非洲农业发展综合方案进程取得进展的国家。2003年在马普托非洲国家元首首脑会议上发起的这一进程承诺，非洲各国至少将其预算的10%用于农业，并采用同行和技术审查程序，以确保发展效益。澳大利亚、加拿大、大韩民国、西班牙、美国和盖茨基金会至今认捐了相当于9.25亿美元。爱尔兰继续为全球方案的运作费用捐款。", "16. 全球农业和粮食安全方案帮助加速了国家计划的拟定。26个非洲国家根据非洲农业发展综合方案拟定了国家农业行动计划。16个国家拟定了国家投资计划，并进行了同行审查。这些国家常常得到粮农组织和联合国各区域委员会的支持。在对国家提案进行独立技术审查后，全球方案迄今向孟加拉、柬埔寨、埃塞俄比亚、海地、利比里亚、蒙古、尼泊尔、尼日尔、卢旺达、塞拉利昂、多哥和塔吉克斯坦提供了12笔赠款，共计4.81亿美元(收到认捐款5.202亿美元)。在全球方案账户获得更多认捐后，将对其他国家提案(其中有几项提案已确定可以支持)进行注资。", "17. 联合国系统为发展中国家的国家粮食和营养安全战略提供日趋协调的支持。汇集联合国大家庭22个组织、基金、方案和部门、布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织、经济合作与发展组织的高级别工作组，促进这种机构间工作的合力。《更新的综合行动框架》为工作组的工作提供投入，推动联合国各实体对粮食和营养安全问题采取一致办法，并日趋被各国政府、20国集团、发展伙伴和民间社会用于制定各自的战略。在工作组工作的基础上，国家和国际利益攸关方之间正在出现一个共识：以小农为中心的农业可持续强化以及对最弱势群体全面保护的系统，不仅对粮食和营养安全，而且对农业发展计划至关重要。农发基金发表的《2011年农村贫穷报告》、⁷ 粮农组织发表的《小农作物生产可持续强化决策者指南》、⁶ 《世界经济和社会概览》和世界经济论坛发表的《实现新的农业愿景：利益攸关方路线图》[9] 都赞成这一观点。", "18. 非洲国家元首在马普托发表的宣言的进展参差不齐。非洲联盟已经商定，在这个农业发挥主导作用的地区，农业国内生产总值(国内总产值)年度增长指标为6%。但是，据国际粮食政策研究所称，2000年至2008年期间，尽管国内总产值增长了5%，非洲区域的农业国内总产值只增长了3%。在最近关于非洲研究与开发的报告中，国际粮食政策研究所发现，尽管八个国家的农业投资很多，但其他国家如讲法语的西非国家危险地依赖动荡的外部资金来源。2008年，埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、南非、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和苏丹在非洲区域公共农业研究与开发支出(70%)和所有研究员(64%)中所占比例越来越大。", "19. 各国政府加强对农业的承诺，导致巴西、中国和印度的公共农业研究与开发上升。巴西和印度各自在公共农业研究与开发上的支出略微少于整个撒哈拉以南非洲的支出(共计170亿美元)。据国际粮食政策研究所称，中国的支出远远超过任何其他国家，2007年达43亿美元(按2005年购买力平价价格计算)。这些政府的投资产生了支持农业发展的动态的创新系统。² 有资金充足农业研究方案的上述八个非洲大国引领了非洲的农业增长。加纳、尼日利亚、苏丹、乌干达和坦桑尼亚——非洲区域增长的主要驱动力——的支出增长主要是政府大量注资的结果。巴西、印度和中国也大部分依靠本国投资。但是粮农组织发现，其他许多新兴发展中国家缩小投资差距的能力是有限的，即使包括官方发展援助。", "20. 捐助国和开发银行的投资捐助有所增加，因为作为西非和东非农业生产力方案的一部分，一些国家利用世界银行贷款发起了大规模的项目。活动重点是创新和传播经改进的农业技术来处理国家和区域的优先事项，集中注意加纳的块茎和根块作物、马里和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的稻米、塞内加尔的谷物、乌干达的木薯、埃塞俄比亚的小麦和肯尼亚的乳制品。", "21. 在非洲，马拉维总统宾古·瓦·穆塔里卡树立了整体办法和鼓舞人心的领导作用的榜样，制定了一系列处理农业和总体发展的政策措施。他本人主管农业和健康部，承诺16%的支出用于农业，发起了一个有力的评价和多方利益攸关者协商进程，旨在制定一项计划来进口改良种子和化肥，以补贴价用票券分销给小农。生产提高了一倍，但成本很高，因为票券系统泄漏，补贴目标不当，私人部门被排斥在外，以及缺乏农民培训、灌溉投资和收获后支持。在把方案组合交给主管部委以前，用这些经验教训改进了该方案。", "改进的余地", "22. 尽管取得进展，国际粮食政策研究所最近对国家、区域和全球各级农业体制发展、投资和能力的审查，提出了各国政府、捐助者和其他利益攸关方应处理的四个领域：", "(a) 农业研究与开发几十年投资不足；", "(b) 年投资额过度浮动；", "(c) 现存和即将出现的人力资源能力挑战；以及", "(d) 有必要最大限度地扩大区域和次区域农业研究与开发合作。", "23. 很少有农业计划采取一种整体对策，考虑到必要的农村基础设施、市场准入改进、推广服务和技术能力建设、政府、学术界、工商界和民间社会等多方利益攸关者之间的协调，以及有必要处理产权问题，同时在自然资源可持续管理更广泛的框架内确定这些产权，特别要处理土地和生物多样性退化以及地下水过度使用和污染的问题。² 展望未来，国家计划还必须考虑到适应和减缓气候变化，为此增加农业森林系统的碳吸收，并建设对气候冲击的复原力。没有“一刀切”办法。在过度使用化肥和杀虫剂已经使土地和水资源退化的地区，适当的政策可以包括取消化肥补贴，协助改进土壤和水的管理。另一方面，在撒哈拉以南非洲大部分地区，可能需要给营养耗竭的土壤补充养分的奖励和手段。", "24. 大多数计划仍重视供应方干预，不够注意增产的最终去向。需要一种供应链或分组办法来提高农民的生产力和收入，特别是通常远离市场和很少有机会利用信贷的小农的生产力和收入。供应链办法更好地注意农产品的最后市场，同时考虑到农业供应链的所有阶段。[10] 在农村生产者与城市消费者之间没有适当联系的情况下，城市增长无法推动广泛地消除农村贫穷。例如，在撒哈拉以南非洲，城市地区日增的粮食需求越来越多通过进口而不是国内生产来满足。收获技术、收获后技术、[11] 恶劣气候条件下的储存和冷却设施、基础设施以及包装和推销系统必须改进，才能支持向市场运送高质量食品的持续改进，从而支持发展中国家农民的收入。国家计划通常不包括促进农民、中小企业和研究中心之间给未加工原材料增值，或加强价值链和小农参与价值链并从中获利的互动活动。这些计划一般不提及有必要与私人部门合作，支持成立运作良好的农民团体或合作社，以便制订公平的聚集方案，使得小农能够获益于经济规模，并达到日趋占主导地位的超市的数量要求。如科特迪瓦和加纳的经历所示，降低出口税等财政措施也可以增加加工食品的出口。", "25. McKinsey的研究发现，许多非洲国家的计划不具体，有很多不易管理的倡议和活动以及不易衡量的指标。McKinsey建议，将投资集中于一个对一国重要的价值链，一个有能力大幅度提高生产力的“面包篮子”地区，或一个基础设施走廊。例如，巴西采取了区域办法，对瑟拉多地区大量投资，而马里则正在考虑在锡卡索地区试点面包篮子办法，以可持续的方式提高谷物生产。坦桑尼亚及莫桑比克、马拉维和赞比亚在合作采取农业发展走廊办法，把投资集中于一个大型基础设施项目(通常是私人部门采矿或其他基础设施项目)周边的储存和加工农场和设施。", "26. 要确保改良品种的高质量种子的可靠供应，便需要粮食和农业作物遗传资源管理综合国家战略。在大多数国家方案中，作物繁殖能力呈下降趋势。此外，公共或私人伙伴关系都没有把作物繁殖能力与种子部门的发展联系起来。这妨碍农民获取改良品种和高质量种子。计划必须包括务实行动和有目标的政策措施，创建作物繁殖、种子系统和养护利益攸关方之间的更大联系和协作，在全世界范围内提供适应气候的庄稼和种子。", "27. 发展中国家的农业将需要对人力、自然、有形和社会资本进行大量而持续的投资，才能可持续地强化生产。粮农组织估计，初级农业和下游部门需要年均投资总额2 090亿美元，以满足到2050年增加生产70%的需要。发展中国家本身每年需要830亿美元投资。", "28. 粮农组织最近发布的《小农生产可持续强化决策者指南》在可持续生态系统的基础上，提供一个植根于新农业范式的工具包，应帮助会员国实现上述变革。⁶ 例如，粮农组织向各国提供指导和相关工具，说明如何使用和保护持续农业生态系统的授粉服务，以及如何制定确保这些生态系统服务的可持续性的政策。粮农组织还提供指导，说明如何根据国际标准制定国家动植物卫生检疫战略，以确保作物和作物产品的安全交易及国际市场准入，并说明如何支持种子生产系统。", "29. 劳工组织通过研讨会、知识分享工具和全组织政策简报，支持各国实施2009年6月通过的全球就业契约。契约把就业和社会保护置于特殊情况财政刺激措施的中心，以期保护弱势群体，并重新启动经济中的投资和需求。在最适合各国情况的社会对话、就业和社会保护措施的基础上，国家和全球两级对契约进行了界定和实施。", "四. 支持农业研究与发展[12]", "30. 十多年来，许多主要作物的产量一直停滞不前，尽管进行了大量投资并采用了高产品种。[13] 与此同时，据粮农组织称，到2050年，发展中国家的农业生产必须增加一倍。在许多国家、粮食和营养安全及环境可持续性的双重目标除其他外，将需要更多和目标明确的研究与开发投资，以及通过适当的推广服务和更强大的多方利益攸关者伙伴关系，向小农更广泛地传播信息和提供技术支持。公共部门必须进行研究与开发投资，提供足够的奖励，以扩大与穷人有关的作物和加工研究。粮农组织指出，研究与开发目前由私人部门主导，集中于六个大公司，主要注重可盈利的发达国家市场。私人部门供资可以得到有利政策环境的协助，包括有力的知识产权立法、进口和测试新技术最低障碍以及研究支出免税。", "31. 在非洲的情况下，有八个国家增加了农业研究与开发，但其他几个国家严重资金不足。即使在研究系统发达的八个国家，研究支持每年也差异很大，特别是南非和肯尼亚。", "32. 在撒哈拉以南非洲，就投资、能力、政府机构和高等教育机构数目而言，尼日利亚的农业研究系统最大。2000-2008年期间，公共农业研究与开发增加了一倍以上(抵消先前的下降)，工资水平提升，政府招聘冻结取消。这一期间，高等教育部门在农业研究中的作用也有所增加。", "33. 在非洲，16个国家(加纳、喀麦隆、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、南非、苏丹、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和津巴布韦)建立了科学院，应有助于综合知识。不过，尽管非洲需要基础设施发展，只有南非有一个专门促进工程学的学院。区域一体化也有助于撒哈拉以南非洲各国研究中心之间的协作和信息交流。非洲农业研究论坛、东非和中非加强农业研究协会、西非和中非农业研究与开发理事会和南部非洲发展共同体粮食、农业和自然资源局都通过建立各种研究网络，在协调其成员国的农业研究活动方面取得了相当大的进展。这使国家农业研究系统可以在某些领域专业化，并证明对缺乏农业研究与开发临界质量的小国特别有益。", "34. 绿色革命和国际农业研究协商组织的经验教训是：(a) 新技术的创新与开发需要长期可靠的筹资和承诺；(b) 采用新技术需要一个有利的体制框架、大量基础设施投资、农民能力发展以及获取投入、信贷和市场的机会。²", "35. 公共研究机构还必须彻底改变目前的运作模式，才能改进对农民需要的反应能力，包括通过联合试验和学习。农发基金在试图满足这些需要，为此向国际肥料研发中心提供了一笔赠款，以微调并推广创新办法，在西非制订针对地点的综合土壤肥力管理办法，开发适当的肥料(包括有机肥料)，建立便利资源少的农民获取肥料的机制，更多采用土壤管理备选办法，实行可取的体制、行为和政策变革。", "36. 妇女参与农业研究和推广服务，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲，将对确保满足她们的特殊需要至关重要。国际粮食政策研究所报告说，在一些国家如博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克和南非，农业研究和高等教育中女性专业人员的比例较大(32、35和41%)，其他国家的比例则很低，如埃塞俄比亚的6%、多哥的9%、尼日尔的10%和布基那法索的12%。²", "国际农业研究协商组织", "37. 农研协商组织收到的预算拨款从1970年的1 500万美元增至1990年的3.05亿美元，2010年达到6亿美元。基于农研协商组织的一组研究，该组织的研究成本效益比例估计为1.9至17.3。[14] 这个支持绿色革命的机构正在经历重大改革。2010年产生了一个基于成果制管理办法的新架构，促进以不断学习和问责制为中心的战略规划、管理和交流。为农研协商组织各研究方案的设计提供投入的新系统级成果是：(a) 减少农村贫穷；(b) 改善粮食安全；(c) 改善营养和健康；(d) 自然资源可持续管理。优先事项日趋是满足地方需求(包括应用和运作研究)，证实并传播实地经验和良好做法，建设国家机构的能力。", "38. 2010年，农发基金批准向由农研协商组织牵头的15个方案(现在扩大到全球农业研究论坛)提供1 360万美元赠款，促进全世界范围的协作研究伙伴关系。通过信息交流及创新政策与方案评估，农发基金与农研协商组织各中心结成伙伴关系，支持改进获取生产性资产和高价值商品市场的努力。例如，农发基金与生物多样性国际组织合作，提高被忽视和利用不足品种的能见度，或支持向印度、秘鲁、多民族玻利维亚国和也门的农村贫困社区提供改良种子。", "联合国系统", "39. 粮农组织协助60个国家的能力建设技术援助项目。这些项目对农业创新系统现状进行评估；加强研究、推广、教育、信息和通信机构和服务的能力；为加强传统知识产生与科学知识产生之间的联系提供方法和工具；发展管理和政策机制，以加强农业创新系统，并使之更可持续。", "40. 粮农组织牵头的一些加强农业研究与创新产出传播的举措，包括(a) 农业研究促进发展信息一致性倡议。该倡议提供一个良好政策和做法框架，由一系列公开工具和服务提供支持，使各组织可真正开放公共域产出。目前有100多个主要研究组织和大学给予支持；(b) 全球农业研究文献在线获取方案。该方案向107个低收入国家的2 500个注册机构提供2 700篇网上发表的科学文章的免费或极低费用查询；(c) 虚拟推广和研究通信网的概念模式。该概念促进互联网技术和通信的利用，以增加农业政策、研究和推广机构与其他主要利益攸关方之间的联系。", "结合地方知识", "41. 支持知识密集农业的一个有趣趋势，是认识到分散的大学作为区域知识转让中介的作用。把知识分散到各种地方机构，将是地方知识与新知识相结合，使后者适应地方生态系统和气候变化的关键。例如，加纳政府在1992年建立了多校园发展问题研究大学，目的是利用来自该区域的资源，让高等教育与加纳北部农村社区相关。教学方法强调应用于当地贫困问题的互动式学习，注重实践、以社区为基础、解决问题、对性别问题有敏感认识。[15] 预期学生会理解地方知识的重要性，并在农村生活和工作期间，设法通过参与式学习与评价的实地方案，把地方知识与科学结合起来。¹⁵ 这所大学的大多数毕业生目前在农村社区工作。乌干达发展了类似的以社区为基础的农业教育。", "42. 粮农组织支持结合地方知识，为联合国各机构与其他利益攸关方之间交流知识提供连接并建立沟通渠道。粮农组织还向各国提供咨询和技术援助，以便为特定受众查明沟通需求，并实施创新、具有成本效益的沟通战略。粮农组织支持的通信促进发展原则，是确保公众与机构之间有效分享知识的任何发展倡议的一个重要组成部分。教科文组织还在世界各地(古巴和摩洛哥等等)的数个选定生物圈保护项目推动传统知识的使用，为各国政府提供经验教训。", "土地和水", "43. 农业与土地密切相连。关于粮食、土地、水和能源安全之间的关系，环境和气候变化对于农业部门能够满足日增的主要作物需求，并其在环境、社会和经济上可持续至关重要。农业与水也密切相连。在全世界，农业消费所有淡水汲取量的70%。淡水是一种日趋稀缺的资源。农业水生产率必须大幅提高，才能提高产量并应对气候变化。适应工作必须现在开始，以避免建造使农业用户今后多年固守不可持续做法的基础设施。综合土地和水资源管理、水资源有效利用和废水安全再利用将对适应和减缓气候变化都很重要。非洲雨水灌溉系统的例子包括提高苗床积水，锁眼花园利用废水。改进的灌溉系统包括小喷水器和滴灌系统、准确时间的作物浇水以及比传统系统用水少的强化水稻系统。改进的水收集和保留也对增产极为重要。例如，在哥斯达黎加、墨西哥和尼加拉瓜，一个利用土坝收集雨水到旱季灌溉的试点项目将水稻产量提高了一倍。¹³", "五. 支持技术转让和推广服务", "44. 技术转让和推广服务必须经过根本性改革并获得支持，才能迎接粮食和营养安全、减少贫穷和环境可持续性的挑战。数十年的投资不足之后，许多发展中国家的农业创新系统薄弱、碎片化、与农民、民间社会组织和私人部门联系不多。不过，农业推广人员仍是向小农传递知识、信息和培训的一个重要工具，但条件是他们本身接受过适当培训，有清楚的任务和适当的报酬。", "45. 成功采用可持续做法的共同之处：", "(a) 农民可以获取与其相关的技术知识，可以直接参与让知识、技术和管理做法适应当地情况的学习与创新；", "(b) 各种行为体，包括各国政府、非政府组织、私人公司和多边组织积极参与推广创新，传播知识，建立农民的能力，培植信任，减少新技术和农业做法的风险；", "(c) 调整主管农业研究与开发的机构，吸引农民采用新做法，重新界定妇女的作用，建立更密切互动的网络；[16]", "(d) 农民可以克服在采用新技术和农业做法中面对的制约的有利环境。²", "46. 多方利益攸关者的若干有效协作成功设计和部署了创新，产生了广泛影响，包括农民田间学校和水稻强化系统等等。²", "47. 在87个国家开办农民田间学校的经验表明，在正规和非正规研究机构的参与下，创新和灵活的自然资源管理可以通过农民对农民学习来推进。这些学校是一种参与式办法，让小农试验技术备选办法，加以调整，使之适应当地条件和生态。印度尼西亚政府、美国国际发展署和粮农组织之间的一个伙伴关系将农民田间学校从印度尼西亚和菲律宾推广到孟加拉、柬埔寨、中国、印度、老挝人民共和国、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和越南，并扩大了课程内容，以包括各种管理技能。不过，要确保农民田间学校成为有效的知识传播工具，就必须进行科学评价。有人发现，农民田间学校不容易推广，对农业强化可持续性的影响有争议。[17]", "48. 利用移动电话、录像和电台进行在职培训和远程教育，也证明是有效的，日益补充推广服务。粮农组织协助电子农业全球实践社区。该社区是在信息社会世界首脑会议之后，为促进更有效地利用信息和通信技术(信通技术)而成立的。来自160多个国家的7 000多名信息和通信技术专家、研究员、农村机构人员、农民、决策者和工商界人士分享利用信通技术的最佳做法和信息，促进可持续农业与农村发展。", "49. 移动电话目前提供一种负担得起和可获取的通信和支持手段，给农业社区带来创新，以创造经济机会并加强社会网络。粮农组织实施地方创新和通信计划，改进了咨询服务的提供、地方知识的利用和农民参与决策，并强化了研究、推广与农民之间的联系。一直特别强调促进农业自然资源可持续管理。农民和社区已经利用移动电话从事电子银行交易，收取实时天气、价格和其他信息。粮农组织利用移动电话来监测传染性病虫害的发生和蔓延、政府杀虫剂库存的利用和处置、水源地点和区域价格变化。", "50. 同行采用更好管理的录像，证明对非洲妇女十分有效，比培训班更有效。¹⁵ 例如，在贝宁用录像向妇女介绍经改进的稻米加工技术。像Radio Guinée Maritime电台所做的那样，这种做法可以通过电台节目加强。这些低成本技术没有在农民对农民的分享知识酝酿革新中充分利用。", "51. 水稻强化系统是在正规研究机构之外，主要由非政府组织和农民通过不断学习和改造发展的。该系统实施简单的管理改革，在非水田里手插秧苗，秧距较大、更广泛地利用有机肥料和综合害虫治理。该系统在40个国家试验成功，增产50%，同时减少水使用和投入成本，从而增加收入。柬埔寨、中国、印度、印度尼西亚和越南政府已经批准水稻强化系统，并将其纳入国家粮食安全战略。", "52. 还必须在农村地区快速扩大高质量教育，包括成人和妇女识字和培训，才能确保农民有能力创新，相互学习，并适应农业生态和市场条件的变化。", "53. 为了提供一个农业咨询服务部门交流经验的平台，粮农组织已支持成立了新的农村咨询服务全球论坛。该论坛有34个区域和国家分支进行协商，以编制一项五年业务计划和一个农村咨询服务系统评价指导包，并为提高这些服务与方案的功效制定循证办法与政策。", "54. 粮农组织还通过TECA刺激应用研究人员与实地推广人员分享知识。TECA是一个信息系统，为小农及具体地域或专题的网上交流小组提供一个分享应用技术和实践知识的互联网平台。这个新平台已通过农村用户的测试和审评，只列入清楚说明的适合农村用户需要的技术和做法(300种技术和做法)。该平台月匀访问页数约为10 000页，提高认识活动在进行中。这些单元可以分散到会员国，已分散到多民族玻利维亚国。", "55. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会的亚洲和太平洋农业工程和机械中心通过在缅甸试点使用收获和收获后技术，在朝鲜人民民主共和国、斐济和菲律宾试点使用高产水稻种植和种子生产技术，为在该区域测试和宣传安全和可持续的机械制定了一个制度化程序(见E/ESCAP/67/6)。", "六. 市场和融资服务", "市场服务", "56. 私人部门通过各种机制在加速农业创新方面发挥日趋重要的作用，但是小农被排斥的风险很高。在拉丁美洲和加勒比，大型连锁超市控制食品市场的40-50%，在中国约为10%，在南非30%，在印度尼西亚50%。这要求小农有能力达到严格的质量标准，并通过合作社和协会聚集产品达到商业化所需的规模。", "57. 三个因素对防止小农被排斥在发展中国家采购中日趋占主导地位的超市供应链之外至关重要：(a) 集中注意有预先确定市场的产品；(b) 有商业基础的私人和(或)公共组织催化剂式的参与；(c) 农民成立可持续小组。还必须防止食品市场中的垄断做法。[18] 更好地获取信息、信贷和风险保险还会使小农能够更好地与私人部门结成互利伙伴关系。²", "58. 此外，近年来道德和环境认证程序的兴起，为创造价值链连接小农与大出口市场开辟了新机会。香蕉、咖啡和可可的自愿标准和认证方案涉及到广泛的问题，包括环境保护、劳工权利、工作场所安全与健康、社会平等与当地社区的福利，同时对农民提供价格溢价，改进市场准入和稳定。", "59. 尽管如此，粮农组织指出，旨在粮食安全、质量、可跟踪性和良好农业做法的标准——主要是大市场中大公司制定的标准——往往不能确保价格溢价，可能会还损害小种植者，因为达到标准的费用很高。针对标准泛滥问题，非盈利的自愿联合会可持续性评估委员会制定了一个严格的评估工具，目前正在编制关于任何可持续性做法的社会、经济和环境影响的科学资料，包括五年成本效益。该工具获得了发展机构和大公司的广泛政治接受，因为这是一个多方利益攸关方协商进程。该委员会正在扩大数据收集，以纳入咖啡、茶叶、棉花、生物燃料作物和水果，并将为几十个国家提供农业可持续性信息。迄今5 000多个数据组的数据是通过加强发展中国家主要地方组织按照标准方法收集数据的能力收集的，向公众提供了最先进的影响评估。", "60. 粮农组织还制定了一项工作方案，在以下方面提供咨询：(a) 改变政府与私人部门的交往，以反映多样性和市场变化；(b) 为国家农业综合企业发展创造有利环境；(c) 体制强化和服务部门发展，为可持续和包容各方的商业发展而支持农业价值链方案。", "为投资和创新筹资", "61. 公共资助研究应始终明确重视粮食和营养安全的战略优先事项，包括提高主要作物的产量和抵抗力，改进作物营养价值，便利自然资源可持续利用和(或)减少外部化学投入的使用，并增强对市场条件和气候变化的复原力和适应力。在面临长期粮食和营养不安全的地区，农业投资也是年复一年建设复原力和减少人道主义援助需要的一个具有成本效益的方式。", "62. 各国政府和捐助者正在增加农业投资，但需要更多投资来满足越来越大的粮食需求。非洲国家元首在马普托发表的宣言必须加快取得进展，落实利拉奎承诺将是一个重要的前进步伐。不过，在经济和金融危机的情况下，公共部门对农业和农村发展的捐助十分不同，许多国家的捐助不多或在下降。", "63. 据估计，农业私人部门投资，包括外国直接投资将需要总体增加近50%，才能满足日增需求(从每年约1 420亿美元)。但是，有证据表明，目前的投资常常是在以下情况下进行的：与地方社区协商不力，投资条件不透明，处理与自然资源开采、大规模购置土地和农村社区丧失生计有关的冤情的机制差或不存在。粮农组织指出，越来越多证据表明，纳入小农的备选模式，如承包耕作、种植者外办法和与农民组织合资经营，比在发展中国家为建造超大农场而大规模购置土地的模式更有利于可持续经济发展。传统的公私伙伴关系在指导创新工作实现可持续发展目标上也不是很成功。² 为了便利负责任的和促进可持续发展的私人投资，应20国集团的要求，粮农组织、农发基金、贸发会议和世界银行制订了尊重权利、生计和资源的负责任农业投资原则。20国集团提议，这些组织试行第一阶段协商产生的七项原则，并把经验教训作为第二阶段协商进程的投入。", "64. 需要综合并融合每个国家都可以接受的所有筹资来源的办法。", "65. 虽然仍需在农业中试验，但生产疫苗的预先市场承诺机制，即捐助者以预先确定的价格作出预先大批采购的承诺，可以为可持续农业强化提供重大的技术革新经验教训。", "66. 另一个让私人部门参与创新发机制是在竞争基础上授予的成果业绩合同，例如用于开发水压耐力较高、对肥料反应较大的改良种子或作物品种。这可能是刺激私人研究的一种手段。", "67. 世界经济论坛的工业伙伴通过非洲和亚洲协商，对拟定新农业愿景作出了贡献。新愿景的路线图是2011年1月在瑞士达沃斯论坛年会上发布的。路线图的重点是以农民为中心的公共部门、私人部门和民间社会之间的伙伴关系，以加速可持续农业增长。", "68. 由非洲联盟、非洲发展新伙伴关系和各国政府联合实施，这些伙伴关系致力于小农农业可持续强化以及商业界(包括农民组织)、民间社会组织和各国政府参与的价值链的更好运作。", "69. 还必须从一系列实施中的试点气候基金学习，特别是在为大小规模负责任的私人部门投资创造有利环境方面，包括与慈善组织和基金会建立伙伴关系。把正确的农业实践纳入融资机制，如降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放(REDD＋)，可以帮助为可持续强化筹措资金。农业产生全球人类温室气体排放总量的10%至12%，对气候变化影响很大。通过在土壤里或地面生物物质中储存碳，或减少一氧化二氮或甲烷排放量，可持续农业做法可以大幅减少排放量。另一个探讨中的供资来源是利用2009年在联合国气候变化会议上通过的《哥本哈根协定》提供的资金，作为减缓(包括REDD)、适应、技术开发与转让、能力建设和长期支持的强化行动的快速启动筹资，目的是在2020年以前每年调动1 000亿美元。", "70. 粮农组织和感兴趣的20国集团成员国正在努力建立一个平台，促进发展中国家的热带农业能力建设。该平台将以一个虚拟、灵活和有效的结构汇集来自20国集团国家和最不发达国家的机构，在发展中国家产生和应用农业知识。该平台要利用良好培训做法来支持国家行为体的不断学习和掌控，在全球协调发展个人能力的工作。", "七. 前进方式", "71. 可持续强化耕种和可持续农业将在国际议程上保持很高的地位，因为粮食生产必须在今后38年增加70%，投资必须每年增加2 090亿美元。2012年的联合国可持续发展会议将提供一次重要机会，推动发起伙伴关系，从而带来农业革新、农业技术转让与改造和支持这些创新的创新性金融机制。农业可持续强化对于会议两主题之一，即可持续发展和消除贫穷情况下的绿色经济至关重要。", "72. 各国必须在改革农业部门方面作出重大努力，在区域和国际机构的支持下，把可持续农业和支持小农包括女农民纳入国家政策和战略。为有效适应气候变化和自然资源稀缺，必须对发展和传播农业技术作出更大努力和投入更多资源。农业还有潜力通过土壤、水、作物和生态系统管理的低费用改进，把减少温室气体技术与改善贫穷农民的生计结合起来。", "73. 在减少发展中国家收获后废物方面的投资与合作，会在处理粮食和营养安全及贫穷问题同时节约宝贵的自然资源中发挥很大作用。达到认证标准的其他基础设施和能力建设投资，会有助于增加小农进入国家和国际市场的机会。", "74. 必须明确应对妇女在支持农业的主要教育、研究和推广服务方面的欠缺。性别分析和有目标的举措必须纳入农业教育、研究和推广服务，同时承认妇女在农业劳动力中作为主要粮食生产者以及在家庭中作为照料者的作用。妇女应被视为显眼的行为者，以平等地位参与拟定旨在促进粮食和营养安全的任何干预。", "[1] 粮食和营养安全系指人人随时都能从物质、社会和经济途径获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物，满足饮食需要和口味，以便能过上积极健康的生活。", "[2] 《2011年世界经济和社会概览：大绿色技术变革》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.1)。", "[3] Calestous Juma, The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa，(Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2011)。", "[4] Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads, African Agriculture R&D in the New Millennium: Progress for some, Challenges for many(Washington, D.C.，IFPRI and Rome, Italy， Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators,2011).", "[5] 食物权问题特别报告员的报告(见A/65/281)。", "[6] 粮农组织，《小农作物生产可持续强化决策者指南》，(意大利罗马，2011年)。可查询www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/index_en.html。", "[7] 农发基金，《2011年农村贫穷报告》(罗马，农发基金，2010年)。可查询http://www.ifad.org/ rpr2011/report/e/overview.pdf。", "[8] 见妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议的报告(E/2011/27-E/CN.6/2011/12)。", "[9] 世界经济论坛，《实现新的农业愿景：利益攸关方路线图》(日内瓦，2010年)，与McKinsey和公司合作编写。", "[10] Sunil Sanghui, Rupert Simons and Roberto Uchoa, “Four lessons for transforming African agriculture: to succeed, African countries must narrow their focus and target high-impact projects”, McKinsey Quarterly, April 2011.", "[11] 粮农组织(2011年)估计，全球约有三分之一的为人类消费生产食品丧失或浪费。", "[12] 第四节中的大部分资料来自国际粮食政策研究所的农业科学和技术指标。这些指标用于跟踪国家、区域和全球各级农业的体制发展、投资和能力。", "[13] 《2010年国际热带农业中心年度报告：从新世界到全世界》(哥伦比亚卡利，国际热带农业中心，2011年)。", "[14] David Raitzer and Timothy Kelley, “Benefit−cost meta-analysis of investment in the international research centers of the CGIAR”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 96, Nos. 1-3 (March 2008).", "[15] Juma. The New Harvest.", "[16] 农发基金，《2011年农村贫穷报告》。", "[17] Kristin Davis, “Farmer field schools: a boom or bust for extension in Africa?”Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, vol. 13, No. 1 (Spring 2006).", "[18] Ellen McCullough,Prabhu Pingali and Kostas Stamoulis, eds., The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, (FAO and Earthscan, 2008)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development", "Agricultural technology for development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Interest in agricultural technologies adapted to smallholders, in particular smallholders who are women, has been revived by the return of high food prices and the need to adapt to climate change. Sustainable intensification of smallholder production will require a shift to knowledge-intensive agriculture that combines local knowledge with the latest scientific research related to sustainability, so as to adapt practices to local ecosystems and increase resilience to climate change and price and other shocks. Poor farmers, often women, usually live in more extreme environments in addition to being less connected to markets. A radical change in the focus of national agricultural plans and substantial investment are needed to unleash the production potential of smallholders, contributing to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and boosting food production to meet the 70 per cent increase needed by 2050. A holistic approach is needed to raise productivity and the resilience of agriculture and supporting ecosystems, and to ensure the efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.", "I. Overview", "1. The present report has been prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 64/197 requesting the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on progress in making appropriate sustainable agricultural technologies available and affordable, especially to smallholder farmers, and making agriculture more resilient, including to climate change.", "2. Recent crises have generated wider global political engagement, partnerships and commitments to food and nutrition security,[1] meeting nutritional needs, the right to food and investment in small-scale farmers, including women farmers. A consensus is emerging that achieving sustainable intensification of agriculture, food and nutrition security, farmer resilience and the Millennium Development Goals will require major changes to national agricultural policies, education, partnerships, markets, infrastructure and institutions. Several recent endeavours offer good practices that could be replicated and scaled up. The present report outlines elements of this emerging consensus.", "3. The report benefited from inputs from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the High-level Task Force on Global Food Security.", "II. New context, new paradigm", "4. The 2008 food crisis and the recent return of high food prices accompanied by greater price volatility have called into question the current food system, under which the number of undernourished people has increased by almost 10 per cent between 1990/92 and 2010.[2] Smallholder and family farmers, despite being the major producers of food, especially in developing regions, are the majority of the world’s poor people and a very large proportion of the chronically undernourished. Boosting agricultural productivity, in particular of smallholders, is one of the most effective ways of addressing global poverty and improving food and nutrition security. Increasing output in agriculture is two to four times more effective in reducing poverty than increases in other sectors.[3] The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) finds that agricultural research and development has achieved annual economic rates of return of 50 to 66 per cent for investment in areas as varied as the development and release of disease-resistant, high-yielding cassava varieties, wheat rust resistance and hybrid maize research. Returns to agricultural development projects can yield between 20 and 147 per cent.[4]", "5. Food production must increase in the context of growing scarcity of land and water and severe weather related to climate change. Land degradation is affecting productivity, and yield growth — despite large investments in yield-enhancing varieties — is not keeping up with population growth. Soil compaction alone has caused reductions in yields of between 40 to 90 per cent in western African countries, and nutrient depletion also reduces productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Meanwhile, 20 African countries are already experiencing severe water scarcity and another 12 will face water scarcity over the next 25 years.", "6. Land degradation is worse in areas where poverty and hunger are concentrated and climate change disproportionably affects smallholders because they are more likely to depend on rain-fed agriculture and degraded land.² Resource degradation also specifically affects women, increasing the time they must spend on responsibilities such as food production, fuelwood collection and soil and water conservation.", "7. Sustainable intensification of agriculture is the only way to avoid localized chronic food and nutrition insecurity when between 75 and 90 per cent of staple foods are produced and consumed locally.² The High-level Task Force has concluded that unleashing the full potential of smallholders, including that of women farmers, is thus key to global food and nutrition security, creation of decent work and sustainable intensification of agriculture. FAO estimates that giving women better access to land, inputs and technology could increase yields by 2.5 to 4 per cent and reduce undernourishment by 12 to 17 per cent.²", "8. In the future, the path to sustainable growth in agricultural productivity will differ considerably from the green revolution approach. Smallholders must be at the centre of food systems that are well adapted to agroecosystems so as to increase both environmental and economic resilience. Tailoring sustainable agricultural practices to agroecosystems allows for higher diversity and thus greater protection against invasive pests and extreme events. It also permits diversification of income while reducing food production’s reliance on fossil fuels with their increasingly volatile prices.[5]", "9. Agriculture — which includes growing crops, rearing livestock, producing fish and maintaining forests — in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation to meet the challenges described above. This new paradigm for agriculture will require that smallholders are at the centre of innovation systems, helping to shape the agenda for research and development and extension services so that the crops, fish and livestock products that matter to them as producers and consumers receive adequate attention.[6] It also requires radical changes in existing policies, changes that would result in a strengthening of currently fragmented systems of innovation, a redesign of the education system and investment in agricultural development throughout the supply chain and in sustainable resource management through innovative partnerships with farmers.²", "Empowerment of women", "10. The majority of smallholder farmers and rural entrepreneurs in developing regions are women and they play a vital role in rural economies by providing their families with food, water and fuel. Their productive potential remains untapped, however, owing to gender gaps in access to a range of assets such as land, education, technology and productive inputs. In Africa, for instance, women represent 80 per cent of agricultural producers³ and account for half the agricultural output.² Only 5 per cent of landholders in North and West Africa and 15 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa are women, while women represent 40 per cent of the agricultural work force in Africa and in East and South-East Asia.² When they own, women own smaller farms.", "11. Science and technology offer several proven solutions to many challenges faced by rural women living in poverty, and they provide opportunities for their economic empowerment. These solutions include labour-saving technologies related to women’s domestic and productive work, such as water pumps, community water schemes, improved cooking technologies, improved transport of water, wood and crops, improved cultivation techniques, and post-harvest and food processing technologies. Rural women in most parts of the world continue to be underserved by technologies and the poorest women continue to rely on traditional, labour-intensive technologies or use no technologies at all. Because of women’s lower education levels and discriminatory practices, such as lesser access to credit and lack of land tenure for women, men benefit from new and improved agricultural technologies more often than women.²", "12. Agricultural extension continues to play a key role in disseminating technology. Extension methods have changed greatly over the years, generally moving towards more participatory approaches and increasingly making use of new information technologies. However, women farmers continue to face an inherent bias in gaining exposure to extension services and the role of women in agricultural production needs to be taken much more into account in extension services and in technological research on commodities and production processes that are dominated by women. Participatory research programmes involving women in the evaluation of new technologies and in the decision-making process can greatly contribute to the development of agricultural practices that respond to women’s needs. For example, several initiatives of the International Rice Research Institute supported by IFAD applied a participatory approach by which women suggested new criteria, such as taste and milling qualities, for variety selection and germ-plasm evaluation for biotechnology research.[7] Reducing the education gap for women and increasing the number of women in scientific and agricultural programmes and of women extension agents (only 7 per cent of extension agents in Africa are women) could also increase the contribution of women to agricultural production.[8]", "13. Mainstreaming gender into agricultural policies and the legal and regulatory frameworks that govern the use of technologies can be facilitated through the FAO Socio-economic and Gender Analysis Programme, which helps Member States to build their analytical and policymaking capacities in reducing gender inequalities that affect participation in development, including access to and use of technologies.", "III. National policies and strategies", "14. The 2008 food crisis has helped the world to rediscover the need for sound agricultural development plans to achieve food and nutrition security, economic growth and progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. This realization helped to reverse a long trend towards disinvestment in agriculture, both by donors and by developing countries.", "15. In response to the 2008 food crisis, the Group of Eight and five other donors committed in the L’Aquila Joint Statement on Global Food Security to mobilize $22 billion over three years in support of country-led plans for agriculture, with a coordinated, comprehensive strategy for agriculture and food and nutrition security. As part of the L’Aquila initiative, the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme, a fund administered by the World Bank, was launched to support country-led agricultural development strategies. In Africa, the fund specifically supports countries that have advanced through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme process. That process, launched at a summit of African heads of State in Maputo in 2003, commits African Governments to spend at least 10 per cent of their budgets on agriculture and includes a peer and technical review process to ensure development effectiveness. The equivalent of $925 million has been pledged so far by Australia, Canada, the Republic of Korea, Spain, the United States of America and the Gates Foundation. Ireland has contributed to the operating costs of the Global Programme.", "16. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme has helped to speed up the development of national plans. Twenty six African countries have completed their national plans of action on agriculture under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme and 16 have prepared and peer reviewed their national investment plans, often with the support of FAO and the United Nations regional commissions. Following independent technical review of national proposals, the Global Programme has to date awarded 12 grants, to Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Liberia, Mongolia, Nepal, the Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Togo and Tajikistan, that together amount to $481 million (out of $520.2 million received against commitments). Other country proposals, several of which have already been identified as ready for support, will be funded once additional funding is committed to the Global Program account.", "17. The United Nations system provides increasingly coordinated support to national strategies for food and nutrition security in developing countries. The High-level Task Force, which brings together 22 organizations, funds, programmes and departments within the United Nations family, the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, promotes synergy in this inter-agency work. The work of the Task Force is informed by its Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, which has promoted alignment of the approaches adopted by the various United Nations entities towards food and nutrition security issues and is now increasingly being used by Governments, the Group of Twenty (G20), development partners and civil society to plan their own strategies. Drawing on the work of the Task Force, there is an emerging consensus among national and international stakeholders that sustainable intensification of agriculture, with smallholders at the centre and systematic protection systems for the most vulnerable, are central both to food and nutrition security and agricultural development plans. This is echoed in the Rural Poverty Report 2011 published by IFAD,⁷ the Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production,⁶ published by FAO, the World Economic and Social Survey and Realizing a New Vision for Agriculture: a roadmap for stakeholders, published by the World Economic Forum.[9]", "18. Progress on the declaration made in Maputo by African Heads of State is variable. The African Union has agreed to a yearly 6 per cent growth target for agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) where agriculture plays a dominant role but, despite 5 per cent growth in GDP, according to IFPRI agricultural GDP in the region grew by only 3 per cent between 2000 and 2008. In a recent report on research and development in Africa, IFPRI finds that, despite significant agricultural investment in eight countries, others, such as the countries of francophone West Africa, are dangerously dependent on volatile external funding sources. Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and the Sudan accounted for an increasing share of regional public agricultural research and development spending (70 per cent) and all researchers (64 per cent) in 2008.", "19. Renewed Government commitment to agriculture has resulted in a rise in public agricultural research and development in Brazil, China and India. Brazil and India each spent slightly less on public agricultural research and development than sub-Saharan Africa as a whole (totalling $1.7 billion). China’s spending far exceeds any other country, amounting in 2007 to $4.3 billion (in 2005 purchasing power parity prices) according to IFPRI. Investment by these Governments has led to dynamic innovation systems in support of agricultural development.² The eight large African countries listed above, with well-funded agricultural research programmes, have led agricultural growth in the region. Growth in spending in Ghana, Nigeria, the Sudan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania — the main drivers of regional growth — was largely the result of significant injections of Government funding. Brazil, India and China are also mostly relying on their own investment, but FAO has found that many other emerging and developing countries have a limited ability to fill the investment gap, even if official development assistance is included.", "20. The contribution of investment by donors and development banks has increased as a result of the launch of sizable projects funded through World Bank loans in a number of countries as part of the West and East Africa Agricultural Productivity Programmes. Activities focus on generating and disseminating improved agricultural technologies that address both national and regional priorities, focusing on roots and tubers in Ghana, rice in Mali and the United Republic of Tanzania, cereals in Senegal, cassava in Uganda, wheat in Ethiopia and dairy products in Kenya.", "21. In Africa, Malawi offers an example of a holistic approach and inspirational leadership by the President, Bingu wa Mutharika, who put in place a series of policy measures to address agricultural and overall development. He took charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Nutrition himself, committing 16 per cent of spending to agriculture and initiating a rigorous process of assessment and multi-stakeholder consultation aimed at developing a plan for importing improved seeds and fertilizers for distribution to smallholders at subsidized prices through coupons. Production doubled, but costs were high because of leakages in the coupon system, poor targeting of subsidies, the exclusion of the private sector and lack of farmer training, investment in irrigation and post-harvest support. These lessons were used to improve the programme before returning the portfolio to the line ministry.", "Room for improvement", "22. Despite progress, a recent review by IFPRI of agricultural institutional developments, investment and capacity at the national, regional and global levels offers four areas to be addressed by Governments, donors and other stakeholders:", "(a) Decades of underinvestment in agricultural research and development;", "(b) Excessive volatility in yearly investment levels;", "(c) Existing and imminent challenges in human resource capacity;", "(d) The need to maximize regional and subregional cooperation in agricultural research and development.", "23. Few agricultural plans take a holistic approach that takes into account the required rural infrastructure, improvement in market access, provision of extension services and technological capacity-building, coordination among multiple stakeholders in the Government, academia, business and civil society, and the need to address property rights, while setting these within a wider framework of sustainable management of natural resources, especially to address land and biodiversity degradation and overuse and contamination of water tables.² Going forward, national plans will also have to take into account adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, by increasing carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems and building resilience to climate shocks. No blanket approach will do. In areas where overuse of fertilizers and pesticides has degraded land and water resources, appropriate policies may include removing fertilizer subsidies and facilitating improved soil and water management. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, by contrast, incentives and means to increase the addition of nutrients to nutrient depleted soils may be needed.", "24. Most plans still focus on supply-side interventions, and do not pay enough attention to where the increased production will ultimately go. A supply-chain or cluster approach is needed to increase productivity and the income of farmers, especially smallholders, who are mostly remote from markets and have little access to credit. A supply-chain approach pays better attention to the final market for agricultural goods, taking into account all stages of the agricultural supply chain.[10] Without proper linkages between rural producers and urban consumers, urban growth cannot spur widespread eradication of rural poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa for instance, growing demand for food in urban areas is increasingly met by imports rather than by domestic production. Improvements in harvesting techniques, post-harvest technologies,[11] storage and cooling facilities in difficult climatic conditions, infrastructure, and packaging and marketing systems are also needed to be able to support sustained improvements in the delivery of quality food produce to market, and hence in farmers’ incomes, in developing countries. For the most part, national plans do not include activities to foster interactions among farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises and research centres, which can add value to unprocessed raw material, or to strengthen value chains and the participation therein and benefit therefrom for small farmers. The plans typically do not address the need to work with the private sector and support the creation of well-functioning farmers’ groups or cooperatives to promote development of equitable aggregation programmes that allow smallholders to reap the benefits of economies of scale and meet the volume requirements of the increasingly dominant supermarkets. Fiscal policies such as reducing export taxes can also increase exports of processed food, as experienced by Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana.", "25. Research by McKinsey finds that the plans of many African countries lack specificity, having a large number of initiatives and activities that are not easily managed and targets that are not easily measured. McKinsey recommends concentrating investment on a value chain of importance to the country, a “breadbasket” region positioned for large productivity increases, or an infrastructure corridor. For instance Brazil took the regional approach by investing heavily in the Cerrado region, while Mali is considering a pilot breadbasket approach in the Sikasso region to raise cereal production in a sustainable way. The United Republic of Tanzania, and Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia working together, are taking an agricultural development corridor approach, concentrating investment in farms and facilities for storage and processing around a major infrastructure project (usually a private sector mining or other infrastructure project).", "26. Ensuring that there is a reliable supply of quality seed of adapted varieties requires integrated national strategies for the management of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Plant breeding capacities are in decline in most national programmes and furthermore are not linked to development of the seed sector, either by public or private partnerships. This impedes farmers from accessing improved varieties and high quality seeds. Plans need to include practical actions and targeted policy measures that create greater linkage and collaboration between plant breeding, seed systems and conservation stakeholders to make available climate-ready crops and seeds worldwide.", "27. Agriculture in developing countries will need substantial and sustained investment in human, natural, physical and social capital to intensify production sustainably. FAO estimates that average annual gross investment of $209 billion is needed in primary agriculture and in downstream sectors to meet the needed 70 per cent increase in production by 2050. Investment of $83 billion annually is needed in developing countries alone.", "28. The recently released FAO Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production provides a toolkit rooted in a new paradigm of agriculture based on sustainable ecosystems, which should help Member States to achieve the above changes.⁶ For instance, FAO provides guidance and relevant tools to countries on how to use and conserve the pollination services that sustain agroecosystems, and to formulate policies that will ensure sustainability of these ecosystem services. It also provides guidance on developing national phytosanitary strategies based on international standards to ensure the safe trade of plants and plant products and secure access to international markets, and on support for seed production systems.", "29. ILO supports countries to implement the Global Jobs Pact, adopted in June 2009, through seminars, knowledge-sharing tools and office-wide policy briefs. The Pact places employment and social protection at the centre of extraordinary fiscal stimulus measures, with the view that this will protect the vulnerable and reactivate investment and demand in the economy. The Pact is defined and implemented at the national and global levels, based on social dialogue, employment and social protection measures best adapted to each national situation.", "IV. Supporting agricultural research and development[12]", "30. The yields of many staple foods have been stagnating for more than a decade now, despite huge investment in and adoption of high-yielding varieties.[13] Meanwhile, according to FAO agricultural production needs to double in developing countries by 2050. In many countries, the twin objective of food and nutrition security and environmental sustainability will require, inter alia, greater and well-targeted investment in research and development and wider dissemination of information and technological support to small-scale farmers through adequate extension services and stronger multi-stakeholder partnerships. The public sector needs to invest in research and development and provide adequate incentives to expand research on crops and processes that are relevant to the poor. FAO notes that research and development is now dominated by the private sector, concentrated in six major companies focusing mainly on profitable developed country markets. Private-sector funding can be facilitated by an enabling policy environment, including strong intellectual property legislation, minimal barriers to importing and testing new technologies and tax exemptions on research expenditures.", "31. In the case of Africa, eight countries have increased their research and development in agriculture but several others are grossly underfunded. Even in the eight countries with well-developed research systems, support for research varies considerably from year to year, notably in South Africa and Kenya.", "32. Nigeria has the largest agricultural research system in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of investment, capacity and the number of government and higher education institutions. Public agricultural research and development more than doubled during 2000-2008, offsetting an earlier decline, salary levels increased and a freeze on government recruitment was lifted. The role of the higher education sector in agricultural research was also increased during this time.", "33. In Africa, 16 countries have created academies of science (Ghana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, the Sudan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe) that should help in integrating knowledge. However, despite the infrastructure development needed in Africa, only South Africa has an academy devoted to promoting engineering. Regional integration is also helping collaboration and information-sharing among national research centres in sub-Saharan Africa. The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa, the West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Directorate of the Southern African Development Community have all made considerable progress in coordinating agricultural research activities in their member countries through the establishment of various research networks. They allow national agricultural research systems to specialize in certain fields and have proved to be particularly beneficial for small countries that lack a critical mass in agricultural research and development.", "34. Lessons from the green revolution and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) are that: (a) innovation and development of new technologies requires long-term secure financing and commitment; and (b) adoption of new technologies requires an enabling institutional framework and large investment in infrastructure and capacity development among farmers, as well as access to inputs, credit and markets.²", "35. Public research institutions also require a radical change in their current model of operation so as to improve their responsiveness to the needs of farmers, including through joint experimentation and learning. IFAD is attempting to address these needs through a grant to the International Fertilizer Development Center to fine-tune and scale up innovative approaches for developing site-specific, integrated soil fertility management options, appropriate (including organic) fertilizers, mechanisms for enabling access to fertilizers by resource-poor farmers, increased adoption of soil management options, and desirable institutional, behavioural and policy changes in West Africa.", "36. Participation of women in agricultural research and extension services, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, will be critical to ensure their particular needs are met. IFPRI has reported that some countries, such as Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa, have larger shares of female professional staff in agricultural research and higher education (32 per cent, 35 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively), while others have very low levels, such as 6 per cent in Ethiopia, 9 per cent in Togo, 10 per cent in the Niger and 12 per cent in Burkina Faso.", "Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research", "37. Budgets allocated to CGIAR grew from $15 million in 1970 to $305 million in 1990 and reached $600 million in 2011. The cost-benefit ratio of the CGIAR research has been estimated to range from 1.9 to 17.3 based on a subset of its research.[14] This institution, which supported the green revolution, is undergoing significant reform, which in 2010 resulted in a new structure based on a results-based management approach for strategic planning, management and communications centred on continuous learning and accountability. The new system level outcomes that inform the design of CGIAR research programmes are: (a) reducing rural poverty; (b) improving food security; (c) improving nutrition and health; and (d) sustainable management of natural resources. Priority is increasingly given to responding to local needs (including applied and operational research), validating and disseminating field experience and good practices and building the capacity of national institutions.", "38. In 2010, IFAD approved grants amounting to $13.6 million to the 15 CGIAR-led programmes (now extended to the Global Forum on Agricultural Research) which promote worldwide collaborative research partnerships. Through information-sharing and assessment of innovative policies and programmes, IFAD partnerships with the various CGIAR centres support efforts to improve access to productive assets and new markets for high-value commodities. For example, IFAD works with Biodiversity International to raise the profile of neglected and underutilized species and to support provision of improved seeds to poor rural communities in India, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Yemen.", "United Nations system", "39. FAO assists 60 countries with capacity-building technical assistance projects. These projects assess the current state of agricultural innovation systems; strengthen the capacity of the research, extension, education, information and communication institutions and services; provide methods and tools to strengthen the linkages between traditional and scientific knowledge generation; and develop management and policy mechanisms to strengthen the agricultural innovation system and to make it more sustainable.", "40. FAO leads several initiatives that enhance the dissemination of the outputs of agricultural research and innovation including: (a) the Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development initiative, which provides a framework of good policy and practice supported by a range of open tools and services for organizations to make public domain outputs truly accessible, now supported by more than 100 major research organizations and universities; (b) the Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture programme, which provides free or extremely low-cost access to 2,700 online published scientific articles to over 2,500 registered institutions in 107 low-income countries; and (c) the conceptual model for the Virtual Extension and Research Communication Network, which promotes the use of Internet-based technologies and communication to increase linkages among agricultural policy, research and extension institutions and other key stakeholders.", "Integrating local know-how", "41. An interesting trend in supporting knowledge-intensive agriculture is the recognition of the role of decentralized universities as agents of regional knowledge transfer. The decentralization of knowledge to a variety of local institutions will be key to integrating local knowledge and new technology to adapt them to local agroecosystems and to climate change. For instance, the Government of Ghana established the Multi-campus University for Development Studies in 1992 with the goal of making tertiary education relevant to rural communities in northern Ghana using resources from the region. The pedagogical approach emphasizes practice-oriented, community-based, problem-solving, gender-sensitive and interactive learning applied to local poverty problems.[15] Students are expected to understand the importance of local knowledge and to find ways to combine it with science through practical field programmes involving participatory learning and appraisal, during which students live and work in rural communities.¹⁵ The majority of graduates of this university are now working in rural communities. Uganda has developed similar community-based agricultural education.", "42. FAO supports the integration of local know-how by providing links and building communication channels for knowledge exchange between United Nations agencies and other stakeholders. FAO also provides advice and technical assistance to countries in identifying communication needs and in applying innovative, cost-effective communication strategies for specific audiences. The principle of “Communication for development”, supported by FAO, is a critical component of any development initiative to ensure knowledge is effectively shared among people and institutions. UNESCO also fosters the use of traditional knowledge in several selected biosphere reserve projects around the world (such as in Cuba and Morocco) that provide lessons for Governments.", "Land and water", "43. Agriculture and land are closely linked. Addressing the nexus of food, land, water and energy security, environment and climate change is vital for an agricultural sector to be able to meet an increasing demand for food staples and to be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. Agriculture and water are also closely linked. Worldwide, agriculture consumes 70 per cent of all withdrawals of freshwater, an increasingly scarce resource. Agricultural water productivity has to be increased significantly to raise yields and cope with climate change. Adaptation efforts must begin now to avoid building infrastructure that locks agricultural users into unsustainable behaviour for years to come. Integrated land and water resources management, efficient use of water resources and safe reuse of wastewater will be vital in both adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. African examples of rainfed systems include raised seedbeds to trap water and keyhole gardens using wastewater. Improved irrigation systems include mini-sprinkler and drip systems, precision timing in plant watering and crop systems, such as the intensive rice system, that use less water than traditional systems. Improved water harvesting and retention are also fundamental for increasing production. For instance, one pilot project using an earthen dam to collect rainwater to permit irrigation during the dry season has doubled rice yields in Costa Rica, Mexico and Nicaragua.¹³", "V. Supporting technology transfer and extension services", "44. Radical reform of and support for technology transfer and extension services are needed to meet the challenges of food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. After decades of underinvestment, many developing countries have weak agricultural innovation systems that are fragmented and poorly linked with farmers, civil society organizations and the private sector. Yet, agricultural extension workers are still an important vehicle for the transmission of knowledge, information and training for small farm holders, provided that they have adequate training themselves, a clear mandate and adequate remuneration.", "45. Successful adoption of sustainable practices have in common:", "(a) Technical knowledge is made relevant and accessible to farmers and farmers are directly involved in learning and innovation aimed at adapting knowledge, technology and management practices to the local context;", "(b) Active participation of various actors including Governments, non‑governmental organizations, private companies and multilateral organizations in scaling up innovations, disseminating knowledge, building capacity among farmers, fostering trust and reducing the risks of new technology and agricultural practices;", "(c) Adjustments in institutions governing agricultural research and development to induce farmers to adopt new practices, redefining the role of women and establishing closer interacting networks;[16]", "(d) An enabling environment within which farmers can overcome the constraints they face in adopting new technology and agricultural practices.²", "46. Several effective collaborations among multiple stakeholders have been successful in designing and deploying innovations with large-scale impacts including farmer field schools and the system of rice intensification, among others.²", "47. The experience of the farmer field schools, which are operating in 87 countries, shows that innovation and flexible natural resource management can be advanced through farmer-to-farmer learning, with participation from formal and informal research institutions. The schools involve a participatory approach that allows small farm holders to test technical alternatives and adjust them to local conditions and ecology. A partnership between the Government of Indonesia, the United States Agency for International Development and FAO has expanded farmer field schools from Indonesia and the Philippines to Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam and has also extended the content to include a range of management skills. Scientific evaluation is needed, however, to ensure that farmer field schools are an effective tool to disseminate knowledge. Some have found that farmer field schools are not easily scalable and that they have had contestable impact on the sustainability of agricultural intensification.[17]", "48. In-service and on-the-job training and distance education via mobile telephony, video and radio have also proved effective and are increasingly complementing extension services. FAO facilitates the e-Agriculture global community of practice that was established after the World Summit on the Information Society to foster the more effective use of information and communications technology (ICT). Over 7,000 information and communication specialists, researchers, people in rural institutions, farmers, policymakers and business people from more than 160 countries share good practices and information about the use of ICT for sustainable agriculture and rural development.", "49. Mobile telephony now provides an affordable and accessible means of communication and support to bring innovation to rural communities so as to create economic opportunities and strengthen social networks. The implementation of local innovation and communication plans by FAO has improved the delivery of advisory services, the use of local knowledge and participation by farmers in decision-making, enhancing research, extension and linkages among farmers. Special emphasis has been given to promoting the sustainable management of natural resources in agriculture. Farmers and communities have used mobile telephony to do electronic banking and to access real time weather, price and other information. FAO uses mobile telephones to monitor the incidence and spread of infectious pests and diseases, use and disposal of government pesticide stocks, location of water sources and regional price changes.", "50. Videos of peers practising improved management have proven to be very effective with African women, more so than training workshops.¹⁵ For instance, in Benin videos have been used to introduce women to improved rice processing techniques. These can be reinforced through radio programmes, as does Radio Guinée Maritime. These low-cost technologies are underutilized in fomenting innovation through farmer-to-farmer knowledge-sharing.", "51. The system of rice intensification was developed outside formal research institutions, mostly by non-governmental organizations and farmers through continuous learning and adaptation. The system implements simple management changes such as hand transplantation in non-flood fields of younger plants, with higher spacing between them and broader use of organic fertilizer and integrated pest management. It has been successfully tested in 40 countries, increasing yields by 50 per cent while reducing water use and input costs, thus increasing incomes. The Governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam have endorsed the system of rice intensification and included it in their national strategies for food security.", "52. Rapid expansion of quality education in rural areas, including adult and women literacy and training, will also be needed to ensure farmers have the ability to innovate, learn from one another and adapt to change in agroecological and market conditions.", "53. To provide a forum for sharing of experience in the rural advisory services sector, FAO has supported the formation of the new Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services. The Forum has 34 regional and national affiliates with which it is consulting to develop a five-year operational plan and a guidance kit for evaluating rural advisory service systems and developing evidence-based approaches and policies for improving the effectiveness of these services and programmes.", "54. FAO also stimulates the sharing of knowledge between applied research and field extension agents through TECA, an information system that provides an Internet-based platform to share knowledge on applied technologies and practices for small agricultural producers and online exchange groups on specific geographical areas or themes. The new platform was tested with rural users and reviewed to contain only well-described technologies and practices that comply with the needs of rural users (300 technologies and practices). On average about 10,000 pages of the platform are viewed per month and awareness activities are ongoing. The modules can be decentralized to Member States, as was done with the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "55. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific has developed an institutionalized process for testing and promoting safe and sustainable machinery for the region through pilots using harvest and post-harvest technologies in Myanmar and high-yielding rice cultivation and seed production technology in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Fiji and the Philippines (see E/ESCAP/67/6).", "VI. Market and financing services", "Market services", "56. While the private sector has played an increasingly important role in accelerating innovation in agriculture through a variety of mechanisms, the risk of excluding small-scale farmers is high. Large supermarket chains control between 40 and 50 per cent of the food market in Latin America and the Caribbean, about 10 per cent in China, 30 per cent in South Africa and 50 per cent in Indonesia, requiring smallholders to have the capacity to meet strict quality standards and develop aggregation of their products through cooperatives and associations to reach the scale required for commercialization.", "57. Three factors are critical in preventing smallholder exclusion from the supermarket supply chains that are increasingly dominating procurement in developing countries: (a) a focus on products with a pre-identified market; (b) the catalysing involvement of private and/or public organizations with a commercial basis; and (c) sustainable group formation among farmers. Monopolistic practices in food markets must also be prevented.[18] Better access to information, credit and risk insurance would also leave small farm holders in a better position to engage in mutually beneficial partnerships with the private sector.²", "58. In addition, the proliferation of ethical and environmental certification processes in recent years is opening new opportunities for creating value chains that link small farm holders to larger export markets. Voluntary standards and certification programmes for bananas, coffee and cacao address a wide range of issues including environmental protection, labour rights, safety and health at work, social equity and the welfare of local communities, while providing farmers with price premiums and improving market access and stability.", "59. Nevertheless, FAO notes that standards aimed at food safety, quality, traceability and good agricultural practices, which are mainly developed by large firms in major markets, tend not to ensure price premiums and may harm small-scale growers by significantly raising the costs they incur to meet the standards. In response to this proliferation of standards, the non-profit and volunteer-based consortium Committee on Sustainability Assessment has developed a rigorous assessment tool and is now generating science-based information on the social, economic and environmental impacts of any sustainability practices — including their costs and benefits over five years. The tool has broad political acceptance with development agencies and leading firms because of its multi-stakeholder consultation process. The Committee is expanding data collection, including on coffee, tea, cotton, biofuel crops and fruits, and will provide agricultural sustainability information for dozens of countries. Data collection, of more than 5,000 data sets so far, is done by strengthening the capacity of leading local organizations in developing countries to collect data according to a standard method, making state-of-the-art impact assessment publicly available.", "60. FAO has also developed a work programme to provide advice on: (a) changes in government engagement with the private sector to reflect the diversity and changing markets; (b) the creation of an enabling environment for national agribusiness development; and (c) institutional strengthening and services sector development to support agricultural value chain programmes for sustainable and inclusive business development.", "Financing investment and innovation", "61. Publicly funded research should maintain an explicit focus on strategic priorities for food and nutrition security, including improving yields and resistance of staples, improving the nutritional value of crops, facilitating sustainable use of natural resources and/or reducing the use of external chemical inputs, and increasing resilience and adaptation to market conditions and climate change. Investments in agriculture are also a cost-effective way to build resilience and reduce the need for humanitarian aid year after year in regions facing chronic food and nutrition insecurity.", "62. Governments and donors are increasing investment in agriculture but more is needed to meet the growing demand for food. Progress on the declaration by African Heads of State in Maputo must be stepped up and delivery against the L’Aquila commitments will be an important step forward. With the economic and financial crisis however, public sector contribution to agriculture and rural development has been very variable, with a significant number of countries showing low or declining contributions.", "63. It is estimated that private sector investment in agriculture, including foreign direct investment, will need to increase by nearly 50 per cent overall to meet increasing demand (from some $142 billion per year). Yet there is evidence that current investments are frequently made with weak consultation with local communities, a lack of transparency over the terms of investment, and poor or non‑existent mechanisms to redress grievances related to exploitation of natural resources, large-scale land acquisition and loss of livelihoods in rural communities. FAO has noted that there is increasing evidence that alternative models that include smallholders, such as contract farming, outgrower schemes and joint-ventures with farmer organizations, are more conducive to sustainable economic development than the large-scale land acquisition model to create mega-farms in developing countries. Traditional pubic-private partnerships have also not been very successful in directing innovation efforts towards achieving sustainable development objectives.² To facilitate private investment that is responsible and fosters sustainable development, at the request of the G20, FAO, IFAD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the World Bank developed the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources. The G20 has proposed that the organizations pilot the seven principles that have arisen from consultation in a first phase and use lessons learned to inform a consultation process for a second phase.", "64. Approaches which integrate and blend all sources of financing acceptable to each country will be needed.", "65. While it still needs to be tested in agriculture, the advanced market commitment mechanism for the production of vaccines, whereby donors make a large advance purchase commitment at a predetermined price, may offer significant lessons for technological innovation for sustainable agricultural intensification.", "66. Another innovative mechanism to engage the private sector is the results-based performance contract, for the development, for example, of improved seed or crop varieties with higher water-stress tolerance and greater responsiveness to fertilizers, granted on a competitive basis; this may be one means of stimulating private research.", "67. Industry partners of the World Economic Forum have contributed through regional consultations in Africa and Asia to develop the New Vision for Agriculture, whose road map was released at the annual Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2011. The road map focuses on partnerships among the public sector, the private sector and civil society, with farmers at the centre, to accelerate growth of sustainable agriculture.", "68. Implemented in conjunction with the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and national Governments, these partnerships work towards sustainable intensification of smallholder agriculture and better functioning value chains involving businesses (including farmer organizations), civil society organizations and Governments.", "69. It is also important to learn from the range of pilot climate funds currently under implementation especially with respect to creating enabling environments for responsible private sector investment, both small-scale and large-scale, including partnerships with philanthropic organizations and foundations. Including sound agricultural practices in financial mechanisms such as REDD Plus could help to finance sustainable intensification. Agriculture contributes significantly to climate change by producing 10 to 12 per cent of total global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Sustainable agricultural practices can significantly reduce emissions by storing carbon in the soil or in above ground biomass, or by reducing nitrous oxide or methane emissions. Another source of funding being explored is access to the funds made available under the Copenhagen Accord adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2009 as fast-start finance for enhanced action on mitigation (including REDD), adaptation, technology development and transfer, capacity-building and long term support, though which the aim is to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020.", "70. FAO and interested G20 members are working to develop a platform for capacity-building in tropical agriculture in developing countries, which will bring together institutions from G20 countries and least developed countries in a virtual, agile and efficient structure to generate and apply agricultural knowledge in developing countries. The Platform is aimed at global coordination of efforts to develop the capacities of individuals using good training practices that support continuous learning and ownership by national actors.", "VII. Way forward", "71. Sustainable intensification and sustainable agriculture will remain high on the international agenda as food production must increase by 70 per cent over the next 38 years and investment must increase by $209 billion per year. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 will provide an important opportunity to foster the launch of partnerships that lead to agricultural innovation, agricultural technology transfer and adaptation, and innovative financial mechanisms to support these innovations. Sustainable intensification of agriculture is central to one of the two themes of the Conference: a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.", "72. Significant national efforts will be needed to reform the agricultural sector to integrate sustainable agriculture and support to smallholders, including women farmers, into national policies and strategies, supported by regional and international institutions. Greater effort and resources need to be devoted to developing and diffusing agricultural technologies for effective adaptation to climate change and natural resource scarcities. Agriculture also has the potential to wed techniques for greenhouse gas mitigation with improved livelihoods for poor farmers through low-cost improvements in soil, water, plants and ecosystem management.", "73. Investment and cooperation in reducing post-harvest waste in developing countries would go a long way towards addressing food and nutrition security and poverty while saving precious natural resources. Other investments in infrastructure and capacity-building for meeting certification standards would help enhance the access of smallholders to national and international markets.", "74. The deficit of women in key education, research and extension services supporting agriculture must be explicitly addressed. Gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be incorporated into agricultural education, research and extension services, acknowledging the roles women play in the agricultural workforce as the main food producers and in the household as caretakers. Women are to be seen as visible actors and participate on an equal footing in the development of any intervention aiming to promote food and nutrition security.", "[1] Food and nutrition security exists when all people, at all times, can enjoy their right to food and when they have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.", "[2] World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[3] Calestous Juma, The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa (Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2011).", "[4] Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads, African Agricultural R&D in the New Millennium: Progress for Some, Challenges for Many (Washington, D.C., IFPRI, and Rome, Italy, Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, 2011).", "[5] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food (see A/65/281).", "[6] FAO, A Policymakers Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production (Rome, Italy, 2011). Available from www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/index_en.html.", "[7] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011 (Rome, IFAD, 2010). Available from http://www.ifad.org/ rpr2011/report/e/overview.pdf.", "[8] See report of the Commission on the Status of Women on the fifty-fifth session (E/2011/27-E/CN.6/2011/12).", "[9] World Economic Forum, Realizing a New Vision for Agriculture: a roadmap for stakeholders (Geneva, 2010), prepared in collaboration with McKinsey and Company.", "[10] Sunil Sanghui, Rupert Simons and Roberto Uchoa, “Four lessons for transforming African agriculture: to succeed, African countries must narrow their focus and target high-impact projects”, McKinsey Quarterly, April 2011.", "[11] FAO (2011) estimates that roughly one third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally.", "[12] The majority of information in section IV comes from the IFPRI Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, used to track agricultural institutional developments, investments and capacity at the national, regional and global levels.", "[13] CIAT Annual Report 2010: From the New World to the Whole World (Cali, Colombia, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, 2011).", "[14] David Raitzer and Timothy Kelley, “Benefit-cost meta-analysis of investment in the international research centers of the CGIAR”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 96, Nos. 1-3 (March 2008).", "[15] Juma. The New Harvest.", "[16] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011.", "[17] Kristin Davis, “Farmer field schools: a boom or bust for extension in Africa?” Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, vol. 13, No. 1 (Spring 2006).", "[18] Ellen McCullough, Prabhu Pingali and Kostas Stamoulis, eds., The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers (FAO and Earthscan, 2008)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Sustainable development: implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development", "Agricultural technology for development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The return of food prices and the need to adapt to climate change have released interest in agricultural technology suitable for small farmers, especially small farmers. Smallholder production needs to be sustainable and strengthened by combining local knowledge with the latest sustainable scientific research to adapt to local ecosystems and enhance resilience to climate change and prices and other shocks. Poor farmers are often women living in more extreme environments, in addition to limited market linkages. Only the national agricultural plan focuses on fundamental changes and invests in order to release the productive potential of small farmers, contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and promote food production to meet the 70 per cent increase by 2050. An integrated approach is needed to increase agricultural productivity and resilience, support ecosystems and ensure efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.", "Overview", "The present report is prepared in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/197. The resolution requested the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on the availability of affordable and sustainable agricultural technologies, in particular for small-scale farmers, as well as progress in making agriculture, including climate change more resilience.", "The recent crisis has resulted in a wide range of global political participation, partnerships and commitments in food and nutrition security, in addressing nutritional needs, the right to food and investing in small farmers, including women farmers. There is a consensus that a major reform of national agricultural policies, education, partnerships, markets, infrastructure and institutions will be required to achieve sustainable agriculture, food and nutrition security, the resilience of farmers and the Millennium Development Goals. Some recent efforts have provided good practices that can be learned and promoted. The present report outlines the elements of this emerging consensus.", "The present report benefited from the observations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the High-level Task Force on Global Food Security.", "New context, new paradigms", "The food crisis in 2008 and the recent rise in food prices, accompanied by higher price buoys, raise questions about the current food system. Under this system, the number of undernourished persons increased by almost 10 per cent between 1990/92 and 2010. [2] Smallholder farmers and households, despite being the main food producers, particularly in developing regions, are the majority of the world's poor, accounting for a significant proportion of chronic malnutrition. Promoting food productivity, particularly for small farmers, is one of the most effective ways of responding to global poverty and improving food and nutrition security. In terms of poverty reduction, the increase in agricultural output is two to four times higher than in other sectors. [3] The International Food Policy Research Institute found that agricultural research and development achieved an annual economic return rate of 50 to 66 per cent for different areas, such as combating diseases, the development and distribution of high-campatiles, wheat resistance, maize and maize. The returns of agricultural development projects can be between 20 and 147%. [4]", "Food production must be increased in the context of the increasing scarcity of land and water and the harsh weather associated with climate change. Land degradation is affecting productivity, and production growth is not keeping pace with population growth, despite significant investments in high yields. In West Africa, only soil pressure has resulted in a reduction of 40 to 90 per cent of production. In sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, nutrient depletion also reduces productivity. At the same time, 20 African countries have already suffered severe water scarcity and 12 countries will face water scarcity in the next 25 years.", "Land degradation is more severe in areas where poverty and hunger are concentrated and climate change is disproportionately affecting small farmers, as small farmers are more likely to rely on rainwater irrigation agriculture and degraded land. The degradation of resources also affects women in particular, increasing the time they must be used to do, collect firewood and protect waterland.", "As a result of the production and consumption of 75 to 90 per cent of staple foods on the ground, sustainable agricultural growth is the only way to avoid long-term food and nutritional insecurity. Consequently, the High-level Task Force concluded that the full potential of small farmers, including women farmers, is key to global food and nutrition security, the creation of decent employment and sustainable agricultural development. FAO estimates that women have increased access to land, production information and technology, which can increase production from 2.5 to 4 per cent and reduce malnutrition from 12 to 17 per cent. Contents", "In the future, the path of sustainable growth in agricultural productivity will vary widely from the green revolution. Small farmers must be at the centre of food systems that are well suited to agricultural ecosystems to enhance environmental and economic resilience. Adjustments to sustainable agricultural practices to adapt to agro-environment ecosystems could increase diversification, thereby better preventing insects and extreme events, and diversify revenues, while reducing the dependence of food production on growing fossil fuels at prices. [5]", "In developing countries, agriculture, including crop cultivation, livestock breeding, fish raising and forest conservation, must be subject to major reforms to meet the above challenges. This new agricultural paradigm will require small farmers to be at the centre of innovation systems to help shape the research and development and extension services agendas, giving appropriate attention to important crops, fish and livestock products for producers and consumers. [6] This also requires fundamental changes in existing policies. These changes will result in strengthening existing decentralized innovation systems, redesigning the education system and investment in the overall supply chain and sustainable resource management of agricultural development through innovative partnerships with farmers. Contents", "Empowerment of women", "In developing regions, most small farmers and rural entrepreneurs are women, who provide food, water and fuel for their families and play an important role in the rural economy. However, because of the gender gap in a range of assets such as access to land, education, technology and productive inputs, their productive potential remains to be extracted. For example, in Africa, women are 80 per cent of agricultural producers and 3 represent half of agricultural output. Only 5 per cent of landowners in North Africa and West Africa are women, 15 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, but in Africa and East and South-East Asia, women account for 40 per cent of the agricultural workforce. 2 If women hold, they are also small farms.", "Science and technology offer a number of confirmed solutions to the many challenges faced by rural poor women and provide them with economic empowerment. These solutions include provincial power technologies related to women's household work and production, such as water pumps and community water supply schemes, improved cooking technologies, improved water, wood and crop transport, improved crop-dury technologies and post-harvest and food processing technologies. In most parts of the world, the technical services available to rural women are still inadequate, and the poorest women continue to rely on traditional, labour-intensive technologies or no technology. Because of the low level of education for women and discriminatory practices such as women's access to credit and the lack of land tenure, men often benefit from new improvements in agricultural technology than women. Contents", "Agricultural extensions continue to play a key role in technology diffusion. Over the years, there has been considerable changes in the extension approach, generally moving towards more participatory approaches and increasing use of new information technology. However, women farmers continue to face inherent bias in accessing extension services. In the promotional services and technical studies of women-led commodity and production processes, greater consideration should be given to the role of women in agricultural production. The participation of women in new technology evaluation and decision-making processes can contribute significantly to the development of agricultural practices that meet women's needs. For example, a number of initiatives supported by IFAD have adopted a participatory approach that allows women to offer new criteria for the selection and quality of the research on biotechnology, such as ties and the quality of the manifold. [7] Reduce the educational gap for women and increase the number of women and women extensions involved in science and agricultural programmes (of which only 7 per cent of extensions in Africa are women), or increase women's contribution to agricultural production. [8]", "The mainstreaming of a gender perspective into agricultural policies and the legal framework for technology use could be facilitated through the FAO socio-economic and gender analysis programme. The programme helps Member States to build their analytical and decision-making capacities to reduce gender inequalities affecting participation in development, including access to and use of technology.", "National policies and strategies", "The food crisis in 2008 helped the world to find once again that the right agricultural development plan needed to achieve progress in food and nutrition security, economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This recognition helps to reverse long-term trends in investment in agriculture in donor countries and developing countries.", "In response to the food crisis in 2008, the G-8 and five other donor countries committed themselves in the Raquila Food Security Initiative to mobilize $220 million over the next three years to support national-led agricultural plans and to propose integrated and coordinated agricultural and food and nutrition security strategies. As part of the Raquila Initiative, the Global Programme on Agriculture and Food Security was launched as a fund administered by the World Bank to support national-led agricultural development strategies. In Africa, the Fund specifically supports countries that have made progress through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme process. This commitment was launched at the Mayo African Heads of State Summit in 2003 to make up at least 10 per cent of their budgets for agriculture and to adopt peer and technical review processes to ensure development benefits. Australia, Canada, the Republic of Korea, Spain, the United States and the Gates Foundation have pledged an equivalent of $925 million to date. Ireland continues to contribute to the operation of the Global Programme.", "The Global Programme on Agriculture and Food Security helps to accelerate the development of national plans. Twenty-four African countries have developed national agricultural action plans in line with the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. 16 countries have developed national investment plans and peer reviews. These countries are often supported by FAO and the United Nations regional commissions. Following an independent technical review of national proposals, the Global Programme has thus far provided 12 grants to Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Liberia, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Togo and Tajikistan totalling $481 million (received pledges of $520.2 million). Additional pledges for the global programme accounts will be made to other country proposals, including several of which have been identified as possible.", "The United Nations system provides increased coordination support for national food and nutrition security strategies in developing countries. Combining the high-level working group of 22 organizations, funds, programmes and sectors of the United Nations family, the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to promote the coherence of such inter-agency work. The updated Comprehensive Framework of Action provides input to the work of the Working Group to promote a coherent approach by United Nations entities to food and nutrition security and to increasingly be used by Governments, the Group of Twenty, development partners and civil society in developing their respective strategies. On the basis of the work of the Working Group, there is a consensus among national and international stakeholders that systems for sustainable agricultural sustainability, which are small-scale farmers, and the full protection of the most vulnerable groups, not only for food and nutrition, but also for agricultural development plans. IFAD published the Rural Poverty Report 2011, the Guidance for Sustainable Policymakers for Small Crops Production,6 the World Economic and Social Survey and the World Economic Forum for achieving a new agricultural vision: the stakeholder road map [9].", "Progress in the declaration made by the African Head of State in Maputo is mixed. The African Union has agreed that, in this area where agriculture plays a leading role, the annual growth rate of GDP in agriculture (GDP) is 6 per cent. However, according to the International Food Policy Research Institute, agricultural GDP grew by only 3 per cent in Africa, although GDP grew by 5 per cent between 2000 and 2008. In recent reports on research and development in Africa, the International Food Policy Research Institute found that, despite the significant investment in agriculture in eight countries, other countries, such as French-speaking countries, are at risk relying on volatile external sources of finance. In 2008, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and the Sudan increased the proportion of public agricultural research and development expenditure (70 per cent) and all researchers (64%).", "Governments' commitment to agriculture has led to increased public agricultural research and development in Brazil, China and India. In Brazil and India, their expenditure on public agricultural research and development is slightly less than expenditure for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole (a total of $1.7 billion). According to the International Food Policy Research Institute, China's expenditure is far greater than any other country, amounting to $4.3 billion in 2007 (as compared with 2005 purchasing power parity prices). The investments of these Governments have resulted in dynamic innovative systems to support agricultural development. The eight African countries with adequate agricultural research programmes have led to agricultural growth in Africa. In Ghana, Nigeria, the Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania — the main drivers of growth in the African region — the result of the high level of government coverage. Brazil, India and China also relied most on national investment. However, FAO found that the capacity of many other emerging developing countries to narrow the investment gap was limited, even if official development assistance (ODA).", "Investment contributions from donor countries and development banks have increased, as part of the West and East Africa Agricultural Productive Programme, and some countries have launched large-scale projects using World Bank loans. The activities focus on innovation and dissemination of improved agricultural technologies to address national and regional priorities, focusing on Ghana's plots and root crops, Mali and rice in the United Republic of Tanzania, Senegal's grains, Uganda's potato, Ethiopia's wheat and breast products in Kenya.", "In Africa, the President of Malawi, Bengu Wa Mutharika, has set the example of a holistic approach and encouraging leadership and has developed a range of policy measures to address agriculture and overall development. His head of the Ministry of Agriculture and Health committed 16 per cent of expenditure for agriculture, launched a robust evaluation and multi-stakeholder consultation process aimed at developing a plan for importing improved seeds and fertilizers to distribute subsidies to small farmers. Production has doubled, but it is costly because the voucher system leasheds, the subsidies are inappropriate, the private sector is excluded and the lack of farmers' training, irrigation investments and post-harvest support. The programme was improved by using the lessons learned prior to the transfer of the programme portfolio to the competent ministries.", "room for improvement", "Despite progress, the International Food Policy Research Institute recently reviewed the development, investment and capacity of national, regional and global agricultural institutions, suggesting four areas to be addressed by Governments, donors and other stakeholders:", "(a) Inadequate investment in agricultural research and development for decades;", "(b) Overbuoyage of investment in the year;", "(c) Current and upcoming human resource capacity challenges; and", "(d) There is a need to maximize regional and subregional agricultural research and development cooperation.", "Few agricultural plans have adopted a holistic response taking into account the need for rural infrastructure, market access improvements, extension services and technical capacity-building, coordination among multiple stakeholders, including Governments, academia, business and civil society, and the need to address property rights issues, while identifying these property rights within a broader framework of sustainable natural resource management, in particular with regard to land and biodiversity degradation and overuse and pollution of groundwater. In the future, national plans must also take into account adaptation and mitigation of climate change, increasing the carbon absorb of agricultural forest systems and building resilience to climate shocks. There is no “one size fit” approach. In areas where excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides has degraded land and water resources, appropriate policies can include the elimination of fertilizer subsidies and the facilitation of improved soil and water management. On the other hand, in most sub-Saharan Africa, incentives and instruments may be needed to supplement nutrients for nutritious soils.", "Most plans continue to focus on supply-side interventions, with insufficient attention being paid to the final arrival of additional production. A supply chain or cluster approach is needed to increase the productivity and income of farmers, particularly small farmers who are usually far from markets and have little access to credit. The supply chain approach pays better attention to the final market for agricultural products, taking into account all stages of the agricultural supply chain. [10] In the absence of appropriate linkages between rural producers and urban consumers, urban growth cannot contribute to the widespread elimination of rural poverty. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, increased food demand in urban areas is increasingly met through import rather than domestic production. Emission technologies, post-harvest technologies, storage and refrigeration facilities, infrastructure and packaging and marketing systems must be improved to support sustained improvements in the delivery of high-quality food to markets, thereby supporting the income of farmers in developing countries. National plans often do not include the promotion of the value added of raw materials between farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises and research centres, or the strengthening of value chains and small-scale farmers' participation in value chains and the profitability of interactions. They generally do not refer to the need for cooperation with the private sector to support the establishment of well-functioning farmers' groups or cooperatives in order to develop fair pooling programmes that enable small farmers to benefit from economic scale and meet the increasing demand for the number of overmarkets. Fiscal measures, such as export taxes, could also increase the export of processed food, as shown by the experience of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.", "The study of McKinsey found that many African countries had no specific plans and many unmanageable initiatives and activities and indicators that were not measurable. McKinsey recommended that investments be concentrated in a vital value chain for a country, a “brain basket” area capable of substantially increasing productivity or a infrastructure corridor. For example, Brazil has taken a regional approach to large investments in the area of Sherra, while Mali is considering a pilot basket approach in the Sccass region to increase production of grains in a sustainable manner. Tanzania and Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia cooperate in the adoption of a agricultural development corridor that focuses investments on storage and processing farms and facilities around a large infrastructure project (usually private sector mining or other infrastructure projects).", "A comprehensive national strategy for the management of genetic resources for food and agricultural crops is needed to ensure reliable availability of quality seeds for improved varieties. In most countries, crop breeding capacity is declining. Moreover, public or private partnerships do not link crop breeding capacity to the development of the seed sector. This prevents farmers from accessing improved varieties and high-quality seeds. It must include practical action and targeted policy measures to create greater linkages and collaboration among crop breeding, seed systems and conservation stakeholders to provide climate-resilient crops and seeds worldwide.", "Agriculture in developing countries will require substantial and sustained investments in human, natural, tangible and social capitals in order to enhance sustainable production. FAO estimates that the primary and downstream sectors will require a total annual investment of $250.9 million to meet the need to increase production of 70 per cent by 2050. Developing countries themselves need $83 billion annually.", "Building on sustainable ecosystems, a toolkit that is rooted in new agricultural paradigms, recently released by FAO, should help Member States to achieve these changes. For example, FAO provides guidance and relevant tools to States on how to use and protect the cereal services of sustainable agricultural ecosystems and how policies to ensure the sustainability of these ecosystem services are developed. FAO also provides guidance on how national flora and fauna strategies are developed in accordance with international standards to ensure safe transactions in crop and crop products and international market access, and on how to support seed production systems.", "Through seminars, knowledge-sharing tools and organization-wide policy briefs, ILO supported countries in implementing the Global Jobs Pact adopted in June 2009. The Compact places employment and social protection at the centre of special fiscal stimulus measures to protect vulnerable groups and relaunch investment and needs in the economy. On the basis of social dialogue, employment and social protection measures that are most appropriate for each country, the Compact has been defined and implemented at the national and global levels.", "Support for agricultural research and development [12]", "For more than 10 years, the production of many major crops has been stagnant, despite significant investments and high-products. [13] At the same time, according to FAO, agricultural production in developing countries must be doubled by 2050. In many countries, the twin goals of food and nutrition security and environmental sustainability require, inter alia, greater and targeted research and development investments, as well as wider dissemination of information and technical support to small farmers through appropriate outreach services and stronger multi-stakeholder partnerships. The public sector must conduct research and develop investment and provide adequate incentives to expand crop and process studies related to the poor. FAO noted that research and development are currently led by the private sector to focus on six large companies, focusing primarily on profitable developed country markets. Private sector funding can be assisted by an enabling policy environment, including strong intellectual property legislation, the minimum barriers to the import and testing of new technologies and the study of expenditure tax exemptions.", "In the case of Africa, eight countries have increased agricultural research and development, but several other countries are severely underfunded. Even in eight countries developed by the research system, research support varies considerably every year, particularly in South Africa and Kenya.", "In sub-Saharan Africa, the agricultural research system in Nigeria is the largest in terms of the number of investment, capacity, government agencies and higher education institutions. During the period 2000-2008, public agricultural research and development increased by more than double (which offsets previous declines), higher wage levels and Government recruitment freezes. During this period, the role of the higher education sector in agricultural research has also increased.", "In Africa, 16 countries (Ghana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, the Sudan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe) established a Academy that should contribute to integrated knowledge. However, while Africa needs infrastructure development, only South Africa has a specialized college for engineering. Regional integration also contributes to collaboration and information exchange among national research centres in sub-Saharan Africa. The African Agricultural Research Forum, East Africa and Central Africa Association for Agricultural Research, the West and Central African Agricultural Research and Development Board and the Southern African Development Community Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Agency have made considerable progress in coordinating agricultural research activities in their member countries through the establishment of research networks. This enables national agricultural research systems to be professionalized in certain areas and to prove particularly useful for small countries that lack the quality of agricultural research and development.", "The lessons learned from the Green Revolution and the International Agricultural Research Consultative Organization are: (a) innovation and development of new technologies require long-term reliable funding and commitment; and (b) the adoption of new technologies requires an enabling institutional framework, large infrastructure investments, farmers' capacity development and access to inputs, credit and markets. Contents", "Public research institutions must also completely change the current mode of operation so as to improve the response capacity to farmers, including through joint testing and learning. In an attempt to meet these needs, IFAD provided a grant to the International Centre for Fertilization Research and Development (IDC) to develop a comprehensive soil fertility management approach for locations in West Africa, to develop appropriate fertilizers (including organic fertilizers), to establish mechanisms to facilitate access of small-scale farmers to fertilizers, to increase the use of soil management options and to implement desirable institutional, behaviour and policy changes.", "Women's participation in agricultural research and extension services, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, will be crucial to ensuring that their special needs are met. The International Food Policy Research Institute reported that in some countries, such as Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa, the proportion of female professionals in agricultural research and higher education was higher (32, 35 and 41 per cent), while the proportion of other countries was low, such as 6 per cent in Ethiopia, 9 per cent in Togo, 10 per cent in Niger and 12 per cent in Burkina Faso. Contents", "International Agricultural Research Consultative Organization", "The budget allocations received by ADB increased from $15 million in 1970 to $305 million in 1990, to $600 million in 2010. Based on a group of studies organized by ADB, the proportion of the organization's research cost-effectiveness is estimated at 1.9 to 17.3. [14] The institution supporting the green revolution is experiencing major reforms. A new architecture based on results-based management approach was created in 2010 to promote strategic planning, management and communication at the centre of continuous learning and accountability. The new system-level results of inputs for the design of research programmes in ADB are: (a) reducing rural poverty; (b) improving food security; (c) improving nutrition and health; and (d) sustainable management of natural resources. The growing priority is to meet local needs (including application and operation studies), confirming and disseminating experience and good practices on the ground and building the capacity of national institutions.", "In 2010, IFAD approved the provision of $1.6 million grants to 15 programmes led by ADB (now to the Global Agricultural Research Forum) to promote collaborative research partnerships worldwide. Through information exchange and innovative policy and programme assessments, IFAD partnered with ADB to support efforts to improve access to productive assets and high-value commodity markets. For example, IFAD, in cooperation with biodiversity international organizations, has increased the visibility of neglected and used inadequacies or supported improved seeds for rural poor communities in India, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Yemen.", "United Nations system", "FAO assisted 60 countries in capacity-building technical assistance projects. These projects assess the status of agricultural innovation systems; strengthen the capacity of research, extension, education, information and communication institutions and services; provide methodologies and tools for strengthening the linkages between traditional knowledge generation and scientific knowledge; develop management and policy mechanisms to strengthen and make it more sustainable.", "A number of initiatives led by FAO to strengthen the dissemination of agricultural research and innovative outputs, including (a) the Agricultural Research for Development Information Coherence Initiative. The initiative provides a good policy and practice framework, supported by a range of public tools and services, enabling organizations to genuinely open public domain outputs. More than 100 major research organizations and universities are currently supporting; (b) the Global Agricultural Research literature online access programmes. The programme provides free or extremely low-cost access to scientific articles published by 2,500 registered agencies in 107 low-income countries; and (c) conceptual models for virtual outreach and research networks. The concept promotes the use of Internet technology and communications to increase linkages between agricultural policies, research and extension agencies and other key stakeholders.", "Integrating local knowledge", "A interesting trend in supporting knowledge-intensive agriculture is to recognize the role of decentralized universities as an intermediary for regional knowledge transfer. Decentralizing knowledge to various local institutions will be key to local knowledge and new knowledge, adapting the latter to local ecosystems and climate change. For example, in 1992, the Government of Ghana established the University for School Development Studies to utilize resources from the region to link higher education to rural communities in northern Ghana. The teaching approach emphasizes the need for interactive learning on local poverty, focusing on practice, community-based solutions, gender-sensitive approaches. [15] Students are expected to understand the importance of local knowledge and to work in rural areas to combine local knowledge with science through participatory learning and evaluation field programmes. Most graduates from this University are currently working in rural communities. Uganda has developed similar community-based agricultural education.", "FAO supports linking and building channels for communication among United Nations agencies and other stakeholders, in conjunction with local knowledge. FAO also provides advice and technical assistance to countries to identify communications needs for specific audiences and implement innovative and cost-effective communications strategies. The principle of communication for development supported by FAO is an important component of any development initiative to ensure effective sharing of knowledge between the public and institutions. UNESCO has also promoted the use of traditional knowledge in several selected biosphere protection projects around the world (Cuba and Morocco, etc.) and provided lessons for Governments.", "Land and water", "Agriculture is closely linked to land. With regard to the relationship between food, land, water and energy security, the environment and climate change are essential for the agricultural sector to meet the growing major crop needs and for its environmental, social and economic sustainability. Agriculture is also closely linked to water. Worldwide, agricultural consumption is 70 per cent of all freshwater extraction. Freshwater is an increasingly scarce resource. Agricultural water productivity must be substantially increased so that production can be improved and climate change. Adaptation must now begin so as to avoid the construction of infrastructure that will enable agricultural users to adhere to unsustainable practices over the next years. Integrated land and water resource management, efficient use of water resources and reuse of wastewater will be important for adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Examples of the rainwater irrigation system in Africa include the enhancement of nutrients and the targeting of wastewater. Improvements in irrigation systems include small-scale sprayers and drip systems, accurate crop-growing and enhanced rice systems that are less water than traditional systems. Improvements in water collection and retention are also of great importance to additional production. For example, in Costa Rica, Mexico and Nicaragua, a pilot project using dams to collect rainwater to irrigation in the dry season has doubled rice production. Contents", "Support for technology transfer and extension services", "Technology transfer and extension services must be subject to fundamental reform and support to meet the challenges of food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. After decades of under-investment, agricultural innovation systems in many developing countries are weak, fragmented, linked to farmers, civil society organizations and the private sector. However, agricultural extensions continue to be an important tool for the transmission of knowledge, information and training to small farmers, provided that they themselves receive appropriate training, clear mandates and adequate compensation.", "Coherence to sustainable approaches:", "(a) Farmers have access to technical knowledge relevant to them and can be directly involved in learning and innovation to adapt knowledge, technology and management practices to local conditions;", "(b) The active participation of various actors, including Governments, non-governmental organizations, private companies and multilateral organizations, in the promotion of innovation, the dissemination of knowledge, the building of farmers' capacities, the intrusion of trust and the risk of new and agricultural practices;", "(c) Adjustment of institutions responsible for agricultural research and development, attracting farmers to adopt new practices, redefine the role of women and establish networks of closer interaction; [16]", "(d) Farmers can overcome the enabling environment for the use of new technologies and agricultural practices. Contents", "The successful design and deployment of innovation by a number of multi-stakeholder stakeholders has had a wide impact, including farmer field schools and rice enhancement systems. Contents", "Experience in the establishment of farmland schools in 87 countries has shown that, with the participation of formal and informal research institutions, innovative and flexible natural resource management can be advanced through farmers' learning. These schools are a participatory approach that allows small-scale farmers to adapt to local conditions and ecosystems. A partnership between the Government of Indonesia, the United States Agency for International Development and FAO extends the Farmer Field School from Indonesia and the Philippines to Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, the Lao People's Republic, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam and expands the curriculum to include management skills. However, scientific evaluation is needed to ensure that farmers' schools become effective knowledge dissemination tools. It was found that farmer schools were not easy to spread and that the impact on agricultural sustainability was controversial. [17]", "The use of mobile phones, videos and radios for on-the-job training and distance education has also proved to be effective and increasingly complementary outreach services. FAO assists the e-agriculture global practice community. The community was established following the World Summit on the Information Society to promote more effective use of information and communications technology (ICT). More than 7,000 information and communications technology experts from 160 countries, researchers, rural agencies, farmers, decision makers and businessmen share best practices and information on the use of ICT for sustainable agriculture and rural development.", "Mobile telephones currently offer a affordable and accessible means of communication and support that brings innovation to agricultural communities to create economic opportunities and strengthen social networks. FAO implements local innovation and communications plans to improve the availability of advisory services, the use of local knowledge and the participation of farmers in decision-making, and to strengthen research, outreach and linkages with farmers. Particular emphasis has been placed on promoting sustainable management of agricultural natural resources. Farmers and communities have used mobile phones for e-bank transactions to collect real-time weather, prices and other information. FAO uses mobile phones to monitor the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases, the use and disposal of Government insecticide banks, the location of water resources and regional price changes.", "The use of better management videos by peers proved to be effective for African women and more effective than the training courses. For example, in Benin, videos were made available to women on improved rice processing techniques. As Radio Guinée Maritime Radio, this approach could be strengthened through radio programmes. These low-cost technologies do not take full advantage of the knowledge-making innovation of farmers.", "In addition to formal research institutions, rice enhancement systems are developed mainly by non-governmental organizations and farmers through continuous learning and rehabilitation. The system implements a simple management reform, in the area of non-water articulation, with a larger and wider use of organic fertilizers and integrated pest management. The system piloted a 50 per cent increase in production in 40 countries, while reducing water use and inputs costs, thereby increasing income. The Governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam have ratified the rice-enhance system and incorporated it into national food security strategies.", "Rapid expansion of quality education, including adult and women's literacy and training in rural areas, must also ensure that farmers are able to innovation, learn each other and adapt to changes in agroecological and market conditions.", "In order to provide a platform for the exchange of experiences between the agricultural advisory services sector, FAO has supported the establishment of a new global forum for rural advisory services. The Forum has 34 regional and national branches to prepare a five-year business plan and a rural advisory service system evaluation guidance package and to develop evidence-based approaches and policies to enhance the effectiveness of these services and programmes.", "FAO also shared knowledge with field outreach agents through TECA. TECA is an information system that provides an Internet platform for the sharing of technical and practical knowledge for small-scale farmers and specific geographical or thematic networks. The new platform, through testing and review by rural users, includes only technical and practices that are clearly described for the needs of rural users (300 technologies and practices). The platform's monthly visit page is about 10,000 pages and awareness-raising activities are ongoing. These units can be dispersed to Member States and have been dispersed to the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "The Asian and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, through the pilot use of post-harvest and post-harvest technologies in Myanmar, piloted the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Fiji and the Philippines to develop an institutional process for testing and promoting security and sustainable machinery in the region (see E/ESCAP/67/6).", "Markets and financing services", "Market services", "The private sector plays an increasingly important role in accelerating agricultural innovation through mechanisms, but the risk of exclusion of small farmers is high. In Latin America and the Caribbean, a large rivy over 40-50 per cent of the food market was locked in China, at about 10 per cent, in South Africa, and 50 per cent in Indonesia. This requires small farmers to be able to meet strict quality standards and to bring commercialization to the extent necessary through cooperatives and associations.", "Three factors are crucial to preventing small farmers from being excluded from the overmarket supply chains that are increasingly dominant in developing countries: (a) Focus on products that are predetermined in the market; (b) private and/or public organizations with a commercial basis for catalytic participation; and (c) the establishment of sustainable groups for farmers. There is also a need to prevent monopolies in food markets. [18] Better access to information, credit and risk insurance also enable small farmers to better engage in mutually beneficial partnerships with the private sector. Contents", "In addition, in recent years, the emergence of ethical and environmental certification processes opened new opportunities for creating value chains that link small farmers and large export markets. The bananas, coffee and cocoacible voluntary standards and certification programmes relate to a wide range of issues, including environmental protection, labour rights, workplace safety and health, social equality and the well-being of local communities, while providing farmers with price spillovers and improving market access and stability.", "Nevertheless, FAO noted that standards aimed at food security, quality, traceability and good agricultural practices — primarily those developed by large companies in large markets — often fail to ensure price spillovers and may also undermine small growers because of the high cost of meeting the standards. In response to the problem of the prevalence of standards, the AFOSIS Sustainability Assessment Commission developed a rigorous assessment tool, and scientific information on the social, economic and environmental impacts of any sustainable approach, including five-year cost-effectiveness. The tool was widely accepted by development agencies and companies, as it was a multi-stakeholder consultation process. The Commission is expanding data collection to include coffee, tea, cotton, biofuel crops and fruits, and will provide sustainable agricultural information for several hundred countries. To date, more than 5,000 data groups have provided the most advanced impact assessment to the public by strengthening the capacity of major local organizations in developing countries to collect data according to standard methodologies.", "FAO has also developed a programme of work to provide advice on: (a) changing the Government's engagement with the private sector to reflect diversity and market changes; (b) creating an enabling environment for integrated national agricultural enterprise development; and (c) institutional strengthening and service sector development to support agricultural value chains programmes for sustainable and inclusive commercial development.", "Investment and innovative financing", "Public funding studies should always focus on strategic priorities for food and nutrition security, including increased production and resistance of major crops, improved crop nutrition values, facilitating the sustainable use of natural resources and/or reducing the use of external chemical inputs and enhancing resilience and resilience to market conditions and climate change. In areas where long-term food and nutrition insecurity are faced, investment in agriculture is also a cost-effective way to build resilience and reduce humanitarian aid needs over a year.", "Governments and donors are increasing investment in agriculture, but more investments are needed to meet growing food demand. The declaration issued by the African Head of State in Maputo must accelerate progress and the implementation of the Liquia Commitment will be an important step forward. However, in the context of the economic and financial crisis, public-sector contributions to agriculture and rural development are very different, and many countries have contributed little or less.", "It is estimated that investment in the agricultural private sector, including foreign direct investment, will require an overall increase of almost 50 per cent to meet the growing demand (from about $142.2 billion per year). However, there is evidence that current investments are often carried out in the context of poor consultation with local communities, poor investment conditions, poor or non-existent mechanisms for dealing with natural resource exploitation, large-scale acquisition of land and loss of livelihoods in rural communities. FAO noted that there is a growing number of evidence that the inclusion of alternative models for small-scale farmers, such as contracted farming, the cultivated approach and joint ventures with farmers, is more conducive to sustainable economic development than the model for large-scale acquisitions of land in developing countries for the construction of super-green farms. Traditional public-private partnerships are not successful in guiding the achievement of sustainable development goals in innovative work. In order to facilitate responsible and sustainable private investment, FAO, IFAD, UNCTAD and the World Bank have established the principle of responsible agricultural investment in respect of rights, livelihoods and resources, as requested by the Group of Twenty. The Group of Twenty proposed that these organizations pilot the seven principles arising from the first phase of consultations and use lessons learned as input to the second phase of the consultation process.", "All funding sources acceptable to each country need to be integrated and integrated.", "While testing is still needed in agriculture, the pre-market commitment mechanism for the production of vaccines, namely, the commitment of donors to make pre-determined prices for pre-defined procurement, could provide significant technical innovation lessons for sustainable agriculture.", "Another involving the private sector in innovative development mechanisms is the award of results performance contracts on a competitive basis, such as for the development of water-resilient and improved seeds or goods for fertilizer response. This may be a means to stimulate private research.", "Industrial partners of the World Economic Forum contributed to the development of a new agricultural vision through consultations in Africa and Asia. The road map for the new vision was launched at the Davos Forum, Switzerland, in January 2011. The road map focuses on partnerships between the public sector, the private sector and civil society at the centre of farmers to accelerate sustainable agricultural growth.", "Jointly implemented by the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa's Development and Governments, these partnerships are committed to the sustainable strengthening of smallholder agriculture and the better functioning of the business sector, including peasant organizations, civil society organizations and Governments.", "It is also important to learn from a series of pilot climate funds in implementation, particularly in creating an enabling environment for small-scale private sector investment, including partnerships with philanthropic organizations and foundations. Integrating sound agricultural practices into financing mechanisms, such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), can help raise financing for sustainable enhancement. Agriculture has a significant impact on climate change by 10 to 12 per cent of the total global human greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable agricultural practices can substantially reduce emissions by storing carbon in soil or ground biomass or reducing emissions of nitrogen or methane. Another exploring source of funding was the use of the funding provided by the Copenhagen Agreement, adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2009, as a rapid start-up fund for enhanced action to mitigate (including REDD), adaptation, technology development and transfer, capacity-building and long-term support, with the aim of mobilizing $100 million annually by 2020.", "FAO and interested member States of the Group of Twenty are working to establish a platform to promote capacity-building in tropical agriculture in developing countries. The platform will bring together a virtual, flexible and effective structure from the countries of the Group of Twenty and least developed countries to generate and apply agricultural knowledge in developing countries. The platform will use good training practices to support the continuous learning and ownership of national actors and to coordinate the development of individual capacities globally.", "Way forward", "Sustainable intensification of crop varieties and sustainable agriculture will remain high on the international agenda, as food production must increase by 70 per cent over the next 38 years and investment must increase by $2,09.9 million annually. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 will provide an important opportunity to promote partnerships that will bring innovative financial mechanisms for agricultural innovation, agricultural technology transfer and adaptation and support. Sustainable agricultural growth is essential to one of the two themes of the Conference, namely, the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.", "States must make significant efforts to reform the agricultural sector, with the support of regional and international institutions, to integrate sustainable agriculture and support smallholder farmers, including women farmers, into national policies and strategies. In order to effectively adapt to climate change and the scarcity of natural resources, greater efforts and resources must be made to develop and disseminate agricultural technology. Agriculture also has the potential to combine greenhouse gas technologies with improved livelihoods of poor farmers through low-cost improvements in soil, water, crop and ecosystem management.", "Investment and cooperation in reducing post-harvest waste in developing countries will play a significant role in dealing with food and nutrition security and poverty, while saving valuable natural resources. Other infrastructure and capacity-building investments that meet the accreditation standards will help to increase access to national and international markets for small farmers.", "The lack of women's primary education, research and extension services in support of agriculture must be clearly addressed. Gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be integrated into agricultural education, research and extension services, while recognizing the role of women as major food producers in the agricultural workforce and as caregivers in the family. Women should be seen as prominent actors in the development of any intervention aimed at promoting food and nutrition security.", "Food and nutrition security means that all are at all times able to obtain adequate, safe and nutritious food from material, social and economic means to meet dietary needs and concerns so that they can live actively in health.", "[2] World Economic and Social Survey 2011: Great Green Technology Change (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[3] Calestous Juma, The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa (Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2011).", "[4] Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads, African Agriculture R&D in the New Millennium: Progress for some, Challenges for many (Washington, D.C., IFPRI and Rome, Italy, Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, 2011.", "[5] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food (see A/65/281).", "[6] FAO, “Guide for Sustainable Strengthening Policymakers for Small Crops Production” (Rome, Italy, 2011). Available from www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/index_en.html.", "[7] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011 (Rome, IFAD, 2010). Available from http://www.ifad.org/ rpr 2011/report/e/overview.pdf.", "[8] See the report of the Commission on the Status of Women on its fifty-fifth session (E/63/327-E/CN.6/East).", "[9] World Economic Forum, “Towards a new vision for agriculture: a stakeholder road map (Geneva, 2010)”, in collaboration with McKinsey and companies.", "[10] Sunil Sanghui, Rupert Simons and Roberto Uchoa, “Four lessons for transforming African agriculture: to bear African countries, which must take their focus and target high-impact projects”, McKinsey Quarterly, April United States dollars", "[11] FAO (2011) estimates that about one third of the world's food production for human consumption is lost or waste.", "[12] Most of the information contained in section IV is derived from agricultural science and technology indicators of the International Food Policy Institute. These indicators are used to track institutional development, investment and capacity in agriculture at the national, regional and global levels.", "[13] Annual report of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, 2010: from a new world to the world (Cari, Colombia, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, 2011).", "[14] David Raitzer and Timothy Kelley, “Benefit-cost meta-analysis of investment in the international research centers of the CGIAR”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 96, Nos. 1-3 (March 2008).", "[15] Juma. The New Harvest.", "[16] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011.", "[17] Kristin Davis, “Farmer field schools: a sin or dropt for extension in Africa?”Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, vol. 13, No. 1 (Spring 2006).", "[18] Ellen McCullough, Prabhu Pingali and Kostas Stamoulis, eds. The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, (FAO and Earthscan, 2008)." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36和37", "中东局势", "巴勒斯坦问题", "2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随信转递耶路撒冷和以色列45位知名巴勒斯坦人士(包括基督教和伊斯兰教人士、政界人士、工商界人士和民间社会活动家)写给联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)总干事伊琳娜·博科娃的信和相关文件，其中促请她们采取行动，阻止以色列政府继续摧毁位于耶路撒冷的马曼·阿拉公墓(见附件)。", "本信是我们2010年4月9日的信(A/ES-10/486-S/2010/184)的后续。在先前那封信中，我们附上了“对以色列侵犯人权行为采取紧急行动：关于亵渎耶路撒冷圣城Ma'man Allah(Mamilla)公墓”的请愿。提出请愿者是其祖先安葬于马曼·阿拉公墓的一些巴勒斯坦人以及巴勒斯坦、以色列和美国反对在葬有穆斯林死者遗骸的公墓上建立所谓“人类尊严中心和宽容博物馆”的其他一些非政府组织。", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2013年3月20日重新印发。", "我们要提请注意，《联合国宪章》重申了“基本人权，人格尊严与价值……之信念”，并承诺全体会员国将促进“全体人类之人权及基本自由之普遍尊重与遵守，不分种族、性别、语言或宗教”。具有讽刺意味的是，偏执和蔑视地践踏人类尊严及价值的上述行为与该中心和博物馆的名字格格不入。对包括诸如公墓这种宗教遗址在内的文化遗产和文化财产的保护，受到国际人权文书的保障，其中包括教科文组织《世界遗产公约》、《世界人权宣言》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》。在公墓里进一步大兴土木构成了对基本人权的侵犯，其中包括表明宗教信仰的权利、享受家庭和文化的权利以及不受歧视的自由，正如《消除一切形式种族歧视公约》所规定的那样。", "必须迫使占领国以色列停止其歧视和蔑视巴勒斯坦穆斯林和基督教圣地的非法政策。我们呼吁国际社会、尤其是联合国采取必要行动制止这方面的侵犯行为。", "请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目36和37下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)", "2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长的同文信的附件一", "巴勒斯坦社区领袖敦促联合国和教科文组织反对以色列建“宽容博物馆”宪政权利中心及运动继续向联合国官员施压", "2011年7月21日，纽约，耶路撒冷电——耶路撒冷和以色列45位知名巴勒斯坦人士，包括基督教和伊斯兰教人士、政界人士、工商界人士和民间社会活动家，今天致函联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃，促请她们采取行动阻止以色列政府继续摧毁位于耶路撒冷的马米拉公墓。保护马米拉耶路撒冷公墓运动将信交给了宪政权利中心，后者今天将其转交给了联合国和教科文组织的官员。保护马米拉耶路撒冷公墓运动是一个由60名个人组成的团体，他们的祖先葬于这一公墓，他们首次向这两位联合国官员提出请愿是2010年2月，并得到了宪政权利中心提供的法律咨询。", "署名者具有范围广泛的政治背景，包括以色列议会中各党派的以色列籍阿拉伯议员、巴勒斯坦权力机构和巴勒斯坦解放组织的耶路撒冷籍部长和高级官员。一些知名宗教领袖也参加了这一呼吁，其中包括希腊东正教大主教Attalah Hanna和伊斯兰高级理事会主席Shaykh Akrama Sabri(附上署名者名单)，并得到了耶路撒冷一些社区团体的跨教派支持。", "在这封信发出之前，以色列内政部于2011年7月12日批准了设于美国的西蒙·维森特尔中心在耶路撒冷中心地带一处古代穆斯林公墓遗址的部分土地上建造“人类尊严中心——宽容博物馆”的计划，那里已有数以千计的人类遗骸、墓碑和考古文物遭到亵渎和摧毁。这一批准为立即开始施工打开了最后一道行政绿灯。在此之前，耶路撒冷市府还在该公墓一小块地方推倒了本来完好无损的数十个墓碑，从而激怒了请愿者和那些认为该公墓是其文化遗产一部分的其他巴勒斯坦人。", "社区领袖们在信中对于以色列正式准许在公墓遗址上开始施工表示震惊：“他们竟厚颜无耻地将其称为人类尊严中心——宽容博物馆！这到底指的是哪一种人类？哪一种尊严？哪一种容忍？”他们在信中呼吁联合国官员“立即采取干预行动”，“依照人权理事会2010年决议的要求，派出一个代表团对情况进行调查并对以色列政府施压”。信中强调了“这一公墓的神圣性、位置和历史重要性以及它是一个特殊古迹的事实，其神圣绝不亚于那些也被禁止亵渎的基督教或犹太人公墓”。署名者还请上述国际官员“以酌情优先研究一批知名耶路撒冷人士……提出的请愿，……其中附有详尽的历史和法律文献，以及任何有理性的人都无法拒绝的合法及正义请求”。", "宪政权利中心所代表的最初60名请愿者之一、圣城大学校长Sari Nusseibeh说：“这不是一个会消失的问题，我们决心证明这个事业可以团结所有宗教和各种政治背景的人。我们需要行动，以确保对人类尊严和宽容的这种侮辱不再持续，也不会重演”。", "在发出这个最后关头的呼吁之前，宪政权利中心最近还努力促使人权高专和教科文组织采取行动，而它们尚未就请愿者的请求采取行动。“想要保护他们安葬在马米拉公墓的祖先遗骸的人们所发出的呼声，基本上被国际社会忽视，包括受到被赋予了保护他们人权的职责的联合国官员的忽视，”宪政权利中心代理法律主任Maria LaHood说：“我们将继续向世界的良知发出防止建造该博物馆的呼吁。建造该博物馆是企图抹杀耶路撒冷的巴勒斯坦历史和文化遗产。”", "请愿书，增编和其他文件见www.mamillacampaign.org和http://www.ccrjustice.　org/ourcases/current-cases/mamilla。", "宪政权利中心致力于推进和保护受到美国宪法和《世界人权宣言》保障的权利。宪政权利中心由一批在南方代表民权运动的律师于1966年建立。宪政权利中心是一个非营利法律和教育组织，决心创造性地运用法律作为推动社会变革的一个积极力量。请访问www.ccrjustice.org。Follow@theCCR。", "保护马米拉耶路撒冷公墓运动由请愿者发起，是一个完全民间和自愿的举措，没有政治色彩。所有60名个人请愿者都是耶路撒冷15个最有名望和历史最悠久家庭的后代，与以色列法院里先前的个人或机构索赔者无关。请愿书得到了设于以色列和包括耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的16个人权非政府组织的支持。", "2011年8月10日 巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长的同文信的附件二", "联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃女士", "谨随函附上45位耶路撒冷和以色列社区知名领导人联合来信，请通过我们的活动网络转给阁下，确保事情得到关注。", "阁下知晓，我们的活动网络包括60名耶路撒冷人，其先辈遗骸仍安息在耶路撒冷圣城马米拉墓地。而Simon Weisenthal Centre 却要将其“开发”为“宽容博物馆”，侵害我们的核心人权和文化遗产。", "我们敬请两位获知，我们已经努力接触资助这次亵渎的Simon Weisenthal Centre的施者，甚至联系了长老会。但我们义正辞严的要求仍如石沉大海。", "请确信，此事不会完结。我们决心让马米拉墓地成为团结所有宗教，团结各界人们的事业。我们需要阁下的支持和行动，制止这一亵渎人的尊严和宽容的暴行，使其不再重复。", "代表保护耶路撒冷马米拉墓地运动，", "Sarl Husseibeh教授", "Huda Al-Imam女士", "Dyala Husseini Dajani女士", "Asem Said Khalidi先生", "2011年7月20日宪政权利中心代理法律主任给联合国人权事务高级专员和联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的同文信", "随函附上45名耶路撒冷和以色列知名巴勒斯坦人士的信。他们中有基督教徒、穆斯林、政治家、商业人士和民间社会人员，都敦促阁下采取行动，制止继续摧毁耶路撒冷马米拉墓地的行为。信以阿拉伯文拟就，附英文翻译。信是由保护耶路撒冷马米拉墓地运动转给宪政权利中心的。保护耶路撒冷马米拉墓地运动与宪政权利中心协作，于2010年2月最先致函阁下，请求制止以色列亵渎历史遗址马米拉墓地的行为，制止洛杉矶的Simon Weisenthal Centre建造所谓的“宽容博物馆”。该运动的送文函也附上。", "敬希联合国人权事务高级专员办事处紧急关注此事，并期待答复。如有任何问题，或需补充信息，请打212 614 6430，或mlahood@ccrjustice.org。", "代理法律主任", "Maria C. LaHood(签名)", "附录", "联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃女士", "紧急行动，制止耶路撒冷市政府彻底摧毁马米拉墓地", "我们自耶路撒冷圣城向阁下致意，", "马米拉墓地是最古老的巴勒斯坦墓地之一，在此安息着先知穆罕默德的众多教友和随从、学者、军官和耶路撒冷历史上许多名人。很不幸，自Nakbah以来，以色列当局一直锁定了这座墓地。这个地区85%已经成为公园和街道，建成了楼房和停车场。墓地只剩下23杜努姆。连这一地方也惨遭以色列当局之手。他们企图将剩余的一切都吞并。", "2011年6月25日，耶路撒冷市政府乘着黑夜，派推土机进入墓地，完全摧毁了约100座坟墓和墓碑。当局铁定要继续铲平摧毁耶路撒冷先辈的坟墓，在另外几十座坟墓上标上红字，准备摧毁。同时，官方威胁要在墓地上开工，兴建其恬不知耻称之为“人的尊严中心———宽容博物馆”！请问：这是指哪路人？何方尊严？什么宽容？", "面对这些令人不安的情况，我们签名人以真主、穆斯林和基督徒的名义，“众城之花”、圣城耶路撒冷的人民，急请阁下立即制止亵渎这一墓地，派遣代表团调查情况，按照人权理事会第2010号决议，向以色列政府施压。 这座墓地历史悠久，十分圣洁，具有特殊的考古价值，不次于同样不得亵渎的基督教和犹太教墓地。", "因此，我们请求阁下重视纽约市宪政权利中心代表的耶路撒冷知名人士的请愿书，请愿书中附上了这一问题的全部历史文件和法律文件，提出了合理合法的要求。若讲道理，就不会回绝这些要求。", "感谢合作。", "[签名人以阿拉伯姓名字母顺序排列]", "• Shaykh Ibrahim Sarsour–以色列议会议员。", "• Ibrahim Matar先生-全国基督教协会。", "• Ahmed Hashem al-Zaghayer先生-商会联合会会长。", "• Usama al-Sa'adi先生-律师。", "• Ilham Salama女士，基督教青年会社会部。", "• Iyad al-Masrouji先生-商务投资人。", "• Bernard Sabella先生-巴勒斯坦立法理事会成员。", "• Tawfiq Habash先生-商人。", "• Jamal Zahalqa先生-以色列议员。", "• Jamal Nusseibeh博士-律师。", "• Hatem Abd Al-Qader先生-巴勒斯坦权力机构耶路撒冷事务部长。", "• Mana Siniora先生-商人。", "• Hana 'Amira先生-巴勒斯坦解放组织执行委员会成员。", "• Engineer Khaled al-Kaluti女士-工程师-福利协会董事会董事。", "• Dina Zarina女士-圣地俗务委员会。", "• Rania Elias女士-文化中心主任", "• Randa Makhlouf-圣地俗务委员会。", "• Engineer Zaki Aghbariya工程师-Waqf与文化阿克萨协会会长。", "• Zahira Kamal女士-巴勒斯坦权力机构前部长、Fida秘书长。", "• Sari Nusseibeh博士-Al-Quds大学校长。", "• Saiah Ataljah先生-商人。", "• Adnan al-Husseini工程师-巴勒斯坦权力机构耶路撒冷区区长。", "• Azzam Abu Sa’ud先生-耶路撒冷商会会长。", "• Afu Ighbaria博士-以色列议员。", "• Atallah Hanna大主教。", "• Shaykh Akrama Sabrl博士-伊斯兰大理事会会长、阿克萨主持人。", "• Omar al-Alamy先生-耶路撒冷烟草公司副总经理。", "• Francis Tarmas先生-财政专家。", "• Fouad al-Daqqaq工程师-耶路撒冷控股公司顾问。", "• Shaykh Kamal al-以色列伊斯兰运动副主席。", "• Mazen Siriokrot工程师-前部长。", "• Muhammad Baraka先生-以色列议员。", "• Muhammad Jadallah博士-耶路撒冷国民力量代表。", "• Muhammed Zaydan先生-以色列大阿拉伯委员会主席。", "• Mohamed al-Masrouji-商会董事会主席、商人。", "• Rosary Sister’s高中。", "• Mas’ud Ghanaim先生-以色列议员。", "• Mustafa Abu Zahra工程师-耶路撒冷伊斯兰基地理事会主席。", "• Mahdi Abd al-Hadi博士-巴勒斯坦国际事务学会会长。", "• Shaykh Najih Bakirat-阿克萨清真寺手稿文化部负责人。", "• Nabil Mashhour教授-阿拉伯真教俱乐部联合会会长。", "• Hind Khoury女士-前部长、耶路撒冷活动家。", "• Hisham al-Kalouti先生-耶路撒冷活动家。", "• Wasif Thahir先生-耶路撒冷基督教青年会董事会会长。", "• Yusef Sanahir先生-宗教关系中心。", "转抄：", "Michael Ratner先生，Maria LaHood女士，宪政权利中心，纽约", "Ibrahim Khreishi大使，巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观赏员，日内瓦", "EliasSanbar大使，巴勒斯坦常驻教科文组织观察员，巴黎", "Riyad Mansour大使，巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员，纽约" ]

[ "[]", "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 36 and 37 The situation in the Middle East \n Question of Palestine", "Identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council[1]", "I have the honour to transmit herewith relevant documents along with letters written by 45 prominent Palestinians from Jerusalem and Israel, including Christian and Muslim figures, politicians, businesspeople and civil society activists, addressed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay, and the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Irina Bokova, urging that they take action to stop the continued destruction of Ma’man Allah Cemetery in Jerusalem by the Israeli Government (see annex).", "The present letter is in follow up to our letter dated 9 April 2010 (A/ES‑10/486-S/2010/184), in which we enclosed the petition “Urgent action on human rights violations by Israel: Desecration of the Ma’man Allah (Mamilla) Muslim Cemetery in the Holy City of Jerusalem”, filed by Palestinian individuals whose ancestors are buried at Ma’man Allah Cemetery in addition to several other NGOs from Palestine, Israel and the United States that oppose the establishment of so called Centre for Human Dignity and Museum of Tolerance on the human remains of the dead Muslims buried in the Cemetery.", "We would like to recall that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirmed “faith in fundamental human rights, and in the dignity and worth of the human person” and committed all Member States to promote “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion”. Ironically both the Centre and the Museum bear names that do not befit this act of bigotry and contempt against the dignity and worth of the human person. Protection of cultural heritage and cultural property, including religious sites such as cemeteries, is guaranteed by international human rights instruments such as the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Further building in the cemetery constitutes a violation of basic human rights, including the right to manifest religious beliefs, the right to family and culture, and the right to freedom from discrimination, as set forth in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "Israel, the occupying Power, must be compelled to put an end to its unlawful policy of discrimination and contempt towards Palestinian Muslim and Christian holy places. We call on the international community, in particular the United Nations, to take the necessary actions to put an end to these violations.", "I kindly request that the text of the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 36 and 37, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Annex I to the identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[]", "[]", "Annex II to the identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[]", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Acting Legal Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights addressed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "[]", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Acting Legal Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights addressed to the Director-General of UNESCO", "[]", "Attachment", "Jerusalem, 20 July 2011", "Ms. Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights;", "Ms. Irina Bokova, Director-General, UNESCO", "RE: Urgent Action to Prevent the Jerusalem Municipality from Completely Desecrating Ma’man Allah (Mamilla) Cemetery", "With our warmest regards from the Holy City of Jerusalem,", "Mamilla Cemetery is one of the oldest Palestinian cemeteries, in which were buried numerous Companions and followers of the Prophet Muhammad, learned scholars, military commanders and many notables of Jerusalem throughout history. Unfortunately, ever since the Nakbah, this cemetery has been continuously targeted by the Israeli authorities. Indeed, 85 per cent of its area has been turned into parks and streets, and buildings have been erected over parts of it. Only 23 dunums of the cemetery remain, and even this area has not been spared by the Israeli authorities, which have attempted to dispose of what is left of it in any way possible.", "On 25 June 2011, under cover of darkness in the late hours of the night, Jerusalem Municipality bulldozers entered Mamilla Cemetery and completely destroyed some 100 graves and grave markers. The authorities are still determined to continue the levelling and destruction of the graves of Jerusalem’s ancestors, and they have placed red marks on dozens of additional graves in preparation for their destruction. This comes against the backdrop of official threats that construction will begin on the site of the cemetery of what they brazenly and unashamedly call “A Center for Human Dignity — Museum of Tolerance”! We ask you: To what humanity could this possibly refer? What dignity? What tolerance?", "In the face of these troubling developments, we the undersigned, in the name of our steadfast Muslim and Christian Arab people in the Holy Land and the Holy City of Jerusalem, the “Flower of Cities”, appeal urgently for you to intervene immediately in order to stop the desecration of this cemetery by sending a delegation to investigate the situation and putting pressure on the Government of Israel, in accordance with the Human Rights Council resolution of 2010. This is especially important in light of the sanctity and historical importance of this cemetery, and the fact that it is an exceptional archaeological site, which is no less holy than the Christian or Jewish cemeteries whose desecration is also prohibited.", "We therefore ask that you accord due priority to considering the petition submitted to you by a distinguished group of Jerusalemites, represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights in New York, which includes thorough historical and legal documentation on this issue and rightful and just requests that no reasonable person could refuse.", "Thank you for your cooperation.", "• Shaykh Ibrahim Sarsour — Member of Knesset.", "• Mr. Ibrahim Matar — The National Christian Society.", "• Mr. Ahmed Hashem al-Zaghayer — President, Union of Chambers of Commerce.", "• Mr. Usama al-Sa’adi — Attorney.", "• Ms. Ilham Salama, Social Department, YMCA.", "• Mr. Iyad al-Masrouji — Businessman and Investor.", "• Mr. Bernard Sabella — Member of Palestinian Legislative Council.", "• Mr. Tawfiq Habash — Businessman.", "• Mr. Jamal Zahalqa — Member of Knesset.", "• Dr. Jamal Nusseibeh — Attorney-at-Law.", "• Mr. Hatem Abd Al-Qader — Minister for Jerusalem Affairs, Palestinian Authority.", "• Mr. Hana Siniora — Businessman.", "• Mr. Hana ‘Amira — Member of the Executive Committee, Palestine Liberation Organization.", "• Engineer Khaled al-Kaluti — Member of the Board of Trustees of the Welfare Association.", "• Ms. Dina Zarina — Secular Committee in the Holy Land.", "• Ms. Rania Elias — Director, Yabous Cultural Center.", "• Ms. Randa Makhlouf — Secular Committee in the Holy Land.", "• Engineer Zaki Aghbariya — President Al-Aqsa Association for Waqf and Culture.", "• Ms. Zahira Kamal — Secretary General Fida, Former Minister, Palestinian Authority.", "• Dr. Sari Nusseibeh — President, Al-Quds University.", "• Mr. Salah Atallah — Businessman.", "• Engineer Adnan al-Husseini — Governor of Jerusalem District, Palestinian Authority.", "• Mr. Azzam Abu Sa’ud — General Director, Jerusalem Chamber of Commerce.", "• Dr. Afu Ighbaria — Member of Knesset.", "• Archbishop Atallah Hanna.", "• Shaykh Dr. Akrama Sabri — President of the High Islamic Council and Preacher of the Aqsa Mosque.", "• Mr. Omar al-Alamy — Associate General Director, Jerusalem Cigarette Company.", "• Mr. Francis Tamas — Financial Expert.", "• Engineer Fouad al-Daqqaq — Advisor, Jerusalem Holding Company.", "• Shaykh Kamal al-Katib — Vice President of the Islamic Movement in Israel.", "• Engineer Mazen Sinokrot — Former Minister and businessman.", "• Mr. Muhammad Baraka — Member of Knesset.", "• Dr. Muhammad Jadallah — Representative of National Forces in Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Muhammad Zaydan — President, Arab Higher Follow-up Committee in Israel.", "• Dr. Mohamed al-Masrouji — President of the Board of Directors, Businessmen’s Association and businessman.", "• Rosary Sister’s High School.", "• Mr. Mas’ud Ghanaim — Member of Knesset.", "• Engineer Mustafa Abu Zahra — President of the Council of Islamic Cemeteries in Jerusalem.", "• Dr. Mahdi Abd al-Hadi — President, Palestinian Academic Society for International Affairs.", "• Shaykh Najih Bakirat — Head, Manuscripts and Culture Section, Al-Aqsa Mosque.", "• Professor Nabil Mashhour — President of the Union of the Arab Orthodox Club.", "• Ms. Hind Khoury — Former Minister and Jerusalemite Activist.", "• Mr. Hisham al-Kalouti — Jerusalemite Activist.", "• Mr. Wasif Thahir — President of the Board of Directors, YMCA Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Yusef Sanahir — Center for Church Relations.", "cc:", "• Ambassador Ibrahim Khreishi, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations Office at Geneva", "• Ambassador Elias Sanbar, Permanent Observer of Palestine at UNESCO, Paris", "• Ambassador Riyad Mansour, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations in New York", "• Mr. Michael Ratner, Ms. Maria LaHood, Center for Constitutional Rights, New York.", "[1] * Reissued for technical reasons on 20 March 2013." ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Agenda items 36 and 37", "The situation in the Middle East", "Question of Palestine", "Identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter and related documents from Jerusalem and 45 prominent Palestinians (including Christians and Islamists, politicians, business and civil society activists) to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pelle and the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Iinna Bokoova, urging them to take action to prevent the Government of Israel from continuing to destroy the Mapman Al-Acemeter in Jerusalem (see annex).", "This letter is a follow-up to our letter dated 9 April 2010 (A/ES-10/486-Samp184). In the previous letter, we attach a petition on “Emergency action on Israeli human rights violations: the cemeter of desecration of the Holy See Ma'man Allah (Mamilla). The petitioners were a number of Palestinians whose ancestral burial of Manman Al-Abel, as well as other non-governmental organizations that had objected to the establishment of the so-called “Human dignity Center and the Museum of Tolerance” at a cemetery with the remains of the Muslim.", " (3) (*) Reissued for technical reasons on 20 March 2013.", "We would like to draw attention to the fact that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirms the belief in fundamental human rights, the dignity and worth of the human person and commits all Member States to promote “the universal respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion”. It is ironic that the above-mentioned acts that are biased and defyed against human dignity and values are incompatible with the name of the Centre and museums. The protection of cultural heritage and cultural property, including religious sites such as cemeteries, is guaranteed by international human rights instruments, including the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Further habeas corpus constitutes a violation of fundamental human rights in the public cemeteries, including the right to religious belief, the right to family and culture and the freedom to non-discrimination, as set out in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "Israel, the occupying Power, must be compelled to stop its discrimination and defy the illegal policies of Palestinian Muslim and Christian holy places. We call on the international community, in particular the United Nations, to take the necessary action to put an end to violations in that regard.", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 36 and 37, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex I to the identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Palestinian community leaders urge the United Nations and UNESCO to oppose Israel's establishment of the “Preparency Museum” and the movement to continue to exert pressure on United Nations officials.", "On 21 July 2011, in New York, Jerusalem, and 45 prominent Palestinians in Israel, including Christians and Islamists, politicians, business and civil society activists, wrote today to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay and the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Iinna Bokoova, urging them to take action to prevent the Israeli Government from continuing to destroy the Mapace in Jerusalem. The campaign for the protection of the Maya Jerusalem cemeteries will be sent to the Constitutional Rights Centre, which has been transferred to United Nations and UNESCO officials today. The campaign for the protection of the Maya Jerusalem cemeteries is a group of 60 individuals whose ancestral burial is the first time that they submitted petitions to these two United Nations officials in February 2010 and have received legal advice from the Constitutional Rights Centre.", "The parties concerned have a wide range of political backgrounds, including Israeli Arab Parliamentarians of all parties in the Israeli Parliament, the Minister of Jerusalem of the Palestinian Authority and the Palestine Liberation Organization. A number of prominent religious leaders also participated in this appeal, including the Greek Orthodox Archbishop Attalah Hanna and Shaykh Akrama Sabri, President of the Islamic High Council (up to the list of persons concerned), and received cross-sect support from some Jerusalem community groups.", "Prior to that letter, on 12 July 2011, the Israeli Ministry of the Interior approved a plan for the construction of a “Human dignity centre — a museum of tolerance” on part of the site of the Muslim cemetery in the Jerusalem Centre, where thousands of human remains, cemeteries and archaeological objects have been desecrated and destroyed. This approval has resulted in a final administrative green light for the immediate start of construction. Prior to that time, the city of Jerusalem also pushed the dozens of cemeteries that had been exhausted at a cemetery, thereby exhorting the petitioners and other Palestinians who considered that the cemetery was part of their cultural heritage.", "In the letter, community leaders expressed alarms about the formal authorization of Israel to start construction on the cemetery sites: “Where they have been so shamelessly known as the Centre for Human dignity — the Tolerance Museum”. This would mean what human beings? what dignity? In their letter, they called upon United Nations officials “to take immediate intervention”, “to dispatch a delegation to investigate the situation and to exert pressure on the Israeli Government, as requested by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 2010. The letter emphasized “the sacredness, place and historical importance of this cemetery and the fact that it is a special monument, and that its sanctity must not be a Christian or Jewish cemeteries that are also prohibited from desecration”. The parties also requested the above-mentioned international officials “to study, as appropriate, a petition made by a group of eminent Jerusalemers ..., with a detailed historical and legal literature, and any reasonable human being unable to reject the legitimate and fair request”.", "One of the original 60 petitioners represented by the Constitutional Rights Centre, Sari Nusseibeh, Head of the University of Al-Quds Al-Sharif, said: “This is not an issue of disappearance, and we are determined to prove that this cause can unite all religious and political backgrounds. We need to act to ensure that such humiliation of human dignity and tolerance is no longer sustained or will be repeated”.", "Prior to the launch of the appeal at this final juncture, the Constitutional Rights Centre has recently worked to promote human rights and action by UNESCO, which have not yet taken action on the petitioner's request. “The voices of those who wish to protect their ancestral remains in the Maamra cemetery are essentially neglected by the international community, including by United Nations officials who have been entrusted with the responsibility to protect their human rights”, Maria La Hood, Acting Director of the Constitutional Rights Centre, said that “We will continue to send a call for the world's conscience to prevent the construction of the museum. The construction of the museum is an attempt to undo the Palestinian history and cultural heritage of Jerusalem.”", "The petition, addenda and other documents are available at www.mamillacampaign.org and http://www.ccrjustice.org/ours/current-cases/mamilla.", "The Constitutional Rights Centre is committed to advancing and protecting the rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Constitutional Rights Centre was established in 1966 by a number of lawyers representing the People's Rights Movement in the South. The Constitutional Rights Centre is a non-profit legal and educational organization and is committed to creatively employing laws as a positive force for social change. Please visit www.ccrjustice.org. Follow@the CCR.", "The campaign for the protection of the Maya Jerusalem cemeteries was initiated by the petitioners, a thorough and voluntary initiative, without political affiliation. All 60 individual petitioners are the children of 15 of the most prestigious and historic families in Jerusalem, and are not related to previous individuals or institutional claimants in Israeli courts. The petition was supported by 16 human rights non-governmental organizations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem.", "Annex II to the identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "Ms. Iinna Bokoova, Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a joint letter from 45 Jerusalem and prominent leaders of the Israeli community to you, through our network of activities, to ensure that things are brought to attention.", "H.E. knows that our network of activities consists of 60 Jerusalemns, whose remains remain at the Al-Quds Al-Sharif in Jerusalem. Simon Weisenthal Centre, however, wants to “development” as a “tolerance museum” against our core human rights and cultural heritage.", "We pay tribute to the fact that we have endeavoured to reach those who finance this desecration Simon Weisenthal Centre, even in connection with the Fono. However, we are saying that the demands of the clock remain.", "Please be sure that this matter will not be completed. We are committed to making the mir of Maghreb a cause of solidarity with all religions. We need the support and action of you to put an end to this blasphemy of human dignity and tolerance that will no longer be repeated.", "On behalf of the Movement for the Protection of the Mayace of Jerusalem,", "Sarl Husseibeh", "Huda Al-Imam", "Ms. DyalaHusseini Dajani", "Mr. Asem Said Khalidi", "Identical letters dated 20 July 2011 from the Acting Director of the Constitutional Rights Centre to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter from 45 Jerusalem and Israeli renowned Palestinians. Among their Christians, Muslims, politicians, business and civil society personnel, they urged you to take action to stop the continued destruction of the Mayace area in Jerusalem. The letter is to be translated in English in Arabic. The letter was transferred to the Constitutional Rights Centre by the Campaign for the Protection of the Mayace in Jerusalem. In collaboration with the Constitutional Rights Centre, the Movement for the Protection of the Maamar cemeteries of Jerusalem requested to end the Israeli blasphemy of the Mapace of the historic sites and to stop the construction of the so-called “tolerance museum” at the Simon Wesenthal Centre of Lo Angela. A letter from the Movement is also attached.", "The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has given urgent attention to this matter and looks forward to its response. If any matter arises, or if additional information is required, please call 212,614 6430 or mlahood@ccrjustice.org.", "Acting Director", "(Signed) Maria C. La Hood", "Appendix", "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "Ms. Iinna Bokoova, Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Urgent action to put an end to the complete destruction of the Mapace by the Government of Jerusalem", "We pay tribute to you, Al-Quds Al-Sharif, Jerusalem.", "The Maya cemetery is one of the most ancient Palestinian cemeteries, in which a large number of teaching friends and many individuals have been informed about the past. Unfortunately, since Nakbah, the Israeli authorities have locked the cemetery. Eighty-five per cent of this area has become parks and streets, and buildings and parks have been built. The cemetery will remain at only 23duum. This location has also been hit by Israeli authorities. They attempt to annex all remaining.", "On 25 June 2011, the Municipal Government of Jerusalem, in the dark night, sent bulldozers into the cemetery, completely destroyed about 100 graves and cemeteries. The authorities will continue to cushion the brunt of Jerusalem, and are ready to destroy the brunt of several other graves. At the same time, the official threat is to start work on the cemetery, and it is not known as the Center for Human dignity — the Tolerance Museum”. Please ask if this means what is the road? What tolerance?", "In the face of these worrying circumstances, our signatories, on behalf of God, Muslims and Christians, “Supports of the city”, the people of Al-Quds Al-Sharif Jerusalem, urgently request you to immediately put an end to the blasphemy of the cemetery and to send a delegation's investigation to pressure on the Israeli Government in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 2010. The cemetery has a long history, with a special archaeological value and no less desecration of Christian and Jewish cemeteries.", "We therefore ask you to attach to the petition by the distinguished Jerusalemers represented at the Constitutional Rights Centre in New York, all historical and legal documents on this issue and to make reasonable demands. If justified, they would not be returned.", "Thanks for cooperation.", "[Adopted by a signatory in alphabetical order of Arabic name]", "• Shaykh Ibrahim Sarsour Israeli Parliamentarians.", "• Mr. Ibrahim Matar-National Christian Association.", "• Mr. Ahmed Hashem al-Zaghayer, President of the Chamber of Commerce.", "• Mr. Usama al-Sa'adi - lawyer.", "• Ms. Ilham Salama, Ministry of Social Affairs of the Christian Youth Council.", "• Mr. Iyad al-Masrouji - Business Investments.", "• Mr. Bernard Sabella - members of the Palestinian Legislative Council.", "• Mr. Tawfiq Habash - Business.", "• Mr. Jamal Zahalqa-Israeli Parliament.", "• Dr. Jamal Nusseibeh - lawyer.", "• Mr. Hatem Abd Al-Qader - Minister for Palestinian Authority Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Mana Siniora - Business.", "• Mr. Hana'Amira - Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization.", "• Ms. Engineer Khaled al-Kaluti - Director of the Board of Trustees of the Engineer-Affordable Association.", "• Ms. Dina Zarina-Saint Committee.", "• Ms. Rania Elias", "• Randa Makhlouf-Saint Committee.", "• Director of Engineer Zaki Aghbariya Engineer-Waqf and Cultural Aqsa Association.", "• Ms. Zahira Kamal - former Minister of the Palestinian Authority, Secretary-General Fida.", "• Dr. Sari Nusseibeh - Dr. Al-Quds University.", "• Mr. Saiah Ataljah - Business.", "• Adnan al-Husseini Engineer-Permanent of the Jerusalem Region of the Palestinian Authority.", "• Mr. Azzam Abu Satisud - Chamber of Commerce.", "• Dr. Afu Ighbaria - Israeli parliamentarians.", "• Atallah Hanna Archbishop.", "• Dr. Shaykh Akrama Sabrl, President of the Islamic Council, and moderator Aqsa.", "• Mr. Omar al-Alamy, Deputy Director General of the Jerusalem Tobacco.", "• Mr. Francis Tarmas-Final Experts.", "• Fouad al-Daqqaq engineers - Jerusalem Control Unit", "• Vice-Chairman of the Shaykh Kamal al-Israeli Islamic Movement.", "• Mazen Siriokrot Engineer - former Minister.", "• Mr. Muhammad Baraka-Israeli Parliament.", "• Dr. Muhammad Jadallah - Representative of the National Forces of Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Muhammed Zaydan - Chairman of the Arab Committee of Israel.", "• Mohamed al-Masrouji-Commercial Board Chair, Tradeer.", "• Rosary Sisters High School.", "• Mr. Masettud Ghanaim - parliamentarians of Israel.", "• El Abu Zahra Engineer - President of the Islamic base of Jerusalem.", "• Dr. Mahdi Abd al-Hadi-Palestinian Institute of International Affairs.", "• Head of the Ministry of Culture of Shaykh Najih Bakirat-Aqsa Mosque.", "• Professor Nabil Mashhour-Arab truce Club.", "• Ms. Hind Khoury - former Minister, Jerusalem activists.", "• Mr. Hisham al-Kalouti-Jermen.", "• Mr. Wasif Thahir - Director of the Council of the Christian Youth of Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Yusef Sanahir - Centre for Religious Relations.", "Conversion:", "Mr. Michael Ratner, Ms. Maria La Hood, Constitutional Rights Centre, New York", "Ambassador Ibrahim Khreishi, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Ambassador EliasSanbar, Permanent Observer of Palestine to UNESCO, Paris", "Ambassador Riyad Mansour, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations, New York" ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员的缔约国会议报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议根据《公约》附件二第二条的规定，于2011年8月11日在总部举行，以选出大陆架界限委员会一名成员。这次选举是为了填补因玉木贤策先生(日本)于2011年4月5日去世而出现的空缺。", "2. 会议面前有下列文件：秘书长关于选举程序的说明(SPLOS/232)；缔约国所提名候选人的名单(SPLOS/233)；日本政府所提名候选人的履历(SPLOS/234)。", "二. 会议开幕", "3. 第二十一次缔约国会议主席卡米洛·贡萨尔维斯(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)宣布会议开幕。", "4. 会议为缅怀逝世的玉木贤策默哀一分钟。", "5. 出于开展会务的目的，会议决定维持包括主席在内的当选主席团的构成，[1] 以及今年早些时候于2011年6月13日至17日举行的第二十一次会议任命的全权证书委员会的构成。", "三. 通过议程和工作安排", "6. 会议通过了议程(SPLOS/235)，并核准了主席概述的工作安排。", "四. 全权证书委员会的报告", "7. 议程通过后，由罗伯特·埃里克·阿拉瓦多·博耶(菲律宾)担任主席的全权证书委员会开始举行会议。之后，全权证书委员会主席向会议介绍了全权证书委员会的报告(SPLOS/236)。他特别指出，该委员会已审查和接受了《公约》142个缔约国代表的全权证书。会议核准了该委员会的报告，并未经表决通过了相应的决议草案。", "五. 选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员", "8. 主席向会议通报了选举程序，同时提请注意《公约》和缔约国会议议事规则的相关规定。", "9. 印度尼西亚代表、马耳他代表和波兰代表担任了计票人。", "10. 经过一轮投票，卜部哲郎(日本)以131票赞成、2票弃权的结果当选为大陆架界限委员会成员。他因此将完成其前任至2012年6月15日结束的5年任期的余留时间。", "11. 主席代表缔约国祝贺卜部先生当选。", "[1] 见SPLOS/231，第5和第6段。" ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Report of the Meeting of States Parties to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "I. Introduction", "1. The Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf) was held at Headquarters on 11 August 2011, in accordance with article 2 of annex II to the Convention. The election was to fill the vacancy that had occurred in the Commission owing to the demise of Mr. Kensaku Tamaki (Japan) on 5 April 2011.", "2. The Meeting had before it the following documents: a note by the Secretary-General on the election procedures (SPLOS/232); the list of candidates nominated by States Parties (SPLOS/233); and the curriculum vitae of the candidate nominated by the Government of Japan (SPLOS/234).", "II. Opening of the Meeting", "3. Camillo Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), President of the twenty-first Meeting of States Parties, opened the Meeting.", "4. The Meeting observed a minute of silence in memory of the late Kensaku Tamaki.", "5. For the purposes of conducting its business, the Meeting decided to retain the composition of the Bureau,[1] including the Presidency, as elected, and the composition of the Credentials Committee, as appointed by the twenty-first Meeting, held earlier this year from 13 to 17 June 2011.", "III. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "6. The Meeting adopted the agenda (SPLOS/235) and approved the organization of work, as outlined by the President.", "IV. Report of the Credentials Committee", "7. The Credentials Committee, chaired by Robert Eric Alabado Borje (Philippines), met following the adoption of the agenda. The Chair of the Credentials Committee then introduced the report of the Credentials Committee (SPLOS/236) to the Meeting. In particular, he stated that the Committee had examined and accepted the credentials of the representatives of 142 States Parties to the Convention. The Meeting approved the report of the Committee and adopted the corresponding draft resolution without a vote.", "V. Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "8. The President informed the Meeting of the election procedures, recalling the relevant provisions of the Convention and the Rules of Procedure of the Meeting of States Parties.", "9. The representatives of Indonesia, Malta and Poland acted as tellers.", "10. In the one round of balloting, Tetsuro Urabe (Japan) was elected as a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, with 131 votes in favour and 2 abstentions. He will thus complete the remainder of his predecessor’s term of five years, which will end on 15 June 2012.", "11. On behalf of States Parties, the President congratulated Mr. Urabe on his election.", "[1] See SPLOS/231, paras. 5 and 6." ]

[ "Conference of the States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Report of the Conference of the States Parties elected to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Introduction", "The Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, pursuant to article II of annex II to the Convention, was held at Headquarters on 11 August 2011 to elect a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The election was intended to fill the vacancy that had occurred as a result of the death of Mr. Maurit (Japan) on 5 April 2011.", "The Meeting had before it the following documents: the note by the Secretary-General on the electoral process (SPLOS/232); the list of candidates nominated by States parties (SPLOS/233); the calendar of candidates nominated by the Government of Japan (SPLOS/234).", "Opening of the session", "The session was opened by the President of the Twenty-First Conference, Karilo Gonzalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines).", "The meeting observed a minute of silence in memory of the late maize.", "For the purpose of the Conference, the Conference decided to maintain the composition of the elected Bureau, including the President, and the composition of the Credentials Committee appointed earlier this year at its twenty-first meeting, held from 13 to 17 June 2011.", "Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "The meeting adopted the agenda (SPLOS/235) and approved the organization of work outlined by the Chair.", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "After the adoption of the agenda, the Credentials Committee, chaired by Robert Erik Awado Boyye (Philippines), began its meeting. Subsequently, the Chairman of the Credentials Committee introduced the report of the Credentials Committee (SPLOS/236). In particular, he noted that the Committee had reviewed and accepted the credentials of 142 States parties to the Convention. The report of the Committee was approved and the corresponding draft resolution was adopted without a vote.", "Election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "The President informed the Conference of the electoral process, drawing attention to the relevant provisions of the Convention and the rules of procedure of the Conference.", "The representatives of Indonesia, Malta and Poland served as tellers.", "After a round of ballots, the outcome of the Bangi (Japan) was elected as a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by 131 votes in favour and 2 abstentions. He will therefore complete the remainder of the five-year term ended on 15 June 2012.", "The President, on behalf of the State party, congratulated Mr. B on his election.", "See SPLOS/231, paras. 5 and 6." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(j)", "可持续发展：推广新能源和可再生能源", "推广新能源和可再生能源", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "全球能源系统需要进行变革以确保人人都有可持续能源，满足快速增长的能源需求，尤其是发展中国家的需求，减少气候变化的不利影响。新能源和可再生能源是全球努力做出重大改变以发展绿色经济、消除贫穷和最终实现可持续发展的核心。一些国家投入巨额投资促进创新，开发可再生能源技术并使之商业化。但是，需要有更多的合作和行动来大幅度增加这些技术对全球能源系统的贡献。需要有协调一致的全球能源战略，并有统一和稳定的国家政策，来降低可再生能源技术、包括不并网发电系统的成本，供生活在农村的最贫穷居民使用。", "一. 导言", "A. 任务规定和决议", "1. 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》[1] (约翰内斯堡执行计划)呼吁在各级紧迫采取行动，大幅度增加全球可再生能源的比例，以便增加它在能源总供应量中的比重。[2] 大会在关于推动新能源和可再生能源的第64/206号决议中重申必须全面执行作为政府间可持续发展框架的《约翰内斯堡执行计划》，鼓励联合国系统继续提高对能源促进可持续发展的重要性，包括对推广新能源和可再生能源必要性的认识，以及对这些能源在全球能源供应方面，特别是在可持续发展和消除贫穷方面可以发挥更大作用的认识。", "2. 大会在同一决议中回顾了《2005年世界首脑会议成果》，[3] 欢迎各种旨在进一步便利获取可靠、负担得起、经济上可行、社会上可接受和无害环境的促进可持续发展能源服务倡议，以利于实现国际商定发展目标，包括千年发展目标，认识到新能源和可再生能源有助于减少温室气体，有助于解决构成严重风险和挑战的气候变化问题，呼吁国际社会支持最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家努力开发和利用能源资源，包括新能源和可再生能源。", "3. 此外，大会还请秘书长就决议执行情况向大会第六十六次会议提交一份报告，其中除其他外应考虑到会员国和国际组织为在各级创造一个有利于推广和利用新能源和可再生能源的环境而采取的举措，包括为进一步便利获取这类技术而采取的措施。本报告就是根据这一要求提交的。", "4. 其后，大会在第65/151号决议中决定宣布2012为人人享有可持续能源国际年。大会请秘书长组织和协调在能源年开展的活动，鼓励所有会员国、联合国系统和所有其他行为体利用能源年，使人们进一步认识到必须解决能源问题。会员国和国际组织也在围绕国际年采取举措，为推动获取能源和能源服务和利用新能源和可再生能源创造一个有利的环境。", "B. 人人享有可持续能源", "5. 消除贫困、提高人类福利、提高生活水平和最终实现可持续发展离不开充足、价廉和可靠的能源服务。在继续应对全球发展挑战的同时，人们日益意识到提供充足的能源服务对保健、教育、运输、通信以及供水和环境卫生产生多方面的影响。因此，能源是实现千年发展目标的一个重要因素。", "6. 要为所有人获取可持续能源，就要建立制度，支持以公平和社会协作的方式最佳地利用能源资源，同时尽可能减轻对环境的影响。建立可持续能源制度需要有综合性国家和区域基础设施，以建立供应、高效传送和分配能源系统。", "7. 人人享有能源基本涉及获取可以取代用于烧饭、取暖和照明的生物能源的现代能源燃料。它也涉及获取电力。传统生物能源是以不可持续的方式使用的固体生物质，包括薪柴、农业废物和动物粪便。它是许多发展中国家穷人唯一可用或用得起的燃料。世界各地大约有27亿人用生物能源烧饭，他们当中有82%的人居住在农村。[4] 现代生物能源或商业生物能源是用可持续方式生产的，可以用于发电、供暖和运输。", "8. 发展中国家的家庭使用固体燃料，没有通风设施，产生很多污染物，例如颗粒、一氧化碳和甲醛。人口中接触这些污染物最多的是妇女和幼儿。[5] 因此，已发现婴儿死亡率和文盲率高和预期寿命低与商业能源缺乏或使用率不足有关。估计每年有145万人因生物燃料燃烧不充分造成的室内污染而过早死亡。这相当于每天死亡4 000人。这些过早死亡的人中有许多是幼儿和妇女。", "9. 电有许多用途，有些用途是无法取代的。全世界有14亿人缺少供电，其中85%的人生活在农村。撒哈拉以南非洲缺少供电的人最多(大约5.85亿人)。印度大约有4亿人，其中大多数人居住的农村，也缺少供电。由于扩大国家电网需要资金和目前缺乏可以用来发电的价廉现代燃料，农村的供电受到限制。", "10. 各种国际挑战，其中包括气候变化的影响、自然资源有限、能源需求迅速增加和生物多样性丧失，要求人们更多地依靠新能源和可再生能源。获得价廉的可再生能源技术是确保人人享有可持续能源的关键。", "C. 全球能源系统", "11. 在过去几年中，全球一次能源的需求继续增加，在2008年达到122.71亿吨石油当量。全球仍然基本上依赖石油、煤和天然气(见表1)。2008年消耗的一次能源有80%以上来自矿物燃料，其中石油和煤大约占60%。", "表1 按燃料分列的世界一次能源需求", "(百万吨石油当量)", "燃料 1980 1990 2000 2008", "煤 1 792 2 233 2 292 3 315", "石油 3 107 3 222 3 655 4 059", "天然气 1 234 1 674 2 085 2 596", "核 186 526 676 712", "水 148 184 225 276", "生物物质 749 904 1 031 1 225", "其他可再生 12 36 55 89", "共计 7 228 8 779 10 019 12 271", "来源：国际能源机构，《2009年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2009)和《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "12. 在今后数十年内，全球、特别是发展中国家的能源需求预计会继续大幅度增加。能源需求将加快增长，因为新兴国家的经济迅速增长，世界人口将增加，预计会从2008年的67亿人增加到2035年的85亿人。据国际能源机构计算，[6] 全球一次能源需求将增长，视所考虑到的各种情况，介于149亿和180亿吨石油当量之间。国际能源机构新的政策假设情况考虑到了世界许多国家宣布的广泛政策承诺和计划，预计全球一次能源需求到2035年时将增长36%，其中不是经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)成员的国家占增长的93%。矿物燃料仍然维持它在一次能源中的核心地位，但它的比重将减少到74%。中国将占全球增长的35%，印度占18%。", "二. 新能源和可再生能源概览", "A. 现状", "13. 在世界一些区域，可再生能源在全球能源供应中的作用继续增加。过去十年、特别是过去五年的趋势表明，包括发电、供暖和制冷以及运输燃料在内的所有能源部门都出现强劲增长。但是，新能源和可再生能源在全球能源系统中的总体比重仍然不大。", "14. 近期发生的国际事件，例如2010年墨西哥湾的石油泄漏和2011年自然灾害对日本福田核电厂产生的影响，突出表明继续开发在成本上有竞争力的新能源和可再生能源的重要性。在许多国家中，决策者、公众和私营部门越来越支持制订国家和国际战略来加快可再生能源技术的使用，扩大其市场。这些努力是继续改变能源系统和促进今后绿色经济发展的关键。", "15. 为了评估可再生能源在满足全球能源需求中的作用，必须了解它在一次能源、二次能源、发电量、发电能力中的比例。表2列出可再生能源在这四类能源中的全球比例。", "表2 可再生能源在四类能源中的比例", "(百分比)", "可再生能源 在一次能源 在二次能源 在发电量 在发电能力 中的比例 消费中的比例 中的比例 中的比例", "共计 13 16 19 27", "扣除传统生物物质 7 6 19 27", "扣除传统生物物质和只计入小水电 4.9 3.0 4.6 8.0 (低于50千瓦)", "来源：二十一世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21秘书处，2011)；和国际能源机构，《2011年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "注：一次能源和二次能源总消费量为2009年数据。发电和发电能力数据为2010年数据。", "16. 表2列有四类能源的三组数值。第一行是包括传统生物物质在内的可再生能源的总比例。如果扣除传统生物物质(第二行)，它在一次和二次能源消费中的比例分别下降到7%和6%。第三行是可再生能源在扣除传统生物物质和只计入小水电时的比例。在这种情况下，可再生能源在发电中比例减为4.6%，在发电能力中的比例减为8.0%.", "17. 各种水电都是可再生的，但新的可再生能源一般只是指发电能力低于50千瓦的小型水电站。[7] 人们认为小水电对于许多发展中国家至关重要，通常分别从政策和市场的角度进行列报和跟踪。许多金融家和发展援助机构只认为小水电符合可再生能源组合标准，有资格享受可再生能源发电上网电价和税额抵免。此外，许多国家根据小水电来制订可再生能源指标，以便重点关注风力、生物能源、地热和其他可再生能源的快速增长和市场特征。[8]", "18. 图1列出各种可再生能源在全球可再生能源发电能力中的比例。水电的比重最大，其次为风力，其他可再生能源只占不到9%。如果只计入小水电，风力占50%，其次为小水电、生物物质和太阳能(见图2)。", "图1 在全球可再生能源发电能力中的比例，2010年", "[]", "来源：REN21，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21 秘书处，2011)。", "图2 在全球可再生能源发电能力中的比例(只计入小水电)，2010年", "[]", "来源：Pew慈善信托基金会，《谁在清洁能源比赛中取胜？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "19. 图3列出可再生能源能力和生物燃料生产在2005至2010年期间的增长情况。大多数新能源和可再生能源的增长速度加快。太阳能的增长速度最快，并入电网的太阳能光电板增加81%，太阳能热发电增加77%。", "图3 可再生能源能力和生物燃料生产的年平均增长率，2005-2010年和2010年", "[]", "来源：REN21，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21 秘书处，2011)。", "20. 中国在已经建立的新可再生能源能力方面居领先地位，其次为美利坚合众国(见图4)。[9] 其他有相对较大能力的发展中国家包括巴西、印度和土耳其。在过去五年中，中国在增长率方面也居于领先地位，其次为大韩民国和土耳其。在这些国家中，私人投资、稳定和统一的政府政策和致使成本降低的技术进步正支持这一行业的发展", "图4 2010年已建立的新的可再生能源能力最大的国家和2005-2010年能力增长", "来源：Pew慈善信托基金会，谁在清洁能源比赛中取胜？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)", "注：数据不包括大型水电。", "21. 视对计算产生影响的许多因素和假定，对能源技术估计成本进行比较的结果差异很大。21世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)2010年公布了各方面，其中包括国际能源机构、美国国家可再生能源实验室和世界银行，提供的可再生能源技术的成本(见表3)。这些成本是经济成本，不包括补贴或政策鼓励措施。", "22. 有些可再生能源技术的成本相对传统能源技术的成本现在已经有竞争力，每千瓦/小时成本一般估计介于4至10美分之间。[10] 世界有些地方的陆上风力、生物物质和地热发电已有竞争力。生物物质，某些太阳能和地热在加热水和取暖方面也有竞争力，乙醇在运输行业也有竞争力。用于农村的其他大多数不并网的技术仍然成本太高。除了有其他重大研发和转让障碍外，这些技术的高成本表明，需要为在农村推动可再生能源提供更多的支持。", "23. 但是，技术改进和发明使大多数可再生能源的成本迅速降低。太阳能光电每千瓦的价格自2008年以来已经降低60%。在有些国家中，太阳能据说在零售电价上已经可以同其他技术竞争。风力涡轮机价格自2008年以来也下降了18%。[11] 预计这一趋势会持续下去。", "表3 可再生能源成本", "技术\t典型特征\t典型能源成本(美分)\t意见 \n发电(每千瓦小时成本) \n大型水电\t10-18000(兆千瓦)\t3-5\t目前成本最低的能源技术\n 小水电 1-10兆千瓦 5-12 \n陆上风力\t1.5-3.5兆千瓦\t5-9\t叶片直径：60-100米\n 海上风力 1.5-5兆千瓦 10-20 叶片直径：70-125米 \n 生物物质 1-20兆千瓦 5-12 \n地热\t1-100兆千瓦\t4-7\t类别：双工质循环、单级闪蒸、双级闪蒸、天然蒸汽\n 屋顶太阳能光电 2-5千瓦-峰值 17-34 \n\t200千瓦至100兆千瓦\t15-30\t\n太阳能热发电\t50-500兆千瓦(槽式)10‑20 兆千瓦(塔式)\t14-18\t槽式发电厂成本；成本随着发电厂规模扩大而下降；一种快速成熟的技术\n热水/取暖(每千瓦小时成本) \n生物物质加热\t1-20兆千瓦\t1-6\t用于加热的成本最具竞争力可再生能源技术\n太阳能\t2-5平方米(住家)\t2-20\t住家，中型和大型\n\t20-200平方米(中型/多家庭)\t1-15\t类别：热管真空管，平板\n\t0.5-2兆千瓦(大型家庭/区片取暖)\t1-8\t\n地热\t1-10地热兆千瓦\t0.5-2\t用于取暖和冷却类别：热泵，直接使用，冷却器\n生物燃料(每升成本) \n乙醇\t甘蔗、甜菜、玉米、木薯、小麦\t30-50(糖)\t汽油当量\n\t高粱(今后还有纤维素)\t60-80(玉米)\t汽油当量\n生物柴油\t大豆、油菜籽、芥末籽、麻风树碱、棕榈、泔水菜油\t40-80\t柴油当量\n农村(不并网)能源(每千瓦成本) \n小水电\t100-1000千瓦\t5-12\t\n 微水电 1-100千瓦 7-30 \n 微微水电 0.1-1千瓦 20-40 \n 沼气气化器 20-5 000千瓦 8-12 \n 家庭风力涡轮机 0.1-3千瓦 15-35 \n 村级小电网 10-1 000千瓦 25-100 \n 家庭太阳能系统 20-100瓦 40-60", "来源：REN21,《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21秘书处，2011)。", "24. 预计太阳能热发电和光电技术和有关的制造程序会有革新，地热系统会得到加强，会有多种海洋技术，有先进的生物燃料和生物提炼，并有海上风力的基础设计和涡轮机设计。[12]", "25. 利用可再生能源还有其他好处，可协助全球和各国实现可持续发展。就业是可再生能源可以起推动作用的一个社会领域。虽然现有的一些研究对由此产生的净额就业机会意见不同，但是，对可再生能源的投资已表明，它增加的就业机会是投资传统能源的两到三倍。估计全球有350万个职位与可再生能源工业直接有关。可再生能源工业2009和2010年创造了大约100万个职位。[13]", "26. 对可持续发展极为重要的另一个领域是水。可再生能源用非水方式冷却，不像传统的水冷却热电厂(包括核电厂)那样容易受缺水和气候变化的影响 。水资源管理是可持续发展的一个非常重要的问题。", "B. 前景", "投资", "27. 新能源和可再生能源市场是一个动态市场。全球清洁能源的融资在2009年和2010年之间增长了30%，投资总额达到前所未有的2 110亿美元。[14] 经合发组织成员国和巴西、中国和印度等大国有稳定的长期政策，吸引了创纪录的投资，居于领先地位。中国2010年对清洁能源的投资是创纪录的489亿美元，数额最高，其次是德国和美国(见图5)。风力的投资额仍然最高，为947亿美元，太阳能其次，为261亿美元。", "28. 各国的投资采用不同的战略。美国的风险投资数额最高，在技术研发初期阶段进行投资，以便在其后的阶段获利。欧洲利用监管政策，例如发电并网费率，来实现推动实现用可再生方式发电的目标。亚洲正试图抓住光电和风力涡轮机等技术的供应链。", "图5 对清洁能源投资最多的国家", "(10亿美元)", "[]", "来源：环境署和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎,2011)；Pew慈善信托基金会,《谁在赢清洁能源的比赛？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "29. 在2008和2009年全球危机期间，20国集团成员国确定提供1 980亿美元经济刺激资金，对绿色增长和清洁能源行业具有长期战略意义。表4表明2010年底这些资金的情况。这些经济刺激资金已经用掉大约49%，2010年用掉745亿。今后几年预计几乎要用掉1 000亿。", "30. 世界野生动植物基金会请人编写了一份报告，2011年5月印发，按绿色能源技术在国内生产总值中比例对各国进行了排列。按各国可再生能源和节能技术的收入计算，丹麦居第一位，国内生产总值的3.1%来自绿色技术，中国1.4%，居第二位，其次为德国、巴西和立陶宛。中国的收入最多，为640亿美元。[15]", "表4 刺激清洁能源资金，2010年底", "(10亿美元)", "国家 宣布的总额 支出总额 剩余总额 支出百分比", "美国 65 23.2 41.8 36", "中国 46.1 31.9 14.2 69", "大韩民国 32.1 11.8 20.4 37", "德国 15.2 8.9 6.3 59", "欧洲联盟其他国家 11.1 4.2 6.9 38", "日本 10.4 8.9 1.5 86", "澳大利亚 3.7 1.6 2.1 44", "联合王国 3.4 1.1 2.3 34", "巴西 2.5 0.2 2.3 7", "法国 2.1 2.1 0 100", "西班牙 1.7 0.6 1.1 36", "加拿大 0.8 0.13 0.67 17", "共计 194.3 94.8 99.5 49", "来源：环境署和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎，2011)；Pew慈善信托基金会,《谁在赢清洁能源的比赛？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "可再生能源的前景", "31. 一些机构提出的不同的能源长期前景对可再生能源在一次能源、二次能源、发电量和发电能力中的比例提出了预测。有关估计数有很大的差异，有2035年前在一次能源中的比例维持在目前水平(约13%)的估计，也有2050年这一比例将上升到95%的估计。", "32. 在《2010年世界能源展望》中，国际能源机构考虑了三种情况：现有政策、新政策和万分之4.5。根据这三种情况，预计可再生能源在一次能源中的比例到2035年时将介于15%和26%之间，在二次能源中的比例介于23%和34%之间，在发电能力中介于31%和54%之间。", "33. 政府间气候变化专门委员会在2011年特别报告[16] 中表示，在它查阅的大多数可能情况中，可再生能源的使用在2030年、2050年和其后会大幅度增加。预计到2030年时，可再生能源在一次能源供应中的比例将超过17%，到2050年时将超过27%。根据可再生能源在一次能源总额中的比例最高的有关预计，到2030年时将增加43%，到2050年时将增加77%。委员会估计，全球可再生能源的累计投资到2020年时将介于13.6亿美元和51亿美元之间，在2021至2030年期间，将介于15亿和72亿之间。", "34. 世界野生动植物基金会2011年的一项研究认为，到2050年时，全球能源需求的95%可以通过可再生能源来满足，但是，虽然在技术上可以做到这一点，但会有艰巨的挑战。这种情况假定能源效率有很大提高，供电范围大幅度增加，因为它们是实现这一目标的关键。[17] 普华永道会计师事务所、波茨坦研究所和国际应用系统分析研究所2011年的一份报告[18] 评估了欧洲和北非2050年实现百分之百用可再生能源发电方面的进展。在一种可能情况下，国际能源机构预计世界75%的发电将靠可再生能源。[19]", "三. 推广新能源和可再生能源", "A. 各国的努力", "35. 各国正采用不同的政策来推广新能源和可再生能源的研究、开发、示范、使用和商业化，现在有115个以上的国家提供某种政策支持来推广可再生能源。这些努力大都在国家一级获得协调。欧洲联盟是一个在区域一级进行协调的例子，欧盟提出了到2020年时可再生能源占一次能源的20%的目标。", "36. 推广可再生能源的政策可以分成：(a) 监管政策；(b) 财政鼓励措施；(c) 公共融资机制；(d) 以气候为主导的政策。监管政策包括上网电价、定额或组合标准、优先上网权、建造规定和生物燃料混合要求。财政鼓励措施是指税务政策和政府直接付款，例如减免和赠款。公共融资机制包括贷款和担保等。以气候为主导的政策包括碳定价机制、碳排放上限和交易以及排放指标。[20]", "37. 许多国家采用各种政策鼓励措施，而不是采用一种政策做法。决策者认识到，鼓励措施要统一和稳定，着眼长远，以便为大力推广和扩大市场吸引资金，最终降低可再生能源的成本。", "38. 政策鼓励措施的类别因国家、区域和各国推广可再生能源的类别而异。许多国家普遍利用上网电价来推广用可再生能源发电。", "39. 许多鼓励政策都与各国制订的指标有关，到2010年时，已经有近100个国家宣布了指标。指标是按可再生能源在一次能源、二次能源、发电量和发电能力中的比例来制订的。大多数指标根据发电量来制订，大都一般规定在十年或二十年中占总发电量的10%至30%的比例。还按各种技术规定更具体的指标。", "40. 一些国家在利用统一和稳定的政策推广可再生能源方面取得了很大成功。德国有强有力的支持投资风力、太阳能和生物物质的上网电价政策，因此加快了利用可再生能源的速度。2010年，小型太阳能项目大幅度增加，新的太阳能发电能力增加了大约9千兆瓦。", "41. 中国在已经安装的可再生能源发电能力方面居领先地位，五年的每年增长率为106%。国家的各种清洁能源政策，包括风力上网电价和补贴屋顶和建筑物集成太阳能光电系统政策，取得很大成功。中国在制造方面也居于领先地位，风力发电涡轮机和太阳能组件几乎有50%是中国生产的。大韩民国发电能力五年的每年增长率最高(88%)。它的322亿美元刺激措施金额最大。它通过上网电价、红利免税和为制造业提供长期贷款来推广可再生能源。", "42. 巴西利用为发电提供补贴和优惠贷款来鼓励利用风力、小型水电和生物物质。它的主要可再生能源行业包括年产量360亿升的运输用乙醇和大约有8千兆瓦发电能力的生物物质。印度采用补贴的政策手段来推广可再生能源，其中包括风力和太阳能上网电价、加快小型水电和生物物质的折旧率和为其他可再生能源项目提供优惠税率。印度目前共有新的可再生能源发电能力19千兆瓦，建立在生物物质、小型水电和太阳能的基础上。", "B. 国际上的机构安排和努力", "43. 联合国系统各组织继续支持在发展中国家推广和扩大新能源和可再生能源的使用。2009和2010年期间做出的努力尤其使人们注意和意识到人人享有能源、能源效率和推广新能源和可再生能源等重要问题。", "44. 2009年成立的秘书长能源和气候变化咨询小组呼吁联合国系统和会员国实现两个相辅相成的目标：到2030年时实现人人享有现代能源服务和把全球能源密集程度降低40%。[21]", "45. 联合国能源是联合国系统的机构间机制，它继续采用有连贯性的统一做法，在能源领域促进全系统的协作。它发挥重大作用，促进采取行动和进一步认识能源对可持续发展的重要性，并对能源和气候变化咨询小组开展的工作采取后续行动。联合国能源在确定三个重要目标方面起了重大作用，2030年实现这三个目标将有助于确保人人享有可持续能源，这三个目标是：人人享有现代能源服务；全球能源密集程度降低40%；可再生能源在一次能源中的比例增长30%。联合国能源还促进开展相关活动，支持宣布2012年为人人享有可持续能源国际年。", "46. 预定2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会将是一个评估开发和利用新能源和可再生能源的进展的机会。大会有两个主题：围绕可持续发展和消除贫穷发展绿色经济；和促进可持续发展的机构框架。可再生能源技术将在可持续发展和消除贫穷方面的作用以及许多发展中国家在有效采用这些技术方面的挑战和障碍将是有关辩论的一个重要内容。此外，大会还是一个确定以下方面的全球战略的机会：(a) 让更多的人获得清洁能源；(b) 提高能源效率；(c) 加快可再生能源技术在全球的使用。", "国际金融机构", "47. 国际金融机构继续在筹集资源以推广新能源和可再生能源方面发挥重要作用。世界银行集团2010年总共为能源行业提供了130亿美元的贷款。为低碳能源项目和计划提供的贷款达到前所未有的55亿美元。自2003年起，世界银行集团已经对低碳项目投资了170亿美元，其中142亿美元用于可再生能源和能源效率。扣除大型水电，新能源和可再生能源投资在总投资额中占49亿美元。", "48. 世界银行在2008年设立了气候投资基金，这是多边开发银行集体做出的合作努力。截至2010年，各方捐助了64亿美元新资金。其中的一个基金，即清洁技术基金，旨在为进一步推广、使用和转让包括可再生能源技术在内的清洁技术，提供资金。第一批活动包括在13个国家中执行太阳能热发电、风力发电、大客车快速交通和能源效率项目。", "49. 区域开发银行也发挥重大作用，推广新能源和可再生能源。美洲开发银行正计划在2012年使其每年对清洁能源的贷款额增加一倍，达到30亿美元。非洲开发银行在注重开发可再生能源和实现多国电网连线的同时，将农村电气化视为一个重大优先事项。清洁能源已经成为亚洲开发银行的一个最优先事项，在它批准的贷款总额中有25%以上是用于支持有清洁能源内容的项目的。亚洲开发银行的能源政策规定了到2013年每年为能源项目贷款20亿美元的指标。", "50. 自1991年起，全球环境基金(全环基金)已经提供了总额88亿美元的项目资金，另外还共同提供资金387亿美元。2010年，全环基金从30个捐助国那里收到了创纪录的42.5亿美元增资，用于在今后四年中适应和缓解气候变化。截至2009年年底，全环基金已经在近100个发展中国家和经济转型国家中为可再生能源举措投资11亿美元, 另外还共同提供资金83亿美元。", "《联合国气候变化框架公约》", "51. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》的缔约方已经通过技术转让问题专家组分析了在为气候变化技术筹资方面的差距和障碍。发现了一些支持开展能源技术合作和促进为新能源和可再生能源筹资的应对气候变化机制和举措。", "52. 联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方2010年第十六次会议决定设立一个由技术执行委员会和气候技术中心和网络组成的技术机制。该中心旨在支持相关技术、包括可再生能源技术的转让。", "53. 缔约方第十六次会议达成协议的内容包括工业化国家提供300亿美元快速资金，支持发展中国家采取气候行动，直至2012年，并打算到2020年时筹集1 000亿美元。此外，会议还设立了绿色气候基金。", "54. 《京都议定书》设立的清洁发展机制旨在促进向发展中国家转让清洁能源技术。2012年清洁发展机制项目总数中预计有61%是可再生能源项目。第十六次缔约方会议决定加强清洁发展机制，以便推动为发展中国家的无害环境的可持续排放项目提供重大投资和技术。", "其他国际安排", "55. 2009年成立的国际可再生能源机构是推广可再生能源的一个重要国际机构。到目前为止，148个国家和欧洲联盟签署了该机构的规约，该机构的任务是促进广泛和更多地采用和可持续地使用各种可再生能源。该机构将协助获取可再生能源的所有相关信息，包括技术、经济和可再生资源潜在能力数据。它将分享政策框架、能力建设项目、现有的筹资机制和与可再生能源相关的能源效率措施方面的最佳做法和经验教训。已指定阿布扎比为该机制的临时总部。", "C. 协调一致的全球能源战略选择", "56. 虽然在技术转让和开发、投资和政策执行方面已经取得了较大进展，但需要做出更多努力来增加可再生能源的比重，继续维持大力采用的积极势头。还需要在国际一级制订协调一致的战略来推动能源制度的转变，特别是在世界最贫穷国家，以便实现人人享有可持续能源、提高能源效率和减少碳排放的目标。", "制定战略和目标", "57. 在制定全球能源战略、目标和指标时，需要对一些问题进行评估。要在可持续发展问题世界首脑会议和可持续发展委员会第九届会议各项决定提出的能源问题国际商定目标以外采取行动，就需要重点注意具体的行动和指标，切实帮助制订更全面的路线图，以实现人人有可持续能源。", "58. 第一个问题是是否需要用一次能源、二次能源、发电量或发电能力来界定目标。这一问题很重要，因为推广可再生能源的机制要根据已经选定了目标或指标的具体能源行事。政策的选择取决于有关主要目标是在能源循环的第一阶段(一次能源)还是最后阶段(家庭、工业、运输等主要经济部门的二次能源)推广新能源和可再生能源。另一方面，鉴于许多国家对用可再生能源发电感兴趣，可用发电量来界定目标，这意味着制订鼓励发电量的具体政策，例如上网电价，或用发电能力来界定目标，强调要对建造基础设施进行重大投资，进行某一类发电。", "59. 另一个问题是是否根据包括传统生物物质在内的所有各类可再生能源来制订目标。扣除传统的不可持续的生物物质，可再生能源目前只占一次能源的7%。此外，如果界定可再生能源不包括大型水电，那么它在全球发电量中19%和发电能力27%(见表2)的比例将分别下降为4.6%和8%。在做出这一决定后，就能在实现某一特定目标或指标的过程中确定最有关联的起点。", "60. 最重要的问题或许是是否应该分别为发达国家和发展中国家制定目标。认真审视这两类国家情况后会发现它们的情况、动机和目标都有很大差别，因此可以分别为其制定目标。表5概列了经合发组织成员国和非成员国在人口总数、使用传统生物物质的人数、未通电的人数和人均用电量方面的差异。", "表5 人口和人均用电量，2008年", "全球 经合发组织 不是经和发组织 成员国 成员的国家", "人口总数(十亿) 6.7 1.2 5.5", "使用传统生物物质的人数(十亿) 2.7 ～0 2.7", "未通电的人数(十亿) 1.4 ～0 1.4", "人均用电量(千瓦) 3 000 8 900 1 700", "来源：国际能源机构，《2011年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "61. 经合发组织成员国的人口占全球人口的18%(12亿)，消耗全球发电量的53%和一次能源的44%。人均年用电量大约为8 900度，即非成员国用电量(1 700度)的五倍多。能源的获取不是问题，因为这些国家不使用传统的生物物质，已经全面实现电气化。根据经合发组织成员国今后能源需求情况的预测，需求增长与发展中国家的增长相比会比较低。因此，能源供应多样化和环境方面的关注，特别是气候变化方面的关注，是更多使用新能源和可再生能源的动力。发达国家的另一个关注是它们是否有机会成为清洁能源行业的领头人，在今后推动它们的绿色经济。", "62. 那么，对发达国家来说，主要目标是用可再生能源替代(而不是增加)矿物燃料能力和计划，以提高能源效率。大多数发达国家已经有计划和雄心勃勃的目标和指标，并可以获得财政支持以继续建立绿色经济和实现可持续发展。对这些国家来说，全球协调做出努力将进一步支持它们能源已经在做出的转变。", "63. 不是经合发组织成员的国家拥有全球82%的人口(55亿人)，使用全球发电量的47%和一次能源的56%。对这些国家来说，获取能源至关重要，因为有一半以上的人口依靠传统生物物质，25%的人缺少供电。缺少现代能源服务的人当中有83%以上居住在农村。对发展中国家来说，全球协调做出努力对于协助实现可持续发展目标至关重要。", "64. 因此，大多数发展中国家的主要目标是让人口中很大一部分人，特别是居住在农村的人，获得现代能源服务，并满足预计会大幅度增加的能源需求。对发展中国家来说，新增加可再生能源能力是主要优先事项。对不是经合发组织成员的国家中享有能源服务的人来说，同经和发组织成员国一样，替代矿物燃料和提高能效以及增加能力以满足能源需求的大幅增长，是重要优先事项。", "65. 根据一次能源来制订指标是一个有用的做法，用以评估在实现27亿人从传统生物物质转用可持续的现代可再生能源这一主要目标方面取得的进展。在可再生能源在非经合发组织成员国一次能源中占18%这一比例中，只有7%为非传统生物物质。取代传统生物物质至少可以是一个初期目标，以真正持续达到可再生能源占18%的比例。就发电量而言，一个初期目标可以是为目前没有能源服务的14亿人提供使用可再生能源的电力。对居住在农村的缺少供电的85%的人来说，分散式供电系统似乎最适当。", "协调一致的全球能源战略", "66. 可以制订一个协调一致的全球能源战略，让发展中国家、特别是仍然使用传统生物物质和缺少供电的人受益。战略应考虑到三个主要因素：(a) 缺少现代能源服务的人大约有85%居住在农村；(b) 农村大都位置偏远；(c) 几乎所有农村不并网可再生能源技术都太昂贵，尽管它们被认为是许多发展中区域最可持续的选择。", "67. 这一战略将支持联合国能源就2030年实现人人享有现代能源服务并同时促进新能源和可再生能源的使用提出的具体目标。这些具体目标是通过先进的生物物质和沼气系统和利用新能源和可再生能源全面实现电气化，取代传统的不可持续的生物物质。", "68. 有关战略可以有四个主要目标：(a) 开发具体用于满足最贫穷人口需求的系统和产品；(b) 降低农村不并网技术的成本，使其可以同常用能源技术竞争；(c) 建立新的机制，进一步降低成本，以便不超出所针对群体的收入水平；(d) 为能力建设和技术合作计划提供支持，以便在发展中地区、特别是农村，为新能源和可再生能源建立稳定的市场。", "69. 包括小水电、沼气气化器、家庭风力涡轮机、村级小电网和家庭太阳能系统在内的所有农村不并网技术大都过于昂贵。协调一致的全球能源努力要有成效，就要降低这些分散式系统的成本。", "70. 需要为家庭、地方工业和服务业设计、研发和调试具体的低成本产品和系统，供发展中地区的市场和收入最低群体使用。这些系统和产品要做到可靠和价廉，满足具体需求和实际用途，并符合当地传统和生活方式。", "71. 需要在购置和安装有关系统所需要的资本和相应的使用和维护费用方面，降低成本。有三个机制可以协助实现降低成本的目标：(a) 国际研究和开发机构协调做出努力，提供可以促使有关系统提高效率和实用性并降低成本的新技术；(b) 以技术基金和补贴方式建立的国际和国家方案，以便降低有关系统的资本成本，确保收入最低的人可以负担得起；(c) 以规章、财政鼓励措施和公共筹资机制形式体现出的各项政策，让人们承担得起使用和维护成本。", "72. 可在发展中地区建立区域或国家技术中心，在那里具体开展旨在降低农村不并网技术成本的研究和开发活动。这些中心可利用地方和当地的知识和用于提高效率和降低成本的技术革新，并在从系统研发到在市场全面推广的革新各个阶段提供支持。这些专门中心将起区域革新枢纽的作用，根据区域和地方需求和当地的情况发展可再生能源系统。", "73. 此外，国家一级还需要有小额金融服务等金融工具和其他创新机制，以便使这些技术的成本低于某一门槛，让收入最低的人负担得起。在全球战略的支持下，有了这些机制将可以在长期为这些技术建立稳定一致的市场。", "74. 能源贫穷指数是根据燃料和电力费用在收入中的比例制订的，应根据能源贫穷指数来确定这一全球举措给消费者带来的成本。虽然还没有就这些指数达成一致，但可以考虑把家庭能源承受限度定为不超过收入的10%。[22] 假定收入最低者平均每天收入不到2美元，这就相当于每天20美分。此外，假定每人每天至少需要3或4度电，[23] 所针对群体能够负担得起的能源当量最高费用是每度电5美分或6美分。需要采取协调一致的全球举措，以便支付超出最高承受能力的那一部分。", "75. 全球协调努力还需要解决许多发展中国家仍然没有统计数据和指标的重大问题。建立能够监测进展和制订长期综合能源规划战略的统计方案需要有大量财务资源，开展能力建设和进行机构改革。", "四. 结论", "76. 在过去五年中，可再生能源技术更快地得到采用，表明它们有可能在今后发挥重大作用。各国正进行重大投资，以推动这些技术的革新、研发和商业化。此外，一些国家正在人们认为今后将推动绿色经济的那些技术的市场上争夺领先地位。", "77. 但是，新能源和可再生能源在全球能源系统中的比重仍然很小。对许多发展中国家来说，得不到现代能源服务和低碳技术是影响它们实现可持续发展目标的一个最重要因素。", "78. 可再生能源工业的增长不平衡。大多数增长发生在发达国家中和一些大的发展中新兴国家。许多有大量农村人口的穷国在可再生能源技术的使用和商业化方面增长缓慢。", "79. 陆上风力、地热、小水电和生物物质等新的可再生能源在世界上一些地区已具有竞争力。太阳能光电和太阳能热发电仍然费用太高，但它们的成本在迅速降低。令人遗憾地是，大多数农村不并网可再生能源、包括家庭太阳能系统和村级小电网的成本仍然很高。", "80. 虽然各国执行了重大紧缩计划，但应该有统一和稳定的支持可再生能源的国家政策，扩大到其他国家并延长多年执行。必须有市场机制来确保：(a) 进一步降低技术成本；(b) 建立可靠和稳定的市场；(c) 在把全球能源体制转变成低碳经济方面取得进展。", "81. 确保每个人都能获得现代能源服务和满足预期快速增长的需求是大多数发展中国家大力采用新能源和可再生能源的主要推动力。在消除贫穷和实现可持续发展方面，享有现代能源服务是建立绿色经济必不可缺的。价廉的分散式系统对发展中国家有很大推动作用，因为它对它们的农村人口影响最大。发达和发展中国家重点关注的其他问题包括能源供应多元化和减轻气候变化的影响。", "82. 制订有难度但可以实现的目标和具体但有实际意义的指标有助于推广新能源和可再生能源。鉴于影响到发展中国家和发达国家能源系统的因素各不相同，制订不同但协调一致的能源战略可能更有效。可以根据具体的目标，用在一次能源、二次能源、发电量和发电能力中的比例来制订指标。此外，指标确定后就能确定推广新能源和可再生能源的最有效鼓励机制。", "83. 需要有协调一致的全球能源战略，尤其是为了支持发展中国家，特别是最贫穷的发展中国家。应重点努力为使用传统生物物质最多和缺少供电的农村寻找解决办法。需要国际社会提供支持，帮助消除财务、技术、基础设施和体制上的障碍，以创造有利的条件。", "84. 降低农村使用的分散式系统的高昂成本应是协调一致的主要国际能源战略的一部分。要有具体的指标和方案，以便创造有利条件，让全球农村人口拥有可持续的能源。", "85. 需要建立区域和国家能源中心，以便开发能够满足相关收入水平的当地人的需求的系统和产品，同时利用本地的能力和知识。全球战略要有关于统计数据和制订开展长期能源规划的综合计划的内容。", "86. 国际上的机构安排，包括联合国系统各组织、国际金融机构和国际可再生能源机构等国际组织，继续通过能力建设和技术合作活动，在促进国际合作方面发挥重大作用。联合国能源正主导国际社会的提高认识工作，并协调联合国系统开展的活动，以确保人人享有可持续能源，增加可再生能源的比重，降低能源使用密集程度。", "87. 新能源和可再生能源是2012年联合国可持续发展大会的一个重大优先议题。根据大会的两个主题加强全球推广新能源和可再生能源的体制框架是会议的一个重要目标。大会为推广和有效利用新能源和可再生能源争取新的国际支持提供了一个机会。", "[1] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议报告，南非约翰内斯堡，2002年8月26日至9月4日》(联合国出版物，销售品编号C.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议2，附件。", "[2] 同上，第20(e)段。", "[3] 见大会第60/1号决议。", "[4] 国际能源机构，《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "[5] 联合国开发计划署(开发署)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)，《发展中国家能源获取情况：以最不发达国家和撒哈拉以南非洲为重点的情况审视》(纽约和日内瓦，2009年11月)。", "[6] 《2010年世界能源展望》。", "[7] 有些参考书籍认为小水电站是指发电能力低于10千瓦者。", "[8] 21世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)，REN21，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21 秘书处，2011)。", "[9] Pew慈善信托基金会，《谁在赢清洁能源的比赛？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "[10] REN21，《可再生能源在经济大国中的潜力-简要报告：经济大国迅速采用可再生能源的机会、对可持续发展的影响和采用可再生能源的适当政策》(巴黎，2008)：政府间气候变化专门委员会，“关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化影响的特别报告”，纽约，2011(见http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/)。", "[11] 联合国环境规划署(环境署)和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎，2011)。", "[12] 政府间气候变化专门委员会，“关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化影响的特别报告”，纽约，2011(见http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/)。", "[13] 《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》；世界银行，“推动开发可再生能源的政策文书的设计和执行情况：一些发展中国家的新经验”，能源和采矿业理事会第22号讨论文件(华盛顿，2011年4月)。", "[14] 环境署和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎，2011)。", "[15] 美联社,“丹麦居清洁技术生产国名单的首位，”2011年5月8日。", "[16] “关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化影响的特别报告”。", "[17] 世界野生动植物基金会,《能源报告：2050年百分之百可再生能源》(华盛顿，2011)。", "[18] 《欧洲和北非实现百分之百用可再生能源发电》(伦敦，PwC，2011)。", "[19] 国际能源机构，《2011年气候与电力年报：数据与分析》(巴黎，2011)。", "[20] “关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化的特别报告”；和《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》。", "[21] 联合国，《能源促进可持续未来：秘书长能源和气候变化咨询小组——简要报告和建议》(纽约，2010年4月)。", "[22] 例如，见Jill Insley，“消费者机构称，燃料贫穷数字被低估了”，《卫报》，2011年7月14日；联合王国能源和气候变化部，《燃料贫穷方法手册》(伦敦，2010年10月)。", "[23] 《能源促进可持续未来：秘书长能源和气候变化咨询小组》。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (j) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Sustainable development: promotion of new and renewable sources of energy", "Promotion of new and renewable sources of energy", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "A transformation of the global energy system is needed to secure sustainable energy for all, to satisfy rapid growth in energy demand, particularly in developing countries, and to diminish the negative impacts of climate change. New and renewable sources of energy are at the centre of global efforts to induce a paradigm shift towards green economies, poverty eradication and, ultimately, sustainable development. Record investments are being made by some countries to propel the innovation, development and commercialization of renewable energy technologies. Nevertheless, much more cooperation and action are needed to substantially increase the contribution of these technologies to the global energy system. A coordinated global energy strategy needs to be adopted, in conjunction with consistent and stable national policies, to bring down the cost of renewable energy technologies, including off-grid systems, for use by the poorest segments of the population living in rural areas.", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandates and resolutions", "1. The Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development[2] (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) calls for action at all levels, with a sense of urgency, to substantially increase the global share of renewable energy sources with the objective of increasing its contribution to total energy supply.[3] In resolution 64/206 on the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy, the General Assembly reaffirmed the need for the full implementation of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation as the intergovernmental framework for energy for sustainable development and encouraged the United Nations system to continue to raise awareness of the importance of energy for sustainable development, including the need for the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy and of the increased role they can play in the global energy supply, particularly in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.", "2. By the same resolution, the General Assembly, recalling the outcome of the 2005 World Summit,[4] welcoming initiatives that aim to improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services for sustainable development in order to contribute to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and recognizing the contributions of new and renewable sources of energy to the reduction of greenhouse gases and addressing climate change, called on the international community to the support the least developed countries, the landlocked developing countries and the small island developing States in their efforts to develop and utilize energy resources, including new and renewable energy.", "3. Further, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution, taking into account, inter alia, the initiatives taken by Member States and international organizations to create an enabling environment at all levels for the promotion and use of new and renewable energy, including measures to improve access to such technologies. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "4. Subsequently, the General Assembly, in resolution 65/151, decided to declare 2012 the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. It requested the Secretary-General to organize and coordinate activities to be undertaken during the Year and encouraged all Member States, the United Nations system and all other actors to take advantage of the Year to increase awareness of the importance of addressing energy issues. Initiatives to create an enabling environment for the promotion of access to energy and energy services and the use of new and renewable energy technologies are being undertaken by Member States and international organizations also in the context of the Year.", "B. Sustainable energy for all", "5. The availability of adequate, affordable and reliable energy services is essential for alleviating poverty, improving human welfare, raising living standards and, ultimately, for achieving sustainable development. As global development challenges continue to be addressed, it is increasingly recognized that the provision of adequate energy services has a multiplier effect on health, education, transport, telecommunications, and water availability and sanitation. Consequently, energy is an important factor for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "6. Securing sustainable energy for all involves the development of systems that support the optimal use of energy resources in an equitable and socially supportive manner while minimizing their environmental impact. Integrated national and regional infrastructure for energy supply, efficient transmission and distribution systems, as well as demand programmes that emphasize energy efficiency, are necessary for the development of sustainable energy systems.", "7. Universal energy access is essentially related to access to modern energy fuels which can replace traditional biomass consumption for cooking, heating and lighting. It is also related to access to electricity. Traditional biomass is solid biomass used in an unsustainable manner and includes fuelwood, agricultural waste and animal dung. It usually represents the only fuel available or affordable to the poor in many developing regions. Worldwide, about 2.7 billion people depend on traditional biomass for cooking, 82 per cent of whom live in rural areas.[5] Modern or commercial biomass is produced in a sustainable way and can be used for electricity generation, heat production and transportation.", "8. The use of solid fuels and the lack of ventilation in households in developing countries are associated with very high levels of pollutants, such as particulates, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde. Women and young children represent the segments of the population with the highest exposure to these pollutants.[6] Therefore, lack or insufficient use of commercial energy has been found to be correlated with high infant mortality, illiteracy and low life expectancy. It is estimated that about 1.45 million premature deaths occur each year from household indoor pollution due to inefficient biomass combustion. This corresponds to more than 4,000 deaths per day. Many of these premature deaths are young children and women.", "9. Electricity has many uses and is irreplaceable for a number of applications. Of the 1.4 billion people throughout the world who live without electricity, 85 per cent live in rural areas. Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of people (about 585 million) who have no access to electricity. Over 400 million people in India, mostly living in rural areas, also lack access. Electricity access in rural areas is restricted by the need for capital to extend the national electric grids and by the lack of available and affordable modern fuels which could be used for electricity generation.", "10. World challenges, including impacts from climate change, limited natural resources, rapid increase in energy demand and loss of biodiversity, demand a greater reliance on new and renewable sources of energy. Accessibility and affordability of renewable energy technologies are key to ensuring sustainable energy for all.", "C. Global energy systems", "11. Global primary energy demand has continued to grow in the past several years and amounted to 12,271 million tons of oil equivalent in 2008. The world still relies largely on oil, coal and gas (see table 1). In 2008, over 80 per cent of the primary energy consumed was derived from fossil fuels, with oil and coal accounting for about 60 per cent.", "Table 1 World primary energy demand by fuel (Millions of tons of oil equivalent)", "Fuel 1980 1990 2000 2008", "Coal 1 792 2 233 2 292 3 315", "Oil 3 107 3 222 3 655 4 059", "Gas 1 234 1 674 2 085 2 596", "Nuclear 186 526 676 712", "Hydropower 148 184 225 276", "Biomass 749 904 1 031 1 225", "Other 12 36 55 89 renewable", "Total 7 228 8 779 10 019 12 271", "Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2009 (Paris, 2009) and World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "12. Major increases in world energy demand are expected to continue in the forthcoming decades, especially in developing countries. The demand for energy will accelerate as a result of rapid economic growth in emerging economies and increases in the world’s population, which is projected to rise from 6.7 billion in 2008 to 8.5 billion by 2035. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA),[7] global primary energy demand will grow to values ranging between 14,900 and 18,000 million tons of oil equivalent, depending on the scenario being considered. In the IEA new policies scenario, which takes into account the broad policy commitments and plans announced by many countries around the world, global primary energy demand will grow by 36 per cent by 2035, with countries non‑members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) accounting for 93 per cent of the increase. Fossil fuels will maintain their central role in primary energy but their share will decline to 74 per cent in 2035. China will account for 35 per cent of the global increase and India for 18 per cent.", "II. Overview of new and renewable sources of energy", "A. Status", "13. The role of renewable energy in global energy supply continues to increase in some regions of the world. The trends of the past decade and, in particular, the past five years reflect strong growth in all energy sectors, including power generation, heating and cooling, and transport fuels. Nevertheless, the overall contribution of new and renewable sources of energy to the global energy system remains very limited.", "14. Recent global events, such as the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and the impact of natural disasters on the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan in 2011, highlight the importance of continuing to develop cost-competitive new and renewable sources of energy. In many countries, policymakers and the public and private sectors are becoming more supportive of global and national strategies to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies and to expand their corresponding markets. These efforts are key to sustaining the transformation of the energy systems and to fuelling the green economies of the future.", "15. In order to assess the role of renewable energy in meeting global energy demand, it is necessary to look at its share in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electricity generating capacity. Table 2 shows the global share of renewable energy in each of these four energy categories.", "Table 2 Share of renewable energy in four energy categories (Percentage)", "Renewable energy Share in Share in Share in Share in primary final energy electricity electricity energy consumption generation generating capacity", "Total 13 16 19 27", "Excluding traditional biomass 7 6 19 27", "Excluding traditional biomass 4.9 3.0 4.6 8.0 and considering only small hydropower (less than 50 megawatts)", "Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011); and IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "Note: Data for total primary energy and final energy consumption are for 2009. Data for electricity generation and electricity generating capacity are for 2010.", "16. Table 2 contains three sets of values for the four energy types. The first line shows total shares of renewable energy, including traditional biomass. If traditional biomass is excluded (second line), the share in primary energy and final energy consumption decreases to 7 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively. The third line shows shares of renewable energy without traditional biomass and only if small hydropower is considered. In this case, the share of renewable energy in electricity generation is reduced to 4.6 per cent and in electricity generating capacity to 8.0 per cent.", "17. All types of hydropower are renewable, but references to new renewable energy usually include only small hydropower plants with capacities of less than 50 megawatts.[8] Small hydropower is considered critical for many developing countries and is usually reported and tracked separately in policy and market contexts. Many financiers and development assistance agencies consider only small hydropower as eligible for renewable portfolio standards, feed-in-tariffs and tax credits. Also, many countries define renewable targets based on small hydropower in order to focus on the dynamic growth and features of markets for wind, solar, bioenergy, geothermal and other new renewable energy sources.[9]", "18. Figure 1 shows the share of various renewable energy sources in global renewable electric power capacity. Total hydropower has by far the largest share, followed by wind, with the other renewable sources accounting for less than 9 per cent. When only small hydro is considered, the share of wind is 50 per cent, followed by small hydro, biomass and solar (see fig. 2).", "Figure 1 Share of global renewable electricity power capacity, 2010", "Source: REN21, Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "Figure 2 Share of global renewable electric power capacity (considering small hydro only), 2010", "[]", "Source: The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "19. The growth of renewable energy capacity and biofuel production in the period from 2005 to 2010 is illustrated in figure 3. Most new and renewable sources of energy grew at an accelerated pace. Solar capacity experienced the fastest growth, with solar photovoltaic connected to the grid increasing by 81 per cent and concentrated solar power by 77 per cent.", "Figure 3 Average annual growth rate of renewable energy capacity and biofuel production, 2005-2010 and 2010", "Source: REN21, Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "Abbreviations: CSP, concentrated solar power; PV, photovoltaic.", "20. China is leading the world in installed new renewable energy capacity, followed by the United States of America (see fig. 4).[10] Other developing countries with a relatively large capacity include Brazil, India and Turkey. China has also been leading in terms of growth in the past five years, followed by the Republic of Korea and Turkey. The industry is being supported in these countries by accelerated private investment, consistent and stable government energy policies and advances in technologies that are being translated into cost reductions.", "Figure 4 Countries with largest installed new renewable energy capacity, 2010, and capacity growth, 2005-2010", "[]", "Source: The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "Note: Data exclude large hydropower.", "21. Cost estimate comparisons of energy technologies vary considerably and depend on many factors and assumptions that affect the calculations. In 2011, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) published costs for renewable energy technologies from a variety of sources, including IEA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States and the World Bank (see table 3). These costs are economic costs, exclusive of subsidies or policy incentives.", "22. The costs of some renewable energy technologies are now competitive with the costs of conventional energy technologies, generally estimated to be between 4 and 10 cents per kilowatt hour.[11] Onshore wind, biomass and geothermal for power generation are becoming competitive in some world regions. Biomass, some solar and geothermal are also competitive in regard to hot water and heating, as is ethanol for transportation. Most alternatives for off-grid applications in rural areas are still too expensive. The high costs of these technologies, in addition to other important development and transfer barriers, indicate the need for more support to promote renewable energy in rural areas.", "23. Nevertheless, technology improvements and innovation are allowing a rapid downward trend in the costs of most renewable energy technologies. Prices per megawatt for solar photovoltaic modules have fallen by 60 per cent since 2008. In some countries, solar has been reported to be competitive with other options in electricity retail prices. Wind turbine prices are also down 18 per cent since 2008.[12] The expectation is that this trend will continue.", "Table 3 Cost of renewable energy technologies", "Technology\tTypicalcharacteristics\tTypicalenergy\tComments cost \n (UScents) \nPower generation(cost per kWh) \nLarge hydro\t10-18,000(MW)\t3-5\tCurrently one ofthe lowest-costenergy technologies\nSmall hydro\t1-10 MW\t5-12\t\nOnshore wind\t1.5-3.5 MW\t5-9\tBlade diameter:60-100 metres\nOffshore wind\t1.5-5 MW\t10-20\tBlade diameter:70-125 metres\nBiomass\t1-20 MW\t5-12\t\nGeothermal\t1-100 MW\t4-7\tTypes: binary,single-flash,double-flash,natural steam\nRooftop solarphotovoltaic\t2-5 kW-peakcapacity\t17-34\t\n\t200 kW to100 MW\t15-30\t\nConcentrated solarpower\t50-500 MW(trough)10 20 MW(tower)\t14-18\tCosts for troughplants; costsdecrease as plantsize increases; arapidly maturingtechnology\nHot water/heating(cost per kWh) \nBiomass heat\t1-20 MW\t1-6\tMostcost-competitiverenewable energytechnology forheating\nSolar\t2-5m²(household)\t2-20\tHousehold, mediumand large\t20-200m²(medium/\t1-15\tTypes: evacuatedtube, flat-plate \n multi-family) \n\t0.5-2 MWth(large/districtheating)\t1-8\tGeothermal\t1-10 MW\t0.5-2\tApplied for heatingand cooling \n Types: heat pumps,direct use,chillers\nBiofuels (cost perlitre) \nEthanol\tSugar cane,sugar beet,corn,cassava,wheat\t30-50(sugar)\tGasoline equivalent\n\tSorghum (andcellulose infuture)\t60-80(corn)\tGasoline equivalent\nBiodiesel\tSoy,rapeseed,mustardseed,jatropha,palm, wastevegetableoils\t40-80\tDiesel equivalent\nRural (off-grid)energy(cost per kW) \nMinihydro\t100-1,000 kW\t5-12\t\nMicrohydro\t1-100 kW\t7-30\t\nPicohydro\t0.1-1 kW\t20-40\t\nBiogas gasifier\t20-5,000 kW\t8-12\t\nHousehold windturbine\t0.1-3 kW\t15-35\t\nVillage-scalemini-grid\t10-1,000 kW\t25-100\t\nSolar home system\t20-100 watts\t40-60", "Source: REN21, Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "Abbreviations: kW, kilowatt; kWh, kilowatt hour; MW, megawatt; MWth, megawatt thermal.", "24. Technological innovations are anticipated in concentrated solar power and photovoltaic technologies and related manufacturing processes, enhanced geothermal systems, multiple emerging ocean technologies, advanced biofuels and biorefining, and foundation and turbine designs for offshore wind energy.[13]", "25. The use of renewable energy also affords additional benefits which support the universal and national goals for sustainable development. One of the social areas in which renewable energy can provide added value is employment. Although some of the studies available differ on the magnitude of net employment generated, investment in renewable energy has been shown to create two to three times more jobs than investment in conventional energy. Globally, it is estimated that there are about 3.5 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries. In 2009 and 2010, about 1 million jobs were created by the renewable energy industry.[14]", "26. Another important area of extreme importance for sustainable development is water. Renewable energy technologies using dry cooling are not as vulnerable as conventional water-cooled thermal power plants (including nuclear plants) to water scarcity and climate change. The management of water resources represents a very important issue in sustainable development.", "B. Prospects", "Investments", "27. The market for new and renewable sources of energy is becoming a dynamic one. Financing of global clean energy grew 30 per cent between 2009 and 2010, with investments totalling a record $211 billion.[15] OECD member countries, and large emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India and, are now becoming leaders with stable long-term national policies which attract record investments. The investment by China in clean energy in 2010 represents a record at $48.9 billion and is the highest, followed by Germany and the United States (see fig. 5). The top investment in 2010 continued to be for wind power at $94.7 billion, followed by solar at $26.1 billion.", "28. Countries are following different strategies in their investments. The United States has the highest investment in venture capital, which is for the early stage of the technology development cycle with the objective of capitalizing at a later stage. Europe has concentrated on stimulus for demand using regulatory policies, such as feed-in-tariffs, to meet targets which promote renewable electricity generation. Asia is trying to capture the supply chain of technologies, such as photovoltaic modules and wind turbines", "Figure 5 Top countries in clean energy investment (Billions of United States dollars)", "[]", "Source: UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011); and The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "29. During the global crisis of 2008 and 2009, members of the Group of Twenty established stimulus funds of over $194 billion, which had long-term strategic significance for green growth and the clean energy sector. Table 4 presents the status of these funds at the end of 2010. About 49 per cent of the stimulus funds have been spent, with $74.5 billion spent in 2010. An amount of almost $100 billion is expected to be spent in the next few years.", "30. A new report commissioned by WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife Fund) and released in May 2011 ranks countries according to their share of gross domestic product derived from green energy technologies. Based on the national revenue from renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, Denmark ranks first, with 3.1 per cent of gross domestic product derived from green technologies; China is second, with 1.4 per cent, followed by Germany, Brazil and Lithuania. China has the largest revenue, amounting to $64 billion.[16]", "Table 4 Clean energy stimulus funds, end-2010 (Billions of United States dollars)", "Country Total Total spent Total Percentage announced remaining spent", "United States 65 23.2 41.8 36", "China 46.1 31.9 14.2 69", "Republic of Korea 32.1 11.8 20.4 37", "Germany 15.2 8.9 6.3 59", "Rest of European 11.1 4.2 6.9 38 Union", "Japan 10.4 8.9 1.5 86", "Australia 3.7 1.6 2.1 44", "United Kingdom 3.4 1.1 2.3 34", "Brazil 2.5 0.2 2.3 7", "France 2.1 2.1 0 100", "Spain 1.7 0.6 1.1 36", "Canada 0.8 0.13 0.67 17", "Total 194.3 94.8 99.5 49", "Source: UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011); and The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "Renewable energy scenarios", "31. A variety of long-term energy scenarios developed by a number of institutions provide projections for renewable energy in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electric generating capacity. The estimates vary greatly, from its share in primary energy remaining at the present level (around 13 per cent) until 2035, to rising to 95 per cent by 2050.", "32. In World Energy Outlook 2010, IEA considers three scenarios: current policies, new policies, and 450 parts per million. These scenarios project that, by 2035, the share of renewable energy in primary energy will range from 15 to 26 per cent, in final energy from 23 to 34 per cent, in electricity generation from to 23 to 46 per cent, and in electricity generating capacity from 31 to 54 per cent.", "33. In its 2011 special report,[17] the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates a significant increase in the deployment of renewable energy by 2030, 2050 and beyond in most of the scenarios reviewed. A contribution of the renewable energy share in excess of 17 per cent in primary energy supply by 2030 and more than 27 per cent by 2050 is projected. The scenario with the highest share of renewable energy in total primary energy projects an increase of 43 per cent by 2030 and 77 per cent by 2050. The Panel estimates that global cumulative renewable energy investments will range from $1.36 billion to $5.1 billion up to 2020, and from $1.5 billion to $7.2 billion for the decade 2021-2030.", "34. A study by WWF in 2011 concluded that the world can meet its energy demand by 2050 with a 95 per cent share of renewable energy but that, although technically feasible, this would face difficult challenges. The scenario assumes significant improved energy efficiency and expanded electrification as key to achieving this goal.[18] A 2011 report by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), the Potsdam Institute and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis[19] evaluates progress in moving towards 100 per cent renewable electricity in Europe and North Africa by 2050. In one scenario, IEA projects that 75 per cent of world electricity generation will be based on renewable energy.[20]", "III. Promotion of new and renewable energy", "A. National efforts", "35. Countries are using different policies for promoting research, development, demonstration, deployment and commercialization of new and renewable sources of energy, and over 115 now have some type of policy support to promote renewable energy. Most of these efforts are coordinated only at the national level. One example at the regional level is that of the European Union, which has advanced the goal of 20 per cent renewable energy in final energy use by 2020.", "36. Policies promoting renewable energy can be classified into (a) regulatory policies, (b) fiscal incentives, (c) public finance mechanisms and (d) climate-led policies. Regulatory policies include feed-in tariffs, quotas or portfolio standards, priority grid access, building mandates and biofuel blending requirements. Fiscal incentives refer to tax policies and direct government payments, such as rebates and grants. Public finance includes mechanisms such as loans and guarantees. Climate-led efforts include carbon pricing mechanisms, cap and trade and emission targets.[21]", "37. Many countries have adopted a menu of policy incentives instead of a single policy approach. Policymakers realize that incentives need to be coherent, stable and designed for the long term in order to attract the necessary funds for robust deployment and the strong markets that will ultimately reduce the cost of renewable energy.", "38. The types of policy incentive vary by country, region and the type of renewable source of energy that countries are promoting. Feed-in tariffs are being widely used in many countries, especially to promote renewable electricity generation.", "39. Many of the incentive policies are associated with national targets which, by 2010, had been announced in almost 100 countries. Targets are being defined in terms of the share of renewable energy in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electricity generating capacity. Most targets are established for electricity generation and typically specify a share of between 10 and 30 per cent in total electricity generation within one or two decades. More specific targets are also being defined in terms of various technologies.", "40. A number of countries have been very successful in the promotion of renewable energy through the use of coherent and stable policies. Germany, with a strong policy of feed-in tariffs supporting investments in wind, solar and biomass, has been able to sustain an accelerated growth in the use of renewable energy. In 2010, there was a sharp increase in the deployment of small-scale solar projects to about 9 gigawatts of new solar capacity.", "41. China is leading the world in installed new renewable energy capacity, with an annual five-year growth rate of 106 per cent. A combination of national clean energy policies, including feed-in tariffs for wind and subsidies for rooftop and building-integrated photovoltaic solar, has been very successful. China is also leading in manufacturing, producing almost 50 per cent of all wind turbines and solar module shipments. The Republic of Korea shows one of the highest annual five-year growth rates in capacity (88 per cent). Its stimulus package of $32.2 billion is one of the most generous. Renewable energy is promoted by feed-in tariffs, tax exemptions for dividends and long-term loans for manufacturing facilities.", "42. Brazil is using electricity generation subsidies and preferential loans to provide incentives for the use of wind, small hydropower and biomass. Its key renewable energy sectors include ethanol for transport, with a production of 36 billion litres annually and a biomass electricity generating capacity of about 8 gigawatts. India is using different policy instruments to promote renewable energy, including feed-in tariffs for wind and solar, accelerated depreciation for small hydropower and biomass, and preferential tax rates for other renewable energy projects. Its new renewable power capacity now totals 19 gigawatts, based on biomass, small hydropower and solar.", "B. International institutional arrangements and efforts", "43. Organizations of the United Nations system continue to support the promotion and expansion of new and renewable sources of energy in developing countries. Efforts undertaken during 2009 and 2010 have brought attention and awareness in particular to the important issue of universal energy access, energy efficiency and the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy.", "44. The Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change, created in 2009, called on the United Nations system and its member States to commit themselves to two complementary goals: to ensure universal access to modern energy services and to reduce global energy intensity by 40 per cent by 2030.[22]", "45. UN-Energy, the inter-agency mechanism of the United Nations system, continues to promote system-wide collaboration in the area of energy, together with a coherent and consistent approach. It is playing a pivotal role in promoting action and awareness of the importance of energy for sustainable development and is following up the work initiated by the Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. UN-Energy has been instrumental in defining three major goals whose achievement by 2030 would assist in securing sustainable energy for all, namely: universal access to modern energy services; a 40 per cent reduction in overall global energy intensity; and a 30 per cent increase in the share of renewable energy in primary energy. UN-Energy is also promoting relevant activities in support of the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, 2012.", "46. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in June 2012, will provide an opportunity to assess the progress made in the development and utilization of new and renewable sources of energy. The Conference has two major themes: the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and the institutional framework for sustainable development. The role that renewable energy technologies will play in sustainable development and poverty eradication, as well as the major challenges and barriers still faced by many developing countries in the effective adoption of these technologies, will be an important part of the debate. Furthermore, the Conference will present an opportunity to establish global strategies for: (a) expanding access to clean energy; (b) enhancing energy efficiency; and (c) accelerating worldwide deployment of renewable energy technologies.", "International finance institutions", "47. International financial institutions continue to play an important role in mobilizing resources for the promotion of new and renewable energy. The World Bank Group provided loans for the energy sector totalling $13 billion during 2010. Lending for low-carbon energy projects and programmes reached a record of over $5.5 billion. Since 2003, the World Bank Group has invested about $17 billion in low-carbon projects, of which $14.2 billion have been allocated to renewable energy and energy efficiency. Excluding large hydropower, new renewable energy investment represented $4.9 billion of the total.", "48. In 2008, the World Bank established the Climate Investment Funds, which is a collaborative effort among multilateral development banks. As of 2010, contributors had pledged $6.4 billion in new funds. One of the components, the Clean Technology Fund, is designed to finance the scaling up of demonstration, deployment and transfer of clean technologies, including renewable energy technologies. The first group of activities includes concentrated solar power, wind power, bus rapid transit and energy efficiency projects in 13 countries.", "49. Regional development banks are also playing a crucial role promoting new and renewable sources of energy. The Inter-American Development Bank is planning to double its lending capacity for clean energy to $3 billion annually by 2012. The African Development Bank has made rural electrification a major priority, along with renewable energy development and multinational grid interconnections. Clean energy has become one of the highest priorities of the Asian Development Bank, with over 25 per cent of total loans approved supporting projects with clean energy components. The energy policy of the Asian Development Bank has a target of annual lending for energy projects of $2 billion by 2013.", "50. Since 1991, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has provided financing for projects totalling $8.8 billion, with an additional $38.7 billion in co-financing. In 2010, GEF received from 30 donor countries a record finance boost of $4.25 billion for climate change adaptation and mitigation for the next four years. By the end of 2009, GEF had invested $1.1 billion in renewable energy initiatives in almost 100 developing countries and economies in transition, with an additional $8.3 billion in co-financing.", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "51. The parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, through the Expert Group on Technology Transfer, have been analysing the gaps in and barriers to financing climate change technologies. A number of mechanisms and initiatives to tackle climate change have emerged that support energy technology cooperation and promote financing for new and renewable energy.", "52. At its sixteenth session in 2010, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided to establish the Technology Mechanism, consisting of the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network. The Centre is designed to support the transfer of relevant technologies, including renewable energy technologies.", "53. Elements of the agreement reached by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session include the provision of $30 billion in fast finance from industrialized countries to support climate action in the developing world up to 2012, and the intention to raise $100 billion by 2020. In addition, the Conference established the Green Climate Fund.", "54. The clean development mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol is designed to promote the transfer of clean energy technology to developing countries. It is expected that, in 2012, about 61 per cent of the total number of clean development mechanism projects will be renewable energy projects. At its sixteenth session, the Conference of the Parties decided to strengthen the clean development mechanism in order to drive major investments and technology into environmentally sound and sustainable emission projects in the developing world.", "Other institutional arrangements", "55. An important international institution promoting renewable energy is the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), established in 2009. To date, 148 States and the European Union have signed the statute of the Agency, the mandate of which is to promote the widespread and increased adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy. IRENA will facilitate access to all relevant renewable energy information, including technical, economic and renewable resource potential data. It will share experience on best practices and lessons learned regarding policy frameworks, capacity-building projects, available finance mechanisms and renewable energy-related energy efficiency measures. Abu Dhabi has been designated as the interim headquarters for IRENA.", "C. Options for coordinated global energy strategies", "56. Although considerable progress has been made in regard to the transfer and development of technology, investment and policy implementation, much more effort is needed to increase the contribution of renewable sources of energy and to secure the continuation of the current positive momentum for strong deployment. Additional coordinated strategies are necessary at the global level to advance the transformation of the energy system, especially in the poorest regions of the world, so that the goals of sustainable energy for all, increased energy efficiency and reductions in carbon emissions can be achieved.", "Defining strategies and goals", "57. There are a number of issues that need to be assessed while defining global energy strategies, goals and targets. To move beyond the international agreed goals on energy, set out in the decisions taken by the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Commission on Sustainable Development at its ninth session, there is a need to focus on specific actions and targets which could effectively help in the formulation of a more comprehensive road map towards securing sustainable energy for all.", "58. The first issue is whether goals need to be defined in terms of primary energy, final energy, electricity generation or electricity generating capacity. This is important because the mechanisms for the promotion of renewable energy depend on the specific form of energy for which the goals or targets have been selected. The choice of policies will depend on whether the main objective is to promote new and renewable sources of energy at the first step of the energy cycle (primary energy) or at the final step (final energy for the main sectors of the economy, e.g. household, industry, transport). Alternatively, since many countries are interested in renewable technologies for electricity, goals may be defined in terms of electricity generation, which would imply specific incentive policies for generation, such as feed-in tariffs, or in terms of electric capacity, which would stress the need for substantial investment for building the infrastructure to ensure the right type of generation.", "59. Another issue is whether goals are based on all renewable energy, including traditional biomass. Without the traditional unsustainable biomass, the current renewable share in primary energy is only 7 per cent. Also, if new renewable energy is defined as excluding large hydropower, then its share of 19 per cent in global electricity generation and of 27 per cent in electricity generating capacity (see table 2) drops to only 4.6 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively. Such a decision would allow establishment of the most relevant points of departure in the process towards achieving a particular goal or target.", "60. Probably the most important issue is whether goals should be defined separately for developed and developing countries. A close look at these two groups indicates that their circumstances, motivations and objectives are sufficiently different as to justify separate goals. Table 5 summarizes the difference between OECD member countries and non-member countries in terms of total population, population using traditional biomass, population without electricity and per capita use of electricity.", "Table 5 Population and per capita electricity use, 2008", "World OECD members OECD non-members", "Total population (billions) 6.7 1.2 5.5", "Population using traditional 2.7 ~0 2.7 biomass (billions)", "Population without electricity 1.4 ~0 1.4 (billions)", "Per capita electricity use 3 000 8 900 1 700 (kilowatt hours)", "Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "61. Members of OECD, with 18 per cent of the world’s population (1.2 billion), consume 53 per cent of global electricity and 44 per cent of primary energy. The annual per capita consumption of electricity is about 8,900 kilowatt hours, or over five times the average for non-member countries (1,700 kilowatt hours). Energy access is not an issue since these countries do not use traditional biomass and are fully electrified. Future scenarios for energy demand in OECD member countries project that the growth will be relatively low compared to the growth in developing countries. Therefore, the main motivations for increasing the use of new and renewable sources of energy are energy supply diversification and environmental concerns, especially in relation to climate change. Another concern for the developed countries is their chance to become leaders in the clean energy sector that would fuel their future green economies.", "62. For developed countries then, the goals are mainly of substitution (instead of addition) of renewable energy for fossil fuel capacities and programmes for improved energy efficiency. Most developed countries already have advanced programmes with ambitious goals and targets and count on strong financial support to continue moving towards green economies and sustainable development. For these countries, a coordinated global effort would add support to the already ongoing transformation of their energy systems.", "63. Non-members of OECD, which represent 82 per cent of the world’s population (5.5 billion), use 47 per cent of global electricity and 56 per cent of primary energy. For these countries, the issue of energy access is indeed critical, with almost 50 per cent of their populations depending on traditional biomass and 25 per cent with no access to electricity. Over 83 per cent of the population with no access to modern energy services lives in rural communities. For developing countries, a global coordinated effort would be key to supporting sustainable development goals.", "64. Therefore, in most developing countries the main motivations are to guarantee access to modern energy services for large segments of their population, especially those living in rural areas, and to satisfy the expected dramatic growth in energy demand. For developing countries, new additions of renewable energy capacity are of major priority. For the segment of the population in non-OECD countries with energy access, substitution and efficiency are, as in OECD countries, also important priorities, as is additional capacity to satisfy major increases in energy demand.", "65. Using primary energy as the basis for a target is a meaningful approach for assessing the progress made in achieving the main goal of moving 2.7 billion people from using traditional biomass to sustainable modern forms of renewable energy. In terms of shares, of the 18 per cent share of renewable energy in primary energy of non-OECD countries in 2008, only 7 per cent related to non-traditional biomass. An initial target could be to at least replace traditional biomass in order to achieve a truly sustainable renewable energy share of 18 per cent. In terms of electricity generation, an initial goal could be to provide renewable electricity to the 1.4 billion people currently without access. Decentralized electric systems seem to be most appropriate for the 85 per cent who live in rural areas without electricity.", "A coordinated global energy strategy", "66. A coordinated global energy strategy could be designed to benefit developing countries and, in particular, the population that still uses traditional biomass and has no access to electricity. The strategy should take into consideration three major factors: (a) about 85 per cent of the people with no access to modern energy services live in rural areas; (b) most rural areas are isolated and require decentralized systems; and (c) almost all rural off-grid renewable energy technologies are still too expensive, even though they are recognized as the most sustainable options for many developing regions.", "67. This global strategy would support the specific goals defined by UN-Energy in relation to securing universal access to modern energy services by 2030 while at the same time promoting the use of new and renewable sources of energy. Specific goals would be the replacement of traditional unsustainable biomass by advanced biomass and biogas systems and full electrification with new and renewable sources of energy.", "68. The strategy could include four major objectives: (a) development of systems and products specifically designed to address the needs of the poorest segment of the population; (b) reduction of the cost of rural off-grid technologies to levels that could compete with conventional energy options; (c) implementation of innovative mechanisms that would further lower costs to meet the income levels of the target population; and (d) provision of support for capacity-building and technical cooperation programmes that would allow the creation of stable markets for new and renewable energy in developing regions, in particular in rural areas.", "69. Almost all rural off-grid technology options, including micro hydropower, biogas gasifiers, household wind turbine, village-scale mini-grid and solar home systems, are too expensive. A major reduction in the cost of these decentralized systems would be necessary if the coordinated global energy effort is to be effective.", "70. Specific inexpensive products and systems for households, local industries and services need to be designed, developed and customized for markets in developing regions and for the communities with the lowest incomes. The systems and products need to be reliable and affordable, respond to specific needs and practical applications and be in accordance with local traditions and lifestyles.", "71. Cost reductions need to be realized for both the capital cost necessary to acquire and install the systems, and for their corresponding operating and maintenance costs. Three mechanisms are envisioned to support the cost reduction goals: (a) a coordinated effort by international research and development institutions to provide innovations that can make the systems more efficient, practical and cheaper; (b) international and national programmes in the form of technology funds and subsidies to lower the capital cost of the systems, thereby ensuring their affordability at the lowest income levels; and (c) policies in the form of regulations, fiscal incentives and public finance mechanisms that will allow affordable operating and maintenance costs.", "72. Research and development activities specifically designed to reduce the cost of rural off-grid technologies can be performed in regional or national technology centres that can be established in developing regions. These centres could benefit from local and endogenous knowledge, as well as advances in technology innovation directed at increasing efficiency and reducing costs, and would provide support in all phases of the innovation process from system development to full market deployment. Such dedicated centres would serve as regional innovation hubs which would develop renewable energy systems shaped by regional and local needs and rooted in a local context.", "73. Furthermore, financial instruments, such as microfinance initiatives, and other innovative mechanisms will be necessary at the national level so that these technologies remain below a cost threshold and can be afforded by the people with the lowest incomes. These mechanisms, supported by an international global strategy, will allow the development of stable and coherent markets for these technologies over the long term.", "74. The cost to consumers of such a global initiative should be based on energy poverty indicators related to the share of income used for fuels and electricity. Although there is as yet no consensus on such indicators, a household energy affordability limit of no more than 10 per cent of income could be considered.[23] Assuming that populations at the lowest income levels have an average daily income of no more than $2, this would correspond to 20 cents per day. Assuming also that a person needs at least 3 or 4 kilowatt hours of energy a day,[24] the highest cost that can be afforded by the target population would be about five or six cents per kilowatt hour of energy equivalent. A coordinated global initiative would need to be designed to cover the cost above the maximum affordable threshold.", "75. The global coordinated effort would also need to address the fundamental requirements for statistical data and indicators which are still not available in many developing countries. Substantial financial resources, capacity-building and institutional changes are necessary to build statistical programmes that would permit the monitoring of progress and the development of integrated energy planning strategies for the long term.", "V. Conclusions", "76. The accelerated deployment of renewable technologies over the past five years indicates their potential for playing a significant role in the future. Record investments are being made by countries to propel innovation, development and commercialization of these technologies. Furthermore, some countries are competing for leadership positions in markets for the technologies perceived to be the ones that will power the green economies of the future.", "77. Nevertheless, the contribution of new and renewable sources of energy to the global energy system is still very limited. For many developing countries, the lack of access to modern energy services and low-carbon technologies represents one of the most important factors affecting achievement of their sustainable development goals.", "78. The boom in the growth of the renewable energy industry has not been balanced. Most of the growth is taking place in developed countries and in some developing countries with large emerging economies. Many poor countries with large rural populations have seen only relatively low growth in the use and commercialization of renewable energy technologies.", "79. New renewable sources of energy, such as onshore wind, geothermal, small hydropower and biomass, are now becoming competitive in some world regions. Others, such as solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power, remain too expensive but their costs are dropping rapidly. Unfortunately, the costs for most rural off-grid renewable energy, including solar home systems and village-scale mini-grids, have remained high.", "80. Although countries have adopted major austerity programmes, coherent and stable national policies supporting renewable energy should stay in place, be expanded to other countries and be extended for a considerable number of years. Market mechanisms are necessary to ensure: (a) a further reduction in the cost of technologies; (b) establishment of secure and stable markets; and (c) progress in the transformation of the global energy system into low-carbon economies.", "81. The main motivation for a strong deployment of new and renewable sources of energy in most developing countries is to guarantee to everyone access to modern energy services and to satisfy expected rapid increases in demand. Access is seen as indispensable for accelerating the movement towards green economies within the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development. Cheap and decentralized systems are major incentives for developing countries, since their rural populations are the most affected. Other major concerns for both developing and developed countries are diversification of energy supplies and reduction of climate change impacts.", "82. Challenging but achievable goals and specific but meaningful targets can contribute to the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy. Given the differences in factors affecting the energy systems of developing and developed countries, separate but coordinated energy strategies may be more effective. According to the specific goals, targets may be defined in terms of shares in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electricity generating capacity. Furthermore, how the targets are defined will allow determination of the most effective incentive mechanisms for the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy.", "83. A coordinated global energy strategy is necessary, especially to support developing countries and in particular the poorest among them. Efforts should concentrate on solutions for rural areas most affected by the use of traditional biomass and by lack of electricity. Support at the international level is necessary to help remove the financial, technological, infrastructural and institutional barriers to creating the enabling environments.", "84. Reduction of the high cost of decentralized systems for rural applications should be a key part of any major coordinated global energy strategy. Specific targets and programmes are required to enable the environment that would secure sustainable energy for the rural populations of the world.", "85. There is a need to establish regional and national technology centres both to develop systems and products specifically designed to address local needs at appropriate levels of income and to benefit from endogenous capacities and local knowledge. The global strategy needs to include a strong component on statistical data and the development of integrated programmes for long-term energy planning.", "86. International institutional arrangements, including the various organizations of the United Nations system, international financial institutions and international organizations, such as IRENA, continue to play an important role in promoting international cooperation through capacity-building and technical cooperation. UN‑Energy is leading global efforts to create awareness and is coordinating activities undertaken by the United Nations to secure sustainable energy for all, increase the share of renewable energy and reduce the intensity of energy use.", "87. New and renewable sources of energy represent a major priority issue for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. Strengthening the global institutional framework for the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy in line with the two themes of the Conference is an important objective. The Conference presents an opportunity to secure renewed international support for the promotion and effective use of new and renewable sources of energy.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[3] Ibid., para. 20 (e).", "[4] See General Assembly resolution 60/1.", "[5] International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "[6] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO), The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa (New York and Geneva, November 2009).", "[7] World Energy Outlook 2010.", "[8] Some references consider small hydropower plants to be those with a capacity of less than 10 megawatts.", "[9] Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "[10] The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "[11] REN21, Renewable Energy Potentials in Large Economies — Summary Report: Opportunities for the Rapid Deployment of Renewable Energy in Large Economies, its Impacts on Sustainable Development and Appropriate Policies to Achieve It (Paris, 2008); and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”, New York, 2011 (available from http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/).", "[12] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011).", "[13] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”, New York, 2011 (available from http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/).", "[14] Renewables 2011: Global Status Report; and World Bank, “Design and performance of policy instruments to promote the development of renewable energy: emerging experience in selected developing countries”, Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion Paper No. 22 (Washington, D.C., April 2011).", "[15] UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011).", "[16] The Associated Press, “Denmark tops list of clean technology producers”, 8 May 2011.", "[17] “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”.", "[18] WWF, The Energy Report: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050 (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[19] Moving Towards 100% Renewable Electricity in Europe and North Africa (London, PwC, 2011).", "[20] IEA, Climate and Electricity Annual 201l: Data and Analysis (Paris, 2011).", "[21] “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”; and Renewables 2011: Global Status Report.", "[22] United Nations, Energy for a Sustainable Future: the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change — Summary Report and Recommendations (New York, April 2010).", "[23] See, for example, Jill Insley, “Fuel poverty figures are understated, says consumer body”, The Guardian, 14 July 2011; and United Kingdom, Department of Energy and Climate Change, Fuel Poverty Methodology Handbook (London, October 2010).", "[24] Energy for a Sustainable Future: the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 19 (j) of the provisional agenda", "Sustainable development: promotion of new and renewable energy", "Promotion of new and renewable energy", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The global energy system needs to change in order to ensure sustainable energy for all and to meet rapidly growing energy demand, especially in developing countries, and to reduce the adverse impacts of climate change. New and renewable sources of energy are at the heart of global efforts to make significant changes towards the development of a green economy, poverty eradication and ultimately sustainable development. Several countries have made significant investments in promoting innovation, developing renewable energy technologies and commercializing them. However, more cooperation and action is needed to increase the contribution of these technologies to the global energy system. There is a need for a coordinated global energy strategy and a coherent and stable national policy to reduce the cost of renewable energy technologies, including non-informal power systems, for the most vulnerable people living in rural areas.", "Introduction", "Mandate and resolutions", "The World Summit on Sustainable Development Implementation Plan (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) calls for urgent action at all levels to increase the proportion of global renewable energy in order to increase its share of energy supply. [2] In its resolution 64/206 on the promotion of new and renewable energy, the General Assembly reaffirmed the importance of the full implementation of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation as the Intergovernmental Framework for Sustainable Development and encouraged the United Nations system to continue to raise awareness of the importance of energy for sustainable development, including the need for the promotion of new and renewable energy sources, as well as the greater role that these energy can play in global energy supply, particularly in sustainable development and poverty eradication.", "In the same resolution, the General Assembly, recalling the 2005 World Summit Outcome, [3] welcomed various initiatives aimed at further facilitating access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services for sustainable development in order to facilitate the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, recognizing that new and renewable sources of energy contribute to reducing greenhouse gases and contribute to addressing climate change that constitutes a serious risk and challenge, and called upon the international community to support the efforts of the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States to develop and utilize energy resources, including new and renewable energy sources.", "In addition, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution, taking into account, inter alia, initiatives undertaken by Member States and international organizations to create an environment conducive to the promotion and use of new and renewable energy at all levels, including measures taken to further facilitate access to such technologies. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "Subsequently, in its resolution 63/251, the General Assembly decided to declare 2012 as the International Year for Sustainable Energy for All. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to organize and coordinate activities in the year of energy and to encourage all Member States, the United Nations system and all other actors to take advantage of the Year to raise awareness of the importance of addressing energy issues. Member States and international organizations are also taking initiatives around the Year to create an enabling environment for promoting access to energy and energy services and harnessing new and renewable energy sources.", "Sustainable energy for all", "Eradicating poverty, improving human welfare, improving living standards and ultimately achieving sustainable development are inadequate, affordable and reliable energy services. While continuing to respond to global development challenges, there is growing awareness of the impact of adequate energy services on health, education, transport, communications and water and sanitation. Energy is therefore an important factor in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "To achieve sustainable energy for all, a system is needed to support the best use of energy resources in a fair and social manner while minimizing environmental impacts. The establishment of a sustainable energy system requires integrated national and regional infrastructure to establish supply, efficient delivery and distribution of energy systems.", "The energy for all relates essentially to access to modern energy fuels that can replace bioenergy for cooking, heating and lighting. It also involves access to electricity. Traditional bioenergy uses solid biomass in a sustainable manner, including fuelwood, agricultural waste and animal manure. It is the only fuel available or affordable for the poor in many developing countries. Approximately 2 million people around the world have been living in rural areas by bioenergy. [4] Modern bioenergy or commercial biomass energy are produced in a sustainable manner that can be used for electricity generation, heating and transport.", "In developing countries, households use solid fuels and do not have wind facilities and produce many pollutants, such as particles, oxid carbon and al-deal. The population has the highest exposure to these pollutants among women and young children. [5] Therefore, the high rate of infant mortality and illiteracy and the low life expectancy are found to be relevant to the lack or underutilization of commercial energy. It is estimated that 145,000 people die every year as a result of the inadequacy of biofuel combustion. This amounts to 4,000 deaths per day. Many of these premature deaths are young children and women.", "There are many uses, some of which cannot be replaced. A total of 14 million people worldwide lack electricity, of which 85 per cent live in rural areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people lacking electricity (approximately 585 million). India has about 4 billion people, most of whom live in rural areas and lack electricity. Rural electricity is constrained by the expansion of national electricity grid requirements and the lack of affordable and modern fuel available for electricity generation.", "International challenges, including impacts of climate change, limited natural resources, rapid increases in energy demand and loss of biodiversity, require greater reliance on new and renewable sources of energy. Access to affordable renewable energy technologies is key to ensuring sustainable energy for all.", "C. Global energy systems", "Over the past few years, the global demand for energy has continued to increase, reaching 122.1 million tons of oil in 2008. The global remains largely dependent on oil, coal and natural gas (see table 1). More than 80 per cent of the energy consumption in 2008 came from fossil fuels, with oil and coal accounting for about 60 per cent.", "Table 1 World energy demand by fuel", "(Millions of oil equivalents)", "Fuel 1980 2000", "coal 1,792 233, 292 315", "Oil 3 107 3 222 3 655 45,059", "Natural gas", "Nuclear", "Water 148 184 225 276", "Biological substances 749 904 1,031 1 225", "Other renewables", "Total", "Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2009 (Paris, 2009) and World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "In the coming decades, global, especially developing countries, energy demand is expected to continue to increase significantly. Energy demand will accelerate growth, as the economies of emerging countries grow rapidly, the world's population will increase, which is expected to increase from 67 million in 2008 to 85 million in 2035. According to the International Energy Agency, [6] global energy demand will increase, depending on the circumstances taken, between 149 million and 1.8 billion tons of oil. The new policy assumptions of the International Energy Agency take into account the wide range of policy commitments and plans announced by many countries of the world, which are expected to increase by 36 per cent by 2035, not least 93 per cent of the growth in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Mineral fuel remains at the centre of its energy, but its weight will be reduced to 74 per cent. China will account for 35 per cent of global growth and 18 per cent in India.", "Overview of new and renewable energy sources", "Status", "In some parts of the world, the role of renewable energy in global energy supply continues to increase. Over the past decade, particularly in the past five years, trends have shown strong growth in all energy sectors, including electricity generation, heating and refrigeration and transport fuels. However, the overall proportion of new and renewable energy in the global energy system remains small.", "Recent international events, such as oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and the impact of natural disasters in 2011 on Japan's nuclear power plants, highlight the importance of continuing to develop new and renewable sources of energy that are costly competitive. In many countries, policymakers, the public and the private sector have increasingly supported the development of national and international strategies to accelerate the use of renewable energy technologies and expand their markets. These efforts are key to continuing to change the energy system and to promoting future green economic development.", "In order to assess the role of renewable energy in meeting global energy needs, it is important to know the proportion of its energy, second energy, electricity generation and power generation capabilities. Table 2 presents the global proportion of renewable energy in these four types of energy.", "Table 2 Share of renewable energy in four types of energy", "(Percentage)", "The proportion of renewable energy in energy consumption in the second energy source", "Total 13 16 27", "Deduction of traditional biomass 7", "Deducting traditional biomass and taking into account small hydropower 4.9 3.046 8.0 (under 50 kwa)", "Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the Twenty-first Century (EREN21, 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, 21 Secretariat, 2011); and International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011 (Paris, 2010).", "Note: A total energy and secondary energy consumption is 2009 data. Electricity and power-building capacity data are available for 2010.", "Table 2 includes three sets of values for four types of energy. The first line is the overall proportion of renewable energy, including traditional biomass. In the event of deducting traditional biomass (second line), it dropped to 7 per cent and 6 per cent in both once and two energy consumption. The third line is the proportion of renewable energy in deducting traditional biomass and taking into account small hydropower. In this context, the proportion of renewable energy in electricity is 4.6 per cent, which is 8.0 per cent in power capacity.", "All hydroelectric power is renewable, but new renewable energy generally refers only to small hydroelectric plants that are less than 50 kW. [7] Small hydroelectric power is considered essential for many developing countries, usually from a policy and market perspective. Many financial and development aid agencies consider small hydropower in line with renewable energy portfolio standards and are eligible for electricity and tax credits for renewable energy power generation. In addition, many countries have developed renewable energy indicators based on small hydropower to focus on rapid growth and market features of wind, bioenergy, geothermal and other renewable energy sources. [8]", "Figure 1 presents the proportion of renewable energy in global renewable energy power capacities. The highest proportion of hydroelectric power is, secondly, less than 9 per cent of other renewable energy sources. If only small hydropower is accounted for 50 per cent of wind power, then small hydropower, biomass and solar energy (see figure 2).", "Figure 1 Proportion of global renewable energy power capacity, 2010", "[]", "Source: All 21, Renewable Energy 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, Secretariat, 2011).", "Figure 2 Proportion of global renewable energy power capacity (for small hydroelectric power only), 2010", "[]", "Source: Pew Charities Trust Fund, who is winning in clean energy competition? 2010 edition: Progress in Investment Promotion in 20 countries (February, Robian, 2011).", "Figure 3 presents the growth of renewable energy and biofuel production between 2005 and 2010. The growth of most new and renewable energy sources has accelerated. The fastest growth rate of solar energy has increased by 81 per cent in the solar photocopy of the grid and 7 per cent in solar thermal power.", "Figure 3 Annual average growth rates for renewable energy and biofuel production, 2005-2010 and 2010", "[]", "Source: All 21, Renewable Energy 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, Secretariat, 2011).", "China has a leading position in relation to new renewable energy capabilities already established, followed by the United States of America (see figure 4). [9] Other developing countries with relatively large capacity include Brazil, India and Turkey. In the past five years, China has also been leading in terms of growth rates, followed by the Republic of Korea and Turkey. In these countries, private investment, stability and harmonization of government policies and technological advances that reduce costs are supporting the development of the industry.", "Figure 4", "Source: Pew Charities Trust Fund, who is winning in clean energy competition? 2010 edition: Progress in Investment Promotion in 20 countries (February, Robia, 2011)", "Note: Data do not include large hydropower.", "The comparison of the estimated costs of energy technologies varies considerably depending on the many factors and assumptions that affect the calculation. The renewable energy policy network for the twenty-first century (e.g. international energy institutions, national renewable energy laboratories in the United States and the World Bank) published various aspects in 2010. These costs are economic costs, excluding subsidies or policy incentives.", "The costs of some renewable energy technologies relative to traditional energy technologies are now competitive, and the cost of each kilowatt/hour is generally estimated at between 4 and 10 United States. [10] There has been competitiveness in some parts of the world for land-based, biomass and geothermal power. Biomaterials, some solar and geothermal are competitive in heating and heating, and viol is competitive in the transport industry. Most other technologies for rural areas are still too costly. In addition to other major R&D and transfer barriers, the high cost of these technologies demonstrates that there is a need for more support for renewable energy in rural areas.", "However, technological improvements and invention make the cost of most renewable energy rapidly reduced. The price of solar photos has dropped by 60 per cent since 2008. In some countries, solar power is said to have been competing with other technologies in retail electricity prices. The price of wind turbines has also declined by 18 per cent since 2008. [11] This trend is expected to continue.", "Table 3 Renewable energy costs", "(a) Absorpical energy cost (US)", "Source: All 21, Renewable Energy 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, 21 Secretariat, 2011).", "It is expected that solar thermal power and light technology and related manufacturing processes will be innovative, and the geothermal system will be strengthened and there will be multiple marine technologies, advanced biofuels and biochemicals, and sea wind-based design and turbines design. [12]", "The use of renewable energy has other benefits that can help to achieve sustainable development at the global and national levels. Employment is a social area where renewable energy can play a catalytic role. While there are studies that differ from the resulting net employment opportunities, investment in renewable energy has shown that its increased employment opportunities are two to three times the investment of traditional energy sources. It is estimated that 3.5 million positions globally relate directly to renewable energy industries. The renewable energy industry had created approximately 1 million jobs in 2009 and 2010. [13]", "Another area of importance for sustainable development is water. Renewable energy is destined in non-water ways that are not easily affected by water and climate change as traditional hydro refrigeration plants (including nuclear power plants). Water resource management is a very important issue for sustainable development.", "Outlook", "Investment", "The new energy and renewable energy market is a dynamic market. Global financing for clean energy increased by 30 per cent between 2009 and 2010, with an unprecedented amount of $21.1 million. [14] The long-term policy of stability among OECD member States and major countries, such as Brazil, China and India, attracts record-keeping investments and leads. China's investment in clean energy in 2010 was recorded at $489 million, followed by Germany and the United States (see figure 5). The highest investment in winds still amounted to $947 million, the second of which was $261 million.", "National investment uses different strategies. The United States has the highest level of risk investment and investments in the initial stages of technical research and development in order to be profited at a later stage. Europe uses regulatory policies such as electricity generation and network rates to achieve the goal of promoting renewable energy generation. Asia is attempting to seize the supply chain of technology such as photo and wind turbines.", "Figure 5", "$1 billion", "[]", "Source: UNEP and Bologne New Energy Finance Corporation, Global Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (GHF) Paris, 2011; Pew philanthropic trust fund, who competes for clean energy? 2010 edition: Progress in Investment Promotion in 20 countries (February, Robian, 2011).", "During the global crisis in 2008 and 2009, G-20 member States identified the provision of $1,980 million in economic stimulus funds that would have long-term strategic implications for green growth and clean energy industries. Table 4 shows the status of these funds by the end of 2010. These economic stimulus funds have already been used by about 49 per cent, with an estimated 745 million in 2010. In the next few years, it is expected that almost 100 million people will be used.", "The World Wildlife Foundation invited people to prepare a report, which was issued in May 2011, ranking countries on the proportion of green energy technologies in gross domestic product. According to income from renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies in all countries, Denmark was the first, 3.1 per cent of gross domestic product was from green technologies, 1.4 per cent in China, followed by Germany, Brazil and Lithuania. China's income is up to $640 million. [15]", "Table 4", "$1 billion", "Total expenditure", "United States", "Paragraphs Page", "Republic of Korea", "Paragraphs Page", "Other States of the European Union", "Japan 4, 8.9", "3.7.2.1", "3.41.1 34", "2.5 0.2", "Article 2.1", "Spain 1.7 0.61", "Canada 0.813 0.67 17", "Total 194.3 795", "Source: UNEP and Bologne New Energy Financing Corporation, Global Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011); Pew Charities Trust Fund, Who competes in clean energy? 2010 edition: Progress in Investment Promotion in 20 countries (February, Robian, 2011).", "Prospects for renewable energy", "Different long-term energy prospects presented by a number of agencies suggest that the proportion of renewable energy in a energy, second energy, electricity and power generation capacity is forecast. The estimates vary considerably, with an estimated share of energy in the current level (approximately 13 per cent) by 2035 and an increase of 95 per cent in 2050.", "In the World Energy Outlook 2010 the International Energy Agency considered three situations: existing policies, new policies and 4.5 per cent. According to these three scenarios, the proportion of renewable energy in one energy is projected to be between 15 per cent and 26 per cent in 2035 and between 23 per cent and 34 per cent in two energy sources, between 31 per cent and 54 per cent in power-sharing.", "In its special report for 2011 [16], the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicated that the use of renewable energy in most of its possible circumstances would increase significantly in 2030, 2050 and thereafter. It is expected that by 2030, the proportion of renewable energy in a energy supply will exceed 17 per cent and by more than 27 per cent by 2050. According to the highest proportion of renewable energy in a total energy, an increase of 43 per cent by 2030 will be increased by 7 per cent by 2050. The Committee estimates that the cumulative investment of global renewable energy will be between $13.6 million and $5.1 billion by 2020 and between 2021 and 2030, between 15 and 72 billion.", "A study of the World Wildlife Foundation 2011 found that by 2050, 95 per cent of global energy demand could be met through renewable energy sources, but, while technology could be achieved, there was a daunting challenge. This scenario assumes a significant increase in energy efficiency, which is key to achieving that goal. [17] The progress made in achieving 100 per cent of renewable energy sources in Europe and North Africa in 2050 was assessed in a 2011 report of the Pueverehouse, the Poztan Institute and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. In one case, the International Energy Agency expects that 75 per cent of the world's electricity generation will depend on renewable energy. [19]", "Promotion of new and renewable energy", "Efforts by States", "Countries are adopting different policies to promote research, development, demonstration, use and commercialization of new and renewable energy sources, and more than 115 countries now offer policy support to promote renewable energy. These efforts have been coordinated at the national level. The European Union is an example of coordination at the regional level, with the European Union target of 20 per cent of renewable energy as a energy source by 2020.", "Renewable energy policies can be divided into: (a) regulatory policies; (b) fiscal incentives; (c) public financing mechanisms; and (d) climate-led policies. Regulatory policies include access to electricity, fixation or portfolio criteria, priority on access, construction provisions and biofuel hybrid requirements. Fiscal incentives refer to tax policies and direct payments by Governments, such as relief and grants. Public financing mechanisms include loans and guarantees. Climate-led policies include carbon pricing mechanisms, carbon emissions caps and transactions and emission indicators. [20]", "Many countries adopt policy incentives rather than a policy approach. Policymakers recognize that measures are encouraged to harmonize and stabilize, and in the long term, in order to attract funds for the vigorous diffusion and expansion of markets and ultimately reduce the cost of renewable energy.", "The categories of policy incentives vary from country, region and countries to promote renewable energy. Many countries generally use access to electricity for renewable energy sources.", "Many encouraging policies are relevant to the indicators developed by States and by 2010, nearly 100 countries have announced indicators. The indicators have been developed on the basis of the proportion of renewable energy in a energy, second energy, electricity and power generation capacity. Most of the indicators have been developed according to the amount of electricity, which generally provides for a ratio of 10 to 30 per cent of total electricity generation in ten years or 20 years. More specific indicators are also provided in various technical provisions.", "Several countries have made considerable success in using a coherent and stable policy to promote renewable energy. Germany has strong support for investment wind, solar and biomass access policies and has accelerated the pace of access to renewable energy. In 2010, small-scale solar energy projects increased by about 9 megawatts.", "China has a leading role in renewable energy power capacity already installed, with an annual growth rate of 106% per cent for five years. National clean energy policies, including wind access and subsidies for roofs and buildings, have been successful. China is also leading in the area of manufacture, with almost 50 per cent of the wind power turbines and solar panels produced in China. In the Republic of Korea, the highest annual growth rate for the five years of power capacity (88 per cent). Its $32.2 million stimulus measures are the largest. It promotes renewable energy through access to electricity, fraternal tax and long-term loans for manufacturing.", "Brazil uses subsidies and concessional loans to encourage the use of wind, small hydropower and biomass. Its main renewable energy industries include the annual production of 360 million litres of ololol and some 8 kWa power biomass. India has adopted subsidized policy instruments to promote renewable energy, including wind power and solar access to electricity, accelerated depreciation rates for small hydro and biomass and preferential rates for other renewable energy projects. India currently has a new renewable energy power capacity of 19 GW, based on biomass, small hydropower and solar energy.", "International institutional arrangements and efforts", "United Nations system organizations continue to support the promotion and expansion of the use of new and renewable energy in developing countries. Efforts during 2009 and 2010 have brought particular attention to and awareness of important issues such as energy, energy efficiency and the promotion of new and renewable energy for all.", "The Secretary-General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change, established in 2009, called on the United Nations system and Member States to achieve two mutually reinforcing objectives: to achieve modern energy services for all and to reduce global energy intensity by 40 per cent by 2030. [21]", "UN-Energy is an inter-agency mechanism of the United Nations system, which continues to pursue a coherent and unified approach that promotes system-wide collaboration in the area of energy. It plays an important role in promoting action and raising awareness of the importance of energy for sustainable development and following up on the work of the Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. The United Nations energy has played a significant role in identifying three important objectives, and the achievement of these three goals in 2030 will help to ensure sustainable energy for all, with the three objectives: modern energy services for all; a 40 per cent reduction in global energy intensity; and a 30 per cent increase in renewable energy in one energy. United Nations energy also promotes activities to support the declaration of 2012 as the International Year for Sustainable Energy for All.", "The scheduled June 2012 season will be an opportunity to assess progress in the development and use of new and renewable energy sources. The General Assembly has two themes: development of a green economy around sustainable development and poverty eradication; and institutional frameworks for sustainable development. The role of renewable energy technologies in sustainable development and poverty eradication, as well as the challenges and obstacles faced by many developing countries in their effective use, will be an important element of the debate. In addition, the General Assembly is an opportunity to identify global strategies on: (a) access to clean energy; (b) energy efficiency; and (c) accelerating the use of renewable energy technologies globally.", "International financial institutions", "International financial institutions continue to play an important role in mobilizing resources to promote new and renewable energy. The World Bank Group provided a total of $1.3 billion for the energy sector in 2010. The loans to low-carbon energy projects and programmes amount to $5.5 billion. Since 2003, the World Bank Group has invested $1.7 billion in low-carbon projects, of which $142 million has been spent on renewable energy and energy efficiency. To deduct large hydropower, new and renewable energy investments account for $4.9 billion in total investment.", "The World Bank established the Climate Investment Fund in 2008 as a collective collaborative effort by multilateral development banks. As of 2010, the parties contributed $6.4 billion in new funding. One of these funds, the Clean Technology Fund, is aimed at providing funding for the further diffusion, use and transfer of clean technologies, including renewable energy technologies. The first activities included the implementation of solar thermal power, wind power, rapid transport and energy efficiency projects in 13 countries.", "Regional development banks also play an important role in promoting new and renewable energy. The Inter-American Development Bank is planning to double its annual lending to clean energy in 2012 to $3 billion. The African Development Bank, while focusing on the development of renewable energy and the achievement of the multinational electricity network, has seen rural electrification as a major priority. Clean energy has become one of the highest priorities of the Asian Development Bank, with more than 25 per cent of its total approved loans being used to support clean energy content projects. The energy policy of the Asian Development Bank set the target of $2 billion per year for energy projects by 2013.", "Since 1991, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has provided a total of $88 million in project funds and a co-financing of $387 million. In 2010, GEF received a record $42.5 million increase from 30 donor countries for adaptation and mitigation of climate change over the next four years. As at the end of 2009, GEF had already invest $1.1 billion in renewable energy initiatives in nearly 100 developing countries and countries with economies in transition, with a joint funding of $3.8 billion.", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have analysed gaps and barriers in financing climate change technology through the Expert Group on Technology Transfer. A number of mechanisms and initiatives have been identified to support energy technical cooperation and to promote climate change financing for new and renewable energy sources.", "At its 16th meeting, in 2010, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided to establish a technical mechanism consisting of the Technical Implementation Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and networks. The Centre aims to support the transfer of relevant technologies, including renewable energy technologies.", "The agreement reached at the 16th Meeting of the Parties included the provision by industrialized countries of $300 million for rapid funding to support climate action by developing countries until 2012 and the intention to raise $100 million by 2020. In addition, the Conference established a green climate fund.", "The clean development mechanism established under the Kyoto Protocol is designed to promote the transfer of clean energy technologies to developing countries. The total number of clean development mechanism projects in 2012 is projected at 61 per cent as renewable energy projects. The sixteenth Conference of the Parties decided to strengthen the Clean Development Mechanism in order to promote significant investment and technology for environmentally sound sustainable emission projects in developing countries.", "Other international arrangements", "The establishment of the International Renewable Energy Agency in 2009 is an important international institution for the promotion of renewable energy. So far, 148 countries and the European Union have signed the statute of the institution, which is mandated to promote the wide and sustainable use of renewable energy. The institution will assist in accessing all relevant information on renewable energy, including technical, economic and potential capacity data on renewable resources. It will share best practices and lessons learned in policy frameworks, capacity-building projects, existing financing mechanisms and energy efficiency measures related to renewable energy. Abhabi has been designated as the temporary headquarters of the mechanism.", "C. Coordinated global energy strategy options", "While significant progress has been made in the area of technology transfer and development, investment and policy implementation, more efforts are needed to increase the proportion of renewable energy and to sustain the positive momentum that has been vigorously pursued. There is also a need for a coordinated strategy at the international level to promote the transformation of the energy system, particularly in the poorest countries of the world, in order to achieve sustainable energy for all, energy efficiency and the reduction of carbon emissions.", "Development of strategies and objectives", "In developing global energy strategies, goals and targets, some issues need to be assessed. Actions to be taken outside the internationally agreed goals of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the decisions of the ninth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development will require a focus on specific actions and indicators to effectively help to develop a more comprehensive road map to achieve sustainable energy for all.", "The first question is whether a target is to be defined using a energy, second energy, electricity or power capacity. This is important because the mechanism for promoting renewable energy is to act on the basis of specific energy sources that have already been selected. The choice of policies depends on the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy at the first phase of the energy cycle (one energy) or at the final stage (two energy sources in major economic sectors, such as the family, industry, transport). On the other hand, given the interest of many countries in the use of renewable energy sources, the use of electricity is used to define targets, which means developing specific policies that encourage electricity generation, such as access to electricity or capacity-building to define the objectives, emphasizing that significant investments in infrastructure construction will be made and a particular type of power generation.", "Another issue is whether targets are based on all types of renewable energy, including traditional biomass. Deducting traditional non-sustainable biomass, renewable energy currently represents only 7 per cent of energy. In addition, if renewable energy does not include large hydropower, it will fall by 49 per cent of global electricity generation and 27 per cent of power capacity (see table 2). After taking this decision, it would be possible to identify the most relevant starting points in achieving a specific target or indicator.", "The most important issue may be whether targets should be developed by both developed and developing countries. The circumstances, motivations and objectives of these two categories of countries would be found to vary widely, thus enabling their objectives to be set. Table 5 presents differences between OECD member States and non-member States in the total population, the number of traditional biomass used, the number of people without electricity and per capita electricity.", "Table 5 Population and per capita electricity, 2008", "States that are not members of the Organization", "Total population (10 billion) 6.71.25", "Number of traditional biomass used (10 billions) 2.7-0", "Number of people without electricity (100 million United States dollars) 1.4-0", "Per capita electricity (Kwa) 33,000,900", "Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011 (Paris, 2010).", "The population of OECD member countries accounted for 18 per cent of the global population (12 billion), 53 per cent of global electricity consumption and 44 per cent of energy. Per capita electricity is about 8,900 per year, i.e., more than five times the non-member State use of electricity (700). Access to energy is not a problem because they do not use traditional biomass and have been fully resilient. According to the forecast of future energy needs in OECD member countries, demand growth is relatively low compared to the growth of developing countries. Thus, energy supply diversification and environmental concerns, particularly in the area of climate change, are the engine of increased use of new and renewable energy sources. Another concern in developed countries is whether they have the opportunity to become the lead in the clean energy industry and to promote their green economies in the future.", "Thus, for developed countries, the main objective is to replace (or increase) fossil fuel capabilities and plans with renewable energy sources to increase energy efficiency. Most developed countries have plans and ambitious targets and indicators and have access to financial support to continue to build a green economy and achieve sustainable development. For these countries, global coordination efforts will further support the transformation of their energy sources.", "Countries that are not members of the OECD have 82 per cent of the global population (5.5 billion people), 47 per cent of global electricity use and 56 per cent of energy. For these countries, access to energy is essential because more than half of the population depends on traditional biomass and 25 per cent lack electricity. More than 83 per cent of those lacking modern energy services live in rural areas. For developing countries, global coordination efforts are essential to helping to achieve sustainable development goals.", "Therefore, most developing countries have the primary objective of enabling a large part of the population, particularly those living in rural areas, to access modern energy services and to meet the energy needs that are expected to increase significantly. For developing countries, the new increase in renewable energy capacity is a major priority. For those who have access to energy services in countries that are not members of the OECD, the significant increase in fossil fuels and energy efficiency and capacity-building to meet energy demand is important priorities, as is the OECD member States.", "The development of indicators based on a energy source is a useful way to assess progress made towards achieving the primary goal of sustainable and modern renewable energy from traditional biomass. Only 7 per cent of renewable energy is non-traditional biomass. The replacement of traditional biomass could be at least an initial goal to achieve a truly sustainable rate of 18 per cent of renewable energy. In terms of electricity generation, an initial goal could be to provide electricity for the use of renewable energy for the 14 million people currently without energy services. For 85 per cent of people living in rural areas who do not have electricity, decentralized power systems appear to be most appropriate.", "Coordinated global energy strategy", "A coherent global energy strategy could be developed to benefit developing countries, particularly those who still use traditional biomass and electricity. The strategy should take into account three main factors: (a) about 85 per cent of those who lack modern energy services living in rural areas; (b) the remoteness of rural areas; and (c) the fact that almost all rural areas do not have access to renewable energy technologies is too expensive, although they are considered to be the most sustainable option in many developing regions.", "This strategy will support the United Nations energy target of achieving modern energy services for all in 2030 and promoting the use of new and renewable energy sources. These targets are the full realization of hydrology through advanced biomass and biogas systems and the use of new and renewable sources of energy and the replacement of traditional unsustainable biomass.", "The strategy could have four main objectives: (a) the development of systems and products specifically designed to meet the needs of the poorest population; (b) the reduction of the cost of rural non- and web-based technologies so that they can compete with the usual energy technologies; (c) the establishment of new mechanisms to further reduce costs so that they do not exceed the income levels of the target groups; and (d) the provision of support for capacity-building and technical cooperation plans to establish stable markets for new and renewable energy in developing regions, especially rural areas.", "All rural areas, including small hydroelectric power, biogas, household wind turbines, village-level small power networks and family solar systems, are not too expensive. Coherence in global energy efforts will be effective in reducing the costs of these decentralized systems.", "Specific low-cost products and systems need to be designed, developed and tested for households, local industries and services for the use of the lowest-income groups in developing regions. These systems and products need to be reliable and affordable, tailored to specific needs and practical uses and in line with local traditions and lifestyles.", "Costs need to be reduced in terms of the acquisition and installation of the capital and associated use and maintenance costs required by the system. Three mechanisms could assist in achieving the goal of reducing costs: (a) coordinated efforts by international research and development agencies to provide new technologies that could lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness in the systems and reduce costs; (b) international and national programmes established in the form of technical funds and subsidies in order to reduce the capital costs of the systems concerned and ensure that the lowest income is affordable; and (c) policies reflected in the form of regulatory, financial incentives and public financing mechanisms that would afford to use and maintain costs.", "Regional or national technical centres can be established in developing regions where research and development activities aimed at reducing the technical costs of rural areas are carried out. These centres have access to local and local knowledge and technical innovation for efficiency and cost reduction, and support from systematic research and development to all stages of innovation that are fully promoted in the market. These specialized centres will play a role in the regional innovation hub to develop renewable energy systems based on regional and local needs and local circumstances.", "In addition, financial instruments, such as microfinance, and other innovative mechanisms, at the national level, are needed to lower the cost of such technologies than a threshold and to afford the lowest income. With the support of the global strategy, a stable market for these technologies will be possible in the long term.", "The energy poverty index was developed on the basis of the proportion of fuel and electricity costs and should be determined in accordance with the energy poverty index to the consumer costs of this global initiative. Although there was no agreement on these indicators, consideration could be given to setting the limit of household energy to no more than 10 per cent of income. [22] The average income of less than $2 per day is assumed, which is equivalent to 20 United States dollars per day. In addition, it is assumed that at least 3 or 4 times per person is required every day and that the maximum cost of energy available to the group is 5 or 6 United States dollars per one. A concerted global initiative is needed to cover a part that goes beyond the highest affordability.", "Global coordination efforts also need to address critical issues that still lack statistics and indicators in many developing countries. Statistical programmes that can monitor progress and develop long-term integrated energy planning strategies require substantial financial resources, capacity-building and institutional reform.", "Conclusion", "In the past five years, renewable energy technologies have been more rapidly used to demonstrate their potential to play a significant role in the future. Countries are making significant investments to promote innovation, research and development and commercialization of these technologies. In addition, a number of countries are seeing the future competition for those technologies that will advance the green economy.", "However, the weight of new and renewable energy in the global energy system remains small. For many developing countries, access to modern energy services and low-carbon technologies is one of the most important factors influencing their sustainable development goals.", "Growth in renewable energy industries is uneven. Most growth occurred in developed countries and in some large developing countries. Many rural poor countries have grown slowly in the use and commercialization of renewable energy technologies.", "New renewable energy, such as land wind, geothermal, small hydro and biomass, has been competitive in some parts of the world. Solar power and solar thermal power continue to be too high, but their costs are rapidly reduced. It is unfortunate that most rural areas do not have access to renewable energy, including household solar systems and small-scale electricity grids at the village level.", "Although countries have implemented major tightening plans, national policies that support renewable energy should be harmonized and stable, extended to other countries and extended for many years. There must be market mechanisms to ensure: (a) further reduction of technical costs; (b) the establishment of reliable and stable markets; and (c) progress in transforming the global energy system into low-carbon economies.", "Ensuring that everyone has access to modern energy services and meeting the projected rapid growth demand is the main driving force of the vigorous use of new and renewable energy in most developing countries. Access to modern energy services is essential in terms of poverty eradication and sustainable development. Inefficient decentralized systems play a significant role in developing countries as they affect their rural populations. Other issues highlighted by developed and developing countries include the diversification of energy supply and mitigating the impacts of climate change.", "The development of measurable but achievable goals and targets that are specific but practically important indicators help to promote new and renewable energy sources. Given the different factors affecting energy systems in developing and developed countries, different but coordinated energy strategies may be more effective. Targets can be developed using a proportion of energy, second energy, electricity and power generation capabilities, according to specific objectives. In addition, the most effective incentives to promote new and renewable energy can be identified when the indicators are identified.", "There is a need for a coordinated global energy strategy, especially in support of developing countries, especially the poorest developing countries. Emphasis should be placed on finding solutions for rural areas using traditional biomass for up to and without electricity. Support from the international community is needed to help remove financial, technical, infrastructure and institutional barriers to create favourable conditions.", "Reducing the high costs of decentralized systems used in rural areas should be part of a coordinated major international energy strategy. Specific indicators and programmes are needed to create conditions conducive to sustainable energy for the global rural population.", "Regional and national energy centres need to be established to develop systems and products that meet the needs of local people at the relevant level of income, while using local capacities and knowledge. The global strategy will need to include statistics and the development of a comprehensive plan for long-term energy planning.", "International institutional arrangements, including those of the United Nations system organizations, international financial institutions and international renewable energy institutions, continue to play an important role in promoting international cooperation through capacity-building and technical cooperation activities. The United Nations energy is leading to awareness-raising efforts by the international community and coordinating the activities of the United Nations system to ensure sustainable energy for all, increase the weight of renewable energy and reduce energy use.", "New and renewable sources of energy are a major priority issue for 2012. The strengthening of the global institutional framework for the promotion of new and renewable energy in line with the two themes of the General Assembly is an important objective of the Conference. The General Assembly provided an opportunity to promote and make effective use of new and renewable sources of energy for new international support.", "Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. C.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[2] Ibid., para.", "[3] See General Assembly resolution 60/1.", "[4] International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "[5] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO), Energy Access in Developing Countries: Focusing on Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa (New York and Geneva, November 2009).", "[6] World Energy Outlook 2010.", "[7] Some reference books consider small hydroelectric power plants to be less than 10 kWs.", "[8] Renewable energy policy network for the twenty-first century (all 21), renewable energy in 2011: global status report (Paris, all 21 Secretariat, 2011).", "[9] Pew Charities Trust Fund, who competes for clean energy? 2010 edition: Progress in Investment Promotion in 20 countries (February, Robian, 2011).", "[10] The potential of renewable energy in large economies — a brief report: the rapid use by economic Powers of renewable energy opportunities, impacts on sustainable development and appropriate policies for renewable energy (Paris, 2008): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Special report on renewable energy and climate change mitigation impacts”, New York, 2011 (see http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/).", "[11] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Bologne New Energy Financing Corporation, Global Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011).", "[12] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Special report on renewable energy and climate change mitigation”, New York, 2011 (see http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/).", "[13] Renewable energy 2011: global status report; World Bank, “Promoting the design and implementation of renewable energy policy instruments: new experiences in some developing countries”, Energy and Mining Industry Council Discussion Paper No. 22 (Washington, April 2011).", "[14] UNEP and Bologne New Energy Financing Corporation, Global Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011).", "[15] United States of America, “The first name of the list of cleaner technologies produced in Denmark”, 8 May 2011.", "[16] “Special report on renewable energy and climate change mitigation”.", "[17] World Wildlife Foundation, Energy Report: 100 per cent of renewable energy for 2050 (Washington, 2011).", "[18] Achieve 100 per cent of renewable energy sources in Europe and North Africa (London, PwC, 2011).", "[19] International Energy Agency, Climate and Electricity Year 2011: data and analysis (Paris, 2011).", "[20] “Special report on renewable energy and climate change mitigation”; and renewable energy in 2011: global status report”.", "[21] United Nations, Energy for Sustainable Future: Secretary-General Advisory Panel on Energy and Climate Change — brief report and recommendations (New York, April 2010).", "[22] See, for example, Jill Insley, “The Consumer Agency stated that the number of fuel poverty was underestimated”, Guard, 14 July 2011; United Kingdom Department of Energy and Climate Change, Manual on Fuel Poverty Practices (London, October 2010).", "[23] Energy for Sustainable Future: Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change of the Secretary-General." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目15", "和平文化", "2011年8月11日秘书长给大会主席的信", "如你所知，不同文明联盟是由西班牙和土耳其政府倡议，在联合国主持下于2005年成立的，以便在全球和地方一级推动妥善管理文化多样性的议程，协助在不同社会内和社会之间打击分裂、两极化和极端主义。", "联盟是处理当今时代的两极化、过渡阶段和困境的一个主要举措，有关活动和新闻报道强调了联盟的作用。不同文化之间的了解在过去十年中受到极大挑战，我在十年结束时仍然相信，联盟开展的创新性工作很有效，是一个把决心利用文化多样性资源来促进和平与发展的各方面伙伴汇集起来的平台。", "国际社会继续在政治上广泛支持联盟，之友小组现有130名成员。大会在2009年12月22日第64/14号决议中表示支持联盟。我期待更多的国家加入之友小组，包括在财政上积极支持联盟。在这方面，我要强调资金补充机制的重要性，因为它是对联盟的自愿信托基金的补充，有助于不断为联盟的举措提供多种可以预测的支持。", "我高兴地向你提交不同文明联盟高级代表若尔热·桑帕约总统与第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)一并提交给我的第四次年度报告。报告重点阐述了在2010年8月至2011年7月期间，依照提出联盟在这一期间的议程和要采取的具体举措的第二个执行计划(2009-2011年)，开展的主要活动。", "2011年12月11日至13日将由卡塔尔政府主办的多哈论坛的规划工作取得了良好进展，论坛将提高联盟的知名度，加强实现联盟目标的政治承诺。多哈论坛侧重讨论的议题是通过创建和平与对话的文化推动发展，实现千年发展目标议程和不同文明联盟的使命和行动领域的相互配合。", "请提请大会成员注意本报告为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "不同文明联盟：联合国不同文明联盟高级代表第四次年度报告", "2011年8月3日", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.进展概况 4\n3.巩固不同文明联盟 6\n4.主要倡议和活动 9\n5.筹备不同文明联盟第四次论坛 18\n6.外联 18\n7.治理：信托基金和秘书处 19\n8.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 不同文明联盟旨在提高拥有不同文化的国家和人民之间的了解与合作，协助打击助长社会内部和社会之间的两极化和极端主义的势力。此外，不同文明联盟是一个妥善管理文化多样性的平台。这一举措的依据是《世界人权宣言》和其他有关文书表述的共同原则和价值观。", "2. 不同文明联盟于2005年成立，是秘书长在西班牙政府总统和土耳其总理共同支持下，采取的一项政治举措。设立联盟是相信，需要消除不同文化之间、特别是所谓西方社会和穆斯林社会之间长期存在的分歧和误解，以便实现可持续和平与发展。", "3. 2007年4月，秘书长任命葡萄牙前总统若尔热·桑帕约为联盟高级代表。桑帕约总统制订联盟议程，并确保议程得到实施。联盟是一项政治举措，它推动开展旨在促成当地变革的对话。为此，两年期执行计划按轻重缓急提出目标，并提出伙伴和利益攸关方要采取行动的框架。", "4. 联盟利用不断扩大的之友小组的优势。之友小组现在有130个国家政府和国际组织，为高级代表提供必要的政治支持，是联盟的推动力，在联盟的执行工作中发挥至关重要的作用。高级代表通过开展基础广泛的对话和建立共识，请成员就联盟活动的所有重要方面提供意见、咨询和支持。", "5. 本报告是高级代表提交的第四次年度报告。它重点阐述了2010年7月至2011年7月依照第二个执行计划(2009-2011年)开展的主要活动。计划的执行情况在某种程度上表明了正在发展的国际态势，例如中东和北非区域的新情况，欧洲各地社会内部和相互之间的紧张关系不断增加，助长极端主义和不容忍，以及宗教对和平与发展的影响的问题。还花费许多精力来筹备应卡塔尔之邀定于2011年12月在多哈举办的第四个年度论坛。", "二. 进展概况", "6. 联盟进一步确定了自己是一个在日益多元化的社会之间开展不同文化间对话的首要平台的地位。开展的活动的主要目的是，在全球发生经济危机、文化、种族、宗教和社会关系一直紧张和中东和北非区域部分地区情况不断变化的情况下，巩固迄今取得的成果，推进联盟的目标。", "7. 报告所述期间的主要成就是，2010年11月在马耳他政府主办的一次区域会议上及时通过了联盟地中海区域战略，并起草推出了战略的行动计划(2011年7月27日和28日在开罗举办了“开罗对话”)。", "8. 此外，全球对话基金会和地方伙伴在联盟主持下在澳大利亚和印度举办了区域论坛，使联盟扩大外联工作，大大提高它在基层的地位。", "9. 自2011年1月以来，与卡塔尔代表密切合作，开展深入细致的筹备工作，以筹备2011年12月11日至13日在多哈举办的联盟第四次论坛。论坛的构想文件草案已提交之友小组征求意见，以便让所有人从一开始就参与筹备这一年度盛会。除评估里约热内卢论坛后联盟议程的进展情况、进行专题辩论和提出新项目外，第四次论坛还将提请注意文化多样性与发展之间的联系，探讨其他为了和平和可持续发展加强这些联系的方式。", "10. 2011年5月在多哈举行了论坛前会议，与民间社会组织进行协商，这不仅是加强民间社会在实现联盟目标中的作用的战略的一部分，而且也是卡塔尔有关第四次论坛构想的一部分，这是一个重要契机，是联盟深入基层、提高能见度、加强行动承诺并在其议程中纳入千年发展目标的一个转折点。", "11. 在2009-2011年执行计划确定的优先事项中，大部分领域有进一步进展，其他一些领域有一些仍须解决的关切问题。", "12. 在以下领域取得了良好进展：", "(a) 在之友小组得到扩大和在世界各地的行动实现多样化后，联盟的全球范围和普遍性得到加强；", "(b) 大会关于联盟的第64/14号决议于2009年11月10日通过后，全球确认联盟是联合国不同文化间对话与合作的主要平台之一；2010年5月在巴西里约热内卢举办了第三次论坛；高级代表在各种国际论坛加强了活动，以提高联盟的能见度，促进联盟活动，并寻求合作伙伴；", "(c) 加强了联盟的推动、搭桥和召集作用；", "(d) 2009年12月在萨拉热窝通过了东南欧区域战略，2010年11月在马耳他通过了地中海区域战略；开始制订拉丁美洲区域战略；", "(e) 在马德里、伊斯坦布尔和里约热内卢推出的联盟主要现行项目取得了重大进展；", "(f) 2011年4月在巴库发起了不同文明联盟全球青年运动；", "(g) 通过就下述若干项目建立具体伙伴关系，在与私营部门建立关系方面取得了良好进展；", "(h) 2011年5月3日和4日在多哈举行了论坛前会议，以确定可否设立一个不同文明联盟民间社会平台，因此同民间社会的关系取得了良好进展。", "13. 然而，在若干其他优先目标方面并未完全实现预期成就，例如加强联盟的可持续性和改善联盟的整个通信战略。", "14. 之友小组的扩大对联盟的资源和能力几乎没有产生影响。因此，在使联盟成为一个持久举措方面取得进展是一个紧迫事项，这促使高级代表提出信托基金的资金补充机制并在2011年后半年召开第一届会议。", "15. 为联盟信托基金设立资金补充机制要取得成功，有关成员就要做出进一步承诺。若没有所有支持者和伙伴的共同努力，资金补充机制就不会实现不断为不同文明联盟的举措提供多种和可预测的支持的目标。", "16. 在此应提及经济合作与发展组织内部做出了努力，要把不同文明联盟列入有资格获取官方发展援助的国际组织名单。尽管一些国家予以大力支持，但今年不可能实现这一目标。然而，已决定可以把用于侧重发展的具体活动的专项捐款记作双边援助。这一决定明年会接受审查，如果有做出改变的理由，则可提供开展合作的新渠道。", "17. 在本报告所述期间，推出了一个新网站，还组办了一些备受瞩目的活动，尽管如此，还需要更多开展工作，以制订有效的通信战略。筹备多哈论坛时密切注意外联工作会有裨益。", "18. 总之，过去12个月来(2010年8月-2011年7月)联盟的发展情况表明，联盟取得了显著进展，但现在面临若干重大挑战，即：", "(a) 由于联盟成员日益多样化，因此联盟面临不同要求和企望。确保有统一的构想和连贯一致的行动必然是一项长期挑战；", "(b) 作为一个面临不断增加的需求的国际举措，联盟必须整合战略和工具，进一步建立交付能力；否则，会辜负人们的期望。", "19. 恐怖袭击造成的杀戮及不同文化间的紧张关系和不容忍的增加在世界许多地区、包括在民主社会，似乎都有所增加。消除极端主义和不容忍趋势是联盟存在的理由，并应是它的主要优先事项。", "三. 巩固不同文明联盟", "20. 本报告所述期间的主要优先事项是巩固联盟，把联盟作为全球文化间对话和合作平台，特别注重所谓西方社会和穆斯林社会之间的关系。在这方面，可重点阐述以下各点。", "之友小组", "21. 随着成员的增加，对不同文明联盟的支持继续增加，之友小组成员数目达到130个(108个国家和22个国际组织)。[2]", "22. 之友小组已开会三次，两次是常驻代表会议，一次是部长级会议。还通过各种形式双边接触(见下文)和书面通信，进行了协商：", "(a) 高级代表向所有成员发函，谈及他2011年的优先事项，要求提出其他建议；", "(b) 在里约热内卢论坛形成势头后，邀请拉丁美洲区域之友小组成员编制他们的区域战略；", "(c) 就联盟2011年要制订的一个新的区域举措征求了欧洲联盟国家和欧洲区域组织的意见，该举措是“多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合：在欧洲联盟建立包容和参与性社会的人权模式”。", "23. 之友小组成员首次应邀为第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)提出建议。按惯例，他们还应邀协助制订下一年度论坛的议程。", "24. 2010年11月8日和9日，马耳他组办了首次地中海区域会议(见下文第41段)。", "25. 高级代表一直不断与之友小组成员保持接触。高级代表与各国政府和(或)之友小组各组织成员和代表举行了多次双边会议(即，2010年11月在里斯本举行的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议之际和2011年6月在维尔纽斯举行第六次民主政体共同体部长级会议之际)，还参加了许多多边论坛，为联盟及联盟正在开展的活动争取支持。2010年后半年，在地中海联盟活动受阻期间，高级代表优先注重联盟的地中海区域战略的谈判工作，还高度重视各种区域对话论坛。此外，高级代表与海湾区域、亚洲、欧洲和北非一些国家做了一些接触。2011年头六个月期间，高级代表特别注意中东和北非区域一些国家的新变动，参加各种会议，两次访问了埃及和卡塔尔，还访问了科威特和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "26. 本报告所述期间，高级代表还同国际和区域组织首脑进行接触，以加强协同作用，确保谅解备忘录得到执行。值得注意的是，高级代表参加了联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、人权理事会、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、阿拉伯国家联盟和欧洲委员会及其南北中心组办的各种会议。", "协调人", "27. 2008年请之友小组成员任命协调人，以监督国家一级主要是通过国家计划实现联盟目标的情况，并与联盟秘书处协调。截至2011年6月30日，79个国家和21个国际组织任命了协调人。", "28. 联盟安排召开协调人会议，对协调人的工作和交流进行协调，会议是德国在柏林(2010年10月)和卡塔尔在多哈(2011年5月)主办的，并定期出版通讯和进行协商。协调人参加了地中海区域进程以及拉丁美洲区域战略框架的各种会议。他们还相互在区域层面开展区域协商。", "专题平台", "29. 专题平台的工作继续取得进展。平台根据瑞士的一项提议，把有意进一步探讨具体专题的一小部分国家召集在一起，就统一或联合采取行动提出建议。有一个平台重点关注媒体素养教育，尤其关注社会媒体和文化陈规定型观点的形成。另一个平台旨在缩小筹集人道主义和发展援助方面的差距。", "30. “人道主义”平台在柏林和伯恩各举行了一次会议。平台强调，必须改善与宗教信仰组织的合作和这些组织之间的合作，以提高人道主义和发展工作的质量，促进消除人与人之间的隔阂。", "民间社会咨询、全球网络和伙伴关系", "31. 根据高级代表和卡塔尔谢赫·莫扎殿下的联合倡议，作为论坛前的一项活动，2011年5月3日和4日在多哈安排了一次重要的民间社会咨询活动。", "32. 各种工作也有所加强，以建设和(或)巩固各种宗教间网络和以青年、大学、智囊团和基金会等特定群体为对象的网络，与私营部门建立伙伴关系。公私伙伴关系在联盟工作中发挥日益重要的作用，是制订有全球影响力的具体项目的基础，例如与思科、卡洛斯特·古尔本金安基金会和若干其他伙伴发起的“对话咖啡馆”；世界文化间创新机制，与宝马集团一起设立的世界促进创新设施，帮助发现和推广在不同文化之间搭桥的最有创新性的基层举措；不同文明联盟暑期学校；与威望迪公司共同设立的联合工作队，以确定不同文化间对话和文化多样性的影响；“为多样性和包容做一件事”运动，这一运动是与硅谷最大公司中的20家公司(雅虎、Intuit、英特尔和其他公司等)合作开展的。", "33. 关于全球宗教间网，联盟继续与研究宗教间对话和宗教合作问题的国家、机构和非政府组织密切协作，以便相互配合补充。特别是同信仰间合作促进和平三方论坛、沙特阿拉伯关于信仰间对话倡议和约旦的世界信仰间和谐周倡议合作。高级代表向2011年6月在莫斯科举行的欧洲宗教领袖委员会会议发送了视频讲话。", "联盟是文化外交和预防外交的软实力工具", "34. 高级代表加大了行动力度，以便把联盟发展成一个文化和预防性外交的软实力工具。他进一步加大了与可以利用自身影响力来实现共同目标的政界、宗教界、媒体和民间社会代表的接触和对话。他在各个场合——视情况或是公开或是私下——，对不断加剧的紧张局势表示关切，并强调需要采取预防性长期行动来消除不容忍和极端主义。在向会议、政治会议或媒体提出意见建议时，他请对话者和利益攸关方思考各种问题，例如政治和宗教多元化、不同文化间对话和合作行动的作用或在社会日益多元化的情况下社会凝聚力情况，并提到一些具体问题。高级代表强调国家计划和区域战略可发挥战略工具的作用，把自上而下与自下而上的方法结合起来，此外他还建议在分裂或容易发生冲突的社会中为人民外交创造新机会，建议在现有的全球专家网基础上，建立一个不同文化间紧张关系的预警机制(见下文第64-68段)。", "35. 高级代表继续特别注意旨在执行高级别小组报告、特别是报告附件3的有关建议的各项举措，例如“白皮书和白色进程：从相互抵触的叙述到合作行动”。", "四. 主要倡议和活动", "36. 本报告所述期间还提出了若干举措，以支持联盟的广泛目标。", "A. 国家计划和区域战略", "国家计划", "37. 在高级代表的鼓励下，目前有26个国家在执行国家计划：阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、巴西、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、意大利、科威特、马耳他、墨西哥、黑山、摩洛哥、新西兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其及大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", "38. 更多计划正在制订中，这是各国利用自己的执行渠道按自己的步调开展工作的一部分。", "39. 2011年5月，一些协调人非正式地讨论了经验教训，强调了三点：", "(a) 虽然这些计划不可能采用单一的模式，但不应只列出现有的方案。计划应着眼于消除阻碍平等的障碍和打击偏见(“推倒围墙”)，帮助培养不同文化间的技能(“搭桥”)，并创建以相互尊重的方式进行交流的空间(“共享空间”)；", "(b) 由于要把上层的政治支持和基层的参与结合起来，因此国家计划需要进行协调和审评；", "(c) 应鼓励考虑使用测量工具和建立观测站。欢迎国际组织提供政治支持和协调。联盟应密切注意国家计划的起草和执行工作，支持各国家进一步进行交流。", "区域战略", "40. 联盟一直呼吁面临共同挑战的国家与民间社会合作，共同采取行动。这方面的第一个正式举措是2009年12月在萨拉热窝通过了不同文明联盟东南欧区域战略，2010年夏又通过了实施战略的行动计划。", "41. 2010年初在埃及亚历山大着手开展工作，最后于2010年11月9日通过了地中海文化间对话与合作区域战略。战略是在马耳他在瓦莱塔主办的会议上通过的，会议根据民间伙伴社会提出的项目，通过了一个行动计划概要。其后于2011年5月印发了行动计划，在考虑到中东和北非新局势的同时，提出了一些重点行动。", "42. 这两个计划的资金筹措显然有问题。但是，正在就如何分配已经提供的国际资金以支持转型国家的改革进行磋商。资金补充会议将讨论进一步为这两个计划提供资金的问题。", "43. 有关拖延并没有妨碍制订一些项目。这些项目包括一个讲授历史的项目，该项目是与欧洲委员会一起在斯洛文尼亚举办的研讨会的主要议题，是在欧洲历史教育学家协会在索罗斯研究所支助下制订的一些项目的基础上制订的。已经讨论了在贝尔格莱德开一家对话咖啡馆的事宜，并进行了第一轮接触，以便确定在黑山的潜在伙伴。拉马拉和特拉维夫的对话咖啡馆将于2011年底前开业，目前正在为突尼斯、开罗和伊斯坦布尔的咖啡馆筹资。在高级代表的参与下，在波德戈里察开办了2011年青年外交官暑期学校。已经宣布了宇斯特基金会欧洲学会查理五世欧洲奖学金欧洲研究的研究和流动补助金并挑选了第一批候选人。", "44. 应秘鲁的邀请，正在为制订一个拉丁美洲区域战略开展工作。2010年12月和2011年3月在利马召开了协调人会议，拟订了一个初稿。正在根据区域和次区域组织一级民间社会伙伴开展的工作，起草一个行动计划。预计在2011年完成有关工作。", "45. 高级代表同欧安组织2010年主席哈萨克斯坦讨论了制订中亚区域战略的提案。一些非洲国家表示愿意携手采取次区域举措。", "B. 多边利益攸关方的举措，包括不同文明联盟主导的项目和方案", "46. 联盟是一个制订实际举措的平台，帮助各地在四个行动领域中促成变革。许多举措是通过联盟与教科文组织、国际移民组织(移民组织)、阿拉伯国家联盟、欧洲委员会、伊斯兰合作组织、伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织(伊斯兰教科文组织)和阿拉伯联盟教育、文化及科学组织达成的一系列谅解备忘录以及同一些非政府组织、基金会和大学等机构达成的谅解备忘录来执行的。", "47. 以下章节全面阐述了目前执行的项目和举措。", "教育行动领域", "宗教和信仰教育平台", "48. 不同文明联盟的宗教和信仰教育在线学习社区(www.aocerb.org)是了解不同宗教和信仰的一个重要的因特网信息来源。在线学习社区有一个由世界各地18个学术和民间社会伙伴组成的网络，是一个开展教育的平台，协助人们探讨宗教组织的作用，配合联盟推动宗教活动发挥作用，促进文化多元性和不同文化间教育，探讨各种良好做法和围绕宗教、伦理教育和不同文化间教育问题开展教育的作用。", "49. 联盟参加了几个有关宗教与联合国的讲习班。它赞助25个国家的穆斯林青年和犹太青年参加2010年8月1日至6日在维也纳召开的穆斯林-犹太人会议，以便通过教育和宣传消除不容忍。它参加了2011年5月16日在维也纳同欧安组织、教科文组织和欧洲委员会举行的最后一次协商会议，讨论《供教育学家使用的关于仇视伊斯兰问题的指南》。", "不同文明联盟的研究网络", "50. 不同文明联盟已经建立了一个研究网络，由世界各地的智囊团和大学组成，在共同关注领域开展合作。网络有20个成员，包括学术机构和一些共有200多个机构的网络。它在不同文明联盟的网站上有一个专门的网页，向访问网页的人提供信息，介绍联盟关注领域中的会议、出版物、研究金和研究补助金。", "加强学术交流", "51. 不同文明联盟继续在促进交流方面发挥推动与合作作用，以增进对不同文化的认识和了解。联盟通过它的网站和网页，为不同文化间的学习和研究提供了数百个机会。2010年的里约热内卢论坛召开了工作会议，讨论学术交流面临的挑战和机会。费用、法律问题、参与程度和避开有人身安全问题的地区是传统交流方案面临的一些主要挑战。有鉴于此，联盟同Soliya建立了伙伴关系(见www.soliya.net)，推行Soliya的“Exchange 2.0”方案，以便在全球通过网络推广国际不同文化间的教育经验。", "教育外联活动", "52. 联盟已经连续第三年同美利坚合众国佐治亚州亚特兰大的伊斯坦布尔中心和其他各方协作，为初中和高中学生举办美术和短文比赛。共有2 500多人参加了题为“设身处地：感受他人的经历”的比赛。", "53. 联盟与秘书处新闻部密切合作，2010年8月在吉隆坡举办了题为“创建不同文明联盟：在不同文化间搭桥以实现和平与发展”的第二届全球模拟联合国活动。2010年还向美国、大韩民国、中国、哥伦比亚和意大利的一些教育机构和非政府组织介绍了联盟和联盟的活动。", "青年行动领域", "全球促进不同文明联盟青年运动", "54. 全球促进不同文明联盟青年运动第一届会议2011年4月在阿塞拜疆巴库举行。该运动旨在向青年发出促进和平与了解的有力信息。它还力求使不同文明联盟的举措考虑到青年的意见和让青年参加这些举措。", "55. 来自80多个国家的130名青年在巴库一起起草了这一行动的宪章和行动计划。讨论表明他们做出了坚定承诺。联盟将与这一运动的领导人合作，执行在巴库做出的决定。", "青年团结基金", "56. 第二期青年团结基金已经圆满结束。这一国际小额赠款方案为青年组织在地方、国家或国际一级推动不同文化和信仰间的对话提供数额最多为30 000美元的启动资金。由这一方案提供资金的项目完全由青年组织自己来制订和执行。", "57. 上一轮资金资助的18个项目在14个国家[3] 执行，大都在非洲国家和巴勒斯坦被占领土(2个项目)。目前正在编写介绍这18个项目成果的报告，报告将在2011年下半年完成。18个项目估计让其中大都是青年的33 000人受益。", "青年网站", "58. 不同文明联盟青年网站(http://unaocyouth.rog)在继续扩大，吸引了更多伙伴。这是一个用户可以获得、张贴和交流以下信息的综合性网站：(a) 其他青年组织；(b) 希望参加与不同文明联盟有关的事务的青年可以利用的机会；(c) 提高参与能力的工具。", "59. 此外，在提供联盟青年方案信息的同时，还有一个青年可以阅读的新闻栏目和“智慧之言”。网站还有一个讨论论坛。", "国际青年年", "60. 2009年宣布了国际青年年：对话和相互了解，它提供了一个独特机会，让联合国系统和许多伙伴网络了解不同文明联盟及其青年方案的目标。", "61. 联盟是制订联合国纪念国际年纲要和用于宣传这一活动的主要文件的一个主要伙伴。为此，同教科文组织合作绘制了一个介绍青年在促进不同文化间了解过程中的作用的主要宣传卡。", "62. 联盟还在安排纪念国际青年年结束的青年高级别会议过程中发挥了关键作用。在召开青年高级别会议的同时，还举办了多元+青年视频节。", "媒体行动领域", "快速反应媒体机制", "63. 联盟的快速反应媒体机制方案的重点是加强媒体的积极作用，促使公众进一步了解哪些辩论引起不和，让媒体发表各种不同的意见，免费为世界各地的媒体提供高质量的内容。该项目在启动后不断扩大，以满足媒体和基层社区不断增加的需求。", "全球专家", "64. 全球专家在线资源(www.theglobalexperts.org)在继续扩大。它目前有400多名专家。每个专家每周都写几篇访客可能浏览的内容，每个月向世界各地数千名记者发送大约12-15份寻求采访通知 。每份通知都让记者有机会就刚发生的新事件直接同5-6名专家联系。", "65. 在线资源还着手把世界各地媒体专家的评述汇集起来，同时还以文章、播客和视频访谈的形式登载专家专门为网站撰写或制作的内容。", "66. 项目还同各方合作制作节目，例如正同英国文化委员会和密苏里大学新闻学院的合作，制作80多个内有专家演讲的重点介绍西方与穆斯林之间关系的视频。", "对阿拉伯民间社会和公民记者进行提高新闻能力的培训", "67. 鉴于近期发生的事件和为了满足阿拉伯区域日益增长的需求，快速反应媒体机制方案另外为阿拉伯民间社会代表和公民记者/博客制订了培训方案。这些培训重点注意培养以下四个方面的技能：采访方式、撰写技能、与媒体的关系和利用社交工具更有效地开展工作。第一批培训班2011年9月在约旦举办。其他培训计划在塞浦路斯和突尼斯进行。", "一并提供文章和系列文章", "68. 快速反应媒体机制方案扩大了向世界各地报刊提供文章和评论的做法，请著名的分析家对他们自己挑选的涉及宗教在公共空间中的作用的问题发表意见。有20多名分析家为第一个系列文章《宗教与公共空间》撰写了文章。这些文章用五种语言刊载在从新加坡到巴西以及从法国到约旦等各个国家的报刊上。", "辩论和会议", "69. 联盟的媒体方案定期安排就媒体专业人员和社会其他人员关注的国际危机和问题进行公开辩论。它最近与阿拉伯国家联盟和安娜·林德基金会一起，于2011年4月5日和6日在开罗举办了一个重大论坛，重点讨论目前处于区域变革中的阿拉伯媒体及其在与西方关系中的作用。", "电视台业主会议", "70. 安娜·林德基金会和联盟2010年5月在巴黎主办首次会议后，与欧洲广播联盟、阿拉伯国家广播联盟和欧洲联盟委员会协作，计划在2011年10月在地中海区域战略的框架内，召开电视台业主和管理人员座谈会。会议将由阿卜杜勒国王陛下主办。", "71. 会议旨在建立一个在地中海地区有许多人观看的主要跨国媒体集团网络，与中东和北非各国国家广播台制订新的联合行动。", "欧洲-地中海联合媒体网络", "72. 欧洲联盟委员会、安娜·林德基金会和联盟启动了一个联合项目，以支持记者对整个地中海地区进行报道。有关伙伴定期为记者召开特别工作队会议和讲习班，同时与不同文化的分析家开会，讨论地中海两岸记者建立联系的机会并为对不同文化进行报道的记者颁奖。", "传媒素养", "73. 联盟继续制订若干传媒素养举措，以帮助青年和一般公民熟悉日益复杂的各种传媒，为他们提供工具，以便能成为有鉴别和批评能力的传媒使用者和制作者。目前有33个伙伴和近1 600个注册用户，他们都通过用新内容更新数据库的方式，定期参与。在伙伴的支持下，已经广泛分发了联盟-教科文组织-欧洲联盟委员会的出版物《全球媒体教育政策图》。", "74. 教科文组织的大学结对和网络计划和不同文明联盟已经设立了有关媒体和信息素养和不同文化间对话的大学网络(“UAC-MILID”)，共有(澳大利亚、巴西、中国、埃及、牙买加、摩洛哥、西班牙和美利坚合众国的)8个大学参加。", "媒体领域的一般合作", "75. 联盟同欧洲联盟就媒体宣传在防止极端化方面的作用开展了对话，这是欧洲联盟开展的媒体工作的一部分。此外，联盟还同欧洲极端化问题专家网络进行了富有成果的对话，交换意见和分享联盟在巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、美国、欧洲和阿拉伯国家为记者安排培训的经验。", "移徙/融入社会行动领域", "移徙和融入社会在线社区", "76. 自2010年5月开设“移徙和融入社会-建设包容性社会在线社区”网站(www.unaoc.org/ibis)以来，联盟一直提供信息，介绍移徙者融入社会的良好做法。它重点介绍融入社会的成功模式，以便抵制陈规定型观念，推动所有利益攸关方进一步参加融入社会工作。在网站平台上进行了一系列讨论，交流以往和目前移徙和融入社会方面的经验。", "77. 为了借鉴利用澳大利亚在多元文化方面的特别经验和让用户登录移徙和融入社会-建设包容性社会在线社区网站，联盟2011年10月在墨尔本联合主办一个与该社区有关的活动，高级代表将会参加。", "多元+青年视频节", "78. 联盟协同移民组织，继续开展多元+活动，这是一个关于移徙、多元化和社会包容的青年视频节。多元+得到许多国际伙伴的支持。2010年11月12日在纽约Paley媒体中心举行了颁奖仪式。", "79. 正以光盘、电视台播放、因特网和在世界各地的视频和电影节上放映的形式，分发获奖视频。多元+的分发者包括RAI Education(意大利)、AlJadeed TV(黎巴嫩)、联合国电视、地中海视听业者常设大会论坛、中国印度青年节、哈瓦那电影节、Rootes & Routes International Film Festival、约旦皇家电影委员会和2011年BaKa论坛。", "移徙-融入社会系列活动", "80. 2010年12月，联盟和训研所同Unitas Communications公司主办了一次讨论，讨论移民为何在欧洲被视为不利于共同生存以及伊斯兰教为何常常被认为与西方价值有冲突的问题。这一活动向全球观众播放。Muddassar Ahmed(Unitas)同Roger Cohen(国际先驱者报)进行了交谈，内部和在线观众也参加了讨论。", "多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合", "81. 正如高级代表2011年初向欧洲各国政府提出的，联盟在筹备一个区域举措，题为“多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合：在欧洲联盟建立包容和参与性社会的人权模式”。这一仍在筹备的活动将由卡洛斯提-古尔班基安基金会于2011年11月15日在基金会新的文化中心举办。", "联盟的其他多层面举措", "思想集市", "82. 思想集市是最具有创新意义和最成功的基层举措，旨在促进世界各地不同民族和文化的相互了解。通过让决策者、潜在捐助者和媒体了解这些举措，联盟帮助它们实现扩展和推广，从而大大增加其影响力。", "83. 在提出申请的数百个组织中，有10个组织在里约热内卢论坛上被承认为思想集市的获胜者，其领导人应邀介绍其项目(World Faith；Euro Mediterranean Academy for Young Journalists；Forgotten Diaries；Melantjong Petjinan Soerabaia；Akili Dada；Universal Forum of Religions；Peaceworks；RandomKid；United Religions Initiative；Undergraduate ParliaMentors；Three Faiths Forum；Bridge the Gap TV)。威望迪集团、德勤会计公司等私营公司、全球对话基金会、英国文化委员会和欧洲新闻为这一活动提供了支持。", "84. 联盟已经同宝马公司达成了很有前途的协作协议，建立一个促进创新的世界不同文化基金。基金将支助在不同文化间牵线搭桥的最具有创新的基层举措，让它们同伙伴建立联系，以便帮助它们进行扩展和推广。", "研究金方案", "85. 2009年9月，联盟启动了它的研究金方案，以协助北美、欧洲、和穆斯林居多数国家的新领导人相互了解各国的媒体、文化、政治、机构、民间社会和宗教，相互交流知识和认识，建立伙伴关系。从长远来看，联盟将通过这一方案建立一个具有影响力的新领导人网络，对不同国家和地区之间的关系提出新的看法，促进采用新做法。", "86. 方案是同英国文化委员会、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰教科文组织、不同文明联盟卡塔尔委员会和(美国)国际教育学会合作制订的。", "87. 试验阶段于2010年3月至4月完成，美国和欧洲的12名新领导人走访了埃及、摩洛哥和卡塔尔，7个阿拉伯国家的12名新领导人走访了比利时、法国、联合王国和美国。", "88. 研究金方案的第二阶段在2011年下半年进行。由于阿拉伯之春的出现，这一方案尤其具有重要意义，因为它让新领导人有机会进行学习并与同龄人建立联系。", "对话咖啡馆", "89. 在伊斯坦布尔论坛上公开发起“全球对话咖啡馆网络”项目后，最早的两家咖啡已在举办第三次论坛之际，于2010年5月在里约热内卢和里斯本开业，咖啡馆是同里斯本市政府、卡洛斯提-古尔班基安基金会、里约Candido Mendes大学合作，利用GÉANT欧洲网络开办的。", "90. 2010年9月在阿姆斯特丹的Waag Society开了第三家咖啡馆。正在开展工作，以扩展到佛罗伦萨、拉马拉、特拉维夫、巴黎、里尔和贝尔格莱德等欧洲-地中海城市。还在考虑在多哈、开罗、伊斯坦布尔、伦敦、黑山、突尼斯和奥斯陆开对话咖啡馆的可能性和筹集资金", "不同文明联盟暑期学校", "91. 不同文明联盟的暑期学校把来自不同区域、不同社会阶层的族裔、文化、学术和专业背景和兴趣不同的青年汇集在一起。学校旨在让青年交流世界观、知识和经历；建立一个“不同文化联盟青年呼声”网络；商定一些通过“对话咖啡馆”网络来发展的项目。", "92. 2010年暑期学校由葡萄牙阿威罗大学主办，有来自44个不同国家的115名青年参加。为了开办这一学校，各国际组织、葡萄牙基金会、大学和智囊团、宗教组织和公司建立了一个多边利益攸关方平台。", "93. 鉴于2010年暑期班办得很成功，高级代表决定使暑期学校成为一个定期活动，并探讨可否分专题为年轻的记者、外交人员和教师等目标群体举办暑期班。", "94. 2011年暑期学校将于2011年8月23日至9月3日在里斯本举办。主办单位是里斯本大学，并将与阿拉伯国家联盟和欧洲-地中海大学等伙伴合作开办。", "城市结对合作", "95. 联盟推动和/或参加了一些有地方政府、市镇当局和市长参加的活动，主要是在上海世博会(全球南南创新周，“创造力和转让：建立让人人有更好生活方式的更好和更适宜居住的城市”会议)；2011年2月25和26日在马拉加举办的第二届欧洲-阿拉伯城市论坛；意大利2011年6月1日在罗马主办的种族间城市国际会议。", "96. 高级代表在出席第二届欧洲-阿拉伯城市论坛时提出根据中东和北非地区的新情况，为欧洲-阿拉伯城市合作设立一个特别基金，得到与会者的拥护。", "97. 种族间城市国际会议讨论了可否发挥新的协助作用问题和有关设立一个“种族间担保人就多种文化事项为市镇当局提供咨询的设想。与会者商定继续努力，把城市变革列入联合国有关机构和方案的议程，以便采取行动，包括可由大会通过一项决议。", "提供讨论敏感问题的空间", "98. 人们日益认为联盟是一个民间社会讨论敏感问题的平台，包括讨论宗教少数群体、宗教自由和宗教多元化社会中的紧张关系。围绕这一议题安排了一些相关活动。", "99. 在联盟的主持下，2010年11月11和12日在亚的斯亚贝巴举办了一个关于宗教容忍、传统冲突解决办法和封建主义的研讨会，作为埃塞俄比亚对联盟工作的支持。高级代表以发表视频讲话的形式参加了会议。", "100. 2010年11月4 和5日举行的2010年里斯本论坛重点讨论了言论、良心和宗教自由问题。论坛举行四次主要工作会议，讨论民主社会中的宗教多元化；宗教领导人在推动建立和平文化过程中的作用；防止极端化和宗教极端主义；国际合作促进宗教自由。论坛的成果是提出了一些建议(辩论情况的全面概述见里斯本论坛网站www.coe.int)。", "101. 在联盟的主持下，西班牙和意大利与欧洲大学研究所合作，2011年6月13和14日在佛罗伦萨举办了题为“宗教自由：人权、社会包容和政治参与”的国际研讨会。意大利外交部长弗拉蒂尼和西班牙外交大臣特立尼达·希门尼斯向与会者发表了他们的看法，高级代表向会议发送了视频讲话。3个小组提出的建议为今后工作，包括多哈论坛，提供了依据。", "让各国议会参与制订联盟的议程", "102. 联盟日益意识到最好让各国和国际议会参与。协调人讨论了他们可在起草国家计划过程中发挥的作用。", "103. 高级代表会见了若干国家议会的领导人，并向欧洲委员会议会(2010年6月)和欧洲-地中海议会(2011年1月)发表了讲话。此外，他还会见了科威特和马耳他的议长，讨论了一个关于议会促进多元化和妥善管理文化多样性的作用的联合举措。", "104. 2010年5月在里约热内卢启动的与各国议会联盟的合作在进行之中，特别是通过秘书处定期进行接触，包括在议会对多哈论坛做出更大贡献的问题上。", "五. 筹备不同文明联盟第四次论坛", "105. 应卡塔尔政府的邀请，第四次论坛将于2011年12月11至13日在多哈举办。预计它将是一个联盟提高知名度、更多地加入国际议程和加强行动承诺的转折点。根据谢赫·莫扎殿下向高级代表提出的建议，论坛将探讨实现联盟的目标如何有助于实现可持续发展和千年发展目标。筹备工作于2011年1月开始，得到了卡塔尔聘请的一些专家的协助，并同之友小组、包括协调人进行了对话。民间社会代表还在2011年5月3和4日在多哈举行的前期论坛上发表了意见。", "六. 外联", "106. 过去一年中围绕许多项目广泛开展的外联工作令联盟受益不浅。联盟用得到改进的宣传材料介绍项目和人们的举荐，促使人们明确了解联盟的活动和目标。高级代表和秘书处也向许多方面介绍情况。高级代表撰写了一系列文章并在世界各地多次发表讲话，介绍联盟的情况。", "107. 联盟支持和/或推动进行两个主要宣传活动。第一个是在世界宗教间和谐周框架内进行的。第二个是纪念世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日(5月21日)。这一活动是同教科文组织和许多公司通过脸谱网站(http://www.facebook.com/ DoOneThingforDiversityandInclusion)进行的，邀请世界各地的人“为多样性和包容做一件事”。活动取得很大成功，有60 000人访问网站。", "108. 联盟还推动或参加澳大利亚、中国、印度、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、意大利、黑山、荷兰、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、波兰、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、西班牙、瑞士和土耳其等国地方伙伴在各地安排的数量不断增加的活动，大大扩大接触范围。有地方伙伴、非政府组织和基层组织参加的这类联合活动是一个采取有助于加强文化领域中的了解与合作的举措的机会。", "109. 联盟的新网站(www.unaoc.org)建立和启动后，访客增加，2011年6月达到5 500人，并有24 000人次网页浏览。有500多人次对联盟在脸谱网站新设立的网页表示“喜欢”，有900多人通过推特网站跟踪联盟情况。", "七. 治理：信托基金和秘书处", "110. 尽管联盟的作用和活动不断增加，但它可以动用的资源仍然大大低于预定数额，波动很大，且难以预测。虽然可以维持核心业务和规模不大的方案，但更多的重大方案被裁减或推迟进行。2010预算年的实际开支不得不维持在400万美元范围，而预定数额仅为520万美元。", "111. 因此，高级代表制订了一个改革自愿捐款临时制度的战略。他提出了一个定期补充的供资模式，以便增加信托基金资金筹集的可预测性，把捐助者的范围扩大到私营部门和慈善界，提前为联盟活动筹集资金。定于2011年进行的第一次资金补充将用于满足2012和2013日历年的资金需求。高级代表还建议同捐助界建立一个松散的磋商机制，让捐助方了解资金情况并在资金管理方面拥有发言权。因此，他向之友小组提出了召开伙伴会议的建议。", "112. 秘书处的工作量全面增加和进一步多样化意味着必须聘用更多工作人员。各个国家和组织应采用瑞士首先采用的借调人员的做法。把一些工作交给更合适和更熟练的成员和伙伴也可能是一个解决办法。高级代表正在根据第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)制订具体提案。", "八. 结论", "113. 联盟今后两年的行动计划(2011年6月-2013年6月)将进一步利用本报告所述的趋势和举措，尤其考虑到以下五点：中东和北非地区的新情况；欧洲目前有关欧洲社会如何把多样化和社会凝聚力揉合起来的辩论；宗教在全球化时代对和平、安全和发展的影响的议题；通过同非国家行为体开展更密切合作来加强联盟，使其成为联合国开展对话和促进和平的软实力工具；主办第四届年度论坛的卡塔尔谢赫·莫扎殿下提出的要求，即论坛要重点关注联盟与地中海发展目标议程之间的联系。", "114. 埃及和突尼斯的新情况事关联盟的存在理由。这些变革加强了联盟存在的合理性，使它的使命更加合乎时宜。联盟合理存在是因为虽然所有人都面临不同的情况和挑战，但他们都企望自由、民主、尊严和社会公正，表明这是不分疆域和国家的普遍要求。正在发生的这些变化使得联盟的存在更合时宜，因为形成容忍的价值观对于民主社会的顺利运作至关重要。", "115. 第二点是社会中的多样性在不断增加和目前、特别是欧洲有关如何应对这种情况的辩论。我们目前处在一个焦虑的时代，欧洲普遍存在的社会困境的主要焦点是移民问题(出于国家安全原因，也出于社会和文化原因)，这一问题被视为我们时代的一个重大挑战，还有移民融入社会问题，因为人们经常认为移民在挑战本国的文化和特性。这些情况助长了不容忍、两极化和极端主义，包括与基地组织有关联的极端主义。此外，欧洲各地新的右翼激进党派(即“强硬右翼”)的势力也在扩大并非偶然。挪威发生的悲惨事件清楚表明，必须采取行动和预防战略，打击国内恐怖主义、种族主义和仇恨。正如高级代表在2011年1月提出的，将在今后几个月采取一个关于“多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合：在欧洲联盟建立包容和参与性社会的人权模式”的举措。", "116. 第三点涉及宗教在全球化时代对和平、安全和发展的影响。由于目前的紧张局势和冲突也与宗教有关，将延续在里约热内卢开始、2010年在里斯本论坛以及2011年在佛罗伦萨国际研讨会上延续的趋势，借鉴这些举措的成果，在联盟举措框架内，特别注意宗教多样化、宗教多元化和宗教间对话问题。", "117. 第四点是需要通过同非国家行为体开展更密切合作来加强联盟，使其成为联合国开展对话和促进和平的软实力工具。这不仅需要建立和巩固一个民间社会网络，而且要建立合作途径来制订议程，进行劝说和赢得关注。联盟有公信力、对话文化和价值观，拥有许多资源来提供软实力。应重点加强它在基层的行动，特别是在分化和变动社会中的行动，因为这些社会需要有软实力举措来化解紧张，达成一致和开展对话，消除以往的怨气，帮助人民现时和平共处，组建社会共建未来。", "118. 第五点是筹备多哈论坛。《千年宣言》明确确认，“人类有不同的信仰、文化和语言，人与人之间必须相互尊重。不应害怕也不应压制各个社会内部和社会之间的差异，而应将其作为人类宝贵资产来加以爱护。应积极促进所有文明之间的和平与对话文化”，论坛将据此来填补文化和文化多样性与发展之间空缺的环节。", "119. 有鉴于此，第三个执行计划(2011年6月-2013年6月)将在完成联盟使命方面再迈出一步，并将主要注重取得成果。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 在本报告所述期间，以下新成员加入了之友小组：加纳、格鲁吉亚、非洲联盟、巴勒斯坦权力机构、越南、圭亚那、世界旅游组织和蒙古(已宣布加入)。", "[3] 孟加拉国、玻利维亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、喀麦隆、埃及、肯尼亚(2个项目)、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马拉维、尼日利亚(2个项目)、巴基斯坦、索马里、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、联合王国、美利坚合众国。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture of peace", "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "As you know, the Alliance of Civilizations was established in 2005 under the auspices of the United Nations, at the initiative of the Governments of Spain and Turkey, in order to promote the agenda of good governance of cultural diversity at both the global and local levels and to help counter divisions, polarization and extremism within and among societies.", "Events and news headlines underscore the relevance of the Alliance as a leading initiative to deal with polarization, transitions and dilemmas of our current time. At the end of a decade of great challenges to intercultural understanding, I remain convinced of the usefulness of the innovative work carried out by the Alliance as a platform to bring together a unique constellation of partners at all levels, committed to harnessing the resources of cultural diversity for peace and development.", "The international community continues to provide the Alliance with broad political support, with the Group of Friends now numbering 130 members. By its resolution 64/14 of 22 December 2009, the General Assembly expressed its support for the Alliance. I look forward to more countries joining the Group of Friends and actively supporting the Alliance, including financially. In this regard, I should like to underscore the importance of the replenishment mechanism which will complement the voluntary Trust Fund of the Alliance and will help to provide sustained, diversified and predictable support for the initiatives of the Alliance.", "I am pleased to present to you the fourth annual report which the High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, President Jorge Sampaio, has submitted to me together with the third implementation plan (2011-2013). The report highlights the main activities carried out between August 2010 and July 2011 in accordance with the second implementation plan (2009-2011), which set out the agenda of the Alliance for the period covered and defined concrete initiatives to be carried out.", "Good progress has been made in planning for the Doha Forum, to be hosted by the Government of Qatar from 11 to 13 December 2011, which is expected to raise the visibility of the Alliance and enhance political commitment to its goals. The Doha Forum will mainly focus on the topical issue of boosting development through a culture of peace and dialogue, thus developing synergies between the agenda of the Millennium Development Goals and the mission and fields of action of the Alliance of Civilizations.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present report to the attention of the members of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Alliance of Civilizations: fourth annual report of the United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations", "3 August 2011", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II.Overview 4 of \nprogress III. Consolidating 7 the Alliance of \nCivilizations IV.Main 9 initiatives and \nactivities V.Preparation 19 of the Fourth Forum of the Alliance of \nCivilizations \nVI.Outreach 20VII.Governance: 20 Trust Fund and \nsecretariat \nVIII. Conclusion 21", "I. Introduction", "1. The Alliance of Civilizations aims to improve understanding and cooperation among nations and peoples across cultures, and help counter forces fuelling polarization and extremism within and among societies. Furthermore, it provides a platform for promoting good governance of cultural diversity. This initiative is anchored in the common framework of principles and values expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant instruments.", "2. The Alliance of Civilizations was established in 2005 as a political initiative of the Secretary-General, under the co-sponsorship of the President of the Government of Spain and the Prime Minister of Turkey. It emerged from a conviction that, in order to achieve sustainable peace and development, long-standing divisions and misperceptions between cultures, in particular between the so-called Western and Muslim societies, need to be addressed.", "3. In April 2007, the Secretary-General appointed Jorge Sampaio, former President of Portugal, as High Representative for the Alliance. President Sampaio sets the Alliance’s agenda and ensures its implementation. As a political initiative, the Alliance promotes dialogue aimed at delivering change on the ground. To that end, biennial implementation plans prioritize goals and provide a framework for action on the part of partners and stakeholders.", "4. The Alliance draws its strength from the expanding community of its Group of Friends currently comprising 130 Governments and international organizations, the Group provides the necessary political support for the High Representative, acts as the driving force of the Alliance and plays a vital role in the Alliance’s implementation process. Through a broad dialogue-based and consensus-building approach, the High Representative seeks the input, advice and support of its members on all key aspects of the Alliance’s activities.", "5. This is the fourth annual report submitted by the High Representative. It highlights the main activities carried out from July 2010 to July 2011, in accordance with the second implementation plan (2009-2011). The plan’s implementation reflected, to some extent, unfolding international developments such as the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region, the growing tensions among and within societies fuelling extremism and intolerance across Europe, and the topical issue of the influence of religion on peace and development. Much energy was also devoted to the preparation of the Fourth Annual Forum, to be held in Doha in December 2011 at the invitation of Qatar.", "II. Overview of progress", "6. The Alliance further established itself as a leading platform for intercultural dialogue that delivers, both between and among increasingly diverse societies. The main purpose of the activities carried out was to consolidate the results achieved so far and advance the Alliance’s goals in a world marked by a global economic crisis; persistent cultural, ethnic, religious and social tensions; and changing perspectives in parts of the Middle East and North Africa region.", "7. The timely adoption of the Alliance’s Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean at a regional conference hosted by the Government of Malta in November 2010, as well as the preparation and the launching of its action plan (with the “Cairo Dialogues” held on 27 and 28 July 2011 in Cairo), were main achievements of the period under review.", "8. Furthermore, the regional forums in Australia and India, organized by the Global Dialogue Foundation and local partners under the auspices of the Alliance, allowed the Alliance to expand its outreach and significantly develop its footing at grass-roots level.", "9. Since January 2011, intensive preparatory work has been under way in close cooperation with Qatari representatives to prepare the Fourth Forum of the Alliance, to be held in Doha from 11 to 13 December 2011. A draft concept paper for the Forum was presented to the Group of Friends for comments in order to engage the whole community in the preparation of the annual gathering from its very inception. Apart from taking stock of progress made on the Alliance’s agenda since the Rio de Janeiro Forum and featuring topical debates and new projects, the Fourth Forum will draw attention to the connection between cultural diversity and development and will explore further ways of reinforcing these links for the benefit of peace and sustainable development.", "10. A pre-forum was held in Doha in May 2011 for the purpose of holding consultations with civil society organizations not only as part of a strategy of consolidating the role of civil society in the pursuit of the Alliance’s goals, but also as part of the Qatari vision of the Fourth Forum as a key opportunity for the Alliance to achieve a turning point in terms of reaching the grass roots, raising visibility, reinforcing commitments to action and bringing the Millennium Development Goals into its agenda.", "11. Among the priorities identified in the implementation plan for 2009-2011, further progress was made in the majority of areas, while concerns appeared in others that have still to be addressed.", "12. Good progress was made in the following areas:", "(a) Consolidation of the global scope of the Alliance and its universal perspective, following the enlargement of the Group of Friends and the diversification of actions around the world;", "(b) Global recognition of the Alliance as one of the major United Nations platforms for intercultural dialogue and cooperation following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 64/14 on the Alliance on 10 November 2009; the Third Forum held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in May 2010; and intensified activities of the High Representative in various international forums to make the Alliance visible, promote its activities and seek partnerships;", "(c) Consolidation of the role of the Alliance as a catalyst, a bridge builder and a convener;", "(d) The adoption of the Regional Strategy for South-East Europe in Sarajevo in December 2009 and the Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean in Malta in November 2010; and the start of work on a regional strategy for Latin America;", "(e) Significant development of the main ongoing projects of the Alliance launched in Madrid, Istanbul and Rio de Janeiro;", "(f) The launching of the Global Youth Movement for the Alliance of Civilizations in Baku in April 2011;", "(g) Good progress in relations with the private sector through concrete partnerships on a number of projects described below;", "(h) A good step forward in relations with civil society through the pre-forum held in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011, with a view to the possible setting up of an Alliance of Civilizations civil society platform.", "13. However, achievements on a number of other priority goals — namely enhancing the sustainability of the Alliance and improving its overall communications strategy — did not entirely meet expectations.", "14. The expansion of the Group of Friends had little impact on the Alliance’s resources and capacities. Therefore, progress in making the Alliance a sustainable initiative has become a matter of great urgency, prompting the High Representative to propose a replenishment mechanism for the Trust Fund and the holding of its first session in the latter part of 2011.", "15. The successful setting up of a replenishment mechanism for the Trust Fund of the Alliance requires further commitment by the members. Without the combined efforts of all constituencies and partners, the replenishment mechanism will not meet the goal of providing sustained, diversified and predictable support for the initiatives of the Alliance.", "16. Reference should be made here to efforts made within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to have the Alliance included in the list of international organizations eligible for official development assistance. In spite of the strong support of a number of countries, it was not possible to achieve this aim this year. However, it was decided that contributions earmarked to specific developmentally focused activities could be reported as bilateral aid. That decision, which can be reviewed next year, should a change justify it, opens up new avenues for cooperation.", "17. While a new website was launched and some high-profile events were organized during the reporting period, more work is still needed towards an effective communications strategy. The close attention devoted to outreach in the preparation of the Doha Forum should help.", "18. To sum up, the evolution of the Alliance over the past 12 months (August 2010-July 2011) shows that because of its considerable progress, the Alliance is now facing a number of significant challenges, namely:", "(a) The increasing diversity of its members brings additional competing demands and expectations about the Alliance. Ensuring a unified vision and coherent and consistent actions is bound to be a permanent challenge;", "(b) As a global initiative facing an ever-increasing number of demands, the Alliance has to consolidate its strategy and tools and further develop its capacity to deliver; otherwise, it will fail to live up to expectations.", "19. Bloodshed linked to terrorist attacks and a rise in intercultural tensions and intolerance seem to have increased in many parts of the world, including in democratic societies. Confronting this trend towards extremism and intolerance is the raison d’être of the Alliance and should therefore remain its main priority.", "III. Consolidating the Alliance of Civilizations", "20. The main priority for the period covered by the present report was the consolidation of the Alliance as a global platform for intercultural dialogue and cooperation, further to its particular focus on relations between the so-called Western and Muslim societies. The following points may be highlighted in this regard.", "Group of Friends community", "21. Support for the Alliance continued to grow with an increase in membership, bringing the number of Group of Friends members to 130 (108 countries and 22 international organizations).[1]", "22. The Group of Friends met three times, twice at the level of permanent representatives and once at ministerial level. Consultations were also conducted through a wide range of bilateral contacts (see below) and through written communications:", "(a) The High Representative sent a letter to all members recalling his priorities for 2011 and asking for additional suggestions;", "(b) Members of the Group of Friends from the Latin American region were invited to engage in the preparation of their regional strategy following the momentum created by the Rio de Janeiro Forum;", "(c) European Union countries and European regional organizations were consulted on a new regional initiative to be developed by the Alliance in 2011: “Reconciling diversity and cohesion: a human rights model to build inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union”.", "23. For the first time, members of the Group of Friends were invited to contribute suggestions for the third implementation plan (2011-2013). As usual, they were also invited to contribute to setting the agenda for the next annual forum.", "24. Malta organized the first regional conference for the Mediterranean on 8 and 9 November 2010 (see para. 41 below).", "25. The High Representative had a steady flow of contacts with members of the Group of Friends. He held many bilateral meetings with members and representatives of Governments and/or organizations of the Group (namely in the margins of the summit meeting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in November 2010 in Lisbon and of the sixth ministerial meeting of the Community of Democracies in Vilnius, in June 2011) and participated in a significant number of multilateral forums to secure support for the Alliance and its ongoing activities. He gave high priority to negotiation of the Alliance’s Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean during the second half of 2010, when the Union for the Mediterranean was blocked, as well as the various regional forums of dialogue. Furthermore, he developed several contacts with countries from the Gulf region, Asia, Europe and North Africa. During the first six months of 2011, the High Representative devoted particular attention to emerging changes in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa region, participated in various meetings and visited Egypt and Qatar twice, as well as visiting Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.", "26. The reporting period was also marked by contacts with heads of international and regional organizations, to strengthen synergies and secure the implementation of memorandums of understanding. The High Representative notably participated in various meetings organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Human Rights Council, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the League of Arab States and the Council of Europe and its North-South Centre.", "Focal points", "27. In 2008, members of the Group of Friends were invited to appoint focal points to oversee implementation of the Alliance’s goals at national level, notably through national plans, and to coordinate with the secretariat of the Alliance. By 30 June 2011, 79 countries and 21 international organizations had appointed focal points.", "28. The Alliance ensured coordination of their efforts and exchanges by organizing focal point meetings hosted by Germany in Berlin (October 2010) and by Qatar in Doha (May 2011), issuing a periodical newsletter and holding regular consultations. Focal points were involved in various meetings within the Mediterranean regional process and in the framework of the Regional Strategy for Latin America. They also initiated regional consultations among themselves on an informal regional basis.", "Thematic platforms", "29. The work of thematic platforms continued to develop. Based on a proposal by Switzerland, the platforms bring together small groups of countries interested in further exploring specific themes and putting forward proposals for concerted or joint action. One platform focuses on media literacy education, particularly on social media and the cultivation of cultural stereotypes. The other aims at bridging gaps in mobilizing humanitarian and development assistance.", "30. The “humanitarian” platform held one meeting in Berlin and one in Bern. It stressed the importance of better cooperation with and among faith-inspired organizations to improve the quality of humanitarian and development work and advance the cause of breaking down barriers between people.", "Civil society consultations, global networks and partnerships", "31. On the joint initiative of the High Representative and Her Highness Sheikha Mozah of Qatar, a major civil society consultation was organized in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011, as a pre-forum event.", "32. Efforts were also scaled up to build and/or consolidate various interfaith networks and networks targeting specific groups — youth, universities, think tanks and foundations — and to set up partnerships involving the private sector. Public-private partnerships are playing an increasingly important role in the work of the Alliance. They form the basis for the development of concrete projects with a global dimension, such as the “Dialogue Café” with Cisco, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and a number of other partners; the World Intercultural Facility for Innovation with the BMW Group to help identify and replicate the most innovative grass-roots initiatives for cross-cultural bridge-building; the Alliance of Civilizations summer schools; a joint task force with Vivendi on measuring the impact of intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity; and the “Do one thing for diversity and inclusion” campaign made possible through a partnership with 20 of the largest firms in Silicon Valley (Yahoo, Intuit, Intel and others).", "33. As for global interfaith networks, the Alliance continued to collaborate closely with countries, agencies and non-governmental organizations working on issues of interfaith dialogue and faith-based cooperation with a view to building on complementarities. This work includes, in particular, engaging with the Tripartite Forum on Interfaith Cooperation for Peace, Saudi Arabia’s initiative on interfaith dialogue, and the Jordanian initiative for a World Interfaith Harmony Week. The High Representative sent a video message to the meeting of the European Council of Religious Leaders held in Moscow in June 2011.", "The Alliance as a soft-power tool of cultural and preventive diplomacy", "34. The High Representative intensified his action aimed at developing the Alliance as a soft-power tool of cultural and preventive diplomacy. He furthered contacts and dialogue with political, religious, media and civil society representatives who can use their influence to achieve progress on common objectives. On individual occasions — either publicly or discreetly depending on circumstances — he expressed concerns at mounting tensions and stressed the need for preventive, long-term action to counter intolerance and extremism. In contributions to conferences, political meetings or media, he invited interlocutors and stakeholders to reflect on issues such as political and religious pluralism, the role of intercultural dialogue and cooperative action or the conditions of social cohesion in increasingly diverse societies with reference to specific problems. In addition to underlining the role that national plans and regional strategies can play as strategic tools combining a top-down with a bottom-up approach, the High Representative suggested that new opportunities be created for people-to-people diplomacy in divided or conflict-prone societies, and that an early warning mechanism be developed with regard to intercultural tensions on the basis of the existing network of global experts (see paras. 64-68 below).", "35. Initiatives such as the “White paper and the white process: from competing narratives to cooperative action”, aimed at implementing the relevant recommendations of the report of the High-level Group, particularly its annex III, continued to receive his special attention.", "IV. Main initiatives and activities", "36. A number of initiatives were further developed during the reporting period to support the broad objectives of the Alliance.", "A. National plans and regional strategies", "National plans", "37. Encouraged by the High Representative, 26 States are currently implementing their national plans: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Italy, Kuwait, Malta, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "38. More plans are in preparation as part of a long-term, gradual exercise to be carried out by countries at their own pace, using their own implementation channels.", "39. Lessons learned were informally discussed among a number of focal points in May 2011. Three points were stressed:", "(a) Although these plans cannot follow a single model, they should be more than a list of existing programmes. They should focus on removing barriers to equality and fighting prejudice (“breaking down walls”), helping develop intercultural skills (“building bridges”) and creating spaces for respectful exchange (“sharing spaces”);", "(b) Because of the combination of political backing at the top and grass-roots participation at the bottom, national plans need coordination and critical evaluation;", "(c) Reflection should be encouraged on measurement tools and observatories. The political backing and coordination provided by international organizations are welcome. The Alliance should closely follow the drafting and implementation of national plans and support further exchanges between countries.", "Regional strategies", "40. The Alliance has been calling upon groups of countries facing common challenges to generate common actions in cooperation with civil society. The first formal initiative along these lines was the adoption of the Alliance of Civilizations Regional Strategy for South-East Europe in Sarajevo in December 2009, followed in summer 2010 by the plan of action for its implementation.", "41. Work launched in Alexandria, Egypt early in 2010 culminated in the adoption on 9 November 2010 of the Regional Strategy on Intercultural Dialogue and Cooperation for the Mediterranean. The strategy was adopted at a conference in Valetta hosted by Malta, where the outline of a plan of action based on projects proposed by civil society partners was also adopted. This led in May 2011 to the release of a plan for a number of prioritized actions, taking into consideration the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region.", "42. The funding of these two plans of action has admittedly been a problem. However, consultations are going on for the allocation of international funds made available to support reform in countries in transition. The further funding of both plans of action will also be addressed in the context of the replenishment session.", "43. The delays have not prevented a few projects from being developed already. These include a history teaching project, the main topic of a seminar held in Slovenia with the Council of Europe, building on a number of projects developed by the European Association of History Educators (Euroclio) with the support of the Soros Institute. Talks for a Dialogue Café in Belgrade are well advanced and a first round of contacts was made in Podgorica to identify potential partners in Montenegro. Before the end of 2011, Dialogue Cafés are to be opened in Ramallah and Tel Aviv, and funds are being raised for Tunis, Cairo and Istanbul. The 2011 summer school for young diplomats was held in Podgorica with the participation of the High Representative. The research and mobility grants for European studies (Charles V European Award) from the European Academy of Yuste Foundation were announced and the first candidates were selected.", "44. In response to an invitation by Peru, work is under way on a Regional Strategy for Latin America. Focal points meeting in Lima in December 2010 and March 2011 developed a preliminary draft. Work is continuing on a plan of action, which will build on work carried out by regional and subregional organizations, as well as civil society partners. The work is expected to be completed in 2011.", "45. The High Representative discussed a proposal to develop a Regional Strategy for Central Asia with the 2010 Kazakh Chairmanship of OSCE. Some African countries have expressed an interest in concerted subregional initiatives.", "B. Multi-stakeholder initiatives, including projects and programmes led by the Alliance", "46. The Alliance acts as a platform for the development of practical initiatives which help deliver change on the ground in the four fields of action. Many initiatives are implemented in application of the existing network of memorandums of understanding between the Alliance and UNESCO, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the League of Arab States, the Council of Europe, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) and the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization, but also with a number of non-governmental organizations, foundations, universities, etc.", "47. The sections that follow give a good overall picture of ongoing projects and initiatives.", "Education field of action", "Education about religions and beliefs platform", "48. The Alliance of Civilizations Education about Religions and Beliefs Online Learning Community (www.aocerb.org) has become an important Internet resource for learning about diverse religions and beliefs. With a network of 18 academic and civil society partners spanning the globe, the Learning Community has also evolved into a platform for educational activities; a facilitator of discussions on the role of faith-based organizations; and a synergizing agent for the Alliance on the role of interfaith activities in promoting cultural diversity and intercultural education, the exploration of good practices and the impact of teaching about issues such as religions, ethics education and intercultural education.", "49. The Alliance participated in several workshop sessions on religion and the United Nations. It lent its patronage to a major gathering of young Muslims and Jews from 25 countries at a Muslim-Jewish conference held in Vienna from 1 to 6 August 2010, to combat intolerance through education and media. It participated in the final consultation meeting with OSCE, UNESCO and the Council of Europe on guidelines for educators on Islamophobia, held in Vienna on 16 May 2011.", "Alliance of Civilizations research network", "50. The Alliance has built up a research network of think tanks and universities from around the world to collaborate in areas of mutual interest. It has 20 members, including academic institutions and networks comprising over 200 institutions. Its dedicated web page on the Alliance website (www.unaoc.org) apprises visitors of opportunities in the area of conferences, publications, fellowships and research grants in areas of interest to the Alliance.", "Enhancing academic exchanges", "51. The Alliance continued to play its advocacy and partnership role in promoting exchanges with a view to favouring cross-cultural knowledge and understanding. Through its various websites and pages, the Alliance has circulated hundreds of opportunities for cross-cultural study and research. The 2010 Rio de Janeiro Forum featured a working meeting on the challenges and opportunities for academic exchanges. Some of the major challenges faced by traditional exchange programmes are the costs, legal issues, breadth of participation and the tendency to avoid regions that may be physically dangerous. With this in mind, the Alliance has entered into a partnership with Soliya (see www.soliya.net) to promote Soliya’s “Exchange 2.0” programme to expand Web-enabled international cross-cultural educational experiences worldwide.", "Educational outreach", "52. For the third successive year, the Alliance partnered with the Istanbul Center of Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America and others on an art and essay contest for middle- and high-school students. There were over 2,500 entries for the contest theme of “Empathy: walking in another’s shoes”.", "53. The Alliance worked closely with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat on the second Global Model United Nations Conference, on the theme “Towards an alliance of civilizations: bridging cultures to achieve peace and development”, held in Kuala Lumpur from 14 to 18 August 2010. During 2010, the Alliance and its activities were also introduced to several educational institutions and non-governmental organization audiences in the United States, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, China, Colombia and Italy.", "Youth field of action", "Global Youth Movement for the Alliance of Civilizations", "54. The first convention of the Global Youth Movement for the Alliance of Civilizations was held in Baku in April 2011. The Movement aims to highlight the strong message of peace and understanding set forth by youth. It also seeks to advance the mainstreaming of their voices and participation in the initiatives of the Alliance.", "55. In Baku, 130 youth from over 80 countries worked together on the charter and the action plan for this initiative. The discussions demonstrated a high level of commitment. The Alliance will now work with leaders of the Movement to implement the decisions made in Baku.", "Youth Solidarity Fund", "56. The second edition of the Youth Solidarity Fund was completed with great success. This international small grants programme provides seed funding of up to US$ 30,000 to youth organizations advancing intercultural and interfaith dialogue at local, national, regional or international levels. Projects funded under this programme are developed and implemented in their entirety by youth organizations.", "57. The 18 projects funded during the last round were implemented in 14 countries,[2] mostly in Africa, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2 projects). A global report outlining the results of these 18 projects is currently being developed and will be ready in the latter part of 2011. It is estimated that 33,000 individuals, mostly youth, benefited from the 18 projects.", "Youth website", "58. The Alliance’s youth website (http://unaocyouth.org) continues to grow and attract more partners. It is a one-stop website where users can obtain, post and exchange information about (a) other youth organizations; (b) opportunities available to youth wanting to get involved in Alliance-related matters; and (c) tools to enhance their capacity to do so.", "59. In addition, information about the Alliance’s youth programme is included along with a news section, “words of wisdom” from individual youth and a discussion forum.", "International Year of Youth", "60. The International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding announced at the end of 2009 provided a unique opportunity to mainstream the objectives of the Alliance and its youth programme within the United Nations system and a vast network of partners.", "61. The Alliance has been a leading partner in the development of the framework for the celebration of this International Year at the United Nations, and of the key documentation to promote the event. As part of this effort, a flagship card on the role of youth in fostering cross-cultural understanding was developed in collaboration with UNESCO.", "62. The Alliance also played a key role in the organization of the High-level Meeting on Youth marking the close of the International Year. The PLURAL+ youth video festival (see paras. 78 and 79 below) was celebrated as a side event to the High-level Meeting.", "Media field of action", "Rapid response media mechanism", "63. The Alliance’s rapid response media mechanism focuses on amplifying the constructive role of media in furthering public understanding of divisive debates, ensuring that a diversity of voices is heard from and providing free quality content to media outlets around the world. The project has continuously expanded since its inception to address the growing needs of both media and grass-roots communities.", "Global Experts", "64. The Global Experts online resource (www.theglobalexperts.org) has continued to grow. The resource now numbers over 400 experts. Each expert generates several media impressions weekly, and 12 to 15 media alerts are sent every month to thousands of journalists around the world. Each alert offers journalists the opportunity to directly contact five or six experts on breaking news stories.", "65. The online resource has also begun to aggregate commentary by experts from media outlets around the world, while also featuring exclusive content written or produced by experts for the site in the form of articles, podcasts and video interviews.", "66. The project has secured a wide range of partnerships to produce content, including, for instance, one with the British Council and the University of Missouri School of Journalism, under which over 80 videos featuring experts are being produced with a focus on West-Muslim relations.", "Media empowerment training of Arab civil society and citizen journalists", "67. In response to growing needs in the Arab region and to recent events, the rapid response media mechanism (see para. 63 above) designed additional training programmes for Arab civil society representatives and citizen journalists/bloggers. These focus on building skills in four areas: interviewing techniques, writing skills, media relations and utilizing social networking tools for more effective campaigning. The first training session takes place in September 2011 in Jordan. Others are being planned in Cyprus and Tunis.", "Syndication of articles and article series", "68. Expanding its practice of providing articles and opinion pieces to newspapers around the world, the rapid response media mechanism invited prominent analysts to comment on issues of their choice touching upon the role(s) of religion in the public space. This first article series, Religion and the Public Space, brought together over 20 contributions. They were published in five languages in newspapers from Singapore to Brazil, from France to Jordan.", "Debates and conferences", "69. The Alliance media programme organizes regular public debates of interest to media professionals and broader society on international crises and issues. Together with the League of Arab States and the Anna Lindh Foundation, it recently convened a major forum in Cairo on 5 and 6 April 2011, focusing on the media in the Arab World in the face of ongoing regional changes, and their role in relations with the West.", "Meeting of television station owners", "70. Following an initial meeting hosted in Paris in May 2010, the Anna Lindh Foundation and the Alliance, in partnership with the European Broadcasting Union, the Arab State Broadcasting Union and the European Commission, plan to convene a symposium of television station owners and managers in Jordan in October 2011 in the framework of the Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean. This meeting will be hosted by His Majesty King Abdullah.", "71. The purpose is to create a network of leading transnational media groups and media networks with a significant level of viewer engagement in the Mediterranean region, and to develop new joint actions with national broadcasters from countries of the Middle East and North Africa region.", "Euro-Mediterranean joint media framework", "72. The European Commission, the Anna Lindh Foundation and the Alliance initiated a joint project aimed at supporting journalists reporting across the Mediterranean region. The partners organize regular task force meetings and workshops for journalists, alongside meetings with intercultural analysts, opportunities for networking between journalists from both sides of the Mediterranean and awards for journalists reporting across cultures.", "Media literacy", "73. The Alliance continued to develop its various media literacy initiatives to help young people and citizens in general navigate an increasingly complex media world and provide them with tools to become discerning and critical media users and producers. Currently there are 33 partners and almost 1,600 registered users, both groups periodically participating by updating the database with new content. With the support of partners the Alliance-UNESCO-European Commission publication Mapping Media Education Policies in the World has been widely distributed.", "74. The Network of Universities on Media and Information Literacy and Intercultural Dialogue, a network of eight universities in Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, Jamaica, Morocco, Spain and the United States, has been established by the UNESCO University Twinning and networking scheme and the Alliance of Civilizations.", "General collaboration in the media field", "75. As part of the overall media work carried out by the European Union, a dialogue was established between the Alliance and the European Union regarding media communication in the field of prevention and radicalization. Furthermore, the Alliance developed a fruitful dialogue with the European Network of Experts on Radicalization, sharing ideas and insights on its own experience in organizing diversity training for journalists in Pakistan, Indonesia, the United States, Europe and the Arab world.", "Migration/integration field of action", "Online community on migration and integration", "76. Since the launch of the website “Migration and integration: building inclusive societies” (www.unaoc.org/ibis) in May 2010, the Alliance has been providing information on good practices of integration of migrant populations. It highlights successful models of integration to counter stereotypes and promotes further involvement of all stakeholders in integration. A series of discussions was launched on the website to exchange past and present experiences related to migration and integration.", "77. In order to capitalize on the special experience of Australia in multiculturalism and to connect the website to its users, the Alliance is co-organizing an event in Melbourne in October 2011, which the High Representative will attend.", "PLURAL+ youth video festival", "78. The Alliance, in partnership with IOM, continued developing PLURAL+, a youth video festival on migration, diversity and social inclusion. PLURAL+ has the support of many international partners. An award ceremony was held on 12 November 2010 at the Paley Center for Media in New York.", "79. Award-winning videos are being distributed on DVD, broadcast on television stations and the Internet and screened at video and film festivals and conferences around the world. Distributors include RAI Education (Italy), Al Jadeed TV (Lebanon), United Nations Television, the Permanent Conference of Mediterranean Audiovisual Operators, the Chinh India Youth Festival, the Habana Film Festival, the Roots & Routes International Film Festival, the Royal Film Commission of Jordan and BaKaFORUM 2011.", "Migration/integration series of events", "80. In December 2010, the Alliance and Unitas Communications organized a discussion on the reasons immigration is perceived as negatively affecting coexistence in Europe, and why Islam is often depicted as incompatible with Western values. The event was broadcast live for a worldwide audience. Muddassar Ahmed (Unitas) participated in the conversation with Roger Cohen (International Herald Tribune), along with participation from an in-house and online audience.", "Reconciling diversity and social cohesion in European societies", "81. As proposed by the High Representative at the beginning of 2011 to Governments of European countries, the Alliance is preparing a new regional initiative entitled “Reconciling diversity and cohesion: a human rights model to build inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union”. The initiative, still in preparation, will be hosted by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation at its new cultural centre on 15 November 2011.", "Other cross-cutting initiatives", "Marketplace of Ideas", "82. The Marketplace of Ideas showcases the most innovative and successful grass-roots initiatives aimed at promoting mutual understanding among people and cultures around the world. By connecting these initiatives to policymakers, potential donors and the media, the Alliance helps them to scale up and replicate, thereby significantly increasing their impact.", "83. Ten organizations among hundreds of applicants were recognized as Marketplace of Ideas winners during the Rio de Janeiro Forum and their leaders invited to present their project (World Faith; Euro-Mediterranean Academy for Young Journalists; Forgotten Diaries; Melantjong Petjinan Soerabaia; Akili Dada; Universal Forum of Religions; Peaceworks; RandomKid; United Religions Initiative; Undergraduate ParliaMentors; Three Faiths Forum; Bridge the Gap TV). Partners from the private sector such as Vivendi, Deloitte Touche and Tohmatsu, the Global Dialogue Foundation, the British Council and Euronews have supported this initiative.", "84. The Alliance has developed a promising partnership agreement with the BMW Group to create the World Intercultural Fund for Innovation. The Fund will support the most innovative grass-roots initiatives for cross-cultural bridge-building and connect them with partners to help them scale up and replicate.", "Fellowship programme", "85. In September 2009, the Alliance launched its fellowship programme, aimed at facilitating the exposure of emerging leaders from North America, Europe and Muslim-majority countries to media, culture, politics, institutions, civil society and religion in one another’s countries and generating knowledge exchange, understanding and productive partnerships across borders. In the long run, through this programme the Alliance will create an informal network of emerging and influential leaders who will bring fresh perspectives to relations between the different countries and regions and who will advocate new approaches.", "86. The programme is developed in partnership with the British Council, the League of Arab States, ISESCO, the Qatar committee of the Alliance of Civilizations and the Institute of International Education (United States).", "87. The pilot phase was completed in March and April 2010 with 12 emerging leaders from the United States and Europe travelling to Egypt, Morocco and Qatar and 12 emerging leaders from 7 countries in the Arab world travelling to Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "88. The second phase of the fellowship programme will begin in the latter part of 2011. In the context of the Arab Spring, this programme takes on special importance in providing a unique opportunity for emerging leaders to learn and connect with their peers.", "Dialogue Café", "89. After the public launch of the “Global network of Dialogue Cafés” project at the Istanbul Forum, the first two Cafés opened in May 2010 in Rio de Janeiro and in Lisbon, on the occasion of the Third Forum, thanks to a partnership with Lisbon Municipality, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Candido Mendes University in Rio, and the use of the European network GÉANT.", "90. In September 2010, a third Dialogue Café was opened at the Waag Society in Amsterdam. Work is proceeding for a further expansion in the European-Mediterranean to cities such as Florence, Ramallah, Tel Aviv, Paris, Lille and Belgrade. Possible Dialogue Cafés in Doha, Cairo, Istanbul, London, Montenegro, Tunis and Oslo are also being considered and funding sought.", "Alliance of Civilizations summer school", "91. The Alliance of Civilizations summer school brings together young people from various ethnic, cultural, academic and professional backgrounds. Its purpose is to share world views, knowledge and experiences; to create a network of “Alliance of Civilizations young voices”; and to agree on a number of projects to be developed through the network of the “Dialogue Café”.", "92. The 2010 summer school was hosted by the University of Aveiro, Portugal, with 115 youth from 44 different countries. To make its organization possible, a multi-stakeholder platform was created by international organizations, Portuguese foundations, universities and think tanks, faith-led organizations and corporations.", "93. In view of the success of the 2010 session, the High Representative decided to make the summer school a regular activity and to explore the possibility of organizing sessions on thematic issues for well-targeted audiences such as young journalists, diplomats, teachers, etc.", "94. The 2011 summer school will take place in Lisbon from 28 August to 3 September 2011. It will be hosted by the University of Lisbon and will be organized in cooperation with a number of partners, such as the League of Arab States and the Euro-Mediterranean University.", "City-to-city cooperation", "95. The Alliance promoted and/or participated in a number of events involving local governments, municipalities and mayors: the Shanghai World Exhibition 2010 (Global South-South Creative Week, session on “Creativity and transfer: an engine for better, more lovable cities with better lifestyles for all”); the second Euro-Arab Cities Forum, held in Malaga, Spain on 25 and 26 February 2011; and the International Conference on the Inter-Ethnic City, organized by Italy in Rome on 1 June 2011.", "96. At the Euro-Arab Cities Forum, the High Representative proposed to set up a special fund for Euro-Arab city cooperation in the new context of the Middle East and North Africa region, a proposal which was hailed by the participants.", "97. At the International Conference on the Inter-Ethnic City, the possibility of creating new facilitating roles and the idea of having an “inter-ethnic guarantor” who would advise municipalities on multicultural issues were discussed. Participants agreed to pursue efforts to place urban transformation on the agenda of selected United Nations agencies and programmes, with a view to taking action, including a possible General Assembly resolution.", "Providing a space for discussions on sensitive issues", "98. The Alliance has increasingly been seen as a platform for civil discussions of sensitive issues, including religious minorities, religious freedom and tensions in religiously pluralistic societies. A number of relevant initiatives were organized on this topic.", "99. Under the auspices of the Alliance, a seminar on religious tolerance, traditional conflict resolution and federalism was held on 11 and 12 November 2010 in Addis Ababa, as a contribution of Ethiopia to the Alliance. The High Representative participated in it through a video message.", "100. The 2010 Lisbon Forum, held on 4 and 5 November 2010, focused on freedom of expression, conscience and religion. It comprised four main working sessions: religious pluralism in democratic societies; the role of religious leaders in the promotion of a culture of peace; the prevention of radicalization and religious extremism; and international cooperation for the promotion of religious freedom. At the outcome of the Forum, a number of recommendations were made (for a full overview of the debates, see Lisbon Forum at www.coe.int).", "101. Under the auspices of the Alliance, Spain and Italy, in cooperation with the European University Institute, convened an international seminar entitled “Religious freedom: human rights, social inclusion and political participation: the case of Christian communities” in Florence on 13 and 14 June 2011. The Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Italy, Franco Frattini, and Spain, Trinidad Jiménez, and the High Representative, who sent a video message, shared their views with participants. The recommendations by three panels will feed future work, including in the context of the Doha Forum.", "Engaging parliaments in the Alliance’s agenda", "102. The Alliance is increasingly aware of the desirability of involving national and international parliamentary institutions. Focal points discussed their possible role in drawing up national plans.", "103. The High Representative met with several national parliamentary leaders and addressed the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (June 2010) and a committee of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (January 2011). Furthermore, he met with the Speakers of Kuwait and Malta and discussed a joint initiative on the role of parliaments in fostering pluralism and good governance of cultural diversity.", "104. The cooperation with the International Parliamentary Union inaugurated in Rio de Janeiro (May 2010) continued, in particular through regular contacts at the secretariat level, including on a larger parliamentary contribution to the Doha Forum.", "V. Preparation of the Fourth Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations", "105. At the invitation of the Government of Qatar, the Fourth Forum will be held from 11 to 13 December 2011 in Doha. It is expected to be a turning point for the Alliance in terms of raising its visibility, integrating it more into the global agenda and reinforcing commitments for action. Further to a suggestion made by Her Highness Sheikha Mozah to the High Representative, the Forum will explore how the advancement towards the goals of the Alliance can contribute to sustainable development and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Preparatory work began in January 2011, with the help of a few experts commissioned by Qatar and the benefit of a dialogue with the Group of Friends, including the focal points. Civil society representatives also contributed their views at a pre-forum held in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011.", "VI. Outreach", "106. The Alliance has benefited from extensive outreach efforts on numerous projects carried out in the past year. Improved communications materials, featuring projects and people’s testimonials, were used to give a good sense of the Alliance’s activities and objectives. The High Representative and the secretariat also provided briefings to many constituencies. The High Representative has written a number of articles and given numerous speeches about the Alliance all around the world.", "107. Two major advocacy campaigns were supported or promoted by the Alliance. The first was developed in the framework of the World Interfaith Harmony Week. The second was aimed at celebrating the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development (21 May). It was launched together with UNESCO and a wide range of corporations through Facebook (www.facebook.com/ DoOneThingforDiversityandInclusion), inviting people from around the world to “Do one thing for diversity and inclusion”. This campaign has been a huge success with more than 60,000 visitors.", "108. The Alliance has also significantly expanded its reach by promoting or being associated to an increasing number of events organized at the local level by local partners, namely in Australia, China, India, Egypt, Ethiopia, Italy, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey. These kinds of joint ventures, by engaging local partners, non-governmental organizations and grass-roots organizations, offer an opportunity to develop concrete initiatives that contribute to enhancing cultural understanding and cooperation.", "109. With the completion and launch of the new Alliance website (www.unaoc.org), Web traffic has increased, reaching 5,500 visitors in June 2011 and 24,000 page views. The newly created Alliance Facebook page is currently at over 500 “likes” and the Alliance has over 900 followers on Twitter.", "VII. Governance: Trust Fund and secretariat", "110. In spite of the steady expansion of the Alliance’s role and activities, the resources at its disposal continued to be significantly short of the target level, erratic and almost impossible to predict. While core operations and modest programmes could be maintained, more significant programmes were exposed to various cutbacks or had to be postponed. For the 2010 budget year, actual expenditures had to be kept in the range of US$ 4 million, against a modest target of US$ 5.2 million.", "111. The High Representative, therefore, elaborated a strategy to reform the ad hoc system of voluntary contributions. He proposed a funding model based on periodic replenishments, designed to increase the predictability of the Trust Fund’s resource mobilizing efforts, to diversify the array of donors by bringing in the private sector and philanthropy, and to secure funding for the Alliance’s activities well in advance. The first replenishment session, scheduled for the second half of 2011, will address the funding needs for calendar years 2012 and 2013. The High Representative further proposed to develop a loose mechanism of consultation with the community of donors, through which they can be informed about the funds and have a say in their management. He accordingly made suggestions to the Group of Friends for a partners’ assembly.", "112. The overall increase in and further diversification of the workload of the secretariat means that more staff must be taken on. The practice of seconding officials, inaugurated by Switzerland, should be further developed by countries and organizations. The delegation of certain tasks to more appropriate and skilled members and partners might also offer a solution. The High Representative is developing specific proposals in the framework of the third implementation plan (2011-2013).", "VIII. Conclusion", "113. Building upon the trends and initiatives summarized in the present report, the Alliance’s programme of action for the next two years (June 2011-June 2013) will notably take into consideration the five following points: the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region; the ongoing debates in Europe about how to reconcile diversity and cohesion in European societies; the topical issue of the influence of religion on peace, security and development in our global age; reinforcing the Alliance as a United Nations soft-power tool for dialogue and peace by working more closely with non-State actors; and the request made by Her Highness Sheikha Mozah of Qatar, who will host the Fourth Annual Forum, to have it focused on the connections between the mission of the Alliance and the Millennium Development Goals agenda.", "114. The new context in Egypt and Tunisia is not without relation to the raison d’être of the Alliance. These changes make the Alliance more valid and its mission more opportune than ever. It is valid because although operating in different contexts and facing different challenges, all peoples are longing for freedoms, democracy, dignity and social justice, showing that these are universal demands across divides and fault lines. These ongoing changes also make the Alliance even more opportune because the formation of tolerant values is central to the smooth running of a democratic system.", "115. The second point regards the growing diversity in societies and the ongoing debate about how to respond to it, notably in Europe. In our age of anxiety, the widespread social malaise in Europe is mainly focused on migration, portrayed as one of the main threats of our times (for national security, but also in social and cultural terms), and on the integration of migrants, most often viewed as posing a challenge to national cultures and identities. These developments fuel growing intolerance, polarization and extremism, including Qaida-affiliated extremism. Furthermore, it is no coincidence that new radical right-wing parties, or the “hard right”, are also on the rise across Europe. The tragic events in Norway make it clear that action has to be taken and preventive strategies have to be implemented in order to counter home-grown terrorism, racism and hatred. As proposed by the High Representative in January 2011, a new regional initiative on “Reconciling diversity and cohesion: a human rights model to build inclusive and participatory societies in Europe” will be developed in coming months.", "116. The third point regards the influence of religion on peace, security and development in our globalized times. Because most of the present tensions and conflicts also have a religious dimension, special attention will be given to religious diversity, religious pluralism and inter-religious dialogue in the Alliance’s initiatives, following a trend inaugurated in Rio de Janeiro and continued in the 2010 Lisbon Forum and the international seminar held in Florence in June 2011, and building further upon the outcomes of these initiatives.", "117. The fourth point regards the need to reinforce the Alliance as a United Nations soft-power tool for dialogue and peace by working more closely with non-State actors. This requires not only setting up and consolidating a civil society network, but also developing cooperative means of framing the agenda, persuading and eliciting positive attention. Building upon its credibility, its culture of dialogue and values, the Alliance has significant resources to produce “soft power”. A priority is to reinforce its action at the grass-roots level, in particular, in divided societies and changing societies, where more soft-power initiatives are necessary to defuse tensions, build consensus and dialogue, heal past grievances and help people to live together in the present and move together as a society into the future.", "118. The fifth point is related to the preparation of the Doha Forum. The Forum will disclose the missing links between culture and cultural diversity and development, building upon the Millennium Declaration (General Assembly resolution 55/2), which clearly recognizes that “human beings must respect one other, in all their diversity of belief, culture and language. Differences within and between societies should be neither feared nor repressed, but cherished as a precious asset of humanity. A culture of peace and dialogue among all civilizations should be actively promoted”.", "119. In the light of all the above, the third implementation plan (June 2011-June 2013) is expected to mark a further step in the implementation of the Alliance’s mission and goals and be mainly focused on delivering.", "[1] The following new members joined the Group of Friends during the reporting period: Ghana, Georgia, African Union, Palestinian Authority, Viet Nam, Guyana, World Tourism Organization and Mongolia (announced).", "[2] Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya (2 projects), Malawi, Nigeria (2), Pakistan, Somalia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Republic of Tanzania and the United States of America." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda", "Culture of peace", "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly", "As you know, the Alliance of Civilizations was established by the Government of Spain and Turkey in 2005 under the auspices of the United Nations to promote the sound management of cultural diversity agendas at the global and local levels and to assist in the fight against divisions, polarization and extremism among different societies and societies.", "The Alliance is a major initiative to deal with the polarization, transition phase and the plight of today's era, and the activities and press coverage have highlighted the role of the Alliance. The understanding of different cultures has been a major challenge over the past decade, and I remain convinced at the end of the decade that the innovative work of the Alliance is effective and is a platform for bringing together all partners that are determined to use cultural diversity resources to promote peace and development.", "The international community continues to provide political support to the Alliance, with 130 members of the Group of Friends. In its resolution 64/14 of 22 December 2009, the General Assembly expressed support for the Alliance. I look forward to more countries joining the Group of Friends, including financially supporting the Alliance. In that regard, I would like to highlight the importance of the replenishment mechanism, which is complementary to the voluntary trust fund of the Alliance, and help to provide a variety of predictable support for the initiatives of the Alliance.", "I am pleased to submit to you the fourth annual report of the High Representative of the Alliance of Civilizations, Joel Schpayo, together with the third implementation plan (2011-2013). The report highlights the main activities carried out during the period from August 2010 to July 2011, in accordance with the second implementation plan for the presentation of the Alliance's agenda and specific initiatives to be taken during that period (2009-2011).", "The planning of the Doha Forum, to be hosted by the Government of Qatar, from 11 to 13 December 2011, has made good progress, and the Forum will increase the visibility of the Alliance and strengthen political commitment to the achievement of the objectives of the Alliance. The topic highlighted by the Doha Forum was to promote development through the creation of a culture of peace and dialogue, the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals agenda and mutual cooperation in the area of mission and operations of the Alliance of Civilizations.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present report to the attention of the members of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Ban Ki-moon", "Alliance of Civilizations: Fourth Annual Report of the United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations", "3 August 2011", "Contents", "Overview of progress 4", "Introduction", "The Alliance of Civilizations is aimed at raising awareness and cooperation among countries and peoples with different cultures and helping to combat the forces that contribute to polarization and extremism within and among societies. In addition, the Alliance of Civilizations is a platform for the proper management of cultural diversity. This initiative is based on the common principles and values expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant instruments.", "The Alliance of Civilizations was established in 2005 as a political initiative undertaken by the Secretary-General with the support of the Government of Spain and the Prime Minister of Turkey. The establishment of alliances is convinced that there is a need to eliminate long-standing differences and misunderstandings between different cultures, in particular the so-called Western and Muslim societies, in order to achieve sustainable peace and development.", "In April 2007, the Secretary-General appointed former Portuguese President Joel Zanap to the High Representative of the Alliance. President Zanpayo has developed the agenda of the Alliance and ensured its implementation. The Alliance is a political initiative that promotes dialogue aimed at promoting local change. To that end, the two-year implementation plan has been prioritized and proposes a framework for action by partners and stakeholders.", "The Alliance uses the advantage of the expanding Group of Friends. The Group of Friends now has 130 Governments and international organizations to provide the High Representative with the necessary political support, as a facilitator of the Alliance and play a crucial role in the implementation of the Alliance. Through a broad-based dialogue and consensus-building, the High Representative invited members to provide advice, advice and support on all important aspects of the activities of the Alliance.", "The present report is the fourth annual report of the High Representative. It focused on the main activities carried out from July 2010 to July 2011 in accordance with the second implementation plan (2009-2011). The implementation of the plan is, to some extent, an international dynamic that is being developed, such as the new situation in the Middle East and North Africa region, the increasing tension within and among societies across Europe, contributing to extremism and intolerance and the impact of religion on peace and development. Many efforts were also made to prepare for the fourth annual forum to be held in Doha in December 2011, at the invitation of Qatar.", "Overview of progress", "The Alliance further identified its position as a primary platform for intercultural dialogue among increasingly diverse societies. The main purpose of the activities is to consolidate the results achieved so far and to advance the objectives of the Alliance in the changing circumstances of the global economic crisis, culture, ethnicity, religion and social relations and parts of the Middle East and North Africa region.", "The main achievements during the reporting period were the timely adoption of the Alliance's Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean at a subregional conference hosted by the Government of Malta in November 2010, and the drafting of a strategic action plan (the Cairo Dialogue) in Cairo on 27 and 28 July 2011.", "In addition, the Global Dialogue Foundation and local partners organized regional forums in Australia and India under the auspices of the Alliance to expand the Alliance's outreach efforts and significantly increase its position at the grass-roots level.", "Since January 2011, in close cooperation with the representative of Qatar, the preparations have been carried out in depth to prepare for the fourth Forum of the Alliance, held in Doha from 11 to 13 December 2011. The draft concept paper of the Forum has been submitted to the Group of Friends for the purpose of engaging all people from the outset in the preparation of the annual event. In addition to the assessment of progress on the agenda of the post-Rio de Janeiro Forum, thematic debates and new projects, the fourth Forum will also draw attention to the linkages between cultural diversity and development and explore other ways to enhance these links for peace and sustainable development.", "The pre-session meeting of the Forum, held in Doha in May 2011, in consultation with civil society organizations, was not only part of a strategy to strengthen the role of civil society in achieving the goals of the Alliance, but also part of Qatar's concept of the Fourth Forum, an important opportunity for the Alliance to deepen its reach, improve visibility, strengthen action commitments and incorporate the Millennium Development Goals in its agenda.", "In the priorities identified in the 2009-2011 implementation plan, further progress has been made in most areas, with some remaining concerns.", "Good progress has been made in the following areas:", "(a) The global scope and universality of the Alliance, following the expansion of the Group of Friends and the diversification of actions around the world;", "(b) Following the adoption by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/14 of 10 November 2009, the Global Alliance confirmed that it was one of the main platforms for intercultural dialogue and cooperation between the United Nations; the Third Forum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in May 2010; the High Representative strengthened its activities in various international forums to enhance the visibility of the Alliance, promote the activities of the Alliance and seek partners;", "(c) Enhance the catalytic, bridging and convening role of the Alliance;", "(d) The regional strategy for South-East Europe, adopted in Sarajevo in December 2009, adopted the Mediterranean regional strategy in Malta in November 2010; and the beginning of the Latin American regional strategy;", "(e) Significant progress has been made in the main ongoing projects of the Alliance launched in Madrid, Istanbul and Rio de Janeiro;", "(f) The Global Youth Movement of the Alliance of Civilizations, which was launched in Baku in April 2011;", "(g) Good progress has been made in establishing relationships with the private sector through specific partnerships on a number of projects described below;", "(h) The pre-session meeting of the Forum, held in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011, to determine the possibility of establishing a civil society platform for the Alliance of Civilizations, has made good progress in relations with civil society.", "However, expectations have not been fully realized in a number of other priority goals, such as strengthening the sustainability of the Alliance and improving the overall communications strategy of the Alliance.", "The expansion of the Group of Friends has little impact on the resources and capacities of the Alliance. Thus, progress towards making the Alliance a lasting initiative is a matter of urgency, which has prompted the High Representative to propose a funding complement to the trust fund and to hold its first session in the second half of 2011.", "The establishment of additional mechanisms for funding for the Alliance Trust Fund will be successful, with further commitments from the members concerned. If there is no joint effort among all supporters and partners, the replenishment mechanism will not achieve the goal of continuing to provide multiple and predictable support to the Alliance of Civilizations initiatives.", "Reference should be made to efforts within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to include the Alliance of Civilizations in the list of international organizations eligible for official development assistance. Despite the strong support of some countries, this year cannot be achieved. However, it was decided that earmarked contributions for specific development-oriented activities could be recorded as bilateral assistance. This decision will be reviewed next year and new channels for cooperation can be provided if there are reasons for change.", "During the reporting period, a new website was launched and a number of well-targeted activities were organized, although more work was needed to develop effective communications strategies. The close attention to outreach in preparation for the Doha Forum would be useful.", "In summary, the development of the Alliance over the past 12 months (August 2010-July 2011) has shown that the Alliance has made significant progress, but now faces a number of major challenges:", "(a) Because of the growing diversity of members of the Alliance, the Alliance faces different demands and expectations. Ensuring a coherent vision and consistent action is necessarily a long-term challenge;", "(b) As an international initiative to face growing demands, the Alliance must integrate strategies and tools to further build delivery capacity; otherwise, meet expectations.", "The increase in tensions and intolerance resulting from terrorist attacks and inter-cultural tensions and intolerance appears to be increasing in many parts of the world, including in a democratic society. The elimination of extremism and intolerance is the reason for the Alliance and should be its main priorities.", "Consolidation of the Alliance of Civilizations", "The main priorities during the reporting period were to consolidate alliances as a global platform for intercultural dialogue and cooperation, with particular emphasis on the relationship between so-called Western and Muslim societies. In this regard, the following points could be highlighted.", "Group of Friends", "As members grow, support for the Alliance of Civilizations continues to increase, the number of members of the Group of Friends reached 130 (108 countries and 22 international organizations). [2]", "The Group of Friends has met three times, two meetings of Permanent Representatives and one at the ministerial level. Consultations were also held through various forms of bilateral contacts (see below) and written communications:", "(a) The High Representative wrote to all members to discuss his 2011 priorities, requesting other recommendations;", "(b) Following the momentum generated by the Rio de Janeiro Forum, members of the Regional Group of Latin American States were invited to prepare their regional strategies;", "(c) To seek the views of European Union States and European regional organizations on a new regional initiative to be developed by the Alliance in 2011, which is “calling diversity and social cohesion: establishing a human rights model for inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union”.", "The members of the Group of Friends were invited for the first time to make recommendations for the third implementation plan (2011-2013). In practice, they were also invited to assist in the development of the agenda of the next annual forum.", "On 8 and 9 November 2010, Malta organized the First Mediterranean Regional Conference (see para. 41 below).", "The High Representative has continued to engage with members of the Group of Friends. The High Representative held several bilateral meetings with Governments and/or members and representatives of the Group of Friends (i.e., the occasion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit held in Lisbon in November 2010 and the sixth Ministerial Conference of the Community of Democracies, held in Venez in June 2011), and participated in numerous multilateral forums to support the activities being undertaken by the Alliance and the Alliance. The High Representative has given priority to the negotiation of the Union's regional strategy for the Mediterranean in the period since 2010 and in the period since 2010, and has given high priority to regional dialogue forums. In addition, the High Representative has engaged a number of countries in the Gulf region, Asia, Europe and North Africa. During the first six months of 2011, the High Representative paid particular attention to new changes in countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, participated in various meetings, visited Egypt and Qatar twice and visited Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.", "During the reporting period, the High Representative also engaged with heads of international and regional organizations to strengthen synergies and ensure that the memorandum of understanding was implemented. It is noteworthy that the High Representative participated in various meetings organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Human Rights Council, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the League of Arab States and the Council of Europe and its North-South Centre.", "Coordinators", "In 2008, members of the Group of Friends were invited to appoint focal points to oversee the achievement of the objectives of the Alliance at the country level, mainly through national plans, and to coordinate with the Alliance secretariat. As at 30 June 2011, 79 States and 21 international organizations had appointed focal points.", "The Alliance organized a meeting of focal points to coordinate the work and exchange of focal points, hosted by Germany in Berlin (October 2010) and Qatar in Doha (May 2011) and published newsletters and consultations on a regular basis. The focal points participated in various meetings of the Mediterranean regional process and the regional strategic framework for Latin America. They also undertake regional consultations at the regional level.", "Thematic platforms", "The work of the thematic platform continued to make progress. In accordance with a Swiss proposal, the platform brings together a small group of countries interested in further exploring specific topics to make recommendations on harmonization or joint action. One platform focused on media well-being education, with particular attention to the formation of social media and cultural stereotypes. Another platform aimed at narrowing the gap in the mobilization of humanitarian and development assistance.", "The “Humanitarian” platform held a meeting in Dublin and Burns. The platform emphasizes the importance of improving cooperation with religious faith-based organizations and cooperation among these organizations in order to improve the quality of humanitarian and development efforts and to promote the elimination of disparities between human beings and persons.", "Civil society advice, global networks and partnerships", "In accordance with the joint initiative of the High Representative and His Highness Sheikh Morza of Qatar, an important civil society advisory event was organized in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011.", "Various efforts have also been strengthened to build and/or consolidate networks among religious networks and target specific groups, such as youth, universities, think tanks and foundations, and to build partnerships with the private sector. The increasingly important role of public-private partnerships in the work of the Alliance is the basis for the development of specific projects with global influence, such as the “Country of Dialogue” initiated with think tanks, Carlos Guurkin Foundation and a number of other partners; the World Intercultural Innovation Mechanisms Facility, established in conjunction with the Maxim Group, which helps to identify and promote the most innovative grass-roots initiatives that link between different cultures; the Alliance of Civilizations summer schools; the Joint Task Force, established in conjunction with the Wadi Corporation, to identify the impact of intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity; and the “to maximize collaboration” of the LTTE movement.", "With regard to the Global Interreligious Network, the Alliance continued to work closely with States, institutions and non-governmental organizations that study interreligious dialogue and religious cooperation in order to complement each other. In particular, the Tripartite Forum for Interfaith Cooperation for Peace, the Saudi Arabian Interfaith Dialogue Initiative and the World Interfaith Harmony Initiative in Jordan. The High Representative sent a video message to the Council of European Religious Leaders, held in Moscow in June 2011.", "The Alliance is a soft tool for cultural diplomacy and preventive diplomacy.", "The High Representative has intensified its efforts to develop alliances as a soft-enhance tool for cultural and preventive diplomacy. He further increased his contacts and dialogue with political, religious, media and civil society representatives who could use their own influence to achieve common goals. On various occasions, he expressed concern about the growing tension, either public or private, and stressed the need for preventive long-term action to eliminate intolerance and extremism. In making recommendations to the Conference, the Political Conference or the media, he requested the interlocutors and stakeholders to reflect on various issues, such as political and religious pluralism, the role of intercultural dialogue and cooperation actions, or social cohesion in the context of growing social diversity, and to mention specific issues. The High Representative stressed the role of national plans and regional strategies in bringing together bottom-up approaches and, in addition, recommended creating new opportunities for people's diplomacy in a fragmented or conflict-prone society, recommending the establishment of an early warning mechanism for intercultural tensions based on existing global expert networks (see paras. 64-68 below).", "The High Representative continued to pay special attention to initiatives aimed at implementing the recommendations of the High-level Panel's report, in particular annex 3 to the report, such as the “Water paper and the White Process: From a cross-cutting account to cooperative action”.", "Major initiatives and activities", "Several initiatives were also made during the reporting period to support the broad objectives of the Alliance.", "National plans and regional strategies", "National plans", "With the encouragement of the High Representative, 26 countries are currently implementing national plans: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Italy, Kuwait, Malta, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "More plans are being developed as part of the efforts undertaken by States to use their own means of implementation.", "In May 2011, a number of focal points informally discussed lessons learned, highlighting three points:", "(a) Although these plans are not possible to adopt a single model, they should not only contain existing programmes. The plan should focus on removing obstacles to equality and combating prejudices (“the peripheral wall”), helping to build the skills of different cultures (the “mall”) and creating a space for communication in a mutual respect (the “Sharing space”);", "(b) The national plan needs to be coordinated and reviewed as a result of a combination of political support and grass-roots engagement;", "(c) The use of measurement tools and the establishment of observation stations should be encouraged. International organizations are invited to provide political support and coordination. The Alliance should pay close attention to the drafting and implementation of national plans and support national counterparts in their further exchanges.", "Regional strategy", "The Alliance has consistently called on countries facing common challenges to act together with civil society. The first formal initiative in this regard was the adoption of the Regional Strategy for South-East Europe of the Alliance of Civilizations in Sarajevo in December 2009 and the adoption of the Action Plan for the Implementation of the Strategy in summer 2010.", "A regional strategy for intercultural dialogue and cooperation in the Mediterranean was adopted on 9 November 2010 in Alexandria, Egypt. The strategy was adopted at a conference hosted by Malta in Valletaata, where a summary of the action plan was adopted in accordance with the projects presented by civil-partner societies. The plan of action was subsequently issued in May 2011, with a number of priority actions taking into account the new situation in the Middle East and North Africa.", "Funding for these two plans is clearly problematic. However, consultations are under way on the allocation of international funds already provided to support reform in countries in transition. The supplementary meeting will discuss further funding for these two plans.", "The delays do not hinder the development of projects. These projects included a project to teach history, which was the main topic of a seminar organized with the Council of Europe in Slovenia, which was developed on the basis of a number of projects developed by the European Association of Historical Economists with the support of the Soross Institute. The opening of a dialogue café was discussed in Belgrade and the first round of contacts was held to identify potential partners in Montenegro. The Café of the dialogue in Ramallah and Tel Aviv will commence before the end of 2011 and is currently being funded for the Café in Tunis, Cairo and Istanbul. With the participation of the High Representative, a summer school for young diplomats was held in Podgorica. A study and mobility grant for European Scholarship European Studies, which has been announced by the Foundation for Europe, has been made available for the first candidate.", "At the invitation of Peru, work is under way to develop a regional strategy for Latin America. A first draft was prepared in Lima in December 2010 and March 2011. A plan of action is being drawn up in accordance with the work of civil society partners at the regional and subregional levels. Work is expected to be completed in 2011.", "The High Representative discussed proposals for the development of a regional strategy for Central Asia with OSCE President Kazakhstan in 2010. Several African countries have expressed their willingness to join subregional initiatives.", "Initiatives of multilateral stakeholders, including projects and programmes led by the Alliance of Civilizations", "The Alliance is a platform for the development of practical initiatives to help to bring about change across four areas of action. Many initiatives have been implemented through a series of memorandums of understanding between the Alliance and UNESCO, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the League of Arab States, the Council of Europe, the Islamic Cooperation Organization, the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization and a memorandum of understanding with a number of non-governmental organizations, foundations and universities.", "The current implementation projects and initiatives are outlined in the following sections.", "Education", "Educational platform for religious and belief", "The online learning community of religious and belief education in the Alliance of Civilizations (www.aocerb.org) is an important Internet source of information on different religions and beliefs. The online learning community has a network of 18 academic and civil society partners around the world, a platform for education, helping to explore the role of religious organizations in promoting religious activities, promoting cultural pluralism and intercultural education, exploring good practices and promoting education around religious, ethical and intercultural education.", "The Alliance participated in several workshops on religion and the United Nations. It sponsored the participation of 25 Muslim youth and Jewish youth in the Muslim-Jewish conference held in Vienna from 1 to 6 August 2010 to eliminate intolerance through education and awareness-raising. It participated in the last consultation held in Vienna on 16 May 2011 with OSCE, UNESCO and the Council of Europe to discuss the Guidelines on Islamophobia for Educators.", "Research networks of the Alliance of Civilizations", "The Alliance of Civilizations has established a research network composed of think tanks and universities around the world to work in the area of common concern. The network comprises 20 members, including academic institutions and a network of over 200 institutions. It has a dedicated web page on the website of the Alliance of Civilizations to provide information to those who visited the web page on meetings, publications, fellowships and research grants in the areas of concern to the Alliance.", "Strengthening academic exchange", "The Alliance of Civilizations continues to play a catalytic and cooperative role in promoting communication to promote awareness and understanding of different cultures. Through its website and web pages, the Alliance offers hundreds of opportunities for intercultural learning and research. The Rio de Janeiro Forum in 2010 held a working meeting to discuss the challenges and opportunities for academic exchanges. Costs, legal issues, degree of participation and the avoidance of areas with security are some of the main challenges faced by traditional communication programmes. In this context, the Alliance established a partnership with Soliya (see www.soliya.net) to implement the Soliya “Exchange 2.0” programme to promote international intercultural educational experience globally through networks.", "Education outreach activities", "The Alliance has collaborated with the Istanbul Centre and other parties of the Zoran State of the United States of America in the third consecutive year to organize American and short-standing competitions for junior and high school students. More than 2,500 people participated in the competition entitled “Towards: Experience of others”.", "The Alliance, in close cooperation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, held its second global simulation of United Nations activities, entitled “Establishment of the Alliance of Civilizations: achieving peace and development in different cultures”, in Kuala Lumpur in August 2010. The activities of the Alliance and Alliance were also presented to some educational institutions and non-governmental organizations in the United States, the Republic of Korea, China, Colombia and Italy in 2010.", "Youth action area", "Global Campaign for Youth to Alliance of Civilizations", "The first session of the Global Campaign for Youth of the Alliance of Civilizations was held in Baku, Azerbaijan, in April 2011. The campaign aims to send a strong message to young people for peace and understanding. It also sought to take into account the views of young people and to involve them.", "More than 130 young people from 80 countries have drawn up the Charter and Plan of Action for this operation together in Baku. Discussions show their firm commitment. The Alliance will implement the decisions taken in Baku in cooperation with the leaders of the Movement.", "Youth Solidarity Fund", "The Second Youth Solidarity Fund has been successfully concluded. The International Small Grants Programme provides up to $300,000 for youth organizations to promote dialogue among cultures and beliefs at the local, national or international levels. The project funded by this programme is fully developed and implemented by youth organizations themselves.", "Eighteen projects funded from the last round were implemented in 14 countries [3], largely in Africa and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2 projects). Reports on the results of the 18 projects are being prepared and will be completed in the second half of 2011. Eighteen projects are estimated to benefit 330,000 young people.", "Youth website", "The Alliance of Civilizations Youth website (http://unaocyouth.rog) continued to expand to attract more partners. This is an integrated website where users can access, post and share the following information: (a) other youth organizations; (b) opportunities for young people wishing to participate in matters related to the Alliance of Civilizations; and (c) tools to increase their participation.", "In addition, while providing information on the Alliance's Youth Programme, there is also a message that young people can be read and the “Foods”. There is also a forum for discussion on the website.", "International Year of Youth", "The International Year of Youth was proclaimed in 2009: dialogue and mutual understanding, which provides a unique opportunity for the United Nations system and many partners to understand the goals of the Alliance of Civilizations and its youth programmes.", "The Alliance is a key partner in the development of the United Nations International Year of Commemoration and the main document for the promotion of this activity. To this end, in collaboration with UNESCO, a major advocacy card on the role of young people in promoting intercultural understanding was developed.", "The Alliance also played a key role in the organization of the High-level Meeting on Youth, which ended the Year. In parallel with the convening of a high-level conference on young people, a variety of youth videos were held.", "Media action area", "Rapid response media mechanisms", "The Alliance's rapid response media mechanism programme focuses on strengthening the positive role of the media by raising public awareness of the debates that give rise to misappropriation, making the media a variety of views and providing them with good quality free of charge for the media around the world. The project has been expanding since its inception to meet the growing demands of the media and grass-roots communities.", "Global experts", "Global expert online resources (www.theglobalexperts.org) continue to expand. It currently has more than 400 experts. Each expert wrote on a number of visitors per week and sent about 12-15 requests to thousands of journalists around the world every month. Each notice gives journalists the opportunity to communicate directly to 5-6 experts on new events that have just occurred.", "Online resources have also begun to bring together the comments of media experts from all parts of the world, with the addition of experts in the form of articles, webcasts and video interviews dedicated to the content of the website.", "The project also collaborated with the parties in the production of programmes, such as the ongoing cooperation with the British Cultural Commission and the University's Press College in Micronesia, which focused more than 80 expert presentations on videos between Western and Muslim relations.", "Training for Arab civil society and citizen journalists to enhance their press capacity", "In the light of recent events and in order to meet the growing demands of the Arab region, the rapid response media mechanism programme has also developed training programmes for representatives of Arab civil society and civil journalists/bons. These training focuses on the development of skills in the following four areas: interviews, skills development, relationship with the media and the use of social tools. The first training course was held in Jordan in September 2011. Other training is planned in Cyprus and Tunisia.", "Articles and articles", "The rapid reaction media mechanism programme expands the practice of providing articles and comments to newspapers around the world and requests the well-known analysts to express their views on the issues they have chosen concerning the role of religion in public space. More than 20 analysts have written articles in the first series of articles on Religion and Public Space. These articles are published in newspapers from Singapore to Brazil and from France to Jordan.", "debates and meetings", "The Alliance's media programmes regularly arrange open debates on international crises and issues of concern to media professionals and other members of society. It recently organized a major forum in Cairo on 5 and 6 April 2011, in conjunction with the League of Arab States and the Anna Led Foundation, focusing on the Arab media currently undergoing regional changes and their role in Western relations.", "Conference of TV owners", "Following the first meeting hosted by the Anna Led Foundation and the Alliance in Paris in May 2010, in collaboration with the European Broadcasting Union, the Arab League for Broadcasting and the European Commission, it is planned to convene a conference of TV owners and managers within the framework of the Mediterranean Regional Strategy in October 2011. The meeting will be hosted by His Majesty King Abdullah.", "The purpose of the meeting was to establish a network of major transnational media groups perceived in the Mediterranean region and to develop new joint actions with national radio stations in the Middle East and North Africa.", "Joint Media Network for the Mediterranean", "The European Commission, Anna Led Foundation and the Alliance launched a joint project to support the coverage of journalists throughout the Mediterranean region. The relevant partners regularly convene special task forces meetings and workshops for journalists, while meeting with different cultural analysts to discuss opportunities for networking among journalists on the two sides of the Mediterranean and award press awards for coverage of different cultures.", "Media well-being", "The Alliance continues to develop a number of media well-being initiatives that help young people and citizens in general to familiarize themselves with the increasingly complex media and provide them with the tools to enable them to become users and producers of media capable of identifying and criticizing. Currently, 33 partners and nearly 1,600 registered users are regularly involved through new content updating databases. With the support of partners, the publication of the Alliance-UNESCO-European Commission, The Global Media Education Policy Toolkit has been widely distributed.", "The UNESCO University Endowment and Network Plan and the Alliance of Civilizations have established a network of universities on media and information well-being and intercultural dialogue (“UAC-MILID”), with eight universities (Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, Jamaica, Morocco, Spain and the United States of America).", "General cooperation in the media", "The Alliance's dialogue with the European Union on the role of media advocacy in preventing extremeization is part of the media work undertaken by the European Union. In addition, the Alliance conducted a fruitful dialogue with the European Network of Experts on extremeization, exchange of views and share the experience of the Alliance in organizing training for journalists in Pakistan, Indonesia, the United States, Europe and the Arab States.", "The areas of migration/inclusion action", "Migration and integration online communities", "Since the launch of the “Making and Inclusion-Building an inclusive Social Online Community” website in May 2010 (www.unaoc.org/ibis), the Alliance has provided information on good practices in the integration of migrants. It focused on successful models of integration in order to resist stereotypes and promote further integration among all stakeholders. A series of discussions were held on the website platform to share past and current experiences on migration and integration.", "In order to build on the special experience of Australia in the area of multiculturalism and to allow users to access the migration and integration-building of an inclusive social online community website, the Alliance co-hosted a community-related activity in Melbourne in October 2011.", "Diversity+ Youth Video", "The Alliance, in collaboration with the Organization for Migration, continued its multidisciplinary+ activities, a youth video festival on migration, pluralism and social inclusion. The Multiple+ is supported by many international partners. The award ceremony was held at the Paley Media Centre in New York on 12 November 2010.", "Video is being distributed on CD-ROM, television broadcasts, the Internet and video and film festivals around the world. The distributors of the Multiple+ included RAI Education (Italy), AlJadeed TV (Lebanon), the Permanent Forum of the United Nations Television, the Mediterranean Audiovisual Industry, China Youth Day, Havana, Rootes & Routes International Action Festival, the Royal Jordanian Film Commission and the Baka Forum in 2011.", "Migration-Inclusion Series", "In December 2010, the Alliance and UNITAR hosted a discussion with the Unitas Communications Corporation to discuss why migrants were considered not conducive to common survival and why Islam was often perceived as conflicting with Western values. The event was broadcast to global audiences. Mudassar Ahmed (Unitas) spoke with Roger Cohen (International Herald) and both internally and online audiences.", "Diversity and social cohesion", "As the High Representative presented to the Governments of Europe in early 2011, the Alliance prepares a regional initiative entitled “Everaging diversity and social cohesion: establishing a human rights model for inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union”. This ongoing activity will be organized by the Carlos Timburkon Foundation on 15 November 2011 at the new Cultural Centre of the Foundation.", "Other multidimensional initiatives of the Alliance", "Medalities", "The archipline is the most innovative and successful grass-roots initiative to promote mutual understanding of different peoples and cultures around the world. Through the knowledge of these initiatives by policymakers, potential donors and the media, the Alliance has helped them to achieve expansion and diffusion, thereby increasing their impact.", "Of the hundreds of organizations that submitted applications, 10 organizations were recognized as winners of the archipelag city at the Rio de Janeiro Forum, whose leaders were invited to present their projects (World Faith; Euro Mediterranean Academy for Young Journalists; Forgotten Diaries; Methong Petjinan Soerabaia; Akili Dada; Universal Forum of Religions; Peceworks; RandomKid; Religious Initiatives; Utlia Faith; and Gapre. The activities were supported by private companies such as the Hawadi Group, the German PhD, the Global Fund for Dialogue, the British Cultural Committee and the European press.", "The Alliance has reached a promising collaborative agreement with the Maximum Corporation to establish a different cultural fund for innovation. The Fund will support the most innovative grass-roots initiatives that link different intercultural lines to link them with partners in order to help them to expand and promote them.", "Fellowship programmes", "In September 2009, the Alliance launched its fellowship programme to assist new leaders in most countries in North America, Europe, and Muslim residence to learn each other about the media, culture, politics, institutions, civil society and religion, to share knowledge and awareness and build partnerships. In the long term, the Alliance will build a new network of influential leaders through this programme to raise new views on the relationship between different countries and regions and promote new approaches.", "The programme was developed in cooperation with the British Cultural Commission, the League of Arab States, the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Alliance of Civilizations Qatar and the International Institute of Education (United States).", "Between March and April 2010, 12 new leaders from the United States and Europe visited Egypt, Morocco and Qatar, and 12 new leaders from seven Arab countries visited Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "The second phase of the fellowship programme took place in the second half of 2011. This programme is particularly important because of the emergence of the Arab spring, as it gives new leaders the opportunity to learn and to establish linkages with their peers.", "Café of dialogue", "Following the launch of the Global Dialogue Café network at the Istanbul Forum, the first two coffees were held in Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon in May 2010, in cooperation with the Government of Lisbon, the Carlos Tourne Foundation, the Rio Candido Mendes University, and the use of the GEFE Europe network.", "In September 2010, the third Café was opened at Waag Society in Amsterdam. Work is being carried out to expand the Euro-Mediterranean cities, such as Florence, Ramallah, Traviv, Paris, Lur and Belgrade. Consideration was also given to the possibility and financing of the opening of the Café in Doha, Cairo, Istanbul, London, Montenegro, Tunisia and Oslo.", "Alliance of Civilizations summer school", "The summer school of the Alliance of Civilizations brings together ethnic, cultural, academic and professional backgrounds and interested young people from different regional, social classes. The schools aim to enable young people to share their world views, knowledge and experience; to establish a network of youth voices of different cultural alliances; and to agree on a number of projects developed through the Network of Dialogue Café.", "The 2010 Summer School was hosted by the University of Awaro, Portugal, with 115 young people from 44 different countries. In order to establish this school, international organizations, the Portuguese Foundation, universities and think tanks, religious organizations and companies have established a multilateral stakeholder platform.", "In view of the success of the 2010 Summer Course, the High Representative decided to make the summer school a regular event and to explore the possibility of organizing a summer course for target groups such as young journalists, diplomats and teachers.", "The 2011 summer school will be held in Lisbon from 23 August to 3 September 2011. The hosting units are the University of Lisbon and will be held in partnership with the League of Arab States and Euro-Mediterranean universities.", "Urban cooperation", "The Alliance facilitated and/or participated in a number of activities involving local governments, municipalities and mayors, notably in the Shanghai Bo Conference (Global South-South Innovation Week, “Energy and transfer: establishment of a better and more suitable city for all”; Second European-Arab Urban Forum, held in Margar on 25 and 26 February 2011; and the International Conference on Ethnic Cities, hosted by Italy on 1 June 2011 in Rome.", "At the Second European-Arab Urban Forum, the High Representative presented the establishment of a special fund for Euro-Arab cities cooperation, based on new developments in the Middle East and North Africa, with the support of participants.", "The International Conference on Ethnic Cities discussed the possibility of making a new contribution and the idea of establishing an inter-ethnic guarantor to provide advice to the municipal authorities on multiple cultural matters. Participants agreed to continue their efforts to include urban changes in the agendas of the relevant United Nations bodies and programmes in order to take action, including by adopting a resolution by the General Assembly.", "Space to discuss sensitive issues", "The Alliance is increasingly seen as a platform for civil society discussions on sensitive issues, including the discussion of tensions in religious minorities, religious freedom and religious pluralism. A number of related activities are organized around this topic.", "Under the auspices of the Alliance, a seminar on religious tolerance, traditional conflict resolution and enunciation was held in Addis Ababa on 11 and 12 November 2010, as a support for the work of the Alliance. The High Representative participated in the meeting in a video address.", "The Lisbon Forum, held on 4 and 5 November 2010, focused on the issue of freedom of expression, conscience and religion. The Forum held four main working sessions to discuss religious pluralism in a democratic society; the role of religious leaders in promoting a culture of peace; the prevention of extremeization and religious extremism; and international cooperation for freedom of religion. The outcome of the Forum was a number of recommendations (see the comprehensive overview of the debate, see www.coe.int, Forum website).", "Under the auspices of the Alliance, Spain and Italy, in cooperation with the European University Institute, organized an international seminar entitled “Freedom of religion: human rights, social inclusion and political participation” in Florence on 13 and 14 June 2011. The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Italy, Flaitni and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Spain, Ternyi Hem Menénez, made their views and the High Representative sent video speeches to the Conference. The recommendations of the three groups provided the basis for future work, including the Doha Forum.", "Participation of parliaments in the development of the agenda of the Alliance", "The Alliance is increasingly aware of the desirability of engaging States and international parliaments. The focal points discussed their role in drafting national plans.", "The High Representative met with leaders of several parliaments and addressed the Council of Europe Parliament (June 2010) and the Euro-Mediterranean Parliament (January 2011). In addition, he met with the Speaker of Kuwait and Malta to discuss a joint initiative on the role of parliaments in promoting pluralism and the proper management of cultural diversity.", "Cooperation with the Inter-Parliamentary Union, launched in Rio de Janeiro in May 2010, was ongoing, particularly through regular contacts by the Secretariat, including with regard to the parliamentary contribution to the Doha Forum.", "Preparation of the fourth Forum of Alliance of Civilizations", "At the invitation of the Government of Qatar, the fourth forum will be held in Doha from 11 to 13 December 2011. It is expected that it will be a turning point for the Alliance to raise visibility, increase its membership in the international agenda and strengthen its commitment to action. In accordance with the recommendations made to the High Representative by His Highness Sheikh Moza, the Forum will explore how the objectives of the Alliance can contribute to sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals. The preparatory work started in January 2011 with the assistance of a number of experts employed by Qatar and engaged in dialogue with the Group of Friends, including the focal points. Civil society representatives also expressed their views at the previous Forum held in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011.", "Outreach", "Over the past year, the Alliance of Outreach Orders, which have been widely carried out around a number of projects, has benefited. The Alliance has made a clear understanding of the activities and objectives of the Alliance, using improved information material on the project and the introduction of people. The High Representative and the Secretariat have also briefed many areas. The High Representative wrote a series of articles and made statements around the world on the Alliance.", "The Alliance supports and/or promotes two main outreach activities. The first was carried out within the framework of the World Interreligious Harmony Week. The second was the Day of Dialogue and Development of World Cultural Diversity (21 May). The event was carried out with UNESCO and many companies through face-to-face websites (http://www.facebook.com/ DoOne Thingfor Diversity and Inclusion), inviting people around the world “to do things for diversity and inclusion”. Activities have been successful, with 60,000 visitors to the website.", "The Alliance also facilitates or participates in the increased number of local partners in Australia, China, India, Egypt, Ethiopia, Italy, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey in all regions, and significantly expands their reach. Such joint activities involving local partners, non-governmental organizations and grass-roots organizations are an opportunity to take initiatives to enhance knowledge and cooperation in the field of culture.", "The new website of the Alliance (www.unaoc.org) was established and launched, with an increase in the number of visitors, 5,500 in June 2011 and 240,000 web pages. More than 500 people voiced the Alliance's new web page on the face-to-face site, with more than 900 people tracking the Alliance through the ad hoc website.", "Governance: Trust Fund and Secretariat", "Despite the growing role and activities of the Alliance, the resources available are still much lower than the projected amount, volatile and unpredictable. While core operations and programmes of magnitude could be maintained, additional major programmes were reduced or postponed. Actual expenditure for the 2010 budget period had to be maintained at $4 million, while the projected amount was only $5.2 million.", "Accordingly, the High Representative has developed a strategy to reform the interim system of voluntary contributions. He proposed a regular supplementary funding model to increase the predictability of fundraising and to expand the scope of donors to the private sector and the philanthropic communities to fund activities in advance. The first funding to be carried out in 2011 will complement the funding needs for the calendar years 2012 and 2013. The High Representative also recommended that a loose consultation mechanism be established with the donor community to familiarize donors with the funding situation and have the right to speak in financial management. He therefore made recommendations to the Group of Friends to convene a meeting of partners.", "The overall increase in the Secretariat's workload and further diversification imply that more staff must be recruited. Each State and organization should adopt the practice of seconded staff first employed by Switzerland. The transfer of some work to more appropriate and skilled members and partners may also be a solution. The High Representative is developing specific proposals based on the third implementation plan (2011-2013).", "Conclusion", "The Alliance's action plan for the next two years (June 2011-June 2013) will further take advantage of the trends and initiatives set out in the present report, taking into account, inter alia, the following five points: new developments in the Middle East and North Africa region; the current debate on how European society brings diversity and social cohesion into line; the topic of the impact of religion on peace, security and development in the era of globalization; strengthening alliances through closer cooperation with non-State actors to make them a soft-enhanced tool for United Nations dialogue and for peace; and hosting the call of His Royal Highness Sheikha Zza, the Forum on the Mediterranean Agenda.", "The new situation in Egypt and Tunisia relates to the reasons for the existence of the Alliance. These changes strengthen the legitimacy of the Alliance and make its mission more timely. It is reasonable that, while all face different circumstances and challenges, they want freedom, democracy, dignity and social justice, indicating that this is a universal requirement for land and nation. These changes that are taking place make the Alliance more relevant, since the values of tolerance are essential for the smooth functioning of a democratic society.", "The second point is the growing diversity in society and the ongoing debate on how to respond to this situation, particularly in Europe. In an era of concern, the main focus of the prevailing social plight in Europe is the migration problem (for national security reasons, for social and cultural reasons), which is considered a major challenge in our times and for the integration of migrants, as migrants are often seen as challenging their cultures and identities. These conditions contribute to intolerance, polarization and extremism, including extremism associated with Al-Qaida. In addition, the forces of the new right-wing radical parties (i.e. “hard-right-wing”) across Europe are also expanding. The tragic events in Norway clearly demonstrate the need for action and prevention strategies to combat domestic terrorism, racism and hatred. As the High Representative had made in January 2011, a initiative on “Cultivate diversity and social cohesion: model of human rights for inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union” would be taken in the coming months.", "The third point concerned the impact of religion on peace, security and development in times of globalization. As current tensions and conflicts are also related to religion, there will be renewed trends in the beginning of Rio de Janeiro, the Lisbon Forum in 2010 and the 2011 International Seminar in Florence, drawing on the results of these initiatives, paying particular attention to religious diversity, religious diversity and interreligious dialogue within the framework of the Alliance initiative.", "The fourth point is the need to strengthen the Alliance by working more closely with non-State actors to make it a soft power tool for United Nations dialogue and for peace. This will require not only the establishment and consolidation of a civil society network, but also the establishment of a collaborative approach to the development of the agenda and the provision of counselling and attention. The Alliance has credibility, the culture and values of dialogue and has many resources to provide soft power. Emphasis should be placed on strengthening its actions at the grass-roots level, in particular in decentralized and changing societies, which require soft power initiatives to defuse tensions, agree and engage in dialogue to eliminate past grievances, help people to live peacefully in peace at the time of their time and create the future.", "The fifth point is the preparation of the Doha Forum. The Millennium Declaration clearly recognizes that “[t]he human beings have different faiths, cultures and languages and must respect each other. There should be no fear of repressing differences within and between societies, and should be cared for as a precious asset of humanity. A culture of peace and dialogue among all civilizations should be actively promoted and the Forum will thus fill the gaps between cultural and cultural diversity and development.", "In this context, the third implementation plan (June 2011-June 2013) will take a further step towards the completion of the mission of the Alliance and will focus on results.", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "[2] During the reporting period, the following new members joined the Group of Friends: Ghana, Georgia, the African Union, the Palestinian Authority, Viet Nam, Guyana, World Tourism Organization and Mongolia (which have been announced).", "[3] Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya (2 projects), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Nigeria (2 projects), Pakistan, Somalia, the United Republic of Tanzania, the United Kingdom and the United States of America." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目76(b)", "海洋和海洋法：通过1995年《执行1982年12月 10日<联合国海洋法公约>有关养护和管理跨界鱼类 种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定》和相关文 书等途径实现可持续渔业", "各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排根据关于可持续渔业问题中的底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性造成的影响问题的大会第61/105号决议第80段和83至87段以及大会第64/72号决议第113至117段和第119至127段的规定采取的行动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告是根据2010年12月7日大会第65/38号决议第122段编写的，其中请秘书长与联合国粮食及农业组织合作，向大会第六十六届会议报告关于各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排根据第61/105号决议第80和83至87段、第64/72号决议第113至117段和第119至127段的规定采取行动的情况，以便促进对第64/72号决议第129段提及的已采取的行动的进一步审查。 \n本报告是秘书长以前编写的报告(A/64/305和A/61/154)的后续。因此，还应结合先前秘书长关于各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行第61/105号决议所采取措施的临时报告(A/62/260，第60-96段以及A/63/128，第63-78段)理解本报告。", "目录", "页次\n 简称表 3\n 1. 导言 4\n2.底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统以及深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响综述\t4\n A. 脆弱海洋生态系统：最新的审查 4\n B. 深海鱼类种群 8\n C. 底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响 9\n3. 各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排为处理底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响而采取的行动\t12\nA. 有监管底层捕捞活动权限的区域渔业管理组织或安排采取的行动\t13\nB. 各国采取的监管底层捕捞的行动\t22\nC. 各国和主管区域渔业管理组织和安排采取行动，协力收集和交流科技数据和信息，并制定或加强数据收集标准、程序、规程和研究方案\t35\n4. 联合国粮食及农业组织为促进监管底层捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统开展的活动\t41\nA. 开发各种有助执行粮农组织《公海深海捕捞管理国际准则》的工具\t42\nB. 建立国家管辖范围之外脆弱海洋生态系统信息全球数据库\t43\n5. 结束语\t43\n 附件 \n答复调查问卷的国家和组织名单\t45", "简称表", "南极海生委 南极海洋生物资源保护委员会", "南部金枪鱼养护委 南部蓝鳍金枪鱼养护委员会", "濒危物种公约 濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约", "粮农组织 联合国粮食及农业组织", "粮农组织准则 联合国粮食及农业组织《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》", "全环基金 全球环境基金", "渔业总会 地中海渔业总委员会", "防污行动纲领 保护海洋环境免受陆上活动污染全球行动纲领", "大西洋金枪鱼养委会 国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会", "海考会 国际海洋考察理事会", "海事组织 国际海事组织", "海管局 国际海底管理局", "东北大西洋渔委 东北大西洋渔业委员会", "北太平洋渔委 北太平洋渔业委员会", "区域渔管组织/安排 区域渔业管理组织和安排", "中西太平洋渔委 中西太平洋渔业委员会", "一. 导言", "1. 大会2009年12月4日第64/72号决议，除其它外，欢迎各国、区域渔业管理组织和安排(区域渔管组织/安排)及参加旨在建立一个有权限监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排的谈判的国家取得重大进展，以执行第61/105号决议第80和83至87段的规定，处理底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响的问题。", "2. 在审查基础上，大会认为需要依照审慎做法和生态系统方法及国际法采取进一步行动，以上述段落的执行情况，并吁请有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排、参加关于建立此类组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国采取本报告所述的额外行动。大会还吁请各国立即各自执行并通过区域渔管组织和安排执行联合国粮食及农业组织2008年《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》，[2] 以便可持续地管理鱼类种群，保护脆弱海洋生态系统免遭毁灭性捕捞的破坏。", "3. 此外，大会决定在2011年第六十六届会议进一步审查各国及区域渔管组织/安排针对第61/105号决议以及第64/72号决议有关段落的要求所采取的行动，以确保有效执行各项措施，并视需要提出进一步建议。", "4. 在通过请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告上述行动的第65/38号决议后，秘书长向各国、区域经济一体化组织和区域渔管组织/安排分发了一份调查表，请它们提交关于它们为执行相关决议所采取行动的资料，以便进一步审查这些行动。还请联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)提交资料。", "5. 19个国家、欧洲联盟(欧盟)、12个区域渔管组织/安排和粮农组织按照上述要求提交了文件(见附件)。本报告以其中的资料及其他相关资料为依据。秘书长对提交资料的各方表示感谢。", "二. 底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统以及深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响综述", "A. 脆弱海洋生态系统：最新的审查", "6. 如以前报告所述，[3] 生态系统的脆弱程度与一个或多个组成部分(例如种群、群落或生境)因短期或长期干扰而发生重大改变的可能性以及其复原的可能性及所需时间有关。最脆弱的生态系统是那些既容易受到干扰，复原又很缓慢，也可能永远无法复原的生态系统。[4] 在生态系统，海山、热液喷口和冷水珊瑚可被视为生态区，它们可能以多个小块的形式产生，散布于较大生态系统中。¹", "7. 秘书长先前的报告详细描述了脆弱海洋生态系统，特别是国家管辖范围以外深海中的脆弱海洋生态系统。[5] 以下各节介绍了对这些脆弱海洋生态系统的最新审查。", "1. 海山", "8. 生态范式让人们对作为测深特征的海山形成了一些普遍认识，认为海山是独特的环境，是生物多样性和地方特性热点，也是极具生态价值的脆弱生态系统。但大部分有关海山生态系统的科学范式依据的是极有限的定量研究。全世界几千座海山中，依照科学标准进行了彻底抽样调查的只有约300座。[6]", "9. 最近对海山生态主要范式发展的审查表明，知识领域存在很大空白，一些范式的准确性受到异议。[7] 现有数据有力地支持了海山生物群落易受捕鱼影响以及这些群落对底拖网捕捞法带来的干扰很敏感，且应变能力低等论断。繁殖繁殖力低的固着群落受到实际干扰或破坏；惯于在海山聚集的高价值鱼类迅速减少，这些在文献中得到详尽记录。但以下概论并未得到广泛支持，即海山是地方特有动物区系的岛屿生境，组成这些动物区系的特有群落在物种组成方面与其他深海生境不同。证明地方特有性需要大量取样，特有性一词曾被误用。此外，一般认为以自下而上方式进行的本地繁殖使海山群落繁殖力强，但这一点没有得到普遍认同。与海山相关的有机体可能生物量大、数量多，但其繁殖力取决于本地繁殖和临近海区的投入的结合。", "10. 虽然有证据支持海山是生物迁徙的中转站、资源量和生物量的绿洲以及物种丰富性热点等看法，但目前的抽样水平太低，无法证实这些一般看法。底栖生物多样性与大陆边缘观察到的生物多样性类似。[8] 还需要对以下一些新范式展开进一步调查：海山生物群落结构各异；海山上的无脊椎动物种群是邻近灰岩坑内的繁殖体的来源；以及在大规模灾难性环境事件中，海山可成为生物残遗种保护区。遗传研究记录了海山和其他生境之间复杂的关联模式，两者的关系取决于空间尺度和所调查生物的生命史特征。[9]", "2. 热液喷口", "11. 1970年代末，首次发现了为底栖和近底生物群落提供食物、并由化合过程驱动的热液喷口。[10] 在海洋中脊，地球地幔中的岩浆、极大压力下的气体和水三者之间的反应造成了高温深海喷口，它们富含化学物，滋养独特食物链最底层的细菌。在墨西哥湾的海洋边缘首次发现了低温化学合成系统(“冷泉”)。与光合作用相比，喷口(以及冷泉等其他深海地貌)的化合过程产生的能量和物质极少。", "12. 虽然分布广而且可能比人们预想的更常见，热液喷口是相对较小且具有地方性的海洋地貌；它们通常存在于各大洋和各纬度分离型板块边界(海洋中脊)和存在弧后扩张中心的汇聚型板块。虽然喷口生物群落多样性低，但地方特有性强。喷口生物的生命史特征差异可能也较大。[11] 随着不断发现新喷口点以及一系列相关的新物种，早期的生物地理学理论正在被检验和修正。[12]", "13. 与化合地貌有关的脆弱生态群落中，与冷泉相关的群落可能比栖息于热液喷口的群落更易受人类活动的干扰。冷泉存在于底拖网捕捞和石油化工开采活动更普遍的软底大陆架和斜坡区。", "3. 冷水珊瑚和水螅", "14. 某些冷水珊瑚和水螅虫，[13] 主要是那些可能或已形成森林、花园和珊瑚礁的品种，是脆弱群落的成员和指示生物。主要的生物分类群为石珊瑚(石珊瑚目)、软珊瑚和柳珊瑚(八放珊瑚亚纲)、黑珊瑚(黑角珊瑚)和水螅珊瑚 (柱孔珊瑚)。海笔( 海鳃目)是另一类，主要在松软的底层。这些生物群组成的有序的生境栖息着各种动物群，共同组成脆弱海洋生态系统。", "15. 冷水珊瑚通常在水下的边缘地带或斜坡、海山的峰顶和边缘处，[14] 以及上陆坡、海脊、峡谷和海沟中。许多珊瑚物种分布广泛，某些物种可形成珊瑚礁。各物种或种群有独特的生境偏好和水深范围；依据对这些规律的了解，人们利用生境适宜度模型来“预测”某种珊瑚群，例如Lophelia的分布情况。", "16. 石珊瑚礁是古老的构造；深海珊瑚生长缓慢，可存活几千年之久。[15] 因此，珊瑚礁的年龄可能很大，但珊瑚礁是由一些活珊瑚和大量死珊瑚组成的。某一群体似乎可快速生长，人们经常发现一些珊瑚附着于海上石油平台的事实就可说明这一点。但珊瑚的生长速度取决于食物供给和环境条件，而深海珊瑚通常生长缓慢。", "17. 全球范围内继续开展对珊瑚和珊瑚生境的制图工作；近几年，在大西洋、西南太平洋和印度洋对大量海脊、海山和斜坡水域进行了调查。[16] 许多开展制图工作的区域都曾有渔业活动或有可能成为底层捕捞区。", "18. 上述生物分类群中的珊瑚虫、花园和珊瑚礁处于直立状态、易受损并且复原缓慢，尤其是在深海，因此比较脆弱。在珊瑚区内海床使用可触及海底的渔具以及开展其他活动可带来实际干扰和破坏。珊瑚易受其他因素，如海洋酸度和温度变化的影响，这也越来越引起人们的关注。[17]", "4. 其他的脆弱海洋生态系统", "19. 通常，碳酸盐丘伴有珊瑚等脆弱物种。海绵田由极易受损的直立物种(如玻璃海绵类)或大量结实强壮的物种(如Geodia属)组成。", "20. 近几年，在北大西洋等区域开展的大量制图工作增加了人们对这些地貌和物种分布区的了解。", "21. 如同在珊瑚区一样，正在这些区域开展研究；这些研究可让人们更多地了解这些脆弱海洋生态系统作为鱼类生境的重要性以及相关物种和群落的脆弱性。", "B. 深海鱼类种群", "22. 深海鱼的一般定义为栖息于边缘海和大陆架以外且(或)在水深超过200米之处的各类鱼种的多样化组合，虽然也采用其他深度界限。[18] 主要生境指上大陆坡、山脊、深岛以及海山坡和峰顶及深堤区，但深峡湾和陆架槽/峡谷也包括在内。", "23. 深海鱼类“种群”由成为商业渔业目标或副渔获物的若干深海鱼子种群构成。[19] 这些鱼类中，很少有真正的中层水(海洋水层)生物物种。多数栖息在水底层，或海床或与海床相关的环境，但也有一些鱼类以海洋水层生物为生。虽然有些鱼类是在2 000米深海域处被捕获，但多数深海鱼类种群是在浅于1 000米的海域中被捕获。鉴于物种数量和生物量通常会随着水深的增加而急剧减少，且物种构成也发生变化，¹⁷ 因此，即使技术上可行，也不可能发展更深层的渔业。", "24. 深海鱼种在生活史特征和生态方面的多样性相当可观。栖息于浅于500米区域的鱼类以及海洋中层或底中水层的物种如蓝鳕鱼和白眼狭鳕的生活史特征一般与大陆架物种类似。[20] 但这一深度限制并不普遍适用。深海鱼种也可能在其分布区的某些浅层处，或如在海山的峰顶。", "25. 不同深海鱼种的寿命和生长率也各不相同。在东北大西洋，一些深海鱼种(如金眼鲷、黑斑黄鲷、黑等鳍叉尾带鱼、长魣鳕、单鳍鳕)的生活史与浅水底层生物物种类似，而其他鱼种(如圆吻鳕、深海鲨鱼、橙连鳍鲑)则极端长寿，能活几十年，甚至一个多世纪。[21] 深海鲨鱼的繁殖殖力非常有限。", "26. 多数深海鱼种的分布范围很广，但各鱼种间的区域和地方空间分布情况不同。有些鱼种总是聚集在一起，而且可能会出现大面积聚集(如在海山顶部)[22] 和聚集在坡段的情况。有些鱼种在产卵季节聚集，其他季节则分散各处。多数底层鱼种还靠中层水有机体为猎物，并利用各种猎物鱼种的昼夜垂直迁移、生物残骸下沉以及随着循环在水中某些深度和生境聚集的猎物。此外，许多鱼种利用地质或源于生物的结构生境作为栖息和摄食区。在有珊瑚和海绵的区域发现的多数鱼种也栖息在其他结构性生境中。", "27. 最容易受到过度捕捞的深海鱼种是市场上易卖的鱼种，其生命周期延长，繁殖力低，生长缓慢，分布地区与市场较近(如橙连鳍鲑、圆吻鳕、蓝翎及许多深海鲨鱼)。这些鱼种的下述共同特点加剧了脆弱性：喜欢聚集，因此很容易被发现和捕获，或显示出易受多钩长线诱饵吸引的强烈倾向。", "C. 底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响", "28. 下节更新了早先有关底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响以及为加强这方面评估所作的努力的信息。[23]", "1. 脆弱海洋生态系统", "29. 若干研究记录了流动渔具给深海海底生物和群落造成的不利影响，特别是给结构生成生物如某些珊瑚和海绵造成的不利影响，这些影响包括局部枯竭、生境复杂性的丧失、生物群落结构的改变以及生态系统过程的变化。", "30. 对珊瑚的破坏似乎是长期的，其复原可能需要几十年甚至更长的时间。受底层捕捞活动影响的主要珊瑚礁可能已经永远失去了。[24] 在珊瑚和海绵水域捕捞还可能导致大量意外的副渔获物，因此而对目标渔获造成损害，并导致已经很昂贵的捕捞作业中断。但是，这些影响在世界各地的程度还没有得到满意的评估。在底拖网捕捞活动总的来说较少或捕捞船努力避开已知的珊瑚和海绵的那些区域，即使附近有大量的捕捞活动，脆弱海洋生态系统受影响也较小或没有受到损害。", "31. 近年来与大西洋、太平洋和印度洋的许多实际和潜在的捕鱼区有关的制图活动有所增加，使脆弱海洋生态系统指示生物的存在和分布方面的记录工作得到加强。捕捞活动的空间分布情况也得到了更好的记录，管理决策的科学依据得到加强。[25] 生境适宜性模拟被用来预测各海洋分区的情况，特别是可能有极易受到捕捞影响的脆弱海洋生态系统指示生物的海山和海脊的情况。[26] 有了足够的模型预测测定，加上有关区域和地方一级的脆弱海洋生态系统指示生物分布情况的观测数据，这些模拟将指导脆弱海洋生态系统制图和保护工作。", "32. 以往评估的缺陷在于没有完整地记录1960年代开始发展且几十年来基本上未受监管的渔业活动和影响。在多数情况下，记录只包括上岸量和上岸量的地理坐标，有关渔具和捕捞活动的资料差强人意。 随着时间推移可能产生不利影响的趋势却不为人所熟知。即使是近几十年来，也很难审查深海渔业史和其他影响。[27]", "2. 深海鱼类种群", "33. 深海渔业史一直被视为较近期的。然而，早在1960年代中期以前就出现较小规模的200米以下深水渔业，包括公海延绳钓作业捕捞长魣鳕、单鳍鳕和大比目鱼等鱼种以及捕捞黑等鳍叉尾带鱼等鱼种的个体渔业。然而，大规模产业化作业是更近期的，并在探索和发现、技术创新、市场需求以及通过渔业补贴提供政治支持的时期得到扩大。利用回声测深仪可发现并轻而易举地捕捞正在聚集的深水鱼，过度捕捞工作导致海山和大陆坡上的局部富集持续枯竭。[28]", "34. 在1990年代，据报，有人观察到主要目标鱼种如橙连鳍鲑、拟五棘鲷、圆吻鳕和蓝魣鳕等的单位努力量的渔获量下降非常迅速，情况惊人。[29] 由于缺乏时间序列数据，科学咨询机构无法提供准确的咨询意见，只是提供强烈的警告信息。 由于缺乏数据，没有提供或者无法完成鱼种评估。", "35. 目前的情况有所改善，主要是因为单位努力量的渔获量的时间序列以及渔业自主研究调查已积累了新的相关信息。这些活动通常没有提供质量令人满意的鱼种评估，但趋势监测和现状评估的依据有所改进。在一些地区，新评估证实了先前的丰量趋势(即丰量迅速或逐步下降至很低的水平)。评估和调查数据至少有一次没有提出具体的趋势或甚至丰量的增加。[30] 然而，对现有案例的调查表明只做了有限的几次评估。", "36. 纵观大规模渔业历史，在世界各地上岸的海山、大陆坡和山脊的深海鱼的生物量估计约为225万吨。[31] 粮农组织估计，2006年从国家管辖范围以外地区捕捞的深海鱼种的年上岸量约为250 000吨，该年从事公海深海捕捞的船只数量为285艘。[32] 虽然不精确，但这些数字说明了深海捕捞的规模。", "37. 相对较少的独立于渔业的调查数据的时间序列显示，出现大规模拖网捕捞的已开发深水捕捞区的丰量下降(如西北和东北大西洋)，[33] 有些影响似乎达及比实际捕捞区更深的水层。目标鱼种和相关的副渔获物鱼种受到了影响，但结果还表明，多样性和生物基本的群落结构得到保持。现在在大陆坡和一些海山区域的许多传统深海捕捞区通过定期调查进行监测，但枯竭的鱼类种群复原需要很长的时间。", "38. 通过上述方式完整地记载了大规模捕捞对某些鱼类种群和副渔获物鱼种的影响，并对这些渔业的可持续性提出质疑。[34] 分析表明，小规模渔业实现可持续发展的可能性可能更大。[35] 总体而言，实现可持续性的关键不在于捕捞方法和渔船的大小或功率，而在于任何渔业对被开发种群带来的渔捞死亡率水平以及如何根据种群消长规律来调整开发活动。", "39. 过去10至15年期间，人们对有害捕捞做法的负面后果的认识提高了，因此，一项新挑战是评估对鱼类种群和生物多样性的影响模式的变化。[36] 有关影响模式变化和复原过程监测的分析也为数不多。[37]", "三. 各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排为处理底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响而采取的行动", "40. 在第64/72号决议第119段中，大会认为需采取进一步行动，以强化执行第61/105号决议第80和83至87段的规定，[38] 并吁请区域渔业管理组织或安排、参加关于建立此类组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国在国家管辖范围以外地区采取若干紧急行动，防止底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群造成影响。在第64/72号决议第120段中，大会吁请船旗国、区域渔业管理组织或安排的成员和参加关于建立此类组织或安排的谈判的国家，根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法，并依照粮农组织的《准则》，通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动；此外，在第64/72号决议第122和123段中，大会吁请各国及主管的区域渔业管理组织或安排采取若干行动，加紧努力，合作收集并交流科学和技术数据和信息，并制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案。", "41. 各国和区域渔管组织/安排为执行第61/105号和第64/72号决议各有关段而采取一系列广泛行动，以处理底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响。", "A. 有监管底层捕捞活动权限的区域渔业管理组织或安排采取的行动", "42. 下节阐述有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排自第64/72号决议获得通过以来为执行第61/105号第83段和第64/72号决议第119段的规定，处理底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响而采取的行动。这些区域渔业管理组织或安排如下：南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(南极海生委)、地中海渔业总委员会(渔业总会)、西北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会和东南大西洋渔业组织。[39]", "43. 其他区域渔管组织/安排，例如中亚和高加索地区渔业和水产养殖业委员会、南方蓝鳍金枪鱼保护委员会以及西部和中部太平洋渔业委员会报告说，没有监管底层捕捞，或者没有这方面的授权。北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织和太平洋岛国论坛渔业局提供的资料介绍了旨在促进以可持续方式管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的一般性努力和活动。", "1. 区域渔业管理组织/安排最近采取的行动概述", "44. 南极海洋生物资源保护委员会目前为避免对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响而采取的管理战略包括以下措施：㈠ 禁止在南极海洋生物资源保护委员会公约区公海海域进行海底拖网捕捞；㈡ 限制到超过550米深处试捕南极犬牙鱼；㈢ 在超过临界值时，关闭属于脆弱海洋生态系统指标分类的副渔获物周边风险区域；㈣ 就拟列入脆弱海洋生态系统登记册的一些有证据表明为脆弱海洋生态系统的区域发出通知。已通过的支持海洋生物资源可持续管理和养护的最重要保护措施是养护措施22-06(公约区内底层捕捞)和养护措施22-07(遵守养护措施22-06的底层捕捞)。[40]", "45. 地中海渔业总会最近采取的措施包括：在地中海渔业总会区域，海底拖网捕鱼活动至少减少10%；在狮子海湾设立一个限制捕鱼区，以保护产卵鱼群和深海敏感的生境；采用40毫米正方网目作为底层拖网网目的最低尺寸。", "46. 西北大西洋渔业组织最近根据缔约方收集的1987-2007年的数据，批准了现有的底层捕捞划界。西北大西洋渔业组织的足迹划定了一向允许使用触底渔具捕捞的地区的界限，该界限被西北大西洋渔业组织用来区分现有捕捞区和新捕捞区。2006年至2009年期间对海山和查明有珊瑚和海绵存在的区域实行关闭，并在2010年审查后保持这一做法，且继续实行。西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会就渔业管理生态系统办法设立了一个工作组，负责查明可列为脆弱海洋生态系统的群落，并评估可能产生重大不利影响的潜在因素。还设立了脆弱海洋生态系统问题渔业管理人员和科学家工作组，以审查科学咨询意见，评估风险，并就采取哪些缓解措施以避免对北大西洋渔业组织管制区的脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响提出建议。", "47. 东北大西洋渔业委员会建立了为了养护目的而不对底层捕捞开放的大面积海洋保护区，并对仍向捕捞开放的分区捕捞活动实行管制，以保护脆弱海洋生态系统，减少产生重大不利影响的风险。在有科学证据表明可列为脆弱海洋生态系统的地区建立了海洋保护区。在科学资料不那么完整的区域，如中大西洋海脊及周围的海山，有代表性的大面积区域也不向底层捕捞开放。在仍对捕捞开放的分区，对其所使用的渔具在正常捕鱼作业中可能触及海底的渔船适用底层捕捞监管规定。东北大西洋渔业委员会还禁止在水深200米以下的水层使用刺网和围网，[41] 并实行各项措施来防止渔具丢失，并清理刺网捕鱼禁令前期间丢失的渔具(幻影捕鱼)。", "48. 此外，东北大西洋渔业委员会绘制了现有捕捞区和新捕捞区地图，以便就使用底层渔具出海捕捞拟订相应的先决条件，并定期进行修订。[42] 东北大西洋渔业委员会还分析了其监管区对脆弱海洋生态系统保护的程度，并估计冰岛南部91.9%的区域被确定为新捕捞区，因此应遵守其暂行试探性捕捞协议。建立了面积占该区域7.3%的的若干海洋保护区，占冰岛以南捕捞区54%(深度不超过2 000米)。整个北冰洋也被确定为新捕捞区。[43]", "49. 东南大西洋渔业组织最近为处理脆弱深海生态系统而采取的措施包括关于脆弱深海生境和生态系统管理的养护措施18/10。根据这项措施，共有11个已知或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的分区不对底层渔业活动开放。关于东南大西洋渔业组织公约区底层捕捞活动的养护措施17/09适用于其禁渔区外所有现有和新的底层捕捞区，并载有有关遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统情况或事件的详细规定。", "2. 区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行大会第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72号决议第119段而采取的措施", "50. 在第61/105号决议第83段中，大会吁请有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织和安排根据审慎方法、生态系统方法和国际法，作为优先事项，至迟于2008年12月31日通过和执行保护和管理措施，以监管底层捕捞活动，并保护脆弱海洋生态系统。在大会第64/72号决议第119段中，大会认为需采取进一步行动，以强化执行第61/105号决议有关段落的规定，并吁请区域渔业管理组织或安排、参加关于建立此类组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国在国家管辖范围以外地区采取若干紧急行动。", "51. 下节阐述区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行大会第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72号决议第119段而采取的行动。³⁸", "(a) 进行评估并确保在进行评估之前，船舶不进行底层捕捞活动", "52. 在第61/105号决议第83段(a)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排根据现有最佳科学资料，评估各项底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，并确保如评估表明这些活动将产生重大不利影响，则对其进行管理以防止这种影响，或不批准进行这些活动。在第64/72号决议第119段(a)分段中，大会还吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排依照粮农组织准则进行第61/105号决议第83段(a)分段所要求的评估，并确保在进行评估之前，船舶不进行底层捕捞活动。", "53. 在南极海生委，养护措施22-06和22-07规定由南极海生委科学委员会开展一项评估，在考虑到该地区底层捕捞历史和风险评估的情况下，确定底层捕捞活动是否会促使对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，并确保如评估表明这些活动将产生重大不利影响，则对其进行管理以防止这种影响，或不批准进行这些活动。影响评估框架设计为一个灵活框架，借以估计所有底层捕捞方法的总体影响，以通报不同渔业在不同地区和/或采用不同捕捞方法所产生的影响的比较。2010年，南极海生委进一步修订了成员在进行捕捞之前应提交的底层捕捞活动初步影响评估的格式和要求。[44]", "54. 南极海生委九个成员已根据养护措施21-02提交了参加新的试探性捕捞的通知，并已根据养护措施22-06的要求提交了底栖生物初步影响评估。南极海生委成员已经接到请求，完成西班牙延绳、拖网、罐以及底拖网方法评估，以便完成一项影响评估。延绳的预计影响一般较低，而每一个分地区或区域捕捞区内的捕捞作业分布不均匀。使用影响评估方法确定未来拟议中的底层捕捞活动影响的工作仍有待进行。", "55. 截至2009年1月1日，在西北大西洋渔业组织，新捕鱼区所有底层捕捞活动或使用以前没有在该地区使用过的底层捕捞渔具，都被视为试探性捕捞，需要拟定试探性捕捞协议，并经过一项评估程序。西北大西洋渔业组织试探性捕捞议定书描述了西北大西洋渔业组织缔约方将其捕捞意图通知西北大西洋渔业组织秘书处并提供捕捞量、缓解措施、渔获量监测和数据收集计划的责任。", "56. 2010年该项评估程序得到进一步修订，要求今后所有底层捕捞活动的评估符合粮农组织准则相关规定，包括确保所有船旗国的评估具有一致性。[45] 如果提议在现有足迹之外进行底层捕捞，现有底层捕捞的行为或技术出现重大变化，或有新的科学资料表明在特定区域内存在脆弱海洋生态系统，缔约方必须提交资料和一份底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统已知和预期影响的初步评估。", "57. 2010年，西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会审查了的中上水层、延绳和其他除移动海底渔具外的捕捞渔具类型对海山脆弱海洋生态系统可能产生的重大不利影响，认定除底拖网外的其他渔具显然可能对脆弱海洋生态系统群落产生重大不利影响。影响主要集中在：(a) 渔具接触海底时造成的生境破坏，以及(b) 非商业脆弱海洋生态系统指示种和宝贵的本地商业鱼类种群的枯竭。延绳、刺网和诱捕器在放置和回收时所产生的运动也会损坏底栖结构和生境。鉴于构成脆弱海洋生态系统的物种生长/繁殖速度迟缓，这些损害会累积而构成重大不利影响。", "58. 在东北大西洋渔业委员会，新的底层捕捞区内所有底层捕捞活动，或者使用以前没有在该地区使用过的底层捕捞渔具，从2009年起已被视为试探性捕捞，需要拟定临时试探性底层捕捞协议，并经过一项评估程序。缔约方提议参加底层捕捞应提交关于其底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统已知和预期影响的资料，包括拟议的防止这些影响的缓解措施，如有可能，还应提交一份初步评估。此后，东北大西洋渔业委员会将采取养护和管理措施以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，其中可能包括允许、禁止或限制使用某些渔具类型的底层捕捞活动。2010年，东北大西洋渔业委员会还通过了底层捕捞规章的修订，以明确捕捞开始之前进行初步评估的义务。[46]", "59. 东南大西洋渔业组织报告，新的底层捕捞区内所有底层捕捞活动，或者使用以前没有在该地区使用过的底层捕捞渔具，都被视为试探性捕捞，需要拟定临时试探性底层捕捞协议。在进行试探性底层捕捞之前，应向东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会提交一份详细的提议，由该委员会就本次试探性捕捞是否可以进行提出建议。试探性底层捕捞活动还应由东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会根据现有最佳科学资料进行评估，确定这些活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响。考虑到东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会的咨询意见和建议，东南大西洋渔业组织将采取养护和管理措施，以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，其中可能包括禁止或限制底层捕捞活动或使用某些渔具类型的底层捕捞活动。", "(b) 查明脆弱海洋生态系统并采取措施防止重大不利影响或禁止在某些地区进行底层捕捞", "60. 在第61/105号决议第83段(b)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排查明脆弱海洋生态系统，通过改进科学研究及数据收集和分享，并通过新的试探性捕捞，确定底层捕捞活动是否会对这些生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成重大不利影响。对根据现有最佳科学信息已知存在或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的区域，吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排关闭这些区域的底层捕捞活动，并确保在建立养护和管理措施以防止重大不利影响之前，不进行这类活动。在第64/72号决议第119段(b)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排开展进一步的海洋科学研究，并利用现有最佳科学技术信息，查明已知存在或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地点，依照粮农组织准则采取养护和管理措施，防止对这些生态系统造成重大不利影响，或在按照第61/105号决议第83段(c)分段的要求制定养护和管理措施之前，禁止在这些地区进行底层捕捞活动。", "61. 在履行上述段落并进行海洋科学研究以查明脆弱海洋生态系统的过程中，西北大西洋渔业组织报告说，西班牙启动了西北大西洋渔业组织“潜在脆弱海洋生态系统——深海渔业的影响”项目，该项目预计将比以往任何时候都更精确地划定西北大西洋渔业组织管理区内珊瑚和海绵的位置(另见第三节C)。[47] 加拿大也在2009年进行了科学勘查和研究以描述西北大西洋渔业组织禁渔的海山奥芬诺尔(Orphan Knoll)。预计正在进行的研究活动将生成数据并做出分析，包括正在进行的旨在查明和划定脆弱海洋生态系统和脆弱海洋生态系统指示种的“潜在脆弱海洋生态系统——深海渔业的影响”巡航，2009年格陵兰底栖调查对海绵的收集和勘查，以及加拿大开展的其他研究活动。", "62. 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，已经根据世界上一些公开来源的各种数据集制作了东南大西洋渔业组织公约地区最新水深数据库和地图。该项研究表明，关于南大西洋海山的数据，尤其是具有生物重要意义的数据，充其量也是非常不完整的，而且质量参差不齐。处于底层捕捞可能探索或捕捞到的水深范围内海山和海山复合区的位置更为明确和直观。", "63. 在采取措施防止产生重大不利影响或禁止在某些地区进行底层捕捞的过程中，南极海生委正就缓解对脆弱海洋生态系统的直接风险可能采取的审慎管理行动提出咨询意见，并将在一次独立于渔业的拖网勘探中查明的两个新地点列入其脆弱海洋生态系统登记册。在一些地区，通过设置大小不同的禁渔区对登记册登记的脆弱海洋生态系统加以保护。但是，尚未制定专门保护所有登记的脆弱海洋生态系统的一般性措施。", "64. 南极海生委还关注海洋保护区，并已商定一系列重大事项，支持向南极海生委提交在2012年设立一个有代表性的海洋保护区系统的提案。2009年，南极海生委宣布为南奥克尼群岛南部大陆架建立一个保护区建立第一个公海海洋保护区，养护措施91-03禁止所有类型的捕捞活动，包括在一个约94 000平方公里的地区内禁止倾倒废物和渔船的排放。", "65. 地中海渔业总会报告，除早先关闭其他一些渔区以保护深海敏感的生境，包括禁止使用牵引式耙网和海底拖网以保护深海珊瑚礁以外，还在狮子海湾设立一个限制捕鱼区，以保护产卵鱼群和深海敏感的生境。", "66. 在西北大西洋渔业组织，西北大西洋渔业组织管理区内18个地区目前已禁止底层捕捞。2010年对海山禁渔进行了审查，决定延长至2014年。2011年将对所有封闭的渔区以及现有涉及西北大西洋渔业组织管理区内底层捕捞的措施进行审查。目前禁止底层捕捞活动的总面积估计为西北大西洋渔业组织管理区总面积的14.13%。[48]", "67. 2009年，西北大西洋渔业组织发布了珊瑚识别指南，协助识别和记录可能经常在拖网中遇到的各种珊瑚种类。2010年，海绵识别指南也已订立，该指南补充了珊瑚指南，使常见海绵种类的识别变得更加容易。", "68. 东北大西洋渔业委员会报告，已在科学证据显示存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地区设立海洋保护区。对2004年建立的海洋保护区根据收到的补充科学咨询意见定期进行更新，主要是根据请国际海洋考察理事会(海考会)提供科学咨询意见的要求。检查机构考察了如何监测和控制海洋保护区，表明在这些地区建立有效的控制和执法是可行的。", "69. 东北大西洋渔业委员会还报告，已在设立禁渔区以保全和保护和/或促进资源和相关的无脊椎动物种群的恢复、保护代表性脆弱海洋生态系统不受潜在的重大不利影响这种一般考虑的基础上，设立了大海洋保护区。2009年，东北大西洋渔业委员会出于审慎的考虑，决定在原来禁渔至2008年底的中大西洋海脊大幅扩大禁渔区。尚无相关空间范围内历史捕捞作业的数据或影响评估，除非做出大量努力挖掘历史资料否则不可能获得这方面的资料。因此，无法对资源和相关的无脊椎动物种群的现状做一个综合的评估。", "70. 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，已根据1987至2007年期间各个网次渔获量的电子数据和1996至2010年间的传统捕捞编制了最新的捕捞足迹。定义了三类可捕捞的海山/海山复合区(“视为不可捕捞”、“已轻度捕捞”和“已捕捞”)，捕捞活动的空间分布与已经查明的海山地区重叠。根据水深和最佳生物地理学知识，禁止在共计11个已知或可能包含脆弱海洋生态系统的分区进行底层捕捞活动。所有分区都包含存在现有渔业进行捕捞活动的潜在或实际可能性的水区，水层深浅不同，最深约为2 000米，这些分区的地理分布是根据保护具有生物地理代表性的海山/海山复合区组合的假设确定的。", "(c) 遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统情况或事件的处理规程", "71. 在第61/105号决议第83段(d)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排要求其成员的船只如在捕捞作业过程中遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的地区，停止底层捕捞活动，并报告所遇到的情况，以便能够就相关地点采取适当措施。在第64/72号决议第119段(c)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排制定并执行适当的规程，以执行第61/105号决议第83段(d)分段的规定，包括构成“遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统”证据的定义，特别是门槛值和指示种。", "72. 在南极海生委，养护措施22-07规定了遇到可能表明存在脆弱海洋生态系统的生物时应采取的行动，包括通知南极海生委秘书处。该养护措施还界定了“风险区域”、“脆弱海洋生态系统指示性生物体”、“脆弱海洋生态系统指示性单位”和遭遇参数。南极海生委秘书处负责维护《脆弱海洋生态系统分类群的分类指南》和一个将禁止底层捕捞活动的已知或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统地区都登记在册的《脆弱海洋生态系统登记册》。⁴⁵ 养护措施22-06还要求缔约方向南极海生委秘书处通报其他包括在研究和相关活动过程中的情况。此项措施包括规定此类通报中应包括的信息类别的准则。南极海生委将于2012年再次审查遭遇措施。[49]", "73. 南极海生委科学委员会就底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统已知和预期的影响提出咨询意见，并推荐做法和缓解措施，包括在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时停止捕捞活动。根据养护措施22-06，在目前禁止大部分底层捕捞活动的地区进行研究的过程中，共通报了32次遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统的情况。按照养护措施22-07，提交了共计53份脆弱海洋生态系统指示种通报，根据其中一些通报宣布了15个风险区。", "74. 西北大西洋渔业组织2008年制定了在新的和现有的捕鱼区进行捕捞时遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统指示种的暂行遭遇规定。2010年，通过了相关措施，以执行一个更为全面的在试探性和现有捕捞地区遭遇珊瑚和海绵物种的数据收集议定书。⁴³ 主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示种门槛值被减少到更加审慎的数量，活珊瑚从100公斤减少到60公斤和/或活海绵从1 000公斤减少到800公斤。使用可能有害的渔具类型和遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统证据的渔船必须停止捕捞，离开该水域并报告遭遇情况。对新捕鱼区内的试捕，还将临时封闭所报告位置周围2海里半径范围内的水域。然后对这类遭遇报告所提供的信息进行科学评估和审查，确定和采取必要措施以保护脆弱海洋生态系统。", "75. 在东北大西洋，东北大西洋渔业委员会的“避离”规则适用于新的和现有的捕鱼区。在捕捞作业过程中的任何地点遭遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据时，船只应停止底层捕捞活动，并向东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书报告遭遇情况，以便能够采取适当措施。根据单次捕捞作业所捕获的活珊瑚和海绵数量确定是否遭遇主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示种。[50] 东北大西洋渔业委员会表示，还没有收到遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统的报告，东北大西洋渔业委员会的任何缔约方也未曾核准在新捕鱼区进行捕捞。", "76. 在东南大西洋渔业组织，养护措施17/09包括了一份关于珊瑚和海绵上岸和报告的议定书和操作程序。东南大西洋渔业组织缔约方应确保在捕捞过程中如有证据显示遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统，悬挂本国国旗的船只停止底层捕捞活动，并向东南大西洋渔业组织执行秘书报告所遇到的情况，以便能够采取适当措施。对于现有的和新的捕鱼区，遭遇主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示种暂时按每网次(即拖网、延绳、刺网的网次)捕获量超过60公斤的活珊瑚和/或800公斤的活海绵加以界定。", "77. 2010年，东南大西洋渔业组织科学分委员会，对西班牙的一条用于商业捕捞洋枪鱼的延绳误捕海绵和珊瑚的数据进行了分析，但得出的结论是，大多数网次脆弱海洋生态系统指示性生物分类群的数量相对较小，没有超出委员会所设定的门槛值。", "(d) 旨在确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种长期可持续性并恢复枯竭种群的各项措施", "78. 在第64/72号决议第119段(d)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排根据鱼量评估和现有最佳科学信息采取养护和管理措施，包括监测、控制和监视措施，确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性，并恢复枯竭种群。在此方面，如果科学信息不确定、不可靠或不准确，区域渔业管理组织和安排应确保采取审慎做法制定养护和管理措施，包括制定措施确保捕捞作业、捕捞能力和渔获量限制的水平酌情与此类种群的长期可持续性相符。", "79. 南极海生委报告说，它已通过关于利用现有最佳科学支持制定养护措施的第31/XXVIII号决议，并根据第64/72号决议第119段(d)分段，通过了一整套关于监测、控制和监视、网目尺寸监管、捕获量和作业报告、禁止专门捕捞、试探性捕捞措施和审慎捕获量限制的养护和管理措施。", "80. 地中海渔业总委员会侧重制定和加强包括针对国际海域深海捕捞的各种监测、控制和监视框架。在此方面，地中海渔业总委员会通过了一系列措施，包括建立船只监测系统的最低标准和区域渔船注册。地中海渔业总委员会每年审查其成员和合作非成员遵守规定的情况，并要求针对查明的行为或疏忽采取补救措施，以免降低其管理措施的效力。在考虑各国和地区的捕捞能力管理计划和科学咨询意见的基础上，根据区域性行动计划确定地中海渔业总委员会地区总捕捞能力水平。", "81. 西北大西洋渔业组织报告说，它已通过每年在其管辖下20个鱼类种群的养护和管理措施。其全面监测、控制和监视的制度包括船只登记、渔获量和捕捞作业报告和记录的要求、鱼类产品标签、贮藏要求和渔具标记、独立观察员、联合巡逻和检查制度、船只监测系统和港口国措施。此外，西北大西洋渔业组织进行了一次年度遵守情况审查，以评估西北大西洋渔业组织缔约方遵守其养护和执法措施的情况。", "82. 东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说，东北大西洋渔业委员会管理区主要渔业管理的所有方面在1998至2007年东北大西洋渔业委员会渔业情况报告中均有详述。东北大西洋渔业委员会管理区内捕捞的所有物种都是有监管的资源，且管理措施到位。国际海洋考察理事会也可提供对某些种群的分析性种群评估。此外，粮农组织渔业资源监测系统载有关于东北大西洋渔业委员会渔业概况介绍，包括关于深海捕捞的概括介绍。东北大西洋渔业委员会采用了一个监测、监视和控制综合框架，协助促进东北大西洋地区渔业资源的长期养护和最优利用。东北大西洋渔业委员会控制和执法计划和非缔约方计划现在已经合并。", "83. 在捕捞作业方面，东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说，鉴于尚未对许多深海鱼类种群进行分析评估，控制各种深海鱼类种群渔捞死亡率被视为不可行。相反，东北大西洋渔业委员会已实行全面的捕捞作业量控制，将国家管辖范围以外地区有限深海捕捞的作业量减少35%。", "84. 东南大西洋渔业组织根据《粮农组织准则》通过了各种养护和管理措施，确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并恢复枯竭种群，包括目标种群的养护措施、脆弱海洋生态系统的养护、船旗国责任和一般性捕捞。为确保深海捕捞和脆弱海洋生态系统的可持续利用而通过的措施包括养护措施17/09，该措施针对与底层捕捞有关的所有活动，并适用于东南大西洋渔业组织禁渔区外所有现有的和新的底层捕捞地区。东南大西洋渔业组织还保留了批准渔船进行捕捞活动的记录。未记录的船只被视为进行非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞。⁴⁵", "B. 各国采取的监管底层捕捞的行动", "85. 在第61/105号决议第80段和第64/72号决议第113段中，大会吁请各国确认深海生态系统及其所包含的生物多样性的高度重要性和巨大价值，立即各自并通过区域渔业管理组织和安排，按照审慎方法和生态系统方法采取行动，以可持续的方式管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统，使它们不受毁灭性捕捞活动的损害。尤其是在第64/72号决议第113段中，大会强调各国在这方面需要采取行动执行粮农组织准则。", "86. 在第64/72号决议第119段中，大会吁请船旗国在国家管辖范围以外地区采取一系列紧急行动，解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响问题。此外，在第64/72号决议第120段中，大会吁请船旗国和区域渔业管理组织和安排的成员，根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法并依照粮农组织准则通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动。", "87. 下节叙述各国为履行第61/105号和第64/72号决议解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响问题所采取的大量措施和行动。", "1. 各国采取的行动概述", "88. 各国和欧洲联盟报告，破坏性捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响是一个严重问题，第61/105号和第64/72号决议以及粮农组织准则是保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受破坏性捕捞活动所产生的重大不利影响和确保深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性不可或缺的工具(加拿大、挪威、美国)。第61/105号决议被视为公海渔业历史上一个分水岭和渔业管理制度的转变。", "89. 若干国家和欧洲联盟强调了执行粮农组织准则的重要性，并侧重介绍了他们各自和集体在这方面的努力(澳大利亚、加拿大、挪威、美国)。有几个国家还强调指出发展中国家的特殊情况和充分履行粮农组织准则和第61/105号和64/72号决议所面临的挑战(新西兰、美国)。新西兰特别承诺支助太平洋小岛屿发展中国家。美国已和新西兰合作以查明南太平洋的脆弱海洋生态系统。", "90. 若干国家(澳大利亚、加拿大、克罗地亚、墨西哥、挪威、美国)和欧洲联盟还报告了实施审慎和生态方法以保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受底层捕捞和破坏性捕捞活动影响方面的进展。加拿大制定了一项管理捕鱼对敏感深海区影响的政策，适用于本国管辖区内外商业、娱乐及原住民的海洋捕鱼活动。该项政策概述了针对传统捕捞区域和边境地区的程序，要求在考虑在边境地区进行捕鱼活动时需要更加审慎。政策还特别考虑了尚未进行触底捕鱼的传统捕鱼区的情况，要求事先进行风险评估。美国制定了一项国家政策，确保保护、维护和恢复海洋、沿海和大湖生态环境和资源的健康，这一政策的核心是一个从生态系统出发的沿海和海洋空间规划框架。", "91. 若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了拟订监管底层捕捞和解决对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响的综合立法或国家政策方面的情况(加拿大、智利、丹麦、挪威、美国)。智利正在制定一项法律草案以建立一个保护和保全脆弱海洋生态系统的法律框架。丹麦报告说，格陵兰正在制定法律，通过界定新捕鱼区、为新捕鱼区拟订离开条款、为新捕鱼区以外地区规定报告的义务以及查明新的不允许使用触底渔具捕捞的地区等做法限制触底渔具的使用。", "92. 欧洲联盟报告说，其共同渔业政策的改革正在进行，预计将于2012年底通过，2013年1月1日生效。该项政策建立了一个水生物资源养护、管理和捕捞的法律框架，适用于在欧洲联盟成员国领土或在欧洲联盟水域内或由欧洲联盟渔船所进行的此类活动，包括在渔业管理中实施审慎和生态系统方法。", "93. 挪威报告说，挪威正在制定管制底层捕捞活动的国家法规，预计将于2011年晚些时候生效，以保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受破坏性捕捞活动的影响。对新底层捕捞地区的捕捞活动，将适用更严格的义务，包括遵循报告和规程惯例以及与科学观察员有关的义务。在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况下，船只必须停止捕鱼作业，报告这一事件，并与该区域保持至少两海里的距离。", "94. 若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了在国家管辖范围内，为确定鱼类种群现状，查明或划定脆弱海洋生态系统，或增进海洋生态系统知识而开展的各种研究和监测活动(澳大利亚、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、墨西哥、挪威、美国)。此外，若干国家和欧洲联盟报告了在国家管辖范围内评估底层捕捞对鱼类种群和海洋生态系统影响研究项目的情况(加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、美国)。美国正在开发一个空间直观模型，作为查明更易受到使用不同类型商业渔具捕捞影响的生境类型和位置的工具。该模型可用来追踪特定地区不同渔期捕捞作业量的变化，查明受影响最严重、需要加以管理的地区。模型还可以用来预测某些渔具改进或捕捞作业量的减少如何改变对生境的影响。", "(a) 监管底层捕捞船只或不对底层捕捞开放的某些地区的措施", "95. 许多国家和欧洲联盟介绍了在国家管辖范围内所采取的监管底层捕捞措施(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、法国、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、美国)。这些措施包括限制或禁止底层捕捞渔具或活动(保加利亚、加拿大、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、墨西哥、美国)，渔区、渔期、或作业量限制(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、帕劳、美国)，以及船只监测、监视和控制措施。在这方面，帕劳禁止在国家管辖范围内进行任何底拖网捕捞并禁止本国国民或船只在世界上任何地区进行底拖网捕捞。帕劳法律还禁止在帕劳经商的公司在世界上任何地区进行底拖网捕捞(另见第三节B.3(b))。若干国家还侧重介绍了他们依照第64/72号决议119段(d)分段的要求，根据粮农组织准则所采取的确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并恢复枯竭种群的措施(澳大利亚、新西兰、美国)。", "96. 若干国家在报告中介绍了如何在国家管辖范围内使用划区管理工具，通过限定或限制捕捞活动，包括通过设立海洋公园、海洋养护区、海洋保护区和禁渔区，保护脆弱海洋生态系统以及海洋生物多样性(加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、墨西哥、冰岛、美国)。许多国家还报告，在国家管辖范围内建立各种特定禁渔区，以禁止底层捕捞活动，保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受重大不利影响(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、帕劳、美国)。", "97. 例如，加拿大近海虾和底层鱼类拖网渔业在新斯科舍近海实行了自愿性禁渔，以保护一个稀有海绵密集的区域。智利最近建立了莫图莫提洛海瓦(Motu Motiro Hiva)海洋公园，该公园覆盖150 000平方公里的海面，禁止任何类型的商业开采活动。克罗地亚在20个幼鱼生长地点禁止捕捞活动，并在其大部分领水内禁止某些形式的商业捕捞。丹麦报告说，在法罗群岛，在查明存在珊瑚礁的三个地区禁止一切拖网捕捞，并正在为其他地区绘制地图。Faroe Bank大部分地区也永久性禁止底拖网捕捞。冰岛报告在某些幼鱼比例经常较高的沿海水域，全面禁止底层捕捞拖网。这样，在水深不到500米的212 000平方公里总面积中约有59 000平方公里的水域禁止底拖网捕捞。", "98. 墨西哥的国家立法制定了管辖40个自然保护区方案的捕捞规定，以及旨在保护15个非捕捞目标海洋物种的准则。2009年建立了瓜伊马斯盆地和东太平洋隆起带热液喷口保护区，其禁渔区总面积达到1 456平方公里。", "99. 美国在阿拉斯加若干地区禁止拖网捕捞，以保护红树珊瑚、蟹类和其他物种栖息的敏感底栖生境以及有与海山相似的脆弱生态系统的尖峰。在南大西洋，建立了深水海洋保护区以保护深水鱼类物种及其生境不受捕捞影响。", "100.　若干国家还报告了在国家管辖范围内采取的具体战略或禁渔区以保护冷水珊瑚和海绵群落(加拿大、冰岛、挪威、美国)。冰岛封闭了5个珊瑚区，进一步工作的目标是界定需要特别保护的地区以及提议增加禁止所有触底捕捞渔具的地区。挪威通过了保护冷水珊瑚礁法规，其中规定禁止故意或疏忽破坏已知的珊瑚礁，要求在已知冷水珊瑚礁附近捕捞必须审慎，并对8个特别脆弱珊瑚礁给予特别保护。挪威船只在已知的珊瑚礁附近捕捞作业时负有谨慎作业的一般责任，此项规定适用于挪威渔业管辖的水域和其管辖水域外悬挂挪威国旗的船只。", "101.　美国在南大西洋地区确定了特别令人关注的新的深水珊瑚生境地区和禁止使用的渔具，以降低或消除捕捞对冷水珊瑚和海绵生境的影响，覆盖面积超过62 000平方公里，在此范围内禁止使用触底渔具和捕捞船只锚泊。加拿大和美国还报告了珊瑚和海绵生态系统战略计划的进展。", "(b) 各国执行主管区域渔业管理组织和安排通过的措施的情况", "102.　许多区域渔业管理组织和安排的成员国支持其所属组织和安排按照第61/105号和第64/72号决议的规定采取相关措施，以保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受底层捕捞活动影响。在此方面，各国报告指出，虽然仍需要进一步的工作，但现有区域渔业管理组织和安排已经采取各种重大行动执行第61/105号决议，包括通过现有或酝酿中的区域渔业管理组织和安排，查明和保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受到底层捕捞活动的重大不利影响，并以可持续方式管理深海捕捞。", "103.　更具体地说，各国报告说他们采取了各种行动，以支持和执行其所在区域渔业管理组织和安排为监管深海捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统而制定的各项养护和管理措施。尤其是南极海生委(澳大利亚、智利、欧洲联盟、法国、挪威、新西兰、美国)、地中海渔业总委员会(克罗地亚)、西北大西洋渔业组织(加拿大、法国、欧洲联盟、冰岛、挪威、美国)、东北大西洋渔业委员会(冰岛、挪威)和东南大西洋渔业组织(欧洲联盟)都报告了这类行动。", "104.　许多国家和欧洲联盟还介绍了各国如何采取行动执行区域渔业管理组织和安排为解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而通过的各项养护和管理措施(澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、新西兰、挪威、大韩民国、美国)。关于法罗群岛，丹麦强调需要时间从执行新的公海底层捕捞规定中获得实际经验，制定和执行监管措施时还需要适当考虑有深海底层捕捞经验的渔船经营人的知识和经验。", "105.　若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了他们如何采取措施以确保有权悬挂其国旗的船只遵守区域渔业管理组织和安排通过的养护和管理措施(澳大利亚、智利、克罗地亚、大韩民国)。其他国家表示其船只没有从事或没有被批准在国家管辖范围以外地区进行底层捕捞，或其船只没有在区域渔业管理组织和安排管辖的地区外捕捞(智利、克罗地亚、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、德国、科威特、墨西哥、新西兰、美国)(见第三节B.3(b))。", "106.　澳大利亚通过颁发公海捕捞许可证，对悬挂其国旗的船只实行严格控制，确保遵守区域渔业管理组织和安排通过的养护和管理措施。所有悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船只必须持有公海许可证才能进行捕捞活动，并应遵守一系列措施，包括强制性观察员覆盖、离开规定、对捕捞方法和渔具类型的限制、旨在减少延绳捕捞误捕海鸟的措施、避免影响鲸目动物和其他保护物种的要求、禁止某些物种的渔获、船只监测系统和报告要求。遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时，澳大利亚船只应在5海里半径范围内停止捕捞，并向其当局报告详情，以便能够采取适当措施。此后该地点在许可证期限内(通常为12个月)不再向任何使用同类渔具的经营者开放(见第三节B.2(b)和(c))。", "107.　克罗地亚对国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会和地中海渔业总委员会覆盖的地区内所有捕捞活动实行严格的许可证制度，并采取一切措施，使用卫星跟踪装置在国家管辖的水域内和公海上严格监测其船队。法国表示，关于海外水域，任何新的底层捕捞活动都应报请初步许可，并依照第61/105号和第64/72号决议，实施初步影响评估措施。", "108.　新西兰对进入南极海生委公约地区的船只进行出海前后检查，以确保经营者遵守相关养护措施。悬挂该国国旗的船只未经这类检查不得在南极海生委和南太平洋区域渔业管理组织地区以外的公海进行底层捕捞。", "109.　若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了现有区域渔业管理组织和安排的科学工作组为解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而开展的研究活动和工作(澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰和美国)。在评估方面，澳大利亚委托进行了一项研究，对悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船只公海捕捞目标物种捕捞率的可持续性进行评估，该项研究将考虑现有捕捞率、主要鱼种如桔连鳍鲑和金眼鲷的有限评估以及可能的管理措施。欧洲联盟报告，西班牙为2008/09年、2009/10年和2010/11年宣传活动编写了严重损害脆弱海洋生态系统和议定书执行情况的风险初步评估报告，以履行南极海生委规定的义务，这就是有船只希望参加底层捕捞活动的缔约方从2008年12月起提交评估报告。新西兰根据第64/72号决议第119段(a)分段，对新西兰船只在南极海生委地区所有底层捕捞活动进行了影响评估。根据其成员提供的评估资料和新西兰提出的风险评估方法，南极海生委科学委员会得以利用表明迄今可能产生的影响的空间直观模型对水底延绳捕捞的累积性影响进行量化估计。", "2. 建立有权监管底层捕捞活动的新区域渔业管理组织和安排并通过和执行公开的临时措施", "110.　在第64/72号决议第119段中，大会吁请参与关于建立区域渔业管理组织或安排谈判的国家在国家管辖范围以外地区采取一系列紧急行动，解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性的影响问题。此外，在第64/72号决议第120段，大会吁请参与关于建立区域渔业管理组织或安排的谈判的国家，根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法，依照粮农组织准则通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动。在第64/72号决议第124段，大会还吁请有关国家进行合作并作出努力，在不存在有权监管底层捕捞活动的渔业管理组织或安排的区域，建立此类组织或安排。", "111. 下节叙述参与关于建立区域渔业管理组织或安排谈判的国家为解决底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响所采取的行动。", "(a) 北太平洋", "㈠ 谈判的现状", "112.　关于北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理的公约草案谈判于2009年和2010年举行，并于2011年3月4日圆满结束。新的北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理公约文本将经过法律和技术审查。英文和法文文本得到确认后，该公约将开放供签署。[51]", "113.　一旦得到参加谈判六个国家中四个国家的批准，该条约即行生效。[52] 2011年晚些时候将举行第一次筹备会议，制订条约生效后成立北太平洋渔业委员会(NPFC)所需的议事规则、财务条例和其他文件。[53] 北太平洋渔业委员会公约草案包括禁止专门捕捞四个目的深水珊瑚和一个查明脆弱海洋生态系统其他指示种的机制，这些物种也将被列入禁止捕捞范围。[54]", "㈡ 通过临时措施", "114.　西北太平洋临时措施2007年由与会各国通过和修改，后来又在2008、2009和2011年进行修改。[55] 在2009年第七次政府间会议上，各国就临时措施适用于整个北太平洋公海地区进行了讨论，但未能达成共识。在2010年第八次会议上，各国同意为东北太平洋考虑另外一套临时措施，并在这种措施通过之前，商定某些初步措施，尤其是关于将底层捕捞作业量限定在现有水平上的措施，以及收集并提交在该地区作业的每一艘船只提供的科学资料。东北太平洋临时措施草案在2010年第九次政府间会议上提出并于2011年通过。与会各国还商定，将西北太平洋临时措施的试探性捕捞议定书适用于东北太平洋临时措施。", "115.　临时措施规定了根据第61/105号和第64/72号决议可持续地管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的目标，并包括了关于地域范围、管理原则、收集渔业和科学信息、建立科学工作组、信息共享和有效控制底层捕捞渔船等方面的规定。[56] 措施还包括将捕捞作业量限定在现有水平上、不允许将底层捕捞扩大到新区域的规定。依照第61/105号决议第83段(a)分段，临时措施包含符合粮农组织准则的科学标准，用于评估捕鱼活动是否会对海洋物种或脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，并提出防止这种影响的管理措施。⁵⁵", "116.　依照第61/105号决议第83段(b)分段，临时措施规定收集信息，以促进与执行措施相关的科学工作。⁵⁵ 为此目的，临时科学工作组一直努力查明和评估识别脆弱海洋生态系统所需要的信息以及评估底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响所需要的信息。⁵⁵ 依照第61/105号决议第83段(c)分段，临时措施规定，将捕捞作业量限定在现有水平上、不允许将底层捕捞扩大到新区域这些限制，只有在能够表明捕捞活动不会对海洋物种或任何脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响的情况下方可例外。", "117.　制定了一份详细的试探性捕捞议定书，为进行试探性捕捞时应采取的步骤提供指导，以确保遵守临时措施和第61/105号决议。根据第61/105号决议第83段(d)分段，要求与会各国的船只在正常捕鱼活动中在遭遇冷水珊瑚的任何地点停止捕鱼活动。船只应停止在这些地区的捕捞活动并离开，到离这些地区至少5海里的地区进行捕捞，以减少再次遭遇的可能性，并报告遭遇情况，以便就相关地点采取适当措施。与会各国之间正在就更为详细的遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统规程展开广泛磋商。", "㈢ 各国执行临时措施的情况", "118. 根据第61/105号决议第83段，与会各国根据现有最佳科学资料评估了各项底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性产生重大不利影响。⁵⁰ 已将评估结果提交给2008年科学工作组第五次会议进行透彻的科学审查，以期提交一份基于共识的的统一的评估报告。然而，对评估结果应该采取何种管理措施则存在不同意见，因此决定每一个与会国在考虑到讨论情况的基础上，做出或修改自己的评估。[57]", "119. 帕劳表示，与会各国2008年发表的评估承认在底栖鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统的现状和底层捕捞作业的影响方面存在很大的不确定性，并表示需要更多的科学信息，才能够依照粮农组织准则对各种影响的意义以及缓解措施的效力进行评估。帕劳强调在对必要的科学信息进行分析之前，无法作出恰当的影响评估，唯一适当的措施就是停止授权在该地区进行底层捕捞。", "(b) 南太平洋", "㈠ 文书的现况", "120. 关于建立南太平洋区域渔管组织的第八次国际协商会议于2009年11月14日结束，会议通过了《养护和管理南太平洋公海渔业资源公约》(《南太平洋渔管组织公约》)。《公约》的目的是通过采用预防方法和生态系统方法进行渔业管理，确保长期养护和可持续利用渔业资源，同时维护这些资源所处的海洋生态系统。[58]", "121.　《公约》通过后，第八次国际协商会议的与会国决定为南太平洋区域渔管组织委员会开始履行职能作出必要安排。2010年和2011年召开了两次筹备会议会议，第三次会议将于2012年1月30日至2月3日在智利举行。[59] 与会者已开始为这一新的组织拟订议事规则、财务条例和预算公式。⁵³", "122. 根据《南太平洋渔管组织公约》第36条，《公约》开放供签署，直至2011年1月31日。根据第36条，现在须由签署国批准、接受或核准；并依照第37条开放供加入。", "123. 《南太平洋渔管组织公约》将在保存机构收到第八份批准书、加入书、接受书或核准书之日起30天后生效，其中至少应有三个毗连《南太平洋渔管组织公约》区域的沿海国家和至少三个非毗连《南太平洋渔管组织公约》区域但其渔船正在或已在《公约》区域内捕鱼的沿海国家。[60]", "124. 澳大利亚报告了为使《南太平洋渔管组织公约》获得批准而正在开展的国内程序。在条约生效之前，澳大利亚正在收集和监测公海捕捞渔获量和渔捞努力量数据，以确保渔获量和努力量均保持在历史平均水平以内。", "125. 太平洋岛屿论坛渔业局强调，其一些成员担心，拟议的《南太平洋渔管组织公约》的北部边界不包括其位于赤道以北成员的国家水域。在这方面，如果拟议的《北太平洋渔委公约》的南部边界与《南太平洋渔管组织公约》的北部边界不连接，就会出现一个缺口。论坛渔业局的一些成员，例如马绍尔群岛、基里巴斯和密克罗尼西亚联邦都有部分地区属于南太平洋渔管组织的职权范围，目前尚不清楚毗连这些地区的公海领域是否属于《北太平洋渔委公约》范围。", "126. 帕劳指出，虽然已就有权监管北太平洋和南太平洋公海区域底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织和安排进行了谈判，但有关公约尚未生效，而且不包括毗邻帕劳的一些公海水域。特别是，被帕劳、日本、菲律宾、关岛和密克罗尼西亚联邦的专属经济区围合的公海飞地不在拟受监管的区域范围内。", "㈡ 通过临时措施", "127. 2007年，参加国商定采取自愿的、不具法律约束力的临时养护和管理措施，处理渔业数据的收集问题，避免深底鱼鱼捕捞产生的不利影响，防止远洋渔业的渔捞努力量增加。⁵⁵ 这些临时措施从2007年9月30日起生效并一直适用，直至《南太平洋渔管组织公约》生效，并通过养护和管理措施。[61] 2009年11月，在底层渔业措施中增加了禁止深水刺网捕鱼。", "128. 底层渔业临时措施规定：㈠ 底层捕捞须限制在现有捕捞水平和正在进行捕鱼的区域；㈡ 采取措施查明和保护脆弱海洋生态系统；㈢ 自2010年起，只有在规定采取养护和管理措施以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统造成不利影响，确保深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性不受各项底层捕捞活动的影响，或者有评估表明此类活动不会带来任何不利影响的情况下，才允许在新的区域捕鱼或扩大渔捞努力量。[62] 根据临时措施，悬挂参加国国旗的船只在捕捞作业过程中，如在任何地点遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据，则必须在该地点周围5海里内停止底层捕捞活动，并报告所遇情况，包括位置和所涉生态系统的类型，以便采取适当措施。", "129. 2007年，参加国还拟定了海底影响评估临时框架和对评估的评价程序，为评估拟开展的底层捕捞活动和制定相关管理计划提供了初步准则，同时建立了有关评估工作的科学评论程序。2009年，科学工作组开始审查海底评估临时框架，以便拟订一个持续开展海底评估的标准。两个参加国提供了底层捕捞活动评估，包括为避免对脆弱海洋生态系统造成不利影响而采取的措施。科学工作组对评估和管理计划进行了评价。", "130. 2007年，参加国还通过了数据收集标准，要求收集每次拖网或海底延绳钓捕到的各种海洋物种的渔获量和抛弃量的详细数据。2011年，南太平洋区域渔管组织筹备会议要求向该组织的临时秘书处提供这些数据。", "㈢ 各国执行临时措施的情况", "131. 澳大利亚报告说，其依照南太平洋区域渔管组织谈判参与方通过的临时措施，对在南太平洋的底层捕捞作业实施空间限制。智利报告说，在公海开展任何新的或探索性深海捕捞行动均须遵守南太平洋区域渔管组织制定的操作标准和规程。哥伦比亚表示关切这些措施在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》生效后才具有强制性，强调必须采取措施，允许及时和公开销售通过合法手段获得的产品。哥伦比亚还强调，南太平洋区域渔管组织成立后，需要向其提供技术支持，以落实所建议的措施。", "132. 欧洲联盟报告说，它全面遵守2009年参加国商定的关于深水刺网捕鱼的临时措施；事实上，这些措施规定，从2010年2月1日起禁止此种捕捞，直至南太平洋区域渔管组织委员会通过相关养护和管理措施。由于欧洲联盟的渔船只进行海底刺网捕鱼，目前在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》区域内没有欧洲联盟的渔船从事底层捕捞活动。[63] 法国报告说，其海外领土没有参与在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》区域内的任何底层渔业活动。", "133. 新西兰报告说，它继续对海底拖网捕鱼执行覆盖面达100%的观察。它还按照临时措施的规定，对在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》水域内的所有海底延绳钓活动实行覆盖面至少达到10%的观察。此外，新西兰实施了禁止深海刺网捕鱼的2009年临时措施。新西兰已利用预测性栖息地模型，开始进行底层捕捞影响量化评估，以查明哪些区域有可能支持脆弱海洋生态系统。", "134. 关于评估，澳大利亚报告说，它已完成了对南太平洋和南印度洋的海底影响评估，以查明确知存在或很可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地区，并评估各项底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。评估考虑到了监测、管理和缓解措施，认为澳大利亚船只进行的底栖拖网和底层自动延绳钓活动对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的风险很低，中层拖网和下拉式绳钓活动的影响可以忽略不计(见第三节B.1(b)项)。澳大利亚将按照南太平洋区域渔管组织临时措施的要求，在2011年9月召开科学委员会会议之前，向南太平洋区域渔管组织临时科学工作组提交评估报告。欧洲联盟报告说，它在2009年提交了海底影响初步评估报告，报告认为，底层捕捞活动对底栖生态系统产生影响的可能性非常小。[64] 但是，帕劳指出，南太平洋区域渔管组织科学工作组认为这一结论完全没有依据。[65]", "135. 新西兰报告说，南太平洋区域渔管组织科学工作组的结论认为，新西兰的影响评估及相关保护措施尽可能缩小脆弱海洋生态系统受到的不利影响。[66] 在这方面，帕劳指出，影响评估确认，底拖网捕捞可能对鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响，就减轻对鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而言，拟定的缓解措施在几个关键方面存在不足。[67]", "136. 新西兰还报告说，其所做的评估被作为制定新西兰在南太平洋区域渔管组织水域内进行底拖网捕鱼作业的管理办法的依据，其中包括关于2002-2006参照年份期间底拖网捕捞历史足迹的定义，拟定脆弱海洋生态系统物证识别规程，以及一个三级禁渔空间系统，据此系统，41%的足迹区为禁渔区，30%在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时必须遵守避离规则，29%的足迹区可开放捕鱼。将构成整个足迹区的八个捕鱼区分为开放、避离和禁渔区。", "137. 帕劳和美国表示关切，一些国家没有按照第61/105和64/72号决议及南太平洋区域渔管组织临时措施的要求进行适当的风险评估，却正在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》区域内开展底拖网捕捞活动。", "(c) 南印度洋", "㈠ 文书的现况", "138. 《南印度洋渔业协定》于2006年7月7日通过，开放供参加谈判的所有国家和区域经济一体化组织以及对毗邻适用区域的水域拥有管辖权的所有其他国家签署，直到2007年7月6日。[68] 在关闭签署后，《南印度洋渔业协定》按照第23条的规定开放供加入。《南印度洋渔业协定》将在保存机构收到第四份批准书、接受书或核准书之日起90天后生效，其中必须至少有两个是毗连适用区的沿海国家。[69]", "139. 澳大利亚报告了为使《南印度洋渔业协定》获得批准而正在开展的国内程序。在条约生效之前，澳大利亚正在收集和监测公海捕捞渔获量和渔捞努力量数据，以确保渔获量和努力量均保持在历史平均水平以内。", "㈡ 通过临时措施", "140. 截至目前，《南印度洋渔业协定》签署国尚未通过落实第61/105号决议的多边措施。2007年10月，澳大利亚对《南印度洋渔业协定》签署国和有关各方表示，其有意通过临时措施，在适用区域执行第61/105号决议。2008年初，澳大利亚向签署国和有关各方分发了临时措施草案，努力推进通过这些措施。", "141. 为落实第61/105号决议，澳大利亚已采取单方面行动，在《南印度洋渔业协定》生效后，将对在协定管辖区域内作业的本国渔船施加有关条件。此外，澳大利亚已完成了对南印度洋的海底影响评估，以查明确知存在或很有可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地区，并评估各项底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。评估采用代用物(例如，测探计和海隆)作为脆弱海洋生态系统存在的指标。在评估产生重大不利影响的风险时，考虑了澳大利亚采取的预防性深海渔业管理措施(见第三节B.1(b)项)。考虑到这些监测、管理和缓解措施后，评估认为，澳大利亚船只进行的底栖拖网和底层自动延绳钓活动对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的风险很低，中层拖网和下拉式绳钓活动的影响可以忽略不计。", "142. 第61/105号决议通过后，欧洲联盟通过了关于保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层捕捞渔具的不利影响的欧洲理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例。[70] 条例将第61/105号决议所载措施变成欧洲联盟的法律，适用于在未成立区域渔管组织或在关于成立区域渔管组织的谈判期间未规定临时措施的公海区域(包括南印度洋)从事底层捕捞活动的悬挂欧洲联盟成员国国旗的船只(见第三节B.3(a)项)。[71]", "3. 各国对没有主管区域渔管组织和安排或没有规定临时措施的区域采取的措施", "143. 大会第64/72号决议第120段吁请船旗国根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86 段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法、并依照粮农组织《准则》通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动。在这方面，第61/105号决议第86段吁请船旗国根据该决议第83段通过和执行措施，或在根据该决议第83或第85段采取措施之前，停止批准悬挂本国国旗的船只在国家管辖范围以外、未建立有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织和安排，也没有根据该决议第85段制定的临时措施的地区进行底层捕捞活动。", "144. 以下部分介绍船旗国采取哪些行动，以通过措施并应对在未建立有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织或安排，也没有制定临时措施的地区开展底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响", "(a) 底层捕捞渔船监管措施，包括禁止在一些区域进行底层捕捞", "145. 一些国家(加拿大、冰岛和大韩民国)和欧洲联盟报告了为应对在无主管区域渔管组织/安排或未规定临时措施的公海进行底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系造成的影响而通过并执行的养护和管理措施。加拿大报告说，其在加拿大专属经济区以外开展的捕捞活动不多，而且几乎全部是在区域渔管组织/安排的监管水域内进行。在受监管或不受监管的水域开展的所有公海捕捞活动以及在别国水域开展的活动均须符合国内的许可规定，必须遵守有关公海的各个区域、包括没有区域渔管组织存在的区域的国内法律。", "146. 欧洲联盟报告说，欧洲联盟成员国的渔船受理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例监管，该条例将第61/105号决议所载措施变成欧洲联盟法律，适用于悬挂其成员国国旗的船只。欧洲联盟成员国只有在特定条件下，并且在有评估表明捕捞活动可能不会对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的情况下，才可发放在公海使用底层捕捞渔具的特殊捕捞许可证。条例还包括关于意外遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统、禁渔区以及适用于所有获得特殊捕捞许可证的渔船的观察员计划的规定。", "147. 欧洲联盟称，受条例约束的西班牙和爱沙尼亚的船只没有意外遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况。2010年初审查了条例的实施情况，审查结果载于向欧洲议会和欧洲理事会提交的报告。[72] 欧盟委员会拟根据最近的事态发展修订该条例(见第三节B.2(c)项)。[73]", "148. 欧洲联盟还报告说，西班牙开展了一个雄心勃勃且耗资巨大的方案，对海洋的不同部分进行科学海底测绘(另见第三节A.2(b)项)。方案活动由西班牙独自或与东北大西洋、西北大西洋、西南大西洋和东南大西洋的其他国家合作开展，包括在不受区域渔管组织/安排监管的一些区域开展活动。方案活动的结果发表在著名科学期刊上。根据大西洋项目的结果，西班牙政府确定了九个禁止底层捕捞的区域，总面积达41 300平方公里，其中有两个区域位于足迹区，那里的海底类型决定了敏感生境有可能得以恢复。", "149. 冰岛指出，冰岛船只在公海开展的底层渔业活动极少，只有一艘冰岛渔船在国家管辖范围以外地区从事海底捕虾活动。", "150. 大韩民国报告说，该国通过一项关于公海底层捕捞的行政指令监管在没有区域渔管组织/安排的水域开展的底层捕捞活动。这一条例建立了一个体系，涉及发放许可、报告遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况、禁渔区和避离规则、影响评估、渔船监测系统、报告渔获量以及防止对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的其他措施。根据与多方利益攸关者合作开展的一项审查，将在2011年修订该条例，以纳入观察员要求、临界值和加强影响评估。在西南大西洋进行了影响评估，但还处于初级阶段，原因是科学研究的成本太高，而且有关在国家管辖范围以外地区悬挂大韩民国国旗的船只的资料不足。大韩民国正努力通过累积信息、扩大观察员的覆盖面、开展国际合作、教育和培训以及与业界的合作和加强科学能力，提高报告的质量。", "(b) 不授权进行底层捕捞活动", "151. 一些国家表示，他们的船只没有或未获准在国家管辖范围以外水域开展底层捕捞活动，或者其船只未在区域渔管组织/安排监管的区域以外捕鱼(智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、法国、德国、科威特、墨西哥、新西兰、帕劳、美国)(见第三节B.1(b)项)。", "152. 墨西哥强调说，尽可能养护脆弱海洋生态系统及其生物多样性非常重要；因此，它支持在国家管辖范围以外区域(即the Area)、特别是存在海山、热液喷口和冷水珊瑚等脆弱生态系统的区域，对底拖网捕捞法实施国际禁令。", "153. 在这方面，帕劳已禁止其国民和船只在世界任何地方进行各种底拖网捕捞，也未授权任何船只在公海从事其他类型的底层捕捞。帕劳法律还禁止在该国经商的公司在世界任何地方从事底拖网捕捞活动(另见第三节B.1(a)项)。", "154. 悬挂美国国旗的船只目前未获准在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底层渔业活动，而且将来只有在完成环境影响评估、包括对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响评估后，才会获准在公海进行底层捕捞。", "C. 各国和主管区域渔业管理组织和安排采取行动，协力收集和交流科技数据和信息，并制定或加强数据收集标准、程序、规程和研究方案", "155.　大会第64/72号决议第122段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排加强合作，收集并交流与执行第61/105号决议和本决议相关段落要求采取的措施有关的科学和技术数据和信息，以管理国家管辖范围以外水域的深海渔业，保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受底层捕捞活动的重大不利影响，途径包括：鼓励各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案，以便依照《准则》并根据《公约》，包括其中第十三部分，查明脆弱海洋生态系统，评估对这些生态系统的影响，并评估捕捞活动对目标和非目标鱼种的影响。", "156.　好几个区域渔业管理组织和安排，以及各国和欧洲联盟，描述了在收集和交流与实施针对底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群影响的第61/105和64/72号决议有关的科技数据和信息方面的总体努力。地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它得到粮农组织次区域和区域一级项目的支持，尤其是加强参与国的科技合作及能力建设的项目的支持。地中海渔业总委员会还同处理养护海洋环境和海洋生物资源的区域和政府间组织和非政府组织密切合作，包括联合国环境规划署/地中海行动计划特别保护区区域活动中心。地中海渔业总委员会海洋环境和生态系统小组委员会正在努力与关心研究环境和海洋生态系统之间关系/互动关系的现有区域机构建立联系。", "157.　西北大西洋渔业组织拥有收集和交流科技数据和信息的完备的基础设施。西北大西洋渔业组织渔业委员会和科学理事会都有永久性的常设委员会，处理交流与渔业有关的信息事宜。2010年，西北大西洋渔业组织关于以生态系统方法来从事渔业管理的工作组非正式同意分享研究调查中的珊瑚和海绵数据。还实施了联合研究方案，如西北大西洋渔业组织“潜在脆弱海洋生态环境——深海渔业的影响”项目调查(见第三.A.2(b)节)。", "158.　东北大西洋渔业委员会有关于报告和数据交流的内部标准和规定，但也依靠海考委促进交流知识、进行科学评估和审查有关渔业法规、脆弱海洋生态系统问题和数据收集规程的提议。海考委就相关科学问题向东北大西洋渔业委员会提供最新材料，并就有关渔业和脆弱海洋生态系统问题的定期和特殊请求作出答复。知识的基本汇编和交流属于专家组的责任。", "159.　东北大西洋渔业委员会还与东北大西洋地区负责规范对海洋生物多样性产生影响的人类活动的其他组织积极合作，包括与其他区域渔业管理组织/安排进行定期会晤和接触。为此目的，东北大西洋渔业委员会同保护东北大西洋海洋环境委员会(奥斯巴委员会)和国际海事组织达成协议，并正考虑与国际海底管理局也达成协议的可能性。东北大西洋渔业委员会最近还决定根据2010年生物多样性公约缔约方大会关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的决定，积极着手支持和组织一期东北大西洋区域讲习班。[74]", "160.　就格陵兰而言，丹麦报告称，脆弱海洋生态系统生物方面的数据合作处于早期阶段，但是正在探讨与加拿大科学家和丹麦动物学博物馆合作的可能性。欧洲联盟报告称，西班牙利用渔业海洋学和合作船舶在非洲、拉丁美洲和南美洲若干国家提供培训，内容涉及研究和数据收集、船上的基本安全、使用选择性的渔具、海洋学、渔业控制和加强体制。", "161.　新西兰委托开展一个研究项目，为拟议的南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约覆盖区内桔连鳍鲑底拖网渔获量的可持续年度捕捞量拟订估计数和可持续地貌特征界限。美国报告了以下方面的情况：它与印尼一道探索调查“珊瑚三角区”内印度尼西亚水域深海栖息地和海洋生物之多样性和分布情况；为确定墨西哥湾深海珊瑚栖息地的特点开展的多年期合作；以及同新西兰举办的关于海洋和海洋生物科学的双边研讨会，以太平洋盆地冷水珊瑚和其他脆弱海洋生态系统方面合作研究为重点。", "162.　在能力建设方面，地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它对其成员关于加强国家研究机构在数据收集、鱼类种群评估和渔业管理领域能力的要求一般都作出回应。通过粮农组织地中海次区域项目，直接给予这些国家技术支持。东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，它成立了一个特殊需要基金，以协助该区域沿海发展中国家对渔业资源加以养护、管理和发展。该组织还根据《东南大西洋渔业组织公约》第21条，充分确认该区域发展中国家的需要和特殊要求。", "1. 国家和区域渔业管理组织和安排为实施第64/72号决议第122(a)至(d)和123段采取的措施", "163.　下节介绍了与实施第64/72号决议有关的行动，这些行动旨在加强收集和交流科技数据和信息，制定数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案方面加强合作。", "(a) 交流最佳做法和制定区域标准", "164.　大会第64/72号决议第122(a)段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排交流最佳做法，并酌情制订区域标准，供在国家管辖范围以外水域从事海底捕捞活动的国家和区域渔业管理组织或安排采用，以期审查当前的科学和技术规程，促进在所有渔业活动和区域中普遍采取最佳做法，包括协助发展中国家实现这些目标。", "165.　西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会定期主办国际科学研讨会以及讲习班，就具体的科学课题交流信息，如把地理信息系统用于鱼类种群评估和鱼种老龄化研讨会，藉此可分享和审查各国所使用的技术方面的信息。西北大西洋渔业组织参加了海考委-西北大西洋渔业组织深海生态问题联合专家工作组，其中有来自西北大西洋渔业组织和东北大西洋渔业委员会缔约方和各国的科学家。专家组每年向西北大西洋渔业组织和海考委内的咨询论坛提出报告，为就与脆弱海洋生态系统科学有关的问题交流科学知识和数据、技术和最佳做法(如识别和划定)提供了一个论坛。西北大西洋渔业组织还参加了负责北大西洋格式标准的小组；该标准用于北大西洋渔船监测系统的通讯，其他区域渔业管理组织正在加以审议，并可能采用。", "166.　在南极海生委，各国须遵循的区域标准是以养护措施的形式提供的，而在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织，临时措施和评估框架就算作区域标准。这些区域渔业管理组织的科学机构对照这些标准评估成员的业绩，以确保遵守这些标准。《东南大西洋渔业组织公约》还载有东南大西洋渔业组织缔约方的责任和职能，以及船旗国和港口国在数据共享方面的职责。", "167.　澳大利亚报告说，它长期参与南极海生委并在其中发挥牵头作用，这为分享海底捕捞活动方面的科学信息和最佳做法奠定了坚实的基础。澳大利亚还是向其他国际渔业管理组织(如中西太平洋渔业委员会)提供最佳做法的重要一方。澳大利亚是《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》及《南印度洋渔业协定》的签署国，因而能够分享信息，并利用最准确的信息来落实养护和管理措施。", "168.　加拿大报告称，其国际治理战略力图促进加强国际共识和能力建设，包括改进知识、管理、标准和协定，以推动在全世界实施可持续做法。加拿大促进资助和支持为实现这些承诺而开展的科学研究和国际合作。研究重点领域包括：确认脆弱海洋生态系统并加以定性和测绘，制定识别脆弱海洋生态系统的快速、合算的方法，评估重大不利影响和可恢复性，以及为制定基于科学的遇报规程而进行的研究和咨询。", "169.　意大利报告说，它参加了同沿海邻国开展的一系列科研协作和合作项目，为其船队未来应用共同规则创造条件。", "(b) 公布评估结果和采取的措施", "170.　大会第64/72号决议第122(b)段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排根据国内法公布关于各项底层捕捞活动是否对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的评估，公布酌情根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段采取的措施，并推动在区域渔业管理组织或安排的网站上张贴这些信息。[75]", "171.　有权监管底层捕捞的区域渔业管理组织报告说，它们维护的网站细述和宣传按照第61/105号和64/72号决议所采取的措施。[76] 根据第61/105号决议第85段，南太平洋区域渔业管理组织和北太平洋渔业委员会的临时秘书处也通过其维持的网站，公布临时措施和评估。[77]", "172.　关于国家的活动，澳大利亚报告称，它将按照南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时措施的要求，向该组织提交其底层捕捞影响评估。2011年，澳大利亚还将向南极海生委提交其底栖生物影响项目的调查结果，该项目是通过多方利益相关者合作实施的。另外，公众可通过底层捕捞影响评估，了解其养护和管理措施。欧洲联盟报告称，欧盟对关于保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层捕捞渔具不利影响的(EC)No.734/2008号理事会条例进行审查的结果载于欧盟委员会提交欧洲议会和理事会的报告。新西兰报告说，其南太平洋区域渔业管理组织和南极海生委影响评估已在相关网站公布。", "(c) 船旗国向粮农组织提交经授权船舶清单及所采取措施清单", "173.　大会第64/72号决议第122(c)段呼吁船旗国向粮农组织提交悬挂其国旗、经授权在国家管辖范围以外水域进行底层捕捞活动的船舶清单，并说明它们为落实第61/105和64/72号决议相关段落的规定所采取的措施。", "174.　澳大利亚维持一个获准在公海捕鱼的悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船舶登记册，并向粮农组织提交了目前持有澳大利亚捕鱼许可证的七艘此类船舶名单。克罗地亚定期向相关区域渔业管理组织(如地中海渔业总委员会和大西洋金枪鱼委员会)传送关于其获得捕鱼授权的船队(包括底拖网渔船)的数据。新西兰向粮农组织提供获准使用底层捕捞方法在公海捕鱼的悬挂国旗的船舶清单。", "175.　大韩民国报告称，它向粮农组织提供了经授权可在国家管辖范围以外地区进行底层捕捞的悬挂其国旗的船舶清单、它所采取的措施以及影响评估报告。韩国计划至少每年向粮农组织提交相关信息，以促进保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受国家管辖范围以外地区底层捕捞活动的全球努力。", "176.　美国报告称，它没有授权任何美国船舶在国家管辖范围以外地区进行底层捕捞，因此，它没有需要通过粮农组织公布的船舶或措施清单。", "(d) 分享关于那些从事底层捕捞而其船旗国无法确认的船只的信息", "177.　大会第64/72号决议第122(d)段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排分享关于那些在国家管辖区以外进行底层捕捞而其船旗国无法确认的船只的信息。", "178.　地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它最近制定了一份据认为是在地中海渔业总委员会地区进行非法、无管制或未报告的捕捞的船舶名单。东南大西洋渔业组织还在其网页上公布获得授权的船舶名单，以及非法、无管制或未报告的船舶名单，并每年加以更新。", "179.　东北大西洋渔业委员会控制和执法制度中包括两项主要工具，用以打击非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼活动，即：把悬挂《东北大西洋渔业公约》非缔约国国旗的船舶列入黑名单，以及港口国控制系统，它控制冷冻鱼在东北大西洋渔业公约区内国外港口的上岸量。东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书处必须向南极海生委、西北大西洋渔业组织和东南大西洋渔业组织的秘书处，并向其他区域渔业管理组织传送非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼船永久名单。东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书处在收到南极海生委、西北大西洋渔业组织和东南大西洋渔业组织关于有船只从事非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼活动的通知后，也必须把非缔约方船舶列入其永久名单。在东南大西洋渔业组织和西北大西洋渔业组织，此项安排已投入运作，在南极海生委则不然。", "180.　澳大利亚报告称，它参加了好几个区域渔业管理组织，从而得以分享科学研究成果并就未来研究及有关渔业问题的统一做法展开合作。日本报告说，2011年3月在北太平洋渔业委员会第十届多边会议上，它提供了关于其捕鱼活动似乎有违第61/105和64/72号决议的三艘渔船的情况。日本试图同已知的每个船旗国联系，但没有得到令人满意的答复。", "181.　新西兰在太平洋和南大洋进行空中巡逻，并向有关的区域渔业管理组织/安排提供关于从事非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼活动的船舶或非法活动的详细信息，以便同其他成员共享。", "(e) 制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案", "182.　大会第64/72号决议第123段鼓励各国及区域渔业管理组织和安排制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案，以便依照粮农组织《准则》并根据《公约》，包括其中第十三部分，查明脆弱海洋生态系统，评估对这些生态系统的影响，并评估捕捞活动对目标和非目标鱼种的影响。", "183.　地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它已制定了其成员须遵循的好几项数据收集标准和程序。西北大西洋渔业组织就在新海域试捕时渔具可能接触海底的情形作了规定，包括将转发西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会的出海捕捞行程报告，以及数据收集表格(载有出海捕捞行程、渔具和捕鱼及渔获信息)。东南大西洋渔业组织制定了收集和报告科学数据的规程，每年由东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会加以修订，以改进数据的收集。2009年和2010年，东南大西洋渔业组织委员会还通过了保护脆弱海洋生态系统的养护措施。", "184.　关于各国开展的活动，加拿大报告说，2009年至2011年间，其国际治理战略资助开展科学项目，以支持确认和保护脆弱海洋生态系统，包括：制定确认脆弱海洋生态系统和测绘脆弱海洋生态系统的准则和程序，制定科技准则以确认、描述和评估可能对海洋生物多样性产生重大不利影响的活动，并制定以科学为基础的影响评估准则。", "185.　新西兰在关于南极海生委区域内底层捕捞的科学工作方面起到了主导作用。2010年，新西兰向南极海生委科学委员会及其脆弱海洋生态系统工作组提交了11篇论文，包括：努力制定影响评估方法，拟订术语汇编和概念框架以评估脆弱海洋生态系统影响，以及编制底栖无脊椎动物类群识别指南，全都为南极海生委所采纳。", "186.　在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织地区，新西兰报告说，目前，它正探讨定量风险评估办法，利用深海珊瑚预计栖息地模型来确认可能形成珊瑚脆弱海洋生态系统的地区。新西兰使用一个预计栖息地模型，以得出在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织区域的新西兰底层捕鱼足迹范围内已知地貌特征上潜在的桔连鳍鲑生物量初步估计数，在此基础上就可能的可持续桔连鳍鲑渔获量提出建议。", "187.　美国报告称，在西北大西洋渔业组织的范畴内，正在采取措施，就试捕区和现有捕鱼区内遇到的珊瑚和海绵物种，实施更全面的数据收集规程。美国还参与评估科学信息并划定禁渔区的其他相关国际论坛，包括参与奥斯巴委员会和海考委的工作。", "四. 联合国粮食及农业组织为促进监管底层捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统开展的活动", "188.　大会第64/72号决议第125段表示赞赏联合国粮食及农业组织作出重要努力，就管理国家管辖范围以外水域深海渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受捕捞影响提供专家技术咨询，并鼓励该组织就执行《准则》作出进一步努力。大会在其第64/72号决议第126段中欢迎联合国粮食及农业组织关于确保可持续使用海洋资源和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的公海深海渔业拟议方案，包括开发支助工具和脆弱海洋生态系统数据库，并邀请各国支持方案，以便优先敲定其各项内容。另外，大会在其第64/72号决议第127段中邀请联合国粮食及农业组织同其他有关国际政府组织合作，考虑如何为船旗国及区域渔业管理组织和安排执行第61/105号决议第83至87段、第64/72号决议第119至122段提供支助。[78]", "189.　如第61/105号决议和第64/72号决议所示，粮农组织发起了一个公海深海渔业方案，目的是协助各国、机构、渔业和区域渔业管理组织和安排执行《粮农组织准则》。该方案致力于建立关于公海深海渔业和相关生态系统的知识基线，并通过加强信息、参与以及利益攸关者之间的沟通和能力建设活动改进现有管理系统。该方案的四大构成部分如下：㈠ 协助实施《粮农组织准则》的各种工具；㈡ 公海脆弱海洋生态系统数据库和相关信息；㈢ 针对具体地区的示范和试点实施活动，加强对深海渔业的管理；以及㈣ 全球协调、监测和评价以及信息传播。[79]", "190.　为了实施粮农组织方案，在粮农组织网站公布了各国提供的获准在公海进行深海捕捞的船只名单。[80] 还发起了深海渔业专家电子讨论论坛和网络，以促进沟通。另外，粮农组织正在编制东南大西洋深海捕捞历史数据集，用以支助区域渔业管理组织和安排以及各国管理渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统。粮农组织方案未来的活动包括拟订关于影响评估的指南、遭遇规则和相关减轻影响的措施，例如“避离”规则以及关于脆弱海洋生态系统的门槛值及指标鱼种。", "191.　粮农组织还应全球环境基金的请求牵头拟订了一项关于国家管辖区之外水域可持续渔业和保护海洋生物多样性的全环基金的全球方案。粮农组织目前正在与合作伙伴共同拟订该方案以及潜在的支助项目，包括关于公海的深海渔业和海洋保护的活动和项目。", "192.　一些国家对粮农组织的作用表示赞赏，或介绍他们参与粮农组织在管理公海深海捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统以及实施大会第61/105和第64/72号决议方面工作的情况(加拿大、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、新西兰)。各国还指出，粮农组织应继续完善《粮农组织准则》，为脆弱生境免遭公海底拖网捕捞的损害提供足够的保护。", "193.　会议还建议，粮农组织应在以下五个优先领域开展技术性工作，协助各国和区域渔业管理组织实施第61/105号和第64/72号决议以及《粮农组织准则》：㈠ 改进确认脆弱海洋生态系统的标准，并将其适用范围扩大到珊瑚、海绵、海峰和热液喷口以外；㈡ 拟订有关减轻影响措施以及拟订和适用遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统规则方面最佳做法的指南，特别是由区域渔业管理组织拟订；㈢ 拟订关于应收集哪些信息以及如何收集信息的指南，以促进执行各项旨在控制渔业对脆弱海洋生态系统影响的措施；㈣ 界定某些用词，以助澄清如何实施《粮农组织准则》；以及㈤ 拟订关于评估最佳做法的指南。", "194.　太平洋论坛渔业局指出，该区域小岛屿发展中国家需要能力建设及技术和财政方面的援助，以便支助实施《粮农组织准则》以及在国际一级推出的各项举措。在这方面，论坛渔业局秘书处请粮农组织考虑为进行评估提供能力建设及技术方面的援助。", "A. 开发各种有助执行粮农组织《公海深海捕捞管理国际准则》的工具", "195.　《粮农组织准则》是根据2007年粮农组织渔业委员会第二十七届会议的要求拟订的，于2008年在粮农组织技术协商会议上获得通过。[81] 《准则》旨在为从适当的监管框架到有效的数据收集方案构成部分等各种管理要素提供指导，包括查明主要管理考虑因素和必要的措施，以确保目标及非目标鱼种以及受影响生境的养护。《粮农组织准则》所载管理框架旨在协助各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排拟订并实施适当的管理公海深海渔业措施。[82]", "196.　粮农组织继续通过为各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排拟订工具和指南努力协助实施《粮农组织准则》。2010年5月10日至12日在大韩民国釜山举办了主题为“实施粮农组织公海深海捕捞管理国际准则：挑战与前进方向”的讲习班，在讲习班上分析了实施《粮农组织准则》方面的挑战，另外，鉴于实施方面的进展依然处于早期阶段，建议粮农组织今后进行进一步的评估。³⁶", "197.　旨在改善《粮农组织准则》实施情况的具体建议包括支助设立新的区域渔业管理组织和安排；支助发展中国家；提供有关影响及风险评估、遭遇规则及相关减缓措施方面的最佳做法和指导；支助鱼群评估；拟订关于脆弱海洋生态环境标准的指南，包括门槛值和指标鱼种；为沟通和信息分享提供便利。[83]", "B. 建立国家管辖范围之外脆弱海洋生态系统信息全球数据库", "198.　粮农组织报告说正在建立一个国家管辖范围以外地区脆弱海洋生态系统信息数据库。该数据库将改善脆弱海洋生态系统方面信息的传播，促进负责任的底层捕捞并协助各国评估底层捕捞对这类生态系统的影响。还将出版便于使用的识别鱼种指南，以助增加对深海鱼种的了解。[84]", "199.　为了避免重复，一些国家建议粮农组织与联合国环境规划署和生物多样性公约缔约方会议进行协调，努力建立具有重要的生态和生物学意义的地区信息数据库。[85] 加拿大也报告说其支持以一种多方位的方式保护公海生物多样性。法国报告说，其将为建立该数据库捐款400 000美元。", "200.　东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，其承诺将尽可能为数据库作出贡献。还与巴西牵头的国际南大西洋MAR-ECO项目分享了最近通过绘制东南大西洋渔业组织公约地区可能的脆弱海洋生态系统等深线地图获得的信息。", "五. 结束语", "201.　新研究强调脆弱海洋生态系统在构成和生态特点方面的多样性、相关有机物的生物特征以及脆弱海洋生态系统的空间规模。许多鱼种生存于脆弱海洋生态系统或与该生态系统有关，是脆弱海洋生态系统群落的成员，但是与该系统的关系的性质可能不尽相同，许多海底鱼种还常常出现在目前未被界定为脆弱海洋生态系统的结构完整的生境。", "202.　尽管与全球渔业上岸量相比，深水鱼上岸量较小，但是深海捕捞有可能造成很大影响。根据记载，底层捕捞渔具对脆弱海洋生态系统造成种种负面影响，从局部鱼种枯竭、丧失生境复杂性、群落结构变化以及生态系统进程改变。对某些脆弱海洋生态系统似乎造成长期破坏，需十年或更长时间才能复原。一些大型珊瑚礁可能永远消失，枯竭鱼类种群复原将需要很长时间。", "203.　各国和区域渔管组织和安排在执行大会第61/105号和第64/72号决议相关段落方面取得实质性进展。所有有权监管底层捕捞的区域渔管组织和安排都为执行上述决议通过了相关措施并采取了行动，但是采取的行动有所不同。一些区域渔管组织和安排，有效地关闭了新渔区，包括一些从来没有过捕捞活动的地区以及在很久以前有过捕捞活动的地区。在这些区域渔管组织和安排，现有捕捞活动基本被限制在相对较小的现有渔区内，并受到一些条件和规定的约束。措施范围很广，从关闭某些地区和适用技术性规定到旨在保护资源和生物多样性的一般性规定，尤其侧重脆弱海洋生态系统。有些措施是临时性的，将需要根据不断提供的新资料进行修订。", "204.　南极海生委、北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会和东南大西洋渔业组织执行了关于进行影响评估的要求，但是要求不尽一致。另外，新的或经修订的数据收集协议和报告程序得到实施，科学观察员得到更多的利用，拟订或正在拟订识别脆弱海洋生态系统指南。上述区域渔管组织还规定了脆弱海洋生态系统指示物种副渔获物的门槛值，达到门槛值即表明遭遇潜在脆弱海洋生态系统，还拟订有关条例，规定渔船应采取的行动。北大西洋渔业组织和东北大西洋渔业委员会对最初的门槛值进行了重新评估，降低了海绵和珊瑚的门槛值，但是在北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会或东南大西洋渔业组织均未查明其他指示物种。只有南极海洋生物资源保护委员会报告说实际遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统。", "205.　参加为在太平洋建立新的区域渔管组织而进行的谈判的各国所作的努力取得了成果，这就是通过了南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约，并成功地结束了关于北太平洋的谈判。通过了一些临时措施，并建立了相关科学机制来实施这些措施，直至有关条约生效。", "206.　许多国家通过了适用于本国管辖区以内和以外地区的措施，作为对区域渔管组织措施的补充。一些国家还通过了有关措施，适用于在未建立区域渔管组织或实行临时措施的地区进行捕捞活动的渔船。各国提交的报告形式多样，水平参差不齐。", "207.　关于区域渔管组织和安排与各国之间如何交流程序、最佳做法和标准方面的信息相对较少。尽管存在区域差异，但是若干区域渔管组织和安排的许多措施相似或协调一致。一些区域正在进行研究活动，以探索知之甚少的深水生态系统，或绘制脆弱海洋生态系统示意图并监测深水资源，但是无法确定这方面活动增多是否因为区域渔管组织和安排采取的行动。", "208.　第61/105 号和第 64/72号决议以及《粮农组织准则》如果能够得到充分实施，将成为保护脆弱海洋生态系统免遭底层捕捞负面影响的必要工具。尽管采取了重大行动，上述决议的实施情况依然参差不齐，还需要进一步努力。由于各国以及区域渔管组织和安排在实施所通过的措施方面的经验尚在积累之中，对这些措施在监管渔业、促进资源复原和养护以及保护脆弱海洋生态系统方面的有效性进行全面评价所需依据依然有限。", "附件", "答复调查问卷的国家和组织名单", "国家", "澳大利亚", "保加利亚", "加拿大", "智利", "哥伦比亚", "克罗地亚", "丹麦", "法国", "德国", "冰岛", "意大利", "日本", "科威特", "墨西哥", "新西兰", "挪威", "帕劳", "大韩民国", "美利坚合众国", "墨西哥", "区域经济一体化组织", "欧洲联盟", "联合国专门机构", "粮农组织", "区域渔业管理组织和安排", "中亚和高加索区域渔业和水产业委员会", "南极海洋生物资源保护委员会", "南部金枪鱼养护委", "论坛渔业局", "地中海渔业总委员会", "北大西洋渔业组织", "北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织", "东北大西洋渔业委员会", "北太平洋渔业委员会", "东南大西洋渔业组织", "南太平洋区域渔业管理组织", "中西太平洋渔委", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 联合国粮食及农业组织《关于公海深海渔业管理国际准则的技术协商会议协商会议报告，2008年2月4日至8日和8月25日至29日，罗马》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告第881号。", "[3] 见A/64/305，第9段。", "[4] 见联合国粮食及农业组织《关于公海深海渔业管理国际准则的技术协商会议报告，2008年2月4日至8日和8月25日至29日，罗马》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告第881号；另见《粮农组织公海深海渔业管理国际准则》，第14-16段。", "[5] 例如，参见A/58/65、A/59/62、A/60/63/Add.1、A/61/154和A/64/305。", "[6] 海山的估计数目取决于海山的定义，海山因其形态、山体高度和与其他大型结构如海洋中脊和大陆坡之间的关系不同而各异。欲了解最新研究，参见T.A.Schlacher, et al. eds.,“Recent advances in seamount ecology”,载于《海洋生态学》第31卷,(补编第1号),(2010年)；M.R Clark, et al.,“The Ecology of Seamounts：Structure, Function, and Human Impacts, 载于《海洋科学年度审查》第2卷,(2010年)；T.J Pitcher et al.eds., Seamounts： Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation,Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12,(牛津Blackwell出版社, 2007年)；A.N.Mironov et al, Eds.,Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. (莫斯科,KMK 科学出版公司，2006年)。", "[7] 见 A.A.Rowden, et al.,“Paradigms in seamount ecology：fact, fiction and future”，载于《海洋生态学》第31卷(补编第1号)(2010年)；国际海洋生物普查计划项目。可查阅http://censeam.niwa.co.nz。", "[8] T.A.Schlacher, et al.,“Seamount science scales undersea mountains：new research and outlook”载于《海洋生态学》第31卷(补编第1号),(2010年)。", "[9] 例如，见T.Shank,“Seamounts. Deep ocean laboratories of faunal connectivity, evolution, and endemism.”载于《海洋学》第23卷,(2010年)；W.Cho, and T.M.Shank,“Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species on North Atlantic seamounts”，载于《海洋生态学》第31卷：(补编第1号),(2010年)。", "[10] L.A.Levin, et al. eds.,“Advances in Vent,Seep, Whale-and Wood-Fall Biology”,载于《海洋生态学》第28卷，(2007年)； C.R.Fischer, et al.,“Hydrothermal vent ecosystems, 载于《海洋学》第20卷，第(1)号(2007年)；M.Baker, et al.,“Biogeography, ecology,and vulnerability of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep-sea”载于 Life in the World’s Oceans：A.D.McIntyre，ed.(联合王国Blackwell出版社，2010年)。", "[11] 某些衣管虫可存活至少200年，但双壳类动物的寿命相对较短。见E.E.Cordes, et al., “Patterns of growth in cold-seep vestimenferans including Seepiophila jonesi: a second species of long-lived tubeworm”,载于《海洋生态学》第28卷(2007年)；J.P. Barry, et al.,“Growth, production, and mortality of the chemosynthetic vesicomyid bivalve, Calyptogena kilmeri from cold seeps off central California”载于《海洋生态学》，第28卷，(2007年)。", "[12] 见E.Ramirez-Llodra, et al,“Biodiversity and Biogeography of Hydrothermal Vent Species：Thirty Years of Discovery and Investigations”，载于《海洋学》，第20卷，第(1)号，(2007年)。", "[13] 见J.Murray Roberts, et al., Cold-Water Corals：The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats，(联合王国，剑桥大学出版社，2009年)。", "[14] A.D.Rogers,et al,“Corals on seamounts”,Seamounts：Ecology,Fisheries and Conservations, T.J.Pitcher et.al.,ed；Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12(牛津，Blackwell出版社，2007年)。", "[15] 见A.H, Andrews, et al.,“Investigations of age and growth for three deep-sea corals from Davidson Seamount off central California”,载于《冷水珊瑚和生态系统》(Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag，2005年)。", "[16] 见,J.M. Portela, et al.,“Preliminary description of the overlap between squid fisheries and VMEs on the high seas of the Patagonian Shelf”载于《渔业研究》第16卷(2010年)；F. J. Murillo et al.,“Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean)：interaction with fishing activities”，载于海考会《海洋科学期刊》，第68卷，第2号，(2011年)。", "[17] 见A. Freiwald and Murray Roberts,Cold-Water Corals：The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats.(联合王国，剑桥大学出版社，2009年)；and A.D.Roberts et al,“Corals on seamounts”, 载于《海山：生态、渔业和保护》，《渔业和水产资源系列12》，T.J.Pitcher et al, eds.(牛津，Blackwell出版社，2007年)。", "[18] 见N.R. Merrett和R.L. Haedrich，深海水底层鱼类和渔业(London，Chapman and Hall，1997年)。", "[19] 见Bensch等人，《公海底层捕捞全球审查》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖技术文件，第522号(2008年)。", "[20] 见M.P.Sissenwine和P.M. Mace，“深水渔业可以持续管理吗？”《粮农组织渔业报告》，第838号(2007年)。", "[21] 见P. A.Large等人，“Deep-water Fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic：II. Assessment and Management Approaches,”in Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, vol.31(2003)。", "[22] T. Morato和M.R.Clark，“Seamount fishes：ecology and life histories”in Seamounts： Ecology，Fisheries and Conservation，Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12(Oxford， Blackwell Publishing，2007)。", "[23] 见A/59/62/Add.1、A/61/154和A/64/305。", "[24] 见A. Williams等人，“Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from bottom trawling impacts.”Marine Ecology，vol 31(Suppl.1)(2010)。", "[25] 见J. Hall-Spencer等人，Design of Marine Protected Areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank，in Marine Ecology Progress Series，vol.397(2009)。", "[26] 见D.P.Tittensor等人，“Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts，”in Journal of Biogeography vol.36(2009)；M.R.Clark和D.P.Tittensor，“An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts”in Marine Ecology，vol. 31(Suppl.1)(2010)。", "[27] 2005年试图就东北大西洋坡的一部分进行数量分析的一项研究表明，渔业对人类在深海底开展的整体活动所产生的相对作用可能很大，且显然其主导作用。但研究只对活动进行量化分析，却没有对影响进行量化分析，但似乎没有在类似的空间范围进行影响研究(见A.Benn等人，Human activities on the deep-seafloor in the North East Atlantic：An assessment of spatial extent，PlosOne vol.5，no.9(2010)。", "[28] 粮农组织最近的报告以及出版的文件和评论都涉及深海渔业的历史、地理分布情况和物种组成以及科学和管理方面作出的回应。如见粮农组织渔业会议记录3/1和3/2，深海2003年：深海渔业的治理和管理问题会议，粮农组织渔业报告第838号，粮农组织，罗马，2005年。", "[29] 见M. Clark，“Experience with management of orange roughy(Hoplostethus atlanticus)in New Zealand waters，and the effects of commercial fishing on stock over the period 1980-1993”，in Deep-water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Slope，A.G.Hopper，ed.(Netherlands，Kluwer Academic Publishers，1995)；and ICES,Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources and advisory reports 1998 and onwards，查阅以下网站：www.ices.dk。", "[30] F.Gonzales-Costas和H. Murua，“An analytical assessment of the roughead grenadier stock in NAFO Subareas 2 and 3”，in American Fisheries Society Symposium vol.63(2008)。", "[31] 见M.R.Clark等人，“Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts”，in Seamounts：Ecology，Fisheries and Conservation，Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12，T.J.Pitcher等人编辑(Oxford，Blackwell Publishing，2007)。", "[32] 见Bensch等人，《公海底层捕捞全球审查》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖技术文件，第522号(2008年)。", "[33] 见J.A. Devine等人，“Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered”， in Nature vol. 439(2006)； D. M. Bailey等人，“Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the North East Atlantic：deeper-reaching effect of fisheries?”，in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London，Series B，vol. 276(2009)；N.Campbell等人，“Species richness，taxonomic diversity，and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope”，in International Journal of Marine Science，vol.68，no.2(2011)。", "[34] 见《粮农组织渔业报告》，第838号；T. Morato和 M.R.Clark，“Seamount fishes：ecology and life histories”，in Seamounts：Ecology，Fisheries and Conservation， Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12，T.J.Pitcher等人编辑(Oxford，Blackwell Publishing， 2007)。", "[35] 见H.da Silva和M.R.Pinho，“Small-scale fishing on seamounts”。", "[36] O.A.Bergstad和Å.S.Høines，Bottom fisheries closures introduced by Atlantic RFMOs as elements of new regulatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable resource utilization and conserve biodiversity.Working Document，ICES(2011年2月)。", "[37] 粮农组织公海深海渔业管理国际准则执行情况讲习班——挑战和前进方向，2010年5月10日至12日，韩国釜山，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告，第948号(粮农组织，罗马，2010年)。", "[38] 见A/64/305，第44段。", "[39] 下文第三章B.2阐述参与谈判建立区域渔业管理组织/安排的国家为执行64/72号决议第119段而采取的行动。", "[40] 这些措施补充养护措施：22-04和22-05关于深海刺网和出于非科研目的使用海底拖网渔具；24-01关于科研适用的养护措施；41-05和22-08关于禁止在550米以下用底层渔具进行捕鱼；21-01关于新渔业措施；21-02关于探索性渔业；10-02关于核准进行海底捕捞活动及22-06中的程序。", "[41] 见A/64/305，第35段。", "[42] 欧洲联盟提供的意见。", "[43] 海洋考察理事会拟订了一个完整的探索性海底渔业协议，东北大西洋渔业委员会将于2011年对其进行审查。", "[44] 欧盟和美国提供的资料。", "[45] 西北大西洋渔业组织和美国提供的资料。", "[46] 挪威提供的资料。", "[47] 加拿大、欧盟和西北大西洋渔业组织提供的资料。", "[48] 一个珊瑚和海绵保护区禁渔区一部分处于西北大西洋渔业组织管理区之外(在加拿大专属经济区)，故在计算禁止底层捕捞地区的比例时予以计入。", "[49] 新西兰提供的资料。", "[50] 见所有东北大西洋渔业委员会关于底层捕捞建议综合文本附件4下列规定：“对于现有的和新的捕鱼区，遭遇主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示性物种按每网次（即拖网、延绳、刺网的网次）捕获量超过60公斤活珊瑚(和/或800公斤活海绵)加以界定。”(可参见http://neafc.org/system/ files/%252Fhome/neafc/drupal2_files/consolidated_bottomfishing_regulations.pdf.)", "[51] 北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理公约临时秘书处提供的资料。", "[52] 加拿大、中国、日本、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、美国。", "[53] 美国提供的资料。", "[54] 加拿大提供的资料。", "[55] 见第A/64/305号决议第146-152段，临时秘书处和美国提供的资料。", "[56] 临时秘书处和美国提供的资料。", "[57] 见http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/Assessment.html的评估，其中包括2008年评估报告后每一个与会国家采取的现有临时措施的细节。", "[58] 见《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》第2条。", "[59] 见www.southpacificrfmo.org/preparatory-conference/。", "[60] 详见《南太平洋渔管组织公约》第38(1)条。如果《南太平洋渔管组织公约》在通过后三年内未生效，则其将于第十份批准书、加入书、接受书或核准书交存之后六个月或第1段规定的时间生效，两者之中以较早的日期为准。", "[61] 另见A/64/305，第163-166段。", "[62] 南太平洋区域渔管组织临时秘书处提供的资料。", "[63] 见南太平洋区域渔管组织临时秘书处，《临时管理措施报告》(2011)。见http://www.southpa- cificrfmo.org/assets/PrepCon-2/Plenary/PrepCon-02-INF-02-Report-on-Interim-Management-Measures-Rev2.pdf。", "[64] 西班牙，环境、农村及海洋部，《对严重破坏脆弱海洋生态系统的风险的初步评估》。见http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/SWG-VIII/SP-08-SWG-DW-02-EC-Bottom-fishing-assessment-ENG.pdf。", "[65] 见南太平洋区域渔管组织科学工作组，《科学工作组报告》(2009年第八次会议)。见 http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/Plenary-VIII/8th-SWG-Report-Final-Adopted-6-Nov-09-JMA-apendicies-fixed-maps-fixed-24-Nov-09-5pm.pdf)。", "[66] 新西兰渔业部，《底层渔业影响评估》(2008)。", "[67] 帕劳提供的资料。", "[68] 另见A/64/305，第140-141段。", "[69] 见http://www.fao.org/Legal/treaties/035s-e.htm。", "[70] 《欧洲联盟公报》，L20，2008年7月30日。", "[71] 见欧洲理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例第8、9和11条。", "[72] 欧洲联盟委员会，“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas from the adverse impact of bottom fishing gears”。(委员会提交欧洲议会和欧洲联盟理事会的关于执行理事会第(EC) 734/2008号条例，保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受海底捕捞渔具的不利影响的报告)。COM (2010) 651最终报告。", "[73] 同上，第17段。", "[74] 见生物多样性公约缔约方大会关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的第X/29号决定。", "[75] 见第61/105号决议，第84和87段。", "[76] 见www.ccamlr.org；www.gfcm.org/GFCM/EN；www.nafo.int；www.neafc.org；www.seafo.org。南极海生委委员会脆弱海洋生态系统类群分类指南见www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/sc/obs/vme-guide. pdf。地中海渔业总委员会所采取的全方位措施，可查阅其网站上的电子简编：http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/e-Compendium/ info.html。", "[77] 见www.southpacificrfmo.org和http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/index.html。关于南太平洋区域渔业管理组织底栖影响评估临时框架的信息亦可见www.southpacificrfmo.org。", "[78] 见第61/105号决议第88-90段和A/64/305号文件第190-199段。", "[79] 联合国粮食及农业组织提供的资料。另见http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/158143/en。", "[80] 见ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/UNGA/deep_sea/UNGA61_105.pdf。", "[81] 见A/64/305，第194-196段。", "[82] 见/www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm和http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en。", "[83] 联合国粮食及农业组织提供的资料。", "[84] A/66/70，第41段。", "[85] 见生物多样性公约缔约方会议关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的第X/29号决定，另见A/66/70，第163段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Agenda item 76 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Oceans and the law of the sea: sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments", "Actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in response to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of General Assembly resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 113 to 117 and 119 to 127 of General Assembly resolution 64/72 on sustainable fisheries, addressing the impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to paragraph 122 of General Assembly resolution 65/38 of 7 December 2010, requesting the Secretary-General, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in response to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 113 to 117 and 119 to 127 of resolution 64/72, in order to facilitate the further review of the actions taken referred to in paragraph 129 of resolution 64/72.", "The report is a follow-up to earlier reports prepared by the Secretary-General (A/64/305 and A/61/154). It should also be read in conjunction with earlier interim reports of the Secretary-General on the measures taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to implement resolution 61/105 (A/62/260, paras. 60-96, and A/63/128, paras. 63-78).", "Contents", "Page\nAbbreviations 4\nI.Introduction 6II.Overview 7 of the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish \nstocks A.Vulnerable 7 marine ecosystems: an updated \nreview B.Deep-sea 10 fish \nstocks C.Impacts 11 of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish \nstocks III.Actions 14 taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish \nstocks A.Actions 15 taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with competence to regulate bottom \nfisheries B.Actions 24 taken by States to regulate bottom \nfisheries C.Actions 38 taken by States and competent regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in cooperating to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information and develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research \nprogrammes IV. Activities 44 of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the regulation of bottom fisheries and the protection of vulnerable marine \necosystems A.Developing 45 tools for the implementation of the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries on the High Seas of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United \nNations B.Establishing 46 a global database of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems beyond national \njurisdiction V.Concluding 47 \nremarks \nAnnex Listof 49 respondentsto \nthequestionnaire", "Abbreviations", "CACFish\tCentral Asean and Caucasus Regional Fisheriesand Aquaculture Commission\nCCAMLR\tCommission for the Conservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources\nCCSBT\tCommission for the Conservation of SouthernBluefin Tuna\nCITES\tConvention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora\nFAO\tFood and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations\nFAO Guidelines\tInternational Guidelines for the Management ofDeep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas of the Foodand Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations\n FFA Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency \n GEF Global Environment Facility \nGFCM\tGeneral Fisheries Commission for theMediterranean\nGPA\tGlobal Programme of Action for the Protection ofthe Marine Environment from Land-basedActivities\nICCAT\tInternational Commission for the Conservation ofAtlantic Tunas\nICES\tInternational Council for the Exploration of theSea\n IMO International Maritime Organization \n ISA International Seabed Authority \n IUU fishing Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing \n MPA Marine-protected area \n NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization \n NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization \n NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission \n NPFC North Pacific Fisheries Commission \nOSPAR\tConvention for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPARConvention)\nRFMO/A\tRegional fisheries management organization orarrangement\nNEREIDA\tNAFO Potential Vulnerable MarineEcosystem-Impacts of Deep-sea Fisheries project\n SEAFO South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization \n SIOFA South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement \nSPRFMO\tSouth Pacific Regional Fisheries ManagementOrganization\n VME Vulnerable marine ecosystem \n WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission", "I. Introduction", "1. In resolution 64/72 of 4 December 2009, the General Assembly, inter alia, welcomed the important progress made by States, regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements (RFMO/As) and those States participating in negotiations to establish a RFMO/A competent to regulate bottom fisheries to give effect to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and address the impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "2. On the basis of its review, the General Assembly considered that further actions, in accordance with the precautionary approach, ecosystem approaches and international law were needed to strengthen the implementation of these paragraphs, and called upon RFMO/As with the competence to regulate bottom fisheries, States participating in negotiations to establish such organizations or arrangements, and flag States to take the additional actions described in the present report. The General Assembly also called upon States to take action immediately, individually and through RFMO/As, to implement the 2008 International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations[1] in order to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect VMEs from destructive fishing practices.", "3. In addition, the General Assembly decided to conduct a further review at its sixty-sixth session in 2011 of the actions taken by States and RFMO/As in response to the relevant paragraphs in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, with a view to ensuring effective implementation of the measures and to make further recommendations, where necessary.", "4. Following the adoption of resolution 65/38, requesting the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the above-mentioned actions, the Secretary-General circulated a questionnaire to States, regional economic integration organizations and RFMO/As, inviting them to submit information on actions taken to implement the relevant resolutions with a view to facilitating a further review. Information was also requested from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).", "5. In response, submissions were received from 19 States, the European Union, 12 RFMO/As and FAO (see annex). The present report is based on the information therein provided, as well as other relevant information. The Secretary-General wishes to express his appreciation for these submissions.", "II. Overview of the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep‑sea fish stocks", "A. Vulnerable marine ecosystems: an updated review", "6. As previously reported,[2] the vulnerability of an ecosystem is related to the likelihood that one or more components (i.e., population, community or habitat) will experience substantial alteration owing to short term or chronic disturbance, and the likelihood that it will recover, and in what time frame. The most vulnerable ecosystems are those that are both easily disturbed and very slow to recover, or may never recover.[3] Within ecosystems, seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold-water corals may be regarded as ecotopes, which are expected to occur as numerous, small patches, scattered among areas of larger ecosystems.¹", "7. Earlier reports of the Secretary-General provided detailed descriptions of VMEs, in particular VMEs in the deep-sea beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.[4] The following section provides an updated review on these VMEs.", "1. Seamounts", "8. Ecological paradigms have created a widely held view of seamounts, which are bathymetric features, as unique environments, hotspots of biodiversity and endemicity and fragile ecosystems of exceptional ecological worth. However, most of the scientific paradigms concerning seamount ecosystems are based on a very limited number of quantitative studies. Of the many thousands of seamounts worldwide, only around 300 have been sampled extensively by scientific standards.[5]", "9. A recent review of the evolution of the major paradigms in seamount ecology has revealed significant gaps in knowledge and called into question the accuracy of some of these paradigms.[6] Assertions that seamount communities are vulnerable to fishing and have high sensitivity and low resilience to bottom trawling disturbance were well supported by existing data. Physical disturbance or destruction of sessile communities with low productivity and rapid depletion of highly valued fish species that tend to aggregate at seamounts were well documented. However, the generalization that seamounts are island habitats with highly endemic faunas that comprise unique communities distinct in species composition from other deep-sea habitats was not generally supported. Obtaining evidence for endemism required very extensive sampling, and there had been some misuse of this term. In addition, the general belief that seamount communities have high production supported by localized production in bottom-up processes was not generally supported. The biomass and abundance of seamount-associated organisms may be high, but the production depended on a combination of localized production and input from adjacent ocean areas.", "10. There was, however, evidence to support the notion of seamounts as stepping stones for dispersal, oases of abundance and biomass, and hotspots of species richness, but present sampling levels were too low to establish these generalities. Benthic diversity could be comparable to that observed on continental margins.[7] Further investigation was also needed into emerging paradigms that seamount communities were structurally distinct, that populations of invertebrates on seamounts were the source of propagules for nearby slope sinks, and that seamounts might act as biological refugia from large-scale catastrophic environmental events. Genetic studies documented complex connectivity patterns between seamounts and other habitats, depending on spatial scales and life history features of the organisms investigated.[8]", "2. Hydrothermal vents", "11. Hydrothermal vents sustaining benthic and benthopelagic communities driven by chemosynthetic processes were first discovered in the late 1970s.[9] At mid-ocean ridges, interaction among the liquid magma from the Earth’s mantel, gases and water at extreme pressures create high-temperature deep-sea vents rich in chemicals that feed bacteria at the base of unique food chains. Other chemosynthetic systems are cold (cold seeps), which were first discovered along ocean margins in the Gulf of Mexico. The energy and matter derived from chemosynthetic processes at vents (and other deep features, such as cold seeps) is very minor compared with that generated by photosynthesis.", "12. While widespread and probably more common than anticipated, hydrothermal vents are relatively small and localized maritime features. They typically occur at divergent plate boundaries (mid-ocean ridges) and convergent plates where back-arc spreading centres occur, in all oceans and at all latitudes. While the diversity of vent communities is low, endemism is high. Diversity in life history strategies of vent organisms is also probably high.[10] As new vent sites are being discovered, and with them a range of new associated species, early biogeographical theories are being tested and modified.[11]", "13. Of the vulnerable communities associated with chemosynthetic features, communities associated with cold seeps are probably more at risk of disturbance from human activity than those at hydrothermal vents. Cold seeps occur in soft-bottom continental shelf and slope areas where activities such as bottom trawling and petrochemical extraction are more extensive.", "3. Cold-water corals and hydroids", "14. Certain cold-water corals and hydrozoans,[12] primarily those potentially or actually forming forests, gardens and reefs, are members and indicators of vulnerable communities. Key taxa are stony corals (Scleractinia), alcyonaceans and gorgonians (Octocorallia), black corals (Antipatharia), and hydrocorals (Stylasteridae). Another group, primarily found on soft substrate, are the sea pens (Pennatulacea). Structured habitats formed by these taxa harbour diverse faunas that together may constitute a VME.", "15. Cold-water corals are typically found along submerged edges and slopes, on summits and along margins of seamounts,[13] on upper continental slopes and ridge hills and in canyons and trenches. Many coral species have vast ranges and some species are reef-forming. Different species or species groups have particular habitat preferences and depth ranges, and, based on knowledge on such patterns, habitat suitability modelling have been used to “predict” distributions of certain coral taxa, e.g., Lophelia.", "16. Stony coral reefs are ancient structures and deep-sea corals grow slowly and have the potential to live for thousands of years.[14] Reef ages may, therefore, be very high, but reefs are composed of some live and a large proportion of dead coral. Individual colonies seem to have the potential to grow quite rapidly, as shown by colonies frequently found attached to offshore oil rigs. But growth rates depend on food supply and environmental conditions, and deepwater corals are generally slow-growing.", "17. Mapping of corals and coral habitats continues worldwide and, in recent years, significant portions of ridge, seamount and slope waters in the Atlantic, South-West Pacific, and Indian Ocean have been investigated.[15] Many of the mapped areas were fished historically or constitute potential bottom fishing areas.", "18. Coral polyps, gardens and reefs of the above-mentioned taxa are vulnerable because they are erect, fragile and slow to recover, especially in the deep-sea. Bottom-touching fishing gear and other activities on the seabed within coral areas cause physical disturbance and damage. The vulnerability of corals to other impacts, such as changes in ocean acidity and temperature, is also of increasing concern.[16]", "4. Other vulnerable marine ecosystems", "19. Carbonate mounds often have associated fragile species, such as coral. Sponge fields consist of either very fragile erect species (e.g., glass sponges) or masses of heavy robust species such as those of the genus Geodia.", "20. In some regions, such as the North Atlantic, significant mapping exercises have enhanced the knowledge of distribution areas of these features and species in recent years.", "21. As in coral areas, studies are under way that should provide more information on the significance of these VMEs as fish habitats and on the vulnerability of relevant species and communities.", "B. Deep-sea fish stocks", "22. Deep-sea fish are generally defined as the diverse assemblage of fish species living beyond marginal seas and continental shelves, and/or at depths greater than 200 metres, although other depth-boundaries have also been used.[17] Major habitats are upper continental slopes, ridges, deep island and seamount slopes and summits and deep bank areas, but deep fjords and shelf troughs and canyons are also included.", "23. Deep-sea fish “stocks” comprise the subset of deep-sea fishes that are targets or by-catches in commercial fisheries.[18] Few of these fishes are truly midwater (pelagic) species. Most are demersal, or live on or in association with the seabed, but some may feed benthopelagically. Most deep-sea fish stocks are exploited in waters shallower than 1,000 metres, although some are exploited to 2,000 metres. In the light of the generally steep decline in abundance and biomass and changes in species composition with increasing depth,¹⁷ deeper fishing is unlikely to develop even if technically possible.", "24. The diversity of life history characteristics and ecology among deep-sea species is considerable. Fishes inhabiting areas shallower than 500 metres and mesopelagic or benthopelagic species, such as blue whiting and walley pollock, generally have life-history characters similar to continental shelf species.[19] But this depth limitation is not universally applicable. Deep-living species may also occur in certain shallow parts of their ranges or, for example, at summits of seamounts.", "25. Longevity and growth rates also vary among deep-living species. In the North-East Atlantic, some deepwater species (e.g., alfonsino, blackspot seabream, black scabbardfish, ling, tusk) have life histories similar to shallow-living demersal species, while others (e.g., roundnose grenadier, deepwater sharks, and orange roughy) have extreme longevities spanning several decades or more than a century.[20] Deepwater sharks have very limited fecundities.", "26. Most deep-sea species have very wide ranges, but regional and local spatial distribution varies between species. Some species are typically aggregating and may occur in vast concentrations (e.g., on top of seamounts)[21] and in slope sections. Some species aggregate during spawning season and are otherwise widely dispersed. Most demersal species also depend on midwater organism as prey, and take advantage of diel vertical migrations of prey species, sinking of carcasses, and circulation-dependent concentration of prey at certain depths and habitats. In addition, many species use structured habitats of geological or biogenic origin as shelter and feeding areas. Most fish species found in areas with corals and sponges also inhabit other structured habitats.", "27. The deepwater fish species most vulnerable to overfishing are the easily marketable species with extended life cycles, low fecundity, slow growth and distribution areas comparatively close to markets (e.g., orange roughy, roundnose grenadier, blue ling and many deepwater sharks). Those species forming aggregations that can be readily detected and captured or showing a strong tendency to be attracted to longline bait share characteristics that enhance vulnerability.", "C. Impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks", "28. The following section updates earlier information on the impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs and deep-sea fish stocks and efforts to improve their assessment.[22]", "1. Vulnerable marine ecosystems", "29. Several studies have documented the negative effects of mobile fishing gear on deep-sea benthic organisms and communities, in particular on structure-forming organisms, such as certain corals and sponges. Impacts include localized depletion, loss of habitat complexity, shifts in community structure and changes in ecosystem processes.", "30. Damage to corals appears to be lasting and recovery can take decades or even longer. Major coral reefs impacted by bottom fishing activities have likely already been lost forever.[23] Fishing in coral and sponge grounds can also result in severe unwanted by-catches with associated damage to the intended catch and interruptions to already expensive fishing operations. However, the worldwide scale of these impacts has not been satisfactorily assessed. In areas where the overall bottom trawling activity has been less, or where vessels have made efforts to avoid known coral and sponge areas, VMEs are less affected or intact even if fishing activity is heavy nearby.", "31. Mapping activity has increased in recent years in many actual and potential fishing areas of the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Indian Oceans and has resulted in enhanced documentation of the existence and distribution of VME indicators. The spatial distribution of fishing activity has also been better documented and the scientific basis for management decisions has improved.[24] Habitat suitability modelling has been used to predict sub-areas of the ocean, in particular seamounts and ridges that are likely to have VME indicators at risk of fisheries impacts.[25] With sufficient calibration of model predictions with observational data on distribution of VME indicators at regional and local scales, such modelling will guide efforts to map and protect VMEs.", "32. A shortcoming in previous assessments lies in the incomplete record of activity and impacts from fisheries that began in the 1960s and were largely unregulated for several decades. In most cases, records only comprise landings and the geo-referencing of landings, and information on gears and fishing effort were unsatisfactory. The trends over time in the potential for adverse impacts are not well known. Even for recent decades, it has been difficult to review the history of deep-sea fisheries and other impacts.[26]", "2. Deep-sea fish stocks", "33. The history of deepwater fisheries has been regarded as relatively recent. However, smaller scale fisheries deeper than 200 metres occurred well before the mid-1960s, including high-seas longlining operations for species such as ling, tusk and halibut, and artisanal fisheries for species such as black scabbardfish. However, large-scale industrialized operations were more recent and expanded in a period of exploration and discovery, technological innovation, market demand, and political support through fishing subsidies. Aggregating deepwater species detected with echosounders were easy targets and excessive fishing effort led to serial depletion of localized concentrations, both on seamounts and continental slopes.[27]", "34. In the 1990s, alarming observations of very rapid drops in catch per unit of effort of key target species, such as orange roughy, armourhead, roundnose grenadier, and blue ling were reported.[28] Lack of time-series data prevented scientific advisory bodies from providing precise advice, only strong warning messages. Stock assessments were not available or could not be accomplished owing to lack of data.", "35. The present situation has improved, mainly because time series of catch per unit of effort and fisheries-independent research surveys have accumulated new relevant information. These activities have usually not resulted in stock assessments of satisfactory quality, but the basis for monitoring of trends and assessing status has improved. In some areas, new assessments have confirmed previous abundance trends (i.e., rapid or gradual declines in abundance to much reduced levels). In at least one case, assessments and survey data suggested no particular trend or even increasing abundance.[29] However, the survey of available cases shows that very few assessments have been made.", "36. Throughout the history of large-scale fisheries, the estimate of the worldwide landed biomass of deepwater fishes from seamounts, continental slopes and ridges was approximately 2.25 million tons.[30] FAO estimated that the annual landings of deepwater species in 2006 from areas beyond national jurisdiction were approximately 250,000 tons and the number of vessels engaged in high seas deepwater fishing that year was 285.[31] Although imprecise, these figures illustrate the scale of deepwater fishing.", "37. The relatively few available time series of fisheries-independent survey data show the decline in abundance in exploited deepwater fishing areas where large-scale trawling has occurred (e.g., North-West and North-East Atlantic),[32] and some impacts seem to extend deeper than the actual fishing area. Target species and associated by-catch species have been affected, but results also show that diversity and fundamental community structure has been maintained. Monitoring by regular surveys has now been conducted in many traditional deepwater fishing areas on continental slopes and some seamount areas, but recovery of depleted fish populations will take a long time.", "38. The impact on certain fish stocks and by-catch species of large-scale fishing is thus well documented, and the sustainability of such fisheries has been questioned.[33] Analyses suggest that the likelihood of achieving sustainability is probably higher in small-scale fisheries.[34] Overall, the key to achieving sustainability does not lie in the fishing method and vessel size or power, but in the level of fishing mortality exerted by any fishery on the population being exploited and how well exploitation has been tuned to natural dynamics.", "39. An emerging challenge is to assess changes in impact patterns on fish stocks and biodiversity as the awareness of the negative consequences of harmful fishing practices has risen during the past 10 to 15 years.[35] Analyses of changes in impact patterns and monitoring of recovery processes are also few in number.[36]", "III. Actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks", "40. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly considered that further actions were needed to strengthen the implementation of paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105,[37] and called upon RFMO/As, States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As and flag States to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. In paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon flag States, members of RFMO/As and States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures have been adopted and implemented. Furthermore, in paragraphs 122 and 123 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon States and competent RFMO/As to take a number of actions to enhance efforts in cooperating to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information and in developing or strengthening data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes.", "41. States and RFMO/As have taken a wide range of actions to give effect to the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 in order to address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "A. Actions taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with competence to regulate bottom fisheries", "42. The following section describes actions taken by RFMO/As with competence to regulate bottom fisheries, since the adoption of resolution 64/72, to give effect to paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72 and address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. These RFMO/As are the following: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), and South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO).[38]", "43. Other RFMO/As, such as Central Asian and Caucasus Regional Fisheries and Aquaculture Commission (CACFish), Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), and Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), reported that they either did not regulate bottom fisheries or did not have the mandate to do so. Contributions received from the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) and the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) described general efforts and activities to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "1. Overview of recent actions taken by RFMO/As", "44. In CCAMLR, the current management strategy to avoid significant adverse impacts on VMEs consists of the following measures: (i) a ban on bottom trawling in the high-seas areas of the CCAMLR Convention Area; (ii) restriction of exploratory fishing for toothfish to areas deeper than 550 metres; (iii) closure of risk areas around by-catch of VME indicator taxa when greater than a threshold level; and (iv) notification of areas with evidence of VMEs to be included on a VME register. The most important conservation measures that have been adopted to support the sustainable management and conservation of marine living resources are conservation measure 22-06 (Bottom fishing in the Convention Area) and conservation measure 22-07 (Bottom fishing activities subject to conservation measure 22-06).[39]", "45. Recent measures in GFCM included reducing bottom trawling fishing effort by a minimum of 10 per cent in the GFCM Area, establishing a fisheries restricted area in the Gulf of Lions to protect spawning aggregations and deep-sea sensitive habitats, and adopting a 40 millimetre (mm) square mesh as a minimum size for the codend of demersal trawlers.", "46. NAFO recently approved delineation of its existing bottom fishing based on data collected from Contracting Parties for 1987-2007. The NAFO footprint delineated areas historically open to fishing using bottom contact gears and was used by NAFO to distinguish between existing and new fishing areas. Closures introduced between 2006 and 2009 on seamounts and in areas where corals and sponges had been identified were maintained after reviews in 2010 were continued. A working group was established in the NAFO Scientific Council on ecosystem approaches to fisheries management, which had been tasked with identifying candidate VMEs and assessing the potential for significant adverse impacts. A working group of fishery managers and scientists on VMEs was also created to examine scientific advice and evaluate risks and recommend mitigating measures to avoid significant adverse impacts on VMEs in the NAFO Regulatory Area.", "47. NEAFC was protecting VMEs and reducing the risk of significant adverse impacts by establishing large marine protected areas (MPAs) that were closed to bottom fisheries for conservation purposes and by regulating fishing activity in sub-areas remaining open to fishing. MPAs were established where there was scientific evidence of VMEs. In areas where scientific information was less complete, such as on the mid-Atlantic Ridge and adjacent seamounts, large representative areas were nonetheless closed to bottom fisheries. In sub-areas remaining open to fishing, bottom fishing regulations applied to fishing vessels using fishing gear likely to contact the seafloor during the normal course of fishing operations. NEAFC had also prohibited the use of gillnets and entangling nets[40] in depths below 200 metres and had introduced measures to prevent the loss of gear and cleaning up lost gear (ghost fishing) from the period before the gillnet ban.", "48. In addition, NEAFC had developed maps on existing and new fishing areas in order to develop proportionate prerequisites for undertaking fishing trips with bottom gears. The maps would be revised regularly.[41] NEAFC also analysed the extent of the protection of VMEs in its regulatory area and had estimated that 91.9 per cent of the area south of Iceland had been identified as a new fishing area and therefore subject to its interim exploratory fishing protocol. MPAs had been established in 7.3 per cent of this area, which represented 54 per cent of the fishable area south of Iceland (less than 2,000 metres in depth). The whole of the Arctic Ocean had also been identified as a new fishing area.[42]", "49. Recent measures adopted in SEAFO to address the protection of VMEs included conservation measure 18/10 on the management of vulnerable deep water habitats and ecosystems. Pursuant to this measure, a total of 11 sub-areas known or likely to contain VMEs had been closed to bottom fisheries activities. Conservation measure 17/09 on bottom fishing activities in the SEAFO Convention Area applied to all existing and new bottom fishing areas outside SEAFO closed areas and contained detailed provisions on encounters with VMEs.", "2. Measures taken by RFMO/As to implement paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72", "50. In paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As with the competence to regulate bottom fisheries to adopt and implement measures, in accordance with the precautionary approach, ecosystem approaches and international law, as a matter of priority, but not later than 31 December 2008, to regulate bottom fishing activities and protect VMEs. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly considered that further actions were needed to strengthen the implementation of the relevant paragraphs of resolution 61/105 and called upon RFMO/As, States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As and flag States to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction.", "51. The following section describes actions taken by RFMO/As to give effect to paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72.³⁸", "(a) Conducting assessments and ensuring vessels do not engage in bottom fishing until assessments have been carried out", "52. In paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to assess, on the basis of the best available scientific information, whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs, and to ensure that activities that would have significant adverse impacts on these ecosystems were managed to prevent such impacts, or not authorized to proceed. In paragraph 119 (a) of resolution 64/72, the Assembly also called upon RFMO/As to conduct the assessments called for in paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and ensure that vessels do not engage in bottom fishing until such assessments have been carried out.", "53. In CCAMLR, conservation measures 22-06 and 22-07 provided for an assessment process to be undertaken by the CCAMLR Scientific Committee to determine if bottom fishing activities, taking into account, inter alia, the history of bottom fishing in the area and a risk assessment, would contribute to significant adverse impacts on VMEs, and to ensure that, if it was determined that the activities would make such contributions, they were managed to prevent such impacts or were not authorized to proceed. The impact assessment framework was designed as a flexible framework within which to estimate total impacts across all bottom fishing methods, to inform comparison between impacts occurring in different areas from different fisheries and/or arising from different fishing methods. In 2010, CCAMLR further refined the format and requirements for preliminary impact assessments of bottom fishing activities that members were required to submit prior to fishing.[43]", "54. Nine CCAMLR members had submitted notifications to participate in new and exploratory fisheries under conservation measure 21-02 and had submitted preliminary benthic impact assessments as required under conservation measure 22‑06. CCAMLR members had been requested to complete method assessments for Spanish longlines, trotlines, pots and bottom trawls, so that an impact assessment could be completed. Estimated impacts from longlines were generally low, and fishing effort was distributed unevenly within the fished areas of each sub-area or division. Work had yet to be undertaken on using the impact assessment methods to determine the impacts of proposed bottom fishing activities in the future.", "55. In NAFO, as of 1 January 2009, all bottom fishing activities in new fishing areas or with bottom gear not previously used in the area concerned were considered to be exploratory fisheries and subject to its exploratory fisheries protocol, as well as an assessment procedure. The NAFO exploratory fishery protocol described the responsibilities of NAFO Contracting Parties to notify the NAFO secretariat of their intent to fish and provide harvesting, mitigation, catch monitoring and data-collection plans.", "56. The assessment procedure was further elaborated in 2010 and required all future assessments of bottom fishing activities to conform to the relevant elements of the FAO Guidelines, including ensuring compatibility across flag States’ assessments.[44] Contracting Parties were required to submit information and a preliminary assessment of the known and anticipated impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs if bottom fishing was proposed outside the existing footprint; if there were significant changes to the conduct or technology of existing bottom fisheries; or if new scientific information indicated a VME in a given area.", "57. In 2010, the NAFO Scientific Council reviewed the potential for significant adverse impacts of pelagic, long-line and other fishing gear types other than mobile bottom gear on seamount VMEs and concluded that there was a clear potential for fishing gears other than bottom trawling to produce significant adverse impacts on VME communities. Impacts were typically associated with (a) habitat destruction produced by the gear when in contact with the bottom; and (b) depletion of localized populations of both non-commercial VME species indicators and commercial valuable local fish stocks. Movements caused when longlines, gillnets and traps were being deployed and recovered could also damage benthic structures and habitats. Given the slow growth/reproductive rates that characterize VME-forming species, these damages could accrue to constitute significant adverse impacts.", "58. In NEAFC, all bottom fishing activities in new bottom fishing areas or with bottom gear not previously used in the area concerned had been considered to be exploratory fisheries since 2009 and subject to an exploratory bottom fisheries protocol and an assessment procedure. Contracting Parties proposing to participate in bottom fishing were required to submit information on and, where possible, an initial assessment of the known and anticipated impacts of their bottom fishing activities on VMEs, including proposed mitigation measures to prevent such impacts. Thereafter, NEAFC would adopt conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs, which could include allowing, prohibiting or restricting bottom fishing with certain gear types. In 2010, NEAFC also adopted changes in the bottom fishing regulations to clarify the obligation to perform an initial assessment before fisheries commence.[45]", "59. SEAFO reported that all bottom fishing activities in new bottom fishing areas, or with bottom gear not previously used in the area, were considered to be exploratory fisheries and were subject to an interim exploratory bottom fisheries protocol. Before exploratory bottom fishing could take place, a detailed proposal was to be submitted to the SEAFO Scientific Committee, which would provide a recommendation on whether the exploratory fishing could proceed. Exploratory bottom fishing activities were also subject to an assessment by the SEAFO Scientific Committee, based on the best available scientific information, to determine if the activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs. Taking account of the advice and recommendations of the SEAFO Scientific Committee, SEAFO was to adopt conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs that could include prohibiting or restricting bottom fishing activities or bottom fishing with certain gear types.", "(b) Identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems and adopting measures to prevent significant adverse impacts or closing areas to bottom fishing", "60. In paragraph 83 (b) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to identify VMEs and determine whether bottom fishing activities would cause significant adverse impacts to such ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks, inter alia, by improving scientific research and data collection and sharing, and through new and exploratory fisheries. In respect of areas where VMEs were known to occur or were likely to occur, based on the best available scientific information, RFMO/As were called upon to close such areas to bottom fishing and ensure that such activities did not proceed unless conservation and management measures had been established to prevent significant adverse impacts. In paragraph 119 (b) of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon RFMO/As to conduct further marine scientific research and use the best scientific and technical information available to identify where VMEs were known to occur or were likely to occur and adopt conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on such ecosystems consistent with the FAO Guidelines, or close such areas to bottom fishing until conservation and management measures have been established, as called for in paragraph 83 (c) of resolution 61/105.", "61. In giving effect to these paragraphs and conducting marine scientific research to identify VMEs, NAFO reported that Spain launched the NAFO Potential Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem-Impacts of Deep-sea Fisheries (NEREIDA) project, which was expected to delineate the location of corals and sponges in the NAFO Regulatory Area with much greater precision than had been possible to date (also see sect. III.C).[46] Canada also conducted scientific surveys and studies in 2009 to characterize the Orphan Knoll, which was a seamount closed by NAFO. Ongoing research activities were expected to generate data and produce analyses, including ongoing NEREIDA cruises focused on the identification and delineation of VMEs and VME-defining species, the collection and identification of sponges in a 2009 Greenland demersal survey, and other research activities carried out by Canada.", "62. SEAFO reported that an updated bathymetric database and map for the SEAFO Convention area had been created, based on various data-sets from a number of public sources around the world. The study suggested that data, on South Atlantic seamounts, especially in terms of biologically significant data, was at best very patchy and of variable quality. Locations of seamount and seamount complexes with depth ranges potentially explored or exploited by bottom fisheries were localized better and visualized.", "63. In adopting measures to prevent significant adverse impacts or closing areas to bottom fishing, CCAMLR was developing advice on precautionary management actions that could be taken to mitigate immediate risks to VMEs, and including in its VME register two new sites identified during a fishery-independent trawl survey. Registered VMEs were protected through spatial closures of varying sizes for some areas. However, there were no general measures in place to give specific protection to all registered VMEs.", "64. CCAMLR was also focusing attention on MPAs and a series of milestones had been agreed to support the submission of proposals to CCAMLR on a representative system of MPAs in 2012. In 2009, CCAMLR declared its first high seas MPA, for the South Orkney Islands southern shelf, and conservation measure 91-03 prohibited all types of fishing activities, including a prohibition on the dumping of waste and discharges by fishing vessels, in an area of approximately 94,000 square kilometres.", "65. GFCM reported on the establishment of a fisheries-restricted area in the Gulf of Lions to protect spawning aggregations and deep-sea sensitive habitats, in addition to other earlier closures to protect deep-sea sensitive habitats, including deep water coral reefs, where fishing with towed dredges and bottom trawl nets was prohibited.", "66. In NAFO, 18 areas in the NAFO Regulatory Area were currently closed to bottom fishing. Seamount closures were reviewed in 2010 and extended until 2014. In 2011, all current closed areas would be reviewed, as well as existing measures pertaining to bottom fishing in the NAFO Regulatory Area. The total area currently closed to bottom fishing activity was estimated to be 14.13 per cent of the total NAFO Regulatory Area.[47]", "67. In 2009, NAFO published a coral identification guide to assist in identifying and recording the various species of coral likely to be commonly encountered in fishing trawls. In 2010, a sponge identification guide was also developed, which complements the coral guide and allows for easier identification of common sponge species.", "68. NEAFC reported establishing MPAs where there was scientific evidence of the occurrence of VMEs. MPAs created in 2004 had been regularly updated as additional scientific advice had been received, primarily in response to requests for scientific advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Inspection services had investigated how MPAs could be monitored and controlled and indicated that it was feasible to establish effective control and enforcement of these areas.", "69. NEAFC also reported establishing large MPAs based on the general considerations of creating no take zones to preserve, protect and/or facilitate the restoration of resources and associated invertebrate communities, and to protect representative VMEs against potentially significant adverse impacts. In 2009, NEAFC decided to considerably expand closures in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that had been closed until the end of 2008 on a precautionary basis. Historical fishing effort data or impact assessments at relevant spatial scales were not available and were unlikely to become available unless dedicated major efforts to mine historical sources were implemented. A comprehensive evaluation of the current state of the resources and their associated invertebrate communities could thus not be made.", "70. SEAFO reported that a fishing footprint had been prepared based on digital catch position data for individual hauls/sets for the period 1987-2007 and historical fishing from 1996-2010 to date. Three categories of exploitable seamounts/ seamount complexes were defined (“considered to be unexploited”, “already slightly exploited”, and “already exploited”), and the spatial pattern of fishing was overlaid on seamount areas already identified. A total of 11 sub-areas known or likely to contain VMEs had been closed to bottom fisheries activities on the basis of bathymetry and best knowledge of biogeography. The closures all contained areas potentially or actually exploitable by present fisheries ranging in depth to a maximum of approximately 2,000 metres and were distributed geographically under the assumption that a biogeographically representative set of seamounts/seamount complexes would be protected.", "(c) Protocols for encounters with vulnerable marine ecosystems", "71. In paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to require vessels of members to cease bottom fishing activities in areas where, in the course of fishing operations, VMEs were encountered and to report the encounter so that appropriate measures could be adopted in respect of the relevant site. In paragraph 119 (c) of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon RFMO/As to establish and implement appropriate protocols for the implementation of paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, including definitions of what constituted evidence of an encounter, in particular threshold levels and indicator species.", "72. In CCAMLR, conservation measure 22-07 specified action required when organisms that may be indicative of the presence of a VME were encountered, including providing notifications to the CCAMLR secretariat. It also defined “Risk Area”, “VME Indicator Organism”, “VME Indicator Unit”, and encounter parameters. The CCAMLR secretariat was responsible for maintaining a VME Taxa Classification Guide and a VME Register of known or likely VME areas protected from bottom fishing activities.⁴⁵ Conservation measure 22-06 also required Contracting Parties to provide notification to the CCAMLR secretariat in other cases, including during the course of research and related activities. The measure included guidelines specifying categories of information to be included in such notifications. The CCAMLR encounter measure will be reviewed again in 2012.[48]", "73. The CCAMLR Scientific Committee provided advice on known and anticipated impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs and recommended practices and mitigation measures, including cessation of fishing activities when evidence of a VME was encountered. Thirty-two encounters with VMEs were notified in accordance with conservation measure 22-06 during the course of research in areas that were currently closed to most bottom fishing activities. A total of 53 VME indicator notifications were submitted in accordance with conservation measure 22-07, including notifications that resulted in the declaration of 15 Risk Areas.", "74. Interim encounter provisions were established in NAFO in 2008 for fishing in new and existing fishing areas when VME indicator species were encountered. In 2010, measures were adopted to implement a more comprehensive data-collection protocol for coral and sponge species encountered in exploratory and existing fishing areas.⁴³ The threshold amounts of primary VME indicator species were reduced to more precautionary levels, from 100 kg to 60 kg of live coral and/or from 1,000 kg to 800 kg of live sponge. Fishing vessels that were operating potentially harmful gear types and encountering evidence of VMEs were subject to stopping fishing, moving away and reporting such encounters. For exploratory fisheries in new fishing areas, a temporary closure of a two-mile radius around the reporting position would also be implemented. The information reported from such encounters was then scientifically assessed and reviewed to determine and adopt any necessary measures for the protection of VMEs.", "75. In the North-East Atlantic, the NEAFC “move-on” rule applied in new and existing fishing areas. Vessels were required to cease bottom fishing activities in any site where, in the course of fishing operations, evidence of VMEs was encountered, and to report the encounter to the NEAFC Secretary so that appropriate measures could be adopted. An encounter with primary VME indicator species was defined in terms of a quantity of live corals and sponges caught in a fishing operation.[49] NEAFC indicated that there had not been any reports of encounters with VMEs and that authorization to fish in new fishing areas had not been granted by any NEAFC Contracting Party.", "76. In SEAFO, conservation measure 17/09 contained a protocol and operational procedures on the landing and reporting of corals and sponges. SEAFO Contracting Parties are required to ensure that vessels flying their flag ceased bottom fishing activities where, in the course of fishing operations, evidence of VMEs was encountered and to report the encounter to the SEAFO Executive Secretary so that appropriate measures could be adopted. For both existing and new fishing areas, an encounter with primary VME indicator species was defined on a provisional basis as a catch per set (e.g., trawl tow, longline set or gillnet set) of more than 60 kg of live coral and/or 800 kg of live sponge.", "77. In 2010, the SEAFO Scientific Sub-Committee analysed data on sponges and corals caught by a Spanish longline on commercial trips fishing for toothfish in the first half of 2010, but concluded that the quantities of VME indicators taxa were relatively small in most of the sets and did not exceed the threshold as set by the Commission.", "(d) Measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non‑target species and the rebuilding of depleted stocks", "78. In paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to adopt conservation and management measures, including monitoring, control and surveillance measures, on the basis of stock assessments and the best available scientific information, to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target species and the rebuilding of depleted stocks. In this regard, where scientific information was uncertain, unreliable or inadequate, RFMO/As were to ensure that conservation and management measures were established consistent with the precautionary approach, including measures to ensure that fishing effort, fishing capacity and catch limits, as appropriate, were at levels commensurate with the long-term sustainability of such stocks.", "79. CCAMLR reported that it had adopted resolution 31/XXVIII relating to the use of the best available science to support the development of conservation measures and, consistent with paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 64/72, a suite of conservation and management measures relating to monitoring, control and surveillance, regulation of mesh size, catch and effort reporting, prohibitions on directed fishing, measures for exploratory fisheries, and precautionary catch limits.", "80. GFCM focused on developing and strengthening its monitoring, control and surveillance frameworks, including for deep-sea fisheries in international waters. In this regard, GFCM adopted a series of measures, including minimum standards for the establishment of a vessel monitoring system and a regional fishing vessel register. Each year, GFCM reviewed the compliance of members and cooperating non-members and requested remedial actions to address acts or omissions identified so as not to diminish the effectiveness of its management measures. The levels of overall fishing capacity in the GFCM area were determined based on a regional plan of action considering the national and regional fishing capacity management plans and scientific advice.", "81. NAFO reported that it had adopted conservation and management measures for the 20 fish stocks under its mandate each year. Its comprehensive monitoring, control and surveillance scheme included vessel registry, reporting and recording requirements of catches and fishing effort, labelling of fish products, stowage requirements and marking of gear, independent observers, joint patrol and inspection schemes, vessel monitoring system and port State measures. In addition, NAFO conducted an annual compliance review to assess how NAFO Contracting Parties were complying with its conservation and enforcement measures.", "82. NEAFC reported that all aspects of the management of the major fisheries in the NEAFC Regulatory Area were detailed in the NEAFC fishery status report for the years 1998-2007. All species fished in the NEAFC Regulatory Area were regulated resources and management measures were in place. For some stocks, analytic stock assessments were also available from ICES. In addition, NEAFC fishery fact sheets, including on deep-sea fisheries, were published in the FAO Fishery Resources Monitoring System. NEAFC had adopted a comprehensive framework on monitoring, surveillance and control to assist in promoting the long-term conservation and optimum utilization of the fishery resources in the North-East Atlantic area. The NEAFC Scheme of Control and Enforcement and the Non-Contracting Party Scheme was now integrated.", "83. In regards to fishing effort, NEAFC reported that since analytical assessments for many of the deep-sea fish stocks were unavailable, controlling fishing mortality for individual deep-sea stocks had been deemed not to be feasible. Instead, NEAFC had applied overall effort control, reducing effort in the limited deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction by 35 per cent.", "84. SEAFO adopted a variety of conservation and management measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target species and the rebuilding of depleted stocks, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, including measures on the conservation of target species, the conservation of VMEs, flag State responsibilities, and fishing in general. Measures adopted to ensure the sustainable utilization of deep-sea fisheries and VMEs included conservation measure 17/09, which addressed all activities related to bottom fisheries and applied in all existing and new bottom fishing areas outside SEAFO closed areas. SEAFO also maintained a record of fishing vessels authorized to conduct fishing activities. Vessels not entered into the record were considered to be conducting IUU fishing.⁴⁵", "B. Actions taken by States to regulate bottom fisheries", "85. In paragraph 80 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 113 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States to take action immediately, individually and through RFMO/As, and consistent with the precautionary approach and ecosystem approaches, to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect VMEs from destructive fishing practices, recognizing the immense importance and value of deep-sea ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain. In particular, in paragraph 113 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly emphasized the need for States to take action to implement the FAO Guidelines in this regard.", "86. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. In addition, in paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States and members of RFMO/As to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures have been adopted and implemented.", "87. The following section describes the wide range of measures and actions taken by States to give effect to resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "1. Overview of actions taken by States", "88. States and the European Union reported that the effects of destructive fishing practices on VMEs were a serious problem and that resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, as well as the FAO Guidelines, were indispensable tools in the protection of VMEs from significant adverse impacts caused by destructive fishing practices and in ensuring the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks (Canada, Norway, United States). Resolution 61/105 was considered to be a watershed moment in the history of high seas fisheries and a regime shift for fisheries management.", "89. Some States and the European Union emphasized the importance of the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and highlighted their individual and collective efforts in this regard (Australia, Canada, Norway, United States). A few States also highlighted the special circumstances and challenges faced by developing States in giving full effect to the FAO Guidelines and resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 (New Zealand, United States). New Zealand was particularly committed to supporting small island developing States in the Pacific. The United States had collaborated with New Zealand to identify VMEs in the South Pacific.", "90. Several States (Australia, Canada, Croatia, Mexico, Norway, United States) and the European Union also reported on progress in the application of precautionary and ecosystems approaches to protect VMEs from bottom fishing and destructive fishing practices. Canada developed a policy for managing the impacts of fishing on sensitive benthic areas that applied to all commercial, recreational and aboriginal marine fishing activities within and beyond areas under national jurisdiction. Separate processes were outlined for historically fished and frontier areas, and required greater precaution when fishing was being considered in frontier areas. Special consideration was given to historically fished areas that had not been exposed to bottom-contact fishing by requiring prior risk assessments. In the United States, a national policy was established to ensure the protection, maintenance, and restoration of the health of ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes ecosystems and resources, which had at its heart an ecosystem-based coastal and marine spatial planning framework.", "91. Some States and the European Union also reported on the development of comprehensive legislations or national policies to regulate bottom fishing and address impacts on VMEs (Canada, Chile, Denmark, Norway, United States). Chile was developing a draft law to establish a legal framework for the protection and preservation of VMEs. Denmark reported that Greenland was developing legislation to restrict bottom touching gear by defining new fishing areas, establishing a move away clause in new fishing areas, reporting obligations in areas outside new fishing areas, and identifying new areas where fishing with bottom touching gear was not allowed.", "92. The European Union reported that the reform of its common fisheries policy was ongoing and was expected to be adopted by the end of 2012, and enter into force on 1 January 2013. The policy established the legal framework for the conservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources where such activities were practised on the territory of European Union member States or in European Union waters or by European Union fishing vessels, including the application of the precautionary and ecosystem approaches to fisheries management.", "93. Norway reported that it was developing national regulations on bottom fishing activities, expected to enter into force later in 2011, aimed at protecting VMEs from destructive fishing practices. More rigorous obligations, including with regard to reporting and protocol routines, as well as scientific observers, would apply for fishing activities in new bottom fishing areas. In the case of an encounter with a VME, vessels would be required to cease fishing, report the incident and move at least two nautical miles away from the area.", "94. Several States and the European Union also reported on a variety of research and monitoring activities within areas of national jurisdiction to determine the status of fish stocks, identify or map VMEs, or increase knowledge on marine ecosystems (Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Mexico, Norway, United States). In addition, some States and the European Union reported on research programmes to assess the impacts of bottom fishing on fish stocks and marine ecosystems within areas of national jurisdiction (Canada, Chile, Croatia, United States). In the United States, a spatially explicit model was being developed as a tool for identifying habitat types and locations that were more vulnerable to fishing with different commercial gear types. The model could be used to track area-specific temporal changes in fishing effort and to identify areas that were most heavily impacted and in need of management. It could also be used to predict how certain gear modifications or reductions in fishing effort could affect habitat impacts.", "(a) Measures to regulate bottom fishing vessels or close areas to bottom fishing", "95. Many States and the European Union provided information on measures taken to regulate bottom fishing within areas of national jurisdiction (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, United States). The measures included restrictions or prohibitions on bottom fishing gear or activities (Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Mexico, United States), spatial, temporal or effort restrictions (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Palau, United States), as well as monitoring, surveillance and control of vessels. In this regard, Palau banned all bottom trawling in areas under its national jurisdiction and all bottom trawling by its nationals and vessels anywhere in the world. Palauan law also prohibited companies doing business in Palau from engaging in bottom trawling anywhere in the world (see also sect. III.B.3 (b)). Several States also highlighted measures taken to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target species, and the rebuilding of depleted stocks, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, as called for in paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 64/72 (Australia, New Zealand, United States).", "96. A number of States reported on the use of area-based management tools within areas of national jurisdiction to protect VMEs and marine biodiversity more generally, by limiting or restricting fishing activities, including through the establishment of marine parks, marine conservation areas, MPAs and no-take zones (Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Mexico, Iceland, United States). Many States also reported on a variety of specific closures within areas of national jurisdiction to prohibit bottom fishing activities and protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Palau, United States).", "97. For example, in Canada, the offshore trawling industry for shrimp and groundfish had instituted a voluntary closure off Nova Scotia to protect a concentration of rare sponges. Chile recently established the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park, encompassing a surface area of 150,000 square kilometres, which was off limits to any type of commercial extractive activity. In Croatia, fishing activities were banned in 20 nursery areas and some forms of commercial fishing were prohibited in larger parts of its territorial waters. Denmark, in respect of Faroe Islands, reported that three areas where coral reefs had been identified were closed to all trawling and additional areas were being mapped. Most of the Faroe Bank was also permanently closed to bottom trawling. Iceland reported that the use of bottom fishing trawl was totally prohibited in certain coastal waters, often with a high proportion of juvenile fish. Approximately 59,000 km² of a total area of 212,000 km² less than 500 metres in depth was thus excluded from bottom trawling.", "98. Mexico’s national legislation set out specifications for fishing that governed programmes for 40 protected natural areas, as well as guidelines for the protection of 15 marine species that were not subject to fishing exploitation. The Guaymas Basin and Eastern Pacific Rise Hydrothermal Vents Sanctuary was established in 2009 and covered a total surface area of 1,456 km² in which fishing was prohibited.", "99. In the United States, trawling was prohibited in several areas of Alaska to protect red tree corals, sensitive benthic habitats used by crabs and other species, and pinnacles that have vulnerable ecosystems similar to seamounts. In the South Atlantic, deepwater MPAs were established to shield deep-water fish species and their habitats from fishing.", "100. Some States also reported on specific strategies or closures to protect cold water corals and sponge communities within areas of national jurisdiction (Canada, Iceland, Norway, United States). In Iceland, five coral areas had been closed and further work was aimed at defining areas that needed special protection, as well as proposals for additional areas to be closed for all bottom contacting fishing gears. In Norway, regulations were adopted to protect cold-water coral reefs, which provided that intentional and negligent destruction of known coral reefs was prohibited and precaution was required when fishing in the vicinity of known cold-water coral reefs and eight particularly valuable coral reefs had been granted special protection. There was a general duty of care for Norwegian vessels during fishing operations near known coral reefs, which applied to waters under Norwegian fisheries jurisdiction and outside for vessels flying the Norwegian flag.", "101. In the United States, new deepwater coral habitat areas of particular concern and gear prohibitions were established in areas of the South Atlantic to reduce or eliminate the impacts of fishing on cold-water coral and sponge habitats, encompassing an area over 62,000 km² where bottom tending fishing gear and anchoring by fishing vessels were prohibited. Canada and the United States also reported on the development of strategic plans for coral and sponge ecosystems.", "(b) Implementation by States of measures adopted by competent RFMO/As", "102. Many States supported the adoption of measures in RFMO/As in which they were members to protect VMEs from the impact of bottom fishing activities, pursuant to resolutions 61/105 and 64/72. In this context, States reported that existing RFMO/As had taken significant actions to implement resolution 61/105, although further work was necessary, both through existing RFMO/As and those under development, to identify and protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing activities and to sustainably manage deep-sea fisheries.", "103. More specifically, States reported on a variety of actions they had taken to support or implement conservation and management measures in RFMO/As to which they belonged to regulate deep-sea fishing and protect VMEs. Such actions were reported, in particular, in CCAMLR (Australia, Chile, European Union, France, Norway, New Zealand, United States), GFCM (Croatia), NAFO (Canada, France, European Union, Iceland, Norway, United States), NEAFC (Iceland, Norway) and SEAFO (European Union).", "104. Many States and the European Union also provided information on actions that had been taken nationally to implement conservation and management measures adopted in RFMO/As to address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs (Australia, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, United States). Denmark, in respect of the Faroe Islands, emphasized that time was needed to gain practical experience from the implementation of new provisions for bottom fisheries in the high seas and there was also a need to take due account of the knowledge and skills of vessel operators with experience from deep-sea bottom fisheries in the design and implementation of regulatory measures.", "105. Some States and the European Union also reported on the adoption of measures to ensure that vessels entitled to fly their flag complied with conservation and management measures adopted by RFMO/As (Australia, Chile, Croatia, Republic of Korea). Other States indicated that their vessels did not engage or were not authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, or that their vessels did not fish outside areas regulated by RFMO/As (Chile, Croatia, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, United States) (see sect. III.B.3 (b)).", "106. Australia applied strong controls over vessels flying its flag through the issuance of high seas fishing permits to ensure compliance with conservation and management measures adopted by RFMO/As. All Australian flagged vessels were required to hold a high seas permit before undertaking any fishing activity and were subject to a number of measures, including mandatory observer coverage, move-on provisions, restrictions on fishing methods and gear types, seabird by-catch reduction measures in line fisheries, requirements to avoid interactions with cetaceans and other protected species, species catch prohibitions and vessel monitoring systems and reporting requirements. On encountering evidence of a VME, Australian vessels were required to cease fishing within a five-nautical-mile radius and provide details to its authorities so that appropriate measures could be adopted. The location was then closed to all operators using that gear type for the life of the permit, which was normally 12 months (see sect. III.B.2 (b) and (c)).", "107. Croatia applied a strict licensing regime for fisheries activities within the areas covered by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and GFCM and undertook all measures to strictly monitor its fleet using satellite tracking devices both in waters under national jurisdiction and on the high seas. France, in respect of its overseas territories, indicated that any new bottom fishing activities were to be submitted for preliminary authorization and that preliminary impact assessment measures would be imposed, pursuant to resolutions 61/105 and 64/72.", "108. New Zealand undertook pre- and post-trip inspections of vessels entering the CCAMLR Convention Area to ensure operators adhered to the relevant conservation measures. Otherwise, flagged vessels did not have permission to conduct bottom fishing on the high seas outside of the CCAMLR and SPRFMO areas.", "109. Several States and the European Union also reported on research activities and the work of scientific working groups in existing RFMO/As to address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States). In regards to assessments, Australia commissioned a study to assess the sustainability of harvest rates by Australian flagged vessels of target species in high seas fisheries, which would consider current harvest rates, limited assessments of key stocks, such as orange roughy and alfonsino, and possible management measures. The European Union reported that Spain prepared a preliminary assessment of the risk of serious harm to VMEs and protocol performance for the 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 campaigns in order to meet the obligation in CCAMLR requiring Contracting Parties whose vessels wish to participate in any bottom fishing activity, as from December 2008, to submit such an assessment. New Zealand conducted impact assessments of all bottom fishing activities by New Zealand vessels in the CCAMLR Area, in accordance with paragraph 119 (a) of resolution 64/72. On the basis of information in assessments provided by its members and a risk assessment methodology developed by New Zealand, the CCAMLR Scientific Committee was able to quantitatively estimate the cumulative impact of bottom longline fishing in a spatially explicit format of likely impacts to date.", "2. Establishment of new RFMO/As with competence to regulate bottom fisheries and adoption and implementation of publicly available interim measures", "110. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. In addition, in paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures have been adopted and implemented. In paragraph 124 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly also called upon relevant States to cooperate and make efforts to establish RFMO/As competent to regulate bottom fisheries where there were no such organizations or arrangements.", "111. The following section describes actions taken by States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "(a) North Pacific Ocean", "(i) Status of negotiations", "112. Negotiations on the draft convention on the conservation and management of high seas fisheries resources in the North Pacific Ocean were held in 2009 and 2010 and were successfully concluded on 4 March 2011. The text of the new Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean will be subject to a legal and technical review. Following confirmation of the English and French versions of the text, the Convention will be opened for signature.[50]", "113. The treaty will enter into force once it has been ratified by four of the six States that participated in the negotiations.[51] The first preparatory conference will be held later in 2011 to develop rules of procedure, financial regulations and other documents needed for the establishment of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) when the treaty enters into force.[52] The draft NPFC Convention includes a prohibition on directed fishing for four orders of deep water corals and a mechanism for identifying other indicator species of VMEs, which would also be subject to the prohibition.[53]", "(ii) Adoption of interim measures", "114. Interim measures for the North West Pacific Ocean were adopted and revised by the participating States in 2007 and later revised in 2008, 2009 and 2011.[54] At the seventh intergovernmental meeting in 2009, States discussed the application of the interim measures to the entire high seas area of the North Pacific Ocean; however, consensus could not be reached. At the eighth meeting in 2010, States agreed to consider a separate set of interim measures for the North East Pacific Ocean and, until such measures were adopted, agreed on certain preliminary measures, in particular a limit of fishing effort in bottom fisheries to the existing level and the collection and submission of scientific information from each vessel operating in the area. Draft interim measures for the North East Pacific Ocean were proposed at the ninth intergovernmental meeting in 2010 and adopted in 2011. Participating States also agreed that the exploratory fisheries protocol for the North West Pacific interim measures would apply to the North East Pacific interim measures.", "115. The interim measures set out the objectives of the sustainable management of fish stocks and the protection of VMEs, in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, and included provisions on geographic scope, management principles, collection of fisheries and scientific information, establishment of a scientific working group, information sharing, and effective control of bottom fishing vessels.[55] The measures also include provisions that limit fishing effort to the existing level and do not allow for the expansion of bottom fisheries into new areas. In accordance with paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, the interim measures contain science-based criteria, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, for use in assessing whether fishing activity would have significant adverse impacts on marine species or VMEs and in proposing management measures to prevent such impacts.⁵⁵", "116. In accordance with paragraph 83 (b) of resolution 61/105, the interim measures provide for the collection of information to facilitate the scientific work associated with the implementation of the measures.⁵⁵ To this end, the interim scientific working group has been working to identify and evaluate information necessary to identify VMEs, as well as information necessary to assess whether bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs.⁵⁵ In accordance with paragraph 83 (c) of resolution 61/105, the interim measures provide exceptions to the restrictions on limiting fishing effort to the existing levels and preventing expansion of bottom fisheries into new areas only in cases where it can be shown that the fishing activity would not have significant adverse impacts on marine species or any VME.", "117. A detailed exploratory fisheries protocol was established to provide guidance on the steps to be taken when conducting an exploratory fishery to ensure consistency with both the interim measures and resolution 61/105. In accordance with paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, vessels of participating States were required to cease fishing activities in any location where, in the course of normal fishing operations, cold water corals were encountered. In such areas, vessels were required to cease fishing activities until they had relocated no less than five nautical miles away to reduce the likelihood of future encounters, and report the encounter so that appropriate measures could be adopted in respect of the relevant site. A more detailed encounter protocol was under extensive discussion among the participating States.", "(iii) Implementation of interim measures by States", "118. In accordance with paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105, participating States have assessed, on the basis of the best available scientific information, whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.⁵⁰ The results were presented to the fifth meeting of the scientific working group in 2008 for a thorough scientific review, with the hope that a unified assessment report, based on consensus, would be produced. There were differences of opinions, however, as to what management measures should be introduced in response to the findings, so it was decided that each participating State would produce or revise its own assessment, taking into account the discussion.[56]", "119. Palau indicated that the assessments published by participating States in 2008 acknowledged significant uncertainties in the status of benthic fish stocks and VMEs and in the impacts of bottom fishing operations, and indicated that additional scientific information was needed before the significance of impacts, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures, could be assessed pursuant to the FAO Guidelines. Palau emphasized that, until the necessary scientific information was analysed, there was no adequate impact assessment and the only appropriate measure was to cease authorizing bottom fishing in the area.", "(b) South Pacific Ocean", "(i) Status of instrument", "120. The eighth meeting of the international consultations to establish an RFMO in the South Pacific concluded on 14 November 2009 with the adoption of the Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean (SPRFMO Convention). The objective of the Convention is to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of fishery resources through the application of the precautionary approach and an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and, in so doing, to safeguard the marine ecosystems in which these resources occur.[57]", "121. Following the adoption of the SPRFMO Convention, participants at the eighth meeting of the international consultations decided to make the necessary arrangements for the commencement of the functions of the SPRFMO Commission. Two sessions of the Preparatory Conference were convened in 2010 and 2011, and a third session will take place in Chile between 30 January and 3 February 2012.[58] Participants have begun to develop rules of procedure, financial regulations, and a budget formula for the new organization.⁵³", "122. In accordance with article 36, the SPRFMO Convention was open for signature until 31 January 2011. It is now subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatories, in accordance with article 36, and is open for accession, in accordance with article 37.", "123. The SPRFMO Convention will enter into force 30 days after the date of receipt by the depository of the eighth instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval, including from at least three coastal States adjacent to the SPRFMO Convention Area, and at least three States that are not coastal States adjacent to the SPRFMO Convention Area and whose fishing vessels are fishing, or have fished, in the SPRFMO Convention Area.[59]", "124. Australia reported on its ongoing domestic processes to allow for ratification of the SPRFMO Convention. Prior to the entry into force of the treaty, Australia is collecting and monitoring data on high seas fishing catch and effort to ensure that catch and effort remain within historic average levels.", "125. The FFA highlighted the concerns of some of its members that the northern boundary of the proposed SPRFMO would not include the national waters of its members situated above the equator. In this regard, if the southern boundary of the proposed NPFC Convention does not meet the northern boundary of the SPRFMO Convention, a gap would exist. FFA members, such as the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and the Federated States of Micronesia, had part of their zones covered within the area of competence of SPRFMO and it was not clear whether high seas areas adjacent to their zones would be covered by the NPFC Convention.", "126. Palau noted that, although RFMO/As with competence to regulate bottom fisheries had been negotiated for the high seas areas of the North and South Pacific, the relevant conventions were not yet in force and did not cover some of the high seas areas adjacent to Palau. In particular, the high seas enclave bounded by the exclusive economic zones of Palau, Japan, the Philippines, Guam, and the Federated States of Micronesia was not covered by the areas proposed to be regulated.", "(ii) Adoption of interim measures", "127. In 2007, participating States agreed on voluntary, non-legally binding, interim conservation and management measures to address collection of fisheries data, avoidance of adverse effects of deep-sea bottom fishing and prevention of increasing fishing effort in pelagic fisheries.⁵⁵ The interim measures became effective from 30 September 2007 and are to apply until the SPRFMO Convention enters into force and conservation and management measures are adopted.[60] A ban on deepwater gillnetting was added to the bottom fisheries measures in November 2009.", "128. The interim measures on bottom fisheries provide that: (i) bottom fishing be limited to existing levels of fishing and to areas where fishing was occurring, (ii) measures be taken to identify and protect VMEs, and (iii) starting in 2010, fishing in new areas or expanded fishing effort be allowed only when conservation and management measures were established to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs and to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks from individual bottom fishing activities, or when an assessment indicated that such activities would have no adverse impacts.[61] Pursuant to the interim measures, vessels flying the flag of participating States are required to cease bottom fishing activities within five nautical miles of any site where, in the course of fishing operations, evidence of VMEs was encountered, and to report the encounter, including the location, and the type of ecosystem in question, so that appropriate measures could be adopted.", "129. In 2007, participating States also established an interim framework for benthic impact assessments and a process for the evaluation of assessments, which provided initial guidelines in carrying out assessments and developing management plans for proposed bottom fishing activities, as well as a process for scientific comment on the assessments. In 2009, the scientific working group began a review of the interim framework for benthic assessments with a view to preparing an ongoing benthic assessment standard. Two participants had provided assessments of their bottom fishing activities, including measures to avoid adverse impacts on VMEs. The scientific working group provided evaluations of the assessments and management plans.", "130. In 2007, participating States also adopted standards for data collection that required details of catches and discards of any marine species for each trawl tow or bottom longline shot. In 2011, the SPRFMO Preparatory Conference required that the data would be provided to the SPRFMO Interim Secretariat.", "(iii) Implementation of interim measures by States", "131. Australia reported that it implemented spatial restrictions for bottom fishing operations in the South Pacific Ocean in line with the interim measures adopted by the participants to the SPRFMO negotiations. Chile reported that any initiatives to develop new or exploratory deep-sea fishing in the high seas would be undertaken in accordance with the operating standards and protocols that had been developed in SPRFMO. Colombia expressed concerns that the measures would not become mandatory until the entry into force of the SPRFMO Convention and highlighted the importance of implementing measures that would allow for the timely and open marketing of products that were obtained by legal means. Colombia also emphasized the need for technical support to implement the recommended measures once the SPRFMO was established.", "132. The European Union reported that it was complying fully with the interim measure for deepwater gillnets agreed by participating States in 2009, which effectively banned such fishing as of 1 February 2010, until relevant conservation and management measures were adopted by the SPRFMO Commission. Since only bottom gillnetting had been practised by European Union fishing vessels, there were currently no European Union vessels undertaking bottom fishing activities in the SPRFMO Convention Area.[62] France reported that its overseas territories had not participated in any bottom fisheries in the SPRFMO Convention Area.", "133. New Zealand reported that it continued to implement 100 per cent observer coverage on bottom trawl fishing trips. It also implemented the minimum 10 per cent observer coverage requirement in the interim measures for all bottom longline trips in the SPRFMO Convention Area. In addition, it implemented the 2009 interim measure prohibiting deep-sea gillnetting. In addition, New Zealand had begun developing a quantitative bottom fishing impact assessment using predictive habitat models to identify areas likely to support VMEs.", "134. In regard to assessments, Australia reported that it completed a benthic impact assessment for the South Pacific Ocean and the Southern Indian Ocean to identify areas where VMEs were known and/or likely to occur and to assess the impact of individual bottom fishing activities on VMEs. After taking into account monitoring, management and mitigation measures, the assessments found that the risk of significant adverse impact on VMEs by Australian vessels was low for demersal trawl and demersal auto-longline and negligible for mid-water trawl and drop-lining (see sect. III.B.1 (b)). Australia would submit the assessment to the SPRFMO interim Science Working Group prior to the Scientific Committee meeting in September 2011, as required by the SPRFMO interim measures. The European Union reported that it submitted a preliminary benthic impact assessment in 2009, which concluded that likely impacts to benthic ecosystems from bottom fishing would be very low.[63] Palau noted, however, that the SPRFMO Science Working Group had dismissed this conclusion as completely unjustified.[64]", "135. New Zealand reported that the SPRFMO Science Working Group had concluded that its impact assessment and related conservation measures had minimized adverse impacts on VMEs.[65] In this respect, Palau noted that the impact assessment acknowledged that bottom trawling was likely to cause significant adverse impacts to fish stocks and VMEs and that the proposed mitigation measures were inadequate in several critical respects in terms of mitigating impacts to fish stocks and VMEs.[66]", "136. New Zealand also reported that its assessment had been used as the basis for the development of a management approach for New Zealand bottom trawling operations in the SPRFMO Area, which included definition of a historical bottom trawl fishing footprint over the reference years 2002-2006, development of a VME-evidence identification protocol, and a three-tiered system of spatial closures, whereby 41 per cent of the footprint area was closed to fishing, 30 per cent was subject to a move-on rule if evidence of VMEs was encountered and 29 per cent of the footprint was open to fishing. The open, move-on and closed areas were stratified between eight fishing areas constituting the total footprint.", "137. Palau and the United States expressed concerns that some States were conducting bottom fishing in the SPRFMO Convention Area without having completed a proper impact assessment, as called for in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 and the SPRFMO interim measures.", "(c) South Indian Ocean", "(i) Status of instrument", "138. The South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA) was adopted on 7 July 2006 and opened for signature until 6 July 2007 by all States and regional economic integration organizations participating in the negotiations and by any other State having jurisdiction over waters adjacent to the area of application.[67] After its closure for signature, SIOFA was opened for accession in accordance with its article 23. SIOFA will enter into force 90 days from the date of receipt by the depositary of the fourth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, at least two of which must be deposited by coastal States bordering the area of application.[68]", "139. Australia reported on its ongoing domestic processes to allow for ratification of SIOFA. Prior to the entry into force of the treaty, Australia was collecting and monitoring data on high seas fishing catch and effort to ensure that catch and effort remained within historic average levels.", "(ii) Adoption of interim measures", "140. Multilateral measures implementing resolution 61/105 have not been adopted by the signatories to SIOFA to date. In October 2007, Australia indicated to SIOFA signatories and interested parties that it was interested in adopting interim measures to implement resolution 61/105 in the area of application. In early 2008, Australia circulated draft interim measures to signatories and interested parties, in an effort to progress their adoption.", "141. In order to implement resolution 61/105, Australia had taken unilateral action to impose relevant conditions on its vessels operating in the area to be governed by SIOFA, once it enters into force. In addition, Australia had completed benthic impact assessments for the Southern Indian Ocean to identify areas where VMEs are known and/or likely to occur and to assess the impact of individual bottom fishing activities on VMEs. The assessments used surrogates (e.g., bathomes and seamounts) as indicators for the presence of VMEs. In assessing the risk of significant adverse impacts, the assessments considered Australia’s precautionary management measures for deep-sea fisheries (see sect. III.B.1 (b)). After taking into account these monitoring, management and mitigation measures, the assessments found that the risk of significant adverse impact on VMEs by Australian vessels was low for demersal trawl and demersal auto-longline and negligible for mid-water trawl and drop-lining.", "142. Following the adoption of resolution 61/105, the European Union adopted Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of VMEs in the high seas from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing gears.[69] The regulation transposed the measures contained in resolution 61/105 into European Union law and applied to ships flying the flag of European Union member States carrying out bottom fishing activities in those areas of the high seas where no RFMO had been established or where no interim measures were put in place during negotiations for the establishment of an RFMO, including the Southern Indian Ocean (see sect. III.B.3 (a)).[70]", "3. Measures taken by States for areas where there is no competent RFMO/A or interim measures", "143. In paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures had been adopted and implemented. In this regard, paragraph 86 of resolution 61/105 called upon flag States to either adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraph 83 of the resolution, or cease to authorize fishing vessels flying their flag to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction where there was no RFMO/A with the competence to regulate such fisheries or interim measures in accordance with paragraph 85, until such measures were taken in accordance with paragraphs 83 or 85 of the resolution.", "144. The following section describes actions taken by flag States to adopt measures and address the impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs in areas where there is no RFMO/A with the competence to regulate such fisheries or interim measures in place.", "(a) Measures to regulate bottom fishing vessels, including closure of areas to bottom fishing", "145. Some States (Canada, Iceland, Republic of Korea) and the European Union reported on the adoption and implementation of conservation and management measures to address the impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs for vessels fishing on the high seas where there was no competent RFMO/A or interim measures in place. Canada reported that fishing activity outside of Canada’s exclusive economic zone was not significant and occurred almost exclusively in RFMO/As regulatory waters. All high seas fishing in regulated or unregulated areas and activities occurring in another State’s waters were subject to domestic licensing requirements, which required compliance with domestic laws in all areas of the high seas, including areas where no RFMO existed.", "146. The European Union reported that fishing vessels from European Union member States were regulated by Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008, which transposed the measures contained in resolution 61/105 into European Union law for ships flying flags of its member States in respect of such areas. European Union member States could only issue special fishing permits for the use of bottom fishing gears on the high seas under specific conditions and after assessments had concluded that fishing activities were not likely to have significant adverse impacts on VMEs. The regulation also contained provisions on unforeseen encounters with VMEs, area closures and an observer scheme for all vessels that had been issued a special fishing permit.", "147. According to the European Union, no unforeseen encounters with VMEs had been registered in respect of the vessels subject to the regulation from Spain and Estonia. A review of the implementation of the regulation was carried out in early 2010 and the results were published in a report to the European Parliament and Council.[71] The European Commission intended to amend the regulation to bring it in line with recent developments (see sect. III.B.2 (c)).[72]", "148. The European Union also reported that Spain had undertaken an ambitious and costly programme of scientific mapping of the seabed in different parts of the oceans (also see sect. III.A.2 (b)). The activities were conducted by Spain or in collaboration with other States in the North-East Atlantic, the North-West Atlantic, the South-West Atlantic and the South-East Atlantic, including in some areas not regulated by RFMO/As. The results were being published in leading scientific journals. Based on the Atlantis project, the Spanish Government had closed nine areas to bottom fishing with a total extent of 41,300 km², including two areas located in the footprint area where, owing to the type of seafloor, sensitive habitats might be able to recover.", "149. Iceland indicated that bottom fisheries by Icelandic vessels occurred only marginally on the high seas and noted that only one Icelandic vessel had been engaged in bottom fishing for shrimp in areas beyond national jurisdiction.", "150. The Republic of Korea reported that bottom fishing activities in areas where no RFMO/A was in place were regulated by an administrative directive on bottom fishing on the high seas. The regulation established a system for licensing, reporting encounters with VMEs, fishing closure and move-on rules, impact assessments, vessel monitoring system, catch reporting and other measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs. The regulation was to be revised in 2011 to incorporate observer requirements, threshold levels, enhanced impact assessments based on a review in cooperation with a wide range of stakeholders. Impact assessments had been conducted in the South-West Atlantic, but were in the initial stages, owing to the high cost of scientific research and inadequate information from vessels flying the Republic of Korea flag in the areas beyond national jurisdiction. The Republic of Korea was trying to enhance the quality of the report through accumulated information, higher coverage of observers, international cooperation, education and training, cooperation with the industry and strengthened scientific capacity.", "(b) Refusal of authorization to conduct bottom fishing activities", "151. Some States indicated that their vessels did not engage or were not authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, or that their vessels did not fish outside areas regulated by RFMO/As (Chile, Croatia, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, Palau, United States) (see sect. III.B.1 (b)).", "152. Mexico emphasized that it was very important to conserve VMEs and their biodiversity as far as possible, and it thus supported an international moratorium on bottom trawling in areas outside the jurisdiction of States (i.e., the Area), especially in areas where there were fragile ecosystems, such as seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold-water corals.", "153. In this regard, Palau had banned all bottom trawling by its nationals and vessels anywhere in the world and had not authorized any vessels to engage in other types of bottom fishing in the high seas. Palauan law also prohibited companies doing business in Palau from engaging in bottom trawling anywhere in the world (also see sect. III.B.1 (a)).", "154. United States flagged vessels were not currently authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In addition, any authorization to conduct bottom fishing on the high seas in the future would only be granted upon completion of an assessment of impacts to the environment, including on VMEs.", "C. Actions taken by States and competent regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in cooperating to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information and develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes", "155. Paragraph 122 of resolution 64/72 called upon States and RFMO/As to enhance efforts to cooperate to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information related to the implementation of the measures called for in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 to manage deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and to protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing by taking a number of actions, as described below. Paragraph 123 of the resolution also encouraged States and RFMO/As to develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes for identification of VMEs, assessment of impacts on such ecosystems, and assessment of fishing activities on target and non-target species, consistent with the FAO Guidelines and in accordance with the Convention.", "156. Several RFMO/As, as well as States and the European Union, described general efforts to enhance cooperation in the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information relating to the implementation of resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 in addressing the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs and deep-sea fish stocks. GFCM reported that it enjoyed the support of FAO projects at subregional and regional level which enhance, in particular, scientific cooperation and capacity-building in participating countries. GFCM also cooperated closely with a number of regional and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations dealing with the conservation of the marine environment and living marine resources, including the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas. The GFCM subcommittee on the marine environment and ecosystem was working to establish links with existing regional bodies concerned with studies on the relationship/ interaction between environment and marine ecosystems.", "157. NAFO had a well developed infrastructure for the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information. Both the NAFO Fisheries Commission and the Scientific Council had permanent standing committees that dealt with the exchange of information related to the fisheries. In 2010, the NAFO working group on ecosystem approach to fisheries management informally agreed to share coral and sponge data from research surveys. Joint research programmes were also conducted, such as the NEREIDA surveys (see sect. III.A.2 (b)).", "158. NEAFC had internal standards and requirements for reporting and data exchange, but also relied on ICES to facilitate exchange of knowledge, scientific assessments and the review of proposals with regard to fisheries regulations, VME issues, and data-collection protocols. ICES provided updates to NEAFC on scientific issues of relevance and responded to regular and special requests on fisheries and VME issues. The basic compilation and exchange of knowledge was the responsibility of expert groups.", "159. NEAFC also actively cooperated with other organizations in the North-East Atlantic with a mandate to regulate human activity that had an impact on marine biodiversity, including regular meetings and contacts with other RFMO/As. It entered into agreements for this purpose with the Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Commission) and the International Maritime Organization, and it was considering this possibility with the International Seabed Authority. NEAFC also recently decided to play an active role in supporting and organizing a regional workshop for the North-East Atlantic, pursuant to the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 on marine and coastal biodiversity.[73]", "160. In respect of Greenland, Denmark reported that data collaboration on VME organisms was in an early phase, and that collaboration with Canadian scientists and the Danish Zoological Museum was being explored. The European Union reported that Spain had utilized fisheries oceanographic and cooperation vessels to provide training in a number of countries in Africa and Latin and South America, on research and data collection, basic safety on board, use of selective fishing gear, oceanography, fisheries control, and institutional strengthening.", "161. New Zealand commissioned a research project on the development of estimates of annual sustainable catches and of sustainable feature limits for orange roughy bottom trawl catches in the proposed SPRFMO Convention Area. The United States reported on exploratory investigations with Indonesia on the diversity and distribution of deep-sea habitats and marine life in Indonesian waters within the Coral Triangle region, on a multi-year collaboration to characterize deep-sea coral habitat in the Gulf of Mexico and on a bilateral workshop with New Zealand on ocean and marine biosciences that focused on cooperative research on cold-water corals and other VMEs in the Pacific Basin.", "162. In regards to capacity-building, GFCM reported that it regularly responded to requests from its members to strengthen the capacity of national research institutions in the field of data collection, stock assessment and fisheries management. Technical support was given directly to these countries through the FAO Mediterranean subregional projects. SEAFO reported that it had established a special requirements fund to assist developing coastal States in the region in the conservation, management and development of fishery resources. It had also given full recognition to the needs and special requirements of developing States in the region pursuant to article 21 of the SEAFO Convention.", "1. Measures taken by States and RFMO/As to implement paragraphs 122 (a)-(d) and 123 of resolution 64/72", "163. The following section describes actions related to the implementation of resolution 64/72 to enhance cooperation in the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information and the development or strengthening of data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes.", "(a) Exchanging best practices and developing regional standards", "164. In paragraph 122 (a) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States and RFMO/As to exchange best practices and develop, where appropriate, regional standards for use by States engaged in bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and RFMO/As with a view to examining current scientific and technical protocols and promoting consistent implementation of best practices across fisheries and regions, including assistance to developing States in accomplishing these objectives.", "165. The NAFO Scientific Council regularly sponsored international scientific symposia, as well as workshops, to share information on specific scientific topics, such as the use of Geographic Information Systems in stock assessment and ageing workshops for fish species, in which information about techniques used by various countries could be shared and examined. NAFO participated in a joint ICES/NAFO expert working group on deepwater ecology, which included scientists from NAFO and NEAFC Contracting Parties and various States. The expert group reported annually to the advisory forums in NAFO and ICES and provided a forum for the exchange of scientific knowledge and data, techniques and best practices on issues related to VME science, such as identification and delineation. NAFO was also part of the group responsible for the North-Atlantic Format standard, which was used for VMS communication in the North-Atlantic and was being considered by other RFMOs for their possible use.", "166. In CCAMLR regional standards expected to be met by States are provided in the form of conservation measures, while in SPRFMO the interim measures and assessment framework provide the regional standards. The scientific bodies of these RFMOs assessed the performance of members against these standards to ensure adherence.⁴⁸ The responsibilities and functions of SEAFO Contracting Parties, as well as flag State and port State duties in data sharing, were also contained in the SEAFO Convention.", "167. Australia reported that its longstanding participation and lead role in CCAMLR provided a strong basis on which to share scientific information and best practices for bottom fishing activities. Australia was also a key contributor of best practices to other international fisheries management organizations, such as the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Being a signatory to both the SPRFMO Convention and SIOFA allowed Australia to share information and implement conservation and management measures using the most accurate information.", "168. Canada reported that its international governance strategy sought to enable greater international consensus and capacity-building, including improved knowledge, management, standards, and agreements, to advance the implementation of sustainable practices worldwide. Canada contributed to the funding and support of scientific research and international collaboration to deliver on these commitments. Areas of focus for research included identification, characterization and mapping of VMEs, the development of rapid, cost-effective methods for detecting VMEs, assessment of significant adverse impacts and recoverability, and research and advice for the development of science-based encounter protocols.", "169. Italy reported that it participated in a series of scientific research collaboration and cooperation projects with neighbouring coastal States to create the conditions for a future application of shared rules by their fleets.", "(b) Making assessments and adopted measures publicly available", "170. In paragraph 122 (b) of resolution 64/72 the General Assembly called upon States and RFMO/As to make publicly available, consistent with domestic law, assessments of whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs and the measures adopted in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86, as appropriate, of resolution 61/105, and to promote the inclusion of this information on the websites of RFMO/As.[74]", "171. RFMOs with competence to regulate bottom fisheries reported that they maintained websites that detailed and publicized measures that had been adopted in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 64/72.[75] Pursuant to paragraph 85 of resolution 61/105, the interim secretariats of SPRFMO and NPFC also maintained websites that publicized interim measures and assessments.[76]", "172. With regard to the activities of States, Australia reported that it would submit its bottom fishing impact assessment to SPRFMO, as required by the SPRFMO interim measures. Australia would also submit the findings of its benthic impacts project, which was undertaken through multi-stakeholder cooperation to the CCAMLR Commission in 2011. Its conservation and management measures were otherwise publicly available through the bottom fishing impact assessments. The European Union reported that the results of its review of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of VMEs in the high seas from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing gears were published in a report from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council. New Zealand reported that its SPRFMO and CCAMLR impact assessments were publicly available on the relevant websites.", "(c) Submission by flag States of lists of authorized vessels and adopted measures to FAO", "173. In paragraph 122 (c) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States to submit to the FAO a list of those vessels flying their flag authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the measures they have adopted to give effect to the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/105 and 64/72.", "174. Australia maintained a register of Australian flagged vessels authorized to fish on the high seas and it submitted to FAO the list of the seven such vessels currently under Australian fishing permits. Croatia regularly transmitted data on its fleet that was authorized to fish, including bottom trawlers, to relevant RFMOs, such as GFCM and ICCAT. New Zealand provided a list to FAO of flagged vessels that had approval to fish on the high seas using bottom fishing methods.", "175. The Republic of Korea reported that it provided a list of vessels flying its flag that were authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, measures it had adopted, and an impact assessment report to FAO. It planned to submit relevant information to FAO at least on an annual basis to contribute to global efforts to protect VMEs from bottom fishing activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction.", "176. The United States reported that it did not authorize any of its vessels to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and, therefore, it did not have a list of vessels or measures to make publicly available through FAO.", "(d) Sharing information on vessels engaged in bottom fishing where the flag State responsible cannot be determined", "177. In paragraph 122 (d) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States and RFMO/As to share information on vessels that were engaged in bottom fishing operations in areas beyond national jurisdiction where the flag State responsible for the vessels could not be determined.", "178. GFCM reported that it had recently adopted a list of vessels that were presumed to be carrying out IUU fishing in the GFCM area. SEAFO also published an authorized vessel list and an IUU vessel list on its webpage, which were updated annually.", "179. NEAFC had two main tools to combat IUU fishing that were part of its scheme of control and enforcement, namely the blacklisting of vessels under flags of non-Contracting Parties to NEAFC and a port state control system, which controlled the landings of frozen fish into foreign harbours in the NEAFC Convention Area. The NEAFC secretariat was required to transmit the IUU permanent list of vessels to the secretariats of CCAMLR, NAFO and SEAFO, as well as other RFMOs. Upon receiving notification from CCAMLR, NAFO and SEAFO of vessels that had engaged in IUU fisheries, the NEAFC secretariat was also required to place the non-Contracting Parties vessels on its permanent list. The arrangement had been operational with SEAFO and NAFO, but not CCAMLR.", "180. Australia reported that its participation in a number of RFMOs provided it with an avenue for sharing scientific research outcomes and collaborating on future research, as well as uniform practices on fisheries issues. Japan reported that it presented information on three fishing vessels whose fishing activities seemed to be inconsistent with resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 at the tenth multilateral meeting of NPFC in March 2011. Japan attempted to contact each flag State if the flag was known, but it had not received satisfactory replies.", "181. New Zealand conducted aerial patrols in the Pacific and Southern Oceans and supplied detailed information on IUU vessels or illegal activities to the relevant RFMO/As to be shared with other members.", "(e) Developing or strengthening of data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes", "182. In paragraph 123 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly encouraged States and RFMO/As to develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes for identification of VMEs, assessment of impacts on such ecosystems, and assessment of fishing activities on target and non-target species, consistent with the FAO Guidelines and in accordance with the Convention.", "183. GFCM reported that it had developed several data-collection standards and procedures to be followed by its members. NAFO prescribed requirements for exploratory fishing in new areas where fishing gear was likely to contact the seafloor, including a trip report that would be forwarded to the NAFO Scientific Council, as well as a data-collection form containing fishing trip, gear and fishing and catch information. SEAFO adopted protocols regarding the collection and reporting of scientific data that were revised annually by the SEAFO Scientific Committee to improve data collection. Conservation measures to address the protection of VMEs were also adopted by the SEAFO Commission in 2009 and 2010.", "184. Regarding the activities of States, Canada reported that its international governance strategy funded science projects between 2009 and 2011 in support of the identification and protection of VMEs, including the development of guidance and procedures for the identification of VMEs and mapping of VMEs, the development of scientific and technical guidance to identify, describe and assess activities that may have significant adverse impacts on marine biodiversity, and the development of guidance for science-based impact assessments.", "185. New Zealand played a leading role in the scientific work on bottom fishing in the CCAMLR Area. In 2010, New Zealand submitted 11 papers to the CCAMLR Scientific Committee and its working groups on VMEs, including work on developing an impact assessment methodology, creating a glossary of terms and conceptual framework to assess VME impacts and producing a benthic invertebrate taxa identification guide, all of which were adopted by CCAMLR.", "186. In the SPRFMO Area, New Zealand reported that it was currently working on a quantitative risk assessment approach using deepwater coral predictive habitat models to identify areas where coral VMEs were likely to occur. New Zealand used a predictive habitat model to develop first estimates of potential orange roughy biomass on known features within the New Zealand bottom fishing footprint in the SPRFMO Area as a basis for making recommendations on likely sustainable orange roughy catches in these areas.", "187. The United States reported that, in the context of NAFO, measures were being adopted to implement a more comprehensive data-collection protocol for coral and sponge species encountered in exploratory and existing fishing areas. The United States also engaged in other relevant international forums on assessing scientific information and identifying areas that should be closed to fishing activities, including in the work of the OSPAR Commission and ICES.", "IV. Activities of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the regulation of bottom fisheries and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems", "188. In paragraph 125 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly expressed appreciation to FAO for its important work in providing expert technical advice on the management of deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and the protection of VMEs from the impacts of fishing and encouraged FAO in its further work in relation to the implementation of the FAO Guidelines. In paragraph 126 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly welcomed the FAO programme proposal for deep-sea fisheries in the high seas on ensuring sustainable use of marine resources and protection of VMEs, including the development of support tools and a database on VMEs, and invited States to support the programme so that its elements might be finalized as a matter of priority. In addition, in paragraph 127 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly invited FAO, working with other relevant international governmental organizations, to consider means to support flag States and RFMO/As in their implementation of paragraphs 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 119 to 122 of resolution 64/72.[77]", "189. As reflected in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, FAO has initiated a programme for deep-sea fisheries in the high seas with the aim of assisting States, institutions, the fishing industry and RFMO/As in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines. The programme seeks to establish a knowledge baseline in relation to these fisheries and related ecosystems and improve the current management systems through better information, engagement and communication among stakeholders, together with capacity-building activities. It consists of four major components: (i) tools to aid in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines; (ii) a database of high seas VMEs and related information; (iii) area specific demonstration and pilot implementation activities for enhanced management of deep-sea fisheries; and (iv) global coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and dissemination of information.[78]", "190. In the implementation of the FAO programme, a list of authorized vessels to fish in deep-sea fisheries in the high seas provided by States has been made public on the FAO website.[79] An electronic discussion forum and network of deep-sea fisheries experts had also been initiated to facilitate communication. In addition, FAO was developing a collection of historical deep-sea fisheries data on the South-East Atlantic, which would serve to support the RFMO and States in their management of fisheries and protection of VMEs. Future activities of the FAO programme included developing guidance on impact assessments, encounter protocols and related mitigation measures such as the move-on rule, as well as thresholds and indicator species for VMEs.", "191. At the request of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), FAO had also taken the lead in the development of a GEF global programme on sustainable fisheries and conservation of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. FAO, in collaboration with partners, is developing the programme and potential supporting projects, which will include activities and projects on deep-sea fisheries and marine conservation in the high seas.", "192. Some States expressed appreciation for the role of FAO, or described their participation in the work of FAO in the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas and the protection of VMEs and in implementing the commitments contained in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 (Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, New Zealand). States also indicated that FAO should continue to improve the FAO Guidelines to achieve an adequate level of protection of vulnerable habitats from bottom trawling in the high seas.", "193. It was also suggested that FAO should undertake technical work in the following five priority areas to assist States and RFMOs implement resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 and the FAO Guidelines: (i) improving and expanding application of the criteria for the identification of VMEs beyond corals, sponges, seamounts and hydrothermal vents; (ii) developing guidance on impact mitigation measures and best practices for developing and applying encounter protocols relevant to VMEs, particularly by RFMOs; (iii) developing guidance on what and how information should be collected to implement measures for managing fishery impacts on VMEs; (iv) defining certain terms that could clarify implementation of the FAO Guidelines; and (v) developing guidance on best practices for conducting assessments.", "194. FFA indicated that small island developing States in its region would require capacity-building and technical and financial assistance in order to support the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and initiatives introduced at the international level. In this regard, the FFA secretariat sought consideration from FAO in regards to capacity-building and the provision of technical assistance in conducting assessments.", "A. Developing tools for the implementation of the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries on the High Seas of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "195. The FAO Guidelines were developed at the request of the FAO Committee on Fisheries at its twenty-seventh session in 2007 and adopted at an FAO Technical Consultation in 2008.[80] They were designed to provide guidance on management factors ranging from an appropriate regulatory framework to the components of a good data-collection programme, and include the identification of key management considerations and measures necessary to ensure the conservation of target and non‑target species, as well as affected habitats. The FAO Guidelines set out a management framework to assist States and RFMO/As in formulating and implementing appropriate measures for the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas.[81]", "196. FAO continued its work to assist in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines through the development of tools and guidance for States and RFMO/As. The Workshop on the Implementation of the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas: Challenges and Ways Forward, held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 10 to 12 May 2010, analysed challenges in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and recommended FAO to conduct further evaluations in the future, since progress on implementation was still in the early stages.³⁶", "197. Specific recommendations to improve the implementation of the FAO Guidelines included support in the development of new RFMO/As; support to developing countries; making available best practices and guidance on impact and risk assessment, encounter protocols and related mitigation measures; support in stock assessments; development of guidance on VME criteria, including thresholds and indicator species; and facilitation of communication and information sharing.[82]", "B. Establishing a global database of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems beyond national jurisdiction", "198. FAO reported that it was developing a database of information relevant to VMEs in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The database would improve the dissemination of information on VMEs and enable more responsible bottom fisheries and assist States in assessing the impacts of bottom fisheries on such ecosystem. User-friendly species identification guides would also be published in order to assist in improving information on deep-sea species.[83]", "199. In order to avoid duplication, some States suggested that FAO should coordinate with the United Nations Environment Programme and the Convention on Biological Diversity in efforts to develop a database of information on ecologically and biologically significant areas.[84] Canada likewise reported that it supported a multi-faceted approach to protecting high seas biodiversity. France reported that it would contribute $400,000 for the development of the database.", "200. SEAFO reported that it was committed to contributing to the database, where possible. Information on VMEs acquired through a recent bathymetric mapping of possible VMEs in the SEAFO Convention Area had also been shared with the international South Atlantic MAR-ECO project led from Brazil.", "V. Concluding remarks", "201. New research has highlighted the great diversity in composition and ecological characteristics of VMEs, on the biology of relevant organisms and on the spatial scales of VMEs. While many fish species occur on, or are associated with, VMEs and are members of VME communities, the nature of the relationship may vary, and many benthic fish species also frequent other structured habitats not currently defined as VMEs.", "202. Compared with global landings from fisheries, deepwater landings are small, but the impacts of deep-sea fishing can be significant. Documented negative impacts of bottom fishing gear on VMEs range from localized depletion, loss of habitat complexity, shifts in community structure and changes in ecosystem processes. Damage to some VMEs appears to be lasting and recovery will take decades or more. Some major coral reefs have likely been lost forever and the recovery of depleted fish populations will take a long time.", "203. Substantial progress has been made by States and RFMO/As to implement the relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72. All RFMOs with competence to regulate bottom fisheries have adopted measures and have taken action to implement the resolutions, but the actions have varied. In some RFMO/As, new fishing areas, comprised of both completely unfished areas and areas that may have been fished in the distant past, have been effectively closed. In those RFMO/As current fishing activity has been essentially limited to relatively small existing fishing areas, under certain conditions and regulations. Measures range from area closures and technical regulations to general regulations aimed at conserving resources and biodiversity, with particular focus on VMEs. Some measures have been described as temporary and would need revision as new information becomes available.", "204. Requirements for impact assessments have been implemented by CCAMLR, NAFO, NEAFC and SEAFO, but the requirements vary. In addition, new or revised data-collection protocols and reporting procedures have been implemented, the use of scientific observers has increased and VME identification guides have been developed or are in progress. These RFMOs have also established thresholds on bycatch of VME indicator species to indicate encounters with potential VMEs, as well as regulations describing actions to be taken by fishing vessels. NAFO and NEAFC have re-evaluated initial thresholds to lower the thresholds for sponges and corals, but other indicator species have not been identified in NAFO, NEAFC or SEAFO. Actual encounters have only been reported in CCAMLR.", "205. Efforts by States participating in negotiations to establish new RFMOs in the Pacific Ocean have culminated in the adoption of the SPRFMO Convention and the successful conclusion of negotiations for the North Pacific Ocean. Interim measures have been adopted and scientific mechanisms have been established to implement these measures until the respective treaties enter into force.", "206. Many States have adopted measures for areas within and beyond national jurisdiction to complement the measures introduced by RFMOs. Some States have also adopted measures for vessels fishing in areas where there was no RFMO, or interim measures in place. The diversity and level of reporting from States was considerable.", "207. Relatively little information was provided on the exchange of procedures, best practices and standards between RFMO/As and States. While there are regional differences, many measures are similar or compatible across several RFMO/As. Research activities are being conducted in some regions to explore poorly known deepwater ecosystems or map VMEs and monitor deepwater resources, but it was not possible to determine whether this activity had increased due to actions being taken in RFMO/As.", "208. If fully implemented, resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, as well as the FAO Guidelines, provide the tools necessary to protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts due to bottom fishing and to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks. While significant actions have been taken, implementation of the resolutions continues to be uneven and further efforts are needed. As the experience of States and RFMO/As with adopted measures is ongoing, the basis for a comprehensive evaluation of their effectiveness in regulating fisheries, facilitating recovery and conservation of resources and protecting VMEs is still limited.", "Annex", "List of respondents to the questionnaire", "States", "Australia", "Bulgaria", "Canada", "Chile", "Colombia", "Croatia", "Denmark", "France", "Germany", "Iceland", "Italy", "Japan", "Kuwait", "Mexico", "New Zealand", "Norway", "Palau", "Republic of Korea", "United States of America", "Regional economic integration organizations", "European Union", "United Nations specialized agencies", "FAO", "Regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements", "CACFish", "CCAMLR", "CCSBT", "FFA", "GFCM", "NAFO", "NASCO", "NEAFC", "NPFC", "SEAFO", "SPRFMO", "WCPFC", "[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the Technical Consultation on International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas, Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 881.", "[2] See A/64/305, para. 9.", "[3] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the Technical Consultation on International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas, Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 881; see also the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas, paras. 14-16.", "[4] See, for example, A/58/65, A/59/62, A/60/63/Add.1, A/61/154, A/64/305.", "[5] The estimated number of seamounts depends on definitions, and the diversity of seamounts is considerable in terms of morphology, summit depth, and association with other major structures such as mid-ocean ridge and continental slopes. For recent studies, see T. A. Schlacher, et al., eds., “Recent advances in seamount ecology”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010); M. R. Clark, et al., “The Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Function, and Human Impacts”, in Annual Review of Marine Science, vol. 2 (2010); T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007); A. N. Mironov, et al., eds., Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts (Moscow, KMK Scientific Press Ltd., 2006).", "[6] See A. A. Rowden, et al., “Paradigms in seamount ecology: fact, fiction and future”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010); CenSeam project of the Census of Marine Life programme. Available at http://censeam.niwa.co.nz.", "[7] See T. A. Schlacher, et al., “Seamount science scales undersea mountains: new research and outlook”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[8] See, for example, T. Shank, “Seamounts. Deep ocean laboratories of faunal connectivity, evolution, and endemism”, in Oceanography, vol. 23 (2010); W. Cho and T. M. Shank, “Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species on North Atlantic seamounts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[9] See L. A. Levin, et al., eds., “Advances in Vent, Seep, Whale- and Wood-Fall Biology”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007); C. R. Fischer, et al., “Hydrothermal vent ecosystems”, in Oceanography, vol. 20, No. 1 (2007); M. Baker, et al., “Biogeography, ecology, and vulnerability of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep-sea”, in Life in the World’s Oceans, A. D. McIntyre, ed. (United Kingdom, Blackwell Publishing, 2010).", "[10] Some vestimenferan tube worms can live to at least 200 years, but bivalves are comparatively short-lived. See E. E. Cordes, et al., “Patterns of growth in cold-seep vestimenferans, including Seepiophila jonesi: a second species of long-lived tubeworm”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007); J. P. Barry, et al., “Growth, production, and mortality of the chemosynthetic vesicomyid bivalve, Calyptogena kilmeri from cold seeps off central California”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007).", "[11] See E. Ramirez-Llodra, et al., “Biodiversity and Biogeography of Hydrothermal Vent Species: Thirty Years of Discovery and Investigations”, in Oceanography, vol. 20, No. 1 (2007).", "[12] See J. Murray Roberts, et al., Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2009).", "[13] See A. D. Rogers, et al., “Corals on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[14] See A. H. Andrews, et al., “Investigations of age and growth for three deep-sea corals from Davidson Seamount off central California”, in Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems (Berin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag, 2005).", "[15] See J. M. Portela, et al., “Preliminary description of the overlap between squid fisheries and VMEs on the high seas of the Patagonian Shelf”, in Fisheries Research, vol. 16 (2010); and F. J. Murillo, et al., “Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean): interaction with fishing activities”, in ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 68, No. 2 (2011).", "[16] See A. Freiwald and J. Murray Roberts, Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2009); and A. D. Roberts, et al., “Corals on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, in Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[17] See N. R. Merrett and R. L. Haedrich, Deep-sea demersal fish and fisheries (London, Chapman and Hall, 1997).", "[18] See Bensch, et al., “Worldwide review of bottom fisheries in the high seas, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 522” (2008).", "[19] See M. P. Sissenwine and P. M. Mace, “Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably?”. In FAO Fisheries Report No. 838 (2007).", "[20] See P. A. Large, et al., “Deep-water Fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic: II. Assessment and Management Approaches”, in Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, vol. 31 (2003).", "[21] T. Morato and M. R. Clark, “Seamount fishes: ecology and life histories” in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[22] See A/59/62/Add.1, A/61/154 and A/64/305.", "[23] See A. Williams, et al., “Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from bottom trawling impacts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[24] See J. Hall-Spencer, et al., “Design of Marine Protected Areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank”, in Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 397 (2009).", "[25] See D. P. Tittensor, et al., “Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts”, in Journal of Biogeography, vol. 36 (2009); M. R. Clark and D. P. Tittensor, “An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[26] A study that attempted a quantitative analysis for 2005 on a portion of the North-East Atlantic slope indicated that the relative contribution of fisheries to the overall human activity on the deep-seafloor could be high and apparently dominant. The study quantified activity, however, not impacts, and impact studies at similar spatial scales appear not to have been conducted (see A. Benn, et al., “Human activities on the deep-seafloor in the North East Atlantic: An assessment of spatial extent”, in PlosOne, vol. 5, No. 9 (2010).", "[27] The history, geographical pattern and species composition of deepwater fisheries, as well as the response of science and management, have been addressed in recent FAO reports and published papers and reviews. See, for example, FAO Fisheries Proceedings 3/1 and 3/2, Deep-sea 2003: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Report No. 838 (FAO, Rome, 2005).", "[28] See M. Clark, “Experience with management of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in New Zealand waters, and the effects of commercial fishing on stock over the period 1980-1993”, in Deep-water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Slope, A. G. Hooper, ed. (Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995); and ICES, Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources and advisory reports 1998 and onwards. Available at www.ices.dk.", "[29] See F. Gonzalez-Costas and H. Murua, “An analytical assessment of the roughead grenadier stock in NAFO Subareas 2 and 3”, in American Fisheries Society Symposium, vol. 63 (2008).", "[30] See M. R. Clark, et al., “Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[31] See Bensch, et al., “Worldwide review of bottom fisheries in the high seas”, in FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 522 (2008).", "[32] See J. A. Devine, et al., “Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered”, in Nature, vol. 439 (2006); D. M. Bailey, et al., “Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the North East Atlantic: deeper-reaching effect of fisheries?”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 276 (2009); N. Campbell, et al., “Species richness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope”, in International Journal of Marine Science, vol. 68, No. 2 (2011).", "[33] See FAO Fisheries Report No. 838; T. Morato and M. R. Clark, “Seamount fishes: ecology and life histories”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[34] See H. da Silva and M. R. Pinho, “Small-scale fishing on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[35] See O. A. Bergstad and Å. S. Høines, “Bottom fisheries closures introduced by Atlantic RFMOs as elements of new regulatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable resource utilization and conserve biodiversity. Working Document”, ICES (February 2011).", "[36] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the FAO Workshop on the Implementation of the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas: Challenges and Ways Forward, Busan, Republic of Korea, 10-12 May 2010, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report, No. 948 (FAO, Rome, 2010).", "[37] See A/64/305, para. 44.", "[38] Actions taken to implement para. 119 of resolution 64/72 by States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As are described in sect. III.B (2).", "[39] These measures supplement conservation measures 22-04 and 22-05 on deep-sea gillnetting and the use of bottom trawling gear for purposes other than scientific research; 24-01 on the application of conservation measures to scientific research; 41-05 and 22-08 on prohibiting fishing with bottom gear below 550 metres; 21-01 on new fisheries measures; 21-02 on exploratory fisheries; and 10-02 on authorizing bottom fishing activities and the procedures in 22-06.", "[40] See A/64/305, para. 35.", "[41] Contribution of the European Union.", "[42] ICES had designed a complete Exploratory Bottom Fisheries Protocol, which would be reviewed by NEAFC in 2011.", "[43] Contributions of the European Union and the United States.", "[44] Contributions of NAFO and the United States.", "[45] Contribution of Norway.", "[46] Contributions of Canada, the European Union and NAFO.", "[47] A portion of a coral and sponge protection zone closure falls outside of the NAFO Regulatory Area (in Canada’s exclusive economic zone), and was thus taken into account when calculating the proportion closed to bottom fishing.", "[48] Contribution of New Zealand.", "[49] See “Consolidated text of all NEAFC recommendations on regulating bottom fishing”, annex 4, provides as follows: “For both existing and new fishing areas, an encounter with primary VME indicator species is defined as a catch per set (e.g. trawl tow, longline set, or gillnet set) of more than 60 kg of live coral [and/or 800 kg of live sponge].” Available at http://neafc.org/system/ files/%252Fhome/neafc/drupal2_files/consolidated_bottomfishing_regulations.pdf.", "[50] Contribution of the Interim Secretariat for the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean.", "[51] Canada, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the United States.", "[52] Contribution of the United States.", "[53] Contribution of Canada.", "[54] A/64/305, paras. 146-152; contributions of the Interim Secretariat and the United States.", "[55] Contributions of the Interim Secretariat and the United States.", "[56] See assessments at http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/Assessment.html and contain details on current interim measures carried out by each participating State following the assessments reported in 2008.", "[57] See art. 2 of the SPRFMO Convention.", "[58] See www.southpacificrfmo.org/preparatory-conference/.", "[59] See art. 38 (1) of the SPRFMO Convention for details. If within three years of its adoption the SPRFMO Convention has not so entered into force, it will enter into force six months after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval, or in accordance with para. 1, whichever is the earlier.", "[60] Also see A/64/305, paras. 163-166.", "[61] Contribution of the Interim Secretariat of the SPRFMO.", "[62] See SPRFMO Interim Secretariat, Report on Interim Management Measures (2011). Available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/PrepCon-2/Plenary/PrepCon-02-INF-02-Report-on-Interim-Management-Measures-Rev2.pdf.", "[63] Spain, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, Preliminary Assessment of the Risk of Cause Serious Damage to the Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/SWG-VIII/SP-08-SWG-DW-02-EC-Bottom-fishing-assessment-ENG.pdf.", "[64] See SPRFMO Science Working Group, Report of the Science Working Group (8th International Meeting 2009). Available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/Plenary-VIII/8th-SWG-Report-Final-Adopted-6-Nov-09-JMA-apendicies-fixed-maps-fixed-24-Nov-09-5pm.pdf).", "[65] New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, Bottom Fishery Impact Assessment (2008).", "[66] Contribution on Palau.", "[67] See A/64/305, paras. 140 and 141.", "[68] See http://www.fao.org/Legal/treaties/035s-e.htm.", "[69] Official Journal of the European Union, L 201, of 30 July 2008.", "[70] See arts. 8, 9 and 11 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008.", "[71] European Union Commission, “Report from the Commission to the European Union Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing gears”, COM (2010) 651 final.", "[72] Ibid., para. 17.", "[73] See Convention on Biological Diversity decision X/29 on marine and coastal biodiversity.", "[74] See resolution 61/105, paras. 84 and 87.", "[75] See www.ccamlr.org; www.gfcm.org/gfcm/en; www.nafo.int; www.neafc.org; and www.seafo.org. The CCAMLR VME taxa classification guide is available at www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/sc/obs/vme-guide.pdf. The full range of measures adopted by GFCM are available in an e-Compedium on its website: http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/e-Compendium/ info.html.", "[76] See www.southpacificrfmo.org and http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/index.html. Information on the SPRFMO interim framework for benthic impact assessments is also available at www.southpacificrfmo.org.", "[77] See resolution 61/105, paras. 88-90, and A/64/305, paras. 190-199.", "[78] Contribution of FAO. See also www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/158143/en.", "[79] See ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/UNGA/deep_sea/UNGA61_105.pdf.", "[80] See A/64/305, paras. 194-196.", "[81] See www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm and http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en.", "[82] Contribution of FAO.", "[83] See A/66/70, para. 41.", "[84] See Convention on Biological Diversity decision X/29 on marine and coastal biodiversity, see also A/66/70, para. 163." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 76 (b) of the provisional agenda", "Oceans and the law of the sea: achieving sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related books", "States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for action taken pursuant to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of General Assembly resolution 61/105 on the impact of bottom-up fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks, as well as paragraphs 113 to 117 and 119 to 127 of Assembly resolution 6472 and Assembly resolutions 113 to 117 and 119 to 127", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The present report was prepared pursuant to paragraph 122 of General Assembly resolution 65/38 of 7 December 2010, in which the Secretary-General, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements pursuant to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105, paragraphs 113 to 117 of resolution 64/72 and 119 to 127 in order to facilitate further review of the action taken referred to in paragraph 129 of resolution 6472. The present report is a follow-up to previous reports prepared by the Secretary-General (A/64/305 and A/61/154). The present report should therefore be read in conjunction with the previous interim report of the Secretary-General on measures taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to implement resolution 61/105 (A/62/260, paras. 60-96 and A/63/128, paras.", "Contents", "Summary of the impact of bottom-up fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks 4A. Vulnerable marine ecosystems: latest reviews 4 B. deep fish stocks 8 C. Impact of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks 93 3. States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for the processing of the long-term sustainability of the questionnaires on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks 12A. Actions or arrangements for the regulatory floors of States 22 B.", "Summary", "Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Resources", "Southern Tuna Conservation Commission", "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "FAO Guidelines", "GEF Global Environment Facility", "General Committee on Fisheries of the Mediterranean", "Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities", "International Atlantic Tuna Conservation Commission", "Caucus International Maritime Survey Board", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "International Seabed Authority", "North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission", "North Pacific Fisheries Commission", "Regional fisheries management organizations/arrange regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements", "Central Pacific Fisheries Commission", "Introduction", "In its resolution 6472 of 4 December 2009, the General Assembly, inter alia, welcomed the significant progress made by States, regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements (regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements) and those participating in negotiations aimed at establishing a regional fisheries management organization or arrangement with competence to regulate bottom-up fishing in order to implement paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and to address the long-term sustainability of bottom-up fishing.", "On the basis of the review, the General Assembly considered the need for further action in accordance with prudent practices and ecosystem approaches and international law, in accordance with the implementation of the paragraph, and called upon the regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements for the regulation of bottom-up fishing, States participating in negotiations on the establishment of such organizations or arrangements, and flag States to take additional actions described in the present report. The General Assembly also called upon States to implement and organize, without delay, the implementation of the International Guidelines on the Management of deep-sea fisheries on the High seas, 2008 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [2], with a view to the sustainable management of fish stocks and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems from the destruction of destructive fishing.", "In addition, the General Assembly decided to further review at its sixty-sixth session, in 2011, the actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations/arrange for the relevant paragraphs of resolution 61/105 and resolution 6472 in order to ensure the effective implementation of the measures and to make further recommendations, as required.", "Following the request of the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the above-mentioned actions, the Secretary-General circulated a questionnaire to States, regional economic integration organizations and regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements requesting them to submit information on their actions in implementing the relevant resolutions in order to further review those actions. Also requests the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to submit information.", "Documents submitted by 19 States, the European Union (EU), 12 regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements and FAO pursuant to the above-mentioned request (see annex). The present report is based on information and other relevant information. The Secretary-General wishes to express his gratitude to all parties that submitted information.", "Overview of the impact of bottom fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks", "Vulnerable marine ecosystems: latest review", "As previously reported, the degree of vulnerability of [3] ecosystems relates to the possibility of significant changes in one or more components (e.g., species groups, sites or habitats) due to short- or long-term interference, as well as the possibility of recovery and the time required. The most vulnerable ecosystems are those that are both vulnerable to interference, have been slow and can never be rehabilitated. [4] In ecosystems, seamounts, hydrothermals and refrigeration of water corals can be seen as ecological zones, which may be generated in a variety of forms and dispersed to larger ecosystems. Annex", "In his previous report, the Secretary-General described in detail vulnerable marine ecosystems, in particular vulnerable marine ecosystems outside the national jurisdiction. [5] The following sections describe the latest review of these vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "Seamounts", "Ecological paradigms have created a number of general awareness of seamounts, which are characterized as a stereotyped nature, that seamounts are unique environments, hot spots for biodiversity and local identity, and fragile ecosystems with extremely ecological values. However, most of the scientific paradigms related to seamount ecosystems are based on very limited quantitative studies. About 300 of the world's tens of thousands of seamounts have been surveyed thoroughly in accordance with scientific standards. [6]", "The recent review of the main paradigm of ecological development of the seamounts has shown that there is a great gap in the field of knowledge and that some paradigms are contested. [7] The available data strongly support the vulnerability of the seamounts to fishing and the sensitivity of these groups to the interference of the bottom-up fishing law and the assertions of the low resilience. The low breeding spoilers are effectively disrupted or destroyed; the high-value fish that are often assembled in seamounts are rapidly reduced and are duly recorded in the literature. However, the following is not widely supported by the fact that seamounts are the island habitat of the local specific fauna, which consists of specific groups of these fauna different from other deep-sea habitats in the composition of species. It was proved that local specificity required a large sample and that the word was misused. In addition, it was generally not widely accepted that local breeding in a way that was carried out in a way of self-sufficiency. Organic bodies associated with seamounts may be large and small, but their breeding depends on the combination of inputs from local breeding and adjacent sea areas.", "Although there is evidence to support seamounts as midstlets, green continents with resources and biomass, as well as species rich hot spots, the current sampling level is too low to substantiate these general views. The bottom biodiversity is similar to those observed on the continent. [8] Further investigations are also needed on the following new paradigms: the difference in the structure of the seamount species; the origin of the invertebrate species in seamounts; and the large-scale environmental events in which seamounts can become protected areas of biological maimation. Genetic studies record complex models between seamounts and other habitats, which depend on spatial measurements and the historical characteristics of the biological life. [9]", "Emissions", "For the first time in the late 1970s, hydrothermal sprays were found to provide food for the bottom and near-blues and be driven by the process. [10] The reactions between Earth's Christians, gas under great pressure, and water troika have resulted in a high-semitic spray, with the most bacteria of the unique food chain. For the first time on the maritime side of the Gulf of Mexico, a low-war chemical synthetic system was discovered (the “reland spring”). The energy and material generated by the process of collation (and other deep-sea landscapes, such as cold springs), compared with optical cooperation.", "Although widely distributed and likely to be more common than desired, hydrothermal sprays are relatively small and local-level ocean landscapes; they are usually merging blocks in various ocean and latitude sequestration blocks (internals) and ar post-trainal expansion centres. Despite the low diversity of diameteries, the locality is strong. Differences in the life history of the spraying biomass may also be greater. [11] The early biogeographic doctrine is being tested and amended with the continued discovery of new jets and a range of relevant new species. [12]", "Vulnerable ecosystems associated with the landscape may be more vulnerable to interference in human activity than the hydride spraying. The refrigeration occurred in more generally soft-floor continental shelf and slope areas than in bottom-up fishing and oil-chemical mining activities.", "Greenwater coral and water nutrients", "Certain refrigeration corals and hydronutrients, [13] are largely those that may or have generated forests, gardens and coral reefs, which are members and directs of vulnerable groups. The main bioclassifications are stones (colls), soft corals and slope corals (eight coral bleacha syllabus), Blacks (Leal coral) and water-borne corals (coups). Heavy (High) is another category, mainly in the floor of saving. The structured habitat composition of these groups takes place with the various animal groups, which form vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "The refrigeration of corals is usually located on the shores or lopes of water, the peaks and the margins of the seamounts, [14], and in the slopes, the sea, the archaeological and the sea. Many coral species are widely distributed and certain species can form coral reefs. There are unique habitat preferences and water depths in species or species groups; according to their knowledge, people use habitat-appropriate models to “estimate” some coral species, such as the distribution of Lophelia.", "The coral reefs are ancient, and deep-sea coral have been slow and can survive for centuries. [15] As such, the age of coral reefs may be high, but coral reefs are composed of a number of corals and a large number of coral reefs. The fact that a group appears to be able to move quickly, as is often the fact that some corals are attached to the maritime oil platform. However, the longevity of corals depends on food availability and environmental conditions, while deep-sea corals are usually slow.", "Globally, the mapping of coral and coral habitats continued; in recent years, a large number of sea, seamounts and slopes were surveyed in the Atlantic, the South-West Pacific and the Indian Ocean. [16] Many regions carrying out cartographic work have fishing activities or are likely to become bottom-up fishing zones.", "The coral pests, gardens and coral reefs in the above-mentioned biocategories are characterized by a state of integrity, vulnerability and slow recovery, especially in the deep sea. The use of sea beds in the coral bleach area may trigger the fishing gear of the seabed and other activities may result in actual interference and destruction. The vulnerability of corals to other factors, such as the effects of ocean acid and temperature changes, has also increased attention. [17]", "Other vulnerable marine ecosystems", "Often, carbon acid salts accompany vulnerable species such as coral bleachs. Heaway consists of highly vulnerable species (e.g., glass dairy) or a large number of powerful species (e.g. Geodia).", "In recent years, a large number of mapping exercises in regions such as the North Atlantic have increased the understanding of these landscapes and species distribution areas.", "As in coral bleach areas, research is being carried out in these regions; these studies will allow for greater understanding of the importance of these vulnerable marine ecosystems as fish habitats and the vulnerability of species and species.", "Deep-sea fish stocks", "The general definition of deep-sea fish is a combination of different species of fish that are beyond the peripheral and continental shelf and/or in water depth exceeding 200 metres, although other deep-sea limits are also used. [18] The main habitats refer to the subsoils of the mainland, mountainous, deep island, and seamounts and peaks and deep-rooted areas, but also in the Gulf of Gorga and the land tanks/hops.", "The deep-sea fish “blues” consists of a number of deep-sea fish species that are the target of commercial fisheries or by the sub-catch. [19] In these fish, there are very few real medium-scale species of water (land water). Most of the habitats are at the bottom of water, or the sea bed or the environment associated with the seabed, but there are some fish that are biofuels. Although some fish were captured in 2,000 deep sea areas, most deep-sea fish stocks were captured in 1000 metres of sea. Given that the number and biomass of species tend to fall sharply with the increase in water and the changing composition of species,17 it is therefore impossible to develop deeper fisheries even if technically feasible.", "The diversity of deep-sea fish species in the history of life and the ecological sphere is considerable. The species of fish in the 500-mile region, as well as in the marine or subsoil, are generally similar to those of the continental shelf. [20] However, this deep limit is not universally applicable. The deep-sea fish species may also be attentive in their distribution zones or at the peak of the seamounts.", "The life and long-term rate of different deep-sea species varies. In the North-East Atlantic, a number of deep-sea fish species (e.g. gold eye, black-corra, dark-end fish, long-lasting, single-four) live in similar terms to the bottom-water species, while other species of fish (e.g. swing cod, deep sharks, orange) are extremely long and can live for decades or even a century. [21] The breeding of deep-sea shark is very limited.", "Most deep-sea fish species are widely distributed, but regional and local space distribution varies among fish species. Some fish species have always been assembled, and there may be a large pool of sizes (e.g., at seamounts) [22] and to bring together them. Some fish species were assembled during the egg season, while others were dispersed. Most of the fish species are also hunted by medium-size-scale organic bodies, using the daily vertical movement of various hunting species, the default of biological residues, and the hunting of certain depths and habitats in the cycle. In addition, many fish species use geological or biological structural habitats as habitat and intake zones. Most of the fish species found in regions where coral and fertiles are also sheltered in other structural habitats.", "The deep-sea fish species most vulnerable to overfish are the fish species that are sold on the market, which are extended in the life cycle, with low fertility and slowness, and the distribution area is much closer to the market (e.g., sworing, blue and many deep shark). The common characteristics of these fish species are exacerbated by the desire to bring together and are therefore easily discovered and captured, or show a strong tendency to attract trajectorys.", "C. Impact of bottom-up fishing on fragile marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks", "The next section updates earlier information on the impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks, as well as efforts to strengthen this assessment. [23]", "Vulnerable marine ecosystems", "Several studies documented the adverse impacts of mobile fishermen on deep seabed organisms and groups, in particular the adverse impacts of structural generation of biomass, such as certain corals and cereals, which included drying, habitat complex loss, changes in biota structure and changes in ecosystem processes.", "The destruction of coral bleach appears to be long-term, and its recovery may require decades or even longer. The main coral reefs affected by bottom fishing may be lost forever. [24] Fishing in coral and sea waters may also lead to a large number of unanticipated sub-fishing, resulting in damage to targeted fish and disruption of already expensive fishing operations. However, these impacts have not been satisfactorily assessed at all levels around the world. In total, less or less fishing boats attempt to avoid the areas of known coral and sea, vulnerable marine ecosystems are also affected by or are not compromised even if there is a large number of fishing activities in the vicinity.", "In recent years, there has been an increase in cartographic activities related to many of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean areas, which have resulted in the strengthening of records on the existence and distribution of prone marine ecosystems. Space distribution of fishing has also been better documented and the scientific basis for managing decision-making has been strengthened. [25] habitability simulations are used to predict the situation of the various marine subsectors, in particular in the case of seamounts and nautical slogans that may be highly vulnerable to the fishing impacts. [26] With sufficient model forecasting, combined with observational data on the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the regional and local levels, these simulations will guide the mapping and protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "The shortcomings of previous assessments are not fully recorded of the activities and impacts of fisheries that began in the 1960s and were largely unregulated for decades. In most cases, the recording of geographical coordinates containing only onshores and on-shores has resulted in poor information on fish and fishing. The trend that may have adverse effects on time is not well known. Even in recent decades, it is difficult to review the history and other impacts of deep-sea fisheries. [27]", "Ocean fish stocks", "The history of deep-sea fisheries has been seen as more recent. However, as early as the mid-1960s, there were more small-scale deep-water fisheries, including artisanal fisheries such as long-range long-range fishing in Okinawa, single-four and rice fish, as well as species such as Blackfish. However, large-scale industrialization operations are more recent and have been expanded in the period of exploration and detection, technological innovation, market demand and political support through fisheries subsidies. The use of Voices can detect and easily detect deep-sea fish that are being assembled, with overfishing leading to the continued depletion of the seamounts and the slope of the continent. [28]", "In the 1990s, it was reported that major fish species, such as sworing, proposed five-viol, codified and blue-cording, had declined very rapidly and alarmingly. [29] Because of the lack of time series data, scientific advisory bodies are not able to provide accurate advice, but only to provide strong warning information. Because of the lack of data, fish species assessments are not provided or cannot be completed.", "The current situation has improved, mainly because the time series for the stock of fish and the survey on fisheries ownership have accumulated new information. Those activities usually do not provide a quality satisfactory assessment of fish species, but the basis for the monitoring and status assessment of trends has improved. In some areas, the new assessment confirmed previous trends in abundance (i.e., rapid or progressive decrease to a very low level). At least once, the assessment and survey data do not present a specific trend or even abundance. [30] However, surveys of existing cases indicate that only a limited number of assessments have been made.", "The history of large-scale fisheries is estimated at about 225 million tons of deep-sea fish on sea, continental slopes and mountains around the world. [31] FAO estimates that, in 2006, the number of vessels in deep-sea fishing on the high seas was approximately 25,000 tons in the year. [32] Although not precise, these figures indicate the size of deep-sea fishing.", "The relatively small number of independent survey data is shown in the order of time that large-scale trawl fishing has declined (e.g., North-West and Eastern North-East Atlantic) and that some impacts appear to have been much deeper than actual fishing areas. The impact of targeted fish species and associated sub-fishing species has been affected, but the result also indicates that the structure of diversity and biological basic species is maintained. Many traditional deep-sea fishing zones in the main lopes and some of the seamounts are now being monitored through regular surveys, but the recovery of exhausted fish stocks requires a long time.", "The effects of large-scale fishing on certain fish stocks and on the fish species of the Vice-catch were fully documented and the sustainability of those fisheries was questioned. [34] Analysis indicates that the possibility of achieving sustainable development in small-scale fisheries may be greater. [35] Overall, the key to achieving sustainability lies not in the size or strength of fishing methods and fishing vessels, but in the level of fish mortality caused by the developed groups by any fishing industry and how to adapt to development activities in accordance with the regulations of the species.", "Over the past 10 to 15 years, awareness of the negative consequences of harmful fishing practices has increased, and a new challenge is to assess changes in patterns of impact on fish stocks and biodiversity. [36] The analysis of the changes in the impact model and the monitoring of the recovery process is also limited. [37]", "Actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the long-term sustainability of bottom fishing in vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks", "In paragraph 119 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly considered that further action was needed to strengthen the implementation of paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105, and called upon regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, States participating in negotiations on the establishment of such organizations or arrangements, and flag States to take urgent action outside their national jurisdiction to prevent the impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep fish stocks. In paragraph 120 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon flag States, regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to participate in negotiations on the establishment of such organizations or arrangements, in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 6472 and international law, and in accordance with the FAO Guidelines, to adopt and implement measures and not authorize bottom-up fishing prior to the adoption and implementation of such measures; in addition, in paragraphs 122 and 123 of resolution 6472, the Assembly called upon States and competent regional fisheries management organizations to undertake a number of actions to cooperate in the collection and exchange of data and information, and to strengthen their data collection procedures and data collection programmes.", "States and regional fisheries management organizations/arrange for a wide range of actions to implement the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/105 and 6472 to address the impact of bottom-up fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep fish stocks.", "Action taken by regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements with the authority to regulate bottom fishing", "The subsection describes the actions taken by regional fisheries management organizations that have the authority to regulate bottom-up fishing since the adoption of resolution 6472 to address the long-term sustainable impacts of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks. These regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements are as follows: the Commission for the Conservation of Marine Resources in the Antarctic Ocean (CSD), the General Committee for the Mediterranean Fisheries (General Chamber of Fisheries), the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization, the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission and the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization. [39]", "Other regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements, such as the Commission on Fisheries and aquaculture in Central Asia and the Caucasus, the South Bluefin Tuna Protection Commission and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, reported that there was no regulatory floor fishing or no authorization in that regard. The information provided by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization and the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Bureau presented general efforts and activities aimed at promoting sustainable management of fish stocks and protecting vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "Overview of recent actions by regional fisheries management organizations/arrangement", "The current management strategy of the Commission on the Conservation of Marine Resources in the Antarctic includes measures to avoid significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including: (i) the prohibition of seabed trawling in the high seas of the Antarctic Marine Resources Protection Commission Convention area; (ii) the limitation of 550 m deep-root fishing of Antarctic dental fish; (iii) the closure of the area of risk of sub-fishing that is classified as vulnerable marine ecosystems; and (iv) the provision of information to some of the regional marine ecosystems that are to be included in vulnerable marine ecosystems. The most important protection measures that have been adopted to support sustainable management and conservation of marine biological resources are conservation measures 22-06 (a bottom-up fishing in the Convention area) and conservation measures 22-07 (respect for conservation measures 22-06). [40]", "Recent measures taken by the General Chamber of the Mediterranean Fisheries included a decrease of at least 10 per cent in the fishing activities of the seabed, at least 10 per cent in the area of the General Chamber of the Mediterranean Fisheries; the establishment of a restricted fishing area in the Gulf of Cougar in order to protect the fish flogging and deep-sensitive habitats; the use of the 40 mm veter network as a minimum size for the purpose of the bottom-up network.", "The North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization recently ratified the existing bottom-up fishing delimitation based on data collected by Parties in 1987-2007. The footprint of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization delineates a boundary that allows for the use of zones triggering fishing, which is used by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization to distinguish between existing fishing zones and new fishing areas. Between 2006 and 2009, the closure of the seamounts and the identification of areas in which coral and cereal presences were held and the practice continued after the 2010 review. The Council of Science of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization established a working group on the ecosystem approach to fisheries management to identify potential elements that could be classified as vulnerable marine ecosystems and to assess potential factors that may have significant adverse impacts. The Working Group on Fisheries Managers and Scientists on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems was also established to review scientific advice, assess risks and make recommendations on mitigation measures taken to avoid significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems in the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization controlled areas.", "The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission established a large area of marine protected areas for conservation purposes without opening up bottom-up fishing, and controls on sub-regional fishing that are still open to fishing in order to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems and reduce the risk of significant adverse impacts. Marine protected areas have been established in areas where scientific evidence can be classified as vulnerable marine ecosystems. In regions where scientific information is less complete, such as the mid Atlantic and the surrounding seamounts, there is no representative size area open to bottom-up fishing. In subsectors that continue to be open to fishing, the regulatory provisions of the bottom-up fishing vessel may be triggered in normal fishing operations. The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission also prohibits the use of hiding and peripheral networks at the water level below 200 mun, [41] and the implementation of measures to prevent the loss of fish stocks and to clear the fishermen lost during the period prior to the ban on fishing of the network.", "In addition, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has mapd existing fishing zones and new fishing areas in order to develop the corresponding preconditions for the use of bottom-up fishermits and regularly revise them. [42] The Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission also analysed the extent to which its regulatory area protected vulnerable marine ecosystems and estimated that 91.9 per cent of the region in southern Iceland was identified as new fishing zones and should therefore comply with its provisional pilot fishing agreement. A number of marine protected areas of 7.3 per cent of the region have been established, accounting for 54 per cent of Iceland's southern fishing area (in depth not exceeding 2,000 metres). The entire North ice Ocean has also been identified as a new fishing area. [43]", "Recent measures taken by the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization to address vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems include conservation measures for vulnerable deep-sea habitats and ecosystem management. In accordance with this measure, 11 subsectors known or potentially vulnerable marine ecosystems are not open to bottom fisheries activities. Conservation measures 17/09 on the bottom-up fishing of the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries apply to all existing and new bottom-up fishing areas outside its restricted fishing area and contain detailed provisions on vulnerable marine ecosystems situations or events.", "Measures taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to implement paragraph 83 of General Assembly resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 6472", "In paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements competent to regulate bottom fishing to adopt and implement protection and management measures, as a matter of priority, in accordance with prudent methods, ecosystem approaches and international law, to regulate bottom fishing and to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems by 31 December 2008. In paragraph 119 of General Assembly resolution 6472, the Assembly considered that further action was needed to strengthen the implementation of the provisions of the relevant paragraphs of resolution 61/105 and called upon regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, States participating in negotiations on the establishment of such organizations or arrangements and flag States to take a number of urgent actions outside their national jurisdiction.", "The following section describes actions taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to implement paragraph 83 of General Assembly resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 6472. 38", "(a) Assess and ensure that, prior to the assessment, vessels do not conduct bottom fishing.", "In paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to assess whether the bottom-up fishing activities would have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems, in accordance with the best available scientific information, and to ensure that such activities would be managed to prevent such impacts or do not approve them. In paragraph 119 (a) of resolution 6472, the General Assembly also called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to undertake the assessment required under paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105 in accordance with FAO guidelines and to ensure that, prior to the assessment, vessels do not conduct bottom fishing.", "In the Antarctic Ocean, conservation measures 22-06 and 22-07 provide for an assessment by the Scientific Committee of the Antarctic Sea to determine whether bottom-up fishing would lead to significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, taking into account the historical and risk assessment of the bottom-up fishing in the region, and to ensure that such activities are managed to prevent such impacts, or do not be approved. The impact assessment framework is designed as a flexible framework for estimating the overall impact of all bottom-up fishing methods in order to inform the comparison of the impact of different fisheries in different regions and/or the different methods of fishing. In 2010, the Commission further revised the format and requirements of the initial impact assessment of bottom fishing to be submitted by its members prior to the conduct of fishing. [44]", "Nine members of the Antarctic Sea had submitted notifications of participation in new probationary fishing, pursuant to conservation measures 21-02, and had submitted a preliminary impact assessment of the habitat, as required by conservation measures 22-06. Members of the Antarctic Sea have received requests to complete the assessment of the Spanish extension, trawl, can and bottom trawl in order to complete an impact assessment. The expected impact of the extension in Okinawa is generally low and the distribution of fishing operations in each sub-regional or regional fishing area is uneven. Work on the use of impact assessment methodologies to determine the impact of future proposed bottom-up fishing remains pending.", "As at 1 January 2009, in the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization, all bottom-up fishing in the new fishing area had not previously been used in the region and had been considered as a probationary fishing, the need for a pilot fishing agreement and a assessment process. The North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization pilot fishing protocol describes the responsibilities of the parties of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization to communicate their fishing intentions to the secretariat of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization and to provide fishing, mitigation measures, fish capture monitoring and data collection plans.", "The 2010 assessment process was further revised to require that future assessments of all bottom-up fishing be conducted in accordance with the relevant provisions of the FAO Guidelines, including ensuring consistency in the assessment of all flag States. [45] If it is proposed to undertake bottom-up fishing outside existing footprints, there are significant changes in existing bottom-up or technologies or new scientific information indicating the existence of fragile marine ecosystems in specific regions, Parties must submit information and a preliminary assessment of the known and expected impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "In 2010, the Scientific Council of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization reviewed the significant adverse impacts on the fragile marine ecosystems of seamounts, on the medium surface, on the extension of Okinawa and other types of fish stocks other than mobile submarine fish stocks, and found that other fish stocks outside the bottom trawl may have a significant adverse impact on the fate of vulnerable marine ecosystems. The impact is mainly concentrated on: (a) the habitat damage caused by the exposure of fishermen to the seabed and (b) the failure of non-commercial ecosystems to direct and valuable local commercial fish stocks. The movement generated by the extension of Okinawa, the network and the chewing will also undermine the habitat structure and habitats. Those damage would have a cumulative and significant adverse effect, given the slow pace of species breeding that constituted vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "In the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, all bottom-up fishing in the new bottom-up area, or the use of bottom-up fishing gears previously not used in the region, has been considered as a probationary fishing since 2009, requiring the development of a provisional probationary fisheries agreement and a assessment process. Parties proposed that participation in bottom-up fishing should provide information on the known and expected impacts of their bottom-up fishing activities on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including proposed mitigation measures to prevent these impacts, and, if possible, a preliminary assessment. Since then, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission will take conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, which may include allowing, prohibiting or limiting the use of certain types of bottom-up fishing. In 2010, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission also adopted a revision of the regulations on bottom-up fishing to clarify the obligation to conduct preliminary assessments prior to the start of fishing. [46]", "The Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries reported that all bottom fishing in the new bottom-up fishing area, or the use of bottom-up fishing gears previously not used in the region, was considered to be pilot fishing, requiring the development of an interim probationary fishing bottom fishing agreement. Prior to the piloting of bottom-up fishing, a detailed proposal should be submitted to the Scientific Committee of the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries Organization to make recommendations on the feasibility of the visiting of this fishing. The probationary bottom-up fishing should also be assessed by the Scientific Committee of the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization, based on the best available scientific information, to determine whether these activities have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems. Taking into account the advice and recommendations of the Scientific Committee of the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries, the Organization of the South-East Atlantic Fisheries will take conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, which may include the prohibition or limitation of bottom-up fishing or the use of certain types of fishing gear.", "(b) Identify vulnerable marine ecosystems and take measures to prevent significant adverse impacts or prohibit bottom-up fishing in certain areas", "In paragraph 83 (b) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems, to determine whether bottom-up fishing would have a significant adverse impact on the long-term sustainability of these ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks through improved scientific research and data collection and sharing and through new probationary fishing. In regions where best scientific information is known to exist or may have vulnerable marine ecosystems, regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements are called upon to shut down their bottom-up fishing activities and to ensure that such activities are not carried out before the establishment of conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts. In paragraph 119 (b) of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to undertake further marine scientific research and to make use of best scientific and technical information to identify sites known to exist or likely to have vulnerable marine ecosystems, to adopt conservation and management measures in accordance with FAO guidelines to prevent significant adverse impacts on those ecosystems or to prohibit the use of bottom-up fishing in those areas prior to the development of conservation and management measures in accordance with paragraph 83 (c) of resolution 61/105.", "In the implementation of the above paragraph and in the conduct of marine scientific research to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems, the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization reported that Spain initiated the West Atlantic Ocean Fisheries Organization project “The potential vulnerable marine ecosystems — the impact of deep-sea fisheries”, which is expected to be more precise than ever before to delineate the location of coral and sea in the management area of the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (see also sect. IIIC). [47] Canada also conducted a scientific survey and study in 2009 to describe the seamountain Ofetonov (Orhan Knoll) of the ban of fishing by the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization. The ongoing research activities are expected to generate data and provide analysis, including the ongoing cruise aimed at identifying and delineating the potential vulnerable marine ecosystems and the impacts of vulnerable marine ecosystems, the deep-sea fisheries, the 2009 Greenland bottom survey on the collection and survey of sea and other research activities undertaken by Canada.", "The Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries reported that updated databases and maps have been produced in the area of the Convention of the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries, based on various data sets of public sources in the world. The study indicated that data on the South Atlantic Sea mountains, in particular biologically important data, were incomplete and poor quality. At bottom-up fishing is likely to explore or reach the surface of seamounts and seamounts.", "In the process of taking measures to prevent significant adverse impacts or prohibit the use of bottom-up fishing in certain areas, the Commission is providing advice on prudent management actions that may be taken to mitigate the direct risks to vulnerable marine ecosystems and will include two new sites identified in a fishing network exploration. In a number of areas, the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems registered in the Register through the establishment of small and diverse restricted fishing zones is protected. However, general measures to protect all registered vulnerable marine ecosystems have not been developed.", "The Commission has also been concerned with marine protected areas and has agreed on a number of important matters to support the submission of proposals for the establishment of a representative marine protected area system in 2012. In 2009, the Commission declared the establishment of the first marine protected area for the South Ossetian continental shelf, conservation measures 91-03 prohibit all types of fishing, including the prohibition of dumping of waste and the release of fishing boats in a area of about 940,000 square kilometres.", "The General Conference on the Mediterranean Fisheries reported that, in addition to the earlier closure of other fisheries zones to protect deep-sea-sensitive habitats, including the ban on the use of spoilers and submarine trawls to protect deep-sea coral reefs, a restricted fishing area was established in the Gulf of Cougar in order to protect the fish stocks and deep-sensitive habitats.", "In the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization, 18 areas in the management area of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization are currently prohibited. A review of seamounts was conducted in 2010 and a decision was extended until 2014. All closed fishing zones will be reviewed in 2011 and existing measures related to bottom-up fishing in the management area of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization. At present, the total area of bottom fishing is estimated at 14.13 per cent of the total area of management in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization. [48]", "In 2009, the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization issued an coral identifier guide to assist in identifying and documenting the various types of coral bleach that may often be encountered in the trawl. In 2010, the guidelines for the identification of fertiles were also developed, which complements coral guides, making the identification of common types of fertiles easier.", "The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission reported that marine protected areas have been established in areas where scientific evidence indicates the existence of vulnerable marine ecosystems. The marine protected area established in 2004 was regularly updated on the basis of the supplementary scientific advice received, mainly in accordance with the request for scientific advice from the International Oceanographic Examination Council (CIP). The inspection body visited how to monitor and control marine protected areas, indicating that effective controls and enforcement in those areas are feasible.", "The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission also reported that a large marine protected area had been established on the basis of the general considerations of the establishment of a restricted fishing zone to preserve and protect and/or promote resources and the related restoration of invertebrate species, the protection of representative vulnerable marine ecosystems from potential adverse impacts. In 2009, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission decided to substantially expand the fishing area in the mid-Atlantic militaries that were previously banned from the end of 2008. There is no data or impact assessment of historical fishing operations within the relevant space, which cannot be obtained unless significant efforts are made to extract historical information. Therefore, it is not possible to provide an integrated assessment of the status of resources and associated invertebrates.", "CARI reported that up-to-date fishing footprints had been developed in accordance with the electronic data on the volume of fish delivered by all networks between 1987 and 2007 and traditional fishing during the period 1996 to 2010. The three types of arable sea/mounts were defined as “as non-harvest”, “soughly fishing” and “industed”, and the spatial distribution of fishing was overlapping with the already identified seamounts. In accordance with deep water and best biological geospatial knowledge, bottom-up fishing is prohibited in all subsectors that are known or likely to contain vulnerable marine ecosystems. All subsectors include potential or actual possibilities for fishing in existing fisheries, with water depths of about 2,000 metres, which are based on the assumption of a mix of protected seamounts/mounts with biological geographical representation.", "(c) Treatment of vulnerable marine ecosystems or events", "In paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for vessels requiring their members to cease bottom-up fishing, in areas where vulnerable marine ecosystems were encountered in the course of fishing operations, and to report on the situation that had been encountered, so that appropriate measures could be taken on relevant locations. In paragraph 119 (c) of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to develop and implement appropriate protocols to implement the provisions of paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, including the definition of “risk marine ecosystems”, in particular thresholds and instructions.", "In the Antarctic Ocean, conservation measures 22-07 provide for actions that may be taken in the event of a biological presence of vulnerable marine ecosystems, including notification to the secretariat of the Antarctic Sea. The conservation measure also defines “risk areas”, “Indicative biomass for vulnerable marine ecosystems”, “Indicative units for vulnerable marine ecosystems” and parameters. The secretariat of the Antarctic Sea is responsible for maintaining the classification guide for vulnerable marine ecosystems and a Register of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, which is known or likely to exist in vulnerable marine ecosystems. The conservation measures 22-06 also require Parties to communicate to the secretariat of the Antarctic Sea other information, including in the course of research and related activities. This measure includes guidelines on the type of information to be included in such briefings. The Commission will review measures again in 2012. [49]", "The Scientific Committee of the Antarctic Sea provided advice on the known and expected impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and recommended practices and mitigation measures, including the cessation of fishing in the face of evidence of vulnerable marine ecosystems. In accordance with conservation measures 22-06, 32 cases of vulnerable marine ecosystems were reported in the context of ongoing research in areas prohibiting most bottom fishing. In accordance with conservation measures 22-07, a total of 53 vulnerable marine ecosystems directives were submitted, according to which 15 risk areas were announced.", "In 2008, the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization established provisional conditions for exposure to vulnerable marine ecosystems for fishing in new and existing fishing zones. In 2010, relevant measures were adopted to implement a more comprehensive data collection protocol on coral and sea species in the pilot and existing fishing areas. The primary vulnerable marine ecosystems direct the threshold to a more prudent number, with the loss of the coral from 100 kg to 60 kg and/or altogether from 1,000 kg to 800 kg. fishing boats using potentially harmful types of fish and evidence of vulnerable marine ecosystems must stop fishing, leave the waters and report on the situation. Testing in the new fishing area will also temporarily closed the waters in the area covered by the two nautical miles. The information provided in such reports would then be scientifically assessed and reviewed to identify and take the necessary measures to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "In the North-East Atlantic, the “evasion” rules of the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission apply to new and existing fishing zones. When any location in the process of fishing is exposed to evidence of vulnerable marine ecosystems, the vessel shall cease bottom fishing and report to the Secretary of the Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission on the situation so that appropriate measures can be taken. In accordance with the number of live coral and sea levels captured by single fishing operations, it is determined whether the main vulnerable marine ecosystems are exposed. [50] The Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission indicated that no reports of vulnerable marine ecosystems had been received and that any Party to the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission had not approved fishing in the new fishing area.", "In the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization, conservation measures 17/09 include a protocol and operational procedures for coral and sea shores and reports. Parties to the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization should ensure that, in the course of the fishing process, evidence shows the vulnerability of vulnerable marine ecosystems, vessels flying their flag cease their bottom fishing and report to the Executive Secretary of the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization to take appropriate measures. In the case of existing and new fishing zones, the main vulnerable marine ecosystems directives are temporarily defined according to live coral and/or 800 kilograms of live on each Internet (i.e., trawl, extension and network).", "In 2010, the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization Scientific Sub-Committee analysed Spain's data on the long-range Okinawa and coral bleaching for commercial fishing fish, but concluded that most of the networks were relatively small and did not exceed the threshold set by the Commission.", "(d) Measures aimed at ensuring the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-targeted fish species and the recovery of the drying population", "In paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to take conservation and management measures based on the assessment of fish stocks and the best available scientific information, including monitoring, control and surveillance measures, to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-targeted fish species and to resume the depletion of the population. In this regard, if scientific information is uncertain, unreliable or accurate, regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should ensure that precautionary approaches are put in place to develop conservation and management measures, including measures to ensure that the levels of fishing operations, fishing capacity and fish stocks are consistent, as appropriate, with the long-term sustainability of such groups.", "FC reported that it had adopted resolution 31/XXVIII on the use of best scientific support for the development of conservation measures and, in accordance with paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 6472, adopted a comprehensive set of conservation and management measures on monitoring, control and surveillance, Internet size regulation, seizure and operation reports, ban on specialized fishing, probationary fishing measures and prudent seizure restrictions.", "The General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries focuses on the development and strengthening of various monitoring, control and surveillance frameworks, including for deep-sea fishing in the international maritime area. In this regard, the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries adopted a number of measures, including the establishment of minimum standards for the monitoring system for vessels and the registration of regional fishing vessels. The General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries reviews annually the compliance of its members and non-members and requests remedial measures against identified acts or omissions to avoid reducing the effectiveness of their management measures. Based on consideration of national and regional fishing capacity management plans and scientific advice, the overall level of fishing capacity in the area of the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries is determined in accordance with regional action plans.", "WA reported that it had adopted conservation and management measures of 20 fish stocks under its jurisdiction annually. Its comprehensive monitoring, control and surveillance system includes requirements for vessel registration, fishing and fishing operations reports and records, the labelling of fish products, storage requirements and fisheries markings, independent observers, joint patrol and inspection systems, ship monitoring systems and port State measures. In addition, the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization conducted an annual compliance review to assess compliance with its conservation and enforcement measures by the parties of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization.", "The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission reported that all aspects of the management of major fisheries in the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission were detailed in the FAO report on fisheries from 1998 to 2007. All species fishing in the management area of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission are regulated resources and management measures are in place. The International Maritime Research Council may also provide an analytical assessment of certain groups. In addition, the FAO Fisheries Resources Monitoring System contains a summary of the fisheries profile of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, including an overview of deep-sea fishing. The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has adopted a comprehensive framework for monitoring, surveillance and control to assist in promoting long-term conservation and best use of fisheries resources in the North-East Atlantic region. The Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission Control and Enforcement Plan and non-Party plans have now been consolidated.", "In the area of fishing operations, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission reported that, in view of the lack of an analytical assessment of many deep-sea fish stocks, the control of the mortality rate of deep-sea fish stocks was not feasible. On the contrary, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has put in place a full control of fishing operations, which reduces the operational level of limited deep-sea fishing in areas other than national jurisdiction by 35 per cent.", "In accordance with the FAO Guidelines, the Organization for the South-East Atlantic Fisheries adopted conservation and management measures to ensure long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target fish species and to restore the depletion of the species, including conservation measures for target groups, conservation of vulnerable marine ecosystems, flag responsibility and general fishing. Measures adopted to ensure the sustainable use of deep-sea fishing and vulnerable marine ecosystems include conservation measures 17/09, which target all activities related to bottom-up fishing and apply to all existing and new bottom-up fishing areas outside the OAAAtlantic fishing area. The Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries has also maintained a record of the authorization of fishing vessels to conduct fishing activities. Undocumented vessels are considered illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. 45", "Action taken by States to regulate bottom-up fishing", "In paragraph 80 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 113 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States to recognize the high importance and great value of deep-sea ecosystems and their biodiversity contained therein, to act promptly and through regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to manage fish stocks and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems in a sustainable manner and free of damage to destructive fishing. In particular, in paragraph 113 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly emphasized the need for States to take action to implement FAO guidelines in this regard.", "In paragraph 119 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon flag States to take a range of urgent actions in areas outside their national jurisdiction to address the impact of bottom-up fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep fish stocks. In addition, in paragraph 120 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon flag States and members of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to authorize bottom-up fishing in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 6472 and international law and in accordance with FAO guidelines, and until such measures were adopted and implemented.", "The next section describes the large number of measures and actions taken by States to implement resolutions 61/105 and 6472 to address the impact of bottom-up fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep fish stocks.", "Overview of actions taken by States", "States and the European Union report that the impact of destructive fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems is a serious problem, and resolutions 61/105 and 6472 and FAO guidelines are essential tools to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from the significant adverse impacts of destructive fishing activities and to ensure long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks (Canada, Norway, the United States). Resolution 61/105 was seen as a shift in the watershed and fisheries management system in the history of the high seas fisheries.", "Several States and the European Union stressed the importance of implementing FAO guidelines and focused on their respective and collective efforts in this regard (Australia, Canada, Norway, the United States). Several countries also highlighted the special situation of developing countries and the challenges faced in the full implementation of FAO guidelines and resolutions 61/105 and 6472 (New Zealand, United States). New Zealand is particularly committed to supporting small island developing States in the Pacific. The United States has cooperated with New Zealand to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems in the South Pacific.", "Several States (Australia, Canada, Croatia, Mexico, Norway, the United States) and the European Union also reported on progress made in the implementation of prudent and ecological approaches to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from the effects of bottom-up fishing and destructive fishing. Canada has developed a policy to manage the impact of fishing on sensitive deep-sea areas and to apply to commercial, recreational and marine fishing activities in and outside national jurisdictions. The policy outlines procedures for traditional fishing regional and border areas and requires greater caution when considering fishing activities in border areas. The policy also takes into account, inter alia, the situation of traditional fishing zones that have not yet been subject to bottom fishing and requires prior risk assessment. The United States has developed a national policy to ensure the protection, maintenance and rehabilitation of the health of the ecological environment and resources of the oceans, the coastal and the Great Lakes, which is at the core of the ecosystem-based planning framework for coastal and marine space.", "Several States and the European Union also reported on the development of comprehensive legislation or national policies for regulating bottom fishing and addressing the impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems (Canada, Chile, Denmark, Norway, the United States). Chile is developing a draft law to establish a legal framework for the protection and preservation of vulnerable marine ecosystems. Denmark reported that Greenland was in the process of developing legislation to limit the use of bottom-up fishing gears by defining new fishing zones, developing the terms of departure for new fishing zones, reporting obligations for areas outside the new fishing area and identifying new areas that did not allow for the use of bottom-up fishing.", "The European Union reported that its reform of the common fisheries policy was under way and was expected to be adopted by the end of 2012, and entered into force on 1 January 2013. The policy established a legal framework for the conservation, management and fishing of biological resources to apply to such activities in the territory of the European Union member States or in the waters of the European Union or in the waters of the European Union, including prudent and ecosystem approaches in fisheries management.", "Norway reported that Norway is developing national legislation regulating bottom fishing and is expected to enter into force later in 2011 to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from the effects of destructive fishing. Fishing in the new bottom-up area will apply stricter obligations, including compliance with reporting and regulatory practices and obligations related to scientific observers. In the face of vulnerable marine ecosystems, vessels must stop fishing operations, report this incident and maintain at least two miles from the region.", "Several States and the European Union also reported on research and monitoring activities undertaken under national jurisdiction to determine the status of fish stocks, to identify or declassify vulnerable marine ecosystems or to promote knowledge of marine ecosystems (Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Mexico, Norway, the United States). In addition, several States and the European Union reported on the assessment of the impact of bottom-up fishing on fish stocks and marine ecosystems within national jurisdiction (Canada, Chile, Croatia, the United States). The United States is developing a spatial profile model as a tool to identify habitat types and locations that are more vulnerable to the use of different types of commercial fishermen. The model could be used to track changes in the volume of fishermen in specific areas and identify areas most severely affected and need to be managed. The model could also be used to predict how some fishermen improve or operate to change impacts on habitat.", "(a) Measures to regulate the fishing vessel or areas open to bottom-up fishing", "Many States and the European Union introduced regulatory bottom-up fishing measures within the jurisdiction of States (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, the United States). These measures include limiting or prohibiting the fishing gear or activities (Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Mexico, the United States), fishing zones, fishing periods, or operating restrictions (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Palau, the United States), and vessel monitoring, surveillance and control. In this regard, Palau prohibits any leprosy under the jurisdiction of the State and prohibits the use of bottom-up fishing by its nationals or vessels in any part of the world. The law of Palau also prohibits companies operating in Palau from conducting bottom-up fishing in any part of the world (see also sect. III.B.3 (b)). Several States also focused on measures taken in accordance with FAO guidelines to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-targeted fish species and to recover the depletion of their species (Australia, New Zealand, United States).", "Several States reported on how to use regional management tools within national jurisdiction to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems and marine ecosystems, including through the establishment of marine parks, marine conservation zones, marine protected areas and restricted fishing zones (Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Mexico, Iceland, United States of America). Many States also reported that specific fishing zones were established within national jurisdiction to prohibit bottom fishing and to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from significant adverse impacts (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Palau, United States).", "For example, the fishing of the near sea lobster and bottom-up in Canada has carried out voluntary bans in the near-Earth scows to protect a region with great sea density. Chile recently established the Maritime Park of Motu Motu Motiro Hiva (Motu Motu Motiro Hiva), which covered 1.50,000 square kilometres of sea, prohibiting any type of commercial exploitation. Croatia prohibits fishing in 20 young fishermen and prohibits certain forms of commercial fishing in most of its territorial waters. Denmark reported that in the Faroe Islands, all trawl fishing is prohibited in three areas where coral reefs exist and is mapping other areas. Most of the Faroe Bank areas are also permanently prohibiting trawl fishing. Iceland reported that in some small-scale coastal waters, the bottom-up fishing network was completely prohibited. Thus, in the total area of 2,000 square kilometres below 500 metres of water, some 59,000 square kilometres of water is prohibited from trawl fishing.", "Mexico's national legislation has established regulations governing the fishing of 40 natural protected areas programmes and guidelines aimed at protecting 15 non-fishing target marine species. In 2009, the Guimace Basin and the Eastern Pacific Rin-Counded hydrothermal area was established, with a total area of 1,456 square kilometres of fishing area.", "In a number of areas in Almaty, the United States prohibits trawling to protect sensitive habitats of mangroves, clashes and other species habitats and the peak of fragile ecosystems similar to seamounts. In the South Atlantic, deep-water marine protected areas were established to protect deep-water fish species and their habitats from fishing.", "Several States also reported on specific strategies or restricted fishing zones within their national jurisdiction to protect refrigeration of water coral and sea spoilers (Canada, Iceland, Norway, United States). Iceland closed five coral bleach areas, with the goal of defining areas requiring special protection and proposing an increase in all areas that trigger fishing. Norway has adopted legislation on the protection of refrigeration of water coral reefs, which prohibits intentional or neglect to destroy known coral reefs, requiring that fishing in the vicinity of known cold-water coral reefs be prudent and special protection of eight particularly vulnerable coral reefs. Norwegian vessels have a general responsibility for prudential operations in the near known coral reefs, which applies to waters under Norwegian fishing jurisdiction and to vessels flying Norwegian flag outside their jurisdiction.", "In the South Atlantic region, the United States has identified a particularly worrying new deep-water coral habitat area and the use of fish stocks to reduce or eliminate the impact of fishing on cold water coral and fertile habitats, covering more than 620,000 square kilometres, and to prohibit, within this framework, the use of triggered fish and fishing vessels. Canada and the United States also reported on progress made in the strategic plan for coral and fertile ecosystems.", "(b) Implementation by States of measures adopted by competent regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements", "Many member States of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements support their respective organizations and arrangements to take relevant measures in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 6472 to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from the impact of bottom-up fishing. In this regard, States reported that, while further work is still needed, the existing regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements have taken major actions to implement resolution 61/105, including through regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in existing or envisaged, to identify and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing and manage deep-sea fishing in a sustainable manner.", "More specifically, States reported that they had taken various actions to support and implement the conservation and management measures developed by their regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to regulate deep-sea fishing and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems. Such actions were reported in particular by the Commission of Antarctic Seas (Australia, Chile, the European Union, France, Norway, New Zealand, the United States), the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries (Croatia), the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization (Canada, France, the European Union, Iceland, Norway, the United States), the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission (Iceland, Norway) and the Organization of Eastern Atlantic Fisheries (European Union).", "Many States and the European Union also provided information on the actions taken by States to implement the conservation and management measures adopted by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the impact of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems (Australia, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, the Republic of Korea, the United States). With regard to the Faroe Islands, Denmark emphasized the need for time to obtain practical experience in implementing the new public seabed fishing provisions and the need to give due consideration to the knowledge and experience of fishing operators with deep seabed fishing experience.", "Several States and the European Union also reported on their measures to ensure compliance with the conservation and management measures adopted by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements by vessels entitled to fly their flag (Australia, Chile, Croatia, the Republic of Korea). Other States indicated that their vessels did not engage or were not authorized to undertake bottom-up fishing in areas outside their national jurisdiction, or that their vessels were not fishing outside the jurisdiction of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements (Chile, Croatia, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, United States) (see sect. IIIB.3 (b)).", "Australia has strict control over its flag vessels through the granting of fishing permits on the high seas to ensure compliance with conservation and management measures adopted by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. All vessels flying Australia's flag must be in possession of a high-level permit for fishing and should comply with a range of measures, including mandatory observer coverage, departure provisions, restrictions on the methods of fishing and the types of fish stocks, measures aimed at reducing the fishing of seabirds in Okinawa, avoiding requirements affecting whal and other protected species, fish stocks prohibiting certain species, vessel monitoring systems and reporting requirements. In the face of evidence of vulnerable marine ecosystems, Australian vessels shall cease fishing within five nautical miles and report details to their authorities so that appropriate measures can be taken. The location was subsequently open to any operators using the same fishermen within the period of licence (usually 12 months) (see sections III B.2 (b) and (c)).", "Croatia imposes a strict licensing system for all fishing activities in areas covered by the International Atlantic Tuna Conservation Commission and the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries and takes all measures to strictly monitor its fleet in waters under the jurisdiction of the State and on the high seas. France indicated that, with regard to overseas waters, any new bottom-up fishing should be subject to a preliminary licence and that, in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 6472, preliminary impact assessment measures should be implemented.", "New Zealand conducts sea-end and pre-trial inspections of vessels entering the Antarctic Sea Convention to ensure that operators comply with relevant conservation measures. No such inspection shall be carried out by vessels flying the country's flag in the high seas other than the Antarctic and the South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations.", "Several States and the European Union also reported on research activities and work undertaken by the existing scientific working groups on regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the impact of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States). In terms of the assessment, Australia commissioned a study to assess the sustainability of the fishing target species rate of the high seas of Australia's flag vessels, which would consider the existing rate of fishing, the limited assessment of major fish species such as chewings and gold-faults and possible management measures. The European Union reported that Spain had prepared a preliminary risk assessment report for the 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 campaign to seriously undermine the implementation of vulnerable marine ecosystems and protocols in order to fulfil the obligations of the Commission, which was submitted to the assessment report by Parties wishing to participate in bottom fishing activities from December 2008. In accordance with paragraph 119 (a) of resolution 6472, New Zealand conducted an impact assessment of all bottom fishing activities of New Zealand vessels in the area of the Antarctic Sea. In accordance with the assessment information provided by its members and the risk assessment methodology proposed by New Zealand, the Scientific Committee of the Antarctic Sea has been able to take advantage of the indications to date. Space-based models that may affect present and may have quantify the cumulative impact of the water bottom-up.", "Establishment of new regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements competent to regulate bottom fishing and adoption and implementation of public provisional measures", "In paragraph 119 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States involved in the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements for negotiations to take a range of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impact of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of the deep-sea fish stocks. In addition, in paragraph 120 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States participating in negotiations on the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, to adopt and implement measures in accordance with FAO guidelines, in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 6472 and international law, and to do not authorize bottom fishing until such measures are adopted and implemented. In paragraph 124 of resolution 6472, the General Assembly also called upon the States concerned to cooperate and make efforts to establish such organizations or arrangements in areas where fisheries management organizations or arrangements are not entitled to regulate bottom fishing.", "The next section describes actions taken by States involved in the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements for negotiations to address the impact of bottom fishing on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep fish stocks.", "(a) North Pacific", "(i) Status of negotiations", "The draft convention on the conservation and management of fisheries resources in the North Pacific Ocean was negotiated in 2009 and 2010 and successfully concluded on 4 March 2011. The new text of the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean will be subject to legal and technical review. The text will be opened for signature following confirmation in English and French. [51]", "Once ratified by four of the six States participating in the negotiations, the Treaty entered into force. [52] The first preparatory meeting will be held later in 2011 to establish the rules of procedure, financial regulations and other documents necessary for the establishment of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) after the entry into force of the Treaty. [53] The draft convention of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission includes mechanisms to prohibit deepwater coral reefs and other directives to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems, which are also included in the ban on fishing. [54]", "(ii) Adoption of temporary measures", "The North-West Pacific provisional measures were adopted and amended in 2007 by participating States and later in 2008, 2009 and 2011. [55] At the seventh intergovernmental meeting in 2009, States held discussions on the application of interim measures to the region of the North Pacific Ocean as a whole, but did not reach consensus. At the 8th meeting, in 2010, States agreed to consider an additional set of interim measures for the North-East Pacific and, prior to the adoption of such measures, agreed on certain preliminary measures, in particular on measures to limit bottom-up fishing operations to existing levels and to collect and submit scientific information to each vessel operating in the region. The draft interim measures for the North-East Pacific were presented at the ninth intergovernmental meeting in 2010 and adopted in 2011. It was also agreed that a pilot fishing protocol for interim measures in the North-West Pacific would apply to temporary measures in the north-east Pacific.", "The provisional measures provide for the sustainable management of fish stocks and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems, in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 6472, and include provisions on geographical scope, the management principles, the collection of fisheries and scientific information, the establishment of scientific working groups, information sharing and effective control of bottom fishing vessels. [56] Measures also include provisions that limit fishing operations to existing levels and do not allow for the expansion of bottom-up fishing to new regions. In accordance with paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, interim measures include scientific standards consistent with FAO guidelines to assess whether fishing activities have a significant adverse impact on marine species or vulnerable marine ecosystems and to propose regulatory measures to prevent such impacts. 55", "In accordance with paragraph 83 (b) of resolution 61/105, interim measures provide for the collection of information to promote scientific work related to implementation measures. To that end, the Interim Scientific Working Group has endeavoured to identify and assess the information needed to identify and assess whether bottom-up fishing would have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems. In accordance with paragraph 83 (c) of resolution 61/105, interim measures stipulate that the quantity of fishing operations is limited to existing levels and do not allow for the expansion of bottom-up fishing to new regions, and may be exceptional only if fishing activities can indicate that they do not have a significant adverse impact on marine species or any vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "A detailed pilot fishing protocol was developed to provide guidance on steps to be taken in the conduct of probationary fishing to ensure compliance with temporary measures and resolution 61/105. In accordance with paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, vessels from participating States are required to cease fishing activities at any location where they are exposed to refrigeration of corals in normal fishing activities. The vessel shall cease fishing in these areas and leave it to carry out fishing in at least 5 nautical miles from these areas, in order to reduce the likelihood of reoccurer and report on the situation in order to take appropriate measures in the relevant locations. There are extensive consultations among participating States on more detailed approaches to vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "(iii) Implementation of interim measures by States", "In accordance with paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105, States participating in the Conference assessed whether bottom-up fishing could have a significant adverse impact on the long-term sustainability of vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks, in accordance with the best available scientific information. The assessment results were presented to the fifth meeting of the Scientific Working Group in 2008 for a thorough scientific review, with a view to submitting a shared and unified assessment report. However, there were different views on what management measures should be taken to assess the results, and it was therefore decided that each participating State would make or modify its own assessment on the basis of the discussion. [57]", "Palau indicated that the assessment published in 2008 by participating States recognized significant uncertainty regarding the current status of the fish stocks and the impact of the bottom-up fishing operations for vulnerable marine ecosystems and indicated that more scientific information was needed to assess the significance of impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation measures in accordance with FAO guidelines. Palau stressed that, prior to the analysis of the necessary scientific information, it was not possible to make an appropriate impact assessment, the only appropriate measure was to put an end to the authorization to undertake bottom-up fishing in the region.", "(b) South Pacific", "(i) Status of instruments", "With regard to the establishment of the eighth international consultative meeting of the Regional Fishing Organization of the South Pacific, which ended on 14 November 2009, the Conference adopted the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the High Sea of the South Pacific (the South Pacific Fisheries Fishing Organization Convention). The purpose of the Convention is to ensure long-term conservation and sustainable use of fisheries resources through the use of preventive methods and ecosystem methods, while preserving the marine ecosystems in which these resources are located. [58]", "Following the adoption of the Convention, the participants in the eighth international consultative meeting decided to make the necessary arrangements for the South Pacific Regional Commission on Fishing to begin its functioning. Two preparatory meetings were held in 2010 and 2011, and the third meeting will be held in Chile from 30 January to 3 February 2012. [59] Participants started developing rules of procedure, financial regulations and budgetary formulas for this new organization. 53", "In accordance with article 36 of the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention, the Convention was opened for signature until 31 January 2011. In accordance with article 36, the approval, acceptance or approval of the signatory State shall now be subject to the approval, acceptance or approval of the signatory State and, in accordance with article 37, is open for accession.", "The South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention will enter into force 30 days after the date of receipt by the depositary of the eight instruments of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval, at least three coastal States in the region of the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention and at least three non-contiguous States in the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention region, but their fishing vessels are or have fishing in the area of the Convention. [60]", "Australia reported on domestic procedures being carried out for the ratification of the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention. Prior to the entry into force of the Treaty, Australia is collecting and monitoring data on the volume of fish and fishing efforts on the high seas in order to ensure that both fish stocks and efforts remain within historical averages.", "The Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Bureau stressed that some of its members were concerned that the northern border of the proposed South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention did not include their national waters located in the north of Equateur. In this regard, a gap would arise if the southern boundary of the proposed North Pacific Fishing Commission Convention was not linked to the northern border of the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention. Some members of the Forum's Fisheries Agency, such as the Marshall Islands, Kiribati and the Federated States of Micronesia, have some of the terms of reference of the South Pacific Fishing Organization and are not yet aware of whether the high seas area adjacent to those areas is within the scope of the Convention of the North Pacific Fishing Commission.", "Palau noted that while negotiations have been held on regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements that have the authority to regulate fishing on the regional floors of the North Pacific and the South Pacific, the relevant conventions have not yet entered into force and do not include some of the high seas adjacent to Palau. In particular, the high seas clagged by the exclusive economic zone of Palau, Japan, the Philippines, Guam and the Federated States of Micronesia do not fall within the area to be regulated.", "(ii) Adoption of temporary measures", "In 2007, the participating States agreed to adopt voluntary, non-legally binding interim conservation and management measures to address the collection of fisheries data and to avoid the adverse effects of fish-fishing and to prevent the increase in fishing efforts in remote ocean fisheries. These interim measures came into force on 30 September 2007 and have been applied until the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention entered into force and adopted conservation and management measures. [61] In November 2009, the ban on deep-seated watershed fishing was added in bottom fisheries measures.", "The interim measures for bottom-up fisheries stipulate that: (i) bottom-up fishing must be restricted at the level of existing fishing and in areas where fishing is under way; (ii) measures to identify and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems; (iii) since 2010, only conservation and management measures are required to prevent adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems and to ensure that long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks is not affected by bottom fishing, or that assessments indicate that such activities do not have any adverse impacts, allowing for new regional fishing or expansion of fishing efforts. [62] In accordance with provisional measures, a vessel flying the flag of the participating State, in the course of the fishing operation, if there are evidence of vulnerable marine ecosystems in any location, must cease bottom fishing within 5 nautical miles around that location and report on the circumstances, including the location and type of ecosystems involved, in order to take appropriate measures.", "In 2007, the participating States also developed the interim framework for the seabed impact assessment and the evaluation process, which provided initial guidelines for the assessment of planned bottom-up fishing and the development of related management plans, while establishing a scientific review process on the assessment process. In 2009, the Scientific Working Group started to review the interim framework for the assessment of the seabed in order to develop a standard for the ongoing implementation of the seabed assessment. Two participating States provided bottom-up fishing assessments, including measures to avoid adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems. The Scientific Working Group evaluated the assessment and management plans.", "In 2007, the participating States also adopted data collection standards to collect detailed data on the quantity and discards of fish stocks of various marine species that were either trawled or left in Okinawa. In 2011, the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Preparatory Meeting requested that such data be provided to the organization's interim secretariat.", "(iii) Implementation of interim measures by States", "Australia reported that, in accordance with the interim measures adopted by the negotiating participants of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization, it applied space limitations for the bottom-up fishing operation in the South Pacific. Chile reported that any new or exploration of deep-sea fishing on the high seas would be subject to operational standards and protocols developed by the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization. Colombia expressed concern that those measures were mandatory after the entry into force of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Convention and stressed the importance of measures to allow timely and public marketing of products obtained through legal means. Colombia also emphasized the need for technical support to implement the recommended measures, following the establishment of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization.", "The European Union reported that it was fully in compliance with the interim measures agreed by the participating States in 2009 on deep-sea fishing; in fact, those measures provided for the prohibition of such fishing from 1 February 2010 until the South Pacific Regional Commission on Fish Stocks adopted relevant conservation and management measures. As fishing boats in the European Union have only been fishing on the seabed network, fishing vessels currently in the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Convention do not have the European Union engaged in bottom fishing. [63] France reported that its Overseas Territories did not participate in any bottom fisheries activities within the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Convention.", "New Zealand reported that it continued to observe 100 per cent of the implementation coverage of seabed fishing. It also observes at least 10 per cent of all seabed extension activities in the waters of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Convention, in accordance with the interim measures. In addition, New Zealand has implemented provisional measures for 2009 to prohibit the fishing of the deep-sea network. New Zealand has used forecasting habitat models to start quantifying the impact of bottom-up fishing in order to identify areas that may support vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "With regard to the assessment, Australia reported that it had completed the seabed impact assessment of the South Pacific and the South Indian Ocean in order to identify areas where there were or were likely to be vulnerable marine ecosystems and to assess the impact of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems. The assessment takes into account monitoring, management and mitigation measures, and considers that the risk of the bottom-up network and bottom-up extension activities carried out by Australian vessels to have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems is low, and the impact of the medium-sized trawl and sub-laclin activities can be neglected (see section III B.1 (b)). Australia will submit an assessment report to the Interim Scientific Working Group of the South Pacific Regional Fish Stocks Organization prior to the convening of the Scientific Committee in September 2011, in accordance with the request of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization for interim measures. The European Union reported that it had submitted a preliminary assessment report on the seabed impact in 2009, which considered that the possibility for bottom-up fishing was very small. [64] However, Palau indicated that the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Scientific Working Group considered that the conclusion was entirely unfounded. [65]", "New Zealand reported that the conclusions of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Scientific Working Group concluded that New Zealand's impact assessment and related protection measures minimize the adverse impacts of vulnerable marine ecosystems. [66] In this regard, Palau noted that the impact assessment confirmed that bottom-up fishing could have a significant adverse impact on fish stocks and vulnerable marine ecosystems and that mitigation measures developed were inadequate in several key areas to mitigate the impact on fish stocks and vulnerable marine ecosystems. [67]", "New Zealand also reported that its assessment had been used as a basis for the development of a management approach for the conduct of bottom-up fishing operations in the waters of the Regional Fishing Organization of the South Pacific, including the definition of historical footprints for the 2002-2006 reference period, the development of identification protocols for vulnerable marine ecosystems and a three-tier fishing space system, which provided that 41 per cent of the footprint areas were restricted to the fishing area, and 30 per cent of the vulnerable marine ecosystems were required to avoid the rules and 29 per cent of the seamounts could open fishing. Eight fishing in the entire foot area will be distinguished between open, evading and restricted fishing zones.", "Palau and the United States expressed concern that some States did not conduct appropriate risk assessments in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 6472 and the request for interim measures by the Regional Fishing Organization of the South Pacific, but were carrying out bottom-up fishing in the region of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Convention.", "(c) South Indian Ocean", "(i) Status of instruments", "The South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement was adopted on 7 July 2006 and was signed by all States and regional economic integration organizations open for participation in the negotiations and all other States that have jurisdiction over the territorial waters that are adjacent to the region until 6 July 2007. [68] After the closure of the signing, the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement was open for accession in accordance with article 23. The South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement will enter into force 90 days after the date of receipt by the depositary of the fourth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, which must be at least two coastal States in the contiguous area. [69]", "Australia reported on domestic procedures being carried out to enable the ratification of the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement. Prior to the entry into force of the Treaty, Australia is collecting and monitoring data on the volume of fish and fishing efforts on the high seas in order to ensure that both fish stocks and efforts remain within historical averages.", "(ii) Adoption of temporary measures", "As at present, Signatories to the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement have not yet adopted multilateral measures to implement resolution 61/105. In October 2007, Australia expressed its intention to implement resolution 61/105 in the applicable region through temporary measures. In early 2008, Australia distributed draft interim measures to Signatories and interested parties to advance their adoption.", "In order to implement resolution 61/105, Australia has taken unilateral action to impose conditions on national fishing vessels operating in the area under the jurisdiction of the Agreement after the entry into force of the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement. In addition, Australia has completed the seabed impact assessment of the South Indian Ocean in order to identify areas where there exists or are likely to be vulnerable marine ecosystems and to assess the impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems. The assessment of the use of substitutes (e.g., measurements and seamounts) as indicators for vulnerable marine ecosystems. In assessing the risk of having a significant adverse impact, consideration has been given to the preventive measures taken by Australia for the management of deep-sea fisheries (see sect. III.B.1 (b)). Taking into account these monitoring, management and mitigation measures, the assessment is of the view that the risk of the bottom-up network and bottom-up extension activities carried out by Australian vessels to have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems is low, and that the impact of the medium-sized trawl and the activities of sub-laclining can be neglected.", "Following the adoption of resolution 61/105, the European Union adopted Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas from the adverse effects of bottom-up fishing. [70] The regulations turn the measures contained in resolution 61/105 into the law of the European Union and apply to the flag vessels of the European Union that do not have established regional fisheries management organizations or during negotiations on the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations (including the South Indian Ocean) engaged in bottom fishing (see section III.B.3 (a)). [71]", "Measures taken by States in areas where regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements do not provide for temporary measures", "In paragraph 120 of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon flag States to authorize bottom fishing in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 6472 and international law, and in accordance with the FAO Guidelines, and until such measures were adopted and implemented. In this regard, paragraph 86 of resolution 61/105 calls upon flag States to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraph 83 of the resolution, or to cease the approval of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for their flag vessels outside their national jurisdiction, without the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements that have the authority to regulate bottom fishing, and to refrain from conducting bottom fishing activities in areas that have been established in accordance with paragraph 85 of that resolution.", "The following parts describe the actions taken by flag States to adopt measures and respond to regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements that do not have the authority to regulate bottom fishing, and the impact of bottom fishing in vulnerable marine ecosystems in areas where temporary measures have not been developed.", "(a) Regulatory measures of bottom-up fishing vessels, including the prohibition of the use of bottom-up fishing in some regions", "A number of States (Canada, Iceland and the Republic of Korea) and the European Union reported on the adoption and implementation of conservation and management measures to address the impact of bottom fishing on fragile marine ecosystems on the high seas without the competent regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements or temporary measures. Canada reported that its fishing activities outside the exclusive economic zone of Canada were rare and were carried out almost exclusively in the regulatory waters of the Regional Fishing Organization/Orangement. All high-level fishing in regulated or unregulated waters and activities in other countries' waters must be in accordance with domestic licence provisions and must comply with the domestic laws governing the various regions of the high seas, including those that do not exist in regional fisheries management organizations.", "The European Union reported that fishing vessels in the European Union member States were regulated by Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008, which translates the measures contained in resolution 61/105 into European Union law and applies to vessels flying their flag. The European Union member States may issue special fishing licences for the use of bottom-up fishing plants on the high seas only in specific conditions and where assessments indicate that fishing may not have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems. The regulations also include provisions relating to the contingency of vulnerable marine ecosystems, the zones of fish and the plans of observers for all fishing vessels granted special fishing permits.", "The European Union stated that Spanish and Estonian vessels subject to regulations do not accidentally face vulnerable marine ecosystems. The implementation of the regulations was reviewed in early 2010 and the outcome of the review is contained in reports to the European Parliament and the Council of Europe. [72] The European Commission intends to revise the Regulation in accordance with recent developments (see section III B.2 (c)). [73]", "The European Union also reported that Spain had embarked on an ambitious and cost-effective programme to map different parts of the oceans on the scientific seabed (see also sect. III.A.2 (b)). Programme activities are carried out by Spain alone or in cooperation with other countries of the North-East Atlantic, the North-West Atlantic, the South-West Atlantic and the South-East Atlantic, including in some regions that are not regulated by regional fisheries management organizations/arrangement. The results of the programme activities were published in prominent scientific journals. According to the results of the Atlantic project, the Government of Spain has identified nine regions prohibiting bottom-up fishing with a total area of 41,300 square kilometres, two of which are located in footprint areas, where the type of seabed determines that sensitive habitats may be restored.", "Iceland noted that the fishing activities of the Icelandn vessel in the floor were very rare and that only one Icelandic fishing vessel was engaged in seabed shrimp activities outside the national jurisdiction.", "The Republic of Korea reported that it had adopted an administrative instruction on the sea floor fishing to regulate bottom-up fishing activities carried out in waters that did not have regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements. This regulation has established a system involving licensing, reporting on cases of vulnerable marine ecosystems, freezing of fishing zones and avoiding rules, impact assessment, fishing monitoring systems, reporting on fish stocks and other measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems. In accordance with a review carried out in cooperation with multiple stakeholders, the Regulation will be revised in 2011 to include observer requirements, thresholds and enhanced impact assessments. An impact assessment was carried out in the South-West Atlantic, but it was also at the primary stage because scientific research was too costly and there was insufficient information on vessels flying the Republic of Korea flag outside the national jurisdiction. The Republic of Korea is working to improve the quality of the report by cumulative information, expanding the coverage of observers, international cooperation, education and training and cooperation with the industry and strengthening scientific capacity.", "(b) No authorization for bottom-up fishing", "Some States indicated that their vessels had not or had been permitted to carry out bottom-up fishing in waters outside the jurisdiction of States or that their vessels had not been fishing outside the regional fisheries management organizations/arranged regions (Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, Palau, United States) (see sect. III.B.1 (b)).", "Mexico emphasizes the importance of maximizing the conservation of vulnerable marine ecosystems and their biodiversity; therefore, it supports the implementation of international bans on bottom-up fishing law in areas other than national jurisdiction (i.e., the region with fragile ecosystems such as seamounts, hydrothermal sprays and cold water coral).", "In this regard, Palau has prohibited its nationals and vessels from carrying out various bottom-up fishing in any part of the world, nor has it authorized any vessel to engage in other types of bottom-up fishing on the high seas. Palauan law also prohibits companies operating in the country from engaging in bottom-up fishing in anywhere in the world (see also sect. III.B.1 (a)).", "The flag vessels of the United States are currently not allowed to carry out bottom-up fisheries activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction and, in the future, only after the environmental impact assessment, including the impact assessment of vulnerable marine ecosystems, will be allowed to carry out bottom fishing on the high seas.", "C. Actions by States and competent regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to work together to collect and share scientific and technical data and information and to develop or strengthen data collection standards, procedures, protocols and research programmes", "In paragraph 122 of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to enhance cooperation in the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information relevant to the implementation of the measures required in resolution 61/105 and relevant paragraphs of the present resolution to manage deep-sea fisheries in waters outside the national jurisdiction, protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from significant adverse impacts of bottom-up fishing, including by encouraging States and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to develop or strengthen data collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes, with a view to identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems, in accordance with the Guidelines and in accordance with the Convention, including part XIII, to assess the impact of fishing activities on vulnerable ecosystems and non-targeted fish.", "Several regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, as well as States and the European Union, describe the overall efforts to collect and share scientific data and information related to the implementation of resolutions 61/105 and 6472 on the impact of bottom-up fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep fish stocks. The General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries reported that it was supported by projects at the subregional and regional levels of FAO, in particular projects aimed at strengthening technical cooperation and capacity-building in participating countries. The Committee also works closely with regional and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations dealing with the conservation of the marine environment and marine biological resources, including the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activities Centre. The General Committee on the Marine Environment and Ecosystems of the Mediterranean Fisheries is working to establish linkages with existing regional bodies interested in researching the relationship between the environment and marine ecosystems.", "The North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization has adequate infrastructure to collect and share scientific data and information. The Western North Atlantic Fisheries Organization Fisheries Commission and the Scientific Council have permanent Standing Committees to deal with the exchange of information related to fisheries. In 2010, the Working Group of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization on Ecosystems-based approaches to fisheries management agreed informally to share data on coral and sea levels in research surveys. Joint research programmes have also been carried out, such as the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization project survey on “The potential fragile marine environment — the impact of deep-sea fisheries” (see sect. III.A.2 (b)).", "The Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission has internal standards and provisions for reporting and data exchange, but also depends on the proposal of the CIP to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, conduct scientific assessments and review of fisheries regulations, fragile marine ecosystems and data collection protocols. The CCPOI provided updated information on relevant scientific issues to the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission and responded to regular and special requests on fisheries and vulnerable marine ecosystems. The basic compilation and exchange of knowledge is the responsibility of the Group of Experts.", "The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission also works actively with other organizations responsible for regulating human activities affecting marine biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic region, including regular meetings and contacts with other regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements. To that end, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has reached agreements with the Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the International Maritime Organization, and is considering the possibility of reaching agreement with the International Seabed Authority. The North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has also recently decided to proactively support and organize a regional workshop for the North-East Atlantic, in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010. [74]", "For Greenland, Denmark reported that data cooperation on the biological diversity of vulnerable marine ecosystems was at an early stage, but the possibility of cooperation with Canadian scientists and the Danish animal museum was being explored. The European Union reported that Spain had used fisheries oceanology and cooperation vessels to provide training in several countries in Africa, Latin America and South America on research and data collection, basic safety on vessels, the use of selective fish stocks, oceanography, fisheries control and strengthening institutions.", "New Zealand commissioned a research project to develop estimates and sustainable geospatial boundaries for the sustainable annual fishing stocks in the area covered by the proposed South Pacific regional fisheries management organization convention. The United States reported on its work with India to explore the diversity and distribution of deep-sea habitats and marine biological diversity in Indonesian waters in the “ coral Delta”; multi-year cooperation to determine the characteristics of deep coral reefs in the Gulf of Mexico; and bilateral workshops with New Zealand on marine and marine biological sciences, focusing on the research on cooperation in the refrigeration of coral and other vulnerable marine ecosystems in the Pacific basin.", "In terms of capacity-building, the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries reported that it generally responded to the request of its members to strengthen the capacity of national research institutions in the areas of data collection, fish stocks assessment and fisheries management. Those countries were directly provided with technical support through the FAO subregional project on the Mediterranean. CARI reported that it had established a special needs fund to assist coastal developing countries in the region in the conservation, management and development of fisheries resources. The organization also fully recognizes the needs and special requirements of developing countries in the region, in accordance with article 21 of the Organization of Eastern Atlantic Fisheries.", "Measures taken by national and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for the implementation of paragraphs 122 (a) to (d) and 123 of resolution 6472", "The section below describes actions related to the implementation of resolution 6472, which aim to strengthen cooperation in the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information, the development of data collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes.", "(a) Exchange of best practices and development of regional standards", "In paragraph 122 (a) of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to share best practices and, where appropriate, to develop regional standards for the use of national and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements engaged in seabed fishing in waters outside the national jurisdiction with a view to reviewing current scientific and technical protocols and promoting the universal application of best practices in all fisheries activities and regions, including assisting developing countries in achieving those objectives.", "The Council of Science of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization regularly hosts international scientific seminars and workshops to exchange information on specific scientific topics, such as the use of GIS for the assessment of fish stocks and the workshop on fish ageing, which could share and review information on the technical aspects used by States. The North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization participated in the joint expert working group on deep-sea ecological issues from the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission Parties and national scientists. Each year, the Group reports to the advisory forum within the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the Caucus to provide a forum for the exchange of scientific knowledge and data, technology and best practices on science-related issues related to vulnerable marine ecosystems (e.g. identification and delimitation). The North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization also participated in a panel responsible for the North Atlantic format criteria, which was used for the North Atlantic Fisheries Monitoring System, and other regional fisheries management organizations are being considered and may be used.", "In the Antarctic Ocean, regional standards to be followed by States are provided in the form of conservation measures, while in the South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations, the framework for interim measures and assessment is regional standards. The scientific institutions of these regional fisheries management organizations assess the performance of their members against these criteria in order to ensure compliance with those standards. The Convention of the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries also contains the responsibilities and functions of the Parties to the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the responsibilities of flag States and port States in data sharing.", "Australia reported that its long-standing participation in the Gulf of Antarctic and its leading role provided a solid basis for sharing scientific information and best practices in seabed fishing. Australia is also an important party to best practices for other international fisheries management organizations (e.g. the Central Pacific Fisheries Commission). Australia is a signatory to the South Pacific Regional fisheries management organizations Convention and the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement, thereby sharing information and using the most accurate information to implement conservation and management measures.", "Canada reported that its international governance strategy sought to promote enhanced international consensus and capacity-building, including improved knowledge, management, standards and agreements to promote sustainable practices worldwide. Canada promotes the financing and support of scientific research and international cooperation to achieve these commitments. The focus area of research includes recognition of vulnerable marine ecosystems and qualitative and mapping, the development of a rapid, compassional approach to identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems, the assessment of significant adverse impacts and resilience, and research and advice on the development of scientific-based posting protocols.", "Italy reported that it participated in a series of scientific collaboration and cooperation projects with coastal neighbours, creating conditions for their future application of common rules.", "(b) Publication of assessment findings and measures taken", "In paragraph 122 (b) of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to make public, in accordance with domestic law, an assessment of whether bottom-up fishing activities could have a significant adverse impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems, to make available, where appropriate, the measures taken pursuant to paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, and to facilitate the posting of information on regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements websites. [75]", "Regional fisheries management organizations entitled to regulate bottom-up fishing reported that they maintain a breakdown of their websites and promote measures taken pursuant to resolutions 61/105 and 6472. [76] In accordance with paragraph 85 of resolution 61/105, the interim secretariat of the South Pacific Regional fisheries management organizations and the Northern Pacific Fisheries Commission has also published provisional measures and assessments through its maintained website. [77]", "With regard to national activities, Australia reported that it would submit its bottom-up fishing impact assessment to the organization, as required by the provisional measures of the South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations. In 2011, Australia will also submit its findings on its bottom-up biological impact project to the Commission, which is implemented through multi-stakeholder cooperation. Furthermore, the public can understand its conservation and management measures through the bottom-up fishing impact assessment. The European Union reported that the results of the EU review of the Council Regulation No.734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas from the adverse effects of bottom-up fishing gear were contained in the report of the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. New Zealand reported that its impact assessment of the South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations and the Antarctic Sea had been published on the relevant website.", "(c) The flag State submits to FAO a list of authorized vessels and a list of measures taken", "In paragraph 122 (c) of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon flag States to submit to FAO a ship list of their flag vessels authorized to carry out bottom fishing activities in waters other than national jurisdiction, and to indicate the measures they have taken to implement the provisions of the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/105 and 6472.", "Australia maintains a register of Australia's flag vessels permitted to fishing on the high seas and submitted to FAO seven such vessels currently holding Australian fishing permits. Croatia regularly transmits data to relevant regional fisheries management organizations (e.g., the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries and the Atlantic Tuna Commission) on their fleets authorized for fishing, including the fishing boats. New Zealand provided FAO with a list of vessels that were allowed to fish on the high seas using bottom fishing methods.", "The Republic of Korea reported that it provided FAO with a list of vessels authorized to undertake bottom-up fishing in areas other than national jurisdiction, its measures and impact assessment reports. Korea plans to submit information to FAO at least once a year to promote global efforts to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from bottom-up fishing outside national jurisdiction.", "The United States reported that it did not authorize any United States ship to carry out bottom-up fishing in areas outside the national jurisdiction and therefore did not require a list of vessels or measures published through FAO.", "(d) Sharing information on vessels that may not be confirmed by their flags in the form of bottom-up fishing.", "In paragraph 122 (d) of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly called upon States and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to share information on vessels that could not be confirmed by their flag States in connection with the conduct of bottom-up fishing outside the national jurisdiction area.", "The General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries reported that it had recently developed a list of vessels considered illegal, unregulated or unreported in the area of the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries. The Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries also publishes, on its web page, the authorized list of vessels, as well as the list of illegal, unregulated or unreported vessels, and updated annually.", "Two of the main tools for combating illegal, unregulated or unreported fishing activities are included in the control and enforcement regime of the Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission, namely, the inclusion of vessels flying the flag of non-State parties to the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention and the port State control system, which controls the sea offload of frozen fish off ports outside the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention. The secretariat of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission must transmit to other regional fisheries management organizations a permanent list of illegal, unregulated or unreported fishing vessels to the secretariats of the Gulf of Antarctic, the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization. The Secretariat of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has also to include non-Party vessels in their permanent lists after having received notification of the activities of the Antarctic, the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries Organization for the illegal, unregulated or unreported fishing of vessels. In the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, this arrangement has been operational and is not operational in the Antarctic Ocean.", "Australia reported that it had participated in several regional fisheries management organizations, thereby enabling the sharing of scientific research results and cooperation on a unified approach to future research and related fisheries. Japan reported that at the tenth multilateral meeting of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission in March 2011, it provided information on three fishing boats whose fishing activities appeared to be in contravention of resolutions 61/105 and 6472. Japan had tried to contact each known flag State but had not responded satisfactorily.", "New Zealand conducts air patrols in the Pacific and South Oceans and provides detailed information on vessels or illegal activities engaged in illegal, unregulated or unreported fishing activities to be shared with other members.", "(e) Develop or strengthen data collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes", "In paragraph 123 of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly encouraged States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to develop or strengthen data collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes in order to identify vulnerable marine ecosystems in accordance with the FAO Guidelines and in accordance with the Convention, including Part XIII thereof, to assess their impact on those ecosystems and to assess the impact of fishing activities on target and non-target species.", "The General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries reported that it had developed several data collection standards and procedures to be followed by its members. The North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization provided for the possibility of exposure to the seabed at the time of the new maritime arsenal, including the transmission of the WAS Scientific Council of the North Atlantic Fisheries and the data collection form (including information on sea fishing, fish and fishing and fishing). The Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries has developed a protocol to collect and report scientific data, which is updated annually by the Scientific Committee of the Organization of Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries to improve data collection. In 2009 and 2010, the CARICOM also adopted conservation measures to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "With regard to national activities, Canada reported that, between 2009 and 2011, its international governance strategy funded scientific projects to support the identification and protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems, including the development of guidelines and procedures for the identification of vulnerable marine ecosystems and the mapping of vulnerable marine ecosystems, the development of scientific and technical guidelines to identify, describe and assess activities that could have a significant adverse impact on marine biodiversity and the development of scientific-based impact assessment guidelines.", "New Zealand has played a leading role in scientific work on bottom-up fishing in the Antarctic Ocean. In 2010, New Zealand submitted 11 papers to the Scientific Committee of the Antarctic Sea and its Working Group on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, including efforts to develop an impact assessment methodology, the development of terminology compilations and conceptual frameworks to assess the impact of vulnerable marine ecosystems, and the development of a guide for the identification of the species of bottom-up invertebrates, all of which were adopted by the Commission.", "In the South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations region, New Zealand reported that, at present, it was exploring quantitative risk assessment approaches, using deep-sea coral predicted habitat models to identify areas that could form corally vulnerable marine ecosystems. New Zealand uses a projected habitat model to produce a preliminary estimate of potential artifacture biomass in the light of the known geomorphic features of New Zealand's bottom fishing sites in the South Pacific Regional fisheries management organization region, based on recommendations on possible sustainable crop yields.", "The United States reported that, in the context of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization, measures were being taken to implement a more comprehensive data collection protocol on coral and sea breeding species encountered in the pilot and existing fishing areas. The United States is also involved in the assessment of scientific information and other relevant international forums for the delimitation of fishing zones, including participation in the work of the Osama Commission and the Caucus.", "Activities of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote regulatory bottom fishing and to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems", "In paragraph 125 of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly expressed its appreciation to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for their important efforts to provide expert technical advice on the management of deep-sea fisheries and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems from fishing in waters other than national jurisdiction, and encouraged the organization to make further efforts to implement the Guidelines. In paragraph 126 of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly welcomed the proposed programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to ensure the sustainable use of ocean resources and the protection of the database of vulnerable marine ecosystems, including the development of support tools and vulnerable marine ecosystems, and invited States to support programmes in order to prioritize their finalization. Furthermore, in paragraph 127 of its resolution 6472, the General Assembly invited the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in cooperation with other relevant international governmental organizations, to consider ways to support flag States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for the implementation of paragraphs 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 119 to 122 of resolution 6472. [78]", "As indicated in resolutions 61/105 and 6472, FAO launched a deep-sea fisheries programme on the high seas, aimed at assisting countries, institutions, fisheries and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for the implementation of the FAO Guidelines. The programme is committed to establishing a baseline of knowledge on deep-sea fisheries and related ecosystems on the high seas and improving existing management systems through enhanced information, participation and communication and capacity-building activities among stakeholders. The four main components of the programme are: (i) assisting in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines; (ii) databases and relevant information on vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas; (iii) region-specific demonstration and pilot implementation activities to enhance the management of deep-sea fisheries; and (iv) global coordination, monitoring and evaluation and information dissemination. [79]", "In order to implement the FAO programme, a list of vessels provided by States for deep-sea fishing on the high seas was published on the FAO website. [80] An electronic discussion forum and network of deep fisheries experts was also launched to promote communication. In addition, FAO is developing historical data sets for deep-sea fishing in the South-East Atlantic to support regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, as well as national fisheries management and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems. Future activities of the FAO programme include the development of guidance on impact assessment, rules of experience and related mitigation measures, such as “evasion” rules and thresholds and indicators for vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "FAO should also lead, at the request of the Global Environment Facility, a global GEF programme on sustainable fisheries and the protection of marine biodiversity in waters outside the national jurisdiction area. FAO is currently working with partners to develop the programme and potential support projects, including activities and projects on deep-sea fisheries and marine protection on the high seas.", "Some States expressed their appreciation for the role of FAO or their participation in the work of FAO in the management of deep-sea fishing and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems and the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 6472 (Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, New Zealand). States also noted that FAO should continue to refine the FAO Guidelines to provide adequate protection for vulnerable habitats against damage from public seabed fishing.", "The Meeting also recommended that FAO undertake technical work in five priority areas to assist States and regional fisheries management organizations in the implementation of resolutions 61/105 and 6472 and the FAO Guidelines: (i) improve standards for the identification of vulnerable marine ecosystems and expand their application beyond coral, sea, sea peaks and hydrothermal sprays; (ii) develop guidance on mitigation measures and the development and application of best practices in the application of the rules of vulnerable marine ecosystems, in particular through the development of regional fisheries management organizations; and (iii) develop guidance on the collection of information and how information should be collected to facilitate the implementation of fisheries assessments; and (iv) elaborate guidelines on how to assist in the implementation of marine ecosystems.", "The Pacific Forum Fisheries Bureau noted that small island developing States in the region require capacity-building and technical and financial assistance to support the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and initiatives launched at the international level. In this regard, the secretariat of the Forum Fisheries Bureau requested FAO to consider providing capacity-building and technical assistance to assess.", "Development of tools to assist in the implementation of the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep Fishing on the High Sea", "The FAO Guidelines were developed in accordance with the request made by the FAO Committee on Fisheries at its twenty-seventh session in 2007, and were adopted in 2008 at the FAO Technical Consultation. [81] The Guidelines aim to provide guidance on the various management elements, such as the appropriate regulatory framework to the effective data collection programme component, including identifying key management considerations and the necessary measures to ensure the objectives and non-target species and the conservation of affected habitats. The regulatory framework contained in the FAO Guidelines aims to assist States, as well as regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, in developing and implementing appropriate measures to manage deep-sea fisheries on the high seas. [82]", "FAO continues to contribute to the implementation of the FAO Guidelines through the development of tools and guidelines for countries and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. The workshop on the theme “Implementing the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-Agreed Fishing on the high seas of FAO: Challenges and Ways”, held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 10 to 12 May 2010, analysed challenges in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines, and recommended that further assessments be undertaken by FAO in the future, given that progress in implementation remains at an early stage. 36", "Specific recommendations aimed at improving the implementation of the FAO Guidelines include support for the establishment of new regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements; support for developing countries; provision of best practices and guidance on impacts and risk assessments, rules encountered and related mitigation measures; support for fish pool assessments; development of guidance on fragile marine ecological environmental standards, including thresholds and species of species of species; facilitation of communication and information sharing. [83]", "Establishment of a global database of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems beyond national jurisdiction", "FAO reported that a database of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems in areas outside national jurisdiction was being established. The database will improve the dissemination of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems, promote responsible bottom-up fishing and assist countries in assessing the impact of bottom-up fishing on such ecosystems. Guidelines for the identification of fish species to be used will also be published to help increase knowledge of deep fish species. [84]", "In order to avoid duplication, a number of States recommended that FAO, in coordination with the United Nations Environment Programme and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, strive to establish regional information databases with important ecological and biological significance. [85] Canada also reported its support for the protection of high-level biodiversity in a multi-faceted manner. France reported that it would contribute $400,000 to the establishment of the database.", "CARI reported that its commitment would contribute to the database as possible. Information has also been shared with the International South Atlantic MAR-ECO project led by Brazil on recent deep-line maps such as potential vulnerable marine ecosystems in the region of the OECS Convention.", "Concluding remarks", "The new study emphasizes the diversity of vulnerable marine ecosystems in terms of composition and ecological characteristics, the biological characteristics of relevant organic substances and the spatial scale of fragile marine ecosystems. Many fish species are vulnerable marine ecosystems or are associated with the ecosystem, but the nature of their relationship may be different, and many seabed fish species are often characterized by the structural integrity of vulnerable marine ecosystems that are not currently defined as vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "Despite the small size of deep-sea fishing, as compared to the global fishing market, deep-sea fishing may have a significant impact. According to the document, bottom-up fisheries have had a negative impact on vulnerable marine ecosystems, from drying down, loss of habitat complexity, structural changes and changes in ecosystem processes. Long-term damage to certain vulnerable marine ecosystems appears to have been caused by a decade or longer period of recovery. A number of large coral reefs may never disappear, and the recovery of the fish stocks will require a long time.", "Substantive progress has been made in the implementation of the relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 6472. All regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements that have the authority to regulate bottom-up fishing have adopted and taken action to implement the above-mentioned resolutions, but actions vary. Several regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements have effectively closed new fishing zones, including areas where fishing has never been fishing, and areas where fishing has been carried out long ago. In these regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, existing fishing activities are generally restricted to relatively small existing fishing areas and are subject to conditions and provisions. The range of measures is broad from the closure of certain areas and the application of technical provisions to general provisions aimed at protecting resources and biodiversity, with particular emphasis on vulnerable marine ecosystems. Some measures are temporary and will need to be revised on the basis of ongoing new information.", "The request for an impact assessment was implemented by the Commission of Antarctic, the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization, the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission and the Eastern and Southern Atlantic Fisheries Organization, but was not consistent. In addition, new or revised data collection agreements and reporting procedures have been implemented, with the increased use of scientific observers and the development or ongoing development of guidelines for identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems. The above-mentioned regional fisheries management organizations also set the threshold for vulnerable marine ecosystems to direct species by-catch, to meet the threshold, indicating potential vulnerable marine ecosystems, and to develop regulations that stipulate the actions to be taken by fishing vessels. The North Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the Eastern North Atlantic Fisheries Commission have re-exploited the initial threshold, reducing the threshold of sea and coral bleachs, but no other species of instruction have been identified in North Atlantic Fisheries Organization, the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Commission or the Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization. Only the Antarctic Commission for the Conservation of Marine Resources reported that they were actually vulnerable to marine ecosystems.", "The efforts of countries participating in negotiations for the establishment of new regional fisheries management organizations in the Pacific have resulted in the adoption of the South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations convention and the successful conclusion of negotiations on the North Pacific. These measures have been implemented through a number of interim measures and relevant scientific mechanisms have been established until the relevant treaty enters into force.", "Many States have adopted measures applicable to areas within and outside their national jurisdiction as complementary to regional fisheries management organizations measures. Some States have also adopted measures to apply to fishing vessels operating in areas where regional fisheries management organizations or temporary measures are not established. The reports submitted by States vary widely and vary.", "Information on how regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements share procedures, best practices and standards with States. Despite regional differences, many regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements are similar or coordinated. A number of regions are undertaking research activities to explore low-awaited deep-water ecosystems or to map vulnerable marine ecosystems and monitor deep water resources, but it is not possible to determine whether the increase in activities in this area is due to actions taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.", "Resolution 61/105 and 64/72 and the FAO Guidelines, if fully implemented, will serve as the necessary tool to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from the adverse impacts of bottom-up fishing. Despite significant action, the implementation of the above-mentioned resolutions remains uneven and further efforts are needed. The full assessment of the effectiveness of these measures in the area of fisheries regulation, resource recovery and conservation and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems continues to be limited by the experience of States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in implementing the measures adopted.", "Annex", "List of countries and organizations responding to the questionnaire", "State", "Australia", "Bulgaria", "Canada", "Chile", "Colombia", "Croatia", "Denmark", "France", "Germany", "Iceland", "Italy", "Japan", "Kuwait", "Mexico", "New Zealand", "Norway", "Palau", "Republic of Korea", "United States", "Mexico", "Regional economic integration organizations", "European Union", "United Nations specialized agencies", "FAO", "Regional management organizations and arrangements", "Regional Commission on Fisheries and Water Industry in Central and Caucasus", "Commission for the Conservation of Marine Resources in the Antarctic", "Southern Tuna Conservation Commission", "Forum Fisheries Bureau", "General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries", "North Atlantic Fisheries Organization", "North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization", "North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission", "North Pacific Fisheries Commission", "Eastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization", "South Pacific regional fisheries management organizations", "Central Pacific Fishing Commission", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "[2] Report of the Technical Consultative Meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep Seas, Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008, FAO report No. 881.", "[3] See A/64/305, para.", "[4] See the report of the Technical Consultative Meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on the International Guidelines for the Management of deep-sea fisheries on the high seas, Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008, FAO Fisheries and aquaculture report No. 881; see also FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep Fishing on the High seas, paras.", "[5] See, for example, A/58/65, A/59/62, A/60/63/Add.1, A/61/154 and A/64/305.", "[6] The estimated number of seamounts depends on the definition of seamounts, which vary according to their patterns, the high level of mountains and the relationship with other large structures, such as marine and continental slopes. For the most recent study, see T.A.Schlacher, et al. eds., “Recent contributions in seamount ecology”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31, (Suppl. 1), (2010); M.R Clark, et al., “The Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Functions and Human Impacts, published in the Annual Review of Oceans, vol. 2 (2007); and Mitchpin et al.", "[7] See A.Rowden, et al., “Paradigms in seamount ecology:facts, alerts and future”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl. 1) (2010), and the International Maritime Census Programme project. Available from http://censeam.niwa.co.nz.", "[8] T.A.Schlacher, et al., “Seamount science scales undersea mountains:new research and perspectives”, in volume 31 of the Ocean Ecology (Suppl. 1), (2010).", "[9] See, for example, T. Shank, “Seamounts. deep habit of faunal occupation, integration and endemism”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 23, (2010); W.Cho, and T. M. Shank, “Incongruent patterns of genetic waste among four ophiurid species on North Atlantic Oceanmounts”, vol. 31, Supplement No. 31, (2010).", "[10] L.A.Levin, et al. eds., “Advances in Vent, Seep, Whale-and Wood-Fall Biology”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007); C.R. Fischer, et al., “Hydrother ventilation”, in Oceanography, vol. 20, (1) (2007); M. Baker, et al., “Information in the Oceans” (No.", "[11] Some clothing pests may be surviving at least 200 years, but the life of the two-star animal is relatively short. See E.E.Cordes, et al., “Patterns of growth in science-seep ves including phila jonesi: a second species of long-livedors”, contained in volume 28 (2007) of the Ocean Ecology; J.P. Barry, et al., “Growth, production, and mortality of thechemosynthetic ves biveval, Captaps from sea”, vol. 28 (2007).", "[12] See E.Ramirez-Llodra, et al., “Biodiversity and biogeography of Hydrothermal Ventend: Thirty Years of Discovery and reconciliation”, in Oceans, vol. 20, No. (1), (2007).", "[13] See J. Murray Roberts, et al., Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2009).", "[14] A.D. Rogers,et al, “Corals on seamounts”, Seamounts: Ecology, Feries and Conservations, T.J. Pitcher et.al.,ed; Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Press, 2007).", "[15] See A.H, Andrews, et al., “Investigations of age and growth for three deep-sea corals from Davidson Seamount to central California”, contained in “Crelin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag, 2005.", "[16] See, J.M. Portela, et al., “Preliminary description of the gap between droughtid fisheries and VMEs on the high seas of the Patagonian se”, vol. 16 (2010) of the Fisheries Research Institute; F. J. Murillo et al., “Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean) Activities, vol. 68 (2004), Oceans and Fisheries Activities, vol. 68, Oceanographic Review, vol. 68, p. 68, No.", "[17] See A. Freiwald and Murray Roberts, Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats. (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2009); and A.D. Roberts et al., “Corals on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Protection, Fisheries and Water Resources Series 12, Titchpwell et al.", "[18] See N.R. Merrett and R.L. Haedrich, deep seabed fish and fisheries (London, Chaapman and Hall, 1997).", "[19] See Bensch et al., Global Review of Public Seabed Fishing, FAO technical paper on fisheries and aquaculture, No. 522 (2008).", "[20] See M.P.Sissenwine and P.M. Mace, “Would deep-water fisheries sustainably manage?” FAO Fisheries Report, No. 838 (2007).", "[21] See P. A.Large et al., “Deep-water Fisheries of the Northeasteast Atlantic: II. Assessment and Management Approaches”, in Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery, vol. 31 (2003).", "[22] T. Morato and M.R.Clark, “Seamount fishes:ecology and histories”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "See A/59/62/Add.1, A/61/154 and A/64/305.", "[24] See A. Williams and others, “Seamount terbenthic as Assemblyages are not allowed to break from trawling impacts.” Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Supplement) (2010).", "[25] See J. Hall-Spencer et al., Design of Marine Protected Areas on High seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank, in Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 397 (2009).", "[26] See D.P. Ttensitor et al., “Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts”, in Journal of Biogeography vol. 36 (2009); M. R. Clark and D.P.Tittensor, “An index to assess the risk to stony corals from leathering on seamounts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Supplement) (2010).", "[27] A 2005 study that sought to carry out a quantitative analysis of part of the North-East Atlantic has shown that the relative role of fisheries in the overall activities of deep seabed human beings may be significant and clearly their ownership. However, studies have only quantitatively analysed the activities, without quantitative analysis of the impact, but do not appear to have an impact study on similar space scope (see A. Benn et al., Human activities on the deep-sea sequen in the North East Atlantic: An assessment of the spatial extent, PlosOne vol.5, No. 9 (2010).", "[28] The recent FAO report and the publication of documentation and comments relate to the historical, geographical distribution and species composition of deep-sea fisheries, as well as scientific and management responses. See FAO Fisheries Conference Records 3/1 and 3/2, deep-sea 2003: Conference on Governance and Management of the Deep Ocean Fisheries, FAO Fisheries Report No. 838, FAO, Rome, 2005.", "[29] See M. Clark, “Experience with management of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in New Zealand waters, and the effects of commercial fishing on stock over the period 1980-1993”, in Deep-water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Slope, A.G.Hopper, ed. (Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995); and ICES, Report of the Working Group on the Biology of the Biology and Access to the Spatient Resources, 1998-2005.", "[30] F. Gonzales-Costas and H. Murua, “An analytical assessment of the roughead grenadier stock in NAFO Subareas 2 and 3”, in American Fisheries Society Symposium vol. 63 (2008).", "[31] See M.R. Clark et al., “Large-breed-water trawl fisheries on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series T.J.Pitcher et al. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[32] See Bensch et al., Global Review of Public Seabed Fishing, FAO technical paper on fisheries and aquaculture, No. 522 (2008).", "[33] See J.A. Devine et al., “Deep-sea fishes as endangered”, in Nature vol. 439 (2006); D. M. Bailey et al., “Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the North East Atlantic: Deeper-doned effect of fisheries?”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 276 (2009); N. Campbell et al., “Lost-terminness of the marine environment”.", "[34] See FAO Fisheries Report, No. 838; T. Morato and M.R. Clark, “Seamount fishes:ecology and life of histories”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12, T.J.Pitcher et al. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[35] See H.da Silva and M.R.Pinho, “Small-born fishing on seamounts”.", "[36] O.A. Bergstad and Marc.S.Høines, Bottom fisheries advisers by Atlantic agents of new regulatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable resource utilization and conserve biodiversity.Working Document, ICES (February 2011).", "[37] FAO Workshop on the Implementation of the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep Oceans and Fisheries on the High seas, Challenges and Ways forward, Busan, Korea, 10-12 May 2010, FAO Fisheries and aquaculture Report, No. 948 (FAO, Rome, 2010).", "[38] See A/64/305, para.", "[39] The actions taken by States participating in the negotiation of the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations/arrangements to implement paragraph 119 of resolution 6472 are described below.", "[40] These measures complement conservation measures: 22-04 and 22-05 on deep-sea network and the use of submarine trawls for non-science purposes; 24-01 on conservation measures applicable to scientific research; 41-05 and 22-08 on the prohibition of fishing of under-five metres of fish; 21-01 on new fisheries measures; 21-02 on exploration fisheries; 10 procedures for approval of seabed fishing and 22-06.", "[41] See A/64/305, para.", "[42] Comments from the European Union.", "[43] The OSIS has developed a full exploration fisheries agreement that will be reviewed by the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission in 2011.", "[44] Information provided by the EU and the United States.", "[45] Information provided by the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the United States.", "[46] Information provided by Norway.", "[47] Information provided by Canada, the EU and the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization.", "[48] A fishing area of coral and fertile protected areas is in part outside the management area of the North-West Atlantic Fisheries Organization (in the exclusive economic area of Canada), which is then taken into account in the calculation of the proportion of the area prohibited by bottom fishing.", "[49] Information provided by New Zealand.", "[50] See the provisions of annex 4 to the comprehensive text of all North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission recommendations on bottom-up fishing, which states that “in the existing and new fishing zones, the species of the most vulnerable marine ecosystems are defined in each of the nets (i.e., the trawl, the extension of Okinawa and the network) for more than 60 kg of live coral (and/or 800 kg). (See http://neafc.org/system/fil/%252Fhome/neafc/drupal2_files/consolidated_bottomfishing_regulations.pdf).", "[51] Information provided by the Provisional Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean.", "[52] Canada, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, United States.", "[53] Information provided by the United States.", "[54] Information provided by Canada.", "[55] See paragraphs 146-152 of resolution A/64/305, information provided by the Interim Secretariat and the United States.", "[56] Information provided by the Interim Secretariat and the United States.", "[57] See the assessment at http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/Assessment.html, which includes details of existing provisional measures taken by each participating country after the 2008 assessment report.", "[58] See article 2 of the South Pacific Regional Cooperation Organization Convention.", "[59] See www.southpacificrfmo.org/p preparatory-conference/.", "[60] See further article 38 (1) of the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention. If the South Pacific Fishing Organization Convention has not entered into force for three years after its adoption, it will enter into force six months after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval, or the period specified in paragraph 1 below.", "[61] See also A/64/305, paras.", "[62] Information provided by the Interim Secretariat of the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization.", "[63] See the interim secretariat of the Regional Fishing Organization of the South Pacific, report on interim management measures (2011). See http://www.southpa-cificrfmo.org/assets/PrepCon-2/Plenary/PrepCon-02-INF-02-Report-on-Interim-Management-Measures-Rev2.pdf.", "[64] Spain, Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs, “Preliminary assessment of the risk of serious damage to vulnerable marine ecosystems”. See http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November 2009-New-Zealand/SWG-VIII/SP-08-SWG-DW-02-EC-Bottom-assessment-ENG.pdf.", "[65] See the South Pacific Regional Fishing Organization Scientific Working Group, Report of the Scientific Working Group (8th meeting 2009). See http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November 2009-New-Zealand/Plenary-VIII/8th-SWG-Report-Final-Adopted-6-Nov-09-JMA-apendicies-fixed-maps-fixed-24-Nov-09pm.pdf.", "[66] The Ministry of Fisheries of New Zealand, Fisheries Impact Assessment (2008).", "[67] Information provided by Palau.", "[68] See also A/64/305, paras.", "[69] See http://www.fao.org/Legal/treaties/035s-e.htm.", "[70] Official Journal of the European Union, L20, 30 July 2008.", "[71] See articles 8, 9 and 11 of Council Regulation No. 734/2008.", "[72] European Commission, “Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas from the impact of droughts”. (The Commission submits to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union the report on the implementation of Council Regulation No. 734/2008 to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas from the adverse impacts of seabed fishing gear. COMTE 651 Final Report.", "[73] Ibid., para.", "[74] See decision X/29 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine and coastal biodiversity.", "[75] See resolution 61/105, paras. 84 and 87.", "[76] See www.ccamlr.org; www.gfcm.org/GFCM/EN; www.nafo.int; www.afnec.org; www.seafo.org. The guidance on the classification of vulnerable marine ecosystems of the Commission is available at www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/sc/obs/vme-guide.pdf. All-party measures taken by the General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries are available on the electronic compendium on its website: http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/e-Compendium/ info.html.", "[77] See www.southpacificrfmo.org and http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/index.html. Information on the interim framework for the impact assessment of the subregional fisheries management organizations in the South Pacific is also available at www.southpacificrfmo.org.", "[78] See paragraphs 88-90 of resolution 61/105 and A/64/305, paras.", "[79] Information provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. See also http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/158143/en.", "[80] Seeftp http://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUTUR/UNGA/deep_sea/UNGA61_105.pdf.", "[81] See A/64/305, paras.", "[82] See/www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm and http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en.", "[83] Information provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.", "[84] A/66/70, para.", "[85] See decision X/29 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine and coastal biodiversity, see also A/66/70, para." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予突厥语国家议会大会在大会的观察员地位", "2011年8月12日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨根据大会议事规则第14条，请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“突厥语国家议会大会在大会的观察员地位”的补充项目。", "根据大会议事规则第20条，随函附上支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)以及决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "特命全权大使", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "一. 历史背景", "1. 突厥语国家议会大会根据2008年11月21日阿塞拜疆共和国、哈萨克斯坦共和国、吉尔吉斯共和国和土耳其共和国议会首脑签署的《伊斯坦布尔协定》成立。", "2. 突厥语国家议会大会是始于1992年第一次突厥语国家首脑峰会的长期合作的结果。", "3. 突厥语国家议会大会在2009年9月29日于巴库举行的第一次全体会议上通过了议事规则、秘书处规章和《巴库宣言》，在2011年4月27日和28日于阿斯塔纳举行的第二次全体会议上通过了《阿斯塔纳宣言》。", "二. 原则和目标", "4. 突厥语国家议会大会是一个议会间组织，成立的目的是发展各成员(阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和土耳其)之间的议会间合作，进一步推动各成员之间的政治对话，并创建一个有利于拟订和执行旨在保障区域和全球安全的各种倡议的政治气氛。", "5. 《巴库宣言》重申了突厥语国家议会大会成员遵行国家独立、主权平等、领土完整、国界不可侵犯、彼此不干涉内政和不容使用或威胁使用武力的原则，以及加强政治和经济安全并发展民族经济的共同愿望。", "三. 结构", "6. 突厥语国家议会大会由各成员议会代表团组成，至少每年举行一次全体常会。活动协调由议会大会理事会负责，理事会由上述议会代表团团长或其授权代表组成。", "7. 突厥语国家议会大会设有下列委员会：", "经济、贸易和金融事务委员会", "法律事务委员会", "国际关系委员会", "社会、文化和人道主义事务委员会", "各委员会负责在职权范围内审议事项，确保执行理事会及其主席通过的决定，对提交委员会的文件和议案进行评估审查，通过报告、建议和决定草案，并指定报告员。", "8. 秘书处确保突厥语国家议会大会、理事会和各委员会有效运作。", "秘书长作为议会大会秘书处的首长，负责管理秘书处的所有活动。", "9. 各国议会并非突厥语国家议会大会的成员，经议会大会理事会同意并应主席邀请，国际议会组织和其他组织的代表可作为观察员和嘉宾出席议会大会的公开会议。", "四. 与其他组织的关系", "10. 突厥语国家议会大会已经与许多国际和区域组织开展互动，包括秘书处所在地的联合国、联合国开发计划署和联合国儿童基金会国家办事处。", "11. 突厥语国家议会大会秘书处已经与欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)议会大会、欧洲议会、独立国家联合体(独联体)议会大会、伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟、各国议会联盟、议会秘书长协会和黑海经济合作组织(黑海经合组织)议会大会建立联系。", "12. 突厥语国家议会大会秘书长已经被议会秘书长协会接纳。突厥语国家议会大会已经获得各国议会联盟和伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟的观察员地位，并正在与欧安组织议会大会、独联体议会大会和黑海经合组织议会大会进行观察员地位谈判。与此同时，突厥语国家议会大会还参加欧安组织议会大会的活动和东南欧合作进程的议会部分。突厥语国家议会大会还出席亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议。", "13. 突厥语国家议会大会秘书长与欧洲委员会议会大会主席以及北大西洋公约组织议会大会、欧安组织议会大会、黑海经合组织议会大会、伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟、独联体议会大会和欧洲议会官员之间的持续互动有利于开展对话与合作并加强全球议会外交的作用。", "五. 在大会的观察员地位", "14. 作为一个旨在推动成员间政治对话的国际议会组织，突厥语国家议会大会全面遵行《联合国宪章》所体现的宗旨和原则，并将议会间合作视为加强和平、民主和经济发展的关键所在。", "15. 给予突厥语国家议会大会在联合国大会的观察员地位，将使合作形成制度，增进两个组织之间的互动，并为突厥语国家议会大会支持区域倡议的工作提供协助。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予突厥语国家议会大会在大会的观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国与突厥语国家议会大会之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请突厥语国家议会大会以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 12 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary‑General", "In accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries in the General Assembly”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum (annex I) in support of the above request and a draft resolution (annex II) are attached herewith.", "I would highly appreciate it if the present letter and its annexes could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Permanent Representative", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "I. Historical background", "1. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries (TURKPA) was established in accordance with the Istanbul Agreement signed on 21 November 2008 by the Heads of the Parliaments of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Turkey.", "2. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries was established as a result of a long-term cooperation started in 1992 when the First Summit of the Heads of Turkic-speaking States was held.", "3. The rules of procedure, the regulations of the secretariat and the Baku Declaration were adopted on 29 September 2009 at the first plenary meeting of TURKPA held in Baku. The Astana Declaration was adopted at the second plenary meeting, held in Astana on 27 and 28 April 2011.", "II. Principles and objectives", "4. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries is an inter-parliamentary organization established to develop inter-parliamentary cooperation among its members (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey), to further promote political dialogue between its members and to create a favourable political climate for the elaboration and implementation of various initiatives aimed at safeguarding regional and global security.", "5. The Baku Declaration reaffirms the common will of TURKPA members to adhere to the principles of national independence, sovereign equality, territorial integrity, inviolability of State borders, non-interference in the internal affairs of each other and the inadmissibility of the threat or use of force, as well as to strengthen their political and economic security and develop their national economies.", "III. Structure", "6. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries consists of the parliamentary delegations of its members and holds its ordinary plenary sessions no less than once a year. The coordination of the activity of TURKPA is carried out by the Council of TURKPA, composed of the heads of the aforementioned parliamentary delegations or their authorized representatives.", "7. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries has established the following commissions:", "Commission on economic, trade and financial affairs Commission on legal affairs Commission on international relations Commission on social, cultural and humanitarian affairs.", "The commissions consider the issues within their competences, ensure the execution of the decisions adopted by the Council of TURKPA and its Chairperson, assess documentation and examine proposals submitted to the commissions, adopt draft reports, recommendations and decisions as well as assign reporters.", "8. The secretariat ensures the effective functioning of TURKPA, the Council and the commissions.", "The Secretary General, head of the TURKPA secretariat, manages the overall activity of the secretariat.", "9. The national parliaments that are not members of TURKPA and representatives of international parliamentary and other organizations may participate in the public meetings of TURKPA as observers and guests with the consent of the Council of TURKPA and by invitation of the Chairperson.", "IV. Relations with other organizations", "10. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries has already engaged in interaction with various international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, UNDP and UNICEF country offices at the secretariat location.", "11. The TURKPA secretariat has established relations with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Parliament, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Parliamentary Union of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), the Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).", "12. The TURKPA Secretary General was admitted to the Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments. TURKPA was granted observer status by IPU and the Parliamentary Union of OIC. Negotiations on observer status are going on with the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of CIS and the Parliamentary Assembly of BSEC. At the same time, TURKPA participates in the activities of the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE and the parliamentary dimension of the South-East European Cooperation Process. TURKPA also attends the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia.", "13. Ongoing interaction between the Secretary General of TURKPA and the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, officials of the Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE, the Parliamentary Assembly of BSEC, the Parliamentary Union of OIC, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of CIS and the European Parliament contributes to the development of dialogue and cooperation and strengthens the role of parliamentary diplomacy in the world.", "V. Observer status in the General Assembly", "14. As an international parliamentary organization aimed at promoting political dialogue between its members, TURKPA fully adheres to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and considers inter-parliamentary cooperation as crucial for strengthening peace, democracy and economic development.", "15. Granting observer status to TURKPA in the General Assembly of the United Nations would create an institutionalized cooperation, enhance the interaction between the two organizations and assist TURKPA in its efforts to encourage regional initiatives.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries,", "1. Decides to invite the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the National Assembly of the Turkey Republic in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 12 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "In accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the National Assembly of the Turkey Languages in the General Assembly”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum supporting the above-mentioned request (annex I) and draft resolution (annex II).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador Philip", "Permanent Representative", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Historical background", "The National Assembly of the Turkey Republic was established in accordance with the Istanbul Agreement signed on 21 November 2008 by the Parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Turkey.", "The National Assembly of the Turkey Languages was the result of the long-term cooperation that started in 1992 at the first Turkish National Summit.", "At its first plenary meeting, held in Baku on 29 September 2009, the Assembly of the Turkey National Parliament adopted the rules of procedure, the regulations of the Secretariat and the Baku Declaration, which adopted at its second plenary meeting in Astana on 27 and 28 April 2011.", "Principles and objectives", "The National Assembly of the Turkey Language is an inter-ministerial body established to develop inter-ministerial cooperation among members (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey) to further promote political dialogue among members and to create a political climate conducive to the formulation and implementation of initiatives aimed at guaranteeing regional and global security.", "The Baku Declaration reaffirms that members of the National Assembly of the Turkey are guided by the principles of national independence, sovereign equality, territorial integrity, inviolability of the national community, non-intervention in the internal affairs of each other and the non-use or threat of use of force, and the common desire to strengthen political and economic security and to develop the national economy.", "Structures", "The National Assembly of the Turkey Languages consists of a delegation of the Members of Parliament and meets at least once every year. The coordination of activities is vested in the Council of Parliament and consists of the heads of the above-mentioned Parliament or their authorized representatives.", "The Turkmen National Assembly has the following committees:", "Committee on Economic, Trade and Financial Affairs", "Legal Affairs Committee", "Committee on International Relations", "Committee on Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Affairs", "The committees are responsible for the consideration of matters within their purview, ensuring that decisions adopted by the Executive Council and its President are taken by the Executive Council and by evaluating the submissions to the Committee, adopting reports, recommendations and draft decisions, and identifying rapporteurs.", "The secretariat ensures the effective functioning of the National Assembly, the Council and the Committees of the Turkey Republic.", "The Secretary-General is responsible for the management of all Secretariat activities as heads of the parliamentary secretariat.", "Representatives of international parliamentary organizations and other organizations may attend public meetings of the Assembly as observers and guests, as agreed by the Council of Parliament and at the invitation of the President.", "Relations with other organizations", "The Turkmen National Assembly has interacted with many international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Children's Fund country offices located in the Secretariat.", "The secretariat of the National Assembly of the Turkey Republic has established links with the Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Parliament, the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the IPU, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the Association of the Secretary-General of Parliament and the Parliament of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization ( Black Sea).", "The Secretary-General of the National Parliament of the Turkey has been admitted by the Association of the Secretary-General of Parliament. The Turkmen National Assembly has received observer status from the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the IPU of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and is in the process of holding an observer status negotiations with the OSCE Assembly of Parliament, the CIS Parliament and the Black Sea OECD Parliament. At the same time, the Turkmen National Assembly also participated in the activities of the OSCE Parliament and the parliamentary component of the South-East Europe cooperation process. The Turkmen National Assembly is also present at the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building Measures in Asia.", "The ongoing interaction between the Secretary-General of the National Assembly of Turkey and the President of the Parliament of the Council of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Assembly, the OSCE Parliament, the Black Sea and OECD Assembly, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the CIS Parliament and European parliamentary officials is conducive to dialogue and cooperation and to strengthening the role of global parliamentary diplomacy.", "Observer status for the General Assembly", "As an international parliamentary organization aimed at advancing the inter-member political dialogue, the National Assembly of the Turkey Languages fully adheres to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and considers inter-parliamentary cooperation as key to strengthening peace, democracy and economic development.", "The granting of observer status to the General Assembly of the United Nations General Assembly of the Turkmen National Parliament will result in a system for cooperation, an increased interaction between the two organizations, and assistance in support of regional initiatives by the National Assembly of the Turkey.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the National Assembly of the Turkey Republic in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Desiring to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the National Parliament of the Turkey,", "Decides to invite the National Parliament of the Turkey to participate, as observers, in the sessions and work of the General Assembly;", "Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "关于内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间活动的报告", "^(*) A/66/150。", "增编", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.建议执行情况的全面评估 5\n3.对尚未了结建议的分析 6\n4.内部监督事务厅建议涉及的经费 8\n5.本报告所述期间提出的报告 10\nA.向大会提出的报告 10\nB.向方案主管提出的报告 10\nC.结案报告 26", "简称和缩略语", "非索特派团 非洲联盟驻索马里特派团", "联布综合办 联合国布隆迪综合办事处", "中非支助处 联合国中非共和国建设和平支助办事处", "反恐执行局 反恐怖主义委员会执行局", "经社部 经济和社会事务部", "外勤部 外勤支助部", "大会部 大会和会议管理部", "管理部 管理事务部", "政治部 政治事务部", "维和部 维持和平行动部", "安保部 安全和安保部", "非洲经委会 非洲经济委员会", "欧洲经委会 欧洲经济委员会", "经社事务执委会 经济和社会事务执行委员会", "拉加经委会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会", "环管小组 环境管理小组", "亚太经社会 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会", "西亚经社会 西亚经济社会委员会", "投管司 投资管理司", "减灾战略 国际减少灾害战略", "中乍特派团 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团", "西撒特派团 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团", "联海稳定团 联合国海地稳定特派团", "联刚观察团/联刚稳定团 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团/联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团", "人道协调厅 人道主义事务协调厅", "人权高专办 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处", "最不发达等国家高代办 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处", "信通厅 信息和通信技术厅", "监督厅 内部监督事务厅", "法律厅 法律事务厅", "外空办 外层空间事务办公室", "非洲顾问办 非洲问题特别顾问办公室", "联阿援助团 联合国阿富汗援助团", "联伊援助团 联合国伊拉克援助团", "达尔富尔混合行动 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动", "赔偿委员会 联合国赔偿委员会", "防治荒漠化公约 联合国防治荒漠化公约", "贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议", "民主基金 联合国民主基金", "观察员部队 联合国脱离接触观察员部队", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "环境署 联合国环境规划署", "气候公约 联合国气候变化框架公约", "联塞部队 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队", "人居署 联合国人类住区规划署", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "儿基会 联合国儿童基金会", "犯罪司法所 联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所", "裁研所 联合国裁军研究所", "联黎部队 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队", "养恤基金 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金", "科索沃特派团 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团", "联利特派团 联合国利比里亚特派团", "联苏特派团 联合国苏丹特派团", "联东综合团 联合国东帝汶综合特派团", "印巴观察组 联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组", "联科行动 联合国科特迪瓦行动", "禁毒办 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室", "日内瓦办事处 联合国日内瓦办事处", "内罗毕办事处 联合国内罗毕办事处", "联东办事处 联合国东帝汶办事处", "维也纳办事处 联合国维也纳办事处", "中亚预防外交中心 联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "非索特派团支助办 联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助办事处", "停战监督组织 联合国停战监督组织", "联合国大学 联合国大学", "一. 导言", "1. 本增编介绍内部监督事务厅所提出建议的执行情况。本报告主要分四节(第二至五节)。第二节全面评估建议的执行情况。第三节载有一个按联合国实体分列的尚未了结建议分类。第四节载有一个清单，介绍监督厅关于不必要或超额支出、损失和今后减少费用机会的涉及经费问题的建议。第五节载有2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅印发的全部监督报告清单。", "二. 建议执行情况的全面评估", "2. 在2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间，监督厅向联合国各实体提出了1 624项建议。[1] 其中，392项(24%)被认为至关重要。截至2011年6月30日，方案主管已执行2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间提出的所有建议中的806项(50%)，执行同时期提出的关键建议中的165项(42%)。下图按时期分列2007年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间提出的建议，并显示每个时期的建议执行率。", "2007年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间所提建议截至2011年6月30日的现状和执行率^(a) 的分类", "[]^(a) 关键建议及其相应执行率在括号中标明。当一项建议因形势变化已过时或管理部门接受了不 执行建议所引起的残余风险责任时，该建议可“未加执行而终止”。", "三. 对尚未了结建议的分析", "3. 表1载列截至2011年6月30日每个联合国部门/办事处尚未了结的共1 461项建议，其中320项(22%)已经逾期(即未实现目标日期)，785项(54%)仍未到期，其余356项(占总数的24%)没有设定目标日期。", "4. 所有尚未了结建议的详细情况均提供给有关部门和办事处，以便其有机会提供关于执行状况的最新情况，供编写本增编参考。", "表1 2011年5月31日之前所提尚未了结建议截至2011年6月30日的状况分", "所有尚未 按状态分列 按目标日期分列 了结的建议\n 关键 非关键 关键 非关键 关键 非关键", "未开始 执行中 不接受^(a) 未开始 执行中 不接受^(a) 未到期 已逾期 未设目标日期 未到期 已逾期 未设目标日期", "联布综合办 3 3 — 3 — — 3 — 2 — 1 1 — 2", "反恐执行局 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "经社部^(b) 7 37 5 2 — 25 12 — — 2 5 12 — 25", "外勤部 10 19 — 10 — — 19 — 10 — — 19 — —", "大会部 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — —", "管理部 39 83 5 32 2 4 75 4 25 8 6 49 28 6", "政治部 4 11 — 4 — — 11 — 4 — — 9 2 —", "新闻部 3 9 — 3 — — 9 — 3 — — 9 — —", "维和部 25 10 — 25 — — 10 — 24 — 1 10 — —", "安保部 4 18 — 4 — — 15 3 1 1 2 8 — 10", "非洲经委会 5 9 — 5 — — 9 — 3 2 — 8 1 —", "欧洲经委会 1 3 — 1 — — 3 — — 1 — 3 — —", "经社事务执委会 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "拉加经委会 2 9 — 2 — — 9 — 1 — 1 9 — —", "秘书长办公厅 11 — — 11 — — — — 3 — 8 — — —", "亚太经社会 2 5 — 2 — — 5 — 2 — — 5 — —", "西亚经社会 — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — 1 — 2", "道德操守办公室 — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "卢旺达问题国际 4 9 — 4 — — 9 — 4 — — 9 — — 刑事法庭", "前南斯拉夫国际 4 11 — 4 — 1 10 — 3 1 — 8 2 1 法庭", "减灾战略 3 2 — 3 — — 2 — 3 — — 2 — —", "联海稳定团 11 20 — 10 1 — 20 — 7 1 3 16 — 4", "联刚观察团/联刚稳定团 8 17 — 8 — — 17 — 8 — — 16 1 —", "人道协调厅 14 17 — 14 — — 17 — 13 1 — 16 1 —", "人权高专办 11 12 — 11 — — 12 — 10 1 — 10 2 —", "最不发达等国家 1 4 — 1 — — 4 — 1 — — 4 — — 高代办", "信通厅 5 7 — 5 — — 7 — 3 — 2 5 1 1", "法律厅 — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — — — 3", "外空办 4 3 — 4 — 1 2 — 4 — — 3 — —", "非洲顾问办 3 11 — 3 — — 11 — — — 3 — 1 10", "联阿援助团^(c) 3 16 — 2 1 — 16 — 3 — — 16 — —", "联伊援助团^(d) 11 21 1 7 3 — 17 4 3 3 5 6 4 11", "达尔富尔混合行动 28 41 3 24 1 5 36 — 5 9 14 15 5 21", "防治荒漠化公约 4 13 — 4 — — 13 — 3 — 1 8 3 2 秘书处", "贸发会议 8 18 — 8 — — 18 — 7 1 — 18 — —", "民主基金 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 3 — —", "观察员部队 1 2 — 1 — — 2 — — 1 — — 2 —", "开发署 — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "环境署 7 27 — 7 — — 26 1 2 5 — 15 9 3", "环境署-环管小组 1 — — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — —", "气候公约临时秘书处 13 17 — 13 — — 17 — 13 — — 17 — —", "联塞部队 1 1 — 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — 1 —", "难民署 119 159 15 104 — 27 130 2 8 59 52 11 77 71", "犯罪司法所 5 3 — 5 — — 3 — — — 5 — — 3", "裁研所 — 6 — — — — 6 — — — — 6 — —", "联黎部队 4 15 — 4 — — 15 — 2 1 1 15 — —", "养恤基金 3 35 — 3 — 5 29 1 — 3 — 7 27 1", "养恤基金-投管司 7 24 2 5 — 5 19 — 4 3 — 15 7 2", "联利特派团 17 38 — 17 — 6 32 — 3 3 11 11 11 16", "联苏特派团 23 55 5 18 — 5 50 — 10 3 10 43 2 10", "联东综合团 7 11 — 7 — — 11 — 7 — — 11 — —", "印巴观察组 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 2 1 —", "联科行动 9 15 — 9 — 7 8 — 8 — 1 10 1 4", "禁毒办 6 13 — 6 — — 13 — 2 3 1 7 2 4", "日内瓦办事处 1 5 — 1 — — 5 — — 1 — 5 — —", "内罗毕办事处 12 36 — 12 — — 36 — 9 1 2 26 6 4", "维也纳办事处 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 1", "近东救济工程处 4 4 — 4 — — 4 — 3 — 1 4 — —", "非索特派团支助办 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "联合国大学 4 1 — 4 — — 1 — 4 — — 1 — —", "共计 505 956 36 461 8 91 850 15 248 120 137 537 200 219", "^(a) “未接受”类的建议包括状态为“拒绝”或“无答复”的建议。", "^(b) 尚未了结的建议包括2011年5月提出的2项关键建议和17项非关键建议。", "^(c) 尚未了结的建议包括2011年5月提出的7项非关键建议。", "^(d) 尚未了结的建议包括2011年5月提出的3项关键建议和7项非关键建议。", "四. 内部监督事务厅建议涉及的经费", "5. 表2概述了监督厅涉及经费的建议。监督厅将监督结果涉及的经费分类简化如下：", "(a) 因管理不善、欺诈、浪费、盗窃等导致的“不必要或超额支出、损失”；及", "(b) 由于监督厅查明的程序可改进之处而产生的“今后减少费用机会”。", "6. 在本报告所述期间，监督厅查明，不必要或超额支出估计数以及今后减少费用机会为1 970万美元。同一时期因监督结果回收的经费共计260万美元。", "表2 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅各项建议所涉经费不必要或超额支出、损失 (单位：美元)", "实体\t任务编号\t说明\t估计价值\t收回价值 \n外勤部\t0491/09\t达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员可能行为不当\t580\t\n政治部\t0247/10\t中非支助处一名工作人员可能行为不当——挪用资金\t—\t3 262\n开发署\t0246/10\t中非支助处一名工作人员可能行为不当——欺诈应享权利金与挪用资金\t978\t—\n环境署\t0469/08\t环境署一名工作人员可能行为不当——通过欺诈手段领取应享权利金并滥用资产\t5 325\t—\n联伊援助团\tAP2010/812/01\t向联伊援助团及其他实体工作人员提供其无权享受的飞机差旅费\t247570\t241312\n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2009/634/07\t向一名供应商多付燃料费\t2 376409\t2 376409\n联苏特派团\tAP2010/632/08\t工作人员津贴错误\t796000\t—\n共计 3 426862\t2 620983", "今后减少费用机会 (单位：美元)", "实体\t任务编号\t说明\t估计金额 \n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2010/634/06\t运费待付\t4 000000\n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2009/634/09\t特遣队所属装备的管理\t10 123573\n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2009/634/07\t燃料供应\t2 000000\n联黎部队\tAP2010/672/01\t总付应享权利金\t33 733\n印巴观察组\tAP2010/600/02\t电力供应\t30 000\n印巴观察组\tAP2010/600/02\t支付派任津贴和工作地点差价调整数\t50 000\n联科行动\tAP2009/640/06\t合同管理\t48 000\n共计 16 285306", "五. 本报告所述期间提出的报告", "7. 在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的12个月中，监督厅向方案主管提出了323份监督报告，包括向大会提交了7份报告，还有65份结案报告。表3列有本报告所述期间提交的所有报告清单。", "8. 根据大会第59/272号决议第1段(c)的规定，会员国在提出要求后可查阅监督厅的报告。自2012年1月起，监督厅打算在网站上公布所有报告；同时，所有报告的标题全称可继续在http://www.un.org/Depts/oios查阅。", "表3 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间提出的报告", "A. 向大会提出的报告", "文号 日期 主题", "A/65/266 2010年8月9日 对联合国秘书处性别平等主流化的专题评价", "A/65/752 2011年2月23日 对联合国苏丹特派团业绩成果的方案评价。尽管使团结具有吸引力的《全面和平协定》原定目标没有实现，但联苏特派团对实施《协定》所提供的支助帮助维持了停火", "A/65/762 2011年2月28日 对维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况的专题评价。尽管联合国与其伙伴机构之间在组织上的差异造成了业务合作方面的许多挑战，但与区域组织在维持和平方面的合作促进了联合国部署和支持维和特派团的全面能力", "A/65/765 2011年3月1日 关于大会第63/287号决议规定的试点项目执行情况的初步报告：内部监督事务厅的报告", "E/AC.51/2011/3 2011年3月15日 方案和协调委员会第四十八届会议就深入评价政治事务所提建议执行情况三年度审查：由政治事务部领导、外勤支助部支持的外地特别政治任务", "A/66/71 2011年3月28日 加强评价的作用并执行关于方案设计、交付和政策指示的评价结果", "E/AC.51/2011/2 2011年3月29日 经济和社会事务部的方案评价", "B. 向方案主管提出的报告", "实体 任务编号 主题", "反恐执行局 AP2010/570/01 对反恐怖主义委员会执行局的审计。反恐怖主义委员会执行局的内部控制已经到位，并按预想执行", "经社部 AN2009/540/03 对经济和社会事务部管理向罗马国际合作项目办公室人力资源和人力建设的发展和管理提供的咨询服务和业务支助的审计。对征聘协理专家和初级专业人员的物色和甄选程序进行一次工作流程分析可大幅缩短征聘时间", "AN2010/512/01 对协理专家和初级专业人员管理方案授权的治理和监察的审计。经济和社会事务部依据《工作人员细则》200号编任命协理专家和初级专业干事的授权自1979年以来没有更新过", "IED-11-002 监督厅关于对公共行政和发展管理司评价的报告", "IED-11-003 监督厅关于对经济及社会理事会支助和协调办公室评价的报告", "IED-11-004 监督厅关于联合国统计司的报告", "IED-11-005 监督厅关于对人口司评价的报告", "IED-11-006 监督厅关于对发展筹资办公室评价的报告", "IED-11-007 监督厅关于联合国森林论坛秘书处的报告", "IED-11-008 监督厅关于对可持续发展司评价的报告", "IED-11-009 监督厅关于对发展政策和分析司评价的报告", "IED-11-010 监督厅关于对社会政策和发展司评价的报告", "IED-11-011 监督厅关于对性别平等问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室和提高妇女地位司评价的报告", "外勤部 0936/06 特遣队关于联利特派团一名维持和平人员之死的报告", "0329/07 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0358/07,0186/08 特遣队关于前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员性虐待一名未成年人问题的报告", "0596/07 关于联科行动一名工作人员利益冲突和征聘程序不合规定问题的调查报告", "0439/08 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0553/08 关于联科行动一名军事观察员性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0597/08 关于前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0613/08 关于联利特派团一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源问题的调查报告", "0028/09 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性虐待未遂问题的报告", "0032/09 关于前联刚特派团一名军事观察员性剥削问题的调查报告", "0210/09 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员采购欺诈问题的调查报告", "0404/09 关于前联刚特派团一名前建制警察部队警官性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0410/09 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性虐待问题的报告", "0470/09 特遣队关于联利特派团维持和平人员性虐待问题的报告", "0491/09 关于达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员欺诈问题的调查报告", "0497/09 关于前联刚特派团一名联合国志愿人员卷入性虐待问题的调查报告", "0572/09 关于联科行动一名工作人员欺诈问题的调查报告", "0588/09 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0016/10 特遣队关于联利特派团一名维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待未成年人问题的报告[2010年8月27日印发更正]", "0033/10 特遣队关于联塞部队一名维持和平人员采购不合规定问题的报告", "0110/10，0113/10 特遣队关于前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0126/10 关于联利特派团一名工作人员性剥削和不当使用办公室问题的调查报告", "0149/10 关于前联刚特派团燃料欺诈问题的调查报告", "0158/10 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员卷入性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0173/10 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员采购欺诈问题的调查报告", "0174/10 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员不当行为问题的调查报告", "0177/10 关于联海稳定团一名联合国警察性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0182/10 特遣队关于以前部署在前联科行动的一名维持和平人员性虐待一名未成年人问题的报告", "0216/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员欺诈行为问题的报告", "0219/10 关于前联刚特派团一名联合国警察性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0246/10 关于前中非支助处一名工作人员欺诈、挪用公款和其他不合规定的调查报告", "0247/10 关于中非支助处一名工作人员挪用公款和其他不合规定的调查报告", "0255/10 关于联海稳定团一名工作人员被指犯下谋杀罪问题的报告", "0269/10 特遣队关于联刚稳定团一名军事观察员性剥削问题的报告", "0270/10 特遣队关于联刚稳定团一名维持和平人员性剥削问题的报告", "0296/10 关于联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "0300/10 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员欺诈问题的调查报告", "0313/10,0317/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员企图欺诈行为问题的报告", "0314/10,0316/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员欺诈指控的报告", "0337/10 特遣队关于联刚稳定团一名维持和平人员性虐待问题的报告", "0385/10 特遣队关于联黎部队一名维持和平人员意外发射一枚火箭问题的报告", "0421/10 关于达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员福利欺诈未遂问题的调查报告", "0505/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员行为不当问题的报告", "0007/11 特遣队于联苏特派团一名维持和平人员卷入性攻击问题的报告", "0014/11 特遣队关于联海稳定团维持和平人员性剥削和燃料欺诈问题的报告", "0102/11 特遣队关于联利特派团的一名维持和平人员性虐待一名未成年人问题的报告", "0239/11 关于联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "0290/10 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "AP2010/615/05 对维持和平行动部和外勤支助部支助账户的规划和预算拟订程序和过程的审计", "AT2009/800/03 对联合国国际电子计算中心为联合国秘书处提供的服务的审计。外勤支助部应增加控制，确保国际电子计算中心提供的信息和通信技术服务的状况和费用得到充分监测、测量和问责", "AT2010/615/01 外勤支助部信息和通信技术司的信息和通信技术需求战略规划。有必要加强控制，包括改进信息和通信技术司与信息和通信技术厅之间的协调，确保外勤支助部实现其信息管理的战略目标", "大会部 AH2009/550/01 对向大会主席办公室提供的支助的审计。目前为大会主席办公室提供支助的安排需要加以澄清，包括资金来源", "管理部 0310/09 关于贸发会议一名工作人员不当使用办公室问题的调查报告", "0344/10 关于联刚稳定团一个联合国供应商的工作人员性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0456/10 关于犯罪司法所一名前工作人员管理不善和采购不合规定问题的调查报告", "0268/11 关于一个联合国供应商的一架飞机虚报及未经授权操作问题的调查报告", "AC2009/514/05 在执行基本建设总计划期间适用于人员、场地和资产的安全规定。安全和安保部有必要敲定关于让合同人员进入联合国房地的政策和程序，并确保其得到贯彻执行", "AC2010/514/01 在基本建设总计划执行过程中包括拆除石棉在内的适用于联合国工作人员和承包商的安全规定。关于基本建设总计划建设和拆除石棉的安全规定总体上得到了妥善组织和适用", "AG2010/510/01 对行政和预算问题咨询委员会秘书处的管理审查", "AG2010/510/03 对企业资源规划项目主任办公室人力资源管理的审计。严重违反人力资源、财务和采购法规、规则和程序，对项目声誉造成风险", "AH2010/512/01 对联合国秘书处高级职位征聘过程的审计。人力资源管理厅应加强其监察作用，确保征聘程序得到遵守，并查明哪些领域可使高级职位更及时得到填补", "AT2009/510/02 对联合国秘书处企业资源规划项目的审计。有必要加强控制，确保企业资源规划项目不受有关治理结构、项目管理、系统整合和资金监测方面未减风险的不利影响", "AT2010/512/01 联合国秘书处“Inspira”人才管理项目。为充分实现“Inspira”项目的好处，必须加强项目管理的内部控制", "IED-10-002 检查管理部的方案一级监测和评价", "IED-10-009 监督厅关于方案规划、预算和账户厅的报告。方案规划、预算和账户厅致力于其任务规定，业务业绩良好，但是与客户的沟通不理想，而且预算过程对其整体实效构成挑战", "IED-10-011 监督厅关于副秘书长办公室和管理事务部的报告。为使联合国管理办法、过程和程序改革取得成功，副秘书长办公室和管理事务部必须更加努力积极主动地发挥领导作用", "政治部 AP2010/600/04 对联布综合办的审计。内部控制普遍到位并有效地运作，但在某些领域需要加强控制", "新闻部 AN2010/580/01 对新闻部执行办公室向公共信息方案提供的支助服务的审计。缺乏明确的客户支助战略，导致新闻部执行办公室的作用减弱，并与各实务司期望的差距扩大", "维和部 AP2009/600/03 对维持和平行动部统筹行动小组的审计。这些行动小组应在节奏较慢期间灵活部署其资源并加强与各专家单位的联系，提高其实效", "AP2010/560/01 对政治事务部安全理事会事务司的审计。内部控制普遍到位。可通过改进下列程序进一步提高效率：(a) 记录安全理事会惯例，(b) 甄选在专家小组任职的人选，(c) 征聘专家，(d) 组织安全理事会附属机构会议", "维和部/外勤部 IED-10-001 检查维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的监测和评价工作。维持和平行动部/外勤支助部关于方案绩效的报告十分可靠，但两个部均需要采取有针对性的行动，更有效地应对复杂的监测和报告环境", "安保部 0473/08 关于安全和安保部一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源问题的调查报告", "0390/10,0496/09 关于安全和安保部一名工作人员不当行为问题的调查报告", "0175/10,0268/10 关于联合国日内瓦办事处一名警卫滥用武力问题的调查报告", "IED-11-001 检查安全和安保部方案一级监测和评价工作。安全和安保部内部有一些监测和评价制度的基础，但没有评价单位，也没有投入资源，只有一个评价政策草案，因此安全和安保部尚未将评价职能制度化", "非洲经委会 AN2010/710/02 对非洲经委会财务管理问题的审计。非洲经委会普遍遵守联合国财务条例和细则", "AN2010/710/03 对设在卢萨卡的非洲经委会区域办事处的审计。非洲经委会应进一步使南部非洲次区域办事处参与执行其工作方案，实现该次区域方案交付的协同性和互补性", "拉加经委会 AN2010/730/01 对拉加经委会的全面审计。必须建立必要的行政领导和管理能力，并更积极参与应急反应协调机制，以加强拉加经委会在该地区的整体实效", "秘书长办公厅 0009/10,0401/10, 关于贸发会议一名工作人员可能存在报复行为问题的调查报告 0402/10,0403/10", "秘书长办公厅/ IED-COM-10-002 方案执行情况文献记载状况。截至2010年8月16日的重点综合监测和文件信息系统记录 管理部", "IED-COM-11-001 方案执行情况文献记载状况。截至2011年2月1日的重点综合监测和文件信息系统记录", "道德操守办公室 AH2010/515/01 对道德操守办公室管理财务披露方案包括信息安全方面的审计。财务披露方案得到高级管理当局充分支持，但该程序必须进一步发展关键方面才能完全有效", "国际电子计算中心 AT2009/800/03 对国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处提供的数据处理服务的审计。信息和通信技术厅应简化与国际电子计算中心的合同安排，并提高对该中心所执行项目的财务监测", "卢旺达问题国际 0220/10 关于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一名工作人员不当行为的调查报告 刑事法庭", "AA2010/260/01 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的完成工作战略和缩编工作的审计。缩编准则的某些方面需要加以澄清和贯彻应用", "AT2010/260/01 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭信息和通信技术治理和安全管理问题的审计。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭应实施额外控制，改善服务的交付和资料及资产的安全性", "前南斯拉夫国际 AA2010/270/01 对前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭拘留所租用牢房和服务的管理的审计。拘留设施和服务需求的租赁协议应当由总部和地方合同委员会进行审查，外部医疗服务支出应得到充分的记录。 刑事法庭", "AA2010/270/04 对前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭缩编方案实施情况的审计。虽然已设立商定的缩编标准，但由于审判时间表的变化，人员编制削减工作没有按计划实施", "中乍特派团 AP2010/636/01 对中乍特派团的安全和安保的审计", "AP2010/636/03 对中乍特派团空中业务和行动安全的审计。由于因特派团缩编和清理结束带来的行动限制，有必要重新评估其空中作业能力，以确保提供安全可靠的航空服务", "AP2010/636/06 对中乍特派团特遣队所属装备的审计。管理部门对特遣队所属装备的监督不充分", "AP2010/636/07 对中乍特派团未付订购单的审计。未付订购单没有可靠的记录", "AP2010/636/08 对中乍特派团清理结束规划的审计。中乍特派团缩编和清理结束工作取得了进展，但一些行动尚未完成", "AP2010/636/09 对中乍特派团清理结束期间资产处置的审计。截至该特派团结束之时，资产对账和转移仍未完成", "AP2010/636/10 中乍特派团清理结束工作财务问题的审计。财务清算过程中的关键任务启动有所延迟", "AP2010/636/11 对支助中乍特派团活动信托基金的审计。虽然对交易的检查测试表明发生开支来自与信托基金有关的活动，但内部控制存在显著薄弱环节，包括不遵守规定、规则和捐助方协议问题。", "西撒特派团 AP2010/600/01 对西撒特派团的审计。内部控制基本到位，但业务的实质性和行政领域均须改进", "联海稳定团 AP2010/510/01 对授权在海地采取的应对危机特别措施的审计。总体而言，特别措施得到有效管理，满足联海稳定团的业务要求", "AP2010/683/01 对联海稳定团的安全和安保的审计", "AP2010/683/06 对授权在海地采取的危机应急特别措施执行情况的审计。总体上，内部控制到位并按预期实施", "AP2010/683/07 对联海稳定团公共信息职能的审计。联海稳定团在制定其公共信息战略时，应确保充分的监测和评价机制均到位", "AP2010/683/08 对联海稳定团的财产管理的审计。应制定一个战略，以确保非消耗性和消耗性财产的记录保持最新、准确和完整", "AT2009/683/01 对联海稳定团信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。必须实施额外的控制，以确保业务连续性和灾后恢复得到充分支持，并减轻信息安全的风险", "联刚稳定团 AP2009/620/04 对联刚稳定团本国工作人员征聘的审计。由于缺乏支持本国工作人员征聘的文件记录，监督厅无法确定过程是否公平透明", "AP2009/620/06 对联刚稳定团空缺管理的审计。特派团整体空缺率得到改善，但关键岗位空缺率仍然很高，需要进行更密切的监测", "AP2010/620/01 对联刚稳定团调度业务活动的审计。调度工作已制定了管理其业务的程序，但还需要加强联刚稳定团航站的人员和货物流动与安全措施的成本效益", "AP2010/620/02 对联刚稳定团行为和纪律股的审计。联刚稳定团作出了值得赞扬的努力，以改善行为和纪律活动。在由军方处理的工作人员外联和培训、调查能力和案件报告领域仍存在弱点", "AP2010/620/03 对联刚稳定团合同管理的审计。对合同管理过程的内部控制并非总是有效，无法确保合同的条款和条件得到遵守，合同延长及时完成，以及联合国利益得到充分保障", "AP2010/620/04 对联刚稳定团航空安全的审计。特派团实施的航空安全措施需要加以改进，以进一步减轻航空安全风险", "AP2010/620/07 对联刚稳定团非消耗性财产的审计。对联刚稳定团非消耗性财产定期进行了实物核查，但特派团没有及时跟进并解决不符问题", "AP2010/620/08 对联刚稳定团内部差旅的审计。内部控制普遍到位并有效实施。在监测预算拨款支出、规划卡车司机出车和审查工作人员临时任务报销方面，仍然存在弱点", "AP2010/620/09 对联刚稳定团供应商付款过程的审计。对供应商付款过程的监测控制应加强，以减轻财务损失的风险", "人道协调厅 AN2010/590/02 对人道主义事务协调厅内部政策和指导管理的审计。虽然已经取得了显著进展，但还需要进一步关注，以巩固对政策和指导管理的支持，包括制订政策和优先次序以及执行和人员培训", "AT2010/590/01 人道主义事务协调厅的信息和通信技术治理。人道主义事务协调厅应进一步加强其信息和通信技术治理模式，增加控制，以确保系统标准化、安全和高效利用资源", "人权高专办 AE2010/331/02 对人权高专办外勤业务和技术合作司的审计。该司仍有改善作用与职责的清晰性、工作流程效率和协调安排效益的余地", "监督厅 0217/10 关于联合国总部一名工作人员性骚扰和滥用权力问题的调查报告", "外空办 AE2010/325/01 对外层空间事务办公室的方案管理和支持的审计。外层空间事务办公室可以澄清其在联合国系统​​内的地位，确保其职权范围处理了所有要求其开展的活动，并审查其组织结构，从而改善支持方案交付的安排", "塞拉利昂问题 AA2010/290/01 对塞拉利昂问题特别法庭的审计。对缩编和完成工作战略实施的控制总体充分，但须采取更多措施 特别法庭", "联阿援助团 AP2009/630/04 联阿援助团的本国工作人员征聘。须进一步努力改进学术资格核查、报名人员评估和征聘过程中的文件工作", "AP2010/630/05 对联阿援助团财务管理的审计。特派团实施的财务控制基本充分，但也有进一步改善的余地", "AP2010/630/06 对联阿援助团资产处置的审计。现有资产处置的内部控制并非总能得到遵守", "AP2010/630/07 对联阿援助团公用设施的审计。在资产记录和费用分摊方面需要加强控制", "联伊援助团 AP2009/812/01 对联伊援助团选举支助方案的审计。虽然应承认伊拉克的业务制约因素和不安全因素，但联伊援助团选举援助办公室应改善其工作规划，实施更有效的建议监测制度，并确保有关文件可供查阅", "AP2010/812/01 对联伊援助团空中业务的审计。对空中业务的一些关键控制没有得到遵守，导致航空安全风险增加", "AP2010/812/02 对联伊援助团行为和纪律股的审计。需要进行更多努力，确保联合国的政策和程序得到遵守", "AP2010/812/03 对联伊援助团重大合同的管理和行政的审计。对重大合同采购的内部控制并非总是到位并有效运作", "AP2010/812/04 对联伊援助团业务连续性管理的审计。特派团应制定一个全面的业务连续性和突发事件应急计划", "达尔富尔混合行动 AP2009/634/07 达尔富尔混合行动的燃料管理。特派团已建立了适当的燃料管理内部控制，但这些控制没有按预想实施", "AP2009/634/09 对达尔富尔混合行动特遣队所属装备的审计。特派团的特遣队所属装备和谅解备忘录管理审查委员会没有运行，从而影响了特遣队所属装备方案的有效性", "AP2009/634/12 达尔富尔混合行动的验收职能。对验收职能的内部控制无效，造成2 200个等待验收货物的积压集装箱未经检查即被分发使用，价值数百万美元的资产地点不详", "AP2010/634/01 对达尔富尔混合行动特派团内部差旅的审计。对于特派团内部差旅以及参加多哈和平谈判的差旅没有实施成本控制程序", "AP2010/634/02 对达尔富尔混合行动空中安全活动的审计。应采取更多措施，确保系统地查明航空安全风险和危害，并采取行动及时减轻或消除这些风险和危害", "AP2010/634/03 对达尔富尔混合行动空中业务的审计。对空中业务的内部控制可以通过优先执行航空业务风险管理政策、航空质量保证和标准化方案得到显著改善", "AP2010/634/06 对达尔富尔混合行动货物转运的审计。对货物转运的内部控制薄弱而且没有按预想实施", "AP2010/634/08 对达尔富尔混合行动车队管理的审计。对陆运资产的内部控制需要加强，以确保更高效地利用资源", "AP2010/634/10 对达尔富尔混合行动艾滋病毒/艾滋病股的审计。人员配置不足、报告渠道不畅，妨碍了艾滋病毒/艾滋病股充分执行其任务", "AP2010/634/11 对达尔富尔混合行动的水资源和环境保护行动的审计。在获得土地和钻井方面的延误，阻碍了用水的自给自足，并增加了成本，环境风险也没有充分减轻", "赔偿委员会 AE2010/820/01 对联合国赔偿委员会支付索赔的审计。尽管联合国赔偿委员会已有关于支付赔款的充分控制机制，但一部分伊拉克石油销售仍未存入石油收益收款账户，导致收入不足", "防治荒漠化公约 AA2010/242/01 对联合国防治荒漠化公约实务方案的审计。联合国防治荒漠化公约对实务方案已有充分控制，但须制定一个资源调动战略，并改善向缔约方会议报告其财政和人员限制的工作 秘书处", "贸发会议 IED-10-010 检查贸发会议方案一级的监测和评价工作", "民主基金 AN2010/524/01 对联合国民主基金的审计。联合国民主基金的可持续能力对于促进作为全球价值的民主至关重要", "AN2010/545/01 对提高妇女地位国际研究训练所的审计。提高妇女地位国际研究训练所存在严重的领导力真空，这使其难以有效地参与有关其加入新的性别平等问题综合实体的协商，并实施对改革的管理", "观察员部队 AP2010/670/01 对观察员部队内部治理的审计。组织结构和报告渠道不充分，导致对部队指挥官造成了特派团日常管理方面的过多要求", "环境署 0469/08 关于环境署一名工作人员可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "0079/09 关于环境署一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源问题的调查报告", "0188/10 关于一个联合国供应商提供假冒商品的调查报告", "AA2009/220/01 对环境署内部治理的审计。将通过提供充足资源，加强环境署的磋商、协调和问责机制，完成中期战略的实施。", "AA2010/220/03 对环境署通过伙伴关系安排项目交付的审计。加强管理伙伴关系的监管框架、集中甄选合作伙伴和对项目进行财务监督是成功伙伴关系的关键", "气候公约 AA2010/241/02 对联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处工作人员征聘和培训的审计。联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处应制定和实施人力资源政策和战略，并确保咨询人征聘过程具有竞争性和透明性", "联塞部队 AP2010/654/01 对联塞部队饮食服务的审计。对餐饮合同管理的内部控制效果不佳，增大了该特派团利益未能得到妥善保障的风险", "人居署 0044/09 关于人居署一名工作人员作假和不实陈述问题的调查报告", "0165/09 关于人居署一名工作人员可能存在欺诈问题的调查报告", "AA2009/250/02 对人居署内部治理的审计。人居署已在实施中期战略和体制计划方面取得了进展。战略和业务的交付和组织目标的实现最后敲定", "AA2010/250/02 对人居署索马里方案的审计。人居署在不稳定的环境中执行索马里方案，应改进对捐助方满意程度和遵守安全标准情况的评估", "AA2010/250/03 对人居署伙伴关系/合作协议的审计。人居署应改善其对甄选、监测和实施与其他实体的合作协议的内部控制", "难民署 AR2010/110/01 对难民署在中非共和国业务的审计。可以通过改善境内流离失所者、履约监测和工作人员训练，加强方案交付的成效", "AR2010/111/01 难民署在塞拉利昂的业务活动。通过采用清理结束指导方针，可以改进缩编行动规划安排和所需资源估计量，以确保所有活动都被查明，并能获得处理特定任务的适当资源", "AR2010/111/03 对难民署在科特迪瓦业务的审计。保障业务连续性的安排不足，对方案交付和活动产生不利影响", "AR2010/111/04 对难民署在贝宁业务的审计。加强行政安排将改善方案活动的交付", "AR2010/131/02 对难民署在阿尔及利亚业务的审计。内部控制已到位，以控制与方案和项目管理、供应管理和安保有关的风险，但其实效仍有提高余地", "AR2010/131/05 对难民署在约旦-伊拉克局势中的业务的审计。内部控制的薄弱之处导致方案规划、执行和监测效率不高和效果不佳", "AR2010/162/02 对难民署管理和处理待职工作人员的安排的审计。难民署应制定正式战略，处理待职工作人员人数较多且可能继续增加的挑战", "AR2010/163/01 难民署对管理国际采购相关活动的安排。国际采购相关活动的运作效率和成效可通过加强现有安排得到提高", "AR2010/166/02 对焦点制度的审计。难民署应确保焦点制度的实施满足用户的要求，并以具有成本效益的方式进行管理", "AT2010/166/01 对难民署承包给第三方的信息和通信技术服务的审计。暂缺；备忘录报告", "AR2010/112/01 对采购管理的控制需要改进", "AR2010/131/03 加强战略规划将使难民署在也门的代表更有效地执行其项目活动", "AR2010/141/01 应加强执行伙伴的甄选、监测和能力建设的安排，以支持更多利用执行伙伴的政策，减轻与在方案中使用大量国家执行伙伴相关的风险", "AR2010/160/01 难民署应制定政策，提高对政策制定和传播的控制，以支持其涉及大量外勤人员队伍的业务下放工作", "儿基会 0018/10 关于通信设施和设备可能被滥用问题的调查报告", "犯罪司法所 0094/10 关于联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所一名前工作人员虚报职衔问题的调查报告", "0121/10 关于联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所一名工作人员违规采购和搞裙带关系问题的调查报告", "裁研所 AN2010/385/01 对裁研所治理的审计。裁研所虽然是一个联合国实体，但缺乏确保问责制和遵守联合国条例和细则的治理机制", "联黎部队 AP2009/672/03 对联黎部队的安全和安保业务的审计", "AP2010/672/01 对联黎部队差旅业务的审计。对联黎部队差旅业务的内部控制是适当的", "AP2010/672/02 对联黎部队调度业务的审计。内部控制基本上已到位，但并非总是得到有效实施；货物未经X光检查就装载上飞机，有必要更有效地利用空中接送服务", "AP2010/672/03 对联黎部队医疗服务的审计。在联黎部队提供的医疗支援服务基本是充分的，但有进一步改善的余地", "AP2010/672/05 对联黎部队行为和纪律小组及其区域责任的审计。由于缺乏明确的职权范围，行为和纪律小组无法行使其区域责任", "AT2010/672/01 对联黎部队的信息和通信技术治理、安全、业务连续性和灾后恢复的审计。联黎部队应利用关于信息安全管理及信息和通信技术业务的政策和程序加强其信息和通信技术的治理框架", "养恤基金 AS2009/801/02 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金投资管理司的合同管理。投资管理司应使其采购策略与业务战略保持一致，确保其业务需求得到充分满足", "AS2010/800/02 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金业绩管理的审计。根据计划跟踪和报告项目的实际进度、制定正式的项目章程和计划，并在每个项目结束时进行影响的分析，对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金将大有裨益", "AS2010/800/03 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金残疾津贴的审计。联合国合办工作人员养恤基金残疾津贴的管理效率很高并得到良好控制，促进了有关条例和细则的遵守情况，但仍可改善管理报告和数据质量控制，从而进一步强化管理", "AS2010/801/02 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金投资管理司信息系统科的行政和项目管理。投资管理司应执行正式项目和业绩管理框架，并改善其管理供应商和监测服务水平的控制机制", "养恤基金 AS2010/801/04 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金查尔斯·里弗交易订单管理系统执行情况的审计。查尔斯·里弗系统的实施实现了交易订单管理自动化，但仍须采取更多措施，确保充分的安全、支助和整合 (投管司)", "AS2010/801/05 养恤基金应利用投资管理司对所有可用的资金和货币交易进行投资", "科索沃特派团 AP2010/650/01 对有关科索沃特派团房地的索赔的审计。需要有一个政策指示，以便进行索赔管理并减轻过度负债的风险", "AP2010/650/02 对科索沃特派团重组执行任务和问责结构的审计。任务执行计划应依据重组后的职能制定，并与其他规划文件和战略挂钩", "联利特派团 AP2009/626/03 对联利特派团供应链管理的审计。特派团作出值得称道的努力，建立了一个供应链图，但有必要进一步改进供应链管理", "AP2009/626/09 对联利特派团的职业安全和健康的审计。虽然成立一个负责职业安全和健康的专职单位是值得赞扬的，但还需要采取更多措施并明确其作用和职责", "AP2009/626/14 联利特派团工程资产管理。财产记录的可靠性有疑问，某些高价值资产的库存量过多", "AP2010/626/01 对在联利特派团当地合同采购的审计。当地合同采购并非总能遵循既定政策和程序", "AP2010/626/02 对联利特派团的安全和安保的审计", "AP2010/626/03 对联利特派团公共信息服务的审计。由于没有针对特派团的公共信息战略，导致没有明确方向，并可能产生无效公共信息方案", "AP2010/626/04 对联利特派团仓库业务的审计。对仓库活动的内部控制需要改进。没有进行年度实物盘存，在定期计数过程中发现的不符之处没有跟进并相应调整记录", "AT2009/626/01 对联利特派团信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。联利特派团总体上有良好的内部控制，但在信息和通信技术服务提供、业务安全和基础设施的治理等领域，还可以进一步加强", "联苏特派团 AP2010/632/01 对联苏特派团医疗储存品和设备的审计。在没有补偿性控制的情况下，违反维持和平行动部/外勤支助部发布的关于管理药品和医疗设备的导则，造成了严重的健康和环境风险", "AP2010/632/03 对联苏特派团速效项目的审计。特派团在过去一年中提高了速效项目的执行率，然而，改善遵循维持和平行动部关于速效项目的政策指示和特派团行政指示的情况，将确保及时实现项目目标", "AP2010/632/06 联苏特派团的安保审计", "AP2010/632/08 对联苏特派团设施管理的审计。特派团应提高其管理设施的能力，包括建立一个预防性维修方案", "AP2010/632/09 联苏特派团解除武装、复员和重返社会方案。缺乏明确的方向和管理监督、联苏特派团和开发署之间缺乏协调，可能会影响联苏特派团的解除武装、复员和重返社会方案的结果", "AP2010/632/10 对联苏特派团航空安全的审计。各项减轻航空安全风险的措施总体上已到位", "AP2010/632/11 对联苏特派团库存管理的审计。非消耗性和消耗性财产没有得到充分监测、控制和保障", "AP2010/632/12 对联苏特派团业务连续性和危机管理的审计。特派团已采取步骤确保能够应对危机，但并没有做好充分的准备，在发生破坏性事件时无法保持关键业务流程的连续性", "AP2010/632/13 对联苏特派团内部差旅的审计。关于特派团内部差旅的程序和准则是足够的，但没有得到充分遵守。这一点，加上人力资源改革导致应付文职人员每日生活津贴预算不足，导致2009/2010年度超支180万美元", "AP2010/632/14 对联苏特派团艾滋病毒/艾滋病认识和预防方案的审计。艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动已很好地纳入特派团各方案，但是，艾滋病毒/艾滋病股的能力有限，影响到所提供培训的水平", "联东综合团 AP2010/682/01 对联东综合团医疗服务的审计。联东综合团提供的医疗支援服务总体是充足的", "AP2010/682/02 对联东综合团公共信息服务的行政管理的审计", "AP2010/682/03 对联东综合团过渡时期警察支助方案的审计", "印巴观察组 AP2010/600/02 对印巴观察组的审计。印巴观察组已达到了其成果预算编制框架所规定的产出，然而，东道国施加的限制阻碍了其任务的有效实现", "联科行动 AP2009/640/03 对联科行动请购程序的审计。申购人应更好地认识自己的角色和责任，以更有效地履行其职能", "AP2009/640/06 对联科行动合同管理的审计。特派团没有足够的程序来确保合同充分保护本组织利益并得到遵守", "AP2010/640/01 对联科行动行为和纪律股的审计。特派团已采取一些措施来防止和处理可能出现的不当行为；然而，人员编制不足影响了行为和纪律小组履行其职能的效力", "AP2010/640/04 对联科行动在总统大选之前及期间的应急准备的审计", "AT2010/640/01 对联科行动信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。需要额外的控制，以确保信息和通信技术业务的有效性和安全性", "禁毒办 AE2009/366/03 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室东非区域办事处的审计。在项目的规划和监测与监督安排方面存在弱点，增大了延误执行方案和项目的风险", "AE2010/360/01 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理和资金安排的审计。治理安排和筹资机制不完全有助于联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作方案", "AE2010/366/01 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比区域办事处的审计。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室应加强方案和项目监测与资产管理，并厘清墨西哥和巴拿马区域办事处的组织结构", "日内瓦办事处 AE2010/311/03 对联合国日内瓦办事处供应商数据库管理的审计。应努力确保遵守《采购手册》关于临时登记的供应商的规定", "IED-10-007 监督厅关于联合国日内瓦办事处的报告。联合国日内瓦办事处正在努力改善服务的交付，但客户对许多服务的满意度仍然较低", "内罗毕办事处 0244/10 关于联合国内罗毕办事处的一名工作人员未经授权使用本组织资产问题的调查报告", "AA2009/211/02 对联合国内罗毕办事处采购活动的审计。有必要审查并澄清在代表环境署与人居署采购方面的授权情况，并改善采购规则和程序的遵守情况", "AA2010/210/01 对联合国内罗毕办事处内部治理的审计。联合国内罗毕办事处仍有余地改善其内部治理程序，更有效地实现其目标和宗旨", "AT2010/211/01 对联合国内罗毕办事处信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。尽管联合国内罗毕办事处已建立了一些关于管理其信息和通信技术资源的良好做法，但仍须继续改善，以加强其控制机制，并特别注意治理与信息安全", "维也纳办事处 IED-10-008 监督厅关于联合国维也纳办事处的报告。大多数客户都对联合国维也纳办事处所提供的服务表示整体满意，但该办事处可能难以持续有效", "中亚预防外交中心 0125/11 关于分配到联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心的一名工作人员的刑事定罪问题的调查报告", "非索特派团支助办 AP2010/638/03 对非索特派团支助办向非索特派团提供的口粮后勤支援的审计。尽管后勤方面存在限制因素，口粮仍及时交付，数量也符合要求。然而，有必要增加储存和制备口粮的设备和设施", "AP2010/638/05 对非索特派团支助办的审计。由于非索特派团支助办工作人员的工作条件不佳，最初空缺率极高。缺乏有经验的工作人员，使得征聘过程也出现延迟", "AP2010/638/07 对非索特派团支助办远程管理摩加迪沙活动的审计。非索特派团支助办已根据任务规定向非索特派团提供了后勤支援。然而，有必要加强风险管理和战略规划机制、监管框架和监督机制，以确保非索特派团支助办有效提供后勤支援，并对非索特派团利用支助的情况实行适当问责制", "停战监督组织 AP2010/674/01 对停战监督组织人力资源和差旅管理的审计。内部控制总体上令人满意，但还需要加强征聘决策的文件工作", "C. 结案报告[2]", "实体 任务编号 主题 \n 经社部 0157/10 一个非政府组织的一名代表的行为 \n外勤部\t0048/05\t联利特派团一名工作人员据报告有权利金欺诈行为\n\t0330/05\t联利特派团一名工作人员可能向一个供应商索贿\n\t0454/05\t联海稳定团一名工作人员在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n   0606/05 联利特派团一名工作人员的违规采购行为 \n\t0448/06\t联利特派团在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n\t0503/06\t据报联利特派团一名工作人员向一个供应商索贿\n\t0107/07\t据报告联苏特派团一名工作人员卷入管理不善和滥用权力行为\n   0226/07 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的性剥削行为 \n   0290/07 前联刚特派团一名工作人员卷入性骚扰 \n\t0364/07\t联利特派团工作人员未经授权访问电子邮件账户\n\t0413/07\t联苏特派团可能违反关于安全和滥用权力的特派团标准作业程序\n   0586/07 据报前联刚特派团工作人员的不当行为 \n   0011/08 据报联伊援助团一名工作人员的不当行为 \n   0345/08 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的欺诈行为 \n   0389/08 联伊援助团在采购方面的不合规定问题 \n   0511/08 前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员的性虐待行为 \n\t0022/09，0010/09\t联苏特派团一名工作人员滥用电话个人身份号码行为\n\t0055/09\t前联刚特派团一名工作人员在采购方面的不合规定问题\n\t0077/09\t联黎部队一名工作人员在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n\t0135/09\t联东办事处一名工作人员在采购方面的不合规定问题\n\t0158/09\t原中非支助处一名工作人员挪用和转移联合国经费\n\t0169/09\t联利特派团一名工作人员未经授权贷款并捐赠医疗用品\n   0246/09 联塞部队涉嫌操纵投标 \n\t0254/09\t以前分配在联利特派团的一名工作人员性剥削和性虐待未成年人\n   0292/09 中乍特派团一名工作人员可能滥用联合国资产 \n\t0350/09,0533/10\t联利特派团一名工作人员的性剥削和性虐待行为\n\t0374/09\t科索沃特派团一名联合国志愿人员的医疗费报销欺诈行为\n 0513/09 联海稳定团原来的一名警官的盗窃行为 \n\t0562/09\t达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员可能卷入受贿行为\n\t0563/09\t联伊援助团一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源\n\t0606/09\t联利特派团一名工作人员可能存在应享权利金欺诈行为\n 0103/10 原联布综合办一名工作人员滥用办公室 \n 0120/10 联塞部队一名工作人员可能存在骚扰行为 \n\t0207/10,0208/10\t联利特派团一名工作人员可能未遵守联合国财务条例和细则\n\t0224/10\t2010年1月在海地地震中死亡的联合国工作人员失踪的个人财物\n 0294/10 联利特派团一名工作人员可能存在敲诈行为 \n   0297/10 联苏特派团一名工作人员行贿 \n   0311/10 据报西撒特派团一名工作人员的不当行为 \n\t0448/10\t联苏特派团一名工作人员被控卷入性剥削和性虐待\n\t0503/10\t联刚稳定团在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n   0025/11 联利特派团工作人员盗窃燃料 \n   0229/11 联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能存在不当行为 \n\t0485/08(A和B部分)\t据报联利特派团一名工作人员性剥削和性虐待一名未成年人未遂\n 大会部 0157/08 联合国总部一名工作人员的诈骗活动 \n管理部\t0732/05\t联合国总部在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n非洲经委会\t0926/06\t非洲经委会原来的一名工作人员卷入骚扰和恐吓\n亚太经社会\t0250/10\t亚太经社会原来的一名工作人员作出不实陈述\n卢旺达问题国际法庭\t0393/10\t卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一名工作人员性虐待一名未成年人\n人道协调厅\t0342/10\t人道主义事务协调厅一名工作人员的家庭暴力事件和非法饮酒行为\n 监督厅 0312/10 监督厅一名工作人员泄漏信息 \n贸发会议\t0351/09\t向一个常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团发送恐吓信\n 0429/09 贸发会议一名工作人员遭到死亡威胁 \n\t0476/10\t向一个联合国日内瓦办事处常驻代表团发送匿名信\n 环境署 0438/06 环境署工作人员在征聘方面的不合规定问题 \n 0438/08 环境署一名工作人员重复现金预付款 \n 0469/09 环境署一名工作人员欺诈医疗报销 \n内罗毕办事处\t0265/07\t联合国内罗毕办事处一个承包商挪用建筑材料\n 0585/08 涉及部门间列账凭单费用的欺诈付款 \n\t0054/09\t联合国内罗毕办事处一名工作人员可能存在不当行为\n内罗毕办事处/日内瓦办事处\t0367/10\t联合国内罗毕办事处发生偷窃联合国联邦信用合作社信用卡事件\n近东救济工程处\t0277/10\t据报近东救济工程处在征聘方面存在不合规定问题", "[1] 报告所述期间为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日，但由于时间限制，关于建议状况的统计数字仅包括2011年5月31日之前提出的建议，以及这些建议截至2011年6月30日的状况。", "[2] 当监督厅的调查无法证实所报告的事项，则分发结案报告。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda*", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II.Overall 5 assessment of the implementation of \nrecommendations III.Analysis 6 of open \nrecommendations IV. Financial 10 implications of recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices V.Reports 11 issued during the reporting \nperiod A.Reports 12 to the General \nAssembly B.Reports 13 to programme \nmanagers C.Closure 33 \nreports", "Abbreviations and acronyms", "AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia \n BINUB United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi \nBONUCA\tUnited Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in theCentral African Republic\n CTED Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate \n DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs \n DFS Department of Field Support \nDGACM\tDepartment for General Assembly and ConferenceManagement\n DM Department of Management \n DPA Department of Political Affairs \n DPI Department of Public Information \n DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations \n DSS Department of Safety and Security \n ECA Economic Commission for Africa \n ECE Economic Commission for Europe \n ECESA Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs\nECLAC\tEconomic Commission for Latin America and theCaribbean\n EMG Environment Management Group \n EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General \nESCAP\tEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific\n ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia \n IMD Investment Management Division \n ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction \nMINURCAT\tUnited Nations Mission in the Central AfricanRepublic and Chad\nMINURSO\tUnited Nations Mission for the Referendum inWestern Sahara\n MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti \nMONUC/MONUSCO\tUnited Nations Organization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo/United NationsOrganization Stabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nOCHA\tOffice for the Coordination of HumanitarianAffairs\nOHCHR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights\nOHRLLS\tOffice of the High Representative for the LeastDeveloped Countries, Landlocked DevelopingCountries and Small Island Developing States\nOICT\tOffice of Information and CommunicationsTechnology\n OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services \n OLA Office of Legal Affairs \n OOSA Office for Outer Space Affairs \n OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa \n UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan \n UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq \nUNAMID\tAfrican Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation inDarfur\n UNCC United Nations Compensation Commission \nUNCCD\tUnited Nations Convention to CombatDesertification\n UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development\n UNDEF United Nations Democracy Fund \n UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force \n UNDP United Nations Development Programme \n UNEP United Nations Environment Programme \nUNFCCC\tUnited Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange\n UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus \n UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme \nUNHCR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees\n UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund \nUNICRI\tUnited Nations Interregional Crime and JusticeResearch Institute\n UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research \n UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon \n UNJSPF United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund \nUNMIK\tUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission inKosovo\n UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia \n UNMIS United Nations Mission in the Sudan \n UNMIT United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste \nUNMOGIP\tUnited Nations Military Observer Group in Indiaand Pakistan\n UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire \n UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \n UNOG United Nations Office at Geneva \n UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi \n UNOTIL United Nations Office in Timor-Leste \n UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna \nUNRCCA\tUnited Nations Regional Centre for PreventiveDiplomacy for Central Asia\nUNRWA\tUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the Near East\nUNSOA\tUnited Nations Support Office for the AfricanUnion Mission in Somalia\n UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization \n UNU United Nations University", "I. Introduction", "1. The present addendum provides information about the status of the implementation of recommendations issued by the Office of Internal Oversight Services. The report is divided into four main sections (II-V). Section II provides an overall assessment of the implementation of recommendations. Section III provides a breakdown of open recommendations by United Nations entities. Section IV includes a list of OIOS recommendations with financial implications, relating to unnecessary or excess expenditures, losses and opportunities for future cost avoidance. Section V lists all oversight reports issued by OIOS between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011.", "II. Overall assessment of the implementation of recommendations", "2. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, OIOS issued 1,624 recommendations to United Nations entities.[1] Of these, 392 (24 per cent) were deemed critical. As at 30 June 2011, programme managers had implemented 806 (50 per cent) of all the recommendations issued between 1 July 2010 and 31 May 2011 and 165 (42 per cent) of the critical recommendations issued during the same period. The figure below shows a breakdown by period of the recommendations issued between 1 July 2007 and 31 May 2011, including the implementation rate for each period.", "Breakdown of status of recommendations issued from 1 July 2007 to 31 May 2011 as at 30 June 2011 and implementation rates^(a)", "[]", "^(a) Critical recommendations and corresponding implementation rates are given in parentheses. A recommendation may be “closed without implementation” when overtaken by events or when management accepts responsibility for residual risk arising from the non-implementation of the recommendation.", "III. Analysis of open recommendations", "3. Table 1 provides information about the status of the 1,461 recommendations that remained open as at 30 June 2011 for each United Nations department/office. Of these, 320 (22 per cent) were past due (i.e., missed their target date) and 785 (54 per cent) were not yet due. The remaining 356 recommendations (representing 24 per cent of the total) have no set target date.", "4. Data regarding the open recommendations were provided to the relevant departments and offices in order to afford them the opportunity to provide updates on implementation status for consideration in the preparation of the present addendum.", "Table 1 Breakdown of open recommendations issued through 31 May 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "All open Breakdown Breakdown recommendations by status by target date\n Critical Non-critical Critical Non-critical", "Critical Non-critical Not In Not Not In Not Not Past No Not Past No started progress accepted started progress accepted yet due target yet due target ^(a) ^(a) due date due date", "BINUB 3 3 — 3 — — 3 — 2 — 1 1 — 2", "CTED 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "DESA^(b) 7 37 5 2 — 25 12 — — 2 5 12 — 25", "DFS 10 19 — 10 — — 19 — 10 — — 19 — —", "DGACM — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — —", "DM 39 83 5 32 2 4 75 4 25 8 6 49 28 6", "DPA 4 11 — 4 — — 11 — 4 — — 9 2 —", "DPI 3 9 — 3 — — 9 — 3 — — 9 — —", "DPKO 25 10 — 25 — — 10 — 24 — 1 10 — —", "DSS 4 18 — 4 — — 15 3 1 1 2 8 — 10", "ECA 5 9 — 5 — — 9 — 3 2 — 8 1 —", "ECE 1 3 — 1 — — 3 — — 1 — 3 — —", "ECESA 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "ECLAC 2 9 — 2 — — 9 — 1 — 1 9 — —", "EOSG 11 — — 11 — — — — 3 — 8 — — —", "ESCAP 2 5 — 2 — — 5 — 2 — — 5 — —", "ESCWA — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — 1 — 2", "Ethics Office — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "International 4 9 — 4 — — 9 — 4 — — 9 — — Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "International 4 11 — 4 — 1 10 — 3 1 — 8 2 1 Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "ISDR 3 2 — 3 — — 2 — 3 — — 2 — —", "MINUSTAH 11 20 — 10 1 — 20 — 7 1 3 16 — 4", "MONUC/MONUSCO 8 17 — 8 — — 17 — 8 — — 16 1 —", "OCHA 14 17 — 14 — — 17 — 13 1 — 16 1 —", "OHCHR 11 12 — 11 — — 12 — 10 1 — 10 2 —", "OHRLLS 1 4 — 1 — — 4 — 1 — — 4 — —", "OICT 5 7 — 5 — — 7 — 3 — 2 5 1 1", "OLA — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — — — 3", "OOSA 4 3 — 4 — 1 2 — 4 — — 3 — —", "OSAA 3 11 — 3 — — 11 — — — 3 — 1 10", "UNAMA^(c) 3 16 — 2 1 — 16 — 3 — — 16 — —", "UNAMI^(d) 11 21 1 7 3 — 17 4 3 3 5 6 4 11", "UNAMID 28 41 3 24 1 5 36 — 5 9 14 15 5 21", "UNCCD 4 13 — 4 — — 13 — 3 — 1 8 3 2", "UNCTAD 8 18 — 8 — — 18 — 7 1 — 18 — —", "UNDEF 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 3 — —", "UNDOF 1 2 — 1 — — 2 — — 1 — — 2 —", "UNDP — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "UNEP 7 27 — 7 — — 26 1 2 5 — 15 9 3", "UNEP-EMG 1 — — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — —", "UNFCCC 13 17 — 13 — — 17 — 13 — — 17 — —", "UNFICYP 1 1 — 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — 1 —", "UNHCR 119 159 15 104 — 27 130 2 8 59 52 11 77 71", "UNICRI 5 3 — 5 — — 3 — — — 5 — — 3", "UNIDIR — 6 — — — — 6 — — — — 6 — —", "UNIFIL 4 15 — 4 — — 15 — 2 1 1 15 — —", "UNJSPF 3 35 — 3 — 5 29 1 — 3 — 7 27 1", "UNJSPF-IMD 7 24 2 5 — 5 19 — 4 3 — 15 7 2", "UNMIL 17 38 — 17 — 6 32 — 3 3 11 11 11 16", "UNMIS 23 55 5 18 — 5 50 — 10 3 10 43 2 10", "UNMIT 7 11 — 7 — — 11 — 7 — — 11 — —", "UNMOGIP 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 2 1 —", "UNOCI 9 15 — 9 — 7 8 — 8 — 1 10 1 4", "UNODC 6 13 — 6 — — 13 — 2 3 1 7 2 4", "UNOG 1 5 — 1 — — 5 — — 1 — 5 — —", "UNON 12 36 — 12 — — 36 — 9 1 2 26 6 4", "UNOV — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 1", "UNRWA 4 4 — 4 — — 4 — 3 — 1 4 — —", "UNSOA 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "UNU 4 1 — 4 — — 1 — 4 — — 1 — —", "Total 505 956 36 461 8 91 850 15 248 120 137 537 200 219", "^(a) Recommendations that are “not accepted” include recommendations with a “declined” or “no response” status.", "^(b) Open recommendations include two critical recommendations and 17 non-critical recommendations issued in May 2011.", "^(c) Open recommendations include seven non-critical recommendations issued in May 2011.", "^(d) Open recommendations include three critical recommendations and seven non-critical recommendations issued in May 2011.", "IV. Financial implications of recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "5. Table 2 provides a summary of OIOS recommendations with financial implications. OIOS has simplified the categorization of financial implications arising from oversight results, as follows:", "(a) “Unnecessary or excess expenditures, or losses” caused by mismanagement, fraud, waste, theft, etc.;", "(b) “Opportunities for future cost avoidance” as a result of process improvements identified by OIOS.", "6. During the reporting period, OIOS identified $19.7 million in estimated unnecessary or excess expenditures and opportunities for future cost avoidance. The amounts recovered arising from oversight results during the period totalled $2.6 million.", "Table 2 Financial implications of OIOS recommendations, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "Unnecessary or excess expenditure, or losses", "(United States dollars)", "Entity\tAssignmentnumber\tDescription\tEstimatedamount\tRecoveredamount \nDFS\t0491/09\tPossible misconductby a UNAMID staffmember\t580\t—\nDPA\t0247/10\tPossible misconductby a BONUCA staffmember —misappropriatedfunds\t—\t3 262\nUNDP\t0246/10\tPossible misconductby a BONUCA staffmember —entitlement fraudandmisappropriation offunds\t978\t—\nUNEP\t0469/08\tPossible misconductby a UNEP staffmember —entitlement fraudand misuse ofassets\t5 325\t—\nUNAMI\tAP2010/812/01\tCost of airservices providedto UNAMI staff andto other entitiesnot entitled tothem\t247 570\t241 312\nUNAMID\tAP2009/634/07\tOverpayment to avendor for fuelconsumption\t2 376409\t2 376409\nUNMIS\tAP2010/632/08\tError in staffallowance\t796 000\t—\nTotal 3 426862\t2 620983", "Opportunities for future cost avoidance", "(United States dollars)", "Entity Assignment Description Estimated number amount", "UNAMID AP2010/634/06 Freight forwarding 4 000 000", "UNAMID AP2009/634/09 Management of contingent-owned 10 123 573 equipment", "UNAMID AP2009/634/07 Fuel supply 2 000 000", "UNIFIL AP2010/672/01 Lump-sum entitlements 33 733", "UNMOGIP AP2010/600/02 Electricity supply 30 000", "UNMOGIP AP2010/600/02 Payment of assignment grants and post 50 000 adjustments", "UNOCI AP2009/640/06 Contract management 48 000", "Total 16 285 306", "V. Reports issued during the reporting period", "7. During the 12-month period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, OIOS issued 323 oversight reports to programme managers, including 7 reports to the General Assembly and 65 closure reports. Table 3 provides a list of all the reports issued during the reporting period.", "8. Pursuant to paragraph 1 (c) of General Assembly resolution 59/272, Member States have access to OIOS reports upon request. As from January 2012, OIOS intends to make all reports publicly available on its website; in the meantime, the full titles of all reports continue to be available at http://www.un.org/Depts/oios.", "Table 3 Reports issued during the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "A. Reports to the General Assembly", "Symbol Date Subject \nA/65/266\t9 August2010\tThematic evaluation of gendermainstreaming in the United NationsSecretariat\nA/65/752\t23February2011\tProgramme evaluation of the performanceand the achievement of results by UNMIS.Although the original objective of theComprehensive Peace Agreement, to makeunity attractive, has not been met, UNMISsupport for the implementation of theAgreement has contributed to the holdingof the ceasefire\nA/65/762\t28February2011\tThematic evaluation of cooperation betweenthe Department of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of Field Support andregional organizations. Cooperation withregional organizations in peacekeeping hascontributed to the overall capacity of theUnited Nations to deploy and sustainpeacekeeping missions, althoughorganizational differences between theUnited Nations and partners have createdmultiple challenges in operationalcooperation\nA/65/765\t1 March2011\tPreliminary report on the implementationof the pilot project designated by theGeneral Assembly in resolution 63/287\nE/AC.51/2011/3\t15 March2011\tTriennial review of the implementation ofrecommendations made by the Committee forProgramme and Coordination at itsforty-eighth session on the in-depthevaluation of political affairs: fieldspecial political missions led by theDepartment of Political Affairs butsupported by the Department of FieldSupport\nA/66/71\t28 March2011\tStrengthening the role of evaluation andthe application of evaluation findings onprogramme design, delivery and policydirectives\nE/AC.51/2011/2\t29 March2011\tProgramme evaluation of the Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs", "B. Reports to programme managers", "Entity\tAssignmentnumber\tSubject \nCTED\tAP2010/570/01\tAudit of the Counter-Terrorism CommitteeExecutive Directorate. Counter-TerrorismCommittee Executive Directorate’sinternal controls were generally in placeand implemented as intended\nDESA\tAN2009/540/03\tAudit of the management by the Departmentof Economic and Social Affairs of theadvisory services and operational supportfor the development and management ofhuman resources and capacity-building forthe international cooperation projectoffice in Rome. A workflow analysis ofthe identification and selection processfor the recruitment of Associate Expertsand Junior Professional Officers couldsignificantly reduce the recruitment time\n\tAN2010/512/01\tAudit of the governance and monitoring ofthe delegation of authority for theadministration of the AssociateExperts/Junior Professional OfficersProgramme. The delegation of authoritygranted to the Department of Economic andSocial Affairs for the appointment ofAssociate Experts and Junior ProfessionalOfficers under the 200 series of staffrules had not been updated since 1979\n\tIED-11-002\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDivision for Public Administration andDevelopment Management\n\tIED-11-003\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theOffice of Economic and Social CouncilSupport and Coordination\n\tIED-11-004\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsStatistics Division\n\tIED-11-005\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of thePopulation Division\n\tIED-11-006\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theFinancing for Development Office\n\tIED-11-007\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsForum on Forests secretariat\n\tIED-11-008\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDivision for Sustainable Development\n\tIED-11-009\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDevelopment Policy and Analysis Division\n\tIED-11-010\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDivision for Social Policy andDevelopment\n\tIED-11-011\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theOffice of the Special Adviser on GenderIssues and Advancement of Women and theDivision for the Advancement of Women\nDFS\t0936/06\tContingent report on the death of apeacekeeper in UNMIL\n\t0329/07\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by peacekeepers at the formerMONUC\n\t0358/07,0186/08\tContingent report on sexual abuse of aminor by a peacekeeper at the formerMONUC\n\t0596/07\tInvestigation report on conflict ofinterest and irregular recruitmentprocess by a staff member at UNOCI\n\t0439/08\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by peacekeepers in the formerMONUC\n\t0553/08\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a militaryobserver in UNOCI\n\t0597/08\tInvestigation report on reported sexualexploitation and abuse implicating apeacekeeper in the former MONUC\n\t0613/08\tInvestigation report on misuse ofinformation and communications technologyresources by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0028/09\tContingent report on attempted sexualabuse by a peacekeeper at the formerMONUC\n\t0032/09\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation by a military observer atthe former MONUC\n\t0210/09\tInvestigation report on procurement fraudby a staff member at MINURSO\n\t0404/09\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a formed policeunit officer at the former MONUC\n\t0410/09\tContingent report on sexual abuse bypeacekeepers at the former MONUC\n\t0470/09\tContingent report on sexual abuse bypeacekeepers in UNMIL\n\t0491/09\tInvestigation report of fraud by a staffmember in UNAMID\n\t0497/09\tInvestigation report on sexual abuseimplicating a United Nations Volunteer atthe former MONUC\n\t0572/09\tInvestigation report on fraud by a staffmember at UNOCI\n\t0588/09\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by peacekeepers in UNOCI\n\t0016/10\tContingent report on the sexualexploitation and abuse of a minor by apeacekeeper at UNMIL [corrigendum issuedon 27 August 2010]\n\t0033/10\tContingent report on procurementirregularities by a peacekeeper atUNFICYP\n\t0110/10,0113/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by a peacekeeper at the formerMONUC\n\t0126/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and misuse of office by astaff member at UNMIL\n\t0149/10\tInvestigation report on fuel fraud in theformer MONUC\n\t0158/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse implicating peacekeepers in theformer MONUC\n\t0173/10\tInvestigation report on procurement fraudby a staff member at MINURSO\n\t0174/10\tInvestigation report on inappropriateconduct by a staff member at MINURSO\n\t0177/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a UnitedNations police officer at MINUSTAH\n\t0182/10\tContingent report on the sexual abuse ofa minor by a peacekeeper formerlydeployed with UNOCI\n\t0216/10\tContingent report on fraud bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0219/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a UnitedNations police officer at the formerMONUC\n\t0246/10\tInvestigation report on fraud,misappropriation of funds and otherirregularities by a staff member at theformer BONUCA\n\t0247/10\tInvestigation report on misappropriationof funds and other irregularities by astaff member at BONUCA\n\t0255/10\tInvestigation report on a homicideallegedly committed by a staff member atMINUSTAH\n\t0269/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationby a military observer at MONUSCO\n\t0270/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationby a peacekeeper at MONUSCO\n\t0296/10\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by a United Nations policeofficer in UNMIS\n\t0300/10\tInvestigation report on fraud by a staffmember in UNMIS\n\t0313/10,0317/10\tContingent report on attempted fraud bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0314/10,0316/10\tContingent report on claims of fraud bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0337/10\tContingent report on sexual abuse by apeacekeeper in MONUSCO\n\t0385/10\tContingent report on the accidentaldischarge of a rocket by a peacekeeper atUNIFIL\n\t0421/10\tInvestigation report on attemptedentitlement fraud by a staff member inUNAMID\n\t0505/10\tContingent report on misconduct bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0007/11\tContingent report on sexual assaultimplicating a peacekeeper in UNMIS\n\t0014/11\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand fuel fraud by peacekeepers atMINUSTAH\n\t0102/11\tContingent report on the sexual abuse ofa minor by a peacekeeper at UNMIL\n\t0239/11\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by a United Nations policeofficer in UNMIS\n\t0290/10\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by a staff member at UNMIS\n\tAP2010/615/05\tAudit of the planning and budgetformulation procedures and processes ofthe support account in the Department ofPeacekeeping Operations and theDepartment of Field Support\n\tAT2009/800/03\tAudit of the services provided by theUnited Nations International ComputingCentre to the United Nations Secretariat.The Department of Field Support shouldimplement additional controls to ensurethat the performance and charges of theinformation and communications technologyservices provided by the InternationalComputing Centre are adequatelymonitored, measured and accounted for\n\tAT2010/615/01\tStrategic planning for information andcommunications technology requirements inthe Information and CommunicationsTechnology Division/Department of FieldSupport. Additional controls, includingbetter coordination between theInformation and Communications TechnologyDivision and the Office of Informationand Communications Technology, are neededto ensure that the Department of FieldSupport achieves its strategic objectivesfor information management\nDGACM\tAH2009/550/01\tAudit of the support provided to theOffice of the President of the GeneralAssembly. Current arrangements forsupport for the Office of the Presidentof the General Assembly need to beclarified, including the source offunding\nDM\t0310/09\tInvestigation report on misuse of officeby a staff member of UNCTAD\n\t0344/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by staff membersof a United Nations vendor at MONUSCO\n\t0456/10\tInvestigation report on mismanagement andprocurement irregularities by a formerstaff member at UNICRI\n\t0268/11\tInvestigation report on falserepresentation and unauthorized operationof an aircraft by a United Nations vendor\n\tAC2009/514/05\tSecurity provisions applied to staff,site and assets during the execution ofthe capital master plan. There is a needfor the Department of Safety and Securityto finalize its policy and procedures forallowing contractor personnel access toUnited Nations premises, and ensure thatthey are applied consistently\n\tAC2010/514/01\tSafety provisions for United Nationsstaff and contractors, including asbestosremoval, applied during the execution ofthe capital master plan. The safetyprovisions for construction and asbestosabatement for the capital master planhave generally been appropriatelyorganized and applied\n\tAG2010/510/01\tManagement review of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions secretariat\n\tAG2010/510/03\tAudit of human resources management inthe Office of the Enterprise ResourcePlanning Project Director. Seriousbreaches of human resources, financialand procurement regulations, rules andprocedures posed reputation risk for theproject\n\tAH2010/512/01\tAudit of the recruitment process forsenior-level positions in the UnitedNations Secretariat. The Office of HumanResources Management should enhance itsmonitoring role to ensure compliance withrecruitment procedures and to identifyareas for improving the timeliness offilling senior-level positions\n\tAT2009/510/02\tAudit of the enterprise resource planningproject at the United NationsSecretariat. Additional controls areneeded to ensure that the enterpriseresource planning project is notadversely affected by unmitigated risksrelating to the governance structure,project management, system integrationand fund monitoring\n\tAT2010/512/01\tThe “Inspira” talent management projectat the United Nations Secretariat. Tofully realize the benefits of the“Inspira” project, internal controls inproject management need to bestrengthened\n\tIED-10-002\tInspection of programme-level monitoringand evaluation of the Department ofManagement\n\tIED-10-009\tReport of OIOS on the Office of ProgrammePlanning, Budget and Accounts. The Officeof Programme Planning, Budget andAccounts is focused on its mandate andperforming well operationally; however,client communication is unsatisfactory,and the budget process challenges itsoverall effectiveness\n\tIED-10-011\tReport of OIOS on the Office of theUnder-Secretary-General, Department ofManagement. Greater effort in proactiveleadership by the Office of theUnder-Secretary-General, Department ofManagement, is needed if reform of UnitedNations management practices, processesand procedures is to be successful\nDPA\tAP2010/600/04\tAudit of BINUB. Internal controls weregenerally in place and operatingeffectively, but controls in certainareas need to be strengthened\nDPI\tAN2010/580/01\tAudit of the support services provided tothe public information programme by theDepartment of Public InformationExecutive Office. The lack of a clearclient support strategy resulted in adiminished role for the Department ofPublic Information Executive Office andwidened the expectation gap with thesubstantive divisions\nDPKO\tAP2009/600/03\tAudit of integrated operational teams inthe Department of PeacekeepingOperations. The effectiveness of theseteams should be improved by deployingtheir resources flexibly during periodsof lower tempo and strengthening theirlinks with specialist units\n\tAP2010/560/01\tAudit of the Security Council AffairsDivision in the Department of PoliticalAffairs. Internal controls were generallyin place. Further efficiency could begained by improving the procedures for(a) documenting Security Councilpractices, (b) selecting candidates toserve on the Panels of Experts, (c)recruiting experts and (d) organizingmeetings of the subsidiary bodies of theSecurity Council\nDPKO/DFS\tIED-10-001\tInspection of monitoring and evaluationat the Department of PeacekeepingOperations and the Department of FieldSupport. Department of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of Field Supportreporting on programme performance ishighly reliable, but the Departments needto take targeted action to cope moreeffectively with complex monitoring andreporting environments\nDSS\t0473/08\tInvestigation report on misuse ofinformation and communications technologyresources by a staff member in theDepartment of Safety and Security\n\t0390/10,0496/09\tInvestigation report on misconduct by astaff member of the Department of Safetyand Security\n\t0175/10,0268/10\tInvestigation report on abusive use offorce by a security officer at the UnitedNations Office at Geneva\n\tIED-11-001\tInspection of programme-level monitoringand evaluation of the Department ofSafety and Security. While the Departmentof Safety and Security contains thebuilding blocks of a monitoring andevaluation system, with no evaluationunit, no resources devoted, and only adraft evaluation policy, the Departmentof Safety and Security has yet toinstitutionalize the evaluation function\nECA\tAN2010/710/02\tAudit of financial management in ECA. ECAgenerally complied with the FinancialRegulations and Rules of the UnitedNations\n\tAN2010/710/03\tAudit of the ECA subregional office inLusaka. ECA needs to further engage itsSubregional Office for Southern Africa inthe implementation of its programme ofwork to achieve synergy andcomplementarity in programme deliverywithin the subregion\nECLAC\tAN2010/730/01\tComprehensive audit of ECLAC. The overalleffectiveness of ECLAC in the regionneeds to be strengthened by establishingthe necessary capacity for executivedirection and management, and by moreactive participation in the emergencyresponse coordination mechanismEOSG\t0009/10,\tInvestigation reports on possibleretaliation by a staff member at UNCTAD 0401/10, \n\t0402/10,0403/10\t\nEOSG/DM\tIED-COM-10-002\tProgramme performance documentationstatus. Key Integrated Monitoring andDocumentation Information System recordsas of 16 August 2010\n\tIED-COM-11-001\tProgramme performance documentationstatus. Key Integrated Monitoring andDocumentation Information System recordsas of 1 February 2011\nEthicsOffice\tAH2010/515/01\tAudit of the management of the FinancialDisclosure Programme, includinginformation security aspects, by theEthics Office. The Financial DisclosureProgramme is adequately supported bysenior management, but key aspects needto be further developed for the programmeto be fully effective\nInternationalComputingCentre\tAT2009/800/03\tAudit of data processing servicesprovided by the International ComputingCentre to the United Nations Secretariat.The Office of Information andCommunications Technology needs tosimplify the contractual arrangementswith the International Computing Centreand improve its financial monitoring ofprojects executed by the Centre\nInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda\t0220/10\tInvestigation report on misconduct by astaff member at the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda\n\tAA2010/260/01\tAudit of the completion strategy anddownsizing in the International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda. Some aspects of thedownsizing criteria need to be clarifiedand consistently applied\n\tAT2010/260/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in the International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda. The InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda shouldimplement additional controls to improvethe delivery of services and the securityof information and assets\nInternationalTribunalfor theFormerYugoslavia\tAA2010/270/01\tAudit of the management of leased cellsand services for the Detention Unit ofthe International Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia. The agreement for the leaseof detention facilities and service needsto be reviewed by the Headquarters andlocal committees on contracts, andexpenditures for external medicalservices need to be adequately documented\n\tAA2010/270/04\tAudit of the implementation of thedownsizing programme in the InternationalTribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.Although agreed criteria have beenestablished for downsizing, staffing cutswere not implemented as planned owing tothe variability of the trial schedule\nMINURCAT\tAP2010/636/01\tAudit of safety and security in MINURCAT\n\tAP2010/636/03\tAudit of air operations and operationalsafety in MINURCAT. Owing to operationalconstraints, as the Mission draws downand goes into liquidation, there is aneed to reassess its air operationalcapability to ensure the provision ofsafe and reliable air services\n\tAP2010/636/06\tAudit of contingent-owned equipment inMINURCAT. Management oversight ofcontingent-owned equipment was notadequate\n\tAP2010/636/07\tAudit of outstanding purchase orders inMINURCAT. There were no reliable recordsof outstanding purchase orders\n\tAP2010/636/08\tAudit of liquidation planning inMINURCAT. Progress was made in thedrawdown and liquidation planning ofMINURCAT, but a number of actions haveyet to be completed\n\tAP2010/636/09\tAudit of the disposal of assets duringMINURCAT liquidation. Assetreconciliation and movement remainincomplete as at the close of the Mission\n\tAP2010/636/10\tAudit of financial aspects of MINURCATliquidation. Delays were noted ininitiating critical tasks in thefinancial liquidation process\n\tAP2010/636/11\tAudit of the trust fund for the supportof the activities of MINURCAT. While testchecks of transactions showed that theexpenditures incurred were for activitiespertaining to the trust fund, there weresignificant internal control weaknesses,including non-compliance withregulations, rules and donor agreements\nMINURSO\tAP2010/600/01\tAudit of MINURSO. While internal controlswere generally in place, improvements inboth substantive and administrative areasof operations are needed\nMINUSTAH\tAP2010/510/01\tAudit of special measures authorized forcrisis response in Haiti. Overall, thespecial measures were effectively managedto meet the operational requirements ofMINUSTAH\n\tAP2010/683/01\tAudit of staff safety and security inMINUSTAH\n\tAP2010/683/06\tAudit of the implementation of thespecial measures authorized for crisisresponse in Haiti. In general, internalcontrols were in place and implemented asintended\n\tAP2010/683/07\tAudit of the public information functionin MINUSTAH. In developing its publicinformation strategy, MINUSTAH needs toensure that adequate monitoring andevaluation mechanisms are in place\n\tAP2010/683/08\tAudit of property management in MINUSTAH.A strategy is needed to ensure thatnon-expendable and expendable propertyrecords are up to date, accurate andcomplete\n\tAT2009/683/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in MINUSTAH. Additionalcontrols must be implemented to ensureadequate support for business continuityand disaster recovery, and to mitigaterisks to information security\nMONUSCO\tAP2009/620/04\tAudit of the recruitment of nationalstaff in MONUSCO. Owing to the lack ofdocumentation to support the recruitmentof national staff, OIOS was unable toestablish whether the process was fairand transparent\n\tAP2009/620/06\tAudit of vacancy management in MONUSCO.The overall vacancy rate of the Missionimproved, but the vacancy rate for keypositions remained high and requiredcloser monitoring\n\tAP2010/620/01\tAudit of movement control operations inMONUSCO. While Movement Control hasdeveloped procedures to manage itsoperations, it needs to enhance thecost-effectiveness of personnel and cargomovements and safety measures at MONUSCOair terminals\n\tAP2010/620/02\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Unitin MONUSCO. MONUSCO made commendableefforts to improve conduct and disciplineactivities. Weaknesses remain in theareas of staff outreach and training,investigative capacity and the reportingof cases handled by the military\n\tAP2010/620/03\tAudit of contract management in MONUSCO.Internal controls over the contractmanagement process were not alwayseffective in ensuring that the terms andconditions of contracts are compliedwith, contract extensions are done in atimely manner, and the interests of theUnited Nations are adequately safeguarded\n\tAP2010/620/04\tAudit of aviation safety in MONUSCO. Theaviation safety measures implemented bythe Mission need to be improved tofurther mitigate air safety risks\n\tAP2010/620/07\tAudit of non-expendable property inMONUSCO. Physical verification ofnon-expendable property in MONUSCO wasconducted regularly, but the Mission didnot follow up and resolve discrepanciesin a timely manner\n\tAP2010/620/08\tAudit of within-mission travel inMONUSCO. Internal controls were generallyin place and implemented effectively.Weakness remained in monitoringexpenditures against budget provisions,planning for trips undertaken by truckdrivers and the review of claims of staffon temporary assignment\n\tAP2010/620/09\tAudit of the vendor payment process inMONUSCO. Monitoring controls over thevendor payment process should bestrengthened to mitigate risks offinancial loss\nOCHA\tAN2010/590/02\tAudit of the policy and guidancemanagement within the Office for theCoordination of Humanitarian Affairs.Although significant progress has beenmade, further attention is needed toconsolidate support for policy andguidance management, including for policysetting and prioritization, as well asimplementation and staff training\n\tAT2010/590/01\tInformation and communications technologygovernance in the Office for theCoordination of Humanitarian Affairs. TheOffice for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs needs to furtherstrengthen its information andcommunications technology governancemodel with additional controls to ensurethe standardization of systems, securityand the efficient use of resources\nOHCHR\tAE2010/331/02\tAudit of the OHCHR Field Operations andTechnical Cooperation Division. There areopportunities for the Division to improvethe clarity of roles andresponsibilities, the efficiency ofworkflow processes and the effectivenessof coordination arrangements\nOIOS\t0217/10\tInvestigation report on sexual harassmentand abuse of authority by a staff memberat United Nations Headquarters\nOOSA\tAE2010/325/01\tAudit of programme management and supportfor the Office for Outer Space Affairs.The Office for Outer Space Affairsarrangements to support programmedelivery could be improved by clarifyingits status within the United Nationssystem, ensuring that its terms ofreference address all activities that ithas been requested to carry out, andreviewing its organizational structure\nSpecialCourt forSierraLeone\tAA2010/290/01\tAudit of the Special Court for SierraLeone. Controls over the implementationof the downsizing and completion strategywere generally adequate, but additionalmeasures are needed\nUNAMA\tAP2009/630/04\tRecruitment of national staff in UNAMA.Further efforts were needed to improvethe verification of academicqualifications, the evaluation ofcandidates and the documentation of therecruitment process\n\tAP2010/630/05\tAudit of financial management in UNAMA.The financial controls implemented by theMission were generally adequate, butthere were opportunities for furtherimprovement\n\tAP2010/630/06\tAudit of the disposal of assets in UNAMA.Established internal controls over thedisposal of assets were not alwayscomplied with\n\tAP2010/630/07\tAudit of the common facilities in UNAMA.Controls need strengthening in therecording of assets and cost-sharing\nUNAMI\tAP2009/812/01\tAudit of the electoral support programmein UNAMI. While the operationalconstraints and insecurity in Iraq wereacknowledged, the UNAMI ElectoralAssistance Office needs to improve itswork planning, implement a more effectiverecommendation monitoring system andensure that relevant documents areaccessible\n\tAP2010/812/01\tAudit of air operations in UNAMI. Somekey controls over air operations were notcomplied with, resulting in increasedaviation safety risk\n\tAP2010/812/02\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Unitin UNAMI. Additional efforts are requiredto ensure compliance with United Nationspolicies and procedures\n\tAP2010/812/03\tAudit of the management andadministration of major contracts inUNAMI. Internal controls over theprocurement of major contracts were notalways in place and operating effectively\n\tAP2010/812/04\tAudit of business continuity managementin UNAMI. The Mission needs to develop acomprehensive business continuity andemergency response plan\nUNAMID\tAP2009/634/07\tFuel management in UNAMID. The Missionhad established proper internal controlsover fuel management, but these controlswere not implemented as intended\n\tAP2009/634/09\tAudit of contingent-owned equipment inUNAMID. The Mission’s Contingent-OwnedEquipment/Memorandum of UnderstandingManagement Review Board was notfunctional, thereby impacting on theeffectiveness of the contingent-ownedequipment programme\n\tAP2009/634/12\tReceiving and inspection function inUNAMID. Internal controls over thereceiving and inspection function wereineffective, resulting in a backlog of2,200 containers awaiting receiving andinspection, goods being distributed andused prior to inspection, and thelocation of assets valued at millions ofdollars not being known\n\tAP2010/634/01\tAudit of within-mission travel in UNAMID.Cost control procedures were notimplemented for within-mission travel andtravel to attend Doha peace negotiations\n\tAP2010/634/02\tAudit of air safety operations in UNAMID.Additional measures are required toensure that air safety risks and hazardsare systematically identified and actionis taken to mitigate or eliminate them ina timely manner\n\tAP2010/634/03\tAudit of air operations in UNAMID.Internal controls over air operationscould be significantly improved byprioritizing the implementation of theaviation operational risk managementpolicy, aviation quality assurance andstandardization programmes\n\tAP2010/634/06\tAudit of freight forwarding in UNAMID.Internal controls over freight forwardingwere weak and not implemented as intended\n\tAP2010/634/08\tAudit of fleet management in UNAMID.Internal controls over groundtransportation assets needed to bestrengthened to ensure more efficient useof resources\n\tAP2010/634/10\tAudit of HIV/AIDS Unit operations inUNAMID. Inadequate staffing levels andineffective reporting lines have hinderedthe HIV/AIDS Unit in fully implementingits mandate\n\tAP2010/634/11\tAudit of water and environmentalprotection operations in UNAMID. Delaysin obtaining land and drilling boreholeshindered water self-sufficiency andincreased costs, and environmental riskswere insufficiently mitigated\nUNCC\tAE2010/820/01\tAudit of United Nations CompensationCommission claims payment. Although theUnited Nations Compensation Commissionhas adequate control mechanisms for thedisbursement of awards, part of the Iraqoil sales remain undeposited in the oilproceeds receipts account, resulting in arevenue shortfall\nUNCCD\tAA2010/242/01\tAudit of substantive programmes of theUnited Nations Convention to CombatDesertification. The United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification hasadequate controls over substantiveprogrammes, but needs to develop aresource mobilization strategy andimprove reporting on its financial andstaffing constraints to the Conference ofParties\nUNCTAD\tIED-10-010\tInspection of the programme-levelmonitoring and evaluation of UNCTAD\nUNDEF\tAN2010/524/01\tAudit of the United Nations DemocracyFund. The sustainability of the UnitedNations Democracy Fund is critical topromoting democracy as a global value\n\tAN2010/545/01\tAudit of the International Research andTraining Institute for the Advancement ofWomen. The International Research andTraining Institute for the Advancement ofWomen suffers from an acute leadershipvacuum, which adversely affected itsability to effectively participate in theconsultations pertaining to itsconsolidation into the new compositegender entity and implement changemanagement\nUNDOF\tAP2010/670/01\tAudit of the internal governance ofUNDOF. The organizational structure andreporting lines were not adequate,creating excessive demands on the ForceCommander regarding the day-to-daymanagement of the Mission\nUNEP\t0469/08\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by staff members of UNEP\n\t0079/09\tInvestigation report on the misuse ofinformation and communications technologyresources by a staff member at UNEP\n\t0188/10\tInvestigation report on fraudulent goodssupplied by a United Nations vendor\n\tAA2009/220/01\tAudit of internal governance in UNEP. Theimplementation of the medium-termstrategy will be accomplished through theprovision of adequate resources tostrengthen consultation, coordination andaccountability mechanisms in UNEP\n\tAA2010/220/03\tAudit of UNEP project deliveryarrangements via partnerships. Enhancingthe regulatory framework for themanagement of partnerships, thecentralization of partner selection andthe financial monitoring of projects arekey to successful partnerships\nUNFCCC\tAA2010/241/02\tAudit of the recruitment and training ofstaff at the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change secretariat.The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change secretariat needs todevelop and implement policies andstrategies on human resources and ensurethat the recruitment of consultants iscompetitive and transparent\nUNFICYP\tAP2010/654/01\tAudit of catering services in UNFICYP.Ineffective internal controls over themanagement of catering contractsincreased the risk that the interests ofthe Mission were not properly safeguarded\nUN-Habitat\t0044/09\tInvestigation report on forgery andmisrepresentation by a staff member atUN-Habitat\n\t0165/09\tInvestigation report on possible fraud bya staff member in UN-Habitat\n\tAA2009/250/02\tAudit of internal governance inUN-Habitat. UN-Habitat has made progressin implementing the medium-term strategicand institutional plan, the finalizationof strategic and operational delivery andthe accomplishment of organizationalgoals\n\tAA2010/250/02\tAudit of the UN-Habitat SomaliaProgramme. UN-Habitat operates theSomalia Programme in an unstableenvironment and needs to improve theassessment of donor satisfaction andcompliance with security standards\n\tAA2010/250/03\tAudit of partnership/cooperationagreements in UN-Habitat. UN-Habitatneeds to improve its internal controlsover the selection, monitoring andimplementation of cooperation agreementswith other entities\nUNHCR\tAR2010/110/01\tAudit of UNHCR operations in the CentralAfrican Republic. The effectiveness ofprogramme delivery could be enhanced byimprovements in the strategy forinternally displaced persons, performancemonitoring and staff training\n\tAR2010/111/01\tUNHCR operations in Sierra Leone.Arrangements for planning and estimatingresource requirements for downsizingoperations could be improved through theintroduction of liquidation guidelines toensure that all activities are identifiedand that the correct level of resourcesis available for handling specific tasks\n\tAR2010/111/03\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Côted’Ivoire. Inadequate arrangements tosafeguard the continuity of operationsadversely affected programme delivery andactivities\n\tAR2010/111/04\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Benin.Strengthening administrative arrangementswould improve the delivery of programmeactivities\n\tAR2010/131/02\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Algeria.Internal controls were in place to managethe risks related to programme andproject management, supply management andsecurity, but there are opportunities toimprove their effectiveness\n\tAR2010/131/05\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Jordan:Iraqi situation. Internal controlweaknesses resulted in inefficiencies andineffectiveness in programme planning,implementation and monitoring\n\tAR2010/162/02\tAudit of UNHCR arrangements for managingand administering staff betweenassignments. UNHCR needs to develop aformal strategy to address the challengeof a high and potentially increasingnumber of staff between assignments\n\tAR2010/163/01\tUNHCR arrangements for managinginternational procurement-relatedactivities. The operational efficiencyand effectiveness of internationalprocurement-related activities could beimproved by strengthening existingarrangements\n\tAR2010/166/02\tAudit of the Focus system. UNHCR shouldensure that the implementation of theFocus system meets user requirements andis managed in a cost-effective manner\n\tAT2010/166/01\tAudit of UNHCR information andcommunications technology servicescontracted to third parties. Notavailable; memorandum report\n\tAR2010/112/01\tControls over procurement management needimprovement\n\tAR2010/131/03\tThe strengthening of strategic planningwould enable the UNHCR representation inYemen to implement its project activitiesmore effectively\n\tAR2010/141/01\tThere is a need to strengthenarrangements for the selection,monitoring and capacity-building ofimplementing partners to support thepolicy of increased use of implementingpartners and to mitigate the riskassociated with the use of a large numberof national implementing partners inprogrammes\n\tAR2010/160/01\tUNHCR needs to define policies andimprove controls over their developmentand dissemination to support itsdecentralization of operations involvinga large field-based workforce\nUNICEF\t0018/10\tInvestigation report on the possiblemisuse of communications facilities andequipment\nUNICRI\t0094/10\tInvestigation report on themisrepresentation of an official title bya former staff member at the UnitedNations Interregional Crime and JusticeResearch Institute\n\t0121/10\tInvestigation report on procurementirregularities and favouritism by a staffmember at the United NationsInterregional Crime and Justice ResearchInstitute\nUNIDIR\tAN2010/385/01\tAudit of governance in UNIDIR. Despitebeing a United Nations entity, UNIDIRlacked governance mechanisms to ensureaccountability and compliance with theRegulations and Rules of the UnitedNations\nUNIFIL\tAP2009/672/03\tAudit of safety and security operationsin UNIFIL\n\tAP2010/672/01\tAudit of travel operations in UNIFIL.Internal controls over travel operationsin UNIFIL were adequate\n\tAP2010/672/02\tAudit of movement control operations inUNIFIL. Internal controls were generallyin place, but not always implementedeffectively; cargo was loaded on aircraftwithout X-ray screening, and there was aneed for more efficient use of airshuttle services\n\tAP2010/672/03\tAudit of medical services in UNIFIL. Theprovision of medical support services inUNIFIL was generally adequate, but therewere opportunities for furtherimprovement\n\tAP2010/672/05\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Teamin UNIFIL and its regionalresponsibilities. The Conduct andDiscipline Team was unable to exerciseits regional responsibilities owing tothe lack of clear terms of reference\n\tAT2010/672/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance, security, businesscontinuity and disaster recovery inUNIFIL. UNIFIL needs to strengthen itsinformation and communications technologygovernance framework with policies andprocedures for information securitymanagement and information andcommunications technology operations\nUNJSPF\tAS2009/801/02\tThe United Nations Joint Staff PensionFund. Investment Management Division’scontract management. The InvestmentManagement Division needs to align itsprocurement strategy with its businessstrategy to ensure that its operationalneeds are fully met\n\tAS2010/800/02\tAudit of United Nations Joint StaffPension Fund performance management. TheUnited Nations Joint Staff Pension Fundwould benefit from tracking and reportingthe actual progress of projects againstthe plan, developing formal projectcharters and plans, and performing animpact analysis upon the conclusion ofeach project\n\tAS2010/800/03\tAudit of United Nations Joint StaffPension Fund disability benefits. TheUnited Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund’sadministration of disability benefits isefficient and well controlled andpromotes compliance with relevantregulations and rules, but can beenhanced by improving managementreporting and data quality controls\n\tAS2010/801/02\tAdministration and project management inthe United Nations Joint Staff PensionFund’s Investment Management DivisionInformation Systems Section. TheInvestment Management Division needs toimplement formal frameworks for projectand performance management, and improveits control mechanisms for managingsuppliers and monitoring service levels\nUNJSPF(IMD)\tAS2010/801/04\tAudit of the implementation of theCharles River trade order managementsystem in the United Nations Joint StaffPension Fund. The implementation ofCharles River has automated trade ordermanagement, but additional measures areneeded to ensure adequate levels ofsecurity, support and integration\n\tAS2010/801/05\tUNJSPF should use the InvestmentManagement Division for the investment ofall available funds and currencytransactions\nUNMIK\tAP2010/650/01\tAudit of claims relating to UNMIKpremises. A policy directive is requiredto facilitate claims management andmitigate the risk of excessiveliabilities\n\tAP2010/650/02\tAudit of reconfiguration structures formandate implementation and accountabilityin UNMIK. The mandate implementation planshould be developed in line with thereconfigured functions and linked withother planning documents and strategies\nUNMIL\tAP2009/626/03\tAudit of supply-chain management inUNMIL. The Mission made commendableefforts in establishing a supply-chainmap, but there was a need for furtherimprovement in managing the supply chain\n\tAP2009/626/09\tAudit of occupational safety and healthin UNMIL. While the establishment of adedicated unit for occupational safetyand health in the Mission is commendable,additional measures and clarity on itsroles and responsibilities are needed\n\tAP2009/626/14\tManagement of engineering assets inUNMIL. The reliability of inventoryrecords was questionable, and stocklevels of certain high-value assets wereexcessive\n\tAP2010/626/01\tAudit of the procurement of localcontracts in UNMIL. Established policiesand procedures were not always compliedwith in the procurement of localcontracts\n\tAP2010/626/02\tAudit of safety and security in UNMIL\n\tAP2010/626/03\tAudit of public information services inUNMIL. There was no mission-specificpublic information strategy, resulting inunclear direction and the risk ofineffective public information programmes\n\tAP2010/626/04\tAudit of warehouse operations in UNMIL.Internal controls over warehouseactivities needed improvement. Annualphysical inventories were not done, anddiscrepancies found during periodic stickcounts were not followed up and adjustedaccordingly in the records\n\tAT2009/626/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in UNMIL. UNMIL generally hadgood internal controls, but couldstrengthen them in the areas ofinformation and communications technologyservice delivery, security of operationsand governance of infrastructure\nUNMIS\tAP2010/632/01\tAudit of medical stores and equipment inUNMIS. In the absence of compensatorycontrols, the non-compliance with theguidelines issued by the Department ofPeacekeeping Operations/Department ofField Support for managing drugs andmedical equipment created serious healthand environmental risks\n\tAP2010/632/03\tAudit of quick-impact projects in UNMIS.The Mission has improved theimplementation rate of quick-impactprojects over the past year; however,improved compliance with the Departmentof Peacekeeping Operations policydirective on quick-impact projects andthe Mission’s administrative instructionwould ensure that the objectives of theprojects were achieved in a timely manner\n\tAP2010/632/06\tAudit of security in UNMIS\n\tAP2010/632/08\tAudit of facilities management in UNMIS.The Mission needs to enhance its capacityto manage facilities, includingestablishing a preventive maintenanceprogramme\n\tAP2010/632/09\tThe disarmament, demobilization andreintegration programme in UNMIS. Lack ofclear direction and management oversight,and lack of coordination between UNMISand UNDP, may impact the results of thedisarmament, demobilization andreintegration programme in UNMIS\n\tAP2010/632/10\tAudit of aviation safety in UNMIS.Measures were generally in place tomitigate aviation safety risks\n\tAP2010/632/11\tAudit of inventory management in UNMIS.Non-expendable and expendable propertieswere not adequately monitored, controlledand safeguarded\n\tAP2010/632/12\tAudit of business continuity and crisismanagement in UNMIS. The Mission hadtaken steps to ensure that it couldrespond to crisis, but was not adequatelyprepared to maintain continuity ofcritical business processes if adisruptive event should occur\n\tAP2010/632/13\tAudit of within-mission travel in UNMIS.Procedures and guidelines onwithin-mission travel were adequate butnot fully complied with. This, togetherwith underbudgeting for daily subsistenceallowance payable to civil staff underthe human resources reform, resulted inoverexpenditure of $1.8 million for theyear 2009/10\n\tAP2010/632/14\tAudit of HIV/AIDS awareness andprevention programme in UNMIS. HIV/AIDSactivities were well integrated into theMission’s programmes; however, theHIV/AIDS Unit’s capacity was limited,impacting on the level of trainingprovided\nUNMIT\tAP2010/682/01\tAudit of medical services in UNMIT. Theprovision of medical support services inUNMIT was generally adequate\n\tAP2010/682/02\tAudit of administrative management ofpublic information services in UNMIT\n\tAP2010/682/03\tAudit of transitional police supportprogramme in UNMIT\nUNMOGIP\tAP2010/600/02\tAudit of UNMOGIP. UNMOGIP had achievedits outputs as outlined in itsresults-based-budgeting framework;however, the restrictions imposed by thehost countries have impeded the effectiveimplementation of its mandate\nUNOCI\tAP2009/640/03\tAudit of the requisitioning process inUNOCI. Requisitioners need to gain abetter understanding of their roles andresponsibilities in order to performtheir functions more effectively\n\tAP2009/640/06\tAudit of contract management in UNOCI.The mission did not have adequateprocedures to ensure that contractssufficiently protect the interests of theOrganization and are complied with\n\tAP2010/640/01\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Unitin UNOCI. The mission has taken somemeasures to prevent and handle possiblemisconduct; however, inadequate staffingimpacted on the effectiveness of theConduct and Discipline Team in carryingout its functions\n\tAP2010/640/04\tAudit of UNOCI emergency preparednessleading up to and during the presidentialelection\n\tAT2010/640/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in UNOCI. Additional controlsare required to ensure the effectivenessand security of information andcommunications technology operations\nUNODC\tAE2009/366/03\tAudit of the United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime Regional Office for EastAfrica. Weaknesses in the planning andmonitoring of projects and oversightarrangements increased the risks ofdelays in implementing programmes andprojects\n\tAE2010/360/01\tAudit of governance and fundingarrangements in the United Nations Officeon Drugs and Crime. Governancearrangements and funding mechanisms donot fully support the programme of workat the United Nations Office on Drugs andCrime\n\tAE2010/366/01\tAudit of the United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime Regional Office forMexico, Central America and theCaribbean. The United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime needs to strengthenprogramme and project monitoring andasset management, and clarify theorganizational structure of the regionaloffices in Mexico and Panama\nUNOG\tAE2010/311/03\tAudit of vendor database management inthe United Nations Office at Geneva.Efforts are needed to ensure compliancewith the provisions of the ProcurementManual in respect of provisionallyregistered vendors\n\tIED-10-007\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsOffice at Geneva. The United NationsOffice at Geneva is striving to improveservice delivery, but client satisfactionwith many services remains low\nUNON\t0244/10\tInvestigation report on the unauthorizeduse of the assets of the Organization bya staff member at the United NationsOffice at Nairobi\n\tAA2009/211/02\tAudit of procurement activities at theUnited Nations Office at Nairobi. Thereis a need to review and clarify thedelegation of authority with respect toprocurement on behalf of UNEP andUN-Habitat and improve adherence toprocurement rules and procedures\n\tAA2010/210/01\tAudit of internal governance in theUnited Nations Office at Nairobi. Thereare opportunities for the United NationsOffice at Nairobi to improve its internalgovernance processes to more effectivelyachieve its goals and objectives\n\tAT2010/211/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in the United Nations Officeat Nairobi. Although the United NationsOffice at Nairobi has established anumber of good practices for managing itsinformation and communications technologyresources, improvements are required inorder to strengthen its controlmechanisms, with particular attention togovernance and information security\nUNOV\tIED-10-008\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsOffice at Vienna. Most clients aresatisfied overall with the servicesprovided by the United Nations Office atVienna, but the Office faces risks to itscontinued effectiveness\nUNRCCA\t0125/11\tInvestigation report on the criminalconviction of a staff member assigned tothe United Nations Regional Centre forPreventive Diplomacy for Central Asia\nUNSOA\tAP2010/638/03\tAudit of UNSOA logistical support forAMISOM on food rations. Considering thelogistical constraints, rations werebeing delivered in a timely manner and inthe quantities requested. However,additional equipment and facilities forthe storage and preparation of rationswere necessary\n\tAP2010/638/05\tAudit of UNSOA. Vacancy rates wereinitially high owing to unfavourableconditions of service for staff servingin UNSOA, and there were delays in therecruitment process owing to a lack ofexperienced staff\n\tAP2010/638/07\tAudit of UNSOA remote management ofactivities in Mogadishu. UNSOA has beenproviding logistical support to AMISOM asmandated. However, there was a need tostrengthen risk management and strategicplanning mechanisms, the regulatoryframework and oversight mechanisms toensure the effective provision oflogistical support by UNSOA and properaccountability on the use of the supportby AMISOM\nUNTSO\tAP2010/674/01\tAudit of human resources and travelmanagement in UNTSO. Internal controlswere generally satisfactory, but thedocumentation of recruitment decisionsneeded to be strengthened", "C. Closure reports[2]", "Entity\tAssignmentnumber\tSubject \nDESA\t0157/10\tConduct of a representative of anon-governmental organization\nDFS\t0048/05\tReported entitlement fraud by a staffmember at UNMIL\n\t0330/05\tPossible solicitation of a bribe from avendor by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0454/05\tPossible procurement irregularities by astaff member at MINUSTAH\n\t0606/05\tProcurement violations by a staff memberat UNMIL\n\t0448/06\tPossible procurement irregularities atUNMIL\n\t0503/06\tReported solicitation of a bribe from avendor by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0107/07\tReported mismanagement and abuse ofauthority implicating a staff member inUNMIS\n\t0226/07\tSexual exploitation by a staff member atthe former MONUC\n\t0290/07\tSexual harassment implicating a staffmember at the former MONUC\n\t0364/07\tUnauthorized e-mail account access bystaff members at UNMIL\n\t0413/07\tPossible violations of Mission standardoperating procedures on security and abuseof authority at UNMIS\n\t0586/07\tReported misconduct by staff members atthe former MONUC\n\t0011/08\tReported misconduct by a staff member atUNAMI\n\t0345/08\tFraud by a staff member at the formerMONUC\n   0389/08 Procurement irregularities in UNAMI \n\t0511/08\tSexual abuse by a peacekeeper at theformer MONUC\n\t0022/09,0010/09\tMisuse of telephone PIN codes by a staffmember in UNMIS\n\t0055/09\tProcurement irregularities by a staffmember at the former MONUC\n\t0077/09\tPossible procurement irregularities by astaff member at UNIFIL\n\t0135/09\tProcurement irregularities by a staffmember at UNOTIL\n\t0158/09\tMisappropriation and transfer of UnitedNations funds by a staff member at theformer BONUCA\n\t0169/09\tUnauthorized loans and donations ofmedical supplies by a staff member atUNMIL\n   0246/09 Alleged bid-rigging in UNFICYP \n\t0254/09\tSexual exploitation and abuse of minors bya staff member formerly assigned to UNMIL\n\t0292/09\tPossible misuse of United Nations assetsby a staff member at MINURCAT\n\t0350/09,0533/10\tSexual exploitation and abuse by a staffmember at UNMIL\n\t0374/09\tMedical claims fraud by a United NationsVolunteer at UNMIK\n\t0513/09\tTheft by a former United Nations policeofficer at MINUSTAH\n\t0562/09\tPossible bribery implicating a staffmember at UNAMID\n\t0563/09\tMisuse of information and communicationstechnology resources by a staff member atUNAMI\n\t0606/09\tPossible entitlement fraud by a staffmember at UNMIL\n\t0103/10\tMisuse of office by a staff member in theformer BINUB\n\t0120/10\tPossible harassment by a staff member atUNFICYP\n\t0207/10,0208/10\tPossible non-compliance with the FinancialRegulations and Rules of the UnitedNations by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0224/10\tMissing personal effects of United Nationsstaff members who died during the January2011 earthquake in Haiti\n\t0294/10\tPossible extortion by a staff member atUNMIL\n   0297/10 Bribery by a staff member at UNMIS \n\t0311/10\tReported misconduct by a staff member atMINURSO\n\t0448/10\tAllegations of sexual exploitation andabuse involving a staff member in UNMIS\n\t0503/10\tPossible procurement irregularities atMONUSCO\n   0025/11 Theft of fuel by staff members at UNMIL \n\t0229/11\tPossible misconduct by a United Nationspolice officer in UNMIS\n\t0485/08(PartsA andB)\tReported attempted sexual exploitation andabuse of a minor by a staff member inUNMIL\nDGACM\t0157/08\tFraudulent activities by a staff member atUnited Nations Headquarters\nDM\t0732/05\tPossible procurement irregularities atUnited Nations Headquarters\nECA\t0926/06\tHarassment and intimidation implicating aformer staff member of ECA\nESCAP\t0250/10\tMisrepresentation by a former staff memberat ESCAP\nInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda\t0393/10\tSexual abuse of a minor by a staff memberat the International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda\nOCHA\t0342/10\tDomestic violence incident and illegalalcohol consumption by a staff member atthe Office for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs\nOIOS\t0312/10\tLeak of information by a staff member atOIOS\nUNCTAD\t0351/09\tThreatening letter sent to a permanentmission to the United Nations Office atGeneva\n\t0429/09\tDeath threat made against a staff memberin UNCTAD\n\t0476/10\tAnonymous letter sent to a permanentmission to the United Nations Office atGeneva\nUNEP\t0438/06\tRecruitment irregularities by staffmembers at UNEP\n\t0438/08\tDuplicate cash advance payment by a staffmember at UNEP\n\t0469/09\tFraudulent medical claims by a staffmember at UNEP\nUNON\t0265/07\tMisappropriation of building materials bya contractor at the United Nations Officeat Nairobi\n\t0585/08\tFraudulent payments related tointer-office voucher charges\n\t0054/09\tPossible misconduct by a staff member atthe United Nations Office at Nairobi\nUNON/UNOG\t0367/10\tTheft of United Nations Federal CreditUnion credit cards at the United NationsOffice at Nairobi\n UNRWA 0277/10 Reported irregular recruitment at UNRWA", "[1] While the reporting period is from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, owing to timing constraints, statistics on the status of recommendations include only those recommendations issued through 31 May 2011 and their status as at 30 June 2011.", "[2] Closure reports are issued when OIOS investigations do not substantiate reported matters." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda*", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "∗ A/63/250.", "Addendum", "Contents", "A comprehensive assessment of the implementation of recommendation 5 2.", "Abbreviations", "AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia", "United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi", "United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in the Central African Republic", "Executive Directorate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee", "Department of Economic and Social Affairs", "Department of Field Support", "Department of General Assembly and Conference Management", "Department of Management", "Department of Political Affairs", "Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "Department of Safety and Security", "ECA Economic Commission for Africa", "ECE Economic Commission for Europe", "Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs", "ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean", "Environment Management Group", "Asia and the Pacific", "ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "Investment Management Division", "International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "MINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad", "MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara", "MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti", "United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs", "OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "Office of Information and Communications Technology", "OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Office of Legal Affairs", "Office of Outer Space Affairs", "Office of the Special Adviser on Africa", "UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan", "UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq", "UNAMID African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "Compensation Commission United Nations Compensation Commission", "United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification", "UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "United Nations Democracy Fund", "United Nations Disengagement Observer Force", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNEP United Nations Environment Programme", "UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus", "UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund", "United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute", "UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research", "UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund", "UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia", "UNMIS United Nations Mission in the Sudan", "UNMIT United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste", "United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan", "UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire", "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Geneva Office", "United Nations Office at Nairobi", "United Nations Office in East Timor", "Vienna Office", "United Nations Centre for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "United Nations African Union Mission in Somalia", "United Nations Truce Supervision Organization", "United Nations University", "Introduction", "The present addendum describes the implementation of the recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services. The present report is composed of four sections (sections II to V). Section II provides a comprehensive assessment of the implementation of the recommendations. Section III contains a list of outstanding recommendations by United Nations entities. Section IV contains a list of recommendations of OIOS concerning the financial implications of unnecessary or overexpenditures, losses and future reduction opportunities. Section V contains the full list of oversight reports issued by OIOS for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "Comprehensive assessment of implementation of recommendations", "During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, OIOS submitted 1,624 recommendations to United Nations entities. Of these, 392 (24%) were considered essential. As at 30 June 2011, 806 (50 per cent) of all recommendations made by programme managers for the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011 had been implemented and 165 (42 per cent) of the key recommendations made during the same period had been implemented. The table below shows the implementation rate of recommendations for the period from 1 July 2007 to 31 May 2011.", "Status and implementation rate (SM) as at 30 June 2011", "[]AD(a) Key recommendations and their corresponding implementation rates are indicated in brackets. When a recommendation is made that the recommendation “unimplementation” be terminated when the situation has become outdated or the management accepted the residual risk liability arising from the non-implementation of the recommendations”.", "Analysis of outstanding recommendations", "Table 1 contains 1,461 recommendations that have not been finalized for each United Nations department/office as at 30 June 2011, of which 320 (2 per cent) have been overdue (i.e., no target date), 785 (54 per cent) remain outstanding and 356 (24 per cent of the total) have no target date.", "Details that have not yet been finalized are provided to the relevant departments and offices so that they have the opportunity to provide updated information on the status of implementation for the preparation of the present addendum.", "Table 1", "Key non-critical, non-critical, non-critical and non-critical recommendations that have not been broken down by target date", "Failure to accept (a) failure to start implementation without acceptance of AD(a) has not expired until the undetermined target date expired", "BINUB 3 - 3", "Executive Board", "Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2); 737 5 - 25 12 - 2 5 12", "Department of Field Support 10 19 - 10 - 19 - 10 - 19 -", "* Circulated in accordance with a decision taken by the Committee at its 1st meeting, on 1 October 2009.", "Department of Management 39 83 5 32 4 75 4 25 6", "Ministry of Political Affairs 411 - 4 - 11 - 4 - 9 2", "Department 3 9 - 3 - 9 - 3 - 9", "Department 25 10 - 25 - 10 - 24 - 1 10", "Department 418 - 4 - 15 3", "ECA 5 9 - 9 - 3 2 - 8", "ECE 1 3 - 1 - 3", "The Executive Board", "ECLAC 2 9 - 2 - 9 - 1 9", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General 11 - 11", "ESCAP 2 5 - 2", "ESCWA - 3 - 3 - 2", "The Executive Board", "Rwanda International 4 9 - 4 - 9 - 5 - 9 - Criminal Court", "International 411 - 4 10 - 3", "Strategy 3 2 - 3 - 2 - 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 -", "MINUSTAH 11 20 - 10 - 20 - 7 3 16", "UNMOG/IGO 8 - 17 8", "OCHA 1417 - 14 - 17 - 13 1 - 16 1", "OHCHR 1112 - 11 12", "1 - 1 - 4", "I hereby request to petition the Fourth Committee at its meeting on the question of Western Sahara.", "Office of Legal Affairs - 3 - 3 -", "OSIL 4 3 - 4", "African Consultants 311 - 3", "UNAMA (2011) (c) 316 - 2 16 - 3 - 16", "UNAMI (2011)(d) 11 211 3 - 17 3 5", "Hybrid Operation in Darfur 28 41 3 241 36 - 5 9 14 5", "Note by the secretariat", "UNCTAD 818 - 8", "Democracy Fund 2 3 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 3", "UNDOF 1 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 2", "UNDP 2 - 2", "UNEP 727 - 7 26 1 5", "UNEP-CM team 1", "UNFCCC Provisional secretariat 13 17 - 13 - 17 - 13", "UNFICYP 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1", "UNHCR 119 15 104 - 27 130 2", "Criminal Justice 5 3 - 5 - 3 - 5 - 3 - 3", "UNIDIR - 6 - 6 - 6", "UNIFIL 415 - 4", "Fund 3 35 - 3 5 29 1 - 3 7 27", "The Pension Fund-LCM Division 7 24 2 5 - 5 19 - 4 3 - 15 7", "UNMIL 1738 - 17 6 32 - 3 3 11", "UNMIS 23 55 518 - 5 50 - 10 3", "UNMIT 711 - 7 - 11 - 7 - 11", "MOG 2 3 - 2 - 3 - 2", "UNOCI 915 - 9 7 8 - 1 10", "UNODC 613 - 6 - 13 - 2 3", "Geneva, 1 - 5 - 5 - 1 - 5", "Nairobi Office 12 36 - 12 - 36 - 9", "Vienna Office - 1 - 1 - 1 -", "UNRWA 4 - 4 - 3 - 1 4", "* Circulated in accordance with a decision taken by the Committee at its 1st meeting, on 1 October 2009.", "United Nations University 4", "Total 505 956 36 461 81 15 248 120 137,537,200 219", "COM(a) “No acceptance” includes recommendations that are “refused” or “no response”.", "AD(b) outstanding recommendations include two key recommendations made in May 2011 and 17 non-critical recommendations.", "AD(c) outstanding recommendations include seven non-critical recommendations made in May 2011.", "AD(d) outstanding recommendations include three key recommendations made in May 2011 and seven non-critical recommendations.", "Financing proposed by the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Table 2 summarizes the OIOS recommendations on funding. The OIOS classification of the funds covered by the oversight results is as follows:", "(a) “No necessary or excess expenditures, losses” resulting from mismanagement, fraud, waste, theft; and", "(b) “A future cost reduction opportunity” arising from improved procedures identified by OIOS.", "During the reporting period, OIOS identified an estimated non-necessary or excess expenditure and a future reduction opportunity of $19.7 million. During the same period, the total amount of $2.6 million was recovered for the monitoring results.", "Table 2", "Note by the entity on the estimated value of recovery 1,0491/09 of the Department of Field Support that a UNAMID staff member may act inappropriately 580 Political Affairs 0247/10 ONUCA staff may act inappropriately - misappropriation of funds - 3,262 46/0210 ABONUCA staff member may act inappropriately - a fraud entitlement and misappropriation of funds 978 - UNEP 0469/08 a UNEP staff member may not be entitled to provide ASG 312", "(In thousands of United States dollars)", "The estimated amount for UNAMID AP2010/634/06 shipment pending payment of 4,000 UNAMID AP2009/634/09 management of contingent-owned equipment 10123573 Hybrid Operation in Darfur AP2009/634/07 fuel supply of 2,000 UNIFIL AP2010/672/01", "Report submitted during the reporting period", "During the 12-month period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, OIOS submitted 323 oversight reports to programme managers, including 7 reports to the General Assembly and 65 closed reports. Table 3 lists of all reports submitted during the reporting period.", "In accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of General Assembly resolution 59/272, Member States may, upon request, consult the OIOS report. Since January 2012, OIOS intends to publish all reports on the website; at the same time, the title of all reports can be continued at http://www.un.org/Depts/oios.", "Table 3 Report submitted for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "Report to the General Assembly", "Dates", "A/65/266 Thematic Evaluation of Gender Mainstreaming in the United Nations Secretariat, 9 August 2010", "A/65/752 Programme evaluation of the performance of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, 23 February 2011. Despite the fact that the original goal of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which makes unity attractive, has not been achieved, UNMIS has helped to sustain the ceasefire by supporting its implementation.", "A/65/762 Thematic Evaluation of Cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support and Regional Organizations, 28 February 2011. Despite the organizational differences between the United Nations and its partners, which have created many challenges in operational cooperation, cooperation with regional organizations in peacekeeping has contributed to the overall capacity of the United Nations to deploy and support peacekeeping missions.", "A/65/765 Preliminary report of 1 March 2011 on the implementation of the pilot projects set out in General Assembly resolution 63/287: report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "E/AC.51 (2009)3 Triennial review of the implementation of the recommendations made by the Committee for Programme and Coordination at its forty-eighth session on the in-depth evaluation of political affairs: field special political missions supported by the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Field Support", "A/66/71 Enhanced evaluation role and implementation of evaluation findings on programme design, delivery and policy directives, 28 March 2011", "E/AC.51/2009/2 Programme evaluation of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 29 March 2011", "Reports to programme managers", "Entities", "Audit of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate AP2010/570/01. Internal control of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has been in place and is envisaged to implement it.", "The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, AN2009/540/03, audited the advisory services and operational support provided by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs in the management of human resources and manpower-building in the Office of International Cooperation in Rome. A workflow analysis of the recruitment of associate experts and junior professionals could significantly reduce recruitment time", "AN 2010/512/01 audit of the governance and inspection authorized by associate experts and junior professional management programmes. The mandate of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to appoint associate experts and junior professional officers in accordance with Part 200 of the Staff Rules has not been updated since 1979", "IED-11-002 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Division for Public Administration and Development Management", "IED-11-003 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Office for Economic and Social Council Support and Coordination", "IED-11-004 OIOS report on the United Nations Statistics Division", "IED-11-005 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Population Division", "IED-11-006 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Financing for Development Office", "IED-11-007 OIOS report on the secretariat of the United Nations Forum on Forests", "IED-11-008 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Division for Sustainable Development", "IED-11-009 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Development Policy and Analysis Division", "IED-11-010 OIOS report on the evaluation of the Division for Social Policy and Development", "IED-11-011 Report of OIOS on the evaluation of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women and the Division for the Advancement of Women", "Report of the Department of Field Support on the deaths of a UNMIL peacekeeping personnel", "Report of the contingents on sexual exploitation and abuse of former MONUC peacekeepers", "Report of the contingent on sexual abuse of a minor by a former MONUC peacekeeping officer", "0596/07 survey report on conflict of interest and non-application of recruitment procedures for a UNOCI staff member", "Report of the contingent on sexual exploitation and abuse of former MONUC peacekeepers", "0553/08 Investigation Report on sexual exploitation and abuse by a UNOCI military observer", "0597/08 Survey on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by a former MONUC peacekeeping operation", "0613/08 Investigation Report on the misuse of information and communications technology resources by a UNMIL staff member", "Report of the contingent on attempted sexual abuse of former MONUC peacekeepers", "0032/09 Survey on Sexual Exploitation of a former MONUC military observer", "0210/09 Investigation Report on the procurement of fraud by a MINURSO staff member", "04/09 Survey on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by a former MONUC formed police unit", "Report of the contingent on sexual abuse of former MONUC peacekeepers", "0470/09 Report of the contingent on sexual abuse of UNMIL peacekeepers", "00491/09 Investigation Report on the fraud of a UNAMID staff member", "00497/09 Survey on Sexual Abuse involving a former MONUC United Nations Volunteer", "0572/09 survey report on fraud by a UNOCI staff member", "Report of the contingent on sexual exploitation and abuse by UNOCI peacekeeping personnel", "0016/10 Report of the contingent on sexual exploitation and abuse of a minor in UNMIL Corrigendum", "0033/10 Report of the contingent on the non-conventional procurement of a peacekeeping operation in UNFICYP", "00110/10,0113/10 Report of the contingent on sexual exploitation and abuse by a former MONUC peacekeeping operation", "1,0126/10 Report on the survey of the sexual exploitation and misuse of office by a UNMIL staff member", "0149/10 Survey on the former MONUC fuel fraud", "Report of the contingent on the involvement of former MONUC peacekeepers in sexual exploitation and abuse", "0173/10 Investigation Report on the procurement of fraud by a MINURSO staff member", "1,0174/10 Report on the investigation of misconduct by a MINURSO staff member", "0177/10 Survey on sexual exploitation and abuse by a MINUSTAH United Nations police", "00182/10 Report of the contingent on sexual abuse of a minor by a former UNOCI peacekeeping officer", "Report of the contingent on fraud by UNOCI peacekeeping personnel", "0219/10 Survey on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by a former MONUC United Nations Police", "0246/10 Investigation report on fraud, misappropriation of public funds and other non-conventional provisions of the former Central African Support Service", "0247/10 Investigation Report on the relocation of a staff member from the Central African Support Service and other non-conventional provisions", "Report on the alleged murder of a MINUSTAH staff member", "0269/10 Report of the contingent on the sexual exploitation of a military observer", "02/10 Report of the contingent on the sexual exploitation of a peacekeeper", "0296/10 Investigation Report on possible misconduct by a UNMIS United Nations police", "00300/10 Investigation Report on the fraud of a UNMIS staff member", "0313/10,0317/10 Report of the contingent on attempts to fraud by UNOCI peacekeepers", "0314/10,0316/10 Report of the contingent on allegations of fraud against UNOCI peacekeepers", "0337/10 Report of the contingent on sexual abuse of a peacekeeper", "Report of the contingent on the accident launch of a rocket by a UNIFIL peacekeeping operation", "0421/10 Investigation Report on the attempted fraud of a staff member in UNAMID", "Question of Western Sahara", "Report of the contingent on the involvement of a UNMIS peacekeepers in sexual assault", "Report of the contingent on the sexual exploitation and fuel fraud of MINUSTAH peacekeepers", "Report of the contingent on the sexual abuse of a minor by a UNMIL peacekeepers", "0239/11 Investigation Report on possible misconduct by a UNMIS United Nations police", "0290/10 Investigation Report on possible misconduct by a UNMIS staff member", "AP2010/615/05 Audit of the planning and budgeting process for the support account for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support", "AT 2009/800/03 audit of the services provided by the United Nations International Computing Centre for the United Nations Secretariat. The Department of Field Support should increase controls to ensure that information and communications technology services provided by the International Computing Centre are fully monitored, measured and accountable", "AT 2010/615/01 Strategic planning for information and communications technology needs in the Information and Communications Technology Division of the Department of Field Support. There is a need to strengthen controls, including improved coordination between the Information and Communications Technology Division and the Office of Information and Communications Technology, to ensure that the Department of Field Support achieves its strategic objectives for information management", "Audit of support provided to the Office of the President of the General Assembly, AH2009/550/01. Arrangements to support the Office of the President of the General Assembly need to be clarified, including the source of funds", "0310/09 survey report on the misuse of office by a UNCTAD staff member", "0344/10 Survey on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of a United Nations vendor", "0456/10 Investigation Report on the mismanagement and procurement of a former staff member of the criminal justice system", "1,0268/11 Investigation Report on a United Nations vendor retreat and unauthorized operation", "AC2009/514/05 security provisions applicable to personnel, sites and assets during the implementation of the capital master plan. The Department of Safety and Security needs to finalize policies and procedures on access of contract personnel to United Nations premises and ensure their follow-up", "AC2010/514/01 applies to the safety provisions of United Nations staff and contractors, including the removal of asbestos during the implementation of the capital master plan. Security provisions for the construction and removal of asbestos in the capital master plan are generally well organized and applicable", "AG2010/510/01 Management review of the secretariat of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "AGAP 2010/510/03 audit of human resources management in the Office of the Director of the Enterprise Resource Planning Project. Serious violations of human resources, financial and procurement regulations, rules and procedures, and risk to the reputation of the project", "AH 2010/512/01 audit of the recruitment process for senior positions in the United Nations Secretariat. The Office of Human Resources Management should strengthen its monitoring role to ensure compliance with the recruitment process and identify areas in which senior positions can be filled in a more timely manner.", "AT 2009/510/02 audit of the enterprise resource planning project of the United Nations Secretariat. There is a need to strengthen controls to ensure that enterprise resource planning projects are not adversely affected by the risks associated with governance structures, project management, system integration and financial monitoring", "AT 2010/512/01, “Inspira” talent management project of the United Nations Secretariat. In order to realize the benefits of the Inspira project, it is important to strengthen the internal control of project management", "IED-10-002 Monitoring and evaluation at the programme level of the Department of Inspection Management", "IED-10-009 OIOS report on the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts. The Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts is committed to its mandate and its performance is good, but communication with clients is not ideal and the budget process poses a challenge to its overall effectiveness.", "IED-10-011 OIOS report on the Office of the Under-Secretary-General and the Department of Management. In order to make the United Nations management approach, process and procedural reforms successful, the Office of the Under-Secretary-General and the Department of Management must be more proactive in leading the leadership.", "AP 2010/600/04 audit of BINUB. Internal controls are generally in place and effectively functioning, but controls need to be strengthened in some areas", "The Department of Public Information AN 2010/580/01 audited the support services provided by the Department's Executive Office to the Public Information Programme. The lack of a clear customer support strategy has resulted in a weakening of the role of the Executive Office of the Department of Public Information and an expansion of the gap expected with the substantive divisions.", "The Department of Peacekeeping Operations AP2009/600/03 audited the Integrated Operations Team of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. These teams should be flexible in deploying their resources and strengthening contacts with expert units to enhance their effectiveness during the slower pace.", "AP 2010/560/01 audit of the Department of Political Affairs Security Division. Internal controls are generally in place. Further efficiency could be achieved through improved procedures: (a) recording the practice of the Security Council, (b) selecting candidates for the Panel of Experts, (c) recruiting experts, and (d) organizing meetings of subsidiary bodies of the Security Council", "The Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support IED-10-001 inspection of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support monitoring and evaluation. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support report on programme performance is reliable, but both departments require targeted action to respond more effectively to complex monitoring and reporting environments.", "Department of Safety and Security survey report on the misuse of information and communications technology resources by a staff member of the Department of Safety and Security", "0390/10, 0496/09 Survey on misconduct by a staff member of the Department of Safety and Security", "0175/10, 0268/10 Survey on the misuse of force by a United Nations Office at Geneva", "IED-11-001 Inspection of monitoring and evaluation at the programme level of the Department of Safety and Security. The Department of Safety and Security has some of the basis for monitoring and evaluation systems, without evaluation units or resources, and only one draft evaluation policy has not been institutionalized by the Department of Safety and Security.", "ECA AN 2010/710/02 audit of the financial management of ECA. ECA Universal adherence to the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations", "AN 2010/710/03 audit of the ECA Regional Office in Lusaka. ECA should further involve the Subregional Office for Southern Africa in the implementation of its programme of work and achieve synergies and complementarity in the delivery of the subregional programme.", "ECLAC's comprehensive audit of ECLAC AN2010/730/01. The necessary executive direction and management capacity must be established and more actively involved in the emergency response coordination mechanism to enhance the overall effectiveness of ECLAC in the region.", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General, 0401/10, survey report on possible reprisals by a UNCTAD staff member", "Document of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General/IED-COM-10-002 Department of Management", "IED-COM-11-001 Status of documentation of programme implementation. Focused comprehensive monitoring and documentation information systems as at 1 February 2011", "The Ethics Office, AH2010/515/01, audited the financial disclosure programme for the management of the Ethics Office, including information security. The financial disclosure programme is fully supported by the senior management authorities, but the process must further develop key aspects to be fully effective.", "AT 2009/800/03 audit of data-processing services provided by the International Computing Centre to the United Nations Secretariat. The Office of Information and Communications Technology should simplify contractual arrangements with the International Computing Centre and increase financial monitoring of the projects implemented by the Centre", "Report on the investigation of misconduct by a staff member of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "A 2010/260/01 audit of the completion strategy and downsizing of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Some aspects of the drawdown guidelines need to be clarified and implemented", "AT 2010/260/01 audit of information and communications technology governance and security management in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda should implement additional controls to improve the delivery of services and the safety of information and assets", "International AA 2010/270/01 of the former Yugoslavia audited the management of the renting of cells and services at the detention facility of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The lease agreement on the requirements of detention facilities and services should be reviewed by the Headquarters and the Local Committee on Contracts, and external medical services expenditure should be fully recorded. Criminal Court", "A 2010/270/04 audit of the implementation of the downsizing programme of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Although the agreed drawdown criteria had been established, the reduction of staffing had not been planned, owing to changes in the trial schedule.", "Audit of MINURCAT on the safety and security of MINURCAT", "AP2010/636/03 audit of air operations and operational safety in MINURCAT. Because of the operational limitations resulting from the downsizing and liquidation of the Mission, there is a need to re-evaluate its air operations capability to ensure the provision of safe and reliable air services", "AP 2010/636/06 Audit of MINURCAT contingent-owned equipment. Management oversight of contingent-owned equipment", "AP2010/636/07 audit of the outstanding purchase orders of MINURCAT. Unpaid purchase orders do not have reliable records", "AP 2010/636/08 audit of the liquidation planning of MINURCAT. Progress has been made in the drawdown and liquidation of MINURCAT, but some actions have not yet been completed", "AP2010/636/09 Audit of the disposition of assets during the liquidation of MINURCAT. As of the end of the Mission, the accounts and transfers of assets have not been completed", "AP2010/636/10 Audit of the financial aspects of the liquidation of MINURCAT. delays in the start of key tasks in the process of financial liquidation", "AP2010/636/11 Audit of the Trust Fund in Support of Activities of MINURCAT. While inspection tests on transactions indicate that expenditure arises from activities related to the Trust Fund, there are significant weaknesses in internal controls, including non-compliance with regulations, rules and donor agreements.", "MINURSO audit of MINURSO AP2010/600/01. Internal controls are generally in place, but the substantive and administrative areas of operations need to be improved", "MINUSTAH AP2010/510/01 audits of special measures mandated to respond to the crisis in Haiti. Overall, special measures are effectively managed to meet MINUSTAH's operational requirements", "AP2010/683/01 Audit of MINUSTAH's safety and security", "AP2010/683/06 Audit of the implementation of special measures mandated to respond to crises in Haiti. Overall, internal controls are in place and are expected to be implemented", "AP2010/683/07 audit of the public information functions of MINUSTAH. In developing its public information strategy, MINUSTAH should ensure that adequate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are in place", "AP 2010/683/08 audit of MINUSTAH's property management. A strategy should be developed to ensure that records of non-expendable and expendable property remain updated, accurate and complete.", "AT 2009/683/01 audit of information and communications technology governance and security management in MINUSTAH. Additional controls are needed to ensure that business continuity and disaster recovery are fully supported and that information security risks are mitigated", "AP2009/620/04 audit of recruitment of national staff. Owing to the lack of documentation supporting the recruitment of national staff, OIOS cannot determine whether the process is fair and transparent.", "AP2009/620/06 audit of vacancy management. The overall vacancy rate in the Mission has improved, but the critical vacancy rate remains high, requiring closer monitoring.", "AP2010/620/01 Audit of movement operations. Movement control has established procedures for managing its operations, but there is also a need to enhance the cost-effectiveness of personnel and cargo movement and security measures at the fleet.", "AP2010/620/02 Audit of the Conduct and Discipline Unit. Efforts to improve conduct and discipline activities are commendable. There are still weaknesses in the areas of staff outreach and training, investigative capacity and case reporting handled by the military.", "AP2010/620/03 audit of contract management. Internal control of the contract management process is not always effective and cannot ensure compliance with the terms and conditions of the contract, the timely completion of the contract and the full security of the United Nations interests", "AP 2010/620/04 audit of aviation safety. Air safety measures implemented by the Mission require improvement to further mitigate aviation safety risks", "AP 2010/620/07 audit of non-expendable property. Regular physical verification of non-expendable property attested, but the Mission has not been able to follow up and resolve problems of non-compliance in a timely manner", "AP2010/620/08 audit of internal travel. Internal controls are generally in place and effectively implemented. There are still weaknesses in monitoring budget allocations, planning truck Drivers and reviewing staff's temporary mission reimbursements.", "AP2010/620/09 Audit of the payment process for the rough vendor. Monitoring controls over the vendor payment process should be strengthened to mitigate the risk of financial loss", "AN 2010/590/02 audit of internal policy and guidance management in the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. While significant progress has been made, further attention will be needed to consolidate support for policy and guidance management, including the development of policies and priorities and implementation and training of personnel.", "AT 2010/590/01 The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs should further strengthen its information and communications technology governance model and increase controls to ensure systematic standardization, security and efficient use of resources", "OHCHR AE2010/331/02 audited the OHCHR Field Operations and Technical Cooperation Division. The Division continues to improve the clarity of roles and responsibilities, the efficiency of the work process and coordination of the effectiveness of the arrangements.", "OIOS survey report on sexual harassment and abuse of authority at United Nations Headquarters", "OSIL AE 2010/325/01 audit of the programme management and support of the Office of Outer Space Affairs. The Office of Outer Space Affairs may clarify its status within the United Nations system and ensure that its terms of reference address all activities requiring it and review its organizational structure, thereby improving the arrangements to support programme delivery.", "Sierra Leone A 2010/290/01 audit of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Overall control of downsizing and completion strategies, subject to additional measures by the Special Court", "UNAMA recruited national staff for AP2009/630/04. Further efforts are needed to improve documentation in the process of academic qualifications verification, posters assessment and recruitment", "AP 2010/630/05 Audit of the financial management of UNAMA. The financial controls carried out by the Mission are essential, but there is room for further improvement.", "AP 2010/630/06 Audit of the disposition of UNAMA assets. Internal controls in the disposal of existing assets are not always respected", "AP2010/630/07 Audit of UNAMA's utilities facilities. Strengthening controls in asset records and cost-sharing", "UNAMI AP2009/812/01 audit of the UNAMI electoral support programme. While Iraq's operational constraints and insecurity should be recognized, the UNAMI Electoral Assistance Office should improve its work planning, implement a more effective recommendations monitoring system and ensure that the relevant documents are available for access.", "AP2010/812/01 audit of UNAMI air operations. Some key controls in air operations have not been complied with, leading to increased aviation safety risks", "AP2010/812/02 audit of the UNAMI Conduct and Discipline Unit. More efforts are needed to ensure compliance with United Nations policies and procedures", "AP2010/812/03 audit of the management and administration of major UNAMI contracts. Internal controls on procurement of major contracts are not always in place and effectively functioning", "AP2010/812/04 audit of the business continuity management of UNAMI. Missions should develop a comprehensive business continuity and contingency plan", "UNAMID fuel management of UNAMID AP2009/634/07. Missions have established appropriate internal controls for fuel management, but these controls have not been carried out as envisaged.", "AP 2009/634/09 Audit of UNAMID contingent-owned equipment. The Mission's Contingent-Owned Equipment and Memorandum of Understanding Management Review Committee was not operational, thereby affecting the effectiveness of the contingent-owned equipment programme", "AP2009/634/12 UNAMID inspection function. Internal control of the inspection function was null and void, resulting in a backlog of 2,200 containers awaiting the receipt of cargo without inspection, and the unspecified location of assets valued at millions of dollars.", "AP2010/634/01 audit of travel within UNAMID missions. No cost control process has been implemented for travel within the Mission and travel to participate in the Doha peace talks.", "AP2010/634/02 audit of air safety activities in UNAMID. More measures should be taken to ensure that aviation safety risks and hazards are systematically identified and actions taken to mitigate or eliminate them in a timely manner", "AP2010/634/03 audit of UNAMID air operations. Internal controls in air operations can be significantly improved through priority implementation of aviation operational risk management policies, aviation quality assurance and standardized programmes", "AP 2010/634/06 audit of freight forwarding of UNAMID cargo. Internal controls on freight forwarding of goods are weak and are not envisaged for implementation", "AP 2010/634/08 audit of the management of UNAMID convoys. Internal controls on ground assets need to be strengthened to ensure more efficient use of resources", "AP 2010/634/10 Audit of the UNAMID HIV/AIDS Unit. Inadequate staffing, unfettered reporting channels hinder the full implementation of the mandate of the HIV/AIDS Unit.", "AP 2010/634/11 Audit of UNAMID water resources and environmental protection actions. Delays in access to land and wells hinder the self-sufficiency of water and increase costs and environmental risks are not adequately mitigated", "The Compensation Commission, AE2010/820/01, audit of the payment of claims to the United Nations Compensation Commission. Although the United Nations Compensation Commission had adequate control mechanisms for payment of compensation, a portion of Iraq's oil sales had not been deposited into the oil proceeds receipt account, resulting in insufficient incomes.", "Convention to Combat Desertification AA 2010/242/01 audit of the substantive programmes of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The substantive programmes of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification have been fully controlled, subject to the development of a resource mobilization strategy and improved reporting to the Conference of the Parties on its financial and personnel constraints.", "UNCTAD IED-10-010 Inspection of monitoring and evaluation at UNCTAD programme level", "AN 2010/524/01 Audit of the United Nations Democracy Fund. The sustainability of the United Nations Democracy Fund is essential to promoting democracy as a global value", "AN 2010/545/01 Audit of the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women. The International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women has a serious leadership vacuum that makes it difficult to effectively engage in consultations on its becoming a new integrated entity on gender equality and to implement the management of reform.", "UNDOF 2010/670/01 audit of internal governance in UNDOF. Inadequate organizational structure and reporting channels, resulting in excessive demands for the daily management of the Mission by the Force Commander", "UNEP 0469/08 survey report on possible misconduct by a UNEP staff member", "0079/09 Survey on the misuse of information and communications technology resources by a UNEP staff member", "0188/10 Report on a United Nations vendor survey on the provision of false commodities", "AA 2009/220/01 audit of internal UNEP governance. The implementation of the medium-term strategy will be completed through the provision of adequate resources to enhance UNEP's consultation, coordination and accountability mechanisms.", "AA 2010/220/03 audited UNEP project delivery through partnership arrangements. Strengthening the regulatory framework for the management of partnerships, pooling of selection partners and financial supervision of projects is key to successful partnerships", "UNFCCC A 2010/241/02 audit of the recruitment and training of Secretariat staff of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change should develop and implement human resources policies and strategies and ensure that the recruitment process for consultants is competitive and transparent", "UNFICYP AP2010/654/01 audit of the catering services of UNFICYP. Inadequate internal control effects of catering contracts have increased the risk that the Mission's interests have not been properly guaranteed", "UN-Habitat 0044/09 survey report on a staff member of UN-Habitat for false and non-statement", "0165/09 Investigation Report on a possible fraud problem for a UN-Habitat staff member", "AA 2009/250/02 audit of internal UN-Habitat governance. UN-Habitat has made progress in implementing the medium-term strategic and institutional plan. Finalization of strategic and operational delivery and organizational objectives", "A 2010/250/02 audit of the UN-Habitat Somalia programme. The implementation of the Somalia programme in a precarious environment should improve the assessment of donor satisfaction and compliance with safety standards", "A 2010/250/03 audit of UN-Habitat Partnership/Cooperation Agreements. UN-Habitat should improve its internal control over the selection, monitoring and implementation of cooperation agreements with other entities.", "UNHCR AR2010/11/01 audit of UNHCR operations in the Central African Republic. The effectiveness of programme delivery could be strengthened through improved delivery of internally displaced persons, compliance monitoring and staff training.", "AR2010/111/01 UNHCR operational activities in Sierra Leone. Improving the planning arrangements for downsizing operations and the estimated resource requirements through the application of the guidelines on liquidation can be improved to ensure that all activities are identified and that adequate resources are available to address specific tasks", "AR2010/111/03 audit of UNHCR operations in Côte d'Ivoire. Inadequate business continuity arrangements and adverse impacts on programme delivery and activities", "AR2010/111/04 audited UNHCR operations in Benin. Strengthening administrative arrangements will improve delivery of programme activities", "AR 2010/131/02 audit of UNHCR operations in Algeria. Internal controls are in place to control risks associated with programme and project management, supply management and security, but their effectiveness remains room for improvement.", "AR 2010/131/05 audit of UNHCR operations in the situation in Jordan-Iraq. The weakness of internal controls has led to inadequate and effective programme planning, implementation and monitoring.", "AR 2010/162/02 audit of UNHCR's management and processing of the arrangements for the staff members. UNHCR should put in place a formal strategy to deal with the challenges of the high number of pending staff and the possibility of continuing to increase.", "AR 2010/163/01 UNHCR arrangements for the management of international procurement-related activities. Efficiency and effectiveness of the operation of procurement-related activities can be enhanced through strengthening existing arrangements", "AR 2010/166/02 audit of the focus system. UNHCR should ensure that the implementation of the focus system meets user requirements and is managed in a cost-effective manner", "AT 2010/166/01 audit of information and communications technology services contracted by UNHCR to third parties. (b) Reports of the memorandum", "AR2010/112/01 Improved control of procurement management", "Enhanced strategic planning for AR2010/131/03 will enable UNHCR representatives in Yemen to implement their project activities more effectively.", "AR2010/141/01 should strengthen the selection, monitoring and capacity-building arrangements for implementing partners to support the increased use of implementing partners' policies to mitigate risks associated with the use of a large number of national implementing partners in the programme.", "AR 2010/160/01 UNHCR should formulate policies to increase control over policy formulation and dissemination in support of its operational decentralization of the large number of field personnel.", "UNICEF 0018/10 survey report on possible misuse of communications facilities and equipment", "0094/10 Investigation Report on the title of a former staff member of the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute", "00121/10 Investigation Report on the violation of procurement and the skirts by a staff member of the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute", "UNIDIR AN 2010/385/01 audit of UNIDIR governance. Despite being a United Nations entity, UNIDIR lacks governance mechanisms to ensure accountability and compliance with United Nations regulations and rules", "UNIFIL AP2009/672/03 audit of the safety and security operations of UNIFIL", "AP2010/672/01 Audit of the UNIFIL travel operation. Internal controls on the travel operations of UNIFIL are appropriate", "AP2010/672/02 audit of UNIFIL movement control operations. Internal controls are largely in place, but not always effectively implemented; the goods are loaded without X-ray inspection and the need for more efficient use of airborne services.", "AP2010/672/03 audit of UNIFIL medical services. Medical support services provided by UNIFIL are essential, but there is room for further improvement.", "AP2010/672/05 Audit of the UNIFIL Conduct and Discipline Team and its regional responsibilities. In the absence of clear terms of reference, the Conduct and Discipline Team cannot exercise its regional responsibility", "AT 2010/672/01 audit of information and communications technology governance, security, business continuity and disaster recovery in UNIFIL. UNIFIL should use policies and procedures on information security management and information and communications technology operations to strengthen its governance framework for information and communications technology.", "Pension Fund AS2009/801/02 Management of the Investment Management Division of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. The Investment Management Division should align its procurement strategy with its operational strategy and ensure that its operational needs are fully met", "AS 2010/800/02 audit of the performance management of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund will be useful in the light of the actual progress of the planned tracking and reporting project, the development of formal project statutes and plans and the analysis of the impact of each project at the end of each project.", "AS 2010/800/03 audit of the disability allowance of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. The management efficiency of the disability allowance of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and good control have contributed to compliance with the relevant regulations and rules, but they can still improve management reporting and quality control, thus further strengthening management", "AS2010/801/02 Administrative and project management of the Information System Section of the Investment Management Division of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. The Investment Management Division should implement the formal project and performance management framework and improve its control mechanisms for managing vendor and monitoring service levels", "The Pension Fund, AS2010/801/04, audited the implementation of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund's Charles Rifer transaction orders management system. The implementation of the Charles Riaf system has resulted in the automation of the transaction orders, but additional measures are still needed to ensure adequate security, support and integration (Procurement Division)", "AS2010/801/05 The Fund shall utilize the Investment Management Division to invest in all available funds and currency transactions", "UNMIK AP2010/650/01 audit of claims relating to UNMIK premises. There is a policy directive to conduct claims management and mitigate the risk of excessive liabilities", "AP2010/650/02 audit of the reconfiguration of the Mission's mandate and accountability structure. Mandate implementation plans should be based on restructured functions and linked to other planning documents and strategies.", "UNMIL AP2009/626/03 audit of UNMIL supply chain management. The Mission has made commendable efforts to establish a supply chain map, but there is a need to further improve supply chain management.", "AP2009/626/09 Audit of occupational safety and health in UNMIL. While the establishment of a dedicated unit responsible for occupational safety and health is commendable, additional measures and clear roles and responsibilities are needed.", "AP2009/626/14 UNMIL engineering asset management. The reliability of the property records is questionable and the excessive stock of certain high-value assets", "AP2010/626/01 audit of procurement in local contracts in UNMIL. Local contracts are not always subject to established policies and procedures", "AP 2010/626/02 audit of the safety and security of UNMIL", "AP2010/626/03 audit of UNMIL public information services. The absence of a public information strategy for missions has led to no clear direction and may result in null and void public information programmes.", "AP 2010/626/04 audit of the operations of the UNMIL warehouse. Internal controls on warehouse activities need to be improved. No annual physical inventory was carried out and the discrepancies identified during the regular counts were not followed up and adjusted accordingly.", "AT 2009/626/01 audit of information and communications technology governance and security management in UNMIL. UNMIL has generally good internal controls, but in the areas of information and communications technology services, operational security and infrastructure governance, it can also be further strengthened", "UNMIS audit of medical storage and equipment in UNMIS. In the absence of compensatory controls, serious health and environmental risks have been created in violation of the guidelines issued by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support on the management of medicines and medical equipment.", "AP2010/632/03 audit of UNMIS quick-impact projects. While the Mission has increased the implementation rate of quick-impact projects over the past year, improved compliance with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations policy directives on quick-impact projects and mission administrative instructions will ensure timely achievement of project objectives.", "AP 2010/632/06 UNMIS security audit", "AP 2010/632/08 audit of the management of UNMIS facilities. The Mission should enhance its capacity to manage facilities, including the establishment of a preventive maintenance programme", "AP 2010/632/09 UNMIS disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme. The lack of clear direction and management oversight, lack of coordination between UNMIS and UNDP may affect the results of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme in UNMIS.", "AP2010/632/10 Audit of UNMIS aviation safety. Measures to mitigate aviation safety risks are generally in place", "AP2010/632/11 Audit of UNMIS inventory management. Non-expendable and expendable property is not fully monitored, controlled and guaranteed", "AP2010/632/12 Audit of UNMIS business continuity and crisis management. The Mission has taken steps to ensure that the crisis can be addressed, but it is not fully prepared to maintain continuity in key business processes in the event of destructive events.", "AP2010/632/13 Audit of travel within UNMIS. The procedures and guidelines on travel within the Mission are sufficient but not fully respected. This, together with human resources reform resulting in inadequate daily subsistence allowance budgets for civilian personnel, resulted in an overexpenditure of $1.8 million in 2009/2010.", "AP2010/632/14 Audit of HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention programmes in UNMIS. HIV/AIDS activities have been well integrated into various programmes of the Mission, but the limited capacity of the HIV/AIDS Unit has affected the level of training provided.", "UNMIT AP2010/682/01 audit of the medical services of UNMIT. The overall level of medical support services provided by UNMIT is adequate", "AP2010/682/02 audit of the administration of public information services in UNMIT", "AP2010/682/03 audit of the UNMIT transitional police support programme", "UNMOGIP, AP2010/600/02, audit of UNMOG. MOG has reached its outputs under its results-based budgeting framework, but the limitations imposed by the host country have impeded the effective achievement of its mandate.", "UNOCI AP2009/640/03 audit of UNOCI's requisition procedures. The requisitioners should better understand their roles and responsibilities in order to perform their functions more effectively.", "AP2009/640/06 Audit of UNOCI contract management. The Mission does not have sufficient procedures to ensure that contracts fully protect the interests of the Organization and comply with them.", "AP2010/640/01 Audit of the UNOCI Conduct and Discipline Unit. The Mission has taken a number of measures to prevent and deal with possible misconduct; however, the inadequacy of staffing has affected the effectiveness of the functioning of the Conduct and Discipline Team in performing its functions.", "AP2010/640/04 Audit of UNOCI's emergency preparedness prior to and during the presidential elections", "AT 2010/640/01 audit of information and communications technology governance and security management in UNOCI. Additional controls are required to ensure the effectiveness and safety of information and communications technology operations", "UNODC AE2009/366/03 audited the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for East Africa. The weaknesses in project planning and monitoring and monitoring arrangements have increased the risk of delays in implementation of programmes and projects.", "AE 2010/360/01 audit of the governance and financial arrangements of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Governance arrangements and financing mechanisms do not fully contribute to the programme of work of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.", "AE 2010/366/01 audit of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime should strengthen programme and project monitoring and asset management and clarifies the organizational structure of the regional offices in Mexico and Panama", "The Geneva office AE 2010/311/03 audited the management of the United Nations Office at Geneva vendor database. Efforts should be made to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Procurement Manual for suppliers that are temporarily registered", "IED-10-007 OIOS report on the United Nations Office at Geneva. While the United Nations Office at Geneva is working to improve the delivery of services, client satisfaction for many services remains low", "Nairobi Office 0244/10 Survey on the unauthorized use of the Organization's assets by a staff member at the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "AA2009/211/02 audit of procurement activities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. There is a need to review and clarify the delegation of authority with regard to the procurement of UNEP and UN-Habitat and to improve compliance with procurement rules and procedures", "AA 2010/210/01 audit of internal governance at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The United Nations Office at Nairobi still has the opportunity to improve its internal governance procedures and to achieve their objectives and purposes more effectively.", "AT 2010/211/01 audit of information and communications technology governance and security management at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. Despite the fact that the United Nations Office at Nairobi has established good practices on the management of its information and communications technology resources, it remains important to continue to improve its control mechanisms, with particular attention to governance and information security,", "Report of OIOS on the United Nations Office at Vienna, IED-10-008. Most clients expressed their overall satisfaction with the services provided by the United Nations Office at Vienna, but the Office could be difficult to sustainably and effectively.", "Report on the investigation of the criminalization of a staff member assigned to the United Nations Centre for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia", "APAP 2010/638/03 audit of the logistical support of rations to AMISOM. Despite the constraints on logistics, rations continue to be delivered in a timely manner and the number is in compliance with the requirements. However, there is a need to increase equipment and facilities for storage and reserve rations.", "AP 2010/638/05 audit of UNSOA. The initial vacancy rate was extremely high due to the poor working conditions of the support staff. The lack of experienced staff makes the recruitment process too delayed", "AP 2010/638/07 audit of the activities of UNSOA remote management in Mogadishu. UNSOA has provided logistical support to AMISOM in accordance with its mandate. However, there is a need to strengthen risk management and strategic planning mechanisms, regulatory frameworks and oversight mechanisms to ensure the effective provision of logistics support by UNSOA and to provide appropriate accountability for the use of support to AMISOM.", "UNTSO AP2010/674/01 audit of the human resources and travel management of UNTSO. Internal controls are generally satisfactory, but there is also a need to strengthen documentation for recruitment decision-making.", "C. Final report [2]", "The Executive Board", "During the reporting period, from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, statistics on the status of recommendations included only the recommendations made by 31 May 2011 and the status of those recommendations as at 30 June 2011.", "[2] When the OIOS investigation does not substantiate the matters reported, the closure report is circulated." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月11日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随函转递2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚外交部关于俄罗斯向其杜马提交俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上的军事基地以及应对辐射和生物威胁的演习的所谓协议的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目34的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "亚历山大·洛梅亚(签名)", "2011年8月11日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部关于俄罗斯向其杜马提交的俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上的军事基地以及应对辐射和生物威胁的演习的所谓协议的声明", "2011年8月8日，俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫向俄罗斯杜马提交了一系列关于俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上的军事基地的所谓“协议”，供其批准。俄罗斯在其对格鲁吉亚全面军事侵略三周年前夕采取这一行动是又一个不讲道义的步骤，从而表明了俄罗斯不尊重普遍公认的国际法规范和原则，不尊重其依据2008年8月12日《停火协定》承担的义务，也不尊重国际社会关于国际公认的格鲁吉亚主权边界不容侵犯、在格鲁吉亚被占领土内发生的族裔清洗以及必须解除对这些领土的占领状态的统一立场。", "根据电子媒体的报导，在同一天(8月8日)，俄罗斯的辐射和生物防化部队在俄罗斯联邦南部军区以及亚美尼亚共和国和所谓阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯“共和国”举行了演习。这些演习目的是监测核爆炸、执行辐射和生物侦察、实行空中隔离、消毒和净化设备，它们将分两个阶段展开，定于10月2日结束，有600名军人和160辆军车参加。", "俄罗斯自占领格鲁吉亚领土后即陷入僵局，加之其承认占领政权的所谓“独立性”，导致俄罗斯政府采取了诸如防备格鲁吉亚被占领土的辐射和生物威胁的演习之类的荒谬行动。", "如果俄罗斯真正希望在其南部边界创造安全环境，其最佳做法应是从格鲁吉亚被占领土撤出其占领军、同意在那里部署国际维持和平部队、恢复被其驱逐的国际监察团的工作，并在最初阶段允许欧洲联盟监察团(格鲁吉亚当局和执法机关以相互谅解和透明的精神与其进行合作)进入格鲁吉亚被占领土，对局势进行客观公正的监测。", "格鲁吉亚再次宣布其不使用武力的承诺，重申其准备与国际社会和国际组织合作在该区域建立和平与稳定，并要求俄罗斯联邦相应承诺不使用武力、停止将格鲁吉亚被占领土军事化、充分遵守其已作出承诺(特别是2008年8月12日《停火协定》)的规定并确保格鲁吉亚被占领土全面解除被占领状态。", "2011年8月9日，第比利斯" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 34", "Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "Identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 9 August 2011, regarding the submission to the Russian Duma of the so-called agreements concerning Russia’s military bases in Georgia’s occupied territories and training against radiological and biological threats (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex issued as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Alexander Lomaia Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia in reaction to the submission to the Russian Duma of the so-called agreements concerning Russia’s military bases in Georgia’s occupied territories and training exercises against radiological and biological threats", "On 8 August 2011, Russian President Medvedev submitted a series of so-called “agreements” concerning Russia’s military bases in Georgia’s occupied territories to the Russian Duma for ratification. This act, which Russia has taken on the eve of the third anniversary of Russia’s full-scale military aggression against Georgia, is yet another cynical step by which Russia demonstrates its lack of respect for universally recognized norms and principles of international law, for its obligations according to the terms of the Ceasefire Agreement of 12 August 2008, and for the international community’s consolidated stance regarding the inviolability of Georgia’s internationally recognized sovereign borders, the ethnic cleansing which has taken place in its occupied territories and the need to de-occupy these very territories.", "According to reports in electronic media, on the same day (8 August), Russia’s radiological and biological defence forces held exercises in the Russian Federation’s Southern Military District, as well as in the Republic of Armenia and in the so‑called “republics” of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. These exercises, whose aim is to monitor nuclear explosions, to carry out radiological and biological reconnaissance, aero-isolation, disinfection and decontamination of equipment, will proceed in two stages and are due to end by 2 October. They will involve 600 servicemen and 160 military vehicles.", "The deadlock Russia has found itself in following its occupation of Georgian territory and its recognition of the so-called “independence” of the occupation regimes has led the Russian government to carry out absurd actions such as these training exercises in defence against radiological and biological threats in Georgia’s occupied territories.", "If Russia really wishes to create a safe environment at its southern borders, the best way for it to do so would be to withdraw its occupying forces from Georgia’s occupied territories, to agree to the deployment of international peacekeeping forces therein, to restore the functioning of the international monitoring missions it has expelled and, at the initial stage, to permit objective and unbiased monitoring of the situation by allowing the European Union monitoring mission (with which the Georgian authorities and law enforcement agencies cooperate in the spirit of mutual understanding and transparency) to access Georgia’s occupied territories.", "Georgia once again declares that it is committed to the non-use of force, reaffirms its readiness to cooperate with the international community and international organizations with the goal of establishing peace and stability in the region, and demands that the Russian Federation reciprocally commit to the non-use of force, that it desist from the militarization of Georgia’s occupied territories, that it fully comply with the provisions of the commitments it has undertaken (notably those of the 12 August 2008 Ceasefire Agreement), and that it ensure the full de‑occupation of occupied Georgian territory.", "Tbilisi, 9 August 2011" ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Agenda item 34", "The protracted conflicts in the GUAM region and their implications for international peace, security and development", "Identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, dated 9 August 2011, concerning Russia's so-called agreement to submit its military base in the occupied territories of Georgia and the exercises to address radiation and biological threats (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Alexander Lomeya", "Annex to the identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on Russia's military base in the occupied territories of Georgia and the so-called agreement to deal with radiation and biological threats", "On 8 August 2011, the Russian President Medvedev submitted a series of so-called “agreements” to the Russian military base in Georgia for its approval. Russia's action on the eve of its three-year anniversary of the comprehensive military aggression against Georgia is another unwarranted step, thereby demonstrating Russia's non-respect for the universally recognized norms and principles of international law and non-respect for its obligations under the Ceasefire Agreement of 12 August 2008, nor respect for the international community's unity of position concerning the inviolability of the internationally recognized sovereignty of Georgia, the ethnic cleansing that took place in the occupied territories of Georgia and the necessity of lifting the occupation of those territories.", "According to the e-media report, on the same day (8 August), Russian Radiation and Biochemical forces conducted exercises in the area of the South Russian Federation and in the so-called Republic of Armenia and the so-called Abkhaz and South Ossetia. These exercises are aimed at monitoring nuclear explosions, the implementation of radiation and biological surveillance, the introduction of air segregation, poisoning and purification equipment, which will be carried out in two phases, with 600 military personnel and 160 military vehicles scheduled to end on 2 October.", "Russia has come into an impasse since the occupation of Georgia's territory, adding to its recognition of the so-called “independence” of the occupation regime, which has resulted in absurd action by the Russian Government, such as the conduct of radiation and biological threats in the occupied territories of Georgia.", "If Russia truly wants to create a safe environment on its southern border, its best practices should be to withdraw its occupation forces from the occupied territories of Georgia, agree with the deployment of international peacekeeping forces there, restore the work of the international inspectorate that has been expelled, and, at the earliest stage, allow the European Union inspection mission (the Georgian authorities and law enforcement authorities to cooperate with them in a spirit of mutual understanding and transparency) into the occupied territories of Georgia with objective and impartial monitoring of the situation.", "Georgia reiterates its commitment to refrain from the use of force and reiterates its readiness to cooperate with the international community and international organizations in the establishment of peace and stability in the region, and calls upon the Russian Federation to commit itself accordingly to refrain from the use of force, to cease the militarization of the occupied territories of Georgia and to fully comply with its commitments (in particular the 12 August 2008 Ceasefire Agreement) and to ensure the full lifting of the occupied territories of Georgia.", "On 9 August 2011, Tbilisi" ]

[ "第二十一次会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "代表的全权证书", "全权证书委员会的报告", "主席：Bobert Eric Alabado Borje(菲律宾)", "1. 2011年8月11日，为选举一名大陆架界限委员会成员举行缔约国会议。会议决定，为处理会议事务的目的，维持2011年6月举行的第二十一次会议所任命的全权证书委员会的成员组成。因此，全权证书委员会由以下9个缔约国组成：比利时、巴西、加纳、挪威、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、乌克兰、乌拉圭和赞比亚。", "2. 全权证书委员会于2011年8月11日举行会议。委员会收到秘书处在同日提交的备忘录，其中介绍了出席会议缔约国代表的全权证书情况。委员会秘书对备忘录拟就后收到的全权证书和函件作了说明。", "3. 如备忘录第1段所述，并根据会议期间所作的口头补充，秘书处已收到以下82个缔约国由国家元首或政府首脑或外交部长或经他们之一授权的人士签发的正式全权证书：阿尔巴尼亚、阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、比利时、伯利兹、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、布基纳法索、智利、中国、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、爱沙尼亚、斐济、芬兰、法国、加蓬、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、危地马拉、圭亚那、匈牙利、冰岛、伊拉克、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、约旦、科威特、老挝人民民主共和国、拉脱维亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、卢森堡、马拉维、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、密克罗尼西亚联邦、摩纳哥、黑山、摩洛哥、瑙鲁、新西兰、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、帕劳、巴拿马、巴拉圭、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、塞舌尔、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、南非、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和乌拉圭。", "4. 如备忘录第2段所述，并根据会议期间所作的口头补充，以下60个缔约国出席会议的代表的任命资料已由这些国家的部委、常驻联合国代表团或其他政府部门或当局，或通过当地联合国办事处，以传真或以外交信函方式送交：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、安提瓜和巴布达、亚美尼亚、巴哈马、巴林、博茨瓦纳、文莱达鲁萨兰国、保加利亚、加拿大、佛得角、刚果、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、埃及、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、莱索托、利比里亚、马来西亚、马里、马绍尔群岛、毛里塔尼亚、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔、荷兰、尼日利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、摩尔多瓦共和国、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、萨摩亚、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、所罗门群岛、西班牙、苏里南、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、多哥、汤加、突尼斯、图瓦卢、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、瓦努阿图、越南、也门和赞比亚。", "5. 鉴于秘书处备忘录第2段所述代表的正式全权证书将尽快送交秘书处，委员会未经表决通过以下决议：", "全权证书委员会，", "审查了2011年8月11日秘书处备忘录中提到的、出席2011年8月11日为选举一名大陆架界限委员会成员举行的联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议的代表的全权证书，以及秘书处在2011年8月11日为此提交的补充资料，", "接受有关代表的全权证书。", "6. 其后，委员会未经表决通过主席的提议，即委员会建议缔约国会议通过以下决议草案：", "出席2011年8月11日为选举一名大陆架界限委员会成员举行的联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议的代表的全权证书", "联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议", "核准全权证书委员会的报告。", "7. 该提议未经表决获得通过。" ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Credentials of representatives", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "Chairperson: Robert Eric Alabado Borje (Philippines)", "1. On 11 August 2011, the Meeting of States Parties held to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, decided, for the purposes of conducting the business of the Meeting, to maintain the composition of the Credentials Committee as appointed by the twenty-first Meeting held in June 2011. The Credentials Committee thus consisted of the following nine States Parties: Belgium, Brazil, Ghana, Norway, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Uruguay and Zambia.", "2. The Credentials Committee held one meeting on 11 August 2011. It had before it a memorandum by the Secretariat, of the same date, describing the status of credentials of representatives of States Parties participating in the Meeting. The Secretary of the Committee made a statement with regard to the credentials and communications received subsequent to the preparation of the memorandum.", "3. As noted in paragraph 1 of the memorandum, orally supplemented during the meeting, formal credentials issued by the Head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs or by a person authorized by either of them had been received by the Secretariat for the representatives of the following 82 States Parties: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay.", "4. As noted in paragraph 2 of the memorandum, orally supplemented during the meeting, information concerning the appointment of representatives participating in the Meeting had been communicated by means of facsimile or in the form of diplomatic correspondence from ministries, permanent missions to the United Nations or other Government offices or authorities, or through local United Nations offices, by the following 60 States Parties: Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Suriname, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen and Zambia.", "5. On the understanding that formal credentials of the representatives referred to in paragraph 2 of the Secretariat’s memorandum would be communicated to the Secretariat as soon as possible, the Committee adopted the following resolution without a vote:", "The Credentials Committee,", "Having examined the credentials of the representatives to the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf held on 11 August 2011 referred to in the memorandum of the Secretariat dated 11 August 2011, supplemented by the additional information provided by the Secretariat dated 11 August 2011,", "Accepts the credentials of the representatives concerned.", "6. Subsequently, the Committee approved, without a vote, the Chairperson’s proposal that the Committee recommend to the Meeting of States Parties the adoption of the following draft resolution:", "Credentials of representatives to the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea held on 11 August 2011 to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "The Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "7. The proposal was adopted without a vote." ]

[ "Twenty-first Meeting", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Credentials of representatives", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "Chairman: Bob Eric Alabado Borje (Philippines)", "1. On 11 August 2011, the Meeting of States Parties was held for the election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The Conference decided to maintain, for the purposes of conference services, the composition of the Credentials Committee appointed at its twenty-first meeting, held in June 2011. The Credentials Committee was thus composed of the following nine States parties: Belgium, Brazil, Ghana, Norway, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Uruguay and Zambia.", "2. The Credentials Committee met on 11 August 2011. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the Secretariat, submitted on the same date, on the status of credentials of representatives of States parties to the Conference. The Secretary of the Committee made a statement regarding credentials and communications received subsequent to the preparation of the memorandum.", "3. As indicated in paragraph 1 of the memorandum, and as orally supplemented during the meeting, formal credentials issued by the Head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs or by a person authorized by either of them had been received by the Secretariat from the following 82 States parties: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay.", "4. As indicated in paragraph 2 of the memorandum and as orally supplemented during the meeting, information concerning the appointment of the representatives participating in the meeting of the following 60 States parties had been communicated by facsimile or by diplomatic letter from ministries, permanent missions to the United Nations or other government departments or authorities, or through local United Nations offices: Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Suriname, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen and Zambia.", "Since formal credentials for representatives referred to in paragraph 2 of the memorandum by the Secretariat would be communicated to the Secretariat as soon as possible, the Committee adopted the following resolution without a vote:", "The Credentials Committee,", "Having examined the credentials of the representatives to the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, held on 11 August 2011 for the election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, referred to in the memorandum of the Secretariat dated 11 August 2011, and the additional information submitted by the Secretariat in that regard on 11 August 2011,", "Accepts the credentials of the representatives concerned.", "6. Subsequently, the Committee adopted without a vote the Chairperson ' s proposal that the Committee recommend to the Conference the adoption of the following draft resolution:", "Credentials of representatives to the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, held on 11 August 2011, for the election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "The proposal was adopted without a vote." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36和52", "中东局势", "调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦 人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为 特别委员会的报告", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "奉我国政府指示，谨转递2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信，信中投诉以色列占领当局决定在被占领的叙利亚戈兰Majdal Shams东部修建种族隔离墙的行为(见附件)。", "请将本信及其附件作为大会议程项目36和52的文件以及安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "奉我国政府指示，向你投诉以色列占领当局开始在被占领的叙利亚戈兰修建种族隔离墙的行为。", "2011年6月，以色列政府决定在被占领的叙利亚戈兰的Majdal Shams东部修建种族隔离墙，据称是为了防止巴勒斯坦人和叙利亚人越过停火线、进入被占领的Majdal Shams。事实上，以色列工兵团于今年7月初开始修建该墙，并与以色列承包商达成协议，要修建一道高8米、长4公里的隔离墙。应该指出的是，以色列和叙利亚在被占领的戈兰上的停火线长约100公里。以色列参谋长Benny Gantz下令在2011年9月建成该墙，也就是说，在联合国举行关于承认巴勒斯坦国的投票之前建成。以色列军队的推土机和重型设备正沿着Majdal Shams旁边的停火线挖掘和平整一片数米宽的狭长地带，北起Khillat al-Ramlah 地区，南到al-Naqaqir 。", "以色列开始修建的这一隔离墙将把叙利亚戈兰的被占领部分与叙利亚祖国分隔开来，并切断两者之间的地域毗连。这还将导致约数百德南的广袤土地被没收，这些土地属于20世纪70年代中期其土地遭到侵吞的阿拉伯叙利亚农民。以色列军队在达成1974年的《脱离接触协议》后，控制了该领土。该土地属于被占领的Majdal Shams镇的一部分，被用来种植葡萄、小麦、鹰嘴豆、大麦、苹果、杏仁和无花果。", "以色列在被占领的叙利亚戈兰修建隔离墙，是为了制造政治和安全方面新的既成事实，并以其来影响未来任何关于被占领的戈兰的和平谈判。这道墙还将对被占领的戈兰的民众造成极为不利的影响，因为它将把这些民众与叙利亚祖国分隔开来，并切断两者之间的地域毗连。发生这一行动的原因是以色列对戈兰人民实行的侵略政策，这一政策包括拘留、驱逐、高额罚款、起诉和驱逐工人离开工作地点。", "以色列当局改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的地理特征，特别是修建用于军事用途的铺设路面和未铺设路面的公路，并建造永久性的水泥墙，此类严重行为违反了国际法，并违反了叙利亚和以色列在大国和安理会主持下达成的《脱离接触协定》。阿拉伯叙利亚共和国坚决认为，联合国尤其是安全理事会必须履行职责，立即采取所有必要措施制止这一行动，因为该行动是以色列试图把占领叙利亚戈兰和叙利亚祖国分割开来的持续活动的一部分，它公然违反了国际法和联合国有关决议，特别是安全理事会第497(1981)号决议，安理会在该决议中决定，以色列对被占领叙利亚戈兰的吞并是无效的，不具有任何国际法律效力。", "正在修建的这段隔离墙所处的被侵占土地属于下列名单所列家庭：", "• Husayn Mahmud 的儿子(Qubaybah，Arid al-Mit’hanah)", "• Sulayman Tarif(以前属于Abdullah Shahadhah的土地)——Jamil Al-Sayyid Ahmad的儿子", "• Farid Al-Sayyid Ahmad的儿子——Salih Hamud Khalil Abu Salih的儿子", "• Salih Husayn Abu Salih的儿子——Isam Al-Safadi(Safadi家——约3德南)", "• Malham Al-Safadi的子女", "• Sulayman Shams(Shams 家——约 45德南)——Isma‘il Shams", "• Mahmud Shams——Yusuf Abu Arar的儿子 (约7德南)", "• Mahmud Mali的儿子(约12dunums)——Haza‘ Mali——Sulayman Abu Jabal的儿子", "• Husayn Abu Jabal Salih Al-Salih的儿子(Masil东部)", "• Mansur Abu Jabal的儿子 — Hassan Mahdi Fakhruddin的儿子", "• Sulayman Salman Ibrahim的儿子——Bahjat Al-Halabi的儿子——As‘ad Al-Halabi的儿子", "• Ali Al-Sabbagh的儿子——Sulayman Abu Zayd的儿子——Faris Abu Zayd", "• Hamzah Ibrahim的儿子——Said Samarah的儿子——As‘ad Al-Haddad的儿子(流离失所者：Fa‘iz Al-Qal‘ani的儿子)——Jamil Husayn Rida的儿子——Sa‘id Khattar的儿子——Ali Al-Shufi的儿子——Ali Ibrahim的儿子——Najib Dhib Burayk的儿子 (Masil东部)", "• Jamil Husayn Ali Abu Salih的儿子 (Masil东部)——Mi‘sarah(在Jamil Sayyid Ahmad的土地上)——Faris Khuza‘i Abu Salih的儿子", "• As‘ad Armun的儿子——Hamad Maddah的儿子——Sulayman Hamdi Wahbi Abu Salih", "• Ghazi Faris Wahbi Abu Salih(Mi’ sarat al-Dibs——Al-Masil东部)", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻代表", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 36 and 52 The situation in the Middle East \nReport of the Special Committee toInvestigate Israeli PracticesAffecting the Human Rights of thePalestinian People and Other Arabsof the Occupied Territories", "Identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit herewith identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, containing a complaint against the Israeli occupation authorities, which decided to build a racist separation wall in the Occupied Syrian Golan, east of Majdal Shams (see annex).", "I would appreciate it if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda items 36 and 52, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Bashar Ja’afari Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "[Original: Arabic]", "On instructions from my Government, I should like to convey to you a complaint against the Israeli occupation authorities, which have begun building a racist separation wall in the occupied Syrian Golan.", "In June 2011, the Israeli Government decided to build a racist separation wall east of Majdal Shams in the occupied Syrian Golan, allegedly in order to prevent Palestinians and Syrians from crossing the ceasefire line and reaching occupied Majdal Shams. The Israeli Corps of Engineers in fact began constructing the wall at the beginning of this past July, and an agreement was reached with Israeli contractors to build a wall eight metres high and four kilometres long. It should be noted that the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria in the occupied Golan is approximately 100 kilometres long. The Israeli Chief of Staff, Benny Gantz, has ordered that construction of the wall should be completed in September 2011, that is to say, before the United Nations vote concerning recognition of the Palestinian State. Israeli army bulldozers and heavy equipment have been excavating and levelling a strip of land a few metres wide along the ceasefire line next to Majdal Shams, from the Khillat al-Ramlah area in the north to al-Naqaqir in the south.", "The wall that Israel has begun building will separate the occupied portions of the Syrian Golan from and break their geographical contiguity with the Syrian homeland. It will also result in the seizure of vast areas of land, estimated to be hundreds of dunums, which belong to Syrian Arab farmers who were deprived of their land when it was appropriated in the mid-1970s. The Israeli army took control of that territory after the conclusion of the 1974 Disengagement Agreement. The land, which is part of the occupied town of Majdal Shams, was used to grow grapevines, wheat, chickpeas, barley, apples, almonds and figs.", "The aim of building a wall in the occupied Syrian Golan is to establish a new political and security reality, and it will also serve to impose a specific reality on any future peace negotiations concerning the occupied Golan. This wall will also have an extremely adverse effect on the population of the occupied Golan because it will separate them from and break their geographical contiguity with their homeland, Syria. All this is taking place against the backdrop of Israel’s policy of aggression against the people of the Golan, a policy that includes detention, expulsion, exorbitant fines, prosecution and driving workers from their place of employment.", "By carrying out such grave acts as modifying the geographic characteristics of the occupied Syrian Golan, in particular the laying of paved and unpaved roads for military use and the construction of a permanent cement wall, the Israeli authorities have violated international law and contravened the Disengagement Agreement between the Syrian and Israeli sides, which was concluded under the auspices of the great Powers and the Security Council. The Syrian Arab Republic insists that the United Nations and, in particular, the Security Council, must shoulder its responsibilities and immediately take all necessary measures to halt this action, which is part of Israel’s ongoing campaign to cut off the occupied Syrian Golan from the Syrian homeland. It is a flagrant violation of international law and the relevant United Nations resolutions, in particular Security Council resolution 497 (1981), in which the Council decided that Israel’s annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan was null and void and without international legal effect.", "Below is a list of the families that own the appropriated land on which the wall is being erected:", "• Sons of Husayn Mahmud (Qubaybah, Arid al-Mit’hanah)", "• Sulayman Tarif (land that previously belonged to Abdullah Shahadhah) — sons of Jamil Al-Sayyid Ahmad", "• Sons of Farid Al-Sayyid Ahmad — sons of Salih Hamud Khalil Abu Salih", "• Sons of Salih Husayn Abu Salih — Isam Al-Safadi (Safadi family — around 3 dunums)", "• Children of Malham Al-Safadi", "• Sulayman Shams (Shams family — around 45 dunums) — Isma‘il Shams", "• Mahmud Shams — sons of Yusuf Abu Arar (around 7 dunums)", "• Sons of Mahmud Mali (around 12 dunums) — Haza‘ Mali — sons of Sulayman Abu Jabal", "• Sons of Husayn Abu Jabal Salih Al-Salih (east of Masil)", "• Sons of Mansur Abu Jabal — sons of Hassan Mahdi Fakhruddin", "• Sons of Sulayman Salman Ibrahim — sons of Bahjat Al-Halabi — sons of As‘ad Al-Halabi", "• Sons of Ali Al-Sabbagh — sons of Sulayman Abu Zayd — Faris Abu Zayd", "• Sons of Hamzah Ibrahim — sons of Said Samarah — sons of As‘ad Al-Haddad (displaced persons: sons of Fa‘iz Al-Qal‘ani) — sons of Jamil Husayn Rida — sons of Sa‘id Khattar — sons of Ali Al-Shufi — sons of Ali Ibrahim — sons of Najib Dhib Burayk (east of Masil)", "• Sons of Jamil Husayn Ali Abu Salih (east of Masil) — Mi‘sarah (on the land of Jamil Sayyid Ahmad) — sons of Faris Khuza‘i Abu Salih", "• Sons of As‘ad Armun — sons of Hamad Maddah — Sulayman Hamdi Wahbi Abu Salih", "• Ghazi Faris Wahbi Abu Salih (Mi‘sarat al-Dibs — east of Al-Masil)", "(Signed) Bashar Ja’afari Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda items 36 and 52", "The situation in the Middle East", "Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories", "Identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, in which they complained of the decision of the Israeli occupation authorities to construct the racist separation wall in the eastern part of the occupied Syrian Golan, Majdal Shams (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 36 and 52, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Bashar Ja'afari", "Annex to the identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "[Original: Arabic]", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to complain to you about the beginning of the construction of the racist separation wall in the occupied Syrian Golan by the Israeli occupation authorities.", "In June 2011, the Government of Israel decided to construct the apartheid wall in the eastern part of Majdal Shams in the occupied Syrian Golan, allegedly to prevent Palestinians and Syrians from crossing the ceasefire line and entering the occupied Majdal Shams. In fact, the Israeli Corps of Engineers began construction of the wall in early July of this year and reached an agreement with the Israeli contractor to construct a wall eight metres high and four kilometres long. It should be noted that the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria in the occupied Golan is approximately 100 kilometres long. The Israeli Chief of Staff, Benny Gantz, ordered the construction of the wall by September 2011, that is, before the United Nations vote on the recognition of the Palestinian State. Israeli army bulldozers and heavy equipment are excavating along the ceasefire line next to Majdal Shams along a few metres wide in a narrow strip north of the Khillat al-Ramlah area and south of al-Naqaqir.", "This wall, which Israel has begun to build, will separate the occupied part of the Syrian Golan from the Syrian motherland and will sever the territorial contiguity of the two. This will also result in the confiscation of some hundreds of dunums of vast land belonging to Syrian Arab farmers whose land was appropriated in the mid-1970s. Following the 1974 Disengagement Agreement, the Israeli army took control of the territory. This land, which is part of the occupied town of Majdal Shams, is used to plant grapes, wheat, eagle bean, barley, apples, almonds and figs.", "The construction of the wall by Israel in the occupied Syrian Golan is intended to create new political and security realities and to influence them in any future peace negotiations on the occupied Golan. The wall will also have an extremely negative impact on the population of the occupied Golan, as it will separate them from the Syrian motherland and cut off the territorial contiguity of the two. This action was the result of an aggressive Israeli policy of detention, expulsion, high fines, prosecution and expulsion of workers from their places of work against the people of the Golan.", "The Israeli authorities ' serious actions to alter the geographical character of the occupied Syrian Golan, in particular the construction of paved and unpaved roads for military use and the construction of permanent concrete walls, constitute a violation of international law and of the Disengagement Agreement between Syria and Israel under the auspices of the major Powers and the Security Council. The Syrian Arab Republic firmly believes that the United Nations, in particular the Security Council, must fulfil its responsibilities and take all necessary measures immediately to put an end to this action, which is part of Israel ' s continuing efforts to separate the occupied Syrian Golan from the Syrian motherland, in flagrant violation of international law and the relevant United Nations resolutions, in particular Security Council resolution 497 (1981), in which the Council decided that Israel ' s annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan was null and void and without international legal effect.", "The usurped land in which the wall is being built belongs to the following families:", "• The son of Husayn Mahmud (Qubaybah, Arid al-Mit'hanah)", "• Sulayman Tarif (former land belonging to Abdullah Shahadhah) — the son of Jamil Al-Sayyid Ahmad", "• The son of Farid Al-Sayyid Ahmad — the son of Salih Hamud Khalil Abu Salih", "• The son of Salih Husayn Abu Salih — Isam Al-Safadi (Safadi family — approximately 3 dunums)", "• Malham Al-Safadi's children", "• Sulayman Shams (Shams home — approximately 45 dunams) — Isma'il Shams", "• Mahmud Shams — son of Yusuf Abu Arar (approximately 7 dunums)", "• The son of Mahmud Mali (approximately 12 dunums) — the son of Haza “Mali — Sulayman Abu Jabal", "• The son of Husayn Abu Jabal Salih Al-Salih (East Masil)", "• Son of Mansur Abu Jabal — son of Hassan Mahdi Fakhruddin", "• Sulayman Salman Ibrahim's son — Bahjat Al-Halabi's son — As'ad Al-Halabi's son", "• Ali Al-Sabbagh's son — Sulayman Abu Zayd's son — Faris Abu Zayd", "• Hamzah Ibrahim's son — Said Samarah's son — As'ad Al-Haddad's son (displaced: Fa`iz Al-Qal`ani's son) — Jamil Husayn Rida's son — Sa`id Khatta's son — Ali Al-Shufi's son — Najib Dhib Burayk's son (Eastern Masil)", "• The son of Jamil Husayn Ali Abu Salih (eastern Masil) — Mi'sarah (on Jamil Sayyid Ahmad's land) — the son of Faris Khuza'i Abu Salih", "• Son of As'ad Armun — son of Hamad Maddah — Sulayman Hamdi Wahbi Abu Salih", "• Ghazi Faris Wahbi Abu Salih (Mi'sarat al-Dibs — east of Al-Masil)", "Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic", "(Signed) Bashar Ja'afari" ]

[ "安全理事会关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国的 第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并随函附上文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会2010年6月9日通过的第1929(2010)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会第1929(2010)号决议执行情况的国家报告", "1. 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府注意到安全理事会通过了第1929(2010)号决议，并准备执行决议有关段落的规定。", "2. 遵照上述决议，文莱达鲁萨兰国召开了一次跨机构会议，向所有相关的国家机构通报它们应承担的义务，并审议如何执行决议的有关段落。", "3. 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府将按照有关的国家法律法规，在各机构的范围内并根据各自的权限，为执行第1929(2010)号决议的各项规定而采取必要措施。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) and has the honour to attach herewith the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of resolution 1929 (2010) adopted by the Security Council on 9 June 2010 (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "National report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010)", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010) with a view to implementing the provisions of the relevant paragraphs.", "2. In compliance with the said resolution, an inter-agency meeting was convened to inform all relevant national agencies in Brunei Darussalam of their obligations and to consider implementing the relevant paragraphs.", "3. The Government of Brunei Darussalam endeavours to undertake the necessary measures to implement all provisions of resolution 1929 (2010) within the scope and authorities of its respective agencies, in accordance with the relevant national laws and regulations." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) concerning the Islamic Republic of Iran", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006), and has the honour to enclose herewith the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010), adopted on 9 June 2010 (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "National report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010)", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam notes the adoption of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010) and is prepared to implement the provisions of the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.", "Pursuant to the above-mentioned resolution, Brunei Darussalam convened an inter-agency meeting to inform all relevant national institutions of their obligations and to consider how to implement the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.", "3. The Government of Brunei Darussalam will take the necessary measures to implement the provisions of resolution 1929 (2010) in accordance with the relevant national laws and regulations, within the framework of the institutions and within their respective competences." ]

[ "安全理事会关于刚果民主共和国的 第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会", "2011年8月3日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并根据第1952(2010)号决议第20段的规定，即吁请各国向委员会报告它们采取哪些行动，来执行决议第1、第2和第3段实施的措施，以及第8段建议采用的措施，报告如下：", "联合王国有意向刚果民主共和国出口武器及相关材料的出口商，均需申请出口管制许可证。许可证申请根据相关标准进行评估，并结合考虑第1807(2008)号决议第1段实施的措施以及第2、第3和第5段规定的豁免。联合王国确保根据情况，向委员会事先通报武器及相关材料的运输情况。今年还没有提出过这种通报。", "联合王国已制定必要措施，防止制裁委员会根据对刚果民主共和国的制裁制度指认的人员得到赴英旅行签证。联合王国财政部资产冻结股负责执行和管理在我国实施的国际金融制裁措施，以及金融制裁许可证方面的豁免规定。关于对刚果民主共和国的制裁制度的咨询意见可在以下网站查阅：http://www.hm- treasury.gov.uk/fin_sanctions_congo.htm。", "联合王国致力于促进本国公司负责行事。我们赞扬经济合作与发展组织和联合国专家组努力制定刚果民主共和国东部矿物供应链尽职方针，并鼓励有意从事原产自刚果民主共和国的锡石、黑钨石、钶钽铁矿石和金矿石(冲突矿物)贸易的公司遵守尽职方针。", "外交和联邦事务部网站增加了新的网页，以帮助从事原产自刚果民主共和国受冲突影响地区矿物贸易或其产品的组成部分含有这类矿物的公司，确保其活动不助长冲突，并认识到其在改善该部门监督和管理方面的作用。新的网页可在以下网站上查阅：www.fco.gov.uk/conflictminerals。这一在线资料介绍了对从事冲突矿物贸易公司适用的重要立法和具有法律约束力的程序，还简要介绍了可借以降低供应链污染风险的尽职方针和认证机制，并提供了一些链接，以帮助各公司获得更多信息，包括专用电子邮件地址(conflict.minerals@fco.gov.uk)。", "今年3月，非洲事务大臣亨利·贝林厄姆议员举办了一场活动，帮助可能从事刚果矿产贸易的英国公司增加对新的尽职方针的了解。来自商业与人权、冲突与自然资源领域的多名国内外专家参加了这场活动，并回答了英国公司就开采业透明度和刚果民主共和国的冲突矿物提出的问题。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Note verbale dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) and consistent with paragraph 20 of resolution 1952 (2010) calling on States to report to the Committee on actions taken to implement the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 and recommended in paragraph 8, the United Kingdom reports as follows:", "All United Kingdom exporters must apply for an export control licence if they intend exporting arms or related materiel to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Licence applications are assessed against the relevant criteria and take into account the measures imposed by paragraph 1 of resolution 1807 (2008) and the exemptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 5. Where applicable, the United Kingdom ensures that notification is given to the committee prior to any shipment of arms or related materiel. None have been made this year.", "The United Kingdom has put in place necessary measures to prevent individuals designated by the Sanctions Committee under the Democratic Republic of the Congo regime from obtaining a visa to travel to the United Kingdom. The Asset Freezing Unit in Her Majesty’s Treasury is responsible for the implementation and administration of international financial sanctions in effect in the United Kingdom and licensing exemptions to financial sanctions. Advice on the Democratic Republic of the Congo regime can be viewed at http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ fin_sanctions_congo.htm.", "The United Kingdom is committed to promoting responsible corporate behaviour among British companies. We commend that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations Group of Experts work to develop due diligence guidelines for the minerals supply chain in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and have sought to encourage adherence by companies looking to trade in cassiterite, wolframite, coltan and gold (conflict minerals) originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "New pages have been added to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office website to help businesses trading in minerals sourced from conflict-affected areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo or whose products include components that contain such minerals, ensure that their activities do not contribute to conflict and understand their role in improving oversight and management of the sector. They can be found at www.fco.gov.uk/conflictminerals. This online resource identifies key legislative and legally binding processes that may apply to companies trading in conflict minerals. It also provides useful summaries on due diligence guidance and certification mechanisms that are available to help mitigate the risk of supply chain contamination, and provides links to sources where companies can obtain further information, including a dedicated e-mail address (conflict.minerals@fco.gov.uk).", "In March of this year, the Minister for Africa, Mr. Henry Bellingham MP, hosted an event designed to raise awareness among British businesses potentially trading in Congolese mineral products of the new due diligence guidelines. A wide range of domestic and international experts on business and human rights, conflict and natural resources were on hand to answer questions of United Kingdom companies on issues relating to extractive transparency and Democratic Republic of the Congo conflict minerals." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Note verbale dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) and, in accordance with paragraph 20 of resolution 1952 (2010), calls upon States to report to the Committee on the actions they have taken to implement the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the resolution, as well as the measures recommended in paragraph 8, as follows:", "Exporters of arms and related materiel to which the United Kingdom intends to export to the Democratic Republic of the Congo are required to apply for export control licences. Licence applications are assessed on the basis of relevant criteria, taking into account the measures imposed by paragraph 1 of resolution 1807 (2008) and the exemptions provided for in paragraphs 2, 3 and 5. The United Kingdom ensures that the Committee is informed in advance, as appropriate, of shipments of arms and related materiel. Such briefings have not been presented this year.", "The United Kingdom has put in place the necessary measures to prevent individuals designated by the Sanctions Committee under the sanctions regime on the Democratic Republic of the Congo from receiving travel visas to the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom Department of the Treasury ' s Asset Freeze Unit is responsible for the implementation and administration of the international financial sanctions imposed in the country, as well as exemptions for the licensing of financial sanctions. Advice on the sanctions regime against the Democratic Republic of the Congo is available at http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/fin_sanctions_congo.htm.", "The United Kingdom is committed to promoting the accountability of domestic companies. We commend the efforts of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations Group of Experts to develop a due diligence approach to the mineral supply chain in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and encourage companies interested in trade in cassiterite, black tungsten, coltan and gold (conflict minerals) originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to follow the due diligence approach.", "New pages have been added to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office website to help companies that trade in minerals originating in conflict-affected areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo or parts of their products containing such minerals, to ensure that their activities do not contribute to conflict and to recognize their role in improving the oversight and management of the sector. The new page is available at www.fco.gov.uk/conflictminerals. This online resource provides information on key legislation and legally binding procedures applicable to companies trading in conflict minerals, as well as a brief description of due diligence approaches and certification mechanisms that can be used to reduce the risk of pollution in the supply chain, and links to help companies obtain more information, including a dedicated e-mail address (conflict.minerals@fco.gov.uk).", "In March this year, the Minister for African Affairs, Senator Henry Bellingham, organized an event to help British companies that may be involved in the Congolese mineral trade to increase their understanding of the new due diligence approach. A number of national and international experts from the fields of business and human rights, conflict and natural resources participated in the event and answered questions from British companies on transparency in the extractive industry and conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." ]

[ "秘书长召开的核安保高级别会议", "2011年9月22日", "联合国全系统对福岛第一核电站事故影响的研究", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告载有联合国全系统对福岛第一核电站事故影响的研究结果。报告是为定于9月22日在大会第六十六届会议期间举行的核安保高级别会议编写的。本研究报告共分三节。第一节侧重于和平利用核能和核安全方面的具体问题，述及国际原子能机构(原子能机构)保障监督以及和平利用核能、农业和粮食安全、环境、健康、可持续发展和融资事宜。第二节着重于核安保，并述及原子能机构在这方面的作用，以及自然灾害、气候变化和核安全与保安之间的关系。第三节侧重于国际核事故应急框架，述及备灾措施的充分性、国际组织间的合作，以及发展新的监测和科学能力。", "在每一重点领域，本项研究力图确定并讨论可能与政府之审议有关的具体问题；评估福岛事故的后果和重大核事故的影响；讨论趋势和事态发展，并提出建议。", "本研究结果包含下列16个联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织提供的材料：泛美卫生组织、国际海事组织、国际民用航空组织、国际原子能机构、经济和社会事务部、联合国裁军事务厅、联合国儿童基金会、联合国国际减少灾害战略、联合国环境规划署、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会、全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、人道主义事务协调厅、世界气象组织和世界卫生组织。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 3\n 2. 意见 3\n 3. 从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的资料 5\n A. 设计和平利用核能及核安全的具体问题 5\nB. 核安保\t14\nC. 国际处理核事故的应急框架\t19\n 附件 \n从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的其它资料\t27", "一. 导言", "1. 2011年4月19日，秘书长在以安全和创新方式利用核能的基辅首脑会议上讲话指出：核电预期会持续增长，因此，最大地确保核安全具有十分重要的意义。他还强调国际社会需要对核能和核安全问题进行全球反思。虽然他承认每个国家有权确定其国家能源政策，但我们的共同目标应该是深化我们对与发展核能及其安全有关的、跨国界、全范围问题的认识。今后，在评估如何确保和平利用核能和最大安全时，应更充分地体现核电站灾害的后果——从预防到清理。在这方面，秘书长提出了五项具体措施，包括联合国全系统对福岛第一核电站事故影响开展研究，向将于9月22日在大会第六十六届会议期间举行的核安保高级别会议提出报告。研究是由联合国有关实体以及各专门机构和相关组织进行的。", "2. 秘书长在正式启动本项研究之前，与国际组织的首长进行了磋商。鉴于国际原子能机构(原子能机构)在制定核安全标准和核安全指导方针方面发挥核心作用，鉴于它努力促进和平利用核能和安全工作的方方面面，就报告中完全属于原子能机构法定职责范围内的那些内容而言，原子能机构起到牵头协调单位的作用。也提请联合国其他实体注意有机会向本项研究提供投入，有些实体于是提供了材料。", "3. 本报告其他主要供稿者有：裁军事务厅、人道主义事务协调厅、经济和社会事务部、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国国际减少灾害风险战略、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、世界气象组织(气象组织)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)等实体。为本报告提供材料并向主要供稿者提供投入的其他实体有：泛美卫生组织、国际海事组织(海事组织)、国际民用航空组织(国际民航组织)和联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会。联合国系统行政首长协调理事会作为本项研究的顾问，给予了支持并提供背景资料。", "4. 虽然主要供稿者力图同其他相关实体协商和合作，以期在可行范畴内提出联合呈件，但各节所表达的仅为具体指明的主要供稿者的意见，不一定代表其他任何实体的观点。从供稿实体收到的其他投入载于本报告附件。", "二. 意见", "5. 福岛第一核电站事故迫使国际社会考虑一个问题：是否正在竭尽全力、确保核安全？秘书长欢迎最近举行和计划举行的加强核安保和备灾活动，如核安全公约缔约方第五次审议会议和减少灾害风险全球论坛第三届会议。秘书长特别欢迎原子能机构关于核安全的部长级会议的结果，欢迎原子能机构总干事制定加强核安全的行动计划，包括通过审议制定和应用具有法律约束力的国际规范这样做。秘书长希望，这一计划将为改善核安全的国际努力奠定基础。秘书长也欢迎日本有意与原子能机构合作，在2012年末召开一次高级别会议，以采取后续行动，并维持在此事项方面的政治势头和问责制。", "6. 开发和使用核能以及适用原子能机构安全标准的问题，纯由各国政府自行酌处。然而，重大核事故和紧急情况是没有国界的，而后果可能极其严重，福岛第一核电站和切尔诺贝利核电站的事故已向我们昭示了这一点。重大核事故和紧急情况的国际影响，是一个必须加以讨论的全球关注问题和全球公众关心的问题。要得到公众信任，就务必要在涉及核能和核事故及紧急情况影响的问题方面保持公开性和透明度。在这方面，联合国与各专门机构和相关组织密切合作，可以发挥重要作用。", "7. 秘书长承认，原子能机构按照其任务规定，在制定核安全标准和促进最高水准的核安全方面发挥中心作用。福岛事故已引起人们对国际安全标准和惯例的充分性、全球应急准备和反应系统和国家监管机构的效力的关注。这就突出说明，在国际社会大力加强核安全制度之时，必须加强国际合作，提高公开性和透明度。", "8. 福岛事故凸显加强危险评估的重要性，此类评估要着重于自然灾害可能影响核能装置的可信的设想情形。此外，气候变化可能造成的影响，如海平面上升、气象条件恶劣，也将对运行中的核电站的核安全产生影响。因此，在核电站的设计、选址和运营方面，必须考虑到这种影响。然而，核电温室气体排放量低，可能有助于减少与气候变化有关的风险。", "9. 秘书长指出，福岛事故对核保安，对防止对处于使用、储存或过境状态中的核能设施和核材料发动蓄意攻击(此种攻击可能引发辐射紧急情况)也有影响。秘书长希望，核安保高级别会议可以成为通向2012年首尔核保安首脑会议的桥梁。", "10. 国际上对福岛事故的反应显示了在原子能机构之中心协调作用的基础上，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的价值和国际组织辐射紧急情况联合管理计划的运作。事故发生才几个星期，就在辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会内开始作出努力，秘书长也启动工作，审查现行的安排(特别是在信息共享方面)，并作出必要的改进。", "11. 在国家一级，事故突出说明，必须确保政府在应急和风险评估及降低风险方面的措施是透明的，对公众的风险观念要作出回应。多层面的紧急情况有可能成为区域和国际性的关注事项，这一点应当进一步加以研究，因为对灾害风险信息和减少风险措施的了解，以及及时、准确地提供信息，在公共部门的发展和投资决定方面发挥至关重要的作用。为了支持决策进程，务必要确保公众了解风险及管理风险的各项备选办法。", "12. 在对福岛事故作出反应时，动用了完备的科学和监测能力，尤其是原子能机构、世卫组织和气象组织按照原来就有的安排这样做。此外，全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会所维持的全球监测网络在核紧急情况中也显示出其重要性，该网络连同现有的规划署能力一道，可用来补充在辐射应急方面起关键作用的各组织的能力。", "13. 尽管安全和有科学依据的核技术对农业和食品生产产业作出贡献，但在发生重大核事故的情况下，人仍可能通过食品和水受到放射性沾染，这可能对国家和国际两级的食品贸易产生严重影响。对贸易的影响不仅可能来自灾区(因为实行食品限制)，而且在未受灾地区，也可能起源于公众恐惧，导致市场准入受限，对农村发展和经济增长产生消极影响。辐照增加可能长期影响健康(包括跨国界人口的健康)，因此，加强相关实体间的合作与协调乃是一项重要目标。", "14. 虽然寻求开发核电的公、私实体一般考虑同商业核设施整个使用期相联系的费用，但还必须考虑到重大事故在环境、社会和经济方面产生的影响以及如何将其列入决策进程，以指明和审议此类费用。虽然一些国家已决定不开发或逐步淘汰核能，但其他国家依然致力于开发和获得核电。所以，灾害风险分析必须确保核电站的建造和运作是安全的，能够经受住可能引发辐射紧急情况的任何可能威胁。", "15. 秘书长将本报告所载建议提交各国政府审议。", "三. 从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的资料", "A. 涉及和平利用核能及核安全的具体问题", "国际原子能机构保障监督以及和平利用核能[1]", "16. 向目前生活在能源贫困中的24亿人民提供利用能源的机会，是实现千年发展目标工作取得进展的重要前提条件。要迎接这一极为严峻的挑战，将需要动用所有能源和技术。核电已经并将继续为满足全球能源需求作出重要贡献。", "17. 截至2011年7月，在29个国家约有440座核电反应堆在运作，有65座新反应堆在施工中。虽然受福岛第一核电站事故影响，但人们对核电依然很有兴趣。在事故之前强烈表示有意搞核电的无核电国家中，只有一些已经取消或修改了计划，但大多数没有这样做。", "18. 核科学技术也能用于发展核武器。所以，遵守国际法律文书，如《不扩散核武器条约》、其他双边和多边不扩散协定、[2] 以及原子能机构保障监督协定，就是负责任地使用核电的重要内容。", "19. 原子能机构成立于1957年，目的是帮助各国确保核能为和平与发展服务。该机构通过实施原子能机构保障监督规定，向国际社会作出保证：置于保障监督之下的核材料和其他具体物品不被挪用于非和平用途。", "20. 保障监督措施是按照原子能机构同各国或区域视察局达成的协定加以实施的。这些协定分三大类：(a) 全面保障监督协定，[3] 涵盖《不扩散核武器条约》每一非核武器缔约国内的所有核材料；(b) 自愿提交保障监督协定，[4] 涉及到核不扩散条约核武器缔约国内一些或全部民用核活动；以及(c) 同其他国家达成的、针对具体物品的保障监督协定。[5] 达成上述任何一项协定的国家还可在其保障监督协定之外缔结附加议定书，[6] 规定有更多机会获取信息和进入地点，从而加强原子能机构保障监督措施的效力和效益。", "农业和粮食安全[7]", "核技术的相关性", "21. 安全和有科学依据的核技术，如同位素测量和跟踪、诱变、利用辐射进行食品去污、疫苗生产和病虫害防治，乃是农业和食品生产的宝贵工具，能大大增进粮食安全。此类技术相当精确、敏感，又具体、准确，可以提高作物和牲畜的生产力，对控制动物疾病、病虫害防治、食品安全和质量方面的全面战略作出贡献，并有助于养护自然资源。", "22. 因此，核技术具有社会经济意义，提供了增值解决办法，以确保有食品供应、人们能获得并负担得起食品。事例包括：改良作物品种，有效的土壤和水管理以及提高化肥利用效率；对作物和牲畜生产系统作出改进；加强动物疾病诊断和控制；食品内沾染物的可追溯性；改进食品的保质期和安全，并以无害环境的方式防治病虫害。", "23. 这些技术单由粮农组织和原子能机构通过粮农组织/原子能机构共同的粮食和农业核技术方案提供，具体是在粮食和农业领域进行研究、训练和技术及政策咨询。", "24. 核技术和有关技术在粮食和农业方面的和平应用，对全世界的粮食安全和可持续农业发展作出了巨大贡献。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "25. 在有放射性材料释放到环境中的核事故或放射性紧急情况发生后，水、农业、水产业、渔业和林业生产以及野生动物都会受到严重放射性沾染，从而对牲畜健康、公共健康、食品安全和贸易构成严重威胁，直接影响到人民的生计。", "26. 放射性材料在从空中降落或随雨雪释放后的第一时间内(以及在沾染持续期间)，可能沉积在农产品的表面或牲畜饲料中，从而沾染牛奶和肉类。人食用沾染放射性材料的食品，所受辐射量就会增加，这可能升高健康风险。", "27. 随着时间的推移，放射性核素从被沾染土壤转移到作物或动物身上，食品内的辐射性可能逐步增加。放射性核素也可能从空气中直接沉淀于、或被冲刷进江河湖海之中，为鱼和海产品吸收。", "28. 由于放射性核素(如铯-137)持续存在几十年，沾染区也许既不能长庄稼，也不能放牧。比如说，在食用动物及(或)其制品前，应按照特别程序，对其进行去除沾染处理。在持续存在放射性沾染的具体划定地区内，可能必须要对农业生产和渔业活动加以中、长期限制。1986年切尔诺贝利核事故之后，在距事故地点几百甚至几千公里范围内，农业生产和活动都受到影响；切尔诺贝利核电站附近地区至今仍存在着高度沾染，农业生产无法恢复常态。", "29. 放射性沾染的影响也可能波及农业生态系统的平衡，特别是昆虫进行的植物授粉、植物生物多样性和土壤中微生物和蚯蚓(它们在土壤养分和有机物循环中发挥重要作用)的生物状况。由于一些真菌和植物能吸收并积蓄大量放射性核素，它们可能会对野生动物放牧带来生物安全风险，增加整个食品链中放射性核素沾染量的积蓄。时至今日，切尔诺贝利事故过去已25年，但在德国野猪身上仍可以查出放射性铯的沾染。", "30. 核事故涉及的另一个严重问题在于对国家和国际性食品贸易的影响，这不仅是某些地区实行食品限制的原因，而且因为公众恐惧放射性沾染而不愿食用某些食品。这可能导致受灾国的市场准入机会受到限制和失去市场，从而对农村发展和经济增长带来消极影响。", "趋势和发展", "31. 日本所释放的辐射的全面影响尚有待充分评估，但放射性沾染造成的健康风险却是有案可稽的。", "32. 食品监测数据证实，食品沾染机制正在改变，即：由放射性核素沉积在田野里庄稼(如菠菜)表面，变为经由土壤或生长介质(如竹笋和香菇)根部吸收。稳定和尽量减少土壤沾染将发挥重要作用，避免放射性核素通过风和土壤流失转入其他土块和水体，包括释放到动植物身上。", "33. 粮农组织正在同其伙伴密切合作，应会员国请求在以下领域提供技术援助和政策咨询：", "• 沾染侦测和监测", "• 补救策略和方法", "• 制定农业对策", "• 以科学为基础的粮食贸易政策", "• 开展粮食和农业核应急准备和反应能力建设", "建议", "34. 为了加强核和辐射应急准备和反应方面的规划和能力，尽量减少其对粮食和农业的影响并改善恢复情况，我们强烈建议采取以下协调行动：", "• 促进协调支助国家、区域和国际三级做好粮食和农业部门核应急规划工作", "• 向成员国提供更多技术援助和政策咨询，组织区域/国际模拟活动，包括应急和恢复活动中的所有粮食和农业要素", "• 加强国际和国家两级在粮食和农业监测及农业补救方面的能力发展", "• 审查和改善促进机构间协作的法律框架和合作机制", "健康[8]", "供各国政府审议的有关具体问题", "35. 和平利用核能对健康的影响是至关重要的问题。政策制定者和决策者应当确保现有和未来的核设施实行最高度的安全措施。各国人口的健康和福利应当是关于能源战略的讨论和决定中的中心议题和优先事项。不论政府决定采取何种战略，健康、环境和经济影响都应当整体考虑。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "36. 在核电站发生紧急情况期间，放射性材料可能会释放到环境中，影响人的健康的放射性核素主要是碘和铯。救援人员、首批反应者以及核电站工人可能因职业关系在应急阶段，体内、体外受到辐射，其剂量之高能导致严重健康后果(如皮肤灼伤、体内沾染或急性辐射综合症)。普通人口不大可能受到能引起严重后果的高剂量辐射，但可能会受到低剂量辐射，增加长期影响(如癌症)的风险。食用受沾染的食品和(或)水也可能会增加整体受辐射程度。如果放射性碘被吸入或摄入体内，不采取措施，就可能积聚在甲状腺中，增加甲状腺癌的风险，儿童尤然；受切尔诺贝利影响的人口就是如此。", "37. 就福岛核事故而言，截至2010年5月，受雇于福岛第一核电站的近8 000名员工中，有30名员工报告说受到的累计辐射量超过100毫希沃特。还没有接到有人死于辐射的报告。迅速采取了公共卫生措施。现场附近的居民及时撤离，并安排受影响者服用了碘化钾药片。撤离的居民接受了放射性检测，必要时还经过去除沾染程序。对食品和饮用水的沾染情况进行了监测，必要时作适当的限制。撤离人员身体长期受到压力，对健康产生显著影响。他们生活受到破坏，社会交往中断，长期安置在没有多少隐私、拥挤的疏散点，其社会环境剧变——这些都形成沉重的压力，造成精神创伤。", "38. 同切尔诺贝利一样，福岛核事故在普通群众中引起相当的焦虑，其他因素(如不信任当局)可能加剧了此种焦虑。", "趋势和发展", "39. 由于技术和安全方面的改进，公众受辐射的程度有了显著下降，然而，日本的经历表明，核事故还有可能发生，如果又遇上自然灾害，就可能超越国界，这样，国际文书[9] 就能在处理此种情形派上用场，要求多方利益攸关者进行协调和合作。", "40. 在区域和全球两级务必要制订连贯的规范和标准，以确保实地对辐射安全的管理。国际上努力在患者、工人和公众辐射防护工作的所有方面全面统一标准，制定了1996年《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》—— 这是史无前例的。", "建议", "41. 在关于未来能源战略的讨论中，各人口群的健康和福利应当成为一项中心关注和优先事项。", "42. 成员国应当考虑加强国家备灾系统和跨部门的协调。", "43. 在核紧急情况发生后进行干预的国家标准应当符合国际建议，关于干预对策的决定必须以透明和协调的方式提出。", "44. 务必要继续监测福岛事故的风险和可能对健康产生的影响，并就此同公众开展高效的交流；必须让国际组织参与进来，确保国家当局实施的评估和干预措施保持透明度和信誉。", "环境[10]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "核设施的规划和设计(包括风险管理框架)", "45. 各国在决定本国能源组合中是否包括核能时，应当进行严格的环境影响评估；其中不仅要对取代化石燃料发电厂的环境益处以及运作和施工所涉正常环境问题加以比较，还要对核电相对于非核电而言发生重大事故的可能性和级别及其对环境造成的后果加以分析。", "46. 在比较不同能源供应办法时所作的经济计算是复杂的。完整的生命周期费用，特别是正常释放、废物处置在健康和环境方面造成的费用，以及在事故情形下产生的费用，没有列入此类分析。必须要把这些费用内部化。", "47. 在新近引进核工业的国家或已部署核电的区域，应当对就环境影响进行评估、监管和模型制作的体制能力，以及处理紧急情况所涉环境问题的能力作出评估，必要时予以加强。", "运行核设施和运作阶段", "48. 核电设施在运作过程中对环境产生一系列影响，但并非都具有放射性。", "49. 在日常作业中，核设施向大气和水体排放少量的放射性物质。[11] 对排放物进行持续监测，并不断监测环境，以理解对生物群系和生态系统的影响——这应当成为核电站运行不可或缺的一部分。", "50. 应当对乏核燃料的管理和辐射泄露的可能性加以监测，直到设施最终退役为止。", "退役", "51. 在核设施安全退役，包括乏核燃料的最终处置方面，并没有普遍认同的单一办法。", "52. 在最后确定退役计划之前，应当对各种备选的退役办法进行环境风险评估。这应当包括核电站厂址本身、运送放射性强的废料以及这些材料的最终储存/处置。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "53. 在福岛第一核电站事故之后，当地环境中长效放射性材料的影响将是今后许多年中要关注的问题。放射性物质大规模释放进环境中，如切尔诺贝利事故和福岛事故的情形那样，可能会产生严重的环境影响。释放到空气中的放射性物质沉积在地面，从而沉积到生物群系中。放射性沾染可能持续数年或数十年，消除沾染费用昂贵。", "54. 在较远的地区，可能需要暂时停止农业生产和渔业。辐射造成的环境影响可能对经济造成重大损害，迫使灾区经济活动停顿下来。", "55. 此种环境影响可能不仅因为实际沾染导致经济活动暂停，而且也可能引发谣言，导致信心下降，损害当地产业和旅游业。消费者认为(且不说对不对)食品受到沾染，就会加以回避；这种观点加重了损失。此类信誉损害可能给这些产业造成更大的财政损失。", "56. 在切尔诺贝利事故之后的头几个星期，居民区内非人类生物群系也受到放射性核素大规模意外释放的影响。在好几十公里范围内，辐射造成若干急性负面影响。禁区内人类活动的停顿改变了生态系统平衡，导致害虫肆虐，而且造成野生动物和鸟类数量增加。[12]", "趋势和发展", "57. 福岛事故表明，其设计基准事故[13] 级别太低。回过头来看，严重事故风险(尤其是在环境方面)被低估了。", "建议", "58. 需要进一步增进对环境中放射性材料的程度与可能对该环境所含生物群系的影响之间关系的科学认识。", "59. 在发生事故时，需要调查并实施受影响土壤之有效去污和补救方法。", "60. 在规划、设计、运作、退役和应急程序方面，核电站的安全标准必须包括环境保护措施。", "61. 成员国，包括其环境部，必须加强能力建设，以便更有效地监督核电工业的环境风险管理。", "62. 不是原子能机构成员的国家可能受到邻国事故的影响。它们需要具备起码的机构能力，尤其是在环境监测方面。", "63. 要确保长期能源计划把环境考量因素列入备选办法分析，就务必要进行体制能力建设，并实现方法的系统化。", "可持续发展和融资[14]", "64. 从可持续发展角度而言，最突出的问题之一就是获得能源。目前，14亿人(主要是在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚农村地区)用不上电，还有几十亿人在使用能源方面受到制约。这些区域平均用电量大大低于高收入经济体用电量的10%(每年每人使用180至750度电，而高收入经济体人年均用电7 500至18 000度)。如果不扩大电气化，就不可能实现千年发展目标，特别是到2015年消除极端贫困的目标。[15]", "65. 虽然核能方面今后的发展将取决于安全与承担能力方面的进展，但出于种种原因，发展中国家一直对此种能源很感兴趣。2001年，可持续发展委员会认定，搞不搞核能的决定由各国根据其需求、能力和目标自行作出。产出核能的29个国家中，共有7个是发展中国家。在福岛事故后，大多数规划新核方案的发展中国家没有宣布作出变化。", "66. 福岛事故造成数千亿美元的财产损失；它给人造成的影响，使大家特别关注风险管理问题。有些人已要求全球加以逐步淘汰或暂停，其他人则要求进行更严格的监管，加强安全措施和保险机制。", "67. 在未实行暂停的情况下，灾害风险分析将需要确保核电站造在安全地方，并能经受可能出现的最严重的威胁。所有反应堆(现有和施工中)中，近半数位于地震风险高的国家。核电站往往造在沿海地区，利用海水进行冷却。", "68. 发展中国家的底线在于能源的最终成本，包括基荷成本以及额外安全措施、废料处置、灾害保险、退役和监管制度方面的成本。经济合作与发展组2010年进行的一项研究指出，“核电强项在于能产出十分低碳的大量基荷电力，其成本在长期而言保持稳定；然而，必须要管理面临风险的高额资本，而且其施工建设的筹备时间较长。”[16] 尽管这些基荷成本稳定，但即使在福岛核事故之前，最终成本就已经在上升，因为资本成本中也计入了其他因素。把2010年和2011年公布的研究报告中的估计数同2003至2005年期间公布的估计数相比较，显示核电站“隔夜资本成本”(名义上)翻了两番——由每瓦1.2至2.6美元增加到5至10美元，而可再生技术的费用却下降了。[17] 这样，核能的最终成本可能远超出每兆瓦小时100美元的水平。", "69. 过去，供电方面出现重大进展的国家，其每兆瓦小时电力成本不到人均收入的3%。由于需要能源者多生活在人均年收入不足1 000美元的国家，他们需要每兆瓦小时成本为30至50美元的技术方法。", "70. 为了帮助各国评价核能对可持续发展可能作出的贡献，需要对以下各项的净成本影响进行深入评估。", "• 降低成本的潜力：对于发展中国家而言，主要的挑战在于把能源成本降低到与预期人均收入相符的水平。这就要求对所有可用技术的成本趋势作一次独立评估。[18]", "• 排放：调动气候或其他环境融资的国际协定或本国政策，原则上会降低在温室气体排放和当地污染物方面比化石燃料方法有优势的所有技术(包括核电)的成本。", "• 扩散：核扩散所可能造成的结果是国际社会关注的重大事项。发展中国家需要在加强机构能力方面得到技术援助，使之能有效管理扩散的风险。原子能机构在提供技术援助方面一直十分积极。", "• 废物处置：放射性废物处置方面存在着不确定因素和风险。目前，并没有任何用于储存乏核燃料的大规模永久性存放场址，不过，芬兰和瑞典正在建造此类存放场址。", "• 采矿业的当地影响：人们关注开采可裂变材料对当地社区和生态系统的影响。", "• 灾害保险：福岛核事故之后，重大核事故保险的成本出现了不确定因素。需要开发创新的保险机制，以减少此种不确定因素。", "• 核能政策和灾害对各社区的安全和福利造成的局部影响：切尔诺贝利事故25年之后，受灾社区仍然面临耻辱，缺少经济机会，缺少关于灾害后果的信息。", "71. 各国政府和私营部门投资者在向核能供资方面面临严峻挑战，在发展中国家尤然。要建造核电站并发展机构、监管、强制实施和基础设施能力，就必须得到国际上大力的财政支助。由于能源投资继续受到全球经济不确定因素的影响，因此，这些挑战就更大了。融资问题包括：", "• 在投资人和政府之间分享风险：在成本存在不确定、公共部门强烈关注以及能源政策环境不断变化的情况下，要确保获得私营金融业主为核能供资、而不用公共部门分担大量风险——这是难上加难的事情。解决办法可能在于开发创新性的金融工具，以顾及与自然灾害或人为灾害、退役费用及最后处置放射性废料有关的不确定因素。", "• 确保不同的技术办法有一个平等的竞争环境：必须具备平等的竞争环境，以便增进投资，开发高效能源系统的市场。所有备选办法之间要进行公平竞争，就务必要改革补贴和奖励计划。", "• 把外部费用体现到投资模型中：目前，减少温室气体排放或具有其他社会或环境益处的多项技术并不能说就拥有此项成本有利条件。外部费用的国际化必须要包括环境和社会费用--包括风险--以便利为可持续发展作出真正知情的决策。", "B． 核安保", "原子能机构在核安保方面的作用[19]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "72. 原子能机构是联合国系统内一个独立的、以科技为基础的政府间进程，担当全球核合作的协调中心。核安保有一个共同目的，就是保护人民和环境，使之免受电离辐射的有害影响。原子能机构在核安保方面的中心作用由其《规约》规定，并体现于其决策机关的决定和决议中。原子能机构制定核安全标准，并在这些标准基础之上，促进在核能应用方面实现和维持高度的安全。它还提供具体的审查服务，以确定各项标准是如何得到实施的。原子能机构《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》和有关文件中对诸多辐射情形(包括核紧急情形)下、公众和职场辐射防护作了指导。", "73. 原子能机构通过提供指导文件和服务、支持全球一级努力确保核材料和其他放射性材料的安全，并帮助各国制定全面的国家级核安保制度。原子能机构努力提供强有力、可持续和有形的全球核安保框架。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "74. 福岛第一核电站事故对全世界公众对核电安全的看法都产生了负面影响。特别是这次事故以及国际上的反应，使人们对国际安全标准和管理的充分性，并对遵守这些标准和公约的程度、全球范围应急准备和反应系统和国家监管机构的效力，产生了疑问。有些国家重新审查了其引进或扩大核电或延长现有核电站运作周期的计划。福岛第一核电站事故可能影响以下领域：", "• 科学技术，包括安全工程设计、设计时考虑到现场和外部的自然危害、减灾和恢复系统以及严重事故中的辐射防护。", "• 管理工作、人力、组织和国家各级的基础设施，包括应急准备和反应、重大事故管理、监管框架、技术支助组织和国家资源。", "• 公共通讯、透明度和国际合作。", "趋势和发展", "75. 过去20年来，朝向加强核安全制度的趋势很明确。国际合作有了增加；有关方面鼓励考虑引进核电计划的国家应用原子能机构安全标准和相关国际文书。其他发展包括：区域统一和合作增加，安全业绩指数逐步改进，考虑搞核电的国家增多，延长现有电厂的服务期，增加开放性和透明度，并提升安全、保安之间的协同作用。在监管、操作安全、应急准备和保安等领域，人们也越来越多地请求原子能机构提供专家同行评审服务；而且进一步注重安全管理和领导能力等问题。", "76. 核电站服务期延长的趋势自身也带来挑战，如确保安全方面依然具有足够的回旋余地。延长现有核电站的服务期并扩大核电计划，也对可用于设计、建造、维持和运作核设施的有限人力资源形成越来越大的制约。", "77. 对福岛第一核电站事故进行初步评估后，已确认核电站设计、国际反应安排以及实施国际安全标准方面需要加以改进。增加国际合作、提升开放性和透明度的持续趋势，无疑将协助各国作出有效反应，并从福岛第一核电站事故中汲取必要的经验教训。", "建议", "78. 2011年6月在维也纳举行的原子能机构核安全问题部长级会议通过了《部长宣言》，[20] 阐述了增进核安全的若干措施，表示坚定致力于确保这些措施切实付诸实施。《宣言》重申普遍遵守核安全方面有关国际文书的重要性，以及必须加以有效实施和持续审查。《宣言》也强调必须加强国家和国际两级措施，在原子能机构安全标准基础上，确保最有力的核安全水准。《宣言》称，应当尽可能广泛、有效地持续加强和实施安全标准。与会的部长们承诺为此目的增加双边、区域和国际三级的合作。", "79. 部长们表示致力于加强原子能机构在以下方面发挥中心作用：促进国际合作，增进全球核安全，以及通过提供专门知识和咨询意见以及增进全世界核安全文化，协调加强全球核安全的努力。部长们还表示致力于进一步加强国家监管当局的权威、胜任能力和资源。", "自然灾害[21]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "80. 国际组织间就自然灾害开展的合作有了增加，尤其是在预测和对策等领域。例如，气象组织协助原子能机构努力界定自然现象危害，作为制定有关部门原子能机构核安全标准工作的一部分。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "81. 福岛第一核电站事故是由一次空前严重的自然灾害引起的——强地震引发大海啸。这次事故突出说明，必须就能对结构、系统和部件构成挑战的、可信(但可能概率和频率较低)的设想情形重点进行危害评估。对于具有多个反应堆的核设施而言，这一点更加重要。", "趋势和发展", "82. 多年来，在核安全评估中，有更多被视为可能有害于核电站的危害已获确认。这就导致人们对防地震和防海啸等自然灾害工作的程度重新加以审查。人们要求提升防灾工作的级别，针对海啸和其他危害的预警系统也作了改进。还开发了处理不确定因素的更好的方法。", "建议", "83. 需要对危害(或相互关联的危害组合)的程度加以评价，以便把频率较低的事件包括进来，并允许对不确定因素加以适当的考量。在原子能机构安全标准的基础上，核电站安全评估应考虑到这些危害程度，并应采取必要的防灾、减灾措施。", "84. 福岛第一核电站事故中，通讯渠道中断、出入路径受到破坏，因此不能依赖场外对厂址事件的反应。任何核电站恢复计划都应当包括一项重要内容，即：核电站事故管理小组必须能在不依靠场外资源的情况下进行操作。在对此类灾害作出应急规划时，应当把辅助性基础设施的脆弱性考虑在内。", "85. 人们希望能更方便地获取风险信息；多年来，这一需求有了稳步增长。在发生核紧急情况之后的第一时间内，风险信息对于有效反应而言至关重要——不仅对技术专门人员，对于指导人道主义机构、国家和地方政府及一般公众即刻采取行动而言，也是如此。", "气候变化[22]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "86. 就核电比之于其他发电方式之优劣而言，气候变化在两方面必将产生影响。", "87. 一，在核电站设计、选址和运作方面，应当考虑到气候变化可能的影响，如海平面上升或更加极端的风暴和干旱。即将推出的原子能机构关于核设施厂址评价方面气象和水文危害的安全准则将作出指导。就任何具体核电站的施工而言，不考虑气候变化，它将来就可能面临比今天气候条件下更大的风险。", "88. 二，核电的一项长处在与其温室气体排放量相当低，有助于减少与气候变化有关的所有风险。", "89. 核电站运营者积累了在不同气候和严酷气象条件下工作的大量经验。核电设施与气象有关的事故，在共分七级的国际核及放射事故表上面从来没有超过3级。在海啸方面也有着实质性经验，仅有一个事故超出了3级，即：福岛核电站事故。海啸与气候不相关，但其他方面如果情况都一样，那么，气候变化导致海平面上升，海啸带来的风险也会增加。然而，现有的规划和工程技术可以大大降低或消除核电站在气候、天气和海啸危害面前的脆弱性。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "90. 福岛事故的重要教训在于：关于有可能或大概会发生什么类型事故的假设过于保守。就现有和规划中的所有反应堆而言，应当重新审查这些假定，并把气候变化可能造成的影响考虑进来。世界气象组织新推出的全球气候服务框架[23] 在提供必要的气候信息方面可能特别有用。", "趋势和发展", "91. 在原子能机构即将推出的关于核设施厂址评价方面气象和水文危害的安全准则指明了气候变化可能形成的重要影响，包括如下内容：", "• 海平面上升会影响沿海一些核电站；由于降雨增加或融雪量变化，滨河的核电站也可能遭受水涝。", "• 更强烈的高空风、风暴和闪电可能会增加电网受损的风险。", "• 酷热和大旱可能会破坏水冷系统。", "• 天气酷寒结冰，可能会破坏冷却水的摄入。", "• 林火和野火可能会破坏电网连接，以及人员和应急工作者进入核电站的途径。", "• 风暴和洪水肆虐造成的碎片残渣可能会破坏冷却水的摄入。", "建议", "92. 核电站面临的、与气候变化和极端气象事件有关的风险不是无法战胜的。现有技术和专门技能可大大减少或消除与气候有关的风险，应按照原子能机构即将推出的核设施厂址评价方面的气象和水文危害安全准则所述内容，加以应用。", "核安全与保安之间的联系[24]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "93. 原子能机构安全标准系列中最重要的文件，《安全基本法则》，[25] 指出“安全措施和保安措施的制订和执行必须统筹兼顾，以免保安措施损害安全，或者安全措施对保安工作造成损害。”", "94. 福岛第一核电站事故对核保安也有影响。事故和破坏具有一些共同特点，如：剩余系统效力降低，包括失去电力、通信、电脑、安全和实体保护系统；以及失去关键的操作、安全和保安人员。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "95. 鉴于福岛第一核电站事故，各国应当复审其核保安框架，以便确保它们作了适当筹备，以应对严重核事故的后果。", "趋势和发展", "96. 人们对涉及核材料、设施或运行的恶意行为的风险更加关注，因此，过去十年间，国际核保安框架得到了加强。保安方面的新文书，如《核材料实物保护公约》及其修正案，又得到了原子能机构作为其核保安系列丛书推出的建议和指导文件的补充。", "97. 原子能机构增强了对各国的支助，帮助它们通过实施核保安计划，设立可持续的核保安制度。原子能机构的目标得到了其他国家集团的赞同，如打击核恐怖主义全球倡议，或通过世界核保安研究所、得到产业的赞同。各国对此种制度，对国家系统需要让非传统行动者参与，有了更好的认识。", "98. 在立法、监管和设施的实物保护等领域，原子能机构收到越来越多的、提供专家同行评审服务的请求。", "建议", "99. 为适当处理核保安事宜，国际社会应当推动普遍遵守及实施相关国际法律文书。其他步骤应当包括各国对假定的潜在威胁的性质以及现有保安措施的充分性进行详细的技术审查。反应计划应当加以修改，以应对超出以前假定的最坏情况假设。应当通过桌面演练和实际演练，对这些计划进行严格测试。", "100.　原子能机构应当同其他利益攸关方合作，继续协助各国设立有效、全面和可持续的国家核保安制度。原子能机构的支助将包括同行评审和评估服务、人力资源开发方案，并酌情对实物保护加以升级。原子能机构与联合国其他实体(如毒品和犯罪问题办公室和反恐执行工作队)之间应当继续增加协调努力，在工作级别上增加信息交流、增进各实体之间的沟通，避免重复劳动。", "101.　除原子能机构的支助外，各国应当确保有效利用资源，并同联合国系统内其他利益攸关方保持协调，采取连贯办法。", "C. 国际处理核事故的应急框架", "国际组织间的合作[26]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "102.　核及放射紧急情况的既定系统是以原子能机构和辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会发挥中心协调作用为基础的。[27] 该委员会所涉活动范畴依据的是两项条约：《及早通报核事故公约》和《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》。此外，2005年《国际卫生条例》乃是各国为保护公共卫生，预防、侦测、评估国际关注的任何公共卫生紧急情况并对之作出反应的、具有法律约束力的全球协定。", "103.　国际组织辐射应急联合管理计划(辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的首要职责之一就是维持此计划)指明了辐射应急准备和反应的机构间框架，提供了实际协调机制，并澄清了参与的国际组织的角色和能力。", "104.　辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会也提供了进行定期演练的机会。原子能机构开展定期的通讯训练和公约演习，分为三个等级，最复杂的为三级公约演习，[28] 内容是在严重核紧急情况的初期阶段作出反应。[29]", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "105.　福岛第一核电站事故之后，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会展示了体制化机构间协调机制的价值。就在事故发生后，原子能机构通过其事件和应急中心，", "向所有相关的国际组织作了通报，并启动了联合管理计划。2011年3月15日，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会以视频会议方式举行了第一次协调会议。后来，到6月末，又召开了10次协调会议。这些会议的目标在于对情况达成共识，交流信息，审议并协调反应活动，包括以一个声音同公众进行沟通。新任务由具体组织执行。针对一些问题，成立了特设工作组。[30]", "106.　在原子能机构通报之后，[31] 世卫组织总部、该组织西太平洋区域办事处、世卫组织驻日本神户中心和世卫组织辐射紧急情况医疗准备和救援网络开始行动。[32] 世卫组织通过其国际卫生条例国家协调中心，立即向该区域所有世卫组织成员国作了通报。世卫组织通过其西太平洋区域办事处对地震和海啸灾区进行了实地访问，以评估公共卫生需求。", "107.　世卫组织对日本国内外人口的公共卫生风险加以密切监测。粮农组织和世卫组织编写了与粮食安全方面有关的技术简报，并对食品监测结果加以定期更新，通过国际食品安全当局网络，提供给粮农组织/世卫组织成员国。", "108.　泛美卫生组织启动了紧急业务中心，并部署了专家，对其成员国、国际卫生条例国家协调中心作出回应，并对新闻媒体关于对美洲区域的影响(主要是在旅游和食品及产品进口方面)的询问作出答复。[33]", "109.　3月11日，在原子能机构请求紧急支助后，启动了世卫组织的应急安排。世卫组织所有八家区域专门气象中心，包括亚洲区域的三个主要中心(北京、东京和俄国奥布宁斯克)都被要求提供图表，估测事故地点的放射性材料可能从空中传播的情况。[34] 自始至终，气象组织还同全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、世卫组织、国际民航组织和海事组织进行了密切协作。", "110.　全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会从2011年3月15日起发出6份技术简报，向其缔约国通报局势发展情况。[35] 筹备委员会和原子能机构于2011年3月21日开始深度合作。后来，筹备委员会向使用该委员会数据的组织(气象组织、世卫组织、原子能机构和联合国裁军事务厅)作了情况特别简报。从2011年4月11日起，筹备委员会还应原子能机构邀请，参加了辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的协调视频会议。", "趋势和发展", "111.　辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会和联合管理计划是一个完善的机构间机制，可以就不同国际组织在辐射应急准备和反应方面的作用和能力加以协调和澄清。然而，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会以及联合管理计划都不取代各具体组织的工作。", "112.　现已指明有些领域现有的安排需要加以改进，如在接受和传播信息以及通过同一个声音信息、更好地满足公众对信息的巨大需求方面，扩大原子能机构的作用。然而，应急工作方面的改进需要对提升准备程度作出承诺，包括通过培训和演习这样做，并确认核紧急情况可能会再度发生。", "113.　福岛事故还凸显需要对核安全标准加以全球统一和普遍实施。", "建议", "114.　应当对现行机构间安排的强项和弱项作出严格、客观的评价；应考虑把联合管理计划内的切实安排正式化，包括部署机构间联合实地访问团。", "115.　应当加强和增加相关联合国实体和有关政府组织(尤其是监测组织和人道主义组织)在辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会以及联合管理计划内的参与。还应当在各组织内定期宣传联合管理计划，包括培训反应和协调机制内关键的人员和高级官员，以及确保对各组织的作用有明确的认识。", "116.　要面向国际受众，编制和及时传播关于核紧急情况的公共信息；应当制定协调此项工作的作业程序，作为一项极其重要的准备和反应活动。", "117.　应定期测试准备程度，在现有的公约演习制度的基础上，进行联合国全系统紧急情况演习，并有可能扩展到实地监测演习。", "118.　应注意为福岛第一核电站事故所设的特设技术工作组的价值。还应当考虑就针对具体部门的专题领域设立辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会工作组。", "备灾措施的充分性[36]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "119.　联合国实地和有关组织根据其各自的职能、角色和责任，设立并维持应急准备方案。", "120.　要尽量减少核和放射性事故及紧急情况的影响，就务必要在地方、国家、区域和全球各级发展有效的准备和反应合作能力及安排。对于减缓自然危害引起的灾害并采取对策而言，此类安排也具有根本性的意义。如福岛事故所示，灾害可能会产生有待我们想象、规划的相继性及附带影响——这不仅是就核设施而言，对于大型工业综合体、武器仓库和重要基础设施(如水电站大坝、桥梁和公路)来说同样如此。这些考量必须要推动作出新的努力，促进就准备和反应工作作出综合和新颖的规划。", "121.　原子能机构正在应急准备和反应领域更新安全标准、准则和实用工具，从过去对辐射紧急情况的反应和已开展的演习中吸取经验教训。原子能机构正在协助其成员国加强自身的准备，包括加强符合国际要求的国家紧急情况计划。为此目的，原子能机构正在实施评价任务，并利用标准化培训材料在国际、区域和国家各级开展培训活动。通过机构间常设委员会等机制和分组方式，加强核反应制度与人道主义协调制度之间的联系——这一点极为重要。", "122.　国际和区域组织在合作防备自然危害并采取对策方面有着广泛的合作(包括军民合作)经验。这一经验是通过与大量国家接触形成的。然而，现在需要吸收原子能机构和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会的经验，扩大上述经验。同样，原子能机构可受益于应急准备和反应社区广泛的资源基础和专门知识。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "123.　福岛事故的后果可以归纳进以下关键方面：", "• 建筑法规只有在得到连贯应用并有意识地优先用于高危地区时，才起作用并有帮助。", "• 公共教育、提高认识和培训演习是起作用的。同时，人们对风险的看法随着时间的推移而改变，因此必须不断地加以重新评估，以便确保预警和风险信息有高度的可接受性。风险认识和防备是社会问题，规划者和政治决策者必须要更好地加以理解。", "• 预警系统起作用，应当连贯地加以应用。必须要把多项文书用于知情决策。", "• 国家风险管理系统必须是“全政府”性的，而且要一体化。机构协调和知识方面的差距(即：危机管理人员和领导人对要求他们管理的危机的性质和后果并没有适当了解)带来了重大的风险。", "• 在风险和危机管理方面，公众的信任至关重要。这是一项资产，是以很容易获得连贯、可依赖的可信信息为基础的。在有些危机情形下，新闻媒体所作的灾难性预测，助长了人们对未知因素深深的畏惧；此时，更需要公众对决策者的信任。", "• 对安保信息需要相互参照并加以合并，并同各系统(如出于平民保护、军队或科学目的的系统)以及各利益攸关方(如社区、国家机器和私营部门)的多项危害综合预警机制相合并。", "124.　备灾工作的许多要素在处理这样一场多层面紧急情况方面运作良好，在日本尤然。很明显，产生场外后果的大规模事件的影响迅速成为区域和全球两级关注的事项。事故发生在日本东海岸，所以基本上是孤立的，放射性材料主要也是释放到空气和海洋中。如果同一事件发生在更接近其他国家的地方，那么，对邻国的影响可能就很严重。必须要及时同所有相关的国家及国际两级行动者分享可靠信息，并确保向受灾人口切实说明情况。", "趋势和发展", "125.　所有国家都需要确保应急系统是充分的、前瞻性的。许多应急安排目前假定不需要在同时对一个以上的核事故或其他紧急情况作出反应。弱势国家需要认真地审查对与极端气象事件和可能引发事故从而影响反应工作的其他自然危害(如地震)有关的挑战所作的应急安排。原子能机构应急准备和反应安全标准在国家一级的普遍实施，[37] 正在增进准备和反应工作，便利紧急情况通讯，并有助于对保护行动和其他行动的国家标准加以统一。", "126.　今后触发相继性及附带灾害的自然危害的影响，要求联合国反应系统，连同原子能机构和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会等方面加强合作，更好地支助各国和区域提升准备能力的努力。", "建议", "127.　必须要有一个包容性的、综合的反应系统。不同的反应机制应当是有联系的和纳入主流的，应当开发一个适当的协调工作管理框架。", "128.　容易受灾害侵袭的国家，有着重大工业和技术活动的地区，以及预期会更多地使用核能的区域，必须要把防备技术灾害措施并入其应急准备工作，以便对多重危害作出反应。", "129.　鼓励相关的联合国实体和有关组织加强训练方案，参加相关的国际演习。训练和应急演习是一个良好的应急准备方案的关键组件，是核实紧急情况安排和能力并提高其质量的有力工具。", "130.　应当通过改进法律文书及鼓励各国加入相关的公约，通过普遍实施原子能机构安全标准，通过各国和国际组织间加强合作，来加强应急准备和反应框架。", "131.　当局必须及时、持续地向公众提供可靠的信息。决策者必须要能在多重危害信息源提供的明确和可采取行动的信息的基础上，作出决策。必须要强调民间社会组织在向公众提供信息和解释风险方面的作用。", "132.　应当鼓励相关的政府间组织和非政府组织就核、工业和技术安全以及有关事项进行密切合作与协调。", "133.　必须要改善国家、区域和国际各级应对核事故以及工业和技术紧急情况的应急准备和反应工作。这应当包括可能设立快速反应能力，加强现有的制度，并在危机管理领域开展培训。", "134.　原子能机构和联合国应急组织之间需要密切合作，确保更好地把准备和反应能力一体化。", "135.　所有联合国人道主义组织都应当参与国际组织辐射应急联合管理计划。", "136.　高层必须要重视并倡导技术安全与保安、环境紧急情况与人道主义事务之间建立联系。", "开发新的监测和科学能力[38]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "137.　原子能机构拥有评估核紧急情况及其放射性后果的能力。原子能机构在奥地利塞伯斯多夫和摩纳哥的环境实验室分别专门对土壤环境样品和海洋环境样品进行评价。它们协调测量环境放射性分析实验室网络和海洋信息系统数据基。原子能机构的辐射监测和保护服务实验室按照原子能机构的健康核安全措施、向原子能机构工作人员、外部专家和受训人员提供定期和临时监测。原子能机构保障监督分析实验室(包括塞伯斯多夫的环境样品实验室和核材料实验室以及日本六所村的现场实验室)维持分析实验室网络。", "138.　世卫组织的国际卫生条例机制加强在辐射紧急情况期间监测全球公共卫生风险的能力。这同未知疾病暴发的设想情形特别有关——那可能是由一件恶意行为引起的；在此情形下，卫生当局可能就是第一通报点。", "139.　环境署应灾工作队现有能力已编入了人道主义事务协调厅系统，应当得到加强，以便处理放射性紧急情况。需要发展能力，来迅速评估对大环境的影响，包括对水、陆、空的影响，及其在人道主义和社会、经济方面的后果。", "140.　全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素站全球监测网络在核紧急情况下也很重要。这种网络可以用来评估导致源地点发生释放的条件，以便提供有关全球放射性情况的资料，[39] 并预测其他站何时可以侦测到辐射。[40]", "141.　气象组织在地球大气层状况和表现方面，是具有权威的科学机构。其业务包括昼夜监测、数据和信息交流，提供预报和警报，以及向一般公众、灾害管理组织、国际组织和其他部门提供服务。[41]", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "142.　在福岛第一核电站事故之后，原子能机构向日本派出四个辐射监测小组，帮助验证日本当局所作的更广泛计量的结果。原子能机构在摩纳哥的实验室审查了有关海洋环境的所有资料，同若干中心联络，以制定模型，模拟释放到海洋中的放射性材料的散布情况。原子能机构在塞伯斯多夫的环境实验室收到了原子能机构小组在日本采取的样品，以作分析。原子能机构辐射监测和防护服务实验室向所有前往日本的原子能机构、世卫组织和粮农组织工作人员提供了辐射防护服务和咨询。", "143.　为确保全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素监测网络的运作能力，并对结果加以及时分析，作出了全面的努力。在监测网络内作出第一次侦测(2011年3月15日)之前，[42] 使用大气层运输和散布模型来预测网络内侦测的预期时间和日期。", "趋势和发展", "144.　许多国家，特别是拥有核电的国家、或接近拥有核电国家的国家，计划或已经运作实时在线辐射监测系统。设立此类系统的目的虽然不同，但对于放射性物质释放进大气层作出回应而言，此数据很重要。[43]", "145.　全面禁止核试验条约组织数据作为全球监测系统，已证明很有用处。全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会在所侦测的放射性材料含有未预见的放射性核素或放射性核素浓度异常的情况下，可以发出自动警报。要作出迅速反应，筹备委员会与其他组织之间务必要作出安排。[44]", "146.　气象数据、分析、预测、有关资料及其在气象组织成员国之间的及时交流——这些属于气象组织运作系统的焦点。气象预测数码系统[45] 把数据和相关环境资料加以一体化，是分析、监测和预测大气层状况的必要工具，包括空气所载材料的运输、散布和沉淀情况。[46] 对于改进预期所需的数据不断加以审查和处理，例如在用量日增的卫星载运监测系统的数据方面。", "建议", "147.　原子能机构应建立一个全球辐射监测平台，显示放射性释放物的实时数据，并把国际和国内监测和预警系统的数据加以合成。应要求全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会为此提供其专业知识和放射性核素数据。这种综合监测平台不会取代国家辐射监测方案，但将为所有国家和国际组织带来额外的裨益。", "148.　应考虑作出安排和开发工具，以整理和解释环境监测数据(空气、土壤、水)和从气象、水文和其他计算模型得出的信息，评估其对公众健康和环境的长短期影响。", "149.　原子能机构应考虑以现有的测量环境放射性分析实验室网络和国家和区域两级的其他网络为基础，建立世界性分析实验室网络，分析环境和食物样品中的放射性核素。", "附件", "从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的其它资料", "[仅以英文印发]", "1. In addition to their inputs to the thematic sections of the present report (see section III), replies containing additional information were received from the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the World Meteorological Organization.", "Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "Role of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization network following the 11 March 2011 earthquake", "2. The events following the magnitude 8.9 earthquake on 11 March 2011 triggered all the verification systems designed to ensure compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It proved again that the Preparatory Commission International Monitoring System and transboundary data and data products produced by its International Data Centre have wide-ranging civil and scientific applications of direct relevance to disaster reduction and mitigation:", "• The earthquake and several thousand aftershocks were conclusively detected by the International Monitoring System seismic stations", "• The data generated by the seismic and hydro-acoustic stations helped to raise rapid alerts by tsunami warning centres in the Pacific region, in accordance with cooperation arrangements with tsunami warning centres recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "• Infrasound detections provided evidence of explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power plant", "• As the only global radioactivity network, radionuclide and noble gas monitoring stations provided independent, reliable, real-time, accurate and verified data on the global impact of releases from the power plant", "• Atmospheric transport modelling predicted with a high degree of accuracy which stations and countries were going to be affected by the releases. Atmospheric transport modelling, developed in cooperation with the WMO, is central to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification and provides validated information on the possible points of origin of the releases, as well as information on material dispersion, allowing accurate predictions on when and where detections may be expected. Atmospheric transport modelling prediction of the plume and real detections of enhanced activity concentrations reported from International Monitoring System stations that detected Fukushima releases were more than 95 per cent accurate, highlighting the predictive capabilities of that modelling technique", "3. The release of radionuclides was first detected on 15 March at the Takasaki station, 200 kilometres south-west of the power plant. Observations at International Monitoring System stations in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russian Federation, and Sacramento, United States of America, confirmed the release. Detections indicated the release of large portions of gaseous radioactive materials and a small portion of solid materials.", "4. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization radionuclide system is able to detect low-level radioactivity; it can detect one radioactive decay per second in up to one million cubic metres of air. The organization’s noble gas detection system provides unique information on gaseous releases, and, under certain conditions, those detections can already be used as an early warning sign of developing conditions. As a result of the system’s ultra high sensitivity, the detected concentration levels were generally not considered harmful for human beings despite the clear detection of radioactivity.", "5. By end of May 2011, activity concentrations at most stations had returned to background level. During the course of the release, 41 radionuclide stations detected released radionuclides; also 19 noble gas (xenon) systems provided clear indication of detection. Those detections covered all of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization’s radionuclide measurement systems in the northern hemisphere and a few in the southern hemisphere.", "6. Data related to the radioactivity release was immediately made available to States Signatories to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Member States were also kept informed of the development of the situation by way of six technical briefings since 15 March 2011. Inter-agency cooperation started with IAEA on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, special briefings using data from the Preparatory Commission were held for WMO, WHO, IAEA and the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.", "Lessons learned from the experience of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "7. The transboundary nature of nuclear accidents requires urgent measures to strengthen global emergency preparedness and to devise efficient disaster response systems. While short-term responses are able to address immediate safety and security related issues, “over the horizon” action over the next 10 to 20 years could include the following:", "(a) A multiple stakeholder strategic planning review of the global emergency response framework should be undertaken, including national Governments, international and regional organizations, national and international commercial entities, and academic and scientific research centres;", "(b) As part of the strategic review, a thorough capacity mapping (to identify strengths and weaknesses) of existing global monitoring systems utilized by several organizations should be conducted. Given current financial hardships, this is not the time for duplication of systems. Significant human resources and capital (approximately $1 billion) have already been invested in the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Already more than 80 per cent complete, the International Monitoring System will consist of 321 seismic, hydro-acoustic, infra-sound and radionuclide monitoring stations and 16 laboratories built worldwide and linked to an extensive and sophisticated global communication network. Radioactivity is monitored by the International Monitoring System radionuclide network, comprising 80 particulate stations, 40 of which will be equipped with noble gas monitoring systems;", "(c) Existing systems and expertise should be utilized and shared, as appropriate, through cooperative agreements among organizations. Improvement of and synergies between existing monitoring systems should be emphasized with due focus on the need for cost effectiveness and existing expertise. Institutional cooperation and specialized knowledge-sharing between regional and international organizations in accordance with their respective thematic mandates needs to be fostered and maximized;", "(d) State-of-the-art technology should be mastered, including through scientific interaction and technology foresight. An effective transboundary disaster response system should employ and account for future technological developments through ongoing dialogue with the scientific community. Issues such as synergistic use of monitoring systems, information management and knowledge-sharing should be investigated. It would also be vital to stay attuned to the “over the horizon” long-term developments in the sciences and technologies underpinning those efforts, so that relevant and credible solutions can be made available to meet global public interest and expectations;", "(e) Capacity development, education and training should be implemented in order to push the rapidly expanding scientific frontier even further. In addition to its regular training activities, the recently launched Capacity Development Initiative of the Preparatory Commission includes several online and classroom-based course modules on global responses to nuclear and other natural disasters. Similar initiatives by other international organizations would serve to strengthen and broaden participation in their respective areas of competency and significantly strengthen the international emergency response framework in the event of nuclear accidents, particularly in regions lacking national technical and scientific capacity in those areas.", "World Meteorological Organization", "Introduction", "World Meteorological Organization missions", "8. The mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), as presented in the Convention establishing the organization is:", "(a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of centres charged with the provision of meteorological and related services;", "(b) To promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological and related information;", "(c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;", "(d) To further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities;", "(e) To promote activities in operational hydrology and to further close cooperation between meteorological and hydrological services;", "(f) To encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fields, and to assist in coordinating international aspects such as research and training.", "9. In the light of its mission and the decision of its 189 members to address a set of global societal needs, WMO is committed to achieving its vision of providing world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and water resources and related environmental issues, which will contribute to the safety and well-being of people throughout the world and to the economic benefit of all nations.", "WMO institutional role and responsibilities", "10. WMO delivers to its members through programmes approved by the World Meteorological Congress, a major pillar being the World Weather Watch.", "11. The WMO World Weather Watch programme facilitates the development, operation and enhancement of worldwide systems for observing and exchanging meteorological and related observations and for the generation and dissemination of analyses and forecast products, as well as severe weather advisories and warnings and related operational information. The activities carried out under this programme collectively ensure that members have access to the required information to enable them to provide users with data, prediction and information services and products. The World Weather Watch is organized as an international cooperative programme, under which the infrastructure, systems and facilities needed for the provision of the services are owned, implemented and operated by the member countries. This is based on the fundamental understanding that the weather systems and patterns do not recognize national boundaries and are always evolving on varying temporal and spatial scales, and that international cooperation is paramount, as no individual country can be fully self-sufficient in the provision of all weather-, water- and climate-related services.", "12. The World Weather Watch is the key programme of WMO in providing basic data, analyses, forecasts and warnings to members and other WMO and co‑sponsored programmes, such as the Global Climate Observing System and the Global Ocean Observing System, and relevant international organizations.", "13. As a component of the World Weather Watch programme, the Emergency Response Activities are of particular relevance to United Nations system-wide study.", "Purpose and scope", "14. The WMO Emergency Response Activities assist national meteorological and national hydrological services and other relevant agencies of members, as well as relevant international organizations, to respond effectively to environmental emergencies associated with airborne hazards, such as those caused by nuclear accidents or events, volcanic eruptions, chemical accidents, smoke from large fires and other events that require emergency atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling support. Those Activities are carried out through the provision of specialized products by designated Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres; the development and implementation of efficient emergency procedures for the provision and exchange of specific data, information and products related to the environmental emergency; regular exercises; and training for users.", "15. Activities related to airborne radionuclide hazards fall under two categories. First, nuclear accidents or radiological incidents fall under the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, to which WMO is a party, along with other international organizations, under the overall coordination of IAEA, with which WMO signed an agreement in 1960. Second, WMO collaborates with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, with which it signed an agreement in 2003. WMO also provides specialized operational modelling in support of the Treaty Organization’s verification regime.", "Organization, governance, plans", "16. WMO, as a party to the Conventions on Early Notification and Assistance, is a participating member, along with many other international organizations, in the 2010 Joint Radiation and Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations. Within that context, in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency, the roles and responsibilities of relevant international organizations, including WMO, are clearly described. IAEA coordinates the Joint Plan through the Inter-Agency Committee for Radiological Nuclear Emergencies.", "17. The operational procedures for WMO are stated in its Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System.[47] The regional and global arrangements for environmental emergency response are set out in appendix I-3 of the Manual, while a users interpretation guide is contained in appendix II-7. Those technical requirements are developed and recommended by the body that oversees the implementation and maintenance of the World Weather Watch, the WMO Commission for Basic Systems, and are reviewed regularly by its Coordination Group on nuclear Emergency Response Activities, whose members include all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling specialization (8 Centres for forward modelling, and 7 of those plus 2 others for back-tracking), with the participation of IAEA, ICAO and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. WHO has been invited to join this group, but has not yet participated.", "18. The regional and global arrangements require the three Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in the WMO Asian Region (Beijing, Tokyo, and Obninsk, Russian Federation) to act as lead Centres during any confirmed nuclear/radiological incident in that region.", "19. Routine exercises take place at least four times a year, with the participation of all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling, and a few national meteorological and national hydrological services (voluntary). As part of the International Conventions, Conventions Exercises are carried out with different scopes of testing, with different frequencies. The last two full international exercises were level 3 exercises conducted in 2005 and 2008; the next in this series is scheduled for 2012.", "WMO operations during the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", "20. At the request of IAEA, WMO activated its Emergency Response Activities mechanism on 11 March 2011 to provide meteorological information to designated authorities on the likely evolution of the radioactive cloud that was accidentally released from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. Operating 24 hours per day, WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in Asia (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation) issued forecast charts of the dispersion of the nuclear material from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant on a routine basis until they were no longer required. The remaining five WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in other parts of the world also prepared dispersion charts for comparison and validation purposes.", "21. WMO also made arrangements with the ZAMG meteorological service of Austria to provide meteorological support to the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in Vienna, while similar arrangements were made with MeteoSwiss, the meteorological service of Switzerland, to provide meteorological support to the World Health Organization in Geneva.", "22. The WMO liaison office in New York prepared a package of information on the level of radiation and weather conditions in the incident-affected areas, with reference to the official data sources such as the Japan Meteorological Agency website. The package was presented at a meeting of the United Nations Communication Group and distributed by the Group to United Nations agencies and entities as science-based information.", "Nuclear safety and security", "Disasters caused by natural hazards", "23. It should be noted that earthquakes and tsunamis do not fall under WMO responsibility and are not hazards related to hydro-meteorological events. There are therefore no comments about those phenomena or their impacts in this section. However, it should be recalled that the WMO Global Telecommunication network is used to transmit tsunami-related warning and information worldwide to national meteorological and national hydrological services, in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, which can relay those warnings at the national level to the relevant authorities.", "Links between natural hazards of hydro-meteorological origin and nuclear safety and security", "24. Every year, disasters related to meteorological, hydrological and climate hazards cause significant loss of life and set back economic and social development by years, if not decades.", "25. Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of WMO, and the national meteorological and hydrological services of its 189 members. WMO, through its scientific and technical programmes, as well as the above-mentioned network of Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and national meteorological and national hydrological services, provides scientific and technical services. They include observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather-, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management community, effectively and in a timely fashion.", "26. Preparedness and prevention, combined with effective emergency management and early warning systems, can significantly contribute to reducing the impacts of hazards on human life and economic losses. Moreover, the utilization of climate information for medium- to long-term sectoral planning can reduce the economic impacts of disasters.", "27. Because of the need for water to cool their reactors, nuclear power plants[48] are located by coasts and rivers. Their functioning is therefore highly sensitive to any weather or climate conditions that affect the quantity and quality of the required water directly, such as coastal inundations and river flooding, unusually low water levels or high water temperatures, or indirectly, for example, ground movements such as induced subsidence due to soil dryness or extensive use of ground water in prolonged drought conditions.", "28. Under extreme circumstances, nuclear power plants and/or their environment can be sensitive to the effects of wind, water and waves, thus making the operations inside or outside the nuclear power plant more difficult. In the case of the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the combination of electricity cuts and disruption of electricity generators prevented the safety systems from functioning as expected.", "29. One lesson learned is that safety- and security-related accident prevention and emergency plans and systems must not only allow for natural hazards on a type-by-type basis, but must also include a multi-hazard approach that allows for the possible impacts of combined hazards.", "30. In that respect, WMO is working in partnership with the United Nations and other international agencies to support the strengthening of multi-hazard early warning system capacities, especially in developing countries, including: (a) the detection, monitoring and forecasting of meteorological and hydrological hazards; (b) analysis of hazards/risks and incorporating risk information in emergency planning and warnings; (c) dissemination of timely and authoritative warnings to authorities; and, (d) community emergency planning and preparedness and the ability to activate emergency plans. Those four components should be coordinated across several agencies at the national and local levels.", "Possible changes of hazards with time", "31. Natural hazards can change in intensity, frequency and location depending on factors other than climate change, namely:", "• Changes to the physical geography of a drainage basin, including the estuaries; the offshore bathymetry, coastal profile and catchments areas; or the surface roughness of the area around the site, which may influence the effects of wind on the plant", "• Changes of land use in the area around the site", "• Changes in the availability of water due to upstream dams or modification of use (such as irrigation)", "32. For river basins, the design-basis flood is to a great extent dependent on the physical nature of the basin. For estuaries, the design basis flood can evolve over time as a result of changes in the geography or other factors, such as the construction of storm surge barriers.", "33. The continuing validity of the design basis flood should be checked through periodic surveys of the conditions in the basin that may be related to floods (such as forest fires, urbanization, changes in land use, deforestation, closure of tidal inlets, construction of dams or storm surge barriers, changes in sedimentation and erosion). Those surveys should be carried out at appropriate intervals, mainly by means of aerial surveys supplemented, as necessary, by ground surveys. Special surveys should be undertaken when particularly important changes have occurred (for example, extensive forest fires). Where the size of the basin precludes carrying out sufficiently frequent air surveys, the use of data obtained by satellite imaging and sensing should be considered.", "34. The data obtained from flood forecasting and monitoring systems and from the operation of any warning systems should be periodically analysed for changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins, including estuaries.", "35. Indications of changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins should be used to revise, as appropriate, the design basis flood values and to improve the protection of systems and structures, the forecasting and monitoring systems, and the emergency measures. The forecasting models should be updated if necessary.", "36. In some coastal areas, coastal erosion or land subsidence (natural or induced by humans, relating to the extraction of oil, gas or water) may have to be taken into consideration in the estimation of the apparent water height at the site, to be combined with the phenomena resulting from climatic changes.", "37. A permanent uplift of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent low water scenario in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones. Similarly, a permanent subsidence of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent inundation in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones.", "Climate change", "38. Changes in the intensity and frequency of hydrological and meteorological extremes are considered to be key manifestations of regional and local climate changes associated with global climate change, particularly in the context of unequivocal evidence that global warming is already taking place and expected to be further enhanced.", "39. Due attention should therefore be paid to the implications of climatic variability and change, and particularly the possible consequences in relation to meteorological and hydrological extremes and hazards that should be considered for the planned operating lifetime of power plants. The planned operating lifetime of nuclear power plants is assumed to be about 60 to 100 years. Over such a period, it is expected that the global climate is likely to undergo significant changes, with widely varying regional or local manifestations, both in terms of the mean conditions and fluctuations on a range of timescales and of their impacts (for instance, evolution of permafrost areas leading to change in soil hydro-thermo-mechanical properties). With the mounting evidence of the sensitivity of such changes to human activities and socio-economic development pathways, future considerations should include the various plausible climate scenarios developed through state-of-the-art climate models. It is important to consider the future scenarios of changes in the variability as well as means of key climatic variables, particularly on the regional and local scales, with due attention to uncertainties in long-term climate projections.", "40. While rapid advances have taken place in climate research, reliable climate change scenarios on the regional scale are still not widely available. Regional climate models are being increasingly used to downscale global climate projections to the region of interest. Further, century-scale future projections are subject to large uncertainties resulting from both the assumptions used in developing greenhouse gas emission/concentration scenarios and the inherent limitations of climate models. Those factors are now being included both in the dynamic and statistical approaches to downscaling climate projections to the local and regional levels. Equally important is the verification of past projections using available observational records to build confidence in their results for the future. Therefore, maintenance and stewardship of local and regional observations for the verification and analysis of observed trends are critically important. Major research efforts are under way to improve the reliability of climate predictions/projections on decadal timescales, in order to assess the likelihood of extreme events (such as floods, storms, heat and cold episodes).", "41. The major effects with regard to hazards to nuclear power plants are related to the following causes:", "(a) Changes in air and water temperatures;", "(b) Changes in sea level;", "(c) Changes in the frequency and intensity of meteorological and hydrological phenomena such as severe rainstorms, heat waves, intense tropical cyclones, storm surges, river discharges and severe drought conditions.", "42. Future nuclear power plant designs should include additional safety margins for climate variability and change, especially with respect to extreme events. Design parameters should be periodically re-evaluated as the uncertainties affecting the estimates of future climate extremes are better quantified, based on climate observations and models. WMO will be working on development of climate information and services to support sectoral risk assessment and planning (for example, infrastructure and urban planning) with consideration for the changing characteristics of extreme events.", "International emergency response framework", "Adequacy of preparedness measures", "Recommendations", "43. As previously stated, preparedness for both plant design and emergency response should be multi-hazard oriented, with increased attention paid to the medium- and long-term evolution of both hazards statistics and the conditions of the surrounding environment.", "44. This should be reflected in training programmes as well as in the design and return of experience of emergency response exercises.", "Cooperation between international organizations", "Implications of the Fukushima accident", "45. According to agreed procedures, the WMO emergency preparedness and response system was activated on 11 March 2011 at the request of the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre for emergency support. All eight WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, including the three primary Centres in the Asia region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation), were requested to produce and provide charts that estimated the possible spread of airborne radioactivity from the Fukushima accident site, based on the agreed default accident scenario of one unit release of radioactivity (Cs-137, I-131). The requested products of the Centres have been published on the IAEA Emergency Notification and Assistance Convention website.[49]", "46. Throughout the nuclear emergency,[50] WMO also collaborated very closely with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO. During the first few weeks of the emergency, atmospheric scientists from the national meteorological services of Austria and Switzerland, on behalf of WMO, provided assistance at the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre and at WHO headquarters, respectively, in interpreting the atmospheric transport modelling outputs of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres.[51]", "Trends and developments", "47. As illustrated above, there is an increasing need for stronger integrated cooperation between United Nations agencies, so that all aspects and impacts of a nuclear or radioactive accident can be comprehended in a coordinated way. The same applies for information to be disseminated to media and the general public. This would require more intense and comprehensive training and exercises.", "Recommendations", "48. The current context provided by the Inter-Agency Committee and Joint Plan has to be evaluated, with any weaknesses corrected and new components added to ensure a more effective and efficient international emergency response.", "49. The process of determining the classification of the emergency and which actions may be required in the resulting International Organizations Review needs to be reviewed, with a view to coordinating the operations of international organizations beyond several days in the event of protracted emergencies. That includes, for example, ensuring ongoing contacts among Joint Plan members at all times, and coordinating the flow of information between organizations and to the public.", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "50. WMO provides the authoritative scientific voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Its operations include around-the-clock monitoring, data and information exchange, production and provision of forecasts and warnings, and services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and many socio-economic sectors. Operational arrangements for nuclear emergency response are published as part of WMO technical regulations, regularly updated and included in the organization’s Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System. The arrangements include the functioning of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with specialization in atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling, and are maintained in cooperation with IAEA, and exercised routinely. Numerical weather prediction models provide input for atmospheric transport models used for assessing (e.g. analyses and hindcasts) and predicting the atmospheric movement, dispersion and deposition of airborne radioactivity. The present arrangements and products of the Centres provide for global and continental-scale numerical simulations at medium-resolutions over large regions. The Centres also have the capability to provide operational atmospheric transport modelling “backtracking” services, as has been established with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as part of a joint response system for its treaty verification. The backtracking system computes and estimates the possible location of the source of anomalous radioactivity measurement detected at a monitoring network location, anywhere in the world.", "Trends and developments", "51. Meteorological data, analyses, predictions, related information, and their timely exchange among WMO members are the focus of WMO operational systems. Numerical weather prediction systems represent an integrator of data and relevant environmental information and an essential tool for analysing, assessing and predicting the state of the atmosphere, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials.[52] Data requirements for improved predictions are continuously reviewed and addressed, for example in the ever-increasing use of data from satellite-based monitoring systems.[53]", "52. Recognizing that actionable and scale-relevant climate information, in terms of data as well as tailored products representing the past, present and future status of the climate, is essential for decision-making, WMO, along with its partners, is working towards the implementation of a global framework for climate services. The global framework is expected to facilitate the development of climate services operating at the global, regional and national levels in a well-coordinated and user-oriented manner. The new initiative could be a good opportunity to identify and communicate the climate information needs of nuclear installations and operations to the relevant entities of the global framework.", "Recommendations", "53. Lessons learned from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant include the following:", "• The Environmental Emergency Response mechanism worked well. The dispersion charts provided decision makers with scientifically sound estimates of the dispersion of the nuclear material in the atmosphere. However, it is time to review the products and procedures for issuing those in the light of experiences during the event and taking account of recent developments in both the science and technologies used in generating the products", "• A particular problem for users of the dispersion charts was the use of an arbitrary concentration scale and predefined levels of release. The need for this arose because the details of the source term for the emission of the radioactive material were not known. Adequate monitoring systems should be located around each nuclear power plant so that the source term is known accurately and quickly. There should also be more coordination between the nuclear power industry and responsible international agencies for exchanging and using such information", "• Standard procedures urgently need to be updated for assessing the hydrological and meteorological hazards, including climate change, for existing and proposed nuclear power stations", "54. Some general recommendations are also valid to better cover the whole service life of nuclear installations with respect to the influence of weather, climate and water, both on the efficiency and the safety and security of their operations.", "55. When any meteorological or hydrological event proves to be a significant hazard for the site of a nuclear installation, it is essential that the site be continuously monitoring from the site selection study phase and throughout the entire service life of the nuclear installation, for the following purposes:", "• To validate the design basis parameters, especially in cases for which the series of historical data are very poor", "• To support the periodic revision of the site hazards in the light of the periodic safety assessment; this concern is becoming increasingly urgent as a follow-up of the consequences of global climate change", "• To provide alarm signals for operators and emergency managers", "56. For meteorological and hydrological events, the monitoring and warning measures that should be taken during the operation of the nuclear installation will depend on the degree of protection offered by the selected site and on the consideration of the hazards in the design basis of the installation. Some of the measures should be implemented at an early stage of the project.", "57. The data to be used for long-term monitoring and those to be used for a warning system should be chosen on the basis of different criteria, since the purposes of monitoring and those of the warning system are not the same. The purpose of long-term monitoring is to evaluate or re-evaluate the design basis parameters, for example when performing a periodic safety review. The purpose of the warning system is to forecast any extreme event that may affect operational safety. Special care should be taken regarding the ability of the warning system to detect any extreme events in sufficient time to enable the installation to be brought under safe conditions. A warning system should be put in place for sites where the hazards are significant for the design of the installation.", "58. The warning system should be used in connection with forecasting models, since the time period that the operator would need to put the installation into a safe status may necessitate acting on the basis of extrapolations of trends in phenomena without waiting for the actual occurrence of the hazardous event.", "59. In the case of the occurrence of an event for which the operator relies on forecasting models that are made available by organizations external to the operating organization, validation of the models and of the communication channels with those organizations should be carried out in order to ensure their availability and reliability during the event.", "60. Specific quality management or management system activities should be carried out to identify the competences and responsibilities for installing and operating the monitoring systems, the associated data processing and the appropriate prompting of operator action. Those activities should include planning and executing drill exercises at given intervals for all parties involved.", "61. In general, the following monitoring networks and warning networks should be considered:", "• A meteorological monitoring system for basic atmospheric variables", "• A meteorological warning system for rare meteorological phenomena (such as hurricanes, typhoons and tornadoes)", "• A water level gauge system", "• A tsunami warning system", "• A flood forecast system", "62. Furthermore, roles and responsibilities of various public and private sector stakeholders should be reflected in the national and local regulatory frameworks and planning.", "Concluding remarks", "63. The WMO strategic plan has identified five priority areas:", "• Implementation of the Global Framework for Climates Services", "• More coordinated disaster risk reduction", "• Improved observation and information systems", "• Capacity development to help developing countries share in scientific advances and their applications", "• Improving meteorological services for the aviation sector that enhance both safety and operational efficiency", "64. All of those priority efforts should lead to better monitoring of nuclear installations and a more secure, safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy worldwide. WMO is committed to strengthening dialogue with all relevant stakeholders in order to better define the information and services required for optimizing the preparedness, monitoring and emergency response for/by them, and with a view to improving and promoting the safety standards and to maximizing the overall engagement of the international community for peaceful use of nuclear energy to the benefits of humanity.", "[1] 本节由国际原子能机构(原子能机构)编写。", "[2] 《拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器条约》(特拉特洛尔科条约)、《南太平洋无核区条约》(拉罗汤加条约)、1990年11月28日阿根廷-巴西共同核政策宣言、《东南亚无核武器区》(曼谷条约)、《非洲无核武器区条约》(佩林达巴条约)、《中亚无核武器区条约》(塞米巴拉金斯克条约)。", "[3] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/153号文件(更正)。", "[4] 同上。", "[5] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/66/Rev.2号文件。", "[6] 根据发表于原子能机构INFCIRC/540号文件(更正)中的示范附加议定书。", "[7] 本节由联合国粮食及农业组织编写。", "[8] 本节由世界卫生组织编写。", "[9] “紧急情况公约”包括2005年《国际卫生条例》、1986年《及早通报核事故公约》和1986年《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》。", "[10] 本节由联合国环境规划署编写。", "[11] 联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会，《电离辐射来源及影响》(2010年版)，科学附件B，《公众和工人受到的各种来源的辐照》。", "[12] 同上(科学附件C、D和E)。", "[13] 设计基准事故是核设施设计和建造好后必须能经受的，不对确保公共卫生和安全所需系统、结构和部件造成损失的假定事故。", "[14] 本节由经济和社会事务部及联合国开发计划署编写。", "[15] 经济合作与发展组织，国际能源署，《世界能源展望2010》，第56页。", "[16] 国际能源署/核能机构，《发电的预计成本》，2010年版(2010年)，第21页。", "[17] 对2010至2011年成本的估计，见美国能源信息署，《发电厂资本成本订正估计数》(2010年)，第8页；国际应用系统分析研究所，《全球能源评估》(2011年)。2003至2005年期间发表的研究报告中的估计数，见原子能机构，《核电和可持续发展》(2006年，维也纳)，第10页。可再生能源(光伏、海风)和核能与累计装机容量有关的投资成本，见国际应用系统分析研究所，《全球能源评估》(2011年)。", "[18] 经社部，“全球绿色新政促进气候、能源和发展”，(2009年，纽约)。", "[19] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[20] 见原子能机构文件INFCIRC/821。", "[21] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[22] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[23] 世界气象组织(气象组织)，《付诸行动的气候知识：全球气候服务框架——增强最脆弱者的能力》(2011年)，见ftp://ftp.wmo.int/Documents/SESSIONS/Cg-XVI/Chinese/DOCs/d11-1(1)\n 1065_HLT_report_zh.pdf。", "[24] 本节由原子能机构编写。原子能机构核保安咨询组把核保安定义为：“防止和侦查以及应对涉及核材料、其他放射性物质或相关设施的盗窃、蓄意破坏、擅自获取、非法转移或其他恶意行为”。见原子能机构文件：GOV/2009/54-GC(53)/18。", "[25] 见http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273c_web.pdf，第1.10段。", "[26] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[27] 切尔诺贝利事故之后成立，有15个成员组织：环境署、人道主义事务协调厅、外层空间事务办公室、原子辐射影响问题科学委员会、粮农组织、原子能机构、国际民航组织、海事组织、欧盟委员会、国际刑事警察组织欧洲警察办事处、国际刑事警察组织、经合组织/核能机构、泛美卫生组织、世卫组织和气象组织。", "[28] 每三至五年进行一次演习，测试各国和国际组织对严重核或辐射紧急情况的反应，包括信息交流、提供援助和协调新闻工作。", "[29] 辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的定期会议也进行桌面推演，利用各种设想情形来审查国际组织辐射紧急情况联合管理计划中的安排。", "[30] 例如，国际民航组织鉴于必须处理人们对核紧急情况期间海空运的关注，并补充其参与国际组织辐射紧急情况联合管理计划的工作，协调了一个运输特设工作队的工作。工作队汇聚了联合国若干机构(包括国际民航组织本身、原子能机构、海事组织、世卫组织、气象组织、世贸组织和劳工组织)和私营的贸易协会。", "[31] 根据《及早通报核事故公约》，日本厚生劳动省在事故发生几小时内，就通过“国际卫生条例”国家协调中心向世卫组织作了通报。", "[32] 见http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/rempan/en/。", "[33] 泛美卫生组织也利用这个机会，提醒成员国审查其放射/核事故应急计划，并扩大书目数据库。", "[34] 这些要求每天重复提出，直到2011年4月18日，其后减少到每周三次，昼夜作业，直至2011年5月24日；这一天，原子能机构要求终止气象组织紧急支助。气象组织的一些中心还与原子能机构事件和应急中心合作，制定一个从核紧急情况开始的最佳估计排放序列，使用高分辨率的大气传输及散布模型的结果，并与放射性核素监测数据进行比较。好几个气象中心然后使用这个排放序列，以高空间分辨率重新计算最佳估计的分散和沉积模式。", "[35] 筹备委员会操作国际监测系统，该系统为是全球监测网络，现有不止60个高敏感度的测量放射性核素的台站。", "[36] 本节由人道主义事务协调厅和联合国国际减少灾害战略编写。", "[37] 由粮农组织、劳工组织、经合组织/核能机构、泛美卫生组织、人道主义事务协调厅和世卫组织共同主办。", "[38] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[39] 一有结果和数据，全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会就将其提供给缔约国；该制度还要由专人进行审查，以确保结果的质量。", "[40] 由网络所作的侦测有助于验证大气模型。全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会还提供海啸预警系统的数据，以协助救灾工作。在此情况下，根据与经教科文组织认可之海啸预警中心达成的合作安排提供数据。", "[41] 运作安排包括(专长于大气传输及散布模型的)区域专门气象中心的职能；这些安排是与原子能机构合作加以维持的。进行例行演习。数值天气预报模式向大气传输及散布模型提供投入，用于评估(如分析及后报)和预测空气中放射性物质在大气中的运动、散布和沉积情况。", "[42] 在释放的过程中，40多个放射性核素台站检测到释放的放射性核素。", "[43] 原子能机构开发全球性紧急情况辐射监测系统的项目正在进行中。", "[44] 在福岛第一核电站事故前，全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会并没有参与辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会。", "[45] 高分辨率数值天气预报和大气传输模型已经广泛采用，可用于改善大气传输的估计数；但是，它们在应急过程中的使用，应在对放射性物质释放量作出现实的、尽可能最佳的估计的基础上，认真进行。放射性核素监测数据应当用于校准这些模拟，改进评估和预测。此外，由于大气冲洗对于空气中放射性物质沉积而言具有关键意义，降水资料和高分辨率的分析至关重要。", "[46] 大气释放可能造成的影响取决于排放特性和环境条件。在紧急情况下，源地点的实际排放量和(放射性物质及大气参数的)监测数据，对于大气传输模型的模拟以及对评估可能的影响而言，乃是必不可少的投入，到头来还可供主管当局确定适当防护行动时使用。", "[47] Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/Manual/WMO485.pdf.", "[48] For the purposes of the present text, “nuclear power plants” should be considered in a generic sense and assumed to cover other types of nuclear installations, such as waste reprocessing plants.", "[49] Early in the compounded earthquake, tsunami and nuclear emergencies, the Japan Meteorological Agency created public web pages that provided relevant information, including in English, on current weather conditions and winds along with forecasts for the disaster stricken area. This special service met the very large worldwide demand for weather information on Japan. Several other national meteorological services also posted on their respective public websites weather information on Japan or the region, in other languages.", "[50] As decided by the accident country, the official classification used by IAEA for the emergency has been “General Emergency” since the beginning. That could mean that response organizations have to maintain emergency operations until a new classification is dictated.", "[51] In addition, some WMO centres collaborated with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in developing a best-estimate emission sequence from the beginning of the nuclear emergency, using high-resolution (5 km) atmospheric transport modelling results, and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. That emission sequence was then used by several meteorological centres to re-compute best-estimated dispersion and deposition patterns in high spatial resolution.", "[52] High resolution numerical weather prediction and atmospheric transport Models, already widely available, could be used to gain in the details of atmospheric transport estimates; however, their use in emergency response should be carefully implemented based on realistic best-available estimates of the amount of radioactivity released. Radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate the simulations and to improve assessments and predictions. In addition, since atmospheric washout is a key to the deposition of airborne radioactive contamination, precipitation data and high-resolution analyses are crucial.", "[53] Atmospheric transport modelling systems for nuclear emergency response will be a direct beneficiary of these developments, especially when radioactivity monitoring data become available for model validation and calibration, in a range of model resolutions and coverage. Techniques using an ensemble of forecasts from numerical models, with slightly different initial conditions and representation of physics in the Earth’s boundary layer, are being developed to derive uncertainty information for atmospheric transport modelling outputs." ]

[ "High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security convened by the Secretary-General", "22 September 2011", "United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains the results of the United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The report has been prepared for the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, to be held on 22 September during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The study contains three sections. The first section focuses on specific issues pertaining to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear safety. It addresses International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, peaceful nuclear energy applications, agriculture and food security, the environment, health, sustainable development and financing. The second section, which focuses on nuclear safety and security, addresses the role of the IAEA it that area, as well as natural disasters, climate change and the nexus between nuclear safety and security. The third section focuses on the international emergency response framework in the event of nuclear accidents and addresses the adequacy of disaster preparedness measures, the cooperation between international organizations and the development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities.", "In each area of focus, the study seeks to identify and discuss specific issues that may be relevant to the consideration of Governments; assess the implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents; discuss trends and developments; and provide recommendations.", "The study comprises contributions and inputs from 16 United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations, including the Department of Economic and Social Affairs; the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; the International Atomic Energy Agency; the International Civil Aviation Organization; the International Maritime Organization; the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; the Pan American Health Organization; the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization; the United Nations Children’s Fund; the United Nations Development Programme; the United Nations Environment Programme; the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction; the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs; the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; the World Health Organization; and the World Meteorological Organization.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Observations 4III.Information 6 received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related \norganizations A.Specific 6 issues pertaining to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear \nsafety 1. International 6 Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and peaceful uses of nuclear \nenergy 2.Agriculture 7 and food \nsecurity \n3.Health 9\n4.Environment 115.Sustainable 13 development and \nfinancing B.Nuclear 15 safety and \nsecurity 1.Role 15 of the International Atomic Energy Agency in nuclear safety and \nsecurity 2.Natural 17 \ndisasters 3.Climate 18 \nchange 4. Nexus 19 between nuclear safety and \nsecurity C. International 21 emergency response framework in case of nuclear \naccidents 1.Cooperation 21 between international \norganizations 2.Adequacy 24 of disaster preparedness \nmeasures 3.Development 27 of new monitoring and scientific \ncapabilities \nAnnex Additional 30 information received fromUnited Nationsentities, specialized agencies and \nrelatedorganizations", "I. Introduction", "1. On 19 April 2011, in his speech at the Kyiv Summit on the Safe and Innovative Use of Nuclear Energy, the Secretary-General noted that, in the light of expectations for the continued growth in nuclear power, ensuring maximum nuclear safety has assumed great significance. He also highlighted the need for the international community to undertake a global rethink of nuclear energy and safety issues. While acknowledging that each State has the right to define its national energy policy, he stressed that our common objective should be to deepen our understanding of the entire range of issues relating to development of nuclear energy and its safety, transcending national borders. Going forward, the effects of a nuclear plant disaster, from prevention to clean-up, should be more fully reflected in the assessment of how to ensure the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and maximum safety. In that connection, the Secretary-General proposed five concrete measures, including a United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, to be undertaken by the relevant United Nations entities as well as by the specialized agencies and related organizations and to be prepared for the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, to be held on 22 September during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "2. The Secretary-General consulted with the heads of international organizations prior to the formal launch of the study. Given its central role in the development of nuclear safety standards and nuclear security guidance, as well as its efforts to promote peaceful nuclear applications and safety in all its aspects, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) functioned as the lead coordinating entity for the aspects of the report that fall exclusively within its statutory areas of responsibility. The opportunity to provide input to the study was also brought to the attention of other United Nations entities, some of which contributed accordingly.", "3. The other primary contributors to the report included such entities as the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization; the Department of Economic and Social Affairs; the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); the Office for Disarmament Affairs; the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction; the World Health Organization (WHO); and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Other entities that contributed to the report and supplied inputs to the primary contributors were the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations. The United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, in its capacity as adviser to the study, provided support and background information.", "4. Although the primary contributors sought to consult and collaborate with other relevant entities, with a view to providing a joint submission, as far as this may have been feasible, the views expressed in each of the sections represent those of the primary contributors, as specified, and do not necessarily represent the views of any other entity. Additional inputs received from the contributing entities are reproduced in the annex to the present report.", "II. Observations", "5. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has compelled the international community to consider whether everything is being done to ensure nuclear safety. The Secretary-General welcomes the recent and planned activities aimed at strengthening nuclear safety and security as well as disaster preparedness, such as the Fifth Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety and the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Secretary-General particularly welcomes the outcome of the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety and the development by the IAEA Director General of an action plan to strengthen nuclear safety, including through the consideration of the development and application of international and legally binding norms. The Secretary-General hopes that the plan will form a basis for international efforts to improve nuclear safety. The Secretary-General also welcomes the intention of Japan, in cooperation with IAEA, to convene a high-level meeting in late 2012 aimed at following up on and sustaining political momentum and accountability on the matter.", "6. Decisions on the development and use of nuclear energy and the application of IAEA safety standards are the sole responsibility of individual Governments. Nevertheless, major nuclear accidents and emergencies respect no borders and their consequences can be grave, as shown in the accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. The international impact of major nuclear accidents and emergencies is a matter of global concern and public interest that must be discussed. Openness and transparency with respect to issues pertaining to nuclear energy and the implications of nuclear accidents and emergencies are critically important to maintain public trust. In that regard, the United Nations, in close cooperation with the specialized agencies and related organizations, has an important role to play.", "7. The Secretary-General recognizes the central role of the IAEA in the development of nuclear safety standards and the promotion of the highest level of nuclear safety, in accordance with its mandate. The Fukushima accident has given rise to concerns regarding the adequacy of international safety standards and conventions, the global emergency preparedness and response system and the effectiveness of national regulatory bodies. Those concerns underscore the need for greater international cooperation, openness and transparency as the international community intensifies its efforts to strengthen nuclear safety regimes.", "8. The Fukushima accident has highlighted the importance of enhanced hazard assessments that focus on credible scenarios involving natural disasters that can affect nuclear energy installations. Furthermore, the possible effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, or severe weather conditions will also have an effect on the nuclear safety of active nuclear power plants. Such effects will therefore need to be taken into account in designing, siting and operating nuclear power plants. The low greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear power, however, may help to reduce the risks associated with climate change.", "9. The Secretary-General notes that the Fukushima accident also has implications for nuclear security and the prevention of intentional attacks on nuclear energy installations and nuclear materials, either in use, storage or transit, which can give rise to radiation emergencies. The Secretary-General hopes that the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security can serve as a bridge to the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit, to be held in Seoul.", "10. The international response to the Fukushima accident demonstrated the value of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies and the operation of the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations, based upon the central coordinating role of IAEA. In the weeks following the accident, efforts were initiated within the Inter-Agency Committee and by the Secretary-General to review existing arrangements, particularly in the area of information-sharing, and to make necessary improvements.", "11. At the national level, the accident has underscored the need to ensure that Government policies with respect to emergency response and risk assessments and risk reduction measures are transparent and responsive to public risk perceptions. The potential for multifaceted emergencies to become regional and international matters of concern should be studied further, as the understanding of disaster risk information and risk reduction measures, as well as the timely and accurate provision of information, play a crucial role in decisions regarding public sector development and investment. In order to support the decision-making process, it is critical to ensure that the general public is kept informed about risks and risk management options.", "12. In responding to the Fukushima accident, well-developed scientific and monitoring capabilities were employed, especially by IAEA, WHO and WMO, in accordance with pre-existing arrangements. In addition, the global monitoring network maintained by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization proved its relevance in nuclear emergencies and, together with the existing UNEP capabilities, could be utilized to supplement the capabilities of the organizations that play a central role in responding to radiation emergencies.", "13. Notwithstanding the contribution that safe and scientifically sound nuclear technologies make to the agriculture and food production industries, in the event of a major nuclear accident, human exposure to radioactive contamination may come through food and water, which can have a considerable negative impact on national and international food trade. The impact on trade can arise not only in affected areas owing to imposed food restrictions, but also in unaffected areas owing to public fears, resulting in limitations to market access and negative effects on rural development and economic growth. In the light of the potential long-term health effects that increased radiation exposure can cause, including to populations across national boundaries, strengthening the cooperation and coordination among the relevant entities is an important objective.", "14. Although public and private entities seeking to develop nuclear power generally consider costs associated with the entire life cycle of commercial nuclear installations, the environmental, social and economic consequences of major accidents must also be considered and included in decision-making processes to identify and consider such costs. While some States have taken the decision not to pursue or to phase-out nuclear energy, other States remain committed to developing or acquiring nuclear power. Disaster risk analyses must therefore ensure that nuclear plants are built and operated safely and able to withstand any possible threat that could give rise to a radiation emergency.", "15. The Secretary-General commends the recommendations in the present report to the attention of Governments for their consideration.", "III. Information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "A. Specific issues pertaining to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear safety", "1. International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and peaceful uses of nuclear energy[1]", "16. Providing access to energy for the 2.4 billion people currently living in energy poverty is an important precondition for progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. All energy sources and technologies will be required to meet that enormous challenge. Nuclear power has been and will remain a significant contributor to meeting global energy needs.", "17. As of July 2011, some 440 nuclear power reactors were operating in 29  countries, with 65 new reactors under construction. Interest in nuclear power, although impacted by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, remains high. Of the countries without nuclear power that before the accident had strongly indicated their intentions to proceed with nuclear power programmes, only a few have cancelled or revised their plans, but most have not.", "18. Nuclear science and technology can also be used to develop nuclear weapons. Compliance with international legal instruments, such as the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, other bilateral and multilateral non‑proliferation agreements[2] and safeguards agreements with the IAEA, is therefore an essential element of the responsible use of nuclear power.", "19. IAEA was established in 1957 to help States ensure that nuclear energy would serve peace and development. Through the implementation of its safeguards, the Agency provides assurances to the international community that nuclear material and other specified items placed under the safeguards are not diverted from peaceful uses.", "20. Safeguards are implemented under agreements concluded by the IAEA with States and regional inspectorates. Those agreements are of three main types: (a) comprehensive safeguards agreements,[3] which cover all of the nuclear material in each non-nuclear-weapon State party to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) voluntary offer safeguards agreements,[4] which cover some or all of the civilian nuclear activities in the nuclear weapon States parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; and (c) item-specific safeguards agreements with other States.[5] A State in which any one of those agreements is in force may also conclude an additional protocol[6] providing for broader access to information and locations, thereby strengthening the effectiveness and efficiency of IAEA safeguards.", "2. Agriculture and food security[7]", "Relevance of nuclear technologies", "21. Safe and scientifically sound nuclear technologies, such as isotope measurements and tracing, mutagenesis, radiation applied for food decontamination, vaccine production and pest control, are valuable tools for agriculture and food production. Such technologies substantially contribute to food security. Those technologies are highly accurate, sensitive, specific and precise and can increase crop and livestock productivity, contribute to comprehensive animal disease control, insect pest control, food safety and quality strategies, and help to conserve natural resources.", "22. Nuclear techniques are therefore of socio-economic importance and provide value-added solutions to ensure food availability, accessibility and affordability. Examples include improved crop varieties; effective soil and water management and more efficient fertilizer use; improvements to crop and livestock production systems; enhanced animal disease diagnoses and control; traceability of contaminants in food; improved shelf-life and safety of food; and the environmentally friendly control of insect pests.", "23. Those technologies are uniquely provided by FAO and IAEA through the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, by means of research, training and technical and policy advice in the area of food and agriculture.", "24. Peaceful uses of nuclear and related techniques for food and agriculture have contributed tremendously to food security and sustainable agricultural development all over the world.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "25. After a nuclear accident or radiological emergency involving the release of radioactive material into the environment, there will be serious radioactive contamination of water, agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry productions as well as wildlife, thus posing a serious threat to veterinary and public health, food security and trade, with direct implications on the livelihoods of people.", "26. Immediately following its release (and as long as the contamination continues), radioactive material falling from the air or carried in rainwater or snow can deposit on the surface of agricultural products or animal feed and consequently contaminate milk and meat. Consuming food contaminated with radioactive material will increase the amount of radioactivity a person is exposed to and could increase health risks.", "27. Over time, radioactivity can build up within food, as radionuclides are transferred from contaminated soils into crops or animals. Radionuclides can also be directly deposited from the air or washed off into rivers, lakes and the sea where fish and seafood could take up the radionuclides.", "28. Contaminated areas may not be able to grow crops or support livestock grazing as a result of the persistence of radionuclides such as caesium 137 for decades. Special procedures should be followed to decontaminate animals and/or their products before consumption, for example. Medium- to long-term restrictions on agricultural production and fishery activities may have to be kept in place in specifically defined areas where radioactive contamination persists. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, agricultural productions and practices were affected within hundreds and even thousands of kilometres from the accident site, and in the close proximity of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, where high levels of contamination still persists, normal agricultural production is still not permitted.", "29. The effects of radioactive contamination can also have an impact on the agroecosystem balance and, in particular, plant pollination by insects, plant biodiversity and the biological status of the soil micro-organisms and earthworms that play an essential role in soil nutrient and organic matter cycling. As some fungi and plants are able to absorb and accumulate high amounts of radionuclides, they can pose a biosecurity risk to grazing wildlife, increasing the build-up of radionuclide contamination throughout the food chain. Even to the present day, 25 years after the Chernobyl incident, wild boars in Germany can still be found to be contaminated with radioactive caesium.", "30. Another serious implication related to a nuclear accident is the impact on the national and international food trade, which arises not only from imposed food restrictions in certain areas, but also from consumers’ reluctance to consume some foods because of public fears of radioactive contamination. This may result in limitations to market access and market losses by affected countries, leading to negative impacts on rural development and economic growth.", "31. The full impact of the radioactivity released in Japan remains to be fully assessed, but the health risks posed by radioactive contamination are well documented.", "Trends and developments", "32. Food monitoring data confirm that food contamination mechanisms are changing, that is, from the deposition of radionuclides on the surface of field crops, such as spinach, to root uptake through the soil or the growing medium, such as bamboo shoots and shiitake mushrooms. Stabilization and minimization of soil contamination is going to play an essential role to avoid the transfer of radionuclides through wind and soil erosion to other land and water bodies, including its release to plants and animals.", "33. FAO is working in close collaboration with its partners in providing the technical assistance and policy advice in response to the request from Member States in the areas of:", "• Contamination detection and monitoring", "• Remediation strategies and approaches", "• Agricultural countermeasure development", "• Science-based food trade policy", "• Capacity-building for preparedness and response in food and agriculture to nuclear emergencies", "Recommendations", "34. In order to strengthen preparedness and response planning and capacity to nuclear and radiological emergencies and minimize their impact on food and agriculture, and improve recovery, coordinated actions in the following areas would be strongly recommended:", "• Facilitate coordinated support to national, regional and international food and agriculture response planning to nuclear emergency", "• Increase technical assistance and policy advice for Member countries and organize regional/international simulations including all food and agriculture elements of emergency response and recovery activities", "• Strengthen international and national capacity development in food and agriculture monitoring and agriculture remediations", "• Review and improve the legal framework and cooperative mechanisms for inter-agency collaboration", "3. Health[8]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "35. The health impact of peaceful use of nuclear energy represents an issue of paramount importance. Policymakers and decision makers should ensure that the highest levels of safety are applied at existing and future nuclear installations. The health and well-being of populations should be a central concern and a priority in the discussions and decisions on energy strategies. Health, environment and economic implications should be considered as a whole for any strategy that Governments may decide to choose.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "36. Radioactive material may be released into the environment during an emergency at a nuclear power plant, the radionuclides of main concern to human health being iodine and caesium. The internal or external occupational exposure of rescuers, first responders and nuclear power plant workers is likely to occur during the emergency response phase and may result in radiation doses high enough to cause acute health effects such as skin burns, internal contamination or acute radiation syndrome. The general population is not likely to be exposed to doses high enough to cause acute effects, but may be exposed to low doses that could result in increased risk of long-term effects such as cancer. Consumption of contaminated food and/or water may also contribute to overall radiation exposure. If radioactive iodine enters the body through inhalation or ingestion and if no countermeasure is taken, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland, increasing the risk of thyroid cancer, particularly in children, as was witnessed in those populations affected by the accident in Chernobyl.", "37. In the case of the Fukushima accident, by the end of May 2011, nearly 8,000 workers were employed at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, 30 of whom were reported to have been exposed to a cumulated radiation dose higher than 100 mSv. Radiation-related fatalities have not been reported. Public health measures were quickly implemented, residents in the vicinity of the site were evacuated in a timely manner and potassium iodide tablets were given to the affected population. Evacuated residents were screened and decontaminated when needed. Food and drinking water contamination has been monitored and appropriate restrictions applied when necessary. Physical and prolonged stress among the evacuees has had significant health impacts. The disruption in their lives, breakdown of social contacts, long detention at evacuation sites with little privacy and crowded conditions, and sharp changes in their social environment have all contributed to grave stress, causing mental trauma.", "38. Similar to the case in Chernobyl, the Fukushima accident has resulted in significant anxiety in the general population, which may be aggravated by factors such as mistrust of authorities.", "Trends and developments", "39. Public exposure to radiation has declined significantly due to technological and safety improvements. However, Japan’s experience demonstrated that nuclear accidents can still occur and, when combined with natural disasters, such accidents have the potential to transcend boundaries, making international instruments[9] useful in addressing such situations and requiring the coordination and cooperation of multiple stakeholders.", "40. The development of coherent norms and standards at both the regional and the global level is crucial to ensure governance in the field of radiation safety. The 1996 International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources represented an unprecedented international effort towards the global harmonization of standards in all aspects of radiation protection for patients, workers and members of the public.", "Recommendations", "41. The health and well-being of populations should be a central concern and a priority in the discussions on future energy strategies.", "42. Member States should consider strengthening national preparedness systems and cross-sector coordination.", "43. National criteria for interventions after nuclear emergencies need to be consistent with international recommendations, and decisions concerning response interventions need to be made in a transparent and coordinated manner.", "44. Continued monitoring and efficient public communication of risks and the possible health effects of the Fukushima accident are essential, and the involvement of international organizations is important to ensure the transparency and credibility of the assessments and interventions implemented by national authorities.", "4. Environment[10]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments regarding planning and design of nuclear facilities (including the risk management framework)", "45. In deciding on whether to include nuclear energy in their energy mix, countries should undertake a rigorous environmental impact assessment that includes not only a comparison of the environmental benefits of replacing fossil-fired power plants and the routine environmental issues of operation and construction, but also an analysis of the likelihood, magnitude and environmental consequences of severe accidents with nuclear power compared with its alternatives.", "46. Economic calculations to compare different energy supply options are complex. Full life cycle costs, particularly the health and environmental costs of routine releases, waste disposal costs and the costs that would be incurred in the event of an accident are often not included in such analyses. Internalizing those costs is necessary.", "47. In countries where a nuclear power industry is being introduced or in regions where nuclear power is already deployed, institutional capacities to assess, regulate and model environmental impacts, as well as the ability to respond to environmental issues in an emergency situation, should be assessed and strengthened, if necessary.", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments regarding operating nuclear facilities and the operational phase", "48. There are a range of environmental impacts associated with the operation of nuclear power installations, not all of which are radioactive in nature.", "49. During routine operation, nuclear installations release small amounts of radioactive substances into the atmosphere and water bodies.[11] The continuous monitoring of such discharges and the ongoing monitoring of the environment to understand the impacts on the biota and ecosystem should be integral to the operation of nuclear power plants.", "50. The management of spent nuclear fuel and possibility of radiation leakages should be monitored until facilities are finally decommissioned.", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments regarding decommissioning", "51. There is no single universally agreed approach to the safe decommissioning of nuclear facilities, including the final disposal of spent nuclear fuels.", "52. Environmental risk assessments of the various options should be undertaken prior to finalizing decommissioning plans. Those assessments should cover the site of the power plant itself, the transportation of highly radioactive wastes and the final storage/disposal of such materials.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "53. In the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the effects of long-lived radioactive material in the local environment will be an issue of concern for many years to come. Large-scale releases of radioactive substances into the environment such as those caused by the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents can result in significant environmental impacts. Radioactive substances that are released into the air are deposited on the ground and onto the biota. Radioactive contamination can last for years or decades and decontamination is very expensive.", "54. In areas farther away, agricultural production and fishing may need to be temporarily suspended. Environmental impacts due to radiation may cause significant economic damages by forcing a cessation of economic activities in the affected area.", "55. Such environmental impacts may not only cause the temporary suspension of economic activities due to actual contamination, but may also lead to rumours and an erosion of confidence that harms local industries and tourism. Perceptions of contamination occurring when consumers avoid foodstuffs they rightly or wrongly believe to be contaminated exacerbate losses. Such damage of reputation may cause even greater financial losses for those industries.", "56. In the first few weeks following the Chernobyl accident, the neighbouring non-human biota was also affected by the massive accidental release of radionuclides. Radiation caused numerous acute adverse effects up to a distance of several tens of kilometres. While the cessation of human activities from the exclusion zone altered the balance in the ecosystem and allowed the infestation of pests, it also resulted an increase in the population of wild animals and bird species.[12]", "Trends and development", "57. The Fukushima accident showed that the design basis accident[13] of that plant had been too modest. In hindsight, the severe accident risks, particularly with regard to the environment, had been underestimated.", "Recommendations", "58. Scientific understanding of the relation between the levels of radioactive material in the environment and the potential effects on the biota residing in that environment needs to be further improved.", "59. In the event of accidents, effective decontamination and remediation methods for affected soil need to be investigated and implemented.", "60. Safety standards for the planning, design, operation, decommissioning and emergency response procedures of nuclear power plants must include environmental protection measures.", "61. Improved capacity-building in Member States, including in ministries for the environment, is required in order to more effectively oversee the environmental risk management of the nuclear power industry.", "62. Countries that are not members of the IAEA can be affected by accidents in neighbouring countries and need a minimum level of institutional capacity, particularly in environmental monitoring.", "63. Institutional capacity-building and the systematization of methodologies are essential to ensuring that long-term energy plans integrate environmental considerations in their options analyses.", "5. Sustainable development and financing[14]", "64. From a sustainable development perspective, one of the most salient issues is energy access. Currently, 1.4 billion people, mainly in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, have no access to electricity, and billions more are energy constrained. The average electricity use in those regions is substantially below 10 per cent of that in high income economies (180-750 kWh per person per year, compared with 7,500-18,000 kWh per person per year). Without expansion in access to electricity, it will be impossible to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, particularly on eradicating extreme poverty by 2015.[15]", "65. While future developments concerning nuclear energy will depend on progress in safety and affordability, that form of energy has been of interest to developing countries for a number of reasons. In 2001, the Commission on Sustainable Development concluded that the decision on the use of nuclear energy rested with individual countries according to their needs, capacities and goals. A total of 7 of the 29 countries that produce nuclear energy are developing countries. Most developing countries planning new nuclear programmes have not announced changes after Fukushima.", "66. The human impacts from the Fukushima accident, which caused hundreds of billions of dollars of property damage, have also focused attention on risk management. Some have called for a global phase-out or moratorium, while others have called for stricter regulations, enhanced safety measures and insurance mechanisms.", "67. In the absence of a moratorium, disaster risk analyses will need to ensure that nuclear plants are built in safe areas and are able to withstand the worst threats possible. Nearly half of all reactors in operation and under construction are in countries with high seismic risks. Nuclear plants are also often built on the coast to use sea water for cooling.", "68. The bottom line for developing countries is the final cost of energy, including baseload costs and those relating to additional safety measures, waste disposal, disaster insurance, decommissioning and regulatory systems. In a 2010 study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, it was noted that “Nuclear’s strength is its capability to deliver significant amounts of very low carbon baseload electricity at costs stable over time; it has to manage, however, high amounts of capital at risk and its long lead times for construction”.[16] Notwithstanding the stability of those baseload costs, final costs had been rising even prior to Fukushima as additional elements were factored into the cost of capital. A comparison of estimates from studies published in 2010 and 2011 with those published from 2003 to 2005 reveals a quadrupling (in nominal terms) of “overnight capital costs” of nuclear plants ($5-10 versus $1.2-2.6 per Watt) in contrast to a decline in the costs of renewable technologies,[17] which could raise the final cost of nuclear energy well above $100 per megawatt hour.", "69. In the past, major advances in access to electricity occurred in countries when the cost per megawatt hour of electricity was less than 3 per cent of per capita income. Since the majority of those in need of energy live in countries where annual per capita incomes are under $1,000, the need is for technological options in the range of $30-50 per megawatt hour.", "70. To help countries to evaluate the potential contribution of nuclear energy to sustainable development, an in-depth assessment of the net cost impact of the following is needed:", "• Potential for cost reduction. For developing countries, the key challenge is to bring down energy costs to levels that are compatible with their per capita incomes. That requires an independent assessment of cost trends in all available technologies[18]", "• Emissions. International agreements or national policies that mobilize climate or other environmental financing will, in principle, lower the costs of all technologies, including nuclear power, that have an advantage over fossil fuel alternatives with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants", "• Proliferation. The potential consequences from nuclear proliferation are a matter of major concern in the international community. Developing countries will need technical assistance to enhance their institutional capacities in order to enable them to manage the risk of proliferation effectively. IAEA has been very active in providing such assistance", "• Waste disposal. There are uncertainties and risks related to radioactive waste disposal. Currently there is no large-scale permanent repository site for the storage of spent nuclear fuel, although Finland and Sweden are constructing such repositories", "• Local impacts of mining. There are concerns regarding the impact of mining fissionable material on local communities and ecosystems", "• Insurance against disasters. After Fukushima, uncertainties have emerged about the cost of insurance against major disasters. Innovative insurance mechanisms will need to be developed to reduce that uncertainty", "• Local impacts of nuclear energy policy and disasters on the safety and well-being of communities. Twenty-five years after the Chernobyl accident, the affected communities are still dealing with the stigma and lack of economic opportunities and information on the consequences of the disaster", "71. Governments and private investors face tough challenges on financing nuclear energy, especially in developing countries. Major international financial support would be necessary to build nuclear plants and develop institutional, regulatory, enforcement and infrastructure capacities. The challenges are even greater as energy investments continue to be affected by uncertainties in the global economy. Financing issues include:", "• Sharing risks among investors and Governments. With cost uncertainties, heightened public concern and changing energy policy environments, it is extremely challenging to secure private financiers for nuclear energy without significant risk-sharing by the public sector. The solution may be to develop innovative financial instruments to cover uncertainties related to natural or man-made disasters, decommissioning costs and the final disposal of radioactive waste", "• Ensuring a level playing field for different technology options. A level playing field is needed in order to enhance investments and develop markets for efficient energy systems. Reforming subsidies and incentive schemes will be critical for fair competition among all options", "• Reflecting external costs in investment models. Currently, many technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or have other social or environmental benefits are not able to claim such a cost advantage. The internationalization of external costs will need to include environmental and societal costs, including risks, in order to facilitate truly informed decision-making for sustainable development", "B. Nuclear safety and security", "1. Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in nuclear safety and security[19]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "72. IAEA is an independent intergovernmental, science and technology-based organization in the United Nations system that serves as the global focal point for nuclear cooperation. Nuclear safety and security have a common purpose, which is to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The central role of IAEA with respect to nuclear safety and security is set out in its Statute and enshrined in decisions and resolutions of its policymaking organs. IAEA develops nuclear safety standards and, based on those standards, promotes the achievement and maintenance of high levels of safety in nuclear energy applications. It also offers specific review services to determine how the standards are being applied. Guidance on public and occupational radiation protection for a wide range of exposure situations, including nuclear emergencies, is provided in the IAEA International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources and related documents.", "73. IAEA supports global efforts to make nuclear and other radioactive material secure through the provision of guidance documents and services and helps States to establish comprehensive national nuclear security regimes. It works to provide a strong, sustainable and visible global nuclear safety and security framework.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "74. The Fukushima Daiichi accident had an adverse impact on public perceptions of the safety of nuclear power throughout the world. In particular, the accident and international response raised questions concerning the adequacy of international safety standards and conventions and the extent of adherence to them, the global emergency preparedness and response system and the effectiveness of national regulatory bodies. Some countries re-examined their plans to introduce or expand nuclear power programmes or extend the operating life of existing nuclear plants. The following areas may be affected by the Fukushima Daiichi accident:", "• Science and technology, including safety engineering, design against onsite and external natural hazards, mitigation and recovery systems and radiation protection in severe accidents", "• Managerial, human, organizational and national infrastructure, including emergency preparedness and response, severe accident management, regulatory frameworks, technical support organizations and national resources", "• Public communication, transparency and international cooperation", "Trends and developments", "75. Over the past two decades, there has been a clear trend towards strengthening nuclear safety regimes. International cooperation has increased and countries considering the introduction of nuclear power programmes have been encouraged to apply IAEA safety standards and relevant international instruments. Other developments have included increased regional harmonization and cooperation, steadily improving safety performance indicators, an increase in the number of countries considering embarking on nuclear power programmes, the extension of the service lives of existing plants, greater openness and transparency and increased synergy between safety and security. There has also been an increasing number of requests for IAEA expert peer review services in areas such as regulation, operational safety, emergency preparedness and security, as well as a greater focus on issues such as safety management and leadership.", "76. The trend towards longer service lives of nuclear plants brings its own challenges, such as ensuring that safety margins remain adequate. The extension of the lives of existing nuclear plants and the expansion of nuclear power programmes are also placing an increasing strain upon the limited human resources available to design, construct, maintain and operate nuclear facilities.", "77. A preliminary assessment of the Fukushima Daiichi accident has already identified plant design, international response arrangements and implementation of international safety standards as areas where further development is needed. A continuing trend towards increasing international cooperation, openness and transparency will undoubtedly assist countries in responding effectively and learning the necessary lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi accident.", "Recommendations", "78. In the Ministerial Declaration adopted at the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna in June 2011,[20] a number of measures were set out to improve nuclear safety and a firm commitment was expressed to ensure that those measures are actually implemented. The importance was reiterated of universal adherence to the relevant international instruments on nuclear safety, as well as the need for their effective implementation and continuous review. The importance was also emphasized of enhanced national and international measures to ensure the most robust levels of nuclear safety, based on IAEA safety standards. It was stated that safety standards should be continuously strengthened and implemented as broadly and effectively as possible. The Ministers attending the Conference committed themselves to increasing bilateral, regional and international cooperation to that effect.", "79. The Ministers expressed their commitment to strengthening the central role of IAEA in promoting international cooperation in order to enhance global nuclear safety and in coordinating efforts to strengthen global nuclear safety by providing expertise and advice and promoting nuclear safety culture worldwide. The Ministers also expressed their commitment to further strengthening the authority, competence and resources of national regulatory authorities.", "2. Natural disasters[21]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "80. Cooperation between international organizations concerning natural disasters has grown, especially in areas such as prediction and response. For example, WMO has assisted IAEA in its efforts to define natural phenomenon hazards as part of the development of related IAEA nuclear safety standards.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "81. The Fukushima Daiichi accident was caused by a natural disaster of unprecedented severity: a major earthquake that triggered a huge tsunami. The accident highlighted the importance of performing hazard assessments that focus on credible, if unlikely and infrequent, scenarios that can challenge structures, systems and components. That is more significant for nuclear installations with multiple reactors.", "Trends and developments", "82. The increase in the number of hazards considered to be potentially damaging to nuclear power plants has been recognized in nuclear safety assessments for many years. It has led to the re-examination of the levels of protection against natural disasters such as seismic events and tsunamis. Increased levels of protection have been called for and enhancements have been made in early warning systems for tsunamis and other hazards. Better methods for dealing with uncertainties have also been developed.", "Recommendations", "83. The levels of hazards, or combinations of interrelated hazards, need to be evaluated in order to include less frequent events and allow adequate consideration for uncertainties. Based on IAEA safety standards, those hazard levels should be considered in the safety assessments of nuclear power plants and the necessary preventive and mitigation measures should be implemented.", "84. In the case of Fukushima Daiichi, offsite response to the events at the site could not be relied upon due to lost communication channels and damage to access routes. A key feature of any plant recovery plan should accommodate the need for the plant accident management team to be able to operate without dependency on offsite resources. The fragility of the supporting infrastructure should be considered in any planning of emergency response to such disasters.", "85. Demand for improved access to risk information has grown steadily through the years. Risk information in the immediate aftermath of a nuclear emergency is vital for effective response, not only for technical specialists, but also to guide the immediate actions of humanitarian agencies, national and local governments and the general public.", "3. Climate change[22]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "86. There are two ways in which climate change affects the comparison between the benefits and risks of nuclear power and the benefits and risks of its alternatives.", "87. First, the possible effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels or more extreme storms and droughts, should be taken into account in designing, siting and operating nuclear power plants. A forthcoming IAEA Safety Guide on Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations will provide guidance. If climate change is not taken into account in the construction of any given nuclear power plant, then the future risks of that plant may be higher than in today’s climate.", "88. Second, one of the benefits of nuclear power is its very low greenhouse gas emissions, which help reduce all risks associated with climate change.", "89. Nuclear plant operators have accumulated substantial experience of working in diverse climates and severe weather conditions. Weather-related incidents at nuclear power installations have never exceeded level 3 on the seven-point International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale. There is also substantial experience concerning tsunamis, for which there has only been one accident above level 3: the Fukushima accident. Tsunamis are not weather-related, but, all other things being equal, risks from tsunamis would increase with rising sea levels as a result of climate change. However, existing planning and engineering techniques can significantly reduce or eliminate the vulnerability of nuclear power plants to climate, weather and tsunami hazards.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "90. The principal lesson of the Fukushima accident is that assumptions made concerning which types of accident were possible or likely were too modest. Those assumptions should be reviewed for all existing and planned reactors, and the possible effects of climate change should be taken into account. The emerging Global Framework for Climate Services of the World Meteorological Organization[23] may be particularly useful in providing the necessary climate information.", "Trends and developments", "91. The important potential effects of climate change identified in the forthcoming IAEA Safety Guide on Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations include the following:", "• Rising sea levels will affect some coastal nuclear power plants; plants on rivers may also be vulnerable to flooding due to increased rainfall or changes in snow-melt", "• More intense high winds, storms and lightning could increase the risk of grid disruptions", "• Extreme heat and drought could disrupt water cooling systems", "• Ice due to extreme cold could disrupt the intake of cooling water", "• Forest fires and wildfires could disrupt both grid connections and access to nuclear power plants by personnel and emergency responders", "• Debris caused by storms and floods could disrupt the intake of cooling water", "Recommendations", "92. Risks for nuclear power plants associated with climate change and extreme weather events are not insurmountable. Know-how and technologies are available to significantly reduce or eliminate climate-related risks and should be applied as described in the forthcoming IAEA Safety Guide on Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations.", "4. Nexus between nuclear safety and security[24]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "93. The most important document in the IAEA Safety Standard series, Safety Fundamentals,[25] states that “safety measures and security measures must be designed and implemented in an integrated manner so that security measures do not compromise safety and safety measures do not compromise security”.", "94. The Fukushima Daiichi accident also has implications for nuclear security. There are several common characteristics shared by accidents and sabotage, such as reduced effectiveness of remaining systems, including through the loss of power, communications, computer, safety and physical protection systems; and the loss of key operating, safety and security personnel.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "95. In the light of the Fukushima Daiichi accident, States should review their nuclear security framework in order to ensure that they are properly prepared to respond to the consequences of a severe nuclear accident.", "Trends and developments", "96. The international nuclear security framework has been strengthened over the past 10 years in response to increased concerns about the risk of a malicious act involving nuclear material, facilities or transport. New security-related instruments such as the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its Amendment have been supplemented by recommendations and guidance documents produced by IAEA as part of its Nuclear Security series.", "97. IAEA has enhanced its support to States to help them establish sustainable nuclear security regimes by implementing nuclear security plans. The aims of IAEA have been shared by groups of States, such as the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, or industry, through the World Institute for Nuclear Security. There has been greater awareness among States of the need for such regimes and for State systems to involve non-traditional actors.", "98. IAEA has received an increasing number of requests for expert peer review services in areas such as legislation, regulation and physical protection of facilities.", "Recommendations", "99. In order to properly address nuclear security, the international community should promote universal adherence to and implementation of relevant international legal instruments. Other steps should include the detailed technical examination by States of their assumptions about the nature of potential threats and the adequacy of existing security measures. Response plans should be revised to deal with worst-case scenarios that go beyond previous assumptions. Such plans should also be rigorously tested through both table-top and practical exercises.", "100. In cooperation with other stakeholders, IAEA should continue to help States to establish effective, comprehensive and sustainable national nuclear security regimes. IAEA support will include peer reviews and assessment services, human resource development programmes and, where appropriate, physical protection upgrades. Coordination efforts between IAEA and other United Nations entities, such as the Office on Drugs and Crime and the Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force, should continue to be increased, with expanded exchanges of information at the working level, improved communication between the entities and avoidance of duplication.", "101. In addition to IAEA assistance, States should ensure the effective use of resources and coherent approaches with other stakeholders within the United Nations system.", "C. International emergency response framework in case of nuclear accidents", "1. Cooperation between international organizations[26]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "102. The established system for nuclear and radiological emergencies is based on the central coordinating role of IAEA and the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies.[27] The scope of activities covered by the Inter-Agency Committee is based on two treaties: the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In addition, the 2005 International Health Regulations represent a legally binding global agreement by States to protect public health by preventing, detecting, assessing and responding to any public health emergency of international concern.", "103. The Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations, the maintenance of which is one of the primary functions of the Inter-Agency Committee, identifies the inter-agency framework for radiation emergency preparedness and response, provides a practical mechanism for coordination and clarifies the roles and capabilities of the participating international organizations.", "104. The Inter-Agency Committee also provides an opportunity to conduct periodic exercises. IAEA conducts regular communication drills and Conventions Exercises (ConvEx) at three levels of complexity, the most complex being ConvEx‑3 exercises,[28] which cover the response in the early phase of a severe nuclear emergency.[29]", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "105. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the Inter-Agency Committee demonstrated the value of an institutionalized inter-agency coordination mechanism. Immediately after the accident, IAEA, through its Incident and Emergency Centre, notified all relevant international organizations and activated the Joint Plan. On 15 March 2011, the first coordination meeting of the Inter-Agency Committee was conducted by video conference. A further 10 coordination meetings were held until the end of June. The objective of the meetings was to reach a common understanding of the situation, exchange information and consider and coordinate response activities, including communication with the public with one voice. Emerging tasks were taken up by specific organizations. For some issues, ad hoc task groups were established.[30]", "106. Following IAEA notification,[31] WHO Headquarters, the organization’s Western Pacific Regional Office, its centre in Kobe, Japan, and its Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network[32] became active. WHO immediately notified all its member States in the region through National Focal Points for the International Health Regulations. A WHO field mission was undertaken by the organization’s Western-Pacific Regional Office to the areas affected by the earthquake and tsunami to assess public health needs.", "107. WHO closely monitored the public health risk of populations in and outside of Japan. Technical briefing notes related to food safety and regular updates on food monitoring results were developed by FAO and WHO and provided to member States through the International Food Safety Authorities Network.", "108. PAHO activated its Emergency Operations Centre and deployed experts to respond to its member States, National Focal Points for the International Health Regulations and to media queries regarding implications for the American Region, mainly regarding travel and import of food and products.[33]", "109. WMO emergency arrangements were activated on 11 March following a request from IAEA for emergency support. All eight WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, including the three primary Centres in the Asia region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation), were requested to provide charts estimating the possible spread of airborne radioactive material from the accident site.[34] Throughout, WMO also collaborated very closely with the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO.", "110. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization kept its State parties aware of the developing situation with six technical briefings from 15 March 2011.[35] The Preparatory Commission and IAEA started in-depth cooperation on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, the Preparatory Commission had special briefings on the situation for organizations using Preparatory Commission data (WMO, WHO, IAEA and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs). From 11 April 2011 onwards, the Preparatory Commission also participated in the coordination video conferences of the Inter‑Agency Committee, at the invitation of IAEA.", "Trends and developments", "111. The Inter-Agency Committee and the Joint Plan represent a well-established inter-agency mechanism that can provide coordination and facilitate clarity regarding the roles and capabilities of different international organizations in radiation emergency preparedness and response. However, neither the Inter-Agency Committee nor the Joint Plan supersede the work of each individual organization.", "112. Some areas where existing arrangements need to be improved have already been identified, such as expanding the role of IAEA role in receiving and disseminating information and better addressing the huge public demand for information through one-voice messages. However, improvements in emergency response will require a commitment to increased preparedness, including through training and exercises, and an acknowledgement that nuclear emergencies can happen again.", "113. The Fukushima accident also highlighted the need for the global harmonization and universal implementation of nuclear safety standards.", "Recommendations", "114. A rigorous and objective evaluation should be conducted of the strengths and weaknesses of the current inter-agency arrangements. Consideration should also be given to formalizing the practical arrangements in the Joint Plan, including deployment of joint inter-agency field missions.", "115. The involvement of relevant United Nations entities and related governmental organizations should be enhanced and increased, in particular monitoring and humanitarian organizations, within the Inter-Agency Committee and the Joint Plan. There should also be regular advocacy for the Joint Plan within organizations, including training key personnel and senior officials in response and coordination mechanisms and ensuring a clear understanding of the organizations’ roles.", "116. Operational procedures should be developed for coordinating the preparation and timely dissemination of public information on nuclear emergencies for international audiences as a critical preparedness and response activity.", "117. The level of preparedness should be regularly tested by conducting United Nations system-wide emergency exercises based on the existing Conventions Exercises regime, with possible extensions to field monitoring exercises.", "118. The value should be noted of the ad-hoc technical working groups established for the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Consideration should also be given to establishing Inter-Agency Committee working groups for sector-specific topical areas.", "2. Adequacy of disaster preparedness measures[36]", "Specific issues relevant to the consideration for Governments", "119. Commensurate with their respective functions, roles and responsibilities, United Nations entities and related organizations establish and maintain emergency preparedness programmes.", "120. Effective local, national, regional and global preparedness and response cooperation capabilities and arrangements are essential in order to minimize the impacts of nuclear and radiological incidents and emergencies. Such arrangements are also fundamental to the mitigation and response to disasters caused by natural hazards. As the Fukushima incident illustrated, disasters can have sequential and collateral impacts that we have yet to imagine and plan for, not only for nuclear facilities but also for industrial complexes, weapons storage depots and major infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, bridges and highways. Those considerations must motivate new efforts for integrated and innovative planning for preparedness and response.", "121. IAEA is upgrading safety standards, guidance and practical tools in the area of emergency preparedness and response, utilizing the lessons learned from responses to past radiation emergencies and from the exercises that have been carried out. IAEA is helping its member States to enhance their own preparedness, including strengthening national emergency plans that are consistent with international requirements. To that end, it is carrying out appraisal missions and international, regional and national training events using standardized training materials. It is extremely important to strengthen the link between the nuclear response system and the humanitarian coordination system, through such mechanisms as the Inter‑Agency Standing Committee and the cluster approach.", "122. International and regional organizations have a broad experience of cooperation, including civil-military cooperation, in preparing for and responding to natural hazards. That experience has been established by engaging with a large number of countries. However, it now needs to be broadened by drawing upon the experience of IAEA and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Equally, IAEA can benefit from the wide resource base and expertise of the emergency response and preparedness community.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "123. The implications of the Fukushima accident can be grouped into key areas:", "• Building codes work and are helpful only if consistently applied and consciously used in high-risk areas as a priority", "• Public education, awareness-raising and training drills work. At the same time, people’s perception of risk changes over time and thus must be constantly re‑assessed in order to ensure a high degree of receptivity for early warning and risk information. Risk perception and preparedness is a social issue and must be better understood by planners and political decision makers", "• Early warning systems work and should be consistently applied. Multiple instruments must be used for informed decision-making", "• National risk management systems must be “all-of-government” and integrated. Institutional coordination and knowledge gaps present the major risk that crisis managers and leaders are not properly informed about the nature and implications of the crises they are called upon to manage", "• Public trust is critical in risk and crisis management. That asset is built on credible information being easily available, consistent and reliable. Public trust in decision makers is all the more important in crises where there is a strong fear of the unknown fuelled by catastrophic projections in media", "• Safety and security information needs to be cross-referenced and combined, and coupled with integrated multi-hazard early warning mechanisms across systems (such as those for civil protection, military or scientific purposes) and stakeholders (for example, communities, State apparatus and the private sector)", "124. Many elements of disaster preparedness worked well, particularly in Japan, in dealing with such a multi-faceted emergency. It is clear that the impact of a large-scale event with off-site consequences rapidly becomes a matter of regional and global concern. As the accident occurred on Japan’s east coast, it was largely isolated, and the major releases of radioactive materials were to the air and ocean. If the same event had occurred in an area in greater proximity to other countries, the implications for neighbours could have been serious. It is important to share reliable information in a timely manner with all of the relevant national and international actors and to ensure that the affected population is effectively informed.", "Trends and developments", "125. For all countries, there is a need to ensure that emergency response systems are adequate and forward-thinking. Many response arrangements currently assume that there will not be a need to respond to more than one nuclear accident or other emergency concurrently. Vulnerable countries need to carefully review emergency response arrangements for challenges related to extreme weather events and other natural hazards, such as earthquakes, that may trigger an accident and therefore impact the response. Universal implementation of the IAEA Safety Standards on emergency preparedness and response[37] at the national level is improving preparedness and response, facilitating emergency communication and contributing to the harmonization of national criteria for protective and other actions.", "126. The implications of future natural hazards triggering sequential and collateral disasters necessitates that the United Nations response system, along with IAEA and others such as the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, enhance cooperation to better support countries and regional efforts to increase preparedness capacity.", "Recommendations", "127. There is a need for an inclusive and consolidated response system. The different response mechanisms should be linked and mainstreamed and an appropriate governance framework for coordination should be developed.", "128. Disaster-prone countries, areas of substantial industrial and technological activity and regions where increased use of nuclear energy is expected, need to integrate preparedness measures for technological disasters into their emergency preparedness to respond to multi-hazards.", "129. Relevant United Nations entities and related organizations are encouraged to enhance training programmes and to participate in relevant international exercises. Training and emergency response exercises are a key component of a good emergency preparedness programme and provide a powerful tool for verifying and improving the quality of emergency arrangements and capabilities.", "130. The emergency preparedness and response framework should be strengthened by enhancing legal instruments and encouraging States to become parties to relevant conventions, through the universal implementation of the IAEA Safety Standards and through enhanced cooperation among States and international organizations.", "131. The public must be provided with reliable information by authorities in a timely and sustained manner. Decision makers need to be able to base their decisions on clear and actionable information provided by multi-hazard information sources. The role of civil society organizations in providing information and explaining risk to the public must be emphasized.", "132. Close cooperation and coordination among the relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations on nuclear, industrial and technological safety and related matters should be encouraged.", "133. There is a need to improve national, regional and international emergency preparedness and response to nuclear accidents and industrial and technological emergencies. That should include the possible creation of rapid reaction capacity, the strengthening of existing systems and the development of training in the field of crisis management.", "134. Closer cooperation between IAEA and United Nations emergency response organizations is needed in order to ensure enhanced integration of preparedness and response capacities.", "135. All United Nations humanitarian organizations should be involved in the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations.", "136. There is a need for high-level attention to and advocacy for the linkages between technological safety and security, environmental emergencies and humanitarian affairs.", "3. Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities[38]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "137. IAEA has capabilities for assessing nuclear emergencies and their radiological consequences. The IAEA Environment Laboratories in Seibersdorf, Austria, and in Monaco specialize in evaluating terrestrial and marine environmental samples, respectively. They coordinate the Analytical Laboratories for Measuring Environmental Radioactivity network and the Marine Information System database. The IAEA Radiation Monitoring and Protection Services Laboratories provide routine and ad hoc monitoring for IAEA staff, external experts and trainees in line with IAEA health and safety measures. The IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratories (which include the Environmental Sample Laboratory and the Nuclear Material Laboratory in Seibersdorf and the On-Site Laboratory in Rokkasho, Japan) maintain the Network of Analytical Laboratories.", "138. The WHO International Health Regulations mechanism reinforces capacities for monitoring global public health risks during radiation emergencies. That is especially relevant to scenarios of unknown disease outbreaks, which may be due to a malicious act, in which case health authorities may be the first point of notification.", "139. The existing capabilities of UNEP of disaster response teams are integrated into the system of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and should be enhanced in order to address radiation emergencies. Capability should be developed to rapidly assess impacts on the wider environment, including for land, water and air, and their humanitarian and socio-economic implications.", "140. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization global monitoring network of radionuclide stations is also important in nuclear emergencies. That kind of network may be used to assess the conditions causing the release at the source location, in order to provide information on the global radiological situation[39] and to predict when radioactivity might be detected at other stations.[40]", "141. WMO provides the authoritative scientific voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere. Its operations include around-the-clock monitoring, data and information exchange, the provision of forecasts and warnings, and services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and other sectors.[41]", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "142. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, IAEA sent four radiological monitoring teams to Japan to help validate the results of more extensive measurements made by the Japanese authorities. The IAEA Environment Laboratories in Monaco reviewed all information regarding the marine environment and liaised with a number of centres to establish models to simulate the dispersion of radioactive material released into the ocean. The IAEA Environment Laboratories in Seibersdorf received samples taken in Japan during IAEA missions for analysis. The IAEA Radiation Monitoring and Protection Services Laboratories provided radiation protection services and advice to all IAEA, WHO and FAO staff travelling to Japan.", "143. A comprehensive effort was made to ensure the operational capability of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization radionuclide monitoring network and timely analysis of the results. Before the first detections were made in the monitoring network (15 March 2011),[42] atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling was used to predict the expected time and date of detections in the network.", "Trends and developments", "144. Real-time online radiation monitoring systems are planned or already operational in many States, particularly those with nuclear power or which are adjacent to countries with nuclear power. While the purposes for establishing such systems may vary, the data are important for response to radioactive atmospheric releases.[43]", "145. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization data proved to be useful as a global surveillance system. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization could provide automatic warnings in case detected radioactive material contained unexpected radionuclides or abnormal concentrations of radionuclides. To provide rapid response, arrangements between the Preparatory Commission and other organizations are critical.[44]", "146. Meteorological data, analyses, predictions, related information and their timely exchange among WMO members are the focus of WMO operational systems. Numerical weather prediction systems[45] integrate data and relevant environmental information and are an essential tool for analysing, assessing and predicting the state of the atmosphere, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials.[46] Data requirements for improved predictions are continuously reviewed and addressed, for example in the ever-expanding use of data from satellite-based monitoring systems.", "Recommendations", "147. IAEA should establish a global radiation monitoring platform to display real-time data on radioactive releases and integrate data from international and national monitoring and early warning systems. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization should be requested to provide its expertise and radionuclide data for that purpose. The integrated monitoring platform would not supersede national radiation monitoring programmes but would bring additional benefits to all States and international organizations.", "148. Consideration should be given to developing arrangements and tools for collating and interpreting environmental monitoring data (air, soil and water) and information derived from meteorological, hydrological and other computational models to assess their short- and long-term implications for public health and the environment.", "149. IAEA should consider establishing a worldwide network of analytical laboratories, based on the existing Analytical Laboratories for Measuring Environmental Radioactivity and other national and regional networks, to analyse radionuclides in environmental and food samples.", "Annex", "Additional information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "[English only]", "1. In addition to their inputs to the thematic sections of the present report (see section III), replies containing additional information were received from the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the World Meteorological Organization.", "Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "Role of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization network following the 11 March 2011 earthquake", "2. The events following the magnitude 8.9 earthquake on 11 March 2011 triggered all the verification systems designed to ensure compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It proved again that the Preparatory Commission International Monitoring System and transboundary data and data products produced by its International Data Centre have wide-ranging civil and scientific applications of direct relevance to disaster reduction and mitigation:", "• The earthquake and several thousand aftershocks were conclusively detected by the International Monitoring System seismic stations", "• The data generated by the seismic and hydro-acoustic stations helped to raise rapid alerts by tsunami warning centres in the Pacific region, in accordance with cooperation arrangements with tsunami warning centres recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "• Infrasound detections provided evidence of explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power plant", "• As the only global radioactivity network, radionuclide and noble gas monitoring stations provided independent, reliable, real-time, accurate and verified data on the global impact of releases from the power plant", "• Atmospheric transport modelling predicted with a high degree of accuracy which stations and countries were going to be affected by the releases. Atmospheric transport modelling, developed in cooperation with the WMO, is central to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification and provides validated information on the possible points of origin of the releases, as well as information on material dispersion, allowing accurate predictions on when and where detections may be expected. Atmospheric transport modelling prediction of the plume and real detections of enhanced activity concentrations reported from International Monitoring System stations that detected Fukushima releases were more than 95 per cent accurate, highlighting the predictive capabilities of that modelling technique", "3. The release of radionuclides was first detected on 15 March at the Takasaki station, 200 kilometres south-west of the power plant. Observations at International Monitoring System stations in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russian Federation, and Sacramento, United States of America, confirmed the release. Detections indicated the release of large portions of gaseous radioactive materials and a small portion of solid materials.", "4. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization radionuclide system is able to detect low-level radioactivity; it can detect one radioactive decay per second in up to one million cubic metres of air. The organization’s noble gas detection system provides unique information on gaseous releases, and, under certain conditions, those detections can already be used as an early warning sign of developing conditions. As a result of the system’s ultra high sensitivity, the detected concentration levels were generally not considered harmful for human beings despite the clear detection of radioactivity.", "5. By end of May 2011, activity concentrations at most stations had returned to background level. During the course of the release, 41 radionuclide stations detected released radionuclides; also 19 noble gas (xenon) systems provided clear indication of detection. Those detections covered all of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization’s radionuclide measurement systems in the northern hemisphere and a few in the southern hemisphere.", "6. Data related to the radioactivity release was immediately made available to States Signatories to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Member States were also kept informed of the development of the situation by way of six technical briefings since 15 March 2011. Inter-agency cooperation started with IAEA on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, special briefings using data from the Preparatory Commission were held for WMO, WHO, IAEA and the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.", "Lessons learned from the experience of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "7. The transboundary nature of nuclear accidents requires urgent measures to strengthen global emergency preparedness and to devise efficient disaster response systems. While short-term responses are able to address immediate safety and security related issues, “over the horizon” action over the next 10 to 20 years could include the following:", "(a) A multiple stakeholder strategic planning review of the global emergency response framework should be undertaken, including national Governments, international and regional organizations, national and international commercial entities, and academic and scientific research centres;", "(b) As part of the strategic review, a thorough capacity mapping (to identify strengths and weaknesses) of existing global monitoring systems utilized by several organizations should be conducted. Given current financial hardships, this is not the time for duplication of systems. Significant human resources and capital (approximately $1 billion) have already been invested in the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Already more than 80 per cent complete, the International Monitoring System will consist of 321 seismic, hydro-acoustic, infra-sound and radionuclide monitoring stations and 16 laboratories built worldwide and linked to an extensive and sophisticated global communication network. Radioactivity is monitored by the International Monitoring System radionuclide network, comprising 80 particulate stations, 40 of which will be equipped with noble gas monitoring systems;", "(c) Existing systems and expertise should be utilized and shared, as appropriate, through cooperative agreements among organizations. Improvement of and synergies between existing monitoring systems should be emphasized with due focus on the need for cost effectiveness and existing expertise. Institutional cooperation and specialized knowledge-sharing between regional and international organizations in accordance with their respective thematic mandates needs to be fostered and maximized;", "(d) State-of-the-art technology should be mastered, including through scientific interaction and technology foresight. An effective transboundary disaster response system should employ and account for future technological developments through ongoing dialogue with the scientific community. Issues such as synergistic use of monitoring systems, information management and knowledge-sharing should be investigated. It would also be vital to stay attuned to the “over the horizon” long-term developments in the sciences and technologies underpinning those efforts, so that relevant and credible solutions can be made available to meet global public interest and expectations;", "(e) Capacity development, education and training should be implemented in order to push the rapidly expanding scientific frontier even further. In addition to its regular training activities, the recently launched Capacity Development Initiative of the Preparatory Commission includes several online and classroom-based course modules on global responses to nuclear and other natural disasters. Similar initiatives by other international organizations would serve to strengthen and broaden participation in their respective areas of competency and significantly strengthen the international emergency response framework in the event of nuclear accidents, particularly in regions lacking national technical and scientific capacity in those areas.", "World Meteorological Organization", "Introduction", "World Meteorological Organization missions", "8. The mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), as presented in the Convention establishing the organization is:", "(a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of centres charged with the provision of meteorological and related services;", "(b) To promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological and related information;", "(c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;", "(d) To further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities;", "(e) To promote activities in operational hydrology and to further close cooperation between meteorological and hydrological services;", "(f) To encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fields, and to assist in coordinating international aspects such as research and training.", "9. In the light of its mission and the decision of its 189 members to address a set of global societal needs, WMO is committed to achieving its vision of providing world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and water resources and related environmental issues, which will contribute to the safety and well-being of people throughout the world and to the economic benefit of all nations.", "WMO institutional role and responsibilities", "10. WMO delivers to its members through programmes approved by the World Meteorological Congress, a major pillar being the World Weather Watch.", "11. The WMO World Weather Watch programme facilitates the development, operation and enhancement of worldwide systems for observing and exchanging meteorological and related observations and for the generation and dissemination of analyses and forecast products, as well as severe weather advisories and warnings and related operational information. The activities carried out under this programme collectively ensure that members have access to the required information to enable them to provide users with data, prediction and information services and products. The World Weather Watch is organized as an international cooperative programme, under which the infrastructure, systems and facilities needed for the provision of the services are owned, implemented and operated by the member countries. This is based on the fundamental understanding that the weather systems and patterns do not recognize national boundaries and are always evolving on varying temporal and spatial scales, and that international cooperation is paramount, as no individual country can be fully self-sufficient in the provision of all weather-, water- and climate-related services.", "12. The World Weather Watch is the key programme of WMO in providing basic data, analyses, forecasts and warnings to members and other WMO and co‑sponsored programmes, such as the Global Climate Observing System and the Global Ocean Observing System, and relevant international organizations.", "13. As a component of the World Weather Watch programme, the Emergency Response Activities are of particular relevance to United Nations system-wide study.", "Purpose and scope", "14. The WMO Emergency Response Activities assist national meteorological and national hydrological services and other relevant agencies of members, as well as relevant international organizations, to respond effectively to environmental emergencies associated with airborne hazards, such as those caused by nuclear accidents or events, volcanic eruptions, chemical accidents, smoke from large fires and other events that require emergency atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling support. Those Activities are carried out through the provision of specialized products by designated Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres; the development and implementation of efficient emergency procedures for the provision and exchange of specific data, information and products related to the environmental emergency; regular exercises; and training for users.", "15. Activities related to airborne radionuclide hazards fall under two categories. First, nuclear accidents or radiological incidents fall under the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, to which WMO is a party, along with other international organizations, under the overall coordination of IAEA, with which WMO signed an agreement in 1960. Second, WMO collaborates with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, with which it signed an agreement in 2003. WMO also provides specialized operational modelling in support of the Treaty Organization’s verification regime.", "Organization, governance, plans", "16. WMO, as a party to the Conventions on Early Notification and Assistance, is a participating member, along with many other international organizations, in the 2010 Joint Radiation and Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations. Within that context, in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency, the roles and responsibilities of relevant international organizations, including WMO, are clearly described. IAEA coordinates the Joint Plan through the Inter-Agency Committee for Radiological Nuclear Emergencies.", "17. The operational procedures for WMO are stated in its Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System.[47] The regional and global arrangements for environmental emergency response are set out in appendix I-3 of the Manual, while a users interpretation guide is contained in appendix II-7. Those technical requirements are developed and recommended by the body that oversees the implementation and maintenance of the World Weather Watch, the WMO Commission for Basic Systems, and are reviewed regularly by its Coordination Group on nuclear Emergency Response Activities, whose members include all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling specialization (8 Centres for forward modelling, and 7 of those plus 2 others for back-tracking), with the participation of IAEA, ICAO and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. WHO has been invited to join this group, but has not yet participated.", "18. The regional and global arrangements require the three Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in the WMO Asian Region (Beijing, Tokyo, and Obninsk, Russian Federation) to act as lead Centres during any confirmed nuclear/radiological incident in that region.", "19. Routine exercises take place at least four times a year, with the participation of all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling, and a few national meteorological and national hydrological services (voluntary). As part of the International Conventions, Conventions Exercises are carried out with different scopes of testing, with different frequencies. The last two full international exercises were level 3 exercises conducted in 2005 and 2008; the next in this series is scheduled for 2012.", "WMO operations during the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", "20. At the request of IAEA, WMO activated its Emergency Response Activities mechanism on 11 March 2011 to provide meteorological information to designated authorities on the likely evolution of the radioactive cloud that was accidentally released from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. Operating 24 hours per day, WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in Asia (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation) issued forecast charts of the dispersion of the nuclear material from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant on a routine basis until they were no longer required. The remaining five WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in other parts of the world also prepared dispersion charts for comparison and validation purposes.", "21. WMO also made arrangements with the ZAMG meteorological service of Austria to provide meteorological support to the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in Vienna, while similar arrangements were made with MeteoSwiss, the meteorological service of Switzerland, to provide meteorological support to the World Health Organization in Geneva.", "22. The WMO liaison office in New York prepared a package of information on the level of radiation and weather conditions in the incident-affected areas, with reference to the official data sources such as the Japan Meteorological Agency website. The package was presented at a meeting of the United Nations Communication Group and distributed by the Group to United Nations agencies and entities as science-based information.", "Nuclear safety and security", "Disasters caused by natural hazards", "23. It should be noted that earthquakes and tsunamis do not fall under WMO responsibility and are not hazards related to hydro-meteorological events. There are therefore no comments about those phenomena or their impacts in this section. However, it should be recalled that the WMO Global Telecommunication network is used to transmit tsunami-related warning and information worldwide to national meteorological and national hydrological services, in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, which can relay those warnings at the national level to the relevant authorities.", "Links between natural hazards of hydro-meteorological origin and nuclear safety and security", "24. Every year, disasters related to meteorological, hydrological and climate hazards cause significant loss of life and set back economic and social development by years, if not decades.", "25. Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of WMO, and the national meteorological and hydrological services of its 189 members. WMO, through its scientific and technical programmes, as well as the above-mentioned network of Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and national meteorological and national hydrological services, provides scientific and technical services. They include observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather-, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management community, effectively and in a timely fashion.", "26. Preparedness and prevention, combined with effective emergency management and early warning systems, can significantly contribute to reducing the impacts of hazards on human life and economic losses. Moreover, the utilization of climate information for medium- to long-term sectoral planning can reduce the economic impacts of disasters.", "27. Because of the need for water to cool their reactors, nuclear power plants[48] are located by coasts and rivers. Their functioning is therefore highly sensitive to any weather or climate conditions that affect the quantity and quality of the required water directly, such as coastal inundations and river flooding, unusually low water levels or high water temperatures, or indirectly, for example, ground movements such as induced subsidence due to soil dryness or extensive use of ground water in prolonged drought conditions.", "28. Under extreme circumstances, nuclear power plants and/or their environment can be sensitive to the effects of wind, water and waves, thus making the operations inside or outside the nuclear power plant more difficult. In the case of the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the combination of electricity cuts and disruption of electricity generators prevented the safety systems from functioning as expected.", "29. One lesson learned is that safety- and security-related accident prevention and emergency plans and systems must not only allow for natural hazards on a type-by-type basis, but must also include a multi-hazard approach that allows for the possible impacts of combined hazards.", "30. In that respect, WMO is working in partnership with the United Nations and other international agencies to support the strengthening of multi-hazard early warning system capacities, especially in developing countries, including: (a) the detection, monitoring and forecasting of meteorological and hydrological hazards; (b) analysis of hazards/risks and incorporating risk information in emergency planning and warnings; (c) dissemination of timely and authoritative warnings to authorities; and, (d) community emergency planning and preparedness and the ability to activate emergency plans. Those four components should be coordinated across several agencies at the national and local levels.", "Possible changes of hazards with time", "31. Natural hazards can change in intensity, frequency and location depending on factors other than climate change, namely:", "• Changes to the physical geography of a drainage basin, including the estuaries; the offshore bathymetry, coastal profile and catchments areas; or the surface roughness of the area around the site, which may influence the effects of wind on the plant", "• Changes of land use in the area around the site", "• Changes in the availability of water due to upstream dams or modification of use (such as irrigation)", "32. For river basins, the design-basis flood is to a great extent dependent on the physical nature of the basin. For estuaries, the design basis flood can evolve over time as a result of changes in the geography or other factors, such as the construction of storm surge barriers.", "33. The continuing validity of the design basis flood should be checked through periodic surveys of the conditions in the basin that may be related to floods (such as forest fires, urbanization, changes in land use, deforestation, closure of tidal inlets, construction of dams or storm surge barriers, changes in sedimentation and erosion). Those surveys should be carried out at appropriate intervals, mainly by means of aerial surveys supplemented, as necessary, by ground surveys. Special surveys should be undertaken when particularly important changes have occurred (for example, extensive forest fires). Where the size of the basin precludes carrying out sufficiently frequent air surveys, the use of data obtained by satellite imaging and sensing should be considered.", "34. The data obtained from flood forecasting and monitoring systems and from the operation of any warning systems should be periodically analysed for changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins, including estuaries.", "35. Indications of changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins should be used to revise, as appropriate, the design basis flood values and to improve the protection of systems and structures, the forecasting and monitoring systems, and the emergency measures. The forecasting models should be updated if necessary.", "36. In some coastal areas, coastal erosion or land subsidence (natural or induced by humans, relating to the extraction of oil, gas or water) may have to be taken into consideration in the estimation of the apparent water height at the site, to be combined with the phenomena resulting from climatic changes.", "37. A permanent uplift of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent low water scenario in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones. Similarly, a permanent subsidence of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent inundation in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones.", "Climate change", "38. Changes in the intensity and frequency of hydrological and meteorological extremes are considered to be key manifestations of regional and local climate changes associated with global climate change, particularly in the context of unequivocal evidence that global warming is already taking place and expected to be further enhanced.", "39. Due attention should therefore be paid to the implications of climatic variability and change, and particularly the possible consequences in relation to meteorological and hydrological extremes and hazards that should be considered for the planned operating lifetime of power plants. The planned operating lifetime of nuclear power plants is assumed to be about 60 to 100 years. Over such a period, it is expected that the global climate is likely to undergo significant changes, with widely varying regional or local manifestations, both in terms of the mean conditions and fluctuations on a range of timescales and of their impacts (for instance, evolution of permafrost areas leading to change in soil hydro-thermo-mechanical properties). With the mounting evidence of the sensitivity of such changes to human activities and socio-economic development pathways, future considerations should include the various plausible climate scenarios developed through state-of-the-art climate models. It is important to consider the future scenarios of changes in the variability as well as means of key climatic variables, particularly on the regional and local scales, with due attention to uncertainties in long-term climate projections.", "40. While rapid advances have taken place in climate research, reliable climate change scenarios on the regional scale are still not widely available. Regional climate models are being increasingly used to downscale global climate projections to the region of interest. Further, century-scale future projections are subject to large uncertainties resulting from both the assumptions used in developing greenhouse gas emission/concentration scenarios and the inherent limitations of climate models. Those factors are now being included both in the dynamic and statistical approaches to downscaling climate projections to the local and regional levels. Equally important is the verification of past projections using available observational records to build confidence in their results for the future. Therefore, maintenance and stewardship of local and regional observations for the verification and analysis of observed trends are critically important. Major research efforts are under way to improve the reliability of climate predictions/projections on decadal timescales, in order to assess the likelihood of extreme events (such as floods, storms, heat and cold episodes).", "41. The major effects with regard to hazards to nuclear power plants are related to the following causes:", "(a) Changes in air and water temperatures;", "(b) Changes in sea level;", "(c) Changes in the frequency and intensity of meteorological and hydrological phenomena such as severe rainstorms, heat waves, intense tropical cyclones, storm surges, river discharges and severe drought conditions.", "42. Future nuclear power plant designs should include additional safety margins for climate variability and change, especially with respect to extreme events. Design parameters should be periodically re-evaluated as the uncertainties affecting the estimates of future climate extremes are better quantified, based on climate observations and models. WMO will be working on development of climate information and services to support sectoral risk assessment and planning (for example, infrastructure and urban planning) with consideration for the changing characteristics of extreme events.", "International emergency response framework", "Adequacy of preparedness measures", "Recommendations", "43. As previously stated, preparedness for both plant design and emergency response should be multi-hazard oriented, with increased attention paid to the medium- and long-term evolution of both hazards statistics and the conditions of the surrounding environment.", "44. This should be reflected in training programmes as well as in the design and return of experience of emergency response exercises.", "Cooperation between international organizations", "Implications of the Fukushima accident", "45. According to agreed procedures, the WMO emergency preparedness and response system was activated on 11 March 2011 at the request of the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre for emergency support. All eight WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, including the three primary Centres in the Asia region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation), were requested to produce and provide charts that estimated the possible spread of airborne radioactivity from the Fukushima accident site, based on the agreed default accident scenario of one unit release of radioactivity (Cs-137, I-131). The requested products of the Centres have been published on the IAEA Emergency Notification and Assistance Convention website.[49]", "46. Throughout the nuclear emergency,[50] WMO also collaborated very closely with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO. During the first few weeks of the emergency, atmospheric scientists from the national meteorological services of Austria and Switzerland, on behalf of WMO, provided assistance at the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre and at WHO headquarters, respectively, in interpreting the atmospheric transport modelling outputs of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres.[51]", "Trends and developments", "47. As illustrated above, there is an increasing need for stronger integrated cooperation between United Nations agencies, so that all aspects and impacts of a nuclear or radioactive accident can be comprehended in a coordinated way. The same applies for information to be disseminated to media and the general public. This would require more intense and comprehensive training and exercises.", "Recommendations", "48. The current context provided by the Inter-Agency Committee and Joint Plan has to be evaluated, with any weaknesses corrected and new components added to ensure a more effective and efficient international emergency response.", "49. The process of determining the classification of the emergency and which actions may be required in the resulting International Organizations Review needs to be reviewed, with a view to coordinating the operations of international organizations beyond several days in the event of protracted emergencies. That includes, for example, ensuring ongoing contacts among Joint Plan members at all times, and coordinating the flow of information between organizations and to the public.", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "50. WMO provides the authoritative scientific voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Its operations include around-the-clock monitoring, data and information exchange, production and provision of forecasts and warnings, and services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and many socio-economic sectors. Operational arrangements for nuclear emergency response are published as part of WMO technical regulations, regularly updated and included in the organization’s Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System. The arrangements include the functioning of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with specialization in atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling, and are maintained in cooperation with IAEA, and exercised routinely. Numerical weather prediction models provide input for atmospheric transport models used for assessing (e.g. analyses and hindcasts) and predicting the atmospheric movement, dispersion and deposition of airborne radioactivity. The present arrangements and products of the Centres provide for global and continental-scale numerical simulations at medium-resolutions over large regions. The Centres also have the capability to provide operational atmospheric transport modelling “backtracking” services, as has been established with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as part of a joint response system for its treaty verification. The backtracking system computes and estimates the possible location of the source of anomalous radioactivity measurement detected at a monitoring network location, anywhere in the world.", "Trends and developments", "51. Meteorological data, analyses, predictions, related information, and their timely exchange among WMO members are the focus of WMO operational systems. Numerical weather prediction systems represent an integrator of data and relevant environmental information and an essential tool for analysing, assessing and predicting the state of the atmosphere, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials.[52] Data requirements for improved predictions are continuously reviewed and addressed, for example in the ever-increasing use of data from satellite-based monitoring systems.[53]", "52. Recognizing that actionable and scale-relevant climate information, in terms of data as well as tailored products representing the past, present and future status of the climate, is essential for decision-making, WMO, along with its partners, is working towards the implementation of a global framework for climate services. The global framework is expected to facilitate the development of climate services operating at the global, regional and national levels in a well-coordinated and user-oriented manner. The new initiative could be a good opportunity to identify and communicate the climate information needs of nuclear installations and operations to the relevant entities of the global framework.", "Recommendations", "53. Lessons learned from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant include the following:", "• The Environmental Emergency Response mechanism worked well. The dispersion charts provided decision makers with scientifically sound estimates of the dispersion of the nuclear material in the atmosphere. However, it is time to review the products and procedures for issuing those in the light of experiences during the event and taking account of recent developments in both the science and technologies used in generating the products", "• A particular problem for users of the dispersion charts was the use of an arbitrary concentration scale and predefined levels of release. The need for this arose because the details of the source term for the emission of the radioactive material were not known. Adequate monitoring systems should be located around each nuclear power plant so that the source term is known accurately and quickly. There should also be more coordination between the nuclear power industry and responsible international agencies for exchanging and using such information", "• Standard procedures urgently need to be updated for assessing the hydrological and meteorological hazards, including climate change, for existing and proposed nuclear power stations", "54. Some general recommendations are also valid to better cover the whole service life of nuclear installations with respect to the influence of weather, climate and water, both on the efficiency and the safety and security of their operations.", "55. When any meteorological or hydrological event proves to be a significant hazard for the site of a nuclear installation, it is essential that the site be continuously monitoring from the site selection study phase and throughout the entire service life of the nuclear installation, for the following purposes:", "• To validate the design basis parameters, especially in cases for which the series of historical data are very poor", "• To support the periodic revision of the site hazards in the light of the periodic safety assessment; this concern is becoming increasingly urgent as a follow-up of the consequences of global climate change", "• To provide alarm signals for operators and emergency managers", "56. For meteorological and hydrological events, the monitoring and warning measures that should be taken during the operation of the nuclear installation will depend on the degree of protection offered by the selected site and on the consideration of the hazards in the design basis of the installation. Some of the measures should be implemented at an early stage of the project.", "57. The data to be used for long-term monitoring and those to be used for a warning system should be chosen on the basis of different criteria, since the purposes of monitoring and those of the warning system are not the same. The purpose of long-term monitoring is to evaluate or re-evaluate the design basis parameters, for example when performing a periodic safety review. The purpose of the warning system is to forecast any extreme event that may affect operational safety. Special care should be taken regarding the ability of the warning system to detect any extreme events in sufficient time to enable the installation to be brought under safe conditions. A warning system should be put in place for sites where the hazards are significant for the design of the installation.", "58. The warning system should be used in connection with forecasting models, since the time period that the operator would need to put the installation into a safe status may necessitate acting on the basis of extrapolations of trends in phenomena without waiting for the actual occurrence of the hazardous event.", "59. In the case of the occurrence of an event for which the operator relies on forecasting models that are made available by organizations external to the operating organization, validation of the models and of the communication channels with those organizations should be carried out in order to ensure their availability and reliability during the event.", "60. Specific quality management or management system activities should be carried out to identify the competences and responsibilities for installing and operating the monitoring systems, the associated data processing and the appropriate prompting of operator action. Those activities should include planning and executing drill exercises at given intervals for all parties involved.", "61. In general, the following monitoring networks and warning networks should be considered:", "• A meteorological monitoring system for basic atmospheric variables", "• A meteorological warning system for rare meteorological phenomena (such as hurricanes, typhoons and tornadoes)", "• A water level gauge system", "• A tsunami warning system", "• A flood forecast system", "62. Furthermore, roles and responsibilities of various public and private sector stakeholders should be reflected in the national and local regulatory frameworks and planning.", "Concluding remarks", "63. The WMO strategic plan has identified five priority areas:", "• Implementation of the Global Framework for Climates Services", "• More coordinated disaster risk reduction", "• Improved observation and information systems", "• Capacity development to help developing countries share in scientific advances and their applications", "• Improving meteorological services for the aviation sector that enhance both safety and operational efficiency", "64. All of those priority efforts should lead to better monitoring of nuclear installations and a more secure, safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy worldwide. WMO is committed to strengthening dialogue with all relevant stakeholders in order to better define the information and services required for optimizing the preparedness, monitoring and emergency response for/by them, and with a view to improving and promoting the safety standards and to maximizing the overall engagement of the international community for peaceful use of nuclear energy to the benefits of humanity.", "[1] This section was prepared by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).", "[2] The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco Treaty); the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Rarotonga Treaty); the Argentine-Brazilian Declaration of Common Nuclear Policy of 28 November 1990; the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty); the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty); and the Treaty on a Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia (Semipalatinsk Treaty).", "[3] Based on IAEA document INFCIRC/153 (Corrected).", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Based on IAEA document INFCIRC/66/Rev.2.", "[6] Based on the Model Additional Protocol published in IAEA document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[7] This section was prepared by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.", "[8] This section was prepared by the World Health Organization.", "[9] The “Emergency Conventions”, including the 2005 International Health Regulations, the 1986 Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the 1986 Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency.", "[10] This section was prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme.", "[11] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation (2010 edition), scientific annex B, “Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation”.", "[12] Ibid. (scientific annexes C, D and E).", "[13] A design basis accident is a postulated accident that a nuclear facility must be designed and built to withstand without loss to the systems, structures and components necessary to assure public health and safety.", "[14] This section was prepared by the Department for Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[15] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010, p. 56.", "[16] International Energy Agency/Nuclear Energy Agency, Projected costs of generating electricity, 2010 Edition (2010), p. 21.", "[17] For estimates of costs from 2010 to 2011, see United States Energy Information Administration, “Updated capital cost estimates for electricity generation plants” (2010), p. 8; and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment (2011). For estimates from studies published from 2003 to 2005, see IAEA, “Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development” (Vienna, 2006), p. 10. For investment cost of renewable energy (photovoltaics, offshore wind) and nuclear energy as a function of cumulative installed capacity, See International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment (2011).", "[18] DESA “A global green new deal for climate, energy and development” (New York, 2009).", "[19] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[20] See IAEA document INFCIRC/821.", "[21] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[22] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[23] World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Climate Knowledge for Action: A Global Framework for Climate Services — Empowering the Most Vulnerable (2011), available from http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf.", "[24] This section was prepared by IAEA. Nuclear security has been defined by the IAEA Advisory Group on Nuclear Security as: “The prevention and detection of and response to theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities”. See IAEA document GOV/2009/ 54-GC(53)/18.", "[25] See http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf, para. 1.10.", "[26] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[27] Established following the Chernobyl accident and comprising 15 member organizations: UNEP, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Office for Outer Space Affairs, Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IMO, European Commission, European Police Office, International Criminal Police Organization-International Criminal Police Organization, OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency, Pan American Health Organization, WHO and WMO.", "[28] The exercise is conducted every three to five years to test the response of States and international organizations to a severe nuclear or radiological emergency, including information exchange, provision of assistance and coordination of public information.", "[29] The Inter-Agency Committee also conducts table-top exercises at its regular meetings, using various scenarios to review arrangements in the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations.", "[30] For example, because of the importance of addressing concerns about air and maritime transport during a nuclear emergency, and supplementing its involvement in the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan, the International Civil Aviation Organization coordinated the work of an ad hoc transport task force that brought together a number of United Nations agencies (including itself and IAEA, IMO, WHO, WMO, WTO and ILO) and private trade associations.", "[31] Under the Convention on the Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan notified WHO through the International Health Regulations National Focal Point within a few hours of the event.", "[32] See http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/rempan/en/.", "[33] PAHO also used the opportunity to advise its member States to review their radiological/nuclear emergency plans and expand bibliographic databases.", "[34] The requests were repeated daily until 18 April 2011, and thereafter reduced to three times a week, in around-the-clock operations through 24 May 2011, when IAEA requested the termination of the WMO emergency support. Some WMO centres also collaborated with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre to develop a best-estimate emission sequence from the beginning of the nuclear emergency, using high-resolution atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling results, and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. The emission sequence was then used by several meteorological centres to re-compute best-estimated dispersion and deposition patterns in high spatial resolution.", "[35] The Preparatory Commission operates the International Monitoring System, a global monitoring network that currently includes more than 60 highly sensitive stations for measuring radionuclides.", "[36] This section was prepared by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "[37] Jointly sponsored by FAO, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and WHO.", "[38] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[39] The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization provides results and data for its States parties as soon as they are available; the system is also supported by a human review to ensure the quality of the results.", "[40] Detections made by the network help to validate the atmospheric modelling. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization also provides assistance to disaster relief by providing data for tsunami warning systems. In that case, the data are provided in accordance with cooperation arrangements with tsunami warning centres recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.", "[41] Operational arrangements include functions of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with specialization in atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling and are maintained in cooperation with IAEA. Routine exercises are conducted. Numerical weather prediction models provide input to atmospheric transport and dispersion models that are used for assessing (for example, analyses and hindcasts) and predicting the atmospheric movement, dispersion and deposition of airborne radioactive material.", "[42] During the course of the release, more than 40 radionuclide stations detected released radionuclides.", "[43] An IAEA project on the development of a world-wide emergency radiation monitoring system is under way.", "[44] The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization did not participate in the Inter-Agency Committee for Radiological Nuclear Emergencies prior to the Fukushima Daiichi accident.", "[45] High resolution numerical weather prediction models and atmospheric transport models, already widely available, can be used to improve atmospheric transport estimates; however, their use in emergency response should be carefully implemented based on realistic best-available estimates of the amount of radioactive material released. Radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate the simulations, to improve assessments and predictions. In addition, since atmospheric washout is essential to the deposition of airborne radioactive material, precipitation data and high-resolution analyses are crucial.", "[46] The possible impacts of an atmospheric release depend on the emission characteristics and environmental conditions. During an emergency, actual emissions at the source and monitoring data, of both the radioactivity and atmospheric parameters, are essential inputs for atmospheric transport modelling simulations, for assessing possible impacts and in turn for competent authorities to use when determining suitable protective actions.", "[47] Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/Manual/WMO485.pdf.", "[48] For the purposes of the present text, “nuclear power plants” should be considered in a generic sense and assumed to cover other types of nuclear installations, such as waste reprocessing plants.", "[49] Early in the compounded earthquake, tsunami and nuclear emergencies, the Japan Meteorological Agency created public web pages that provided relevant information, including in English, on current weather conditions and winds along with forecasts for the disaster stricken area. This special service met the very large worldwide demand for weather information on Japan. Several other national meteorological services also posted on their respective public websites weather information on Japan or the region, in other languages.", "[50] As decided by the accident country, the official classification used by IAEA for the emergency has been “General Emergency” since the beginning. That could mean that response organizations have to maintain emergency operations until a new classification is dictated.", "[51] In addition, some WMO centres collaborated with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in developing a best-estimate emission sequence from the beginning of the nuclear emergency, using high-resolution (5 km) atmospheric transport modelling results, and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. That emission sequence was then used by several meteorological centres to re-compute best-estimated dispersion and deposition patterns in high spatial resolution.", "[52] High resolution numerical weather prediction and atmospheric transport Models, already widely available, could be used to gain in the details of atmospheric transport estimates; however, their use in emergency response should be carefully implemented based on realistic best-available estimates of the amount of radioactivity released. Radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate the simulations and to improve assessments and predictions. In addition, since atmospheric washout is a key to the deposition of airborne radioactive contamination, precipitation data and high-resolution analyses are crucial.", "[53] Atmospheric transport modelling systems for nuclear emergency response will be a direct beneficiary of these developments, especially when radioactivity monitoring data become available for model validation and calibration, in a range of model resolutions and coverage. Techniques using an ensemble of forecasts from numerical models, with slightly different initial conditions and representation of physics in the Earth’s boundary layer, are being developed to derive uncertainty information for atmospheric transport modelling outputs." ]

[ "High-level meeting on nuclear security convened by the Secretary-General", "22 September 2011", "United Nations system-wide study on the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi accident", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains the results of a United Nations system-wide study on the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. The report was prepared for the high-level meeting on nuclear security scheduled for 22 September during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The study consists of three sections. Section I focuses on specific issues related to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear safety and addresses International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, agriculture and food security, environment, health, sustainable development and financing. Section II focuses on nuclear security and addresses the role of IAEA in this regard, as well as the relationship between natural disasters, climate change and nuclear safety and security. Section III focuses on the international nuclear accident emergency framework, addressing the adequacy of preparedness measures, cooperation among international organizations and the development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities.", "In each of the areas of focus, the study seeks to identify and discuss specific issues that may be relevant to government deliberations; assess the consequences of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents; and discuss trends and developments and make recommendations.", "The present study includes contributions from the following 16 United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations: Pan American Health Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations Children ' s Fund, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, World Meteorological Organization and World Health Organization.", "Contents", "3. Information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "Introduction", "1. In his address to the Kyiv Summit on the Safe and Innovative Use of Nuclear Energy on 19 April 2011, the Secretary-General stated that nuclear power was expected to continue to grow and that it was therefore of paramount importance to maximize nuclear safety. He also stressed the need for global reflection by the international community on nuclear energy and safety. While he recognizes the right of each State to determine its national energy policy, our common goal should be to deepen our understanding of the cross-border and cross-cutting issues related to the development of nuclear energy and its security. In future, the consequences of a nuclear power plant disaster — from prevention to clean-up — should be more fully reflected in the assessment of how to ensure peaceful uses of nuclear energy and maximum safety. In this regard, the Secretary-General has proposed five concrete measures, including a United Nations system-wide study on the impact of the Fukushima Daiichi accident and a report to the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Security to be held on 22 September during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The study was carried out by relevant United Nations entities and specialized agencies and related organizations.", "2. The Secretary-General consulted the heads of international organizations prior to the formal launch of the study. In view of the central role played by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the development of nuclear safety standards and guidelines for nuclear safety, and in view of its efforts to promote all aspects of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and safety, the Agency acts as the lead coordinating unit for those elements of the report that fall exclusively within its statutory mandate. Other United Nations entities were also reminded of the opportunity to provide input to the study, and some provided information.", "3. Other major contributors to the report are the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Other entities contributing to the present report and providing input to key contributors are the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. The United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, as a consultant for the study, provided support and background information.", "4. While the lead contributor seeks to consult and cooperate with other relevant entities with a view to making joint submissions to the extent feasible, the views expressed in the sections are specific and do not necessarily represent the views of any other entity. Additional inputs received from contributing entities are contained in the annex to the present report.", "Observations", "5. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident forced the international community to consider the question: Is every effort being made to ensure nuclear safety? The Secretary-General welcomes recent and planned activities to enhance nuclear security and preparedness, such as the fifth Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety and the third session of the Global Forum on Disaster Risk Reduction. In particular, the Secretary-General welcomes the outcome of the IAEA Ministerial Meeting on Nuclear Safety and the development by the Director General of the IAEA of an action plan to strengthen nuclear security, including through consideration of the development and application of legally binding international norms. The Secretary-General hopes that this plan will lay the foundation for international efforts to improve nuclear security. The Secretary-General also welcomes Japan ' s intention to convene, in cooperation with IAEA, a high-level conference in late 2012 to follow up and maintain political momentum and accountability in this matter.", "6. The development and use of nuclear energy and the application of IAEA safety standards are at the sole discretion of Governments. However, major nuclear accidents and emergencies are borderless and the consequences can be extremely serious, as we have been shown by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. The international impact of major nuclear accidents and emergencies is a global concern and a global public concern that must be addressed. Public confidence requires openness and transparency on issues relating to nuclear energy and the impact of nuclear accidents and emergencies. In this regard, the United Nations, in close cooperation with the specialized agencies and related organizations, has an important role to play.", "7. The Secretary-General recognizes the central role played by IAEA, in accordance with its mandate, in developing standards of nuclear safety and promoting the highest standards of nuclear safety. The Fukushima accident has raised concerns about the adequacy of international safety standards and practices, the global emergency preparedness and response system and the effectiveness of national regulatory bodies. This underscores the need for greater international cooperation, openness and transparency as the international community significantly strengthens its nuclear security regime.", "8. The Fukushima accident highlighted the importance of strengthening risk assessments, which focus on credible scenarios where natural disasters may affect nuclear power installations. In addition, the potential impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise and poor weather conditions, will also affect the nuclear safety of operational nuclear power plants. Therefore, such an impact must be taken into account in the design, location and operation of nuclear power plants. However, low greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power may help to reduce the risks associated with climate change.", "9. The Secretary-General states that the Fukushima accident also had an impact on nuclear security and on the prevention of deliberate attacks on nuclear power facilities and nuclear materials in use, storage or transit situations, which could trigger a radiological emergency. The Secretary-General hopes that the high-level meeting on nuclear security will serve as a bridge to the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit.", "10. The international response to the Fukushima accident had demonstrated the value of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies and the functioning of the joint radiation emergency management plan of international organizations, based on the central coordinating role of IAEA. Only a few weeks after the accident, efforts began within the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies, and the Secretary-General initiated work to review existing arrangements, particularly in the area of information-sharing, and to make the necessary improvements.", "11. At the national level, accidents highlight the need to ensure that government measures in emergency response and risk assessment and risk reduction are transparent and responsive to public perceptions of risk. Multidimensional emergencies have the potential to become regional and international concerns that should be further studied, as knowledge of disaster risk information and risk reduction measures, as well as timely and accurate information, play a crucial role in public sector development and investment decisions. In order to support the decision-making process, it is important to ensure that the public is aware of risks and options for managing them.", "12. In response to the Fukushima accident, well-developed scientific and monitoring capacities were used, in particular by IAEA, WHO and WMO, as was previously the case. In addition, the global monitoring network maintained by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization has demonstrated its importance in the context of nuclear emergencies, which, together with the existing capacity of the Programme, can be used to supplement the capacities of organizations that play a key role in radiation emergency response.", "13. Despite the contribution of safe and scientifically sound nuclear technology to the agricultural and food production industries, in the event of a major nuclear accident, people may still be exposed to radioactive contamination through food and water, which may have a serious impact on the food trade at the national and international levels. The impact on trade may come not only from the affected areas (as a result of food restrictions), but also from public fears in the unaffected areas, resulting in restricted market access and negative impacts on rural development and economic growth. Increased radiation exposure could have long-term health implications, including for people across borders, and enhanced cooperation and coordination among relevant entities was therefore an important objective.", "14. While public and private entities seeking to develop nuclear power generally consider the costs associated with the full life of commercial nuclear facilities, it is also important to take into account the environmental, social and economic impact of major accidents and how they can be included in decision-making processes to identify and consider such costs. While some countries have decided not to develop or phase out nuclear energy, others remain committed to developing and acquiring nuclear power. Disaster risk analysis must therefore ensure that the construction and operation of nuclear power plants are safe and able to withstand any potential threat that could trigger a radiological emergency.", "15. The Secretary-General submits the recommendations contained in the present report to Governments for their consideration.", "III. Information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "A. Specific issues related to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear safety", "International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and peaceful uses of nuclear energy [1]", "16. Providing access to energy to the 2.4 billion people currently living in energy poverty is an important prerequisite for progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. Meeting this daunting challenge will require all energy and technology. Nuclear power has made and will continue to make an important contribution to meeting global energy needs.", "17. As of July 2011, some 440 nuclear power reactors were operational in 29 countries and 65 new reactors were under construction. Although affected by the Fukushima Daiichi accident, there is still interest in nuclear power. Of the non-nuclear-weapon States that had strongly indicated their intention to engage in nuclear power prior to the accident, only some had cancelled or modified their plans, but most had not done so.", "18. Nuclear science and technology could also be used to develop nuclear weapons. Compliance with international legal instruments, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, other bilateral and multilateral non-proliferation agreements, and [2] IAEA safeguards agreements are therefore an important element in the responsible use of nuclear power.", "19. IAEA was established in 1957 to help States ensure that nuclear energy serves peace and development. By applying IAEA safeguards, the Agency gave the international community assurances that nuclear material and other specific items placed under safeguards would not be diverted for non-peaceful purposes.", "20. Safeguards are implemented in accordance with IAEA agreements with States or regional inspection offices. These agreements fall into three main categories: (a) comprehensive safeguards agreements,[3] covering all nuclear material in each non-nuclear-weapon State party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) voluntary submission of safeguards agreements,[4] covering some or all civilian nuclear activities in the nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty; and (c) item-specific safeguards agreements with other States. [5] States that have concluded any of the above-mentioned agreements may also conclude additional protocols to their safeguards agreements,[6] providing for greater access to information and places of entry, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of IAEA safeguards.", "Agriculture and food security [7]", "Relevance of nuclear technology", "21. Safe and scientifically based nuclear technology, such as isotope measurements and tracking, mutagenicity, radiation-based food decontamination, vaccine production and pest control, is a valuable tool for agricultural and food production and can contribute significantly to food security. Such technologies are sufficiently precise, sensitive and specific and accurate to increase the productivity of crops and livestock, contribute to comprehensive strategies for the control of animal diseases, pest control, food safety and quality, and contribute to the conservation of natural resources.", "22. As a result, nuclear technology has socio-economic significance and provides value-added solutions to ensure that food is available, accessible and affordable. Examples include improved crop varieties, effective soil and water management and more efficient use of fertilizers; improved crop and livestock production systems; enhanced diagnosis and control of animal diseases; traceability of food contamination; and improved shelf life and safety of food and environmentally sound management of pests and diseases.", "23. These technical lists are provided by FAO and IAEA through the FAO/IAEA Joint Nuclear Technology Programme for Food and Agriculture, specifically in the areas of research, training and technology and policy advice in the field of food and agriculture.", "24. The peaceful applications of nuclear and related technologies in food and agriculture have contributed greatly to food security and sustainable agricultural development worldwide.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "25. Following a nuclear accident or radiological emergency in which radioactive materials are released into the environment, water, agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry production, as well as wildlife, are highly radioactive, posing a serious threat to livestock health, public health, food safety and trade and directly affecting people ' s livelihoods.", "26. Radioactive material may be deposited on the surface of agricultural products or in animal feed for the first time (and during the duration of contamination) after it is released from air landings or rain and snow, thereby contaminating milk and meat. The human consumption of food contaminated with radioactive materials increases the exposure to radiation, which may increase health risks.", "Over time, radionuclides are shifting from contaminated soil to crops or animals, and the radioactivity in foods is likely to increase. Radionuclides may also be deposited directly from the air, or washed up into rivers and lakes, to be absorbed for fish and seafood.", "28. Because radionuclides (e.g. caesium-137) persist for decades, contaminated areas may not be able to grow crops or pasture. For example, animals and/or their products should be decontaminated in accordance with special procedures before eating them. Medium- and long-term restrictions on agricultural production and fishing activities may be necessary in specific areas where radioactive contamination persists. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident of 1986, agricultural production and activities were affected within a few hundred or thousands of kilometres from the site of the accident; the area around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant remains highly contaminated and agricultural production is unable to return to normal.", "29. The effects of radioactive contamination may also affect the balance of agro-ecosystems, in particular plant pollination by insects, plant biodiversity and the biological status of micro-organisms and earthworms in the soil, which play an important role in soil nutrients and organic circulation. As some fungi and plants absorb and accumulate large amounts of radionuclides, they may pose a biosafety risk to wildlife grazing and increase the accumulation of radionuclide contamination throughout the food chain. Twenty-five years after the Chernobyl accident, contamination of radioactive caesium can still be detected on German boars.", "30. Another serious problem involved in the nuclear accident was the impact on the national and international trade in food, which was not only the reason for the food restrictions imposed in certain areas, but also the reluctance of the public to eat certain foods because of the fear of radioactive contamination. This may result in restricted and market access for affected countries, with negative impacts on rural development and economic growth.", "Trends and developments", "31. The full effects of radiation released by Japan had yet to be fully assessed, but the health risks posed by radioactive contamination were well documented.", "32. Food monitoring data confirm that food contamination mechanisms are changing, i.e., from radionuclide deposition on crop surfaces in fields (e.g. spinach) to absorption through soil or growth media (e.g. bamboo and mushrooms). Stability and minimization of soil contamination will play an important role in avoiding the diversion of radionuclides through wind and soil erosion to other earth blocks and water bodies, including into flora and fauna.", "33. FAO, in close cooperation with its partners, is providing technical assistance and policy advice, upon request, in the following areas:", "• Contamination detection and monitoring", "• Remediation strategies and methods", "• Developing agricultural responses", "• Science-based food trade policy", "• Capacity-building for emergency preparedness and response for food and agriculture", "Recommendations", "34. In order to strengthen planning and capacity for nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness and response, to minimize its impact on food and agriculture and to improve recovery, we strongly recommend the following coordinated actions:", "• Promoting coordinated support for national, regional and international nuclear contingency planning in the food and agriculture sectors", "• Increased provision of technical assistance and policy advice to member States and organization of regional/international simulations, including all food and agriculture elements of emergency and recovery activities", "• Strengthen capacity development at the international and national levels in food and agriculture monitoring and agricultural remediation", "• Review and improve the legal framework and cooperation mechanisms for inter-agency collaboration", "Health [8]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "35. The health implications of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy were a crucial issue. Policy and decision makers should ensure that existing and future nuclear facilities have the highest security measures in place. The health and well-being of populations should be at the centre of discussions and decisions on energy strategies. Whatever strategies Governments decide to adopt, health, environmental and economic impacts should be considered as a whole.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "36. Radioactive material may be released into the environment during an emergency at a nuclear power plant, and radionuclides affecting human health are mainly iodine and caesium. Rescue workers, first responders and workers at nuclear power plants may be exposed to radiation in and out of their bodies as a result of their occupational relationship during the emergency phase, with severe health consequences (e.g., skin burns, internal contamination or acute radiation syndrome) at a high dose. The general population is unlikely to be exposed to high-dose radiation with serious consequences, but may be exposed to low-dose radiation, increasing the risk of long-term effects, such as cancer. The consumption of contaminated foods and/or water may also increase overall exposure. If radioactive iodine is inhaled or ingested in the body, failure to take measures can accumulate in the thyroid, increasing the risk of thyroid cancer, especially among children; this is the case with the Chernobyl-affected population.", "37. In the case of the Fukushima accident, as of May 2010, 30 of the nearly 8,000 employees employed at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant had reported cumulative radiation levels of over 100 mSv. No radiation deaths have been reported. Public health measures were taken quickly. Residents close to the site were evacuated in a timely manner and the affected persons were given potassium iodide tablets. The evacuated population was subjected to radiation tests and, if necessary, to decontamination procedures. The contamination of food and drinking water is monitored and, if necessary, appropriately restricted. The evacuees were subjected to prolonged physical stress, with significant health impacts. The destruction of their lives, the disruption of social contacts, the long-term settlement of dislocated and crowded evacuation sites and the dramatic changes in their social environment — all of which have created severe stress and trauma.", "38. Like Chernobyl, the Fukushima nuclear accident caused considerable anxiety among the general population, which could be exacerbated by other factors, such as mistrust of authorities.", "Trends and developments", "39. As a result of improvements in technology and safety, there had been a significant decrease in the level of exposure to radiation among the general public. However, Japan ' s experience had shown that nuclear accidents were still possible and that natural disasters could transcend national boundaries, so that international instruments [9] could be useful in addressing such situations, requiring multi-stakeholder coordination and cooperation.", "40. It was important to develop coherent norms and standards at the regional and global levels to ensure the management of radiation safety in the field. International efforts to achieve comprehensive and uniform standards in all aspects of radiation protection for patients, workers and the public have resulted in the International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources of 1996, which are unprecedented.", "Recommendations", "41. In the discussions on future energy strategies, the health and well-being of population groups should be a central concern and priority.", "42. Member States should consider strengthening national preparedness systems and cross-sectoral coordination.", "43. National standards for intervention in the aftermath of a nuclear emergency should be in line with international recommendations and decisions on responses to such interventions must be made in a transparent and coordinated manner.", "44. It was important to continue to monitor the risks and possible health effects of the Fukushima accident and to communicate efficiently with the public in that regard; international organizations must be involved to ensure that assessments and interventions implemented by national authorities remained transparent and credible.", "Environment [10]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "Planning and design of nuclear facilities (including risk management framework)", "45. In deciding whether or not nuclear energy is included in their energy mix, States should undertake a rigorous environmental impact assessment, which would compare not only the environmental benefits of replacing fossil fuel power plants and the normal environmental implications of their operation and construction, but also an analysis of the likelihood and extent of major accidents in nuclear power relative to non-nuclear power and their environmental consequences.", "The economic calculations made in comparing different energy supply options are complex. Full life-cycle costs, particularly for normal releases, health and environmental costs of waste disposal, and costs incurred in the event of an accident, are not included in such analysis. These costs must be internalized.", "47. In countries where the nuclear industry has recently been introduced or in regions where nuclear power has been deployed, the institutional capacity to assess, regulate and model environmental impacts and to address the environmental implications of emergencies should be assessed and, where necessary, strengthened.", "Operation of nuclear facilities and phases of operation", "Nuclear power facilities operate with a range of environmental impacts, but not all of them are radioactive.", "49. In day-to-day operations, nuclear facilities release small amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere and water bodies. [11] Continuous monitoring of emissions and continuous monitoring of the environment to understand impacts on biota and ecosystems — which should be an integral part of the operation of nuclear power plants.", "50. The management of spent nuclear fuel and the possibility of radiation leakage should be monitored until the facility is finally decommissioned.", "Retired", "51. There is no universally agreed single approach to the safe decommissioning of nuclear facilities, including the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel.", "52. Environmental risk assessments of the various options for decommissioning should be undertaken before the retirement plan is finalized. This should include the site itself, the transport of highly radioactive waste and the final storage/disposal of these materials.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "53. Following the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the impact of long-lived radioactive materials in the local environment will be a concern for many years to come. The large-scale release of radioactive materials into the environment, as in the case of Chernobyl and Fukushima, could have serious environmental impacts. Radioactive material released into the air is deposited on the ground and thus in biota. Radioactive contamination can last for years or decades, and its elimination is expensive.", "54. In more distant areas, agricultural production and fisheries may need to be suspended. The environmental impact of radiation could cause significant economic damage, forcing economic activity in the affected areas to halt.", "55. Such environmental impacts may not only result in the suspension of economic activities as a result of actual contamination, but may also give rise to rumours that lead to a decrease in confidence and damage to local industry and tourism. Consumers feel (and do not say right) that contamination of food is avoided; this perception exacerbates the loss. Such reputational damage could result in greater financial losses for these industries.", "56. In the first weeks following the Chernobyl accident, non-human biota in populated areas were also affected by large-scale accidental releases of radionuclides. Within dozens of kilometres, radiation causes a number of acute negative effects. The halt in human activity in the restricted areas has altered the balance of ecosystems, resulting in infestation of pests and an increase in the number of wildlife and birds. [12]", "Trends and developments", "57. The Fukushima accident indicated that its design baseline incident [13] was too low. In retrospect, the risk of serious accidents, particularly in the environment, is underestimated.", "Recommendations", "58. Scientific understanding of the relationship between the level of radioactive material in the environment and the possible impact on the biota in the environment needs to be further enhanced.", "59. In the event of an accident, effective decontamination and remediation methods of affected soils need to be investigated and implemented.", "60. In planning, design, operation, decommissioning and emergency procedures, safety standards for nuclear power plants must include environmental protection measures.", "61. Member States, including their ministries of environment, need to strengthen capacity-building for more effective monitoring of environmental risk management in the nuclear power industry.", "States that are not members of IAEA may be affected by incidents in neighbouring countries. They need to have a minimum level of institutional capacity, especially for environmental monitoring.", "Institutional capacity-building and the systematization of methodologies are essential to ensure that environmental considerations are included in the analysis of options in long-term energy plans.", "Sustainable development and financing [14]", "64. One of the most prominent issues from a sustainable development perspective is access to energy. Currently, 1.4 billion people (mainly in rural sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia) do not have access to electricity and billions more are constrained in their access to energy. On average, these regions use much less than 10 per cent of the electricity used in high-income economies (from 180 to 750 degrees per person per year compared to 7,500 to 18,000 degrees per person per year). Without greater electrification, it will not be possible to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, especially the goal of eradicating extreme poverty by 2015. [15]", "65. While the future development of nuclear energy will depend on progress in safety and affordability, developing countries have been interested in such energy for a variety of reasons. In 2001, the Commission on Sustainable Development had concluded that the decision not to engage in nuclear energy was left to States themselves, according to their needs, capabilities and objectives. Of the 29 countries that produce nuclear energy, seven are developing countries. After the Fukushima accident, most developing countries that planned new nuclear programmes did not announce changes.", "66. The Fukushima accident had caused hundreds of billions of dollars in property damage; its human impact had given special attention to risk management. Some have called for global phase-out or suspension, while others have called for stricter regulation and strengthened security measures and insurance mechanisms.", "67. Without a moratorium, disaster risk analysis will need to ensure that nuclear power plants are made in a safe place and can withstand the most serious threats that may arise. Almost half of all reactors (existing and under construction) are located in countries with high seismic risks. Nuclear power plants are often built in coastal areas, using seawater for cooling.", "68. The bottom line for developing countries lies in the final cost of energy, including the cost of the base and additional safety measures, waste disposal, disaster insurance, decommissioning and regulatory systems. A study carried out by the Group on Economic Cooperation and Development in 2010 noted that “nuclear power power is based on the ability to produce very low-carbon large amounts of power at the base, the cost of which remains stable over the long term; however, it is important to manage high capital at risk and the lead time for its construction is long”. [16] Despite the stable cost of these charges, even before the Fukushima accident, the final cost was already rising, as other factors were factored into the capital cost. Comparing the estimates in the studies published in 2010 and 2011 with those published in the period 2003-2005, the “overnight capital cost” (nominal) of the nuclear power plant quadrupled — from $1.2 to $2.6 to $5 to $10 per watt, while the cost of renewable technologies decreased. The final cost of nuclear energy may thus be well above $100 per MWh.", "69. In the past, countries that had made significant progress in providing electricity had less than 3 per cent per MWh of per capita income. As most of the people in need of energy live in countries with an annual income of less than $1,000 per capita, they need a technical approach that costs between $30 and $50 per MWh.", "70. In order to help countries evaluate the potential contribution of nuclear energy to sustainable development, an in-depth assessment of the net cost impact of the following elements is required.", "• Potential for cost reduction: For developing countries, the main challenge is to reduce energy costs to levels commensurate with expected per capita income. This requires an independent assessment of cost trends for all available technologies. [18]", "• Emissions: International agreements or national policies to mobilize climate or other environmental financing will in principle reduce the cost of all technologies (including nuclear power) that are superior to fossil fuel methods in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants.", "• Proliferation: The possible outcome of nuclear proliferation is a major concern for the international community. Developing countries needed technical assistance in strengthening their institutional capacity to effectively manage proliferation risks. The IAEA has been very active in providing technical assistance.", "Waste disposal: There are uncertainties and risks associated with radioactive waste disposal. Currently, there are no large-scale permanent storage sites for spent nuclear fuel, although Finland and Sweden are in the process of constructing such storage sites.", "• Local impacts of mining: there are concerns about the impact of the mining of fissile material on local communities and ecosystems.", "• Disaster insurance: In the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear accident, there was uncertainty about the cost of major nuclear accident insurance. Innovative insurance mechanisms need to be developed to reduce such uncertainty.", "• Partial impact of nuclear energy policies and disasters on the safety and welfare of communities: Twenty-five years after the Chernobyl accident, affected communities continue to face stigma, lack of economic opportunities and lack of information on the consequences of the disaster.", "71. Governments and private sector investors face serious challenges in financing nuclear energy, especially in developing countries. The construction of nuclear power plants and the development of institutional, regulatory, enforcement and infrastructure capacities require significant international financial support. These challenges are compounded by the continued exposure of energy investments to global economic uncertainties. Financing issues include:", "• Sharing of risks between investors and Governments: Ensuring access to private financial owners to finance nuclear energy without the public sector sharing the large amount of risk in a context of uncertainty about costs, strong public sector concerns and a changing energy policy environment — a difficult task. The solution may be to develop innovative financial instruments to take into account uncertainties related to natural or man-made disasters, decommissioning costs and the final disposal of radioactive waste.", "• Ensuring a level playing field for different technological approaches: a level playing field is necessary to enhance investment and develop markets for efficient energy systems. A level playing field between all options requires that subsidies and incentive schemes be reformed.", "• Embedding external costs in investment models: Currently, multiple technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or have other social or environmental benefits cannot be said to have such a cost advantage. The internationalization of external costs must include environmental and social costs, including risks, to facilitate truly informed decision-making for sustainable development.", "Nuclear security", "Role of IAEA in nuclear security [A C E F R S] 19]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "72. IAEA is an independent, science- and technology-based intergovernmental process within the United Nations system and serves as the focal point for global nuclear cooperation. Nuclear security has a common purpose: to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The central role of IAEA in nuclear security is governed by its Statute and is reflected in the decisions and resolutions of its policymaking organs. The IAEA sets nuclear safety standards and, on the basis of those standards, promotes the achievement and maintenance of a high level of safety in nuclear energy applications. It also provides specific review services to determine how standards are implemented. The IAEA International Basic Safety Standards for the Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources and related documents provide guidance on radiation protection in a number of radiation situations, including nuclear emergencies, in the public and in the workplace.", "73. IAEA supports efforts to ensure the safety of nuclear and other radioactive materials at the global level through the provision of guidance documents and services and helps States to develop comprehensive national nuclear security systems. IAEA works to provide a strong, sustainable and tangible global nuclear security framework.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "74. The Fukushima Daiichi accident had had a negative impact on public perceptions of nuclear power safety worldwide. In particular, the accident, as well as the international response, raised questions about the adequacy of international security standards and management and the level of compliance with those standards and conventions, the effectiveness of emergency preparedness and response systems and national regulatory bodies at the global level. Some States have re-examined their plans to introduce or expand nuclear power or to extend the operating cycle of existing nuclear power plants. The Fukushima Daiichi accident may affect the following areas:", "• Science and technology, including safety engineering design, design taking into account natural hazards in the field and external, mitigation and recovery systems and radiation protection in serious accidents.", "• Management, human, organizational and national infrastructure, including emergency preparedness and response, critical incident management, regulatory frameworks, technical support organizations and national resources.", "Public communication, transparency and international cooperation.", "Trends and developments", "75. Over the past two decades, there has been a clear trend towards a strengthened nuclear security regime. International cooperation had increased; States considering the introduction of nuclear power programmes were encouraged to apply IAEA safety standards and relevant international instruments. Other developments included increased regional harmonization and cooperation, progressive improvement of the security performance index, consideration of an increase in the number of countries with nuclear power, extension of the service period of existing power plants, increased openness and transparency, and increased synergy between safety and security. IAEA is also increasingly being requested to provide expert peer review services in the areas of regulation, operational safety, emergency preparedness and security; and there is increased focus on safety management and leadership issues.", "76. The trend towards extension of the service of nuclear power plants also presents challenges of its own, such as ensuring that there remains sufficient room for manoeuvre in terms of safety. The extension of the service of existing nuclear power plants and the expansion of nuclear power programmes also place increasing constraints on the limited human resources available for the design, construction, maintenance and operation of nuclear facilities.", "77. Following a preliminary assessment of the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the need to improve the design of the plant, international response arrangements and the implementation of international safety standards has been identified. The continuing trend towards increased international cooperation, increased openness and transparency will undoubtedly assist States in responding effectively and draw the necessary lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi accident.", "Recommendations", "78. The IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna in June 2011, adopted the Ministerial Declaration,[20] which sets out a number of measures to enhance nuclear security and expresses its strong commitment to ensuring their effective implementation. The Declaration reaffirms the importance of universal adherence to relevant international instruments on nuclear safety and the need for their effective implementation and continuous review. The Declaration also stresses the need to strengthen measures at the national and international levels to ensure the most robust levels of nuclear safety, based on IAEA safety standards. The Declaration states that the strengthening and implementation of security standards should be as broad and effective as possible. The ministers committed themselves to increasing cooperation at the bilateral, regional and international levels to that end.", "79. The Ministers expressed their commitment to strengthen the central role of IAEA in promoting international cooperation, enhancing global nuclear safety and coordinating efforts to strengthen global nuclear security through the provision of expertise and advice and the enhancement of a worldwide nuclear safety culture. Ministers also expressed their commitment to further strengthening the authority, competencies and resources of national regulatory authorities.", "Natural disasters [21]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "80. Cooperation among international organizations on natural disasters has increased, particularly in the areas of forecasting and response. For example, WMO assists IAEA in its efforts to define natural phenomena as part of the development of IAEA nuclear safety standards in the relevant sectors.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident was caused by a natural disaster of unprecedented magnitude — a devastating earthquake that triggered a tsunami. The accident highlighted the need to be able to focus on hazard assessments on credible (but possibly less likely and less frequent) scenarios that pose challenges to structures, systems and components. This is all the more important for nuclear facilities with multiple reactors.", "Trends and developments", "82. Over the years, more hazards perceived as potentially harmful to nuclear power plants have been identified in nuclear safety assessments. This has led to a re-examination of the extent of efforts to prevent natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. There were calls for higher levels of preparedness, and early warning systems for tsunamis and other hazards had been improved. Better methods to address uncertainties have also been developed.", "Recommendations", "83. The extent of hazards (or interrelated hazard combinations) needs to be evaluated to include less frequent events and to allow for appropriate consideration of uncertainties. On the basis of IAEA safety standards, the safety assessment of nuclear power plants should take into account the magnitude of those hazards and should take the necessary preventive and mitigation measures.", "84. In the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, communication channels were disrupted and access routes were damaged, and thus the off-site response to the site incident could not be relied upon. Any plan for the rehabilitation of a nuclear power plant should include an important element, namely, that an accident management team for a nuclear power plant must be able to operate without relying on off-site resources. The vulnerability of supporting infrastructure should be taken into account in contingency planning for such disasters.", "85. It is hoped that risk information will be more readily available; this demand has grown steadily over the years. Risk information is essential for an effective response in the first time after a nuclear emergency — not only for technical expertise, but also for guiding immediate action by humanitarian agencies, national and local governments and the general public.", "Climate change [22]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "86. Climate change is bound to have an impact on two sides in terms of the advantages of nuclear power relative to other forms of electricity generation.", "87. First, the possible impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise or more extreme storms and droughts, should be taken into account in the design, location and operation of nuclear power plants. The forthcoming IAEA safety guidelines on meteorological and hydrological hazards in the evaluation of nuclear facilities sites will provide guidance. In the case of the construction of any specific nuclear power plant, it may face greater risks in the future than in today ' s climatic conditions, without taking into account climate change.", "88. Second, nuclear power has the advantage of being relatively low in its greenhouse gas emissions, which can help to reduce all risks associated with climate change.", "Operators of nuclear power plants have accumulated considerable experience of working in different weather and harsh weather conditions. Meteorological-related accidents at nuclear power facilities have never exceeded level 3 on a seven-level international nuclear and radiological accident schedule. There was also substantial experience with the tsunami, with only one accident beyond level 3, namely, the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Tsunamis are not climate-related, but if other things are the same, climate change leads to sea-level rise and increases the risks posed by tsunamis. However, existing planning and engineering techniques can significantly reduce or eliminate the vulnerability of nuclear power stations to climate, weather and tsunami hazards.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "90. An important lesson from the Fukushima accident is that assumptions about what types of accidents are possible or likely to occur are too conservative. For all existing and planned reactors, these assumptions should be re-examined and the possible impacts of climate change taken into account. The new Global Framework for Climate Services of the World Meteorological Organization [23] may be particularly useful in providing the necessary climate information.", "Trends and developments", "91. The safety guidelines for meteorological and hydrological hazards in connection with site evaluation of nuclear installations, to be launched by IAEA, identify important possible impacts of climate change, including the following:", "• Sea-level rise can affect some nuclear power plants along the coast; as a result of increased rainfall or changes in snow melts, riparian nuclear power plants may also be subjected to flooding.", "• Stronger high-altitude winds, storms and lightning may increase the risk of damage to the grid.", "• The potential for the destruction of water cooling systems by heat and drought.", "• The cold and cold weather may disrupt cooling water intake.", "• Forest fires and wildfires can disrupt grid connections and access to nuclear power plants for personnel and emergency workers.", "• The debris residues caused by storms and floods can disrupt cooling water intake.", "Recommendations", "92. The risks faced by nuclear power plants related to climate change and extreme weather events were not insurmountable. Existing technologies and know-how can significantly reduce or eliminate climate-related risks and should be applied as described in the forthcoming IAEA guidelines for the safety of meteorological and hydrological hazards in the evaluation of nuclear facility sites.", "Linkages between nuclear safety and security [24]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "The most important document in the IAEA Safety Standards series, Safety Fundamentals,[25] states that “security measures and security measures must be developed and implemented in such a way as to ensure that they do not compromise safety or that they do damage to security”.", "94. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident also had an impact on nuclear security. Accidents and damage have a number of common features, such as the reduced effectiveness of the remaining systems, including the loss of electricity, communications, computers, security and physical protection systems, and the loss of critical operational, safety and security personnel.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "95. In view of the Fukushima Daiichi accident, States should review their nuclear security framework to ensure that they were properly prepared to deal with the consequences of a serious nuclear accident.", "Trends and developments", "96. The international nuclear security framework has been strengthened over the past decade as a result of increased concern about the risk of malicious acts involving nuclear materials, facilities or operations. New security-related instruments, such as the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its amendments, are complemented by IAEA recommendations and guidance documents in its series on nuclear security.", "97. IAEA has increased its support to States in establishing sustainable nuclear security regimes through the implementation of nuclear security plans. The objectives of IAEA were endorsed by other groups of countries, such as the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, or industry through the World Institute for Nuclear Security. States have a better understanding of the need for national systems to involve non-traditional actors.", "98. In the areas of legislation, regulation and physical protection of facilities, IAEA has received an increasing number of requests for expert peer review services.", "Recommendations", "99. In order to adequately address nuclear security, the international community should promote universal adherence to and implementation of relevant international legal instruments. Other steps should include a detailed technical review by States of the nature of the perceived potential threat and the adequacy of existing security measures. Response plans should be revised to address worst-case scenarios that go beyond previous assumptions. These plans should be rigorously tested through desktop and practical exercises.", "100. IAEA, in cooperation with other stakeholders, should continue to assist States in establishing effective, comprehensive and sustainable national nuclear security systems. IAEA support will include peer review and assessment services, human resources development programmes and, where appropriate, physical protection upgrades. Coordination efforts between IAEA and other United Nations entities, such as UNODC and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, should continue to be increased by increasing information exchange at the working level, improving communication among entities and avoiding duplication of effort.", "101. In addition to IAEA support, States should ensure the efficient use of resources and a coherent approach in coordination with other stakeholders within the United Nations system.", "C. International emergency framework for dealing with nuclear incidents", "Cooperation among international organizations [26]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "102. The established system for nuclear and radiological emergencies is based on the central coordinating role of IAEA and the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies. [27] The scope of activities covered by the Commission is based on two treaties: the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In addition, the 2005 International Health Regulations are a global, legally binding agreement for States to prevent, detect, assess and respond to any public health emergency of international concern for the protection of public health.", "103. The joint radiation emergency management plan of the international organizations (one of the primary responsibilities of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies) identifies the inter-agency framework for radiation emergency preparedness and response, provides practical coordination mechanisms and clarifies the roles and capacities of the participating international organizations.", "104. The Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies also provides the opportunity for regular exercises. The IAEA conducts regular communication training and convention exercises, divided into three levels, the most complex being three levels of convention exercises,[28] which involve responding in the early stages of a serious nuclear emergency. [29]", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "105. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiation and Nuclear Emergencies demonstrated the value of institutionalized inter-agency coordination mechanisms. Just after the accident, the IAEA, through its Incident and Emergency Response Centre,", "All relevant international organizations were informed and a joint management plan was launched. On 15 March 2011, the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies held its first coordination meeting by videoconference. Subsequently, 10 coordination meetings were held by the end of June. The objectives of these meetings are to build consensus on the situation, exchange information, consider and coordinate response activities, including communication with the public with one voice. New tasks are carried out by specific organizations. In response to a number of issues, ad hoc working groups were established. [30]", "106. Following an IAEA briefing, [31] WHO headquarters, the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, the WHO Kobe Centre in Japan and the WHO Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Rescue Network began operations. [32] WHO, through its national focal point for international health regulations, immediately informed all WHO member States in the region. Through its Regional Office for the Western Pacific, WHO undertook field visits to earthquake and tsunami-affected areas to assess public health needs.", "107. WHO closely monitors public health risks for the population in Japan and abroad. FAO and WHO have prepared technical briefs related to food security and regularly update food monitoring results, which are made available to FAO/WHO member countries through the International Network of Food Safety Authorities.", "108. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has launched the Emergency Operations Centre and deployed experts to respond to queries from its member States, the national focal points for international health regulations and the media on the implications for the Americas region, mainly in the areas of tourism and food and product imports. [33]", "109. On 11 March, following a request from IAEA for emergency support, WHO emergency arrangements were launched. All eight WHO regional specialized meteorological centres, including the three main centres in the Asian region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russia), were requested to provide charts to estimate the potential for air transport of radioactive materials from accident sites. [34] WMO has also worked closely with the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO throughout.", "110. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization issued six technical briefings, effective 15 March 2011, to inform its States parties of developments in the situation. [35] In-depth cooperation between the Preparatory Commission and IAEA began on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, the Preparatory Commission gave special briefings to organizations using the Commission ' s data (WMO, WHO, IAEA and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs). Since 11 April 2011, the Preparatory Commission has also participated in the coordinated videoconference of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies, at the invitation of IAEA.", "Trends and developments", "111. The Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies and the Joint Management Plan are well-established inter-agency mechanisms for coordinating and clarifying the roles and capacities of different international organizations in radiation emergency preparedness and response. However, neither the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies nor the Joint Management Plan replaces the work of specific organizations.", "112. It has been identified that there are areas where existing arrangements need to be improved, such as the expansion of the role of IAEA in receiving and disseminating information through the same voice and in better meeting the great public demand for information. However, improvements in emergency response require a commitment to increased preparedness, including through training and exercises, and the recognition that nuclear emergencies may recur.", "113. The Fukushima accident also highlighted the need for global harmonization and universal application of nuclear safety standards.", "Recommendations", "114. The strengths and weaknesses of existing inter-agency arrangements should be strictly and objectively evaluated; consideration should be given to formalizing practical arrangements within joint management plans, including the deployment of joint inter-agency field missions.", "115. The participation of relevant United Nations entities and relevant governmental organizations, in particular monitoring and humanitarian organizations, in the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies and the Joint Management Plan should be strengthened and increased. There should also be regular dissemination of joint management plans within the organizations, including training of key personnel and senior officials within the response and coordination mechanisms and ensuring a clear understanding of the role of the organizations.", "116. Public information on nuclear emergencies should be prepared and disseminated in a timely manner to an international audience; operational procedures should be developed to coordinate that work as a vital preparation and response activity.", "117. The level of preparedness should be tested on a regular basis, and United Nations system-wide emergency exercises should be conducted on the basis of the existing Convention exercise system and possibly extended to field monitoring exercises.", "118. Attention should be paid to the value of the ad hoc technical working group established for the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Consideration should also be given to the establishment of inter-agency committee working groups on sector-specific thematic areas.", "Adequacy of preparedness measures [36]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "119. The United Nations field and related organizations establish and maintain emergency preparedness programmes in accordance with their respective functions, roles and responsibilities.", "120. Minimizing the impact of nuclear and radiological accidents and emergencies requires the development of effective preparedness and response cooperation capabilities and arrangements at the local, national, regional and global levels. Such arrangements are also fundamental to mitigating and responding to disasters caused by natural hazards. As the Fukushima accident shows, disasters can have sequential and collateral effects to be imagined and planned — not only for nuclear facilities, but also for large industrial complexes, weapons warehouses and vital infrastructure, such as hydroelectric dams, bridges and roads. These considerations must stimulate new efforts to promote integrated and innovative planning for preparedness and response.", "121. IAEA is in the process of updating safety standards, guidelines and practical tools in the area of emergency preparedness and response, drawing lessons from past responses to radiation emergencies and from the exercises conducted. The IAEA is assisting its member States in strengthening their own preparedness, including strengthening national emergency plans that meet international requirements. To that end, IAEA is carrying out evaluation missions and conducting training activities at the international, regional and national levels, using standardized training materials. Strengthening the link between the nuclear response system and the humanitarian coordination system, through mechanisms such as the Inter-Agency Standing Committee and the cluster approach, is of the utmost importance.", "122. International and regional organizations have extensive experience of cooperation (including civil-military cooperation) in preparing for and responding to natural hazards. This experience was developed through engagement with a large number of countries. However, it is now necessary to build on the experience of IAEA and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Similarly, IAEA could benefit from a broad resource base and expertise in emergency preparedness and response communities.", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "123. The consequences of the Fukushima accident can be summarized in the following key areas:", "• Building codes work and help only when they are consistently applied and consciously prioritized in high-risk areas.", "• Public education, awareness-raising and training exercises work. At the same time, perceptions of risk have changed over time and must be continuously reassessed to ensure a high degree of acceptability of early warning and risk information. Risk awareness and preparedness are social issues that need to be better understood by planners and political decision makers.", "• Early warning systems work and should be applied consistently. Many instruments must be used for informed decision-making.", "• National risk management systems must be “government-wide” and integrated. Institutional coordination and knowledge gaps (i.e. crisis managers and leaders are not properly aware of the nature and consequences of crises that they are required to manage) pose significant risks.", "• Public confidence in risk and crisis management is crucial. It is an asset based on easy access to consistent and reliable information. In some crisis situations, the disastrous predictions made by the media have contributed to a deep fear of unknowns; at this time, public confidence in decision makers is even more needed.", "• Security information needs to be cross-referenced and integrated with systems (e.g., systems for the protection of civilians, military or scientific purposes) and multiple comprehensive hazard early warning mechanisms for stakeholders (e.g., communities, State apparatus and the private sector).", "124. Many elements of preparedness work well in dealing with such a multidimensional emergency, especially in Japan. It is clear that the impact of large-scale events with off-site consequences quickly becomes a concern at the regional and global levels. The accident occurred on the east coast of Japan, so it was largely isolated and radioactive material was released mainly to air and sea. If the same incident occurred closer to other countries, the impact on neighbouring countries could be severe. It is important to share reliable information in a timely manner with all relevant actors at the national and international levels and to ensure that the affected population is effectively informed.", "Trends and developments", "125. All countries need to ensure that emergency response systems are adequate and forward-looking. Many emergency arrangements now assume that there is no need to respond to more than one nuclear accident or other emergency at the same time. Vulnerable countries need to carefully review their contingency arrangements for challenges related to extreme weather events and other natural hazards that may cause accidents and thus affect response efforts, such as earthquakes. IAEA safety standards for emergency preparedness and response are being universally implemented at the national level,[37] improving preparedness and response, facilitating emergency communications and contributing to the harmonization of national standards for protection and other operations.", "126. The future impact of natural hazards that trigger sequential and associated disasters requires increased cooperation between the United Nations response system, including IAEA and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, to better support national and regional efforts to enhance preparedness.", "Recommendations", "127. An inclusive and integrated response system is essential. Different response mechanisms should be linked and mainstreamed and an appropriate regulatory framework for coordination should be developed.", "128. Countries vulnerable to disasters, regions with major industrial and technological activities and regions where greater use of nuclear energy is expected must integrate technological disaster preparedness measures into their emergency preparedness to respond to multiple hazards.", "129. Relevant United Nations entities and relevant organizations are encouraged to strengthen training programmes and participate in relevant international exercises. Training and emergency response exercises are a key component of a good emergency preparedness programme and a powerful tool for verifying emergency arrangements and capacities and improving their quality.", "130. The emergency preparedness and response framework should be strengthened by improving legal instruments and encouraging States to accede to the relevant conventions, through the universal application of IAEA safety standards and through enhanced cooperation among States and international organizations.", "131. The authorities must provide reliable information to the public in a timely and sustained manner. Decision makers must be able to make decisions on the basis of clear and actionable information from multiple hazard sources. The role of civil society organizations in informing the public and explaining risks must be emphasized.", "132. Close cooperation and coordination among relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations on nuclear, industrial and technological security and related matters should be encouraged.", "133. Emergency preparedness and response to nuclear accidents and industrial and technological emergencies must be improved at the national, regional and international levels. This should include the possible establishment of a rapid response capacity, the strengthening of existing systems and training in the area of crisis management.", "134. Close cooperation between IAEA and the United Nations Emergency Response Organization is needed to ensure better integration of preparedness and response capacities.", "135. All United Nations humanitarian organizations should participate in joint radiation emergency management plans of international organizations.", "136. High-level attention and advocacy is needed to link technical safety and security, environmental emergencies and humanitarian affairs.", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capacity [38]", "Specific issues for consideration by Governments", "137. IAEA has the capability to assess nuclear emergencies and their radiological consequences. The Agency specializes in the evaluation of soil environmental samples and marine environmental samples at the Environmental Laboratory in Seibersdorf, Austria, and in Monaco, respectively. They coordinate the network of environmental radiometric analysis laboratories and the ocean information system database. The IAEA Radiation Monitoring and Protection Services Laboratory provides regular and ad hoc monitoring to IAEA staff, external experts and trainees in accordance with the Agency ' s health nuclear safety measures. The IAEA Safeguards Analysis Laboratory (including the Environmental Sample Laboratory and the Nuclear Material Laboratory in Seibersdorf and the Field Laboratory in the Six Villages of Japan) maintains a network of analytical laboratories.", "138. The WHO International Health Regulations mechanism strengthens the capacity to monitor global public health risks during radiation emergencies. This is particularly relevant to the scenario of an unknown outbreak — which may have been caused by a malicious act; in this case, the health authorities may be the first point of notification.", "139. The existing capacity of the UNEP Disaster Response Team, which is integrated into the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs system, should be strengthened to address radiological emergencies. Capacity needs to be developed to rapidly assess the impact on the wider environment, including the water, land and air impacts, and their humanitarian and social and economic consequences.", "140. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization global monitoring network of radionuclide stations is also important in the context of nuclear emergencies. Such a network could be used to assess the conditions leading to releases at source sites in order to provide information on global radioactivity,[39] and to predict when radiation could be detected at other stations. [40]", "141. WMO is an authoritative scientific body with regard to the state and performance of the Earth ' s atmosphere. Its operations include day and night monitoring, exchange of data and information, provision of forecasts and warnings, and provision of services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and other sectors. [41]", "Consequences of the Fukushima accident and the effects of a major nuclear accident", "In the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, the Agency sent four radiation monitoring teams to Japan to help validate the results of the broader measurements made by the Japanese authorities. IAEA laboratories in Monaco have reviewed all information on the marine environment and liaised with a number of centres to develop models to simulate the dispersion of radioactive material released into the sea. The IAEA environmental laboratory in Seibersdorf received samples from the IAEA team in Japan for analysis. The IAEA Radiation Monitoring and Protection Services Laboratory provided radiation protection services and advice to all IAEA, WHO and FAO staff travelling to Japan.", "143. Comprehensive efforts have been made to ensure the operational capability of the radionuclide monitoring network of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and to analyse the results in a timely manner. Prior to the first detection within the monitoring network (15 March 2011), the atmospheric transport and dissemination model was used to predict the expected time and date of detection within the network.[42]", "Trends and developments", "144. Many States, in particular those with nuclear power or close to it, plan or already operate real-time online radiation monitoring systems. While the purpose for which such systems are established is different, this data is important for responding to the release of radioactive material into the atmosphere. [43]", "145. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization data have proved useful as a global monitoring system. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization may issue automatic alerts in cases where detected radioactive material contains unforeseen radionuclides or radionuclide concentrations. For a rapid response, arrangements between the Preparatory Committee and other organizations must be made. [44]", "Meteorological data, analyses, forecasts, relevant information and their timely exchange among WMO member countries, which are the focus of the WMO operating system. The meteorological prediction digital system [45] integrates data and relevant environmental information and is an essential tool for analysing, monitoring and predicting atmospheric conditions, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials. [46] Ongoing review and processing of data required to improve expectations, e.g., with respect to data from the increasing use of satellite-borne monitoring systems.", "Recommendations", "147. IAEA should establish a global radiation monitoring platform to display real-time data on radioactive releases and synthesize data from international and domestic monitoring and early warning systems. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization should be requested to provide its expertise and radionuclide data to that end. Such an integrated monitoring platform would not replace national radiation monitoring programmes, but would provide additional benefits for all States and international organizations.", "Consideration should be given to developing arrangements and tools to collate and interpret environmental monitoring data (air, soil, water) and information derived from meteorological, hydrological and other computational models to assess their short- and long-term impacts on public health and the environment.", "149. IAEA should consider establishing a worldwide network of analytical laboratories to analyse radionuclides in environmental and food samples, building on existing networks of laboratories for the measurement of environmental radioactivity analysis and other networks at the national and regional levels.", "Annex", "Other information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "[ issued in English only]", "1. In addition to their administration to the authorities of the current report (see section III), registrations were received from the Preparatory Commission of the Central-Treaty Organization and the World Medical Organization.", "Preparatory Commission of the Complex Nuclar-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Development of new monitoring and scientific missions", "Role of the Comprehensive Nuclar-Test-Ban Treaty Organization network following the 11 March 2011 early", "2. The events followed 8.9 early on 11 March 2011 all the verification systems designed to secure compliance with the Compresive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "The early hours and long aftershocks were constricted by the International Monitoring System", "The data generated by the Western and hydro-acoustic worlds helped to raise claims by tsunami warring centres in the Pacific region, in agreement with tsunami warring centres assisted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "• Infrasund actions protected experience at the Fukushima nuclear power plant", "As the only radioactive network, radiionucide and noble gas monitoring statuses protected, reliable, real-time, accurate and protected data on the global impact of responses from the power plant", "Attestingly, in fact, with a high degree of deviability, and the country was going to be affected by the situation, as well as information on the situation, all of which was based on the situation, and the situation that was more likely to happen.", "3. The situation of radionuclides was first developed on 15 March at the Takasaki station, 200 miles south-west of the power plant, Observations at the International Monitoring System in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russian Fisheries, and Sacramento, United States of America, concluded the situation.", "4. The Company-Test-Ban Treaty Organization system is capable of dealing with low-level activities; it can be used as one radio-active plan, per second in one million cases of armed conflict.", "5. By end of May 2011, activity concerns at most events had been returned to the ground level. During the course of the resolutory, 41 radioclad status movements decoded naturalized systems; also 19 noble gas (xenon) systems designed to clear the scene of demission.", "6. Data received to the nature of the situation by way of six technical conflicts since March 2011. Inter-agency cooperation started with IAEA on 21 March 2011.", "Lessons learned from the experience of the Complex Nuclar-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "7. The journeyary nature of nuclary experts assesses the importance of taking measures over the next 10 to 20 years could include the following:", "(a) A multi-cultural strategy planning review of the global economy should be an ongoing process, including national Governments, international organizations, national and international conventions, and academic and scientific research centres;", "(b) As part of the system of strategizing, a system of strategizing, and weaknessing, is not the time for strategizing, but it is not the time for strategizing.", "Expressing systems and expressing should be employed and shared, as appropriate, through coopérations among organizations.", "(d) State-of-the-art technology should be accessible, through scientific integration and technical cooperation.", "(e) Capacity development, and training should be conducted in order to push the completely expansive efforts of other actors.", "World Metalologic Organization", "Organisation", "World Medical Organization missions", "The mission of the World Medical Organization (WMO), as presented in the Convention improving the organization is:", "(a) To felicitate world cooperation in the establishment of networks of services for the making of medical services as well as other global services relaid to meteorology, and to promote the development and promotion of resources and services with the provision of services of medical services;", "(b) To promote the improvement and change of systems for the Rapid Exchange of Meteorogenic and renewed information;", "(c) To promote standing of meteorogenic and relaid observations and to assure the unform publicization of observations and statistics;", "(d) To different the application of meteorology to engagement, shipping, water issues, integration and other human activities;", "(e) To promote activities in national health and to further close cooperation between medical and medical services;", "(f) To enter research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in relaid fields, and to assess in coorning international perceptions such as research and training.", "9. In the light of its mission and the decision of its 189 members to address a set of global social needs, WMO is bound to examine its vision of protection and international cooperation in our other country, class, health and water access and sustainable development issues, which will consider the safety and well-being of the people of Africa.", "WMO insatiable roll and resonance", "10. WMO settlements to its members through protocols applied by the World Metalonic Congres, a major billar being the World Weather Watch.", "11. The WMO World Health Organization is responsible for the development of the legal system and the development of the legal system for the purposes of the law of international law, and for the protection of international law and the rule of international law.", "12. The World Weather Watch is the key programme of WMO in providing critical data, analyses, parliamentarians and warning to remember and other WMOs and co-sponsored programmes, such as the Global Organization Organizing Systems, and the Global Ocean Organizing System.", "As a company of the World Weather Watch programme, the Electronic Republic Activities are of particular relevance to United Nations system-wide studies.", "I'm sorry.", "14. The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for the development of national and national health services and other activities of international organizations, as well as other international organizations, to ensure that they are free of all forms of violence and other forms of violence;", "15. Activists were placed in the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice, which is a party, an international organization, an international organization, an international organization.", "Organisation, government,", "16. WMO, as a party to the European Commission and Assistance, is a party meeting members, along with many other international organizations, in the 2010 Jordan and Ethiopia Management Plan of the International Organization, with that agreement, in the event of a non-governmental organization or a non-governmental organization, the laws and other international organizations, in which the Organization of American States is constituted.", "17. The legislative process is based on the Global Data-Processing System.[47]", "18. The regular and global arbitrages referred to the three Regional Specialized Medical Centers in the World Trade Organization.", "19. Routine experts take place at least four times a year, with the Party of all Regional Specialized Meteorogenic Centers with attesting technical communications, and a new national media service.", "WMO operations during the incident at the Fukushima Davichi power plant", "At the hearing of IAEA, 24 experts were working on 11 March 2011 to develop technical assistance on the basis of the report of the Secretary-General.", "WMO also made comments with the ZAMG meteorogenic service of Austria to protect the IAEA Institute and Electronic Centre in Vienna, while military services were made with MeteoSwiss, the Meteorogenic service of Switzerland, to provide meteorogenic support to the World Health Organization in Geneva.", "22. The WMO volunteer office in New York prepared a package of information on the level of protection and other concerns in the official United Nations missions, with reference to the official data data so much as the japan Meteorogenic Agency.", "No, no, no, no.", "Disasters caused by natural habards", "It should be given that early hours and tsunamis do not fall under the mandate of WMO and are not habards returned to hydro-meteorogenetic events. There are no commons about those phenomenas or their impacts in this section.", "Links between natural Hazards of hydro-meteorogenic origin and nuclear safe and security", "Every year, disisteres relaid to meteorogenic, hydrological and climate razards because significant loss of life and set back economic and social development by years, if not decades.", "25. Despite its scientific and technical concerns, as well as the organization of the Special Mission, and the national media and national officials, it is a matter of great concern to the people of the world.", "26. Prepardness and protection, combined with effective emergency management and early warning systems, can signalably discuss the actions on human lives and economic losses.", "Because of the need for cooling their reality, ability power plans [48] are locally low water resources or high water resources, or directly, for exemplifying purposes, especially as well as trained human resources.", "In the case of the affected of the Fukushima Davicchi Nuccalaureate, the company of efficacy cuts and humans.", "29. One lesson learned is that safety-- and security-restricted emergency protection and emergency plans and systems must not only allow for natural harzads on a type-by-typebasis, but must also include a multi-hazad approach that allows for the possible impacts of common.", "In that context, WMO is working in partnership with the United Nations and other international corporations; (b) anticipatorys of physicals/ristions and interpolating information in electronic systems and warrings; (a) the monitoring and monitoring of medical services; and (b) the monitoring of natural disasters and other natural disasters.", "Possible changes of Hazards with time", "31. Natural Hazards can change in intensity, frequency and migration depending on facts other than climate change, namely:", "• Changes to the physical geography of a drugbasin, including the estuaries; the infhore Bathymetry, caascal programme and catchments are are; or the survival of the area around the site, which may include the effects of the system on the field", "Changes of land used in the area around the site", "Changes in the avilability of water due to upstream dams or modification of use", "For riskbasins, the design-basism system is to a great effect dependent on the physical nature of thebasin.", "33. The challenging nature of the constitution should be checked out, and each of them may be responsible for the consequences of the conflict, but it is not possible to find a solution to the problem.", "34. The data obtained from food forecasting and monitoring systems and from the operation of any waring systems should be perfectly acceptable for change in the food media, incruising experiences.", "Indications of change in the food media should be used for revisitation, as application, the signaturebasis youth values and to improve the program of systems and problems, the forecasting and monitoring systems, and the emergency measures.", "In some caascal areas, cascal erosion or land subsidience, relaying to the exposition of Oil, gas or water may have to be taken into consideration in the event of the appearance of water at the site, to be combined with the phenomena resulting from climatistic changes.", "A person uplift of the Earth's future could be result in a person low water scenario in areas close tolarge early transitions.", "Climate Change", "38. Changes in the intensity and freedom of hydrological and meteorogenic extromes are considered to be key personnelizations of regional and local climate change with global climate change, partarily in the context of the universal experience of that global warring is already taking place and produced to other affected.", "39. The Secretary of State is responsible for the development of the legal system and the development of the legal system in order to ensure that the legal system is more effective than the legal system.", "If you are willing to do so, then you will be able to do so in order to do so.", "The Major effects with regards to Nuclear power plans are relaid to the following reasons:", "(a) Changes in air and water conditions;", "(b) Changes in sea level;", "(c) Changes in the freestyle and intimacy of meteorogenic and hydrological phenomena, such as wherever possible radiums, head waves, inter alia, transnational cyclones, stock sturges, river discharges and ever drew decisions.", "Only if you're not sure if you're going to be able to do that, you're going to have to do it.", "International emergency response", "Adequacy of preparedness measures", "Reports", "43. As normally stood, preparedness for both standard-setting and emergency response should be multi-hazard oriented, with affected access to the media and long-term integration of both physicals status and the determinations of the surrounding environment.", "This should be returned in training programmes as well as in the design and return of emergency studies.", "Cooperation between international organizations", "Implications of the Fukushima", "45. According to the original policy, the WMO entity was engaged on 11 March 2011, at the same time of the IAEA Institute and IAEA Centre for the development of the African Community, and the IAEA, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American Cooperation, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American Cooperation, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American Organization, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of American States, the Organization of African Legal Organization, the Organization of African Legal Organization, the Court of African States, the Organization, the Court of", "Thanks to the emergency emergency, [50] WMO also brought very close with the Complex Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, OIC and IMO.", "Trends and Developments", "47. As admittedly, there is an application need for firmer informed cooperation between United Nations agencies, so that all views and actions of a systematic or aggressive approach can be brought in a controlled way.", "Reports", "48. The decision was taken by the Inter-Agency Committee and the Jordan Plan has to be evaluated, with any weaknesses concerned and new companies adched to assure a more effective and effective international organization.", "49. The process of developing the legislation of the emergency and which actions may be requited in the reporting international organizations review needs to be reviewed, with a view to considering the activities of the international organizations before elections and to the public.", "Development of new monitoring and scientific missions", "The United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom,", "Trends and Developments", "51. Meteorogenic data, analysing, and their time to elaborate the State of the World Organization is the focus of the World Trade Organization.", "52. Addressing that action and coordinating information, in terms of data as well as trained officials, the global work is delivered to the competent authorities of the courts and to the competent authorities.", "Reports", "53. Lessons learned from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power system include the following:", "• The environmental secretariat worked well.", "• A particular programme for us was the use of an armed conflict scenario and predefined conditions of the situation.", "Standard programmes obviously need to be updating for the health and medical challenges, including climate change, for example, and given the power of the state.", "Some general concerns are also Valid to better cover the whole service life of nuclarizations with respect to the operation of ourselves, class and water, both on the economy and the safety and security of their operations.", "When any meteorological or hydrological activities to be a significant Hazard for the site of a serialization, it is oral that the site is continuously monitoring from the site of self-development studies and through the entire life of the nuclarization, for the following processes:", "To valaidate the signaturebasis parmess, especially in cases for which the services of the historical data are very poor", "• To support the physical visions of the site in the light of the human security outcome; this concern is becoming essentially as a follow-up of the global climate change", "To protect alarm signatures for actors and emergency agents", "For meteorological and medical events, the monitoring and warning measures that should be taken during the operation of the cleanup operation will be withdrawn on the basis of the development offered by the designated site and on the basis of the physical activities of the establishment.", "57. The data to be used for long-term monitoring and those to be used for a warning system, should be chosen on the basis of the business life and those of the warring system are not the same.", "The warning system should be used in conniving models, since the time periped that the operator would need to put the integration into a safe status may occur on the basis of facts of trials in practice without waiting for the actual operation of the Hazorous event.", "In the case of the operations of an event for which the opportunist societies on behalf of that are made available by internationals to the operating organization, evaluation of the media and of the communications programmes with those organizations should be brought out in order to assure their independence and reparation.", "60. Speciality activities should be carried out to educate the companies and develop the monitoring systems, the admitted data processing and the application programming of action.", "In general, the monitoring networks and warning networks should be considered:", "A meteorogenic monitoring system for basic atmosheric variables", "A meteorogenic warning system for rare meteorogenic phenomena (such as hurricanes, typhoons and tornadoes)", "A water level promotion system", "A tsunami warning system", "• A free forecast system", "Forthermore, rolls and responses of various public and private agents should be returned in the national and local regular processes and planning.", "Concluing returns", "The WMO strategic plan has identified five priorities as:", "• Immunization of the Global Framework for Climates Services", "More COORDINAted disaster risk review", "Improved observation and information systems", "Capital development to help developing countries share in scientific applications and their applications", "Improproving meteorogenic services for the Aviation Security that involves both safety and individual efficacy", "All of those priorities should lead to better monitoring and a more secure, safe and peaceful use of critical resources.", "[1] This section has been prepared by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).", "[2] Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga), Declaration on Argentina-Brazil Common Nuclear Policy of 28 November 1990, South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Treaty of Bangkok), African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba), Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia (Treaty of Semipalatinsk).", "[3] According to IAEA document INFCIRC/153 (Corrected).", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Based on IAEA document INFCIRC/66/Rev.2.", "[6] Based on the Model Additional Protocol published in IAEA document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[7] This section has been prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.", "[8] This section has been prepared by the World Health Organization.", "[9] The “Emergency Convention” includes the 2005 International Health Regulations, the 1986 Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the 1986 Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency.", "[10] This section has been prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme.", "[11] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation (2010 edition), Scientific Annex B, Exposure of the Public and Workers to Various Sources.", "[12] Idem (Scientific Annexes C, D and E).", "[13] Design baseline accidents are those that must be able to withstand when a nuclear facility is designed and constructed and do not cause damage to systems, structures and components required to ensure public health and safety.", "[14] This section has been prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[15] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010, p. 56.", "[16] International Energy Agency/Nuclear Energy Agency, Projected Costs of Power Generation, 2010 Edition (2010), p. 21.", "[17] For cost estimates for 2010 to 2011, see United States Energy Information Agency, Revised estimates of capital costs of power plants (2010), p. 8; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment (2011). For estimates in studies published between 2003 and 2005, see IAEA, Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development (Vienna, 2006), p. 10. For investment costs associated with renewable energy (photovoltaic, sea wind) and nuclear energy associated with cumulative installed capacity, see International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment (2011).", "[18] DESA, “Global Green New Deal for Climate, Energy and Development”, (New York, 2009).", "[19] This section has been prepared by IAEA.", "[20] See IAEA document INFCIRC/821.", "[21] This section has been prepared by IAEA.", "[22] This section has been prepared by IAEA.", "[23] World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Climate Knowledge for Action: A Global Framework for Climate Services - Empowering the Most Vulnerable (see annex). See ftp://ftp.wmo.int/Documents/SESSIONS/Cg-XVI/chinese/DOCs/d11-1(1) 1065_HLT_report_zh.pdf.", "[24] This section has been prepared by IAEA. The IAEA Nuclear Security Advisory Group defines nuclear security as “preventing and detecting and responding to theft, vandalism, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances or related facilities”. See IAEA document GOV/2009/54-GC(53)/18.", "[25] See http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273c_web.pdf, para.", "[26] This section has been prepared by IAEA.", "[27] Established following the Chernobyl accident, there are 15 member organizations: UNEP, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IMO, the European Commission, the European Police Office of the International Criminal Police Organization, the International Criminal Police Organization, the International Criminal Police Organization, OECD/NEA, the Pan American Health Organization, WHO and WMO.", "[28] Conduct exercises every three to five years to test the response of States and international organizations to serious nuclear or radiological emergencies, including information exchange, assistance and coordination of public information efforts.", "The regular meetings of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies also carry out desktop exercises, using scenarios to review arrangements in joint management plans for radiation emergencies of international organizations.", "[30] ICAO, for example, coordinated the work of an ad hoc task force on transport in view of the need to address concerns about air transport during nuclear emergencies and to complement its participation in the joint management plan for radiation emergencies of international organizations. The Task Force brings together several United Nations agencies (including ICAO itself, IAEA, IMO, WHO, WMO, WTO and ILO) and private trade associations.", "[31] Under the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan informed WHO of the adoption of the International Health Regulations national focal point within hours of the accident.", "[32] See http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/repan/en/.", "[33] The Pan American Health Organization has also taken the opportunity to remind member States to review their radiological/nuclear accident contingency plans and to expand its bibliographic database.", "[34] These requests were repeated daily until 18 April 2011 and then reduced to three days and nights per week until 24 May 2011, when IAEA requested the termination of urgent WMO support. A number of WMO centres have also worked with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Response Centre to develop a set of best estimates of emissions starting with a nuclear emergency, using high-resolution atmospheric transport and dissemination models and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. Several meteorological centres then use this emission sequence to recalculate the best estimates of dispersion and deposition patterns at high spatial resolution.", "[35] The Preparatory Commission operates the International Monitoring System, the global monitoring network, which currently has more than 60 high-sensitivity stations for the measurement of radionuclides.", "[36] This section has been prepared by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.", "[37] Co-sponsored by FAO, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and WHO.", "[38] This section has been prepared by IAEA.", "[39] The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization provides the States parties with results and data as soon as they are available; the system will also be reviewed by a dedicated person to ensure the quality of the results.", "[40] Network detection helps to validate atmospheric models. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization also provides data on tsunami early warning systems to assist in disaster response. In this context, data are provided under a cooperative arrangement with the Tsunami Early Warning Centre accredited by UNESCO.", "[41] Operating arrangements include the functions of regional specialized meteorological centres (specializing in atmospheric transport and dissemination models); these arrangements are maintained in cooperation with IAEA. Conduct routine exercises. Numerical weather forecasting models provide input to atmospheric transport and dissemination models for assessment (e.g., analysis and post-report) and prediction of atmospheric movements, dispersion and deposition of radioactive material in air.", "During the release process, more than 40 radionuclide stations detected the release of radionuclides.", "[43] The IAEA project to develop a global radiation monitoring system for emergencies is under way.", "[44] Prior to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization did not participate in the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies.", "[45] High-resolution numerical weather forecasting and atmospheric transport models are widely used to improve estimates of atmospheric transport; however, their use in emergency response should be based on realistic and best possible estimates of radioactive material releases. radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate these simulations, improve assessment and prediction. In addition, precipitation information and high-resolution analysis are essential because atmospheric washing is critical for the deposition of radioactive material in air.", "[46] Possible impacts of atmospheric emissions depend on the characteristics of the emissions and environmental conditions. In emergency situations, actual emissions from source locations and monitoring data (for radioactive material and atmospheric parameters) are essential inputs for modelling atmospheric transport models and for assessing possible impacts, which can then be used by competent authorities in determining appropriate protective actions.", "[47] Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/Manual/WMO485.pdf.", "[48] For the purposes of the present text, “nuclear power plans” should be considered in a general sense and assessed to cover other types of nuclaires, such as as being reprocessed.", "Early in the company earlier, tsunami and nuclear ergonomics, the Papan Meteorogenic Agency created public relations that protected information on Japan.", "As designated by the official country, the IAEA has been used for the emergency since the beginning.", "In addition, some WMO centres collected with the IAEA Agency and European Centre in developing a best-testing mission from the beginning of the clean-up emergency, using high-resolubility (5 km) atm atm, and comparing them with radioclide monitoring data.", "High-level humanitarian response and attestation reports, could be used in the light of the difficulties of attesting to the reality; however, they should be used in other countries to ensure that the human rights of the child are protected and protected.", "[53] Atmospective transitions system will be a direct prevention of these developments, especially when it comes to RADIOactivity monitoring data and reporting, in a context of migration and management." ]

[ "第二十八届会议", "2011年8月1日至9月9日，纽约", "议程", "1. 委员会主席宣布第二十八届会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3. 工作安排。", "4. 审议日本根据《联合国海洋法公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的划界案。", "5. 审议法国根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的关于法属安的列斯和凯尔盖朗群岛的划界案。", "6. 审议乌拉圭根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的划界案。", "7. 审议菲律宾根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的关于宾汉隆起区的划界案。", "8. 审议根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的其他划界案：下列国家提交的划界案：", "(a) 孟加拉国；", "(b) 马达加斯加。", "9. 委员会主席关于《联合国海洋法公约》第二十一次缔约国会议的报告。", "10. 保密委员会主席的报告。", "11. 编辑委员会主席的报告。", "12. 科学和技术咨询委员会主席的报告。", "13. 培训委员会主席的报告及其他培训问题。", "14. 除《公约》第七十六条和附件二的规定以及1980年8月29日第三次联合国海洋法会议通过的《谅解声明》所载规定外，就《公约》某些规定的解释事项寻求咨询的机制。", "15. 其他事项。" ]

[ "Twenty-eighth session", "New York, 1 August-9 September 2011", "Agenda", "1. Opening of the twenty-eighth session by the Chair of the Commission.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Organization of work.", "4. Consideration of the submission made by Japan to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "5. Consideration of the submission made by France to the Commission in respect of the areas of the French Antilles and the Kerguelen Islands pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "6. Consideration of the submission made by Uruguay to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "7. Consideration of the submission made by the Philippines to the Commission in respect of the Benham Rise region pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "8. Consideration of other submissions made pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention: presentation of the submissions by:", "(a) Bangladesh;", "(b) Madagascar.", "9. Report of the Chair of the Commission on the twenty-first Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "10. Report of the Chair of the Committee on Confidentiality.", "11. Report of the Chair of the Editorial Committee.", "12. Report of the Chair of the Scientific and Technical Advice Committee.", "13. Report of the Chair of the Training Committee and other training issues.", "14. Mechanism to seek advice on matters of interpretation of certain provisions of the Convention other than those contained in its article 76, and annex II, as well as in the Statement of Understanding adopted on 29 August 1980 by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.", "15. Other matters." ]

[ "Twenty-eighth session", "New York, 1 August-9 September 2011", "Agenda", "Opening of the twenty-eighth session by the Chairman of the Commission.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "Organization of work.", "Consideration of the submission made by Japan to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "Consideration of the submission made by France to the Commission in respect of the French Antilles and the Kerguelen Islands pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "6. Consideration of the submission made by Uruguay to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "Consideration of the submission made by the Philippines to the Commission in respect of the Benham Rise Zone pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "8. Consideration of other submissions made to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention: submissions made by:", "(a) Bangladesh;", "(b) Madagascar.", "Report of the Chairman of the Commission on the twenty-first Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "Report of the Chairperson of the Committee on Confidentiality.", "Report of the Chairman of the Editorial Committee.", "Report of the Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Advice Committee.", "13. Report of the Chairman of the Training Committee and other training issues.", "14. Mechanisms for seeking advice on matters of interpretation of certain provisions of the Convention, in addition to the provisions of article 76 and annex II to the Convention and those contained in the Statement of Understanding adopted on 29 August 1980 by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.", "15. Other matters." ]

[ "安全理事会第6600次(闭门)会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月16日星期二上午10时26分非公开举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 安全理事会依照第1353(2001)号决议附件二A和B节的规定与部队及警察派遣国举行会议", "联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6600th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "To be held in private on Tuesday, 16 August 2011, at 10.26 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Meeting of the Security Council with the troop- and police-contributing countries pursuant to resolution 1353 (2001), annex II, sections A and B", "United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6600th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "To be held in private on Tuesday, 16 August 2011, at 10.26 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "Meeting of the Security Council with the troop- and police-contributing countries pursuant to resolution 1353 (2001), annex II, sections A and B", "United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon." ]

[ "安全理事会第6600次(闭门)会议正式公报", "2011年8月16日星期二上午10时26分在纽约总部非公开举行", "根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第55条的规定，以下公报已通过秘书长发表，以代替逐字记录：", "“2011年8月16日，安全理事会依照第1353(2001)号决议附件二A和B节的规定，与联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的部队及警察派遣国非公开举行了第6600次会议。", "“根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第39条，安全理事会和部队及警察派遣国听取了维持和平行动部亚洲和中东司司长沃尔夫冈·魏斯布罗德-韦伯先生的通报。", "“安理会成员、魏斯布罗德-韦伯先生和与会的派遣国代表进行了意见交流。”" ]

[ "Official communiqué of the 6600th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "Held in private at Headquarters, New York, on Tuesday, 16 August 2011, at 10.26 a.m.", "In accordance with rule 55 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the following communiqué was issued through the Secretary-General in place of a verbatim record:", "“On 16 August 2011, the Security Council, pursuant to annex II, sections A and B of resolution 1353 (2001), held its 6600th meeting in private with the troop- and police-contributing countries to United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.", "“The Security Council and the troop- and police-contributing countries heard a briefing under rule 39 of its provisional rules of procedure by Mr. Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "“Members of the Council, Mr. Weisbrod-Weber, and representatives of participating contributing countries had an exchange of views.”" ]

[ "Official communiqué of the 6600th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "Held in private at Headquarters, New York, on Tuesday, 16 August 2011, at 10.26 a.m.", "In accordance with rule 55 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the following communiqué was issued through the Secretary-General in place of a verbatim record:", "“On 16 August 2011, the Security Council, pursuant to annex II, sections A and B of resolution 1353 (2001), held its 6600th meeting in private with the troop- and police-contributing countries to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.", "“The Security Council and the troop- and police-contributing countries heard a briefing under rule 39 of its provisional rules of procedure by Mr. Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "“Members of the Council, Mr. Weissbrodt-Weber and representatives of participating contributing countries had an exchange of views.”" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "第六十六届会议议程列入补充项目的请求", "增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式", "2011年8月13日孟加拉国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "按照大会议事规则第14条，谨此请求将题为“增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "按照大会议事规则第20条，现附上说明上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和相关决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "阿·卡·阿卜杜勒·穆明(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "世界上有30多亿人受赤贫、饥饿、疾病和文盲之累，数百万人生活在冲突时期或冲突后的国家，被剥夺了基本的自由和人权；在这样的世界里，和平同以往一样难以实现。", "尽管大家广泛承认和平与发展、和平与裁军以及和平与非暴力之间的联系，但常常忽略这样一个事实，即：人民及其真正获得权能必须成为一切实现持久和全面和平的发展工作的中心。这一和平为充分发挥人类的潜力和固有的创造性、造福全人类的共同利益提供了基本环境，却常常受到破坏。全世界最新的政治事态发展也证明：民主和增强人民(尤其是妇女)权能，是和平的基本必要条件，因为人民的自由、平等、人权和发展作为和平的基本构件，有着千丝万缕的联系。和平还是人道的发展的前提条件，是一项因战争、冲突、恐怖主义、贫困，或因民主、正义和平等机会匮乏而遭到侵犯的权利。", "具有创新性的“以增强人民权能为中心的和平模式”这一综合、统一的多层面概念，是孟加拉人民共和国总理谢赫·哈西娜建设和平努力和和平领导能力的愿景和终身使命；她常被称为“和平与民主之女”。谢赫·哈西娜作为和平思想家和人民领袖，一直在有意识地推进多层面的办法和一个包含新颖和平范例的和平概念，倡导“增强人民权能”，并融合了互联互补的和平与增强权能的内容。其中包括㈠ 消除贫穷和饥饿；㈡ 减少不平等；㈢ 减缓贫困；㈣ 为所有人创造就业机会；㈤ 把受排斥者包括进来；㈥ 加快人的发展速度；以及㈦ 打击所有种类的恐怖主义。", "谢赫·哈西娜曾获得教科文组织1998年和平奖、粮农组织塞雷斯奖、英迪拉·甘地和平奖、千年发展目标成就奖并因对孟加拉国民主化和解放妇女的贡献获巴黎多芬纳大学金奖；她不懈的建设和平的哲学和努力包括全新的一整系列加强和平和扩大和平的内容，即：", "和平、民主和增强人民权能有着千丝万缕的联系；和平是人道发展的组成部分；全球和平是地方和区域和平之和；不消除压迫、不平等和贫困的一切根源，和平就无从谈起；在富裕的世界上，不减缓并最终消除贫困及经济差距，和平就无从谈起；不在人权、宪法权利和司法方面进行机构建设，和平就无从谈起；不真正地从政治、经济和社会三方面增强妇女权能，和平就无从谈起；不具备世俗的心态，不维护多样性和多族裔性，和平就无从谈起；不把边缘化的群体包括进来，和平就无从谈起；不创造就业机会，和平就无从谈起；政府没有透明度，不对公民负追究责任，不全面尊重法治，和平就无从谈起。", "在这一定义明确的和平哲理的驱使下，谢赫·哈西娜终身，以及在其整个政治生涯和国务活动中，一直在传播诸种信念，如：“在道义和族裔方面所有男女应当享受同等待遇”，“人的能力是无限的”，以及“通过和平可以实现人的无限能力”。", "在这些理想和信念的驱使下，谢赫·哈西娜为国家、区域和全球三级增强人民权能和以发展为中心的建设和平努力树立了一些独特的榜样和最佳做法。她签署了南亚第一份地方性和平协定，确立了当地少数民族居民的权利，破天荒地为孟加拉国吉大港山区带来了建设和平的机会；成功地打击和遏制了恐怖主义，尤其是孟加拉国的宗教好斗性和极端主义，在本区域树立了榜样；责成进行独立的战犯审判，为1971年孟加拉国独立战争中的战争罪和危害人类罪受害者伸张正义；和平地解决了国内边防军哗变；成功地与贫穷作斗争并继续与贫穷作斗争及增强妇女权能；孟加拉国在实现八项千年发展目标中几乎六项方面成绩卓著，赢得全球赞誉；订立了历史上第一份防止抢夺孟加拉国印度教徒少数族裔之土地的法律，并于2010年撤消《既得财产法》，归还没收的财产；与腐败作斗争，并成立了国家人权委员会、法律委员会、信息委员会和反腐败委员会；制定了国家教育政策，推行世俗和有意义的教育，女童直到12年级都享受免费教育。", "在区域一级，她同印度签署了《分享恒河水条约》和反恐协议，在本区域增进粮食安全及打击恐怖主义，促进南亚的除贫运动，同时竭尽全力缓解印度和巴基斯坦这两个邻国之间的紧张，促进南亚文化合作和经济一体化。在全球气候变化争取气候正义的讨论中，在增强妇女权能、增进妇女和儿童健康以及消除贫穷和饥饿以及对所有种类恐怖主义采取零容忍的态度等方面，她是全球的宣传员和公认的政治家。", "在过去九月中，在亚、欧11国和美利坚合众国所组织的国际专题讨论会和会议上，向全球学术界、政界、经济学界、和平、安全和发展实践者传播了谢赫·哈西娜以上述个人、国家、区域和国际经验为基础的拟议的“和平哲学”，受到广泛赞誉，并作为新的增强人民权能和以发展为中心的和平模式(适用于具有不同文化背景的广大发展中国家)而被接受。此类成功的讨论会包括：(a) 2011年1月27日在牛津大学举行的国际会议，谢赫·哈西娜总理作为首席贵宾出席；(b) 2011年1月31日在斯德哥尔摩大学举行的国际讨论会；(c) 2011年2月4日在哈佛大学举行的国际讨论会；(d) 2011年2月13日在日本早稻田大学举行的国际讨论会；(e) 2011年3月19日在澳大利亚悉尼大学举行的国际会议；(f) 2011年3月25日在阿姆斯特丹社会研究大学举行的国际会议；(g) 2011年3月30日在印度香提尼克坦举行的国际会议。", "除了上述会议外，宣传拟议模式的知名经济学家和发展实践者小组2011年6月10日在纽约联合国总部同阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗常务副秘书长举行了简报会，她对谢赫·哈西娜的“和平模式”表示欢迎。此前，还就拟议的“和平模式”向主要的专门机构和联合国机构(包括粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、儿基会和世界贸易组织)的执行首长，以及联合国人权理事会主席，作了情况介绍。", "“和平模式”还向欧盟委员会提报，欧盟议会的代表们对此模式表现出热情，建议在联合国提出。2011年6月，向美国国会议员和美国众议员(包括众议院民主党领袖南希·佩洛西女士、汉森·克拉克先生、希拉·杰克逊·李女士和克里斯·冯·霍伦先生)解释了和平模式。2011年6月，在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，向(保守党)议员兼国际发展部副大臣艾伦·詹姆斯·卡特·邓肯先生解释了该模式。最后，在伦敦大学关于谢赫·哈西娜和平模式的国际会议上，580名与会者一致通过了题为“增强人民权能：谢赫·哈西娜的和平模式”的决议。", "在此背景下，孟加拉国提议联合国大会第六十六届会议议程列入题为“增强人民权能和以和平为中心的发展模式”的项目；这一模式是和平思想家、和平建设者谢赫·哈西娜在国家、区域和全球三级的创举。", "孟加拉国寻求所有会员国(包括发展中国家和发达国家、南方国家和北方国家)的支持，把这一新颖的“和平模式”引进联合国的核心机构——大会，以和平思想和理念进一步充实大会，增进世界各国人民的共同利益。这一模式是谢赫·哈西娜所提出的全新的建设和平范例，如在全球范围(特别是在发展中国家、也在发达社会)加以推广，将有助于减少不平等、差距和贫困潦倒现象，同时加强促进人道发展和反恐的全球努力。", "现附上关于谢赫·哈西娜的和平哲学和和平努力的详细背景文件，供参考。[1]", "附件二", "决议草案", "增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式", "大会，", "铭记《联合国宪章》，包括其宗旨和原则，特别是欲免后世再遭战祸，", "注意到贫穷和差距在全世界造成的危害，", "认识到人应当是所有计划、方案和政策的重点,", "重申真正的政治领袖能够唤醒人民，提高他们的觉悟并增强其权能，", "对孟加拉人民共和国总理谢赫·哈西娜在作出所有重大政治决定时都尊重人民的意愿表示赞赏，", "在谢赫·哈西娜关于通过以和平为中心的发展、增强人民权能的思想鼓舞下(其思想包括好几项相互关联的、要同时实现才能确保和平的广泛实质内容的相互作用，这些实质内容为：消除贫穷和饥饿，减少不平等，减缓贫困，把边缘化人民包括进来，为所有人创造就业机会，加快人道发展的进程，以及打击所有形式的恐怖主义和原教旨主义)，", "1. 敦促世界各国在一切决策中把人民的向往和意愿当作头等大事来办；", "2. 请所有国际组织在制定准则和政策时，参考谢赫·哈西娜增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式的经验；实施此模式，能导致可持续和平及共同繁荣。", "[1] ^(*) 背景文件存秘书处供查阅。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model", "Letter dated 13 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum in support of the above request (annex I) and the relevant draft resolution (annex II) are attached.", "I have the honour to request that the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) A. K. Abdul Momen", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "In a world in which more than 3 billion people suffer from extreme poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy, and millions live in conflict or post-conflict countries and deprivation of their fundamental freedoms and human rights, peace remains as elusive as ever.", "Even though the links between peace and development, peace and disarmament and peace and non-violence are well recognized, the fact that the people and their true empowerment must be at the centre of any development efforts that aim at achieving lasting and holistic peace is often overlooked. That peace, as an essential environment in which the full potential and inherent creativity of humankind is realized for the common good of humanity, is often undermined. Recent political developments around the world have also attested to the fact that democracy and people’s empowerment, especially that of women, is a basic precondition for peace, as people’s liberty, equality, human rights and development are inextricably linked as essential building blocks for peace. Peace is also a precondition for humane development, a right that is violated by wars, conflicts, terrorism, deprivation or a lack of democracy, justice and equal opportunity.", "This multi-dimensional, holistic and integrated concept of an innovative “people’s empowerment-centric peace model” has been the vision and lifelong mission of the peacebuilding efforts and peace leadership of Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, quite often referred to as “the daughter of peace and democracy”. As a peace thinker and a people’s leader Sheikh Hasina has been consciously promoting a multi-dimensional approach and a concept of peace that encompasses innovative peace paradigms championing “people’s empowerment” and integrating interlinked and mutually reinforcing elements of peace and empowerment. These include (i) eradicating poverty and hunger; (ii) reducing inequality; (iii) mitigating deprivation; (iv) creating jobs for all; (v) including excluded people; (vi) accelerating human development; and (vii) fighting terrorism of all kinds.", "A recipient of the UNESCO Peace Award 1998, the FAO Ceres Award, the Indira Gandhi Peace Award, the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Award and the gold medal of Paris-Dauphine University for her contribution to the democratization of her country and women’s emancipation, Sheikh Hasina’s tireless peacebuilding philosophy and efforts include a whole new range of peace reinforcers and multipliers, namely:", "that peace, democracy and empowerment of the people are inextricably linked; peace is integral to humane development; global peace is the sum total of local and regional peace; peace is impossible without the removal of all sources of repression, inequality and deprivation; peace is impossible without alleviation and eventual eradication of poverty and economic disparity in a world of opulence; peace is impossible without institution-building on human rights, constitutional rights and justice; peace is impossible without true empowerment of women, political, economic and social; peace is impossible without a secular mindset and embracing diversity and multi-ethnicity; peace is impossible without including the marginalized; peace is impossible without job creation; peace is impossible without transparency and accountability of Governments to citizens and a total respect for the rule of law.", "Driven by this well-defined peace philosophy Sheikh Hasina throughout her life and her political career and state leadership propagated beliefs such as “all men and women should be treated as being morally and ethically equal”, “human capabilities are unlimited” and “unlimited human capabilities can be realized through peace”.", "Inspired by these ideals and beliefs Sheikh Hasina set some exclusive examples and best practices for people’s empowerment and development-centred peacebuilding efforts nationally, regionally and globally. She created the first-ever peacebuilding opportunity in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh by signing the first local Peace Accord in South Asia and establishing the rights of the ethnic minorities living there; successfully combated and contained terrorism, especially religious militancy and extremism in Bangladesh and set examples in the region; commissioned an independent trial of war criminals to bring justice to victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity of the 1971 War of Independence of Bangladesh; achieved the peaceful resolution of a domestic border guard mutiny; successfully fought and continues to fight poverty and empower women; found global acclaim through Bangladesh’s high performance in the achievement of almost six of the eight Millennium Development Goals; enacted the first-ever law to prevent the grabbing of land from the Hindu minorities of Bangladesh and return confiscated properties with the repeal in 2010 of the Vested Property Act; fought corruption and established the national Human Rights Commission, Law Commission, Information Commission and Anti-Corruption Commission; and a national education policy that inculcates secular and meaningful education with free education up to class 12 for the girl child.", "At the regional level she signed the Ganges Water-sharing Treaty and the anti‑terrorism accord with India for food security and to combat terrorism in the region, promoting the anti-poverty movement in South Asia while making every effort to diffuse tension between neighbours India and Pakistan, promoting cultural cooperation and the economic integration of South Asia. She is a global advocate as well as a recognized Statesperson in the global climate change discourse for climate justice, empowering women, improving women’s and children’s health and fighting poverty and hunger and zero tolerance for terrorism of all kinds and the like.", "The proposed “peace philosophy” of Sheikh Hasina, based on these personal, national, regional and international experiences, was disseminated to the global community of academicians, politicians, economists, peace, security and development practitioners at dedicated international seminars and conferences organized in 11 countries in Asia, Europe and the United States of America over the past nine months, where it received wide acclaim and acceptance as an innovative people’s empowerment and development-centric peace model applicable for a wide range of developing countries with diverse cultural backgrounds. Such successful seminars include (a) international conference at Oxford University with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as the chief guest, 27 January 2011; (b) international seminar at Stockholm University, 31 January 2011; (c) international seminar at Harvard University, 4 February 2011; (d) international seminar at Waseda University, Japan, 13 February 2011; (e) international meeting at the University of Sydney, Australia, 19 March 2011; (f) international meeting at the University of Social Studies, Amsterdam, 25 March 2011; (g) international meeting at Shantinikatan, India, 30 March 2011.", "Apart from the above, the group of eminent economists and development practitioners propagating the proposed model held briefing meetings with the Deputy Secretary-General, Asha-Rose Migiro at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 10 June 2011, who welcomed the “peace model” by Sheikh Hasina. Earlier, executive heads of leading specialized agencies and United Nations bodies, including FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNICEF and the World Trade Organization as well as the President of the Human Rights Council were also briefed on the proposed peace model.", "The “peace model” was presented to the European Commission and representatives of the European Union Parliament, who received the model with enthusiasm and suggested floating it at the United Nations. In June 2011, the peace model was also explained to Representatives of the United States Congress and Members of the United States House of Representatives, including Democrat House Leader Ms. Nancy Pelosi, Mr. Hansen Clarke, Ms. Sheila Jackson Lee and Mr. Chris Van Hollen. In the United Kingdom the model was explained to Mr. Alan James Carter Duncan, MP (Conservative Party) and Minister of State in the Department of International Development in June 2011. Finally at an International Convention on Sheikh Hasina’s Peace Model at the University of London a resolution entitled “People’s empowerment: a peace model by Sheikh Hasina” was unanimously adopted in the presence of 580 participants.", "In this context, Bangladesh proposes the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of an item entitled “People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model” pioneered by Sheikh Hasina, a peace thinker and peacebuilder nationally, regionally and globally.", "Bangladesh seeks the support of all fellow Member States, developing and developed, from the South and the North, to move this innovative peace model into the heart of the United Nations, the General Assembly, for further enriching it with peace thoughts and ideas for the greater and common good of the peoples of the world. This model, an original peacebuilding paradigm by Sheikh Hasina, if emulated globally, especially in developing countries but also in developed societies, will help to reduce inequality, disparity, deprivation and poverty while strengthening global efforts towards humane development and fighting terrorism.", "* The background paper is on file with the Secretariat and is available for consultation.", "A detailed background paper on Sheikh Hasina’s peace philosophy and peace endeavours is attached for reference.*", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the Charter of the United Nations, including the purposes and principles contained therein, and especially the dedication to saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war,", "Noting the crippling effects of poverty and disparity all over the globe,", "Recognizing that people should be the focal point in all plans, programmes and policies,", "Reaffirming that true political leaders can awaken, make aware and empower the people,", "Appreciating that Sheikh Hasina, the Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, took all her major political decisions respecting the desires of the people,", "Inspired by Sheikh Hasina’s thoughts on people’s empowerment through peace-centric development, which includes the interactions of several interrelated broad substantive components that need to be achieved simultaneously to ensure peace, namely, eradication of poverty and hunger, reduction of inequality, mitigation of deprivation, inclusion of marginalized people, job creation for all, acceleration of the process of humane development, and fighting all forms of terrorism and religious fundamentalism,", "1. Urges all nations in the world to give first priority in all decision-making to the aspirations and wishes of the people;", "2. Invites all international organizations to take lessons from the people’s empowerment and peace-centric development model of Sheikh Hasina in designing their guidelines and policies, the implementation of which can lead to sustainable peace and prosperity for all." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Requests for the inclusion of supplementary items in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "People ' s empowerment and a peace-centric development model", "Letter dated 13 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "In accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “People's empowerment and a peace-centric development model”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum (annex I) and a related draft resolution (annex II) are attached to this request.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) A. Ka Abdul Momen", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "In a world where more than 3 billion people suffer from extreme poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy, and where millions live in conflict or post-conflict countries, deprived of basic freedoms and human rights, peace is as elusive as ever.", "While the link between peace and development, peace and disarmament, and peace and non-violence is widely recognized, the fact that people and their real empowerment must be at the centre of all efforts to achieve lasting and comprehensive peace is often overlooked. This peace, which provides the basic environment for the full realization of the human potential and the inherent creativity for the common good of all humankind, is often undermined. Recent political developments around the world have also proved that democracy and the empowerment of people, especially women, are essential requirements for peace, as people ' s freedom, equality, human rights and development are inextricably linked as essential components of peace. Peace is also a precondition for humane development and a right that has been violated by war, conflict, terrorism, poverty or the absence of democracy, justice and equal opportunities.", "The innovative, integrated and multidimensional concept of a “peace model centred on people's empowerment” is the vision and life-long mission of Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, for peacebuilding efforts and peace leadership; she is often called “the daughter of peace and democracy”. Sheikh Hasina, as a peace thinker and people's leader, has been consciously advancing a multidimensional approach and a concept of peace that contains innovative peace paradigms, advocating “the empowerment of people” and integrating interlinked and complementary elements of peace and empowerment. These include (i) the eradication of poverty and hunger; (ii) the reduction of inequality; (iii) the alleviation of poverty; (iv) the creation of employment opportunities for all; (v) the inclusion of the excluded; (vi) the acceleration of human development; and (vii) the fight against terrorism of all kinds.", "Sheikh Hasina received the 1998 UNESCO Peace Prize, the FAO Ceres Award, the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize, the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Award and the Golden Prize of the University of Dofina in Paris for her contribution to democratization and the emancipation of women; her tireless philosophy and efforts in peace-building include a whole new set of elements to strengthen and expand peace, namely:", "Peace, democracy and the empowerment of people are inextricably linked; peace is an integral part of human development; global peace is peace at the local and regional levels; peace cannot be achieved without eliminating all the causes of oppression, inequality and poverty; peace cannot be achieved without reducing and eventually eliminating poverty and economic disparities in a rich world; peace cannot be achieved without institution-building in the areas of human rights, constitutional rights and justice; peace cannot be achieved without genuine political, economic and social empowerment of women; peace cannot be achieved without a secular mindset, without preserving diversity and multi-ethnicity; peace cannot be achieved without the inclusion of marginalized groups; without job creation, peace cannot be negotiated; there is no transparency in government, no accountability for citizens, no full respect for the rule of law, and peace cannot be negotiated without full respect for the rule of law.", "Driven by this well-defined philosophy of peace, Sheikh Hasina has been spreading, throughout her political career and throughout her State activities, beliefs such as: “All men and women shall be treated equally in terms of morality and ethnicity”, “human capabilities are unlimited” and “the infinite capacity of human beings can be achieved through peace”.", "Driven by these ideals and beliefs, Sheikh Hasina has set some unique examples and best practices for people ' s empowerment and development-centred peacebuilding efforts at the national, regional and global levels. She signed the first local peace agreement in South Asia, which established the rights of the local minority population and opened a new window of opportunity for peacebuilding in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh; succeeded in combating and curbing terrorism, particularly religious militancy and extremism in Bangladesh, which set an example in the region; mandated independent trials of war criminals to bring justice to the victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the 1971 Bangladesh Independence War; peacefully resolved internal border mutiny; successfully fought poverty and continued to fight poverty and empower women; Bangladesh had achieved global praise in almost six of the eight Millennium Development Goals; enacted the first law in history to prevent the seizure of the land of the Hindu minority in Bangladesh, and in 2010 repealed the Vested Property Act and returned confiscated property; fought corruption and established the National Human Rights Commission, the Law Commission, the Information Commission and the Anti-Corruption Commission; and developed a national education policy to promote secular and meaningful education for girls up to grade 12.", "At the regional level, she had signed a Treaty on Sharing the Ganges and an agreement on counter-terrorism with India to enhance food security and combat terrorism in the region and to promote anti-poverty campaigns in South Asia, while making every effort to reduce tensions between two neighbouring countries, India and Pakistan, and to promote cultural cooperation and economic integration in South Asia. In the discussion on global climate change for climate justice, she was a global advocate and recognized politician in the empowerment of women, the promotion of women ' s and children ' s health and the eradication of poverty and hunger and a zero-tolerance attitude towards all kinds of terrorism.", "Over the past September, Sheikh Hasina's proposed “philosophies of peace”, based on the above-mentioned personal, national, regional and international experience, was widely praised and accepted as a new model of people's empowerment and development-centred peace (applies to a broad range of developing countries with different cultural backgrounds) in international symposiums and conferences organized by Asia, the 11 countries of Europe and the United States of America. Such successful seminars included: (a) an international conference held at Oxford University on 27 January 2011, attended by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as the principal guest; (b) an international seminar held at Stockholm University on 31 January 2011; (c) an international seminar held at Harvard University on 4 February 2011; (d) an international seminar held at the University of Hararod, Japan, on 13 February 2011; (e) an international conference held at Sydney University, Australia, on 19 March 2011; (f) an international conference held at the University of Social Studies, Amsterdam, on 25 March 2011; and (g) an international conference held in Santiniktan, India, on 30 March 2011.", "In addition to the above-mentioned meeting, a briefing with Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro was held on 10 June 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York by the Group of Eminent Economists and Development Practitioners advocating the proposed model, who welcomed Sheikh Hasina's “Peace Model”. Previously, briefings on the proposed “peace model” were given to the executive heads of the main specialized agencies and United Nations bodies, including FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNICEF and the World Trade Organization, as well as to the President of the United Nations Human Rights Council.", "The “peace model” was also presented to the European Commission, and representatives of the European Union Parliament showed enthusiasm for the model and suggested it to the United Nations. In June 2011, the model of peace was explained to members of the United States Congress and to United States deputies, including Ms. Nancy Pelosi, Leader of the Democrats in the House of Representatives, Mr. Hanson Clark, Ms. Sheila Jackson Lee and Mr. Chris von Hollen. In June 2011, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the model was explained to Mr. Alan James Carter Duncan, MP (Conservative Party) and Deputy Minister for International Development. Finally, at an international conference at the University of London on Sheikh Hasina's peace model, 580 participants unanimously adopted a resolution entitled “People's empowerment: Sheikh Hasina's peace model”.", "In that context, Bangladesh proposed the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly of an item entitled “People's empowerment and a peace-centric development model”, an initiative of peace thinkers and peacebuilders Sheikh Hasina at the national, regional and global levels.", "Bangladesh seeks the support of all Member States, including developing and developed countries, countries of the South and countries of the North, to bring this innovative “peace model” to the heart of the United Nations — the General Assembly — to further enrich the Assembly with ideas and ideas of peace and to advance the common interests of the peoples of the world. This model, which is an entirely new peacebuilding paradigm proposed by Sheikh Hasina, such as its replication at the global level, particularly in developing countries and also in developed societies, will help to reduce inequality, disparities and poverty, while strengthening global efforts to promote human development and counter terrorism.", "A detailed background paper on Sheikh Hasina ' s philosophy of peace and peace efforts is attached for information. [1]", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "People ' s empowerment and a peace-centric development model", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the Charter of the United Nations, including the purposes and principles contained therein, in particular to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,", "Noting the worldwide harm caused by poverty and disparities,", "Recognizing that the human person should be the focus of all plans, programmes and policies,", "Reaffirming that genuine political leaders can awaken, sensitize and empower people,", "Expressing its appreciation to Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of the People ' s Republic of Bangladesh, for her respect for the will of the people in all her major political decisions,", "Encouraged by Sheikh Hasina ' s idea of people ' s empowerment through peace-centred development (which includes the interplay of several interrelated and simultaneous substantive elements that ensure peace: eradicating poverty and hunger, reducing inequality, alleviating poverty, including marginalized people, creating jobs for all, accelerating the process of humane development, and combating all forms of terrorism and fundamentalism),", "1. Urges the nations of the world to give priority to the aspirations and aspirations of peoples in all decision-making;", "2. Invites all international organizations to draw on the experience of Sheikh Hasina ' s people ' s empowerment and the peace-centric development model, which can lead to sustainable peace and shared prosperity, when developing norms and policies.", "[1] (*) Background documents are available for consultation in the Secretariat." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目118", "大会工作的振兴", "大会振兴问题特设工作组的报告", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 2\n2.会议纪要 2\nA.一般性讨论 2\nB.专题会议 5\n3.结论 14\n4.建议 15", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第64/301号决议决定，在第六十五届会议设立一个大会振兴问题特设工作组，向所有会员国开放：", "(a) 通过利用以往的决议和评价其执行状况，查明提升大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的进一步途径；", "(b) 就此，向大会第六十五届会议提交一份报告。", "2. 本报告和其中所载建议是根据该决议提交的。", "3. 在大会第六十五届会议期间，大会主席于2010年11月19日任命了工作组的两位共同主席——立陶宛常驻联合国代表Dalius Čekuolis先生和圣文森和格林纳达常驻联合国代表Camillo Gonsalves先生。", "4. 在正式开始工作组的工作之前，两位共同主席与各会员国和各种政治集团的代表举行了非正式会议。在这些会议中，两位共同主席从会员国关于振兴进程的本质及技术性和程序性方面的深刻见解和想法中受益良多。", "二. 会议纪要", "5. 工作组于2011年3月14日、4月13日和28日、5月17日和25日以及7月29日，共举行了六次会议。", "6. 工作方案分成如下两个实际阶段：(a) 一般性讨论和交换看法；(b) 专题会议。在每次专题会议之前，为激发大家根据第64/301号决议第3段的授权对载于大会振兴问题特设工作组报告(A/63/959)附件中的大会决议最新清单/图表的全面审查，两位共同主席就有待审议的专题问题集群编制并散发了非文件。各代表团对此举措表示赞赏，并查明了进一步提高大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的途径。", "A. 一般性讨论", "7. 工作组在3月14日举行的第一次会议上，就大会振兴问题举行了一般性讨论，期间，17个会员国的代表做了发言——其中包括代表各政治集团的发言，表达了各自的总的立场和对于工作组在大会第六十五届会议的工作方案的期待。", "8. 两位共同主席在开场白中对其第六十四届会议的前任所做的重要工作和取得的成就表示感谢，并提及第64/301号决议是工作组工作重心的基础。他们表示，各主要委员会在其工作方案的审议中所吸取的教训可为工作组2011年的工作提供信息，并注意到秘书处已表示随时愿意按需要就相关的专题提供简要介绍。", "9. 在讨论中，许多发言者都强调了使大会及其工作更有效率和更有实效的重要性，并普遍同意，一个好的起点就是落实现有的各项决议。一些会员国争辩说，振兴首先是一个政治进程，振兴应关心的是实质性的事务；而其他一些国家则坚决强调，实现这一点的最好办法就是把精力集中于大会的工作方法和议程。有人还指出了振兴与主席的关于加强联合国在全球管治中的作用这一优先主体之间的联系。", "10. 发言主要集中在以下领域：工作方法；大会在甄选秘书长方面的作用；加强大会主席办公室及其机构记忆的必要性；和大会与其他主要机关的关系。对于第64/301号决议授权的全面审评的性质也有人做了评论。", "11. 关于大会的效率问题，一些代表认为，工作方法，特别是大会及其主要委员会的工作方法，包括高级别会议和专题辩论的时间安排、电子表决系统和基于及时翻译的文件管理，应构成关于振兴大会问题的讨论的主要重点。及时印发大会决议和会议记录的必要性得到了特别强调。", "12. 一个会员国集团促请对于表决进程的保密性和完整性应采取必要的谨慎态度，并重申可信性、可靠性和保密性的原则，也有少数提及要使大会的表决和计票系统现代化，其中一些代表提出，就电子表决运作的技术方面提供简要介绍对于就此事项的讨论可能是会有益的。", "13. 关于一般性辩论，一位发言者说，虽然这以前是大会的一项主要活动，但似乎已成为在9月份同时举行的许多活动中的一项而已。因此，一些代表主张，应仔细检查时间安排问题，在这方面，应进一步探讨总务委员会和大会主席的作用问题。有人认为，工作组可提供这方面的参考性指导意见。", "14. 虽然举行专题辩论受到欢迎，但有人也提出，这样的辩论举行的太多有可能损害大会的集中，并应牢记比较小的代表团的需要和能力。", "15. 有几个发言集中谈到了议程合理化问题，包括研究项目的进一步两年一次和三年一次化的可能性问题。许多代表团同意砍掉多余的任务是理智的建议，但同时又坚持，在没有得到大会事先批准和相关国家同意之前，不应使用“夕阳条款”概念。一些会员国强调，议程应根据新的和迅速演变的挑战变得更加有应对性和适应性。", "16. 各主要机关之间的平衡，特别是与安理会的平衡，鉴于被许多人看作是蚕食大会工作的现象，是需要加以处理的重要问题。一些发言者主张，这包括要使安理会更对大会负责并要使两者的工作方案互相协调一致。", "17. 一个国家集团强调有必要对大会各项决议的执行状况进行彻底评价，并明确指出任何未执行的原因。为逐步消除至今仍然阻碍大会实现其所有潜力的的振兴进程的制约因素，此举具有至关重要的意义。", "18. 许多代表团希望大会继续积极关注国际和平与安全范畴的政治事务。另一个代表团强调，大会需要在这方面采取更为积极主动的姿态。有人提出，安理会向大会提交特别报告。", "19. 一位发言者争辩说，可通过行使大会的权力改革安理会来平衡这两个机关之间的关系，而另一位则着重指出，应抵制强行推进体制改革的催促。", "20. 安理会给大会的年度报告被举出作为一个可能进一步审议的领域，并提到，除其他外，第51/241号决议，其中大会主席被要求对大会就报告展开的辩论进行评估。另一方面，也指出了已经做出的改进，例如，在理事会每月的主席任期期间组织的吹风会。一个代表团强调说，根据联合国宪章，大会和安理会之间的关系是一个根本性的章程问题。", "21. 关于大会与经社理事会的关系，一个代表团认为，大会应得到关于部长级年度审评和发展合作论坛的报告。", "22. 在关于主要机关之间的关系问题的讨论中，鼓励各机关的主席之间进行进一步的协调。", "23. 许多代表提出应加强大会在秘书长甄选程序中的作用，并对载于以往决议中的大意如此的规定尚未完全执行表示遗憾。许多代表团认为，这是工作组议程上的一个重要问题。一些代表集中谈了那些已经实现的改进，其中指出，除其他外，在候选人和区域集团之间在非正式环境中的交流，并强调，应继续遵循现有的程序。", "24. 几位发言者在着重谈到秘书长的甄选和任命的同时也提到了秘书处乃至联合国系统高级官员——包括秘书长的特别代表和高级别小组——的任命问题。就此，提到了题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的联合检查组报告(见A/65/71)，许多代表团要求在本工作组内审议。", "25. 若干发言者提到，加强大会主席办公室是工作组的一个可能的重点，许多会员国期待着主席即将发表的关于加强该办公室机构记忆的意见。许多代表还认为，必须确保办公室有足够的、可预料的财政和人力资源。一个国家集团对为加强该办公室而已经采取的措施表示欢迎。有人表示，应做出特别的努力执行关于此事的业已存在的各项决议。", "26. 在关于特设工作组的讨论中第一次提到了大会同联合国外面的集团的关系问题，包括尤其是与20国集团(G-20)的关系。一些国家认为，工作组应讨论发表关于联合国指定的代表在与外部团体相遇之前和之后应如何与广大成员互动的指导原则问题，以便大会的立场能得到正确的传达。", "27. 最后，关于载于特设工作组报告(A/63/959)附件中的清单的全面审查的性质问题，许多发言者表示十分重视这一工作。例如，有人主张，审查应导致产生一种后续机制，以评估大会各项决议的执行状况，就此，一个代表团建议可采取在秘书处内设立一个特别单位的形式。", "28. 作为上述审议的结果，两位共同主席在2011年4月5日的信中散发了一份工作计划，提出举行四场专题会议，集中讨论作为对大会振兴进程最核心的最经常提出的问题如下：", "(a) 大会的作用和权力及其与本组织其他主要机关和联合国外面的其他集团的关系；", "(b) 大会各项决议和议程的执行；大会的工作方法和基本建设总计划框架内的业务和技术问题，包括关于大会表决系统的信息；", "(c) 大会在联合国秘书长的甄选和任命以及在联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选中的作用和责任；", "(d) 大会主席办公室的职责，包括加强其机构记忆，及其与秘书处的关系。", "B. 专题会议", "大会的作用和权力及其与本组织其他主要机关和联合国外面的其他集团的关系", "29. 如工作计划中所示，第一场专题会议于4月13日举行，大会主席出席了会议。有十七个代表团在讨论中发言，其中包括代表集团的发言。", "30. 在开场白中，两主席对大会主席的光临表示欢迎，并重申，第64/301号决议给特设工作组的任务是查明振兴大会的进一步方法。为此，两主席请各代表团在大会主席发言后开展热烈的意见交流。", "31. 大会主席在对工作组的讲话中表示，满意地注意到他对于一个作为全球辩论主要论坛的强大的大会的展望已被会员国所广泛接受，这突出体现在2010年12月通过了关于联合国在全球管治中的作用的第65/94号决议。大会主席认为，提高大会的知名度至关重要，并支持建设连接联合国外面的行为者的桥梁——例如，二十国集团。另一方面，应确保大会同其他主要机关之间的有效合作，就此，大会主席指出他举行的、不仅与安理会和经社理事会的主席，而且与人权理事会和维和委员会的主席的定期会议。此外，大会主席欢迎他与秘书长的密切互动和后者愿意定期向会员国简要介绍最新动态，这给会员国就通常由安理会审议的问题发表看法的机会。", "32. 大会主席还指出，大会的议程需更集中于当今最紧迫的问题，并着重指出，负担过重的议程有伤害大会辩论的质量的风险。因此，应进一步考虑议程合理化问题，二委在这方面树立了良好的榜样。必须更多地重视对所做决定的后续工作，使提供给本组织的资源有充分的理由。", "33. 在随后的辩论中，许多代表团强调了对他们所认为的安理会蚕食大会的工作的关切。还有人提出，大会应更迅速有效地对与国际和平与安全有关的政治事件和问题做出反应，以便根据宪章坚持其适当的作用。", "34. 有人表示安理会的报告应更有分析性，并应提交针对专题的特别报告，另一方面，安理会的年度报告由于主席与广大联合国会员国在2008年7月、2009年和2010年举行的非正式会议而有了改进，并要求将这样的非正式磋商制度化。就此，一个代表团强调了安理会主席关于安理会工作方法的说明(S/2010/507)，并表示十分赞赏覆盖时间为2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日的安理会报告。", "35. 其他一些代表团争辩说，安理会提交年度报告的任务已经执行，并指出，关于安理会工作方案的月吹风很少有广大会员国踊跃参加的情况。一个代表团着重指出，每个主要机关都按照自己的规定运作，并强调这是个根本性的章程问题。", "36. 各主要机关主席之间举行定期会议的价值得到了广泛的认可，并认为这一做法可进一步加以改进。这样的协调也应扩大到各机关的议程和工作方案，不妨搞一个正式的议程，其成果可供会员国分享。一些代表团还指出，大会主席与人权理事会主席和建设和平委员会主席的定期会议是有益的做法，并强调在所有联合国机关、机构和团体之间需进一步加以协调。", "37. 大会主席向大会简要介绍他最近出访的做法受到赞赏，被认为是宝贵的信息来源。", "38. 有人提出可研究项目的进一步两年一次化、三年一次化和集群化的问题；另一方面，也重申了反对在没有得到共同提案国和(或)议题相关国家的明确同意的情况下，采用任何类型的“夕阳条款”的做法。", "39. 大会知名度问题仍是许多代表团感兴趣的事项，有人强调，只有在大会就国际社会共同关心的问题采取相关行动时，振兴才能有保障，这也有助于提高大会的知名度。关于给发言人配备一名助手的问题，执行以往各项决议的必要性得到了强调。", "40. 专题辩论被认为是推动关于对国际社会具有至关重要性的当前问题的更深入讨论的一个重要手段。另一方面，在欢迎举行专题辩论的同时，强调了应与会员国协商为这样的辩论会做筹备。在互动交流时，大会主席强调，举行专题辩论只是主席手中为数很少的手段之一，用以帮助推动大会的审议工作，这就是为什么他要劝阻进一步限制主席权力或绕过主席召集辩论的原因。", "41. 关于大会与“联合国外面的其它集团”的关系，许多代表团认为，讨论应优先关注大会与其它主要机关的关系问题。一些发言者对在这个上下文中“其它集团”的精确含义提出疑问，并想知道这是否也包括民间社会或政治团体。大会作为唯一的普遍机构的作用得到了强调。就此，一些代表团对最近的二十国集团主席本着问责和透明的精神，“走出去”与大会联系的做法表示欢迎。", "42. 许多发言者再次强调了执行现有各项决议的重要性，就此，有些人提出需要有一个后续和监测机制。一个代表团着重指出，所有尚未实施的规定需在现有资源范围内加以实施。", "43. 两主席在结束语中对大会主席的光临表示感谢，主席的光临增加了会议的生产力，并感谢各代表团做了实质性的评论。", "大会各项决议和议程的执行；大会的工作方法和基本建设总计划框架内的业务和技术问题，包括关于大会表决系统的信息", "44. 特设工作组的第三次会议，也是集中讨论执行大会各项决议和议程，以及大会的工作方法和业务及技术问题—包括投票问题—的第二场专题会议，于4月28日举行。会议由两部分组成：第一部分是互动部分，其间工作组听取了几个简要介绍并有机会开展一场问答，第二部分是各代表团的一般性发言。在会议第一段，共有八个会员国发言；六个代表团参加了第二段，其中包括代表集团的发言。", "45. 两主席在开场白中解释了会议的结构和所设想的互动性质，随后，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那常驻代表以其安理会文件和其它程序问题非正式工作组主席的身份，简要介绍了其工作组工作方面所吸取的、也许也与特设工作组的工作相关的经验教训，并宣布会议第一段讨论开始。他的发言集中介绍了根据载于安理会主席的说明(S/2010/507)中的准则，安理会精简其所处理的事项的发言摘要的经验，并指出，项目数从2007年年初的144个减少到了目前的88个。具体的说，这是通过以下方法实现的：合并重叠的项目；进行年度检查，以决定理事会是否已经结束了对项目单上的某个项目的审议；实行“夕阳程序”；和使用总括议程项目。", "46. 在向工作组的第二个简要介绍中，蒙古常驻代表以第六十五届会议第二委员会主席的身份介绍了她在委员会审议工作及其随后通过关于改进工作方法方面的经验。在指出其前任大韩民国常驻代表已经开展的工作的同时，她向工作组逐一介绍了第二委员会在2010年的会议上审议这一问题时所采取的各种步骤。她强调了每个主要委员会的特殊性，同时着重指出，改进工作方法会使较小的代表团普遍受益。", "47. 下一个简要介绍由大会和会议管理部大会和经社理事会事务司司长主讲，他讲了关于大会高级别会议的组织方面，特别是在9月份举行的那些会议。司长指出，这类会议最近增多和会员国长期以来强调的保持一般性辩论的神圣不可侵犯性这一优先事项，同时回顾了关于这类高级别会议计划工作的若干参数。", "48. 第四个，即，最后一个简要介绍，由大会和会议管理部会议和出版司司长主讲，用投影介绍了文件情况，其中指出了近年来该部为提高文件流程所采取的各种步骤。", "49. 这些简要介绍和两主席的主动安排受到各代表团的热烈欢迎，并利用这一机会交流看法。一位发言者对安理会文件和其它程序性问题非正式工作组主席的简要介绍表示欢迎，认为是有益的经验交流。另一位问到成员国是如何参与安理会的精简工作的，以及非安理会成员国如何参加其感兴趣的问题的讨论。另一个代表团欢迎来自安理会的信息，但提出安理会可从大会学习某种东西，而不是相反的情况。有人要求提供关于安理会使用总括议程项目的信息。在回答这个问题时，非正式工作组主席感谢各代表团的提问和评论，并表示他对进一步交流持开放态度。¹", "¹ 本次会议后，安理会文件和其它程序性问题非正式工作组主席记下了各代表团向他提的问题并将书面答复传达给了特设工作组两主席，后者散发了这些书面答复。", "50. 在对第二委员会主席简要介绍的反应中，有人强调，确实每一个主要委员会都有自己的工作文化。委员会主席被问到她认为是什么样的情况推动了去年的决定的通过。一个代表团想知道已采取的那些措施——其实施最终需要各代表团的诚意——是否足够；另一位发言者问到委员会主席关于所做出的决定的后续行动的评估情况。还有人指出，第二委员会已尽到了根据特设工作组对各主要委员会的要求的责任，但其它委员会还没有，这也许可通过两主席的斡旋，传达到其它主要委员会主席。第二委员会主席同意，所采取的措施确实只是第一步，作为向前进的一种办法，她将向她的继任者分享所学到的经验教训。", "51. 关于高级别会议的组织事项的简要介绍，有人提出应建立发言者名单问题。有人问道是否可通过采用抓阄的办法来对其进行改革，这会消除各代表团通过讨价还价和其它手段确保尽可能好的位置的必要性。有人认为，应将高级别会议的次数降到最低并将其分散到整个日历年。大会和经社理事会事务司司长确认，关于千年发展目标的2010年高级别会议的发言名单是在抓阄的基础上拟定的，相关决议(第64/184号决议)的附件一中阐述了相关模式。", "52. 在关于文件情况的介绍的后续讨论中，各代表团强调，不能完全依靠电子传播文件，纸质文本继续发挥重要的正式功能。另一个代表团则提出，应减少要求秘书处提供书面资料，这也是为了全面的可持续性。会议和出版司司长在答复这些评论时表示，注意到需要继续散发印刷本，同时向各代表团保证，世界上几乎没有什么组织以像联合国这样的环境友好的方式运作。", "53. 在进入会议第二阶段之前，工作组获悉，根据第60/286号决议第24段，关于大会议事规则的评论和以往的惯例已经在线提供，可访问大会的网站检索。", "54. 关于议程，有人表示坚信，在没有共同提案国和(或)与议题相关的国家明确同意的情况下，议程项目的任何两年一次化、三年一次化或取消，或者，夕阳条款的采用，都不可进行。有人表达的另一种观点是，彻底研究进一步精简议程——包括现有决议的合并——的可能性是完全适当的。", "55. 关于决议的执行问题，普遍同意，现有的决议需要得到坚持和执行。在振兴项目下通过的决议中所载的大量条款尚未执行这一事实可被看作是一种迹象，说明这一进程已产生了足够数量的想法。一个代表团要求在大会主席办公室内设立一个后续工作单位，并建议，缩短决议的篇幅，这会产生确保更大的政治影响的结果。", "56. 人们特别重视关于改进工作方法的途径的审议。由于长达一年的关于振兴大会的辩论只取得了有限的成果，大家一致认为，广大会员国对确保大会完成其政治职能负有首要责任，为此，要使其辩论有意义并确保尊重其决定。一个代表团指出，遵守大会发言时限的程度太低。", "57. 关于高级别会议的组织，有人指出，这是根据大会的授权举行的，有助于提高非常重要的议题的知名度。另一方面，有人认为，高级别会议太多会损害这类会议的重要性，并建议将其散布在全年，而不是集中在一般性辩论前后。还有人建议，工作组在本届会议上就此问题详细制订参考性指导原则。", "58. 关于投票问题，人们对任何会使大会效率更高的更可靠的技术改进都表示支持，同时，也有人指出，历届会议期间提出的、目前正在讨论的系统似乎并不能达到可靠性、可信性、完整性和保密性的要求。工作组获悉，就此事没任何新的技术进展。有人坚决强调，目前的系统只有通过全会决定才能改动，许多代表团对此事极端重视。然而，一个代表团建议将此事移交第五委员会，因为它涉及经费问题。", "59. 关于文件问题，强调了采取措施改进联合国文件六种正式语文的质量和准确性的重要性，以确保文件是以更具有成本效益的方式，使用案文和发言所书写或宣读的原文，系统地制作和翻译的，并且，有更多的文件能按时印发。一个代表团认为，联合国通过确保其决定一经通过便立即发表，就可提升其知名度和影响力。", "60. 两主席在结束语中对会员国的与会表示感谢，并指出，互动性的会议形式是将关注的重点放在正在讨论的议题上的一种创新做法。", "大会在联合国秘书长的甄选和任命过程中的作用和责任", "61. 5月17日举行了特设工作组第四次会议——也是其第三场专题会议。会议集中讨论了大会在联合国秘书长的甄选和任命以及在联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选中的作用和责任问题。共有15位发言者在会上发言，其中有一些是代表集团发言的。", "62. 在开场白中，两主席指出，本次会议的主题已在若干场合审议过，就此，以往已通过了若干决议。宪章第97条构成会员国的参考点——尽管对其规定存在不同的解释。因此，请发言者就此发表意见。两主席指出，这些讨论范围已扩大，以包括各机构的首长，并举出联检组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的报告(见A/65/71)，认为也可作为会议的一个参考点。", "63. 许多会员国强调，它们认为秘书长的甄选程序是振兴大会工作中的最重要的因素之一，对于联合国的质量和相关性具有深远的后果。很多人强调，要充分使用宪章所赋予的权力，使甄选和任命的程序对所有会员国更透明、更可信和更包容，同时也承认，大会在此事上需发挥更积极、更切实有效的作用。一位发言者想知道是否需要新的措施，或者，会员国只要充分行使已经存在的权力就行了；而另一些发言者则强调，现有的规定之所以未执行是由于缺乏政治意愿。", "64. 形成的广泛共识是，需更全面地执行现有的决议，虽然会员国对于哪些决议意见不一，有的指出第51/241、60/286和64/301号等决议，包括第11(I)号决议——这一单子中最早的关于秘书长任命的相关决议。许多发言者形容第11(I)号决议是老古董、过时了。一位发言者更进一步先指出，根据那个决议，只有男人才能被任命为秘书长，然后又接着断定，第11(I)号决议破坏了秘书长实质上是向大会、向联合国全体会员国负责这一说法。许多发言者还表达了这样的观点：安理会这些年来在这个问题上获得的权力在某种程度上可归因于上述决议对宪章第97条的解释。", "65. 会议自始至终，发言者都集中于已通过的决议的具体条款，尤其是第51/241、60/286和64/301号决议，建议为实现更大的透明度和包容性采取以下行动和原则：地域轮流和性别平等的原则应得到尊重；大会主席应与会员国协商，以便为秘书长职位物色和核准一组候选人，然后转交安理会(此外，大会和安理会主席可共同签署一封信，邀请会员国提出这样的候选人)；应向大会正式提交候选人名单，以便在最后决定前与会员国进行有效的和有益的互动；以及应为甄选和任命程序制定更加具体的时间序列。", "66. 虽然人们承认上述措施今年不可能立即应用于秘书长的甄选和任命程序，但有几个代表团提出在本届会议期间可对这一程序作某些改进。这类可能的临时措施包括：拟定一份可转交安理会的候选人名单(或小组)和让候选人在大会并向大会或其中的主要集团作正式陈述；从而给会员国与候选人交流看法的机会。这样做，有人争辩说，是安理会和大会互相尊重对方的授权的一种方式。", "67. 一些发言者提到了最近散发的“小五”国集团的建议，其中提出了一些措施，既确保会员国更广泛的参与这一进程，又不损害安理会的特权。关于进行中的结合对人权理事会的审评所开展的磋商，其中提出了关于有希望的候选人向大会自愿宣誓的建议，一位发言者主张，同样的标准也应适用于秘书处关键职位的任命——包括秘书长，这是在其他国际组织，例如，世界贸易组织，中已经实行的做法。", "68. 另一个代表团强调，秘书长一半是外交官，一半是行政官，并强烈主张，秘书长的任命应在安理会和大会之间合作的情况下，在和谐和协商一致的气氛中进行。就此，该代表团坚持认为，第97条的规定需予以尊重。", "69. 其他发言者强调有必要尊重联合国主要机关的互相平等地位，并确保互不干涉对方的工作方法。他们强烈主张根据第97条保留目前的做法，同时仍然倾向于会员国应有机会通过候选人与区域集团会面等措施更好地了解候选人。他们还一致认为，在这种场合候选人听取会员国的提问也是有益的，否则就支持继续目前的、他们认为已经并将继续为本组织作为一个整体效力的做法。", "70. 最后，一些代表团指出，由于宪章赋予秘书长的作用和权力，秘书长的角色是独一无二的。", "71. 关于讨论的第二点——联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选问题，联检组的报告得到了广泛的认可，人们经常具体地提到这一事实，即，报告指出，与竞选联合国共同制度的一个组织的行政首长职位的候选人举行听证/会议，可提高甄选程序的透明度和可信度，并使其更包容所有国籍。一位发言者尤其支持报告中所载的以下建议——(a) 空缺通告应广泛公布；(b) 应确定条件，职权范围，包括所要求的能力、资格和经验；和(c) 应建立候选人的筛选和面试的严格标准和程序，与此同时，确认已经朝这个方向采取了一些步骤。其他发言者对两主席对本项目下的辩论主动引进了这一新的内容表示欢迎，一些发言者尤其欢迎对联检组的报告进行仔细的审议，以确保透明性、合法性和平衡的代表性。另一位发言者重点谈到该报告乃至人力资源问题，强调了决议第65/248 D中所载的条款以及联检组报告中所载的建议6，其中规定，行政首长的任期限于不超过连续两个任期。", "72. 在注意到联检组报告中所提出的建议的同时，有人也提出，其目的是协助确立协调一致的甄选标准，以确保行政一级最高领导和管理的素质，并就此着重指出该报告的看法，即，相对于其他行政首长，秘书长的甄选和任命程序是独一无二的。", "加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆", "73. 5月25日举行了特设工作组第五次会议——也是其第四场专题会议。会议讨论的重点是：大会主席办公室，对其的支助、及其机构记忆问题。会议期间共有包括集团代表在内的11位发言者在会上发言，发言内容包括大会主席办公室主任介绍办公室的工作和大会部大会和经社理事会事务司司长介绍大会主席办公室支助信托基金。", "74. 办公室主任首先用两句话概括了他关于加强大会主席办公室机构记忆的想法：大会主席及其办公室认为这是振兴的一个重大因素，他们同意特设工作组报告(A/64/903)附件中所阐述的大会第六十四届会议主席的观点。他谈到了3个月过渡期的问题，说这对于加强机构记忆很重要，并确认这有助于在早期阶段就与秘书处建立坚实的工作关系。然而，他提醒说，继任主席及其工作班子应像他的团队那样小心谨慎，不要破坏现任主席的努力。他承认，在过渡阶段，在所提供的办公室空间方面遇到了一些困难。关于工作人员配备，他强调接收前任主席的一些工作人员以最佳利用机构记忆十分重要，并指出，为此目的，接收了5名工作人员和1名助手(占了他的团队的整整四分之一)。话题转到预算问题，他强调，在来自联合国预算的核心资源和来自会员国通过信托基金、提供借调或自愿捐款的资源之间找到良好的平衡十分重要，并指出，核心资源更加可预见和有可靠的独立性。关于礼宾，他强调，情况和所得到的支持仍然不足。关于通信，虽然他对提供了办公室发言人和网主表示感谢，然而，他明确指出，在报道大会主席的活动方面还可做的更多。最后，他强调，对这些问题的讨论已进行了有一段时间了，相关建议和决定已经做出，当务之急是付诸实施。办公室主任举了最近的关于最佳做法连续性的一项举措，他提到“PGA手册”，根据第64/301号决议第17执行段，不久将由瑞士散发。", "75. 大会事务和会议管理部大会和经社理事会事务司司长介绍了大会主席办公室支助信托基金，并提供了会员国所要求的状况报告。他回顾了信托基金的成立和载于第64/301号决议第12执行段的会员国被邀请向该基金捐款的情况，并宣布，自基金成立已来，已有六个会员国向基金共捐款468 693.87美元。在第六十四届大会期间，共有3笔捐款，合计70 133.87美元：一项是支付裁军专题辩论的费用，其他两项是支付维和专题辩论的费用。他指出，其余3笔捐款，合计398 560美元，由三个会员国在本届会议期间捐助。其中，391 500美元由两个会员国捐助，支付招聘第六十五届大会主席办公室的2名工作人员的费用，剩下的7 060美元由一个会员国为支付本届会议期间的专题辩论费用而捐助。司长指出，虽然基金由主计长办公室运作，但其管理是大会事务和会议管理部实施的。", "76. 然后，他把话题转到处理继任主席的临时办公室安排所涉及的难题。他强调说，相关决议并没有为主席的选举到主席就任之间三个月时间的工作人员或办公场所的费用做出任何特别的资金规定。此外，由于临时办公场所没有核定经费，就很难做出安排。所有这些因素加在一起常常使过渡安排变得极具挑战性。", "77. 主任然后简要介绍了秘书处为大会主席办公室提供的实质性支助。最后，主任再次强调，秘书处在力所能及的范围内尽了一切努力在大会主席任期内为大会主席及其办公室提供了尽可能充分的支助。", "78. 在对介绍的反应中，各代表团提了一些问题。一位发言者集中谈到在大会主席办公室保留机构记忆问题，特别提到在过渡阶段前任主席向主席办公室提供资料，以及来自秘书处的日常支助。另一位发言者提到办公室主任关于预算及其是否充足的意见，想了解目前的数额是否足够并希望确认这笔数额确实要在2012-2013两年期预算范围内加以审查。关于礼宾的预算和人员支持和捎带提到的公共信息问题，该发言者坚持要了解关于还有哪些问题需要解决的更准确的信息。对第一位提问者，办公室主任回答说，就日常的问题和动态状况而言，与现任的关系至关重要。但他强调了秘书处在整个过渡阶段的重要性。在回答第二个问题时，他承认核心预算应被看作是严格意义上的最低限度，并承认需将其与自愿捐款统筹平衡。承认与礼宾方面的问题并表示希望能结合2012-2013两年期预算，讨论为提供所需的支持而设立一个专门的职位问题。然而，关于公共信息他认为没有任何具体的经费问题，并再次对大会主席发言人的工作表示赞赏。", "79. 另一个代表团对办公室主任描述的大会主席办公室面临的空间紧张表示关切，并也同样有对预算情况的影响的关切。该发言者想知道，鉴于经常/核心预算只覆盖极小一部分费用和需要，是否没有钱或朋友的国家就不要站出来争取担任大会主席了。在回答第一个问题时，办公室主任强调，他说的是所提供的最初的临时办公空间，并不是永久的办公区域，暗示后者是足够的。关于提问者提的第二点，他承认核心预算确实只覆盖办公室经费需求的一小部分，其余就需要靠大笔捐款来解决。他也认为这种局面可能对资源较少或影响力较少的国家构成问题，并承认其他国家的帮助和支持十分重要。但他坚持认为，处于这种情况的国家应得到帮助，并鼓励其他国家为此慷慨解囊。", "80. 有人指出，许多开支是由大会主席的原籍国负责的，这样对许多资源有限的国家就是一种额外负担，承受不了这笔开支，在考虑大会主席职位候选资格时就会造成会员国之间不平等的风险。就此，秘书处被要求向工作组提供关于大会各项规定，包括第59/313、60/286、和第64/301号决议执行情况的更详细的分析和评估。同样，还要求分派长期性的额外职位，在目前的北草坪大楼和特别是在装修后的永久性总部拨出充足的空间，以及为大会主席办公室增加经常预算拨款，以便至少与本组织的总预算的演变情况相匹配。", "81. 关于提高大会主席办公室的机构记忆问题，有人强调，确保效率不仅对提名和遴选大会主席的过程是必要的，而且对顺利交接责任也是必要的。就此，指出了主席之间定期会议的重要性，并建议，大会主席就这样的会议中提出的实质性问题向会员国吹风，会进一步提高透明度并确保更好的协调。关于卸任主席向接任主席提供简要情况介绍的问题，鼓励大会主席也与工作组分享看法和建议。", "82. 一位发言者提出了一系列可能的步骤以进一步加强大会主席的作用，其中包括主席采取主动并决定举行非正式或正式会议讨论会员国特别关心的问题；要求秘书处就与大会的任务相关的问题——包括和平与安全——提供简要介绍；举行新闻发布会着重介绍大会讨论的特定问题或做出的决定；就大会议程上所有问题担任全体会员国的发言人；就安理会报告在大会组织辩论，记下会员国建议的行动并向安理会主席通报上述情况；与其他主要机关的主席定期举行会议并向大会通报会议情况；定期听取安理会主席关于安理会工作的简要介绍，然后向大会通报这些会议的实质内容；与秘书长就联合国正在开展的活动进行两周一次的讨论，包括安理会的工作，并将情况向大会吹风；秘书长就所有重要任命，包括专题小组和顾问的任命，要与大会主席商量。", "83. 这位发言者还强烈感到，进一步提高大会主席的“走出去”能力，包括通过参加区域会议提高这一能力，十分重要，并承认，参加区域会议需要提供额外经费。该发言者还重申了利用过去、现在和将来的大会主席“三架马车”以确保更好的过渡安排的想法。", "84. 关于预算，一方面，一些发言者要求扩大资源并补充说，需要为信托基金建立可持续的制度，而另一方面，其他人则强调，这些问题应在第六十六届会议期间结合2012-2013年预算加以审查，并且，适当的审议渠道应是行预咨委会和第五委员会。就此，他们还建议应考虑更多地依靠秘书处的资源和支持的选择方案，就像安理会同政治事务部安理会事务司做的那样。其他一些发言者对大会主席办公室的资金来源被置于不同的方案和秘书处不同部门的预算下的好处提出质疑，并提出，将该办公室的供资结构协调统一起来是否会更好些。秘书处答复说，由于大会主席办公室是由若干部门向其提供服务的，其费用是由相关部门承担并编入预算的。", "85. 关于过渡安排，另一位发言者提出了两个非常具体的建议：卸任主席关于所吸取的经验教训的报告在其继任者当选时先向继任者提供并在届会结束时提供更新版；给大会主席办公室配备坚实的电脑化的文件和存档系统，以便利各届会议档案和资料的维护。", "86. 关于工作人员配备，一个代表团坚决强调在大会主席办公室内保留一组核心顾问的重要性，并问办公室主任从一届会议向另一届会议过渡，至少应保留多少工作人员。办公室主任回答说，他们保留的一组五个人运作良好，并感谢秘书处提供的支助。", "三. 结论", "87. 特设工作组根据其授权努力查明主要关切问题和可能的共识，审查那些问题的落实现状，并就这些问题采取或指出有待采取的可能的进一步行动。", "88. 特设工作组在2011年7月29日第六次会议上，审议并通过了一份决议草案(见下文第90段)和本报告。", "四. 建议", "89. 在两主席散发的一份决议草案的基础上，特设工作组拟定了下文所示的决议。", "90. 大会振兴问题特设工作组在2011年7月29日第六次会议上结束了其大会第六十五届会议的工作。工作组建议大会通过以下决议草案。", "振兴大会的工作", "大会，", "重申其关于振兴其工作的以往各项决议，包括1991年12月12日第46/77号决议、1993年8月17日第47/233号决议、1994年7月29日第48/264号决议、1997年7月31日第51/241号决议、1997年12月15日第52/163号决议、2000年11月3日第55/14号决议、2001年9月7日第55/285号决议、2002年7月8日第56/509号决议、2002年12月20日第57/300号决议、2003年3月13日第57/301号决议、2003年12月19日第58/126号决议、2004年7月1日第58/316号决议、2005年9月12日第59/313号决议、2006年9月8日第60/286号决议、2007年8月2日第61/292号决议、2008年9月15日第62/276号决议、2009年9月14日第63/309号决议和2010年9月13日第64/301号决议，", "强调执行大会关于振兴其工作的各项决议的重要性，并关切地注意到执行不力及其对大会的权力、效力和效率的影响，", "认识到大会在根据联合国宪章处理和平与安全问题中的作用，", "重申大会如宪章所规定的那样在包括全球管治在内的国际社会所关心的全球事务方面的作用和权力，", "欢迎大会主席决定指定“重申联合国在全球管治中的核心作用”为第六十五届会议一般性辩论的主题，", "认识到进一步提升大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的必要性，", "注意到大会主席办公室的重要作用和活动，", "重申振兴大会的工作是联合国全面改革的一个关键组成部分，", "1. 欢迎特设工作组关于振兴大会的报告；[1]", "2. 决定在第六十六届会议设立振兴大会工作问题特设工作组，向所有会员国开放：", "(a) 通过利用以往的决议和评价其执行状况，查明提升大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的进一步途径；", "(b) 就此，向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告；", "3. 还决定特设工作组应根据在第六十三届会议上提交的特设工作组报告更新后的附件，[2] 继续审查关于振兴问题的大会决议清单，并要求秘书长提交关于指定秘书处执行但尚未执行的大会振兴决议条款的最新情况，并说明造成任何未执行的制约因素和理由，供特设工作组在第六十六届会议期间进一步审议；", "大会的作用和权力", "4. 重申联合国宪章第10至14条和第35条赋予大会的作用和权力，包括与国际和平与安全有关的问题上的作用和权力，并在适当的地方使用使大会可采取迅速紧急行动的大会议事规则第7至10条，同时牢记，根据宪章第24条，安全理事会负有维持国际和平及安全之主要责任；", "5. 强调大会需积极承担其作用，对新出现的挑战和国际社会共同关心的时事做出有效和及时的反应；", "6. 欢迎就对国际社会至关重要的当今问题举行专题辩论，及其互动性和包容性特点，并请大会主席继续这一做法和与会员国商讨酌情使这样的辩论取得着眼于结果的成果的可能性；", "7. 认识到大会从振兴大会工作的角度与国际或区域论坛、以及与从事国际社会关心的全球事务的组织继续开展互动的重要性和益处；", "8. 欢迎秘书长继续就其优先事项、出访和最近的活动——包括参加在联合国外组织的国际会议和活动——举行定期吹风会的做法，并鼓励他继续这一做法；", "9. 强调确保在各主要机关之间加强合作、协调和交流信息的重要性，欢迎大会主席在第六十五届会议期间与秘书长、安全理事会主席、经济和社会理事会主席、以及各附属机构的主席定期举行会议并就这些会议的结果定期向会员国吹风，并鼓励继续这一做法；", "10. 欢迎安全理事会给大会的年度报告在质量方面所做的改进，鼓励安理会酌情做进一步的改进，并注意到安理会主席在编写报告前与会员国举行了非正式会议；", "11. 注意到根据宪章第15条和第24条第3款，安全理事会须向大会提交年度报告，并在必要时提交特别报告，供其审议；", "12. 认识到不执行大会的各项决议，尤其是协商一致通过的决议，可能缩减大会的作用和权力，并强调会员国对于执行决议的重要作用和责任；", "工作方法", "13. 欢迎大会第二委员会在第六十五届会议期间举行的旨在使其议程合理化和精简化并改进其工作方法的实质性讨论和所通过的决定；", "14. 要求大会及其各主要委员会在第六十六届会议期间与各会员国协商，继续审议大会议程项目的进一步两年一次化、三年一次化、群组化和消除问题并提出建议，并要考虑到特设工作组的相关建议，包括在提案国或提案各国明确同意下采用“夕阳条款”的做法；", "15. 鼓励各主要委员会在第六十六届会议期间讨论各自的工作方法，并请第六十六届会议各主要委员会主席酌情向特设工作组简要介绍关于工作方法问题的讨论情况；", "16. 赞赏地注意到在联合国举行的高级别会议使非常重要的议题提高了知名度，同时牢记需要推动所有会员国的充分参加并保持9月份的一般性辩论的完整性，邀请秘书长、大会主席和各主要委员会主席与各会员国协商，加强高级别会议的时间安排的协调，以使这类会议的次数和分布达到最佳状态；", "17. 鼓励所有会员国、联合国各机构和秘书处就合并文件问题进行协商，以避免工作的重叠，和通过提及以前的文件而不是重复实际内容等方法，努力尽可能严格做到使决议、报告和其他文件简明扼要；", "18. 强调进一步提高公众和媒体对大会的工作和决定的了解的重要性，包括通过及时以所有正式语文发表和分发这类文件来加以实现；", "19. 决定特设工作组须继续评价更有时间效益的、更高效率和更安全的秘密投票系统的备选方案，重申有必要确定秘密投票程序的可信性、可靠性、和保密性，并要求秘书处一旦有任何技术新进展就提交更新报告，但有一项谅解，即，今后采用任何新的秘密投票系统均须大会全体会议的决定；", "秘书长和其他行政首长的甄选和任命", "20. 重申决心根据宪章第97条的规定，在特设工作组继续审议振兴大会在秘书长的甄选和任命中的作用问题，并要求全面执行所有相关决议，包括1946年1月24日第11(I)号决议、第51/241号决议、第60/286号决议——特别是其附件中第17至22段，和第64/301号决议；", "21. 注意到联检组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”[3] 中所载的建议，其中建议大会与竞选联合国秘书长职位的候选人举行听证或会议；", "22. 认识到鉴于根据宪章第97条安全理事会的作用，秘书长的甄选和任命程序与联合国系统其他行政首长的甄选和任命程序不同，并再次强调秘书长的甄选程序需透明和包容所有会员国；", "加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆", "23. 欢迎大会主席向特设工作组阐述的关于加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆及其与秘书处的关系的观点；", "24. 还欢迎大会主席在第六十五届会议期间就其最近的活动、包括正式出访，向会员国定期吹风，并鼓励继续这一做法；", "25. 注意到近年来大会主席的活动明显增加，忆及以往决议中关于支持大会主席办公室的条款，对根据现行程序、特别是大会议事规则第153条想方设法进一步支持该办公室表示继续关心，并在这方面，期待秘书长根据第64/301号决议第10段，提交他的建议；", "26. 要求秘书长向第六十六届会议报告大会主席办公室的资金和工作人员配备情况，包括关于任何技术、后勤、礼宾和财务问题；", "27. 还注意到关于为大会主席所作的礼宾安排的关切，并要求秘书长进一步努力在商定的资源范围内确保向大会主席提供适当的礼宾和保安服务和适足的办公空间，以使大会主席以与其职务尊严和地位相称的方式履行其职责；", "28. 强调有必要在商定的资源范围内，在秘书处内为大会主席办公室安排专职工作人员负责协调主席之间的过渡、管理大会主席与秘书长之间的互动、和保留机构记忆，并要求卸任大会主席向其接任者简要介绍所吸取的经验教训和最佳做法；", "29. 赞赏地注意到各会员国为支持大会主席办公室而向信托基金的捐款，并请各会员国继续向该基金捐款。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] A/65/909。", "[2] A/63/959。", "[3] 见A/65/71。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 118", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2\nII.Proceedings 2A.General 2 \ndiscussion B.Thematic 6 \nmeetings \nIII.Conclusions 17\nIV.Recommendations 18", "I. Introduction", "1. By its resolution 64/301, the General Assembly decided to establish, at its sixty-fifth session, an ad hoc working group on the revitalization of the General Assembly, open to all Member States:", "(a) To identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, inter alia, by building on previous resolutions and evaluating the status of their implementation;", "(b) To submit a report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session.", "2. The present report and the recommendations contained herein are submitted pursuant to that resolution.", "3. During the sixty-fifth session of the Assembly, on 19 November 2010, the President of the General Assembly appointed two Co-Chairs of the Working Group, Mr. Dalius Čekuolis, Permanent Representative of Lithuania to the United Nations, and Mr. Camillo Gonsalves, Permanent Representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations.", "4. Before the formal beginning of its work, the Co-Chairs of the Working Group conducted informal meetings with various Member States and representatives of a variety of political groups. During those meetings, the Co-Chairs benefited extensively from the insights and ideas of Member States on both the substance and the technical and procedural aspects of the revitalization process.", "II. Proceedings", "5. The Working Group held six meetings, on 14 March, 13 and 28 April, 17 and 25 May and 29 July 2011.", "6. The programme of work was organized in two practical stages, as follows: (a) general discussion and exchange of views; and (b) thematic meetings. Prior to each of the thematic meetings, the Co-Chairs, to stimulate a comprehensive review of the updated inventory/chart of General Assembly resolutions contained in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly (A/63/959), as mandated by paragraph 3 of resolution 64/301, prepared and circulated non-papers on the clusters of thematic issues to be considered. Delegations, expressing their appreciation for this initiative, identified ways to further enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly.", "A. General discussion", "7. At its first meeting, on 14 March, the Working Group held a general discussion on the revitalization of the General Assembly, in the course of which representatives of 17 Member States intervened, including on behalf of various political groups, to convey their general positions and expectations regarding the programme of work of the Working Group at the sixty-fifth session.", "8. In their opening remarks, the Co-Chairs thanked their predecessors at the sixty-fourth session for their important work and achievements, and referred to resolution 64/301 as the basis for the Working Group’s focus. They indicated that the lessons learned by the Main Committees in considering their programmes of work could inform the work of the Working Group in 2011 and noted that the Secretariat had indicated its readiness to provide briefings on relevant themes, as required.", "9. During the discussion, many speakers underlined the importance of making the General Assembly and its work more efficient and effective and broadly agreed that a good starting point would be the implementation of existing resolutions. While a group of Member States argued that revitalization was a political process first and foremost, and that revitalization should concern itself with matters of a substantive nature, others were adamant in their emphasis that this could best be achieved by focusing on the working methods and agenda of the General Assembly. The link was also made between revitalization and the President’s thematic priority of strengthening the United Nations role in global governance.", "10. In the main, interventions focused on the following areas: working methods; the Assembly’s role in the selection of the Secretaries-General; the need for strengthening the Office of the President of the General Assembly and its institutional memory; and the Assembly’s relationship with other principal organs. Comments were also made regarding the nature of the comprehensive review mandated by resolution 64/301.", "11. With regard to the Assembly’s efficiency, some considered that working methods, specifically those of the General Assembly and its Main Committees, including the scheduling of high-level meetings and thematic debates, electronic voting systems and documentation management based on timely translation, should form the main focus of discussions on revitalizing the General Assembly. The need for the timely issuance of Assembly resolutions and meeting records was highlighted in particular.", "12. While a group of Member States urged necessary caution with regard to the confidentiality and the integrity of the voting process and reaffirmed the principles of credibility, reliability and confidentiality, a few references were made to the modernization of the voting and balloting system in the Assembly, with some suggesting that a briefing on technical aspects related to the conduct of electronic voting might again prove useful for deliberations on this matter.", "13. Concerning the general debate, one speaker remarked that, while it had formerly been the main event of the General Assembly, it appeared to have become but one of many events being held around the same time in September. Some therefore argued that scheduling issues needed to be looked into carefully and that in this regard, the roles of the General Committee and the President of the General Assembly might be further explored. The view was expressed that the Working Group might provide indicative guidance in this regard.", "14. While the convening of thematic debates was welcomed, it was also suggested that the holding of too many such debates had the potential to undermine the General Assembly’s focus and that the needs and capacities of smaller delegations needed to be borne in mind.", "15. Several interventions focused on the rationalization of the agenda, including examining the possibility of the further biennialization and triennialization of items. Many delegations, while agreeing that cutting out superfluous mandates was a sensible proposition, insisted, however, that the concept of a “sunset clause” should not be employed without the prior approval of the General Assembly as well as the consent of the State concerned. Some Member States emphasized that the agenda needed to become more responsive and adaptable in the light of new and rapidly evolving challenges.", "16. Balance among the principal organs, in particular with the Security Council, in the light of what many perceived as encroachment on the work of the General Assembly, was an important point that needed to be addressed. A number of speakers argued that that included making the Council more accountable to the Assembly and aligning their work programmes.", "17. A group of States highlighted the need for a thorough evaluation of the status of implementation of General Assembly resolutions and a clear identification of the underlying causes behind any lack of implementation. These were of the utmost importance in order to progressively eliminate the constraints which were still preventing the process of revitalizing the General Assembly from fulfilling all of its potential.", "18. Many delegations were hopeful that the General Assembly would continue to be actively seized of political matters in the realm of international peace and security. Another delegation underlined the need for a more proactive stance by the Assembly in this regard. It was suggested that the Council submit special reports to the Assembly.", "19. While one speaker argued that the relationship between the organs could be balanced by exercising the Assembly’s authority to reform the Council, another emphatically argued that the urge to push through institutional reform at any cost should be resisted.", "20. The annual report of the Security Council to the General Assembly was cited as one area for possible further consideration, with reference made to, inter alia, resolution 51/241, by which the President of the General Assembly was requested to assess the Assembly’s debate on the report. On the other hand, improvements already made were also pointed out, such as briefings organized during the monthly Council presidencies. One delegation underlined that the very relationship between the Assembly and the Council was a fundamental constitutional issue in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.", "21. Regarding the relationship of the General Assembly with the Economic and Social Council, one delegation was of the view that the Assembly should receive reports on both the annual ministerial review and the development cooperation forum.", "22. In the context of the discussions on the relationship between the principal organs, further coordination among their respective Presidents was encouraged.", "23. Numerous representatives suggested that the Assembly’s role in the selection process of the Secretary-General should be enhanced, and expressed regret that provisions to that effect contained in previous resolutions had not yet been fully implemented. Many delegations considered this to be an important issue on the agenda of the Working Group. Some focused on those improvements that had already been achieved, by pointing to, inter alia, exchanges in informal settings between candidates and regional groups, and emphasized that the existing procedures should continue to be followed.", "24. While focusing on the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General, several speakers also touched upon the appointment of senior officials in the Secretariat and the United Nations system more generally, including Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and high-level panels. In this context, reference was made to the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations” (see A/65/71), which many delegations wanted the Working Group to consider.", "25. The strengthening of the Office of the President of the General Assembly was mentioned by a number of speakers as a possible focus of the Working Group, and many Member States looked forward to the President’s forthcoming views on strengthening the institutional memory of the Office. Many representatives also deemed it essential to ensure the availability of sufficient and predictable financial and human resources for the Office. A group of countries welcomed the measures already adopted with a view to strengthening the Office. The view was expressed that a particular effort should be devoted to the implementation of resolutions already adopted on this matter.", "26. The relationship between the General Assembly and groups outside the United Nations was raised, for the first time in the context of the Ad Hoc Working Group, including in particular the relationship with the Group of 20 (G-20). Some countries expressed the view that the Working Group should discuss issuing guidance on the ways in which designated representatives of the United Nations should interact with the wider membership before and after their encounters with external bodies so that the positions of the Assembly could be properly conveyed.", "27. Finally, on the nature of the comprehensive review of the inventory contained in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (A/63/959), great importance was attached by many speakers to that exercise. It was argued, for instance, that the review should lead to a follow-up mechanism for assessing the status of implementation of General Assembly resolutions, which, one delegation suggested, could take the form of a special unit within the Secretariat.", "28. As a result of the above-mentioned deliberations, the Co-Chairs, in a letter dated 5 April 2011, circulated a workplan proposing four thematic meetings focusing on the issues most frequently cited as most central to the revitalization process of the General Assembly, as follows:", "(a) The role and authority of the General Assembly and its relationship to the other principal organs of the Organization and other groups outside the United Nations;", "(b) The implementation of General Assembly resolutions and the agenda; the working methods of the General Assembly and operational and technical issues, including information on the General Assembly voting system, in the framework of the capital master plan;", "(c) The role and responsibility of the General Assembly in the process of selecting and appointing Secretaries-General of the United Nations and in selecting other executive heads of the United Nations system organizations;", "(d) The functions of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, including strengthening its institutional memory, and its relationship with the Secretariat.", "B. Thematic meetings", "The role and authority of the General Assembly and its relationship to the other principal organs of the Organization and other groups outside the United Nations", "29. The first thematic meeting, as indicated in the workplan, was held on 13 April, and was attended by the President of the General Assembly. Seventeen delegations intervened in the discussions, including on behalf of groups.", "30. In their opening remarks, the Co-Chairs welcomed the presence of the President of the General Assembly and reiterated that the Ad Hoc Working Group had been tasked by resolution 64/301 with identifying further ways of revitalizing the General Assembly. To this end, the Co-Chairs invited delegations to engage in a vigorous exchange of views, following a statement from the President.", "31. In his remarks to the Working Group, the President noted with satisfaction that his vision of a strong General Assembly as the principal forum for global debate was widely shared among the membership, as highlighted by the adoption in December 2010 of resolution 65/94 on the United Nations in global governance. The President considered that increasing the Assembly’s visibility was crucial, and supported building bridges with actors outside the United Nations, such as the G-20. On the other hand, effective cooperation between the Assembly and the other principal organs needed to be assured; here the President noted his holding of regular meetings, not only with the Presidents of the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, but also with those of the Human Rights Council and the Peacebuilding Commission. In addition, the President welcomed his close interaction with the Secretary-General and the latter’s willingness to periodically brief Member States on recent events, which provided them with an opportunity to express their views on issues normally considered by the Security Council.", "32. The President also noted that the agenda of the General Assembly needed to better focus on the most pressing issues of the day, and it was underlined that an overburdened agenda risked hurting the quality of debate in the Assembly. Rationalization of the agenda should therefore be further contemplated, and the Second Committee had provided a good example in this regard. It was important to pay greater attention to follow-up to decisions taken to justify the resources made available to the Organization.", "33. In the ensuing debate, many delegations stressed their concern at what they considered to be encroachment by the Security Council on the work of the General Assembly. It was also suggested that the Assembly more quickly and effectively respond to political events and questions relating to international peace and security so as to assert its proper role in accordance with the Charter.", "34. The wish that the reports of the Security Council be more analytical and that the Council submit special subject-oriented reports was also expressed. On the other hand, the preparation of the annual report of the Council had been improved thanks to the informal meetings held between the presidency and the wider United Nations membership in July of 2008, 2009 and 2010, and the institutionalization of those consultations was requested. In this context, one delegation emphasized the note by the President of the Security Council (S/2010/507) on the Council’s working methods, and expressed great appreciation for the Council’s report covering the period from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010.", "35. Others argued that the mandate for an annual report from the Security Council was being implemented and noted that the monthly briefings on the Council’s programme of work were rarely well attended by the wider membership. It was underlined by one delegation that each principal organ worked according to its own provisions, and that this was a fundamental constitutional question.", "36. The value of regular meetings between the Presidents of the principal organs was widely recognized, and it was considered that the practice could be further improved. Such coordination should also extend to the agendas and programmes of work of the respective bodies and might have a formal agenda, with outcomes to be shared with Member States. Some delegations also noted the regular meetings that the President of the General Assembly had held with the President of the Human Rights Council and the Chair of the Peacebuilding Commission as a helpful practice and underlined the need for further coordination among all United Nations organs, bodies and groups.", "37. The practice whereby the President of the General Assembly briefed the Assembly on his recent travels was appreciated as a valuable source of information.", "38. It was suggested that the possibility of the further biennialization, triennialization and clustering of items could be looked into; on the other hand, opposition to the introduction of any type of sunset clause without the clear consent of the co-sponsoring States and/or the States concerned was reiterated.", "39. The visibility of the General Assembly continued to be a matter of interest to many delegations. It was stressed that revitalization could be assured only when the Assembly took relevant action on issues of common concern to the international community, which would help increase the Assembly’s visibility. On the question of an assistant to the Spokesperson, the need for the implementation of previous resolutions was emphasized.", "40. Thematic debates were considered to be an important tool to facilitate more in‑depth discussions on current issues of critical importance to the international community. On the other hand, while welcoming the holding of thematic debates generally, the holding and preparation of such debates in consultation with Member States was stressed. In an interactive exchange, the President stressed that the convening of thematic debates was one of the few tools in the hands of the President to help him provide impetus to the Assembly’s deliberations, which was why he discouraged further limiting or circumscribing the President’s authority to convene debates.", "41. Regarding the relationship between the General Assembly and “other groups outside the United Nations”, many delegations were of the view that the discussions should place a priority focus on the Assembly’s relationship with the other principal organs. Some speakers questioned the precise meaning of the term “other groups” in this context, and wondered whether it might include civil society or political groupings. The role of the Assembly as the only universal body was stressed. In this context, the outreach made by recent G-20 presidencies to associate with the Assembly in a spirit of accountability and transparency was welcomed by some delegations.", "42. Many speakers again underlined the importance of implementing existing resolutions, and in this regard some suggested the need for a follow-up and monitoring mechanism. One delegation underlined that all pending provisions needed to be implemented within existing resources.", "43. In their concluding remarks, the Co-Chairs expressed their gratitude for the President’s presence, which had added to the meeting’s productivity, and thanked delegations for their substantive comments.", "Implementation of General Assembly resolutions and the agenda; working methods of the General Assembly and operational and technical issues, including information on the General Assembly voting system, in the framework of the capital master plan", "44. The third meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, which was its second thematic meeting, was held on 28 April. It focused on the implementation of General Assembly resolutions and the agenda, as well as on the Assembly’s working methods and operational and technical issues, including balloting. The meeting consisted of an interactive first part, during which the Working Group heard several briefings and had an opportunity to engage in a question-and-answer session, and a second part, for general statements by delegations. A total of eight Member States took the floor during the first segment; six delegations, including on behalf of groups, participated in the second.", "45. Following brief opening remarks by the Co-Chairs in which they explained the structure and envisaged interactive nature of the meeting, the Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in his capacity as Chair of the Informal Working Group of the Security Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions, opened the first segment with a briefing on lessons learned in the context of the work of that Working Group which might also be relevant in the context of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group. He focused his statement on the Council’s experience in streamlining its summary statements of matters of which the Council was seized, in line with the guidelines contained in the note by the President of the Council (S/2010/507), noting that the number of items had been reduced from 144 at the beginning of 2007 to 88 at present. Specifically, this had been achieved through the consolidation of overlapping items; a yearly review to determine whether the Council had concluded its consideration of any of the items listed; the practice of a “sunset procedure”; and the use of umbrella agenda items.", "46. In the second briefing to the Working Group, the Permanent Representative of Mongolia, in her capacity as Chair of the Second Committee at the sixty-fifth session, shared her experiences with regard to that Committee’s deliberations and its consequent adoption of a decision on improving its working methods. Noting the work already undertaken by her predecessor, the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea, she walked the Working Group through the various steps taken by the Second Committee in considering this issue during its session in 2010. Emphasizing each Main Committee’s particularities, she stressed that improving the working methods would benefit smaller delegations generally.", "47. The third briefing was given by the Director of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, who spoke about the organizational aspects of high-level meetings of the General Assembly, especially those held in September. Noting the recent increase in the number of such meetings, and the priority, long emphasized by Member States, of preserving the sanctity of the general debate, the Director recalled a number of parameters regarding the planning of such high-level meetings.", "48. The fourth and final briefing was given by the Director of the Meetings and Publishing Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, who made a PowerPoint presentation on documentation, in which he noted the various steps taken by the Department in recent years to enhance its documentation processes.", "49. The briefings, and the initiative of Co-Chairs in having arranged them, were strongly welcomed by delegations, who took the opportunity to have an exchange of views. One speaker welcomed the briefing by the Chair of the Informal Working Group on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions of the Security Council as a useful exchange of experience. Another asked how Member States were involved in the streamlining exercise in the Council and how non-members of the Council could participate in discussions on items of interest to them. Another delegation welcomed the information from the Council, but suggested that the Council could learn something from the Assembly, rather than the other way around. Information was sought regarding the Council’s use of umbrella items. In response to those points, the Chair of the Informal Working Group thanked delegations for their questions and comments and indicated his openness to further exchanges.[1]", "50. In response to the briefing by the Chair of the Second Committee, it was underlined that, indeed, each Main Committee had its own working culture. The Chair was asked what circumstances she thought had facilitated the adoption of last year’s decision. One delegation wondered whether the measures that had been adopted, the implementation of which ultimately required the goodwill of delegations, were sufficient; another speaker enquired as to the Chair’s assessment concerning the follow-up to the decision taken. It was also noted that the Second Committee had done its duty in line with the request by the Ad Hoc Working Group to the Main Committees, but that others had not, and that, possibly through the good offices of the Co-Chairs, this could be relayed to the other Main Committee Chairs. The Chair of the Second Committee agreed that the measures taken were, indeed, a first step, and that as a way of moving forward she would share the lessons learned with her successor.", "51. With regard to the briefing on the organization of high-level meetings, the issue of the establishment of the list of speakers was raised. The question was asked as to whether it could be reformed through the introduction of the method of drawing lots, which would obviate the need for delegations to secure the best possible slot through bargaining and other means. The view was expressed that the number of high-level meetings should be minimized and that they should be spread throughout the calendar year. The Director of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council Affairs Division confirmed that the list of speakers for the 2010 High-level Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals had been prepared on the basis of a drawing of lots and that the pertinent modalities were set out in annex I to the relevant resolution (resolution 64/184).", "52. In follow-up to the presentation given on documentation, delegations emphasized that the electronic dissemination of documents could not be relied upon exclusively, and that paper copies continued to exercise an important formal function. Another delegation, on the other hand, suggested that less information submitted in writing should be asked of the Secretariat, also with a view to global sustainability. The Director of the Meetings and Publishing Division, in response to those comments, took note of the need for the continuing distribution of hard copies, while assuring delegations that few organizations anywhere in the world operated in as environmentally friendly a manner as that employed by the United Nations.", "53. Before moving on to the meeting’s second segment, the Working Group was informed that, pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 60/286, the comments and past practices regarding the rules of procedure of the General Assembly had been made available online and could be accessed from the Assembly website.", "54. Regarding the agenda, the strong belief was expressed that neither the biennialization, triennialization or elimination of agenda items, nor the introduction of a sunset clause, could be conducted without the clear consent of the co‑sponsoring States and/or the States concerned. Another view stressed that it was fully appropriate to examine thoroughly the possibilities for the further streamlining of the agenda, including the consolidation of existing resolutions.", "55. Regarding the implementation of resolutions, there was widespread agreement that existing resolutions needed to be adhered to and implemented. The fact that a large number of the provisions contained in resolutions adopted under the revitalization item had not been implemented could be taken as an indication that the process had generated a sufficient number of ideas. One delegation called for establishing a follow-up unit in the Office of the President of the General Assembly and suggested that the texts of resolutions should be shortened, which would have the result of ensuring greater political impact.", "56. Particular importance was attached to considering ways of improving working methods. As year-long debates on the revitalization of the General Assembly had yielded only limited results, it was argued that the membership bore primary responsibility for ensuring that the Assembly fulfil its political functions, by making its debates meaningful and ensuring respect for its decisions. One delegation noted that the level of compliance with time limits for speeches in the Assembly was dismal.", "57. Regarding the organization of high-level meetings, it was noted that they were held on the basis of mandates from the General Assembly and served to increase visibility of very important topics. The view was expressed, on the other hand, that the holding of too many high-level meetings could undermine the importance of such meetings, and it was suggested that they be spread over the course of the entire year, rather than being concentrated around the general debate. It was also suggested that the Working Group elaborate indicative guidance in this regard at the current session.", "58. On balloting, support was expressed for any technical improvement that would make the General Assembly more efficient and secure, while it was also noted that the systems proposed during previous sessions, and currently under consideration, did not appear to meet the requirements of reliability, credibility, integrity and confidentiality. The Working Group was informed that there had not been any new technological developments on this matter. It was also firmly underscored that the system currently in place could be changed only by a decision of the plenary, and that many delegations attached greatest importance to this particular matter. One delegation, however, suggested moving this issue to the Fifth Committee, since it had budgetary implications.", "59. On documentation, the importance of introducing measures to improve the quality and accuracy of United Nations documents in the six official languages was stressed, to ensure that they were systematically produced and translated in a more cost-effective way using the texts and speeches as they were written or given in the original language and that more documents were issued on time. One delegation expressed the view that the United Nations could increase its visibility and impact by ensuring that its decisions were issued immediately after adoption.", "60. In concluding remarks, the Co-Chairs expressed gratitude for Member States’ participation and noted that the interactive format of the meeting had been an innovative way of focusing attention on the topics under discussion.", "The role and responsibility of the General Assembly in the process of selecting and appointing the Secretary-General", "61. The fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, which was its third thematic meeting, was held on 17 May. It focused on the role and responsibility of the General Assembly in the process of selecting and appointing Secretaries-General of the United Nations and in the selection of other executive heads in the United Nations system organizations. A total of 15 speakers took the floor in the course of the meeting, a number of them representing groups.", "62. In opening the meeting, the Co-Chairs noted that the subject matter of the meeting had been considered on a number of occasions and that resolutions had been adopted thereon. Article 97 of the Charter constituted the reference point for the membership, even though there were different interpretations concerning its provisions. Speakers were therefore invited to make specific comments in this regard. Noting the fact that these discussion were being broadened to include the heads of agencies, the Co-Chairs cited the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations” (see A/65/71), suggesting that it could also serve as a reference point for the meeting.", "63. Many Member States underlined that they considered the process of selecting the Secretaries-General to be one of the most important elements of the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly, with far-reaching consequences for the quality and relevance of the United Nations. It was stressed by many that the process of selection and appointment needed to be more transparent, credible, and inclusive of all Member States, by making full use of the powers enshrined in the Charter, acknowledging also that the Assembly needed to play a more active, effective and efficient role in the matter. One speaker wondered whether new measures were required or whether Member States simply needed to make fuller use of already existing powers, while a number of others stressed that the non‑implementation of existing provisions was due to the lack of political will.", "64. Wide agreement emerged that existing resolutions needed to be implemented more fully, even though the membership disagreed as to which ones, with some pointing to resolutions 51/241, 60/286 and 64/301, and others including in that list resolution 11 (I), the earliest pertinent resolution on the appointment of the Secretary-General. Many described resolution 11 (I) as antiquated and outdated. One speaker went further, first pointedly noting that, pursuant to that resolution, only a man could be appointed Secretary-General, and then going on to posit that the resolution had undermined the notion that the Secretary-General was in essence accountable to the General Assembly, the sum total of the membership of the United Nations. Many speakers also expressed the view that the power the Security Council had gained in this matter over time could be attributed to a certain extent to the interpretation made of Article 97 of the Charter in the resolution.", "65. By focusing on specific provisions of resolutions already adopted, specifically resolutions 51/241, 60/286 and 64/301, speakers throughout the meeting suggested the following actions and principles to achieve greater transparency and inclusiveness: the principles of geographical rotation and gender equality should be respected; the President of the General Assembly should consult with Member States in order to identify and endorse a set of candidates for the post of Secretary-General which would then be forwarded to the Security Council (furthermore, the Presidents of the Assembly and the Council could co-sign a letter inviting Member States to submit such candidatures); the formal presentation of candidates should be made to the Assembly to allow for effective and useful interaction with Member States before a final decision was taken; and a more specific timeline for the selection and appointment process should be developed.", "66. While it was acknowledged that the above-mentioned measures could not be fully applicable immediately to the process of selecting and appointing the Secretary-General in the current year, a few delegations suggested that certain improvements in the process could be made during the current session. Such possible interim measures included preparing a slate (or panel) of candidates that could be forwarded to the Security Council and having candidates make formal presentations in and to the General Assembly or major groups within it, thus giving Member States an opportunity for an exchange of views with the candidates. This, it was argued, was a way for the Council and the Assembly to respect each others’ mandates.", "67. A number of references were made to a recently circulated proposal of the “Small Five” group of countries, which recommended measures to ensure broader participation of Member States in the process without prejudice to the prerogatives of the Security Council. With reference to the ongoing consultations in the context of the review of the Human Rights Council, where the suggestion had been made that prospective candidates present their voluntary pledges to the General Assembly, one speaker argued that the same standards should be applied to appointments to key positions in the Secretariat, including the Secretary-General, a practice already in place in other international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization.", "68. Another delegation, stressing that the Secretary-General was in equal part diplomat and administrator, felt strongly that the appointment of the Secretary-General should be made in an atmosphere of harmony and consensus, in cooperation between the Security Council and the General Assembly. In this context, it insisted, the provisions of Article 97 needed to be honoured.", "69. Other speakers emphasized the need to respect the co-equal status of the principal organs of the United Nations and to ensure that they did not interfere in each others’ working methods. They strongly advocated preserving the current practice in accordance with Article 97, while still favouring the opportunity for Member States to get to know candidates better through meetings with regional groups and other such measures. They agreed that it could also be useful for candidates to hear questions from Member States on such occasions, but otherwise supported the continuation of the current practice, which they felt had served and would continue to serve the Organization as a whole well.", "70. Finally, some delegations noted that the role of the Secretary-General was unique and particular, owing to the role and powers conferred upon him by the Charter.", "71. Regarding the second element of the discussion, the selection of other executive heads in the United Nations system organizations, the report of the Joint Inspection Unit was widely acknowledged, with frequent and specific references being made to the fact that it noted that conducting hearings/meetings with candidates running for the post of executive head of an organization of the United Nations common system could enhance the transparency and credibility of the selection process and make it more inclusive of all nationalities. One speaker supported in particular the following recommendations contained in the report: (a) that vacancy announcements be published widely; (b) that criteria, terms of reference, including required competencies, qualifications and experience be established; and (c) that rigorous criteria and procedures for screening candidates and for the interviews of such candidates be established, while acknowledging that some steps had already been taken in that direction. Other speakers welcomed the initiative of the Co-Chairs to introduce this new element to the debate under this item, with some specifically welcoming a careful consideration of the report of the Joint Inspection Unit with a view to ensuring transparency, legitimacy and balanced representation. Focusing on the report and on human resource issues more generally, another speaker underlined the provisions contained in resolution 65/248 D, as well as recommendation 6 of the report of the Joint Inspection Unit, according to which the terms of office of executive heads should be limited to no more than two consecutive terms.", "72. While the recommendations contained in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit were taken note of, it was also suggested that its objective was to assist in the establishment of harmonized selection criteria that would ensure the highest quality of leadership and management at the executive level, and the report’s observation that the process of the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General was unique in comparison with that of other executive heads was also underscored in this regard.", "Strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "73. The fifth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, which was its fourth thematic meeting, was held on 25 May. It focused on the Office of the President of the General Assembly, support to it, and its institutional memory. A total of 11 speakers, including representatives of groups, took the floor in the course of the meeting, which included presentations by the Chef de Cabinet of the President of the General Assembly on the work of the Office and by the Director of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management on the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly.", "74. The Chef de Cabinet began by framing his thoughts on strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly with two remarks: that the President and his Office considered it to be a major element of revitalization, and that they subscribed to the views of the President of the sixty-fourth session as indicated in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (A/64/903). He touched on the issue of the three-month transition period, saying that this was important for strengthening institutional memory and acknowledging that it facilitated establishing a solid working relationship with the Secretariat at an early stage. He nonetheless cautioned that incoming Presidents and their teams would need to be careful, as his team had been, not to undermine the efforts of the incumbent. He admitted that there had been some difficulties with the office space provided during the transition period. As regards staffing, he underscored the importance of taking over some staff from the previous presidency to optimize institutional memory, noting that five staff and one assistant (a full quarter of his team) had been retained by those means for that purpose. Turning to the budget, he stressed the degree to which it was important to find a good balance between the core resources coming from the United Nations budget and resources coming from Member States, through either the trust fund, secondments or voluntary contributions, noting that core resources were more predictable and ensured more independence. On protocol, he underscored that the situation and the support received remained wanting. On communications, while he expressed gratitude for the provision of the Office’s Spokesperson and Webmaster, he was nevertheless clear that more could be done as regards reporting on the President’s activities. In closing, he stressed that the discussion of these issues had been ongoing for some time, that recommendations and decisions had already been taken and that what was needed first and foremost was to follow through with implementation. Citing a recent initiative relating to the continuity of best practices, the Chef de Cabinet mentioned the “PGA Handbook”, which, in accordance with operative paragraph 17 of resolution 64/301, was shortly to be distributed by Switzerland.", "75. The Director of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management spoke about the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the General Assembly, providing the status report requested by Member States. Recalling the establishment of the Trust Fund and the invitation to Member States to contribute to it contained in operative paragraph 12 of resolution 64/301, he announced that six Member States had contributed a total of $468,693.87 to the fund since its inception. Three contributions, totalling $70,133.87, had been made during the sixty-fourth session: one towards covering the costs of the thematic debate on disarmament, and the other two towards covering those of the thematic debate on peacekeeping. The three remaining contributions, totalling $398,560, had been made by three Member States during the current session. Of this amount, $391,500 had been contributed by two Member States to cover the recruitment of two staff members in the Office of the President for the sixty-fifth session, with the remaining $7,060 having been contributed by one Member State towards covering the costs of thematic debates during the current session. The Director noted that, while the fund was handled by the Office of the Controller, it was administered by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management.", "76. He then turned to the challenges involved in handling transitional office arrangements for incoming Presidents. He underscored that the relevant resolutions did not make any particular funding provisions for covering the costs of staff or space during the three-month period between the election of the President and the beginning of the presidency. In addition, as there was no approved funding for transitional office space, that had been difficult to arrange. The combination of all of those factors often made transitional arrangements very challenging.", "77. The Director then outlined the substantive support provided to the Office of the President by the Secretariat. In closing, the Director re-emphasized that the Secretariat made every effort in its power to provide the fullest possible support to Presidents and their Offices throughout their tenure.", "78. In response to the briefings, delegations raised a number of questions. One speaker focused on the issue of retaining institutional memory in the Office of the President, specifically mentioning both the information provided to the Office by the previous President during the transition period and the ongoing support it received from the Secretariat. Another speaker touched upon the Chef de Cabinet’s comments on the budget and its adequacy, wondering whether the current amount was sufficient and seeking reconfirmation that the amount would indeed be reviewed in the context of the 2012-2013 budget. On budgetary and staffing support for protocol and, to a lesser extent, public information, the speaker pushed for more precision regarding needs that remained to be addressed. To the first questioner, the Chef de Cabinet responded that, as far as information on the status of ongoing issues and developments was concerned, the relationship with the incumbent was crucial. He underscored, however, the importance of the Secretariat throughout the transition process. In response to the second question, he admitted that the core budget should be considered a strict minimum and acknowledged the need to balance it with voluntary contributions. He acknowledged the problems with protocol and expressed the hope that a dedicated post for the purpose of providing the support needed could be discussed in the context of the 2012-2013 budget. He did not, however, see any specific financial problem with regard to public information, and again expressed appreciation for the work of the President’s Spokesperson.", "79. Another delegation expressed concern at the space constraints facing the Office of the President that the Chef de Cabinet had described, and shared with the concerns that had been expressed about the implications of the budget situation. The speaker wanted to know whether, given the small fraction of costs and needs covered by the regular/core budget, this situation meant that countries without money or friends should not put themselves forward to serve as President of the General Assembly. In response to the first of those questions, the Chef de Cabinet highlighted that he had been speaking about the initial transitional office space that had been provided, not about the Office’s permanent quarters, indicating that the latter had been adequate. Focusing on the questioner’s second point, he acknowledged that the core budget indeed covered only a small proportion of the financial needs of the Office and that significant contributions were required to cover the remainder. He allowed that this situation might pose a problem for countries with fewer resources or less influence, admitting that the help and support of other countries was important. He insisted, however, that countries in this position should have help, and encouraged other countries’ generosity in that regard.", "80. It was noted that many expenses were taken in charge by the country of origin of the President, thus placing an extra burden on many countries with limited resources, which could not afford such means, and creating the risk of inequality of Member States when considering candidatures for the post of President. In this context, the Secretariat was requested to provide the Working Group with a more detailed analysis and evaluation of the implementation of the provisions of the General Assembly, including resolutions 59/313, 60/286 and 64/301. In the same vein, a request was made for the assignment of additional posts on a permanent basis, the allocation of adequate space in the current North Lawn Building and, in particular, the renovated permanent Headquarters, and an increase in the regular budget allocated to the Office of the President in order to match at least the evolution of the general budget of the Organization.", "81. On enhancing the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, it was underlined that ensuring efficiency was necessary not only in the process of nominating and selecting the President, but also in the smooth transfer of responsibility. The importance of the periodic meetings between the Presidents was noted in this regard, and it was suggested that information provided by the President to Member States on substantial issues raised during such meetings would further enhance transparency and ensure better coordination. Regarding the briefings provided by outgoing Presidents to their successors, the President was encouraged to share his views and recommendations with the Working Group as well.", "82. One speaker suggested a number of possible steps to further strengthen the role of the President of the General Assembly, including having the President take initiatives and decisions on holding formal or informal meetings to discuss issues of particular interest to Member States; request briefings by the Secretariat on issues pertaining to the mandates of the Assembly, including on peace and security; convene press conferences to highlight particular issues discussed by the Assembly or decisions adopted; perform the role of the Spokesperson for the entire membership on all issues on the Assembly’s agenda; organize debates in the Assembly on the reports of the Security Council, noting actions suggested by the Member States, and inform the President of the Council about both; convene regular meetings with the heads of other principal organs and report thereon to the General Assembly; be briefed regularly by the President of the Security Council on the work of the Council, and then inform Member States about the substance of those meetings; engage in fortnightly discussions with the Secretary-General on various activities under way in the United Nations, including on the work of the Council, and brief the Assembly thereon; and be consulted by the Secretary-General on all major appointments, including the appointments of panel members and advisers.", "83. This speaker also felt strongly that it was very important that the President’s outreach capacity, including through participation in regional meetings, be further enhanced, acknowledging that participation in regional meetings would require the provision of additional resources. The speaker also reiterated the idea of using a “troika” of past, present and future Presidents of the General Assembly to ensure better transitional arrangements.", "84. On the budget, while some called for augmenting resources and added that a sustainable system for the Trust Fund needed to be found, others emphasized that these questions should be examined during the sixty-sixth session in the context of the 2012-2013 budget and that the appropriate avenue of consideration would be the Advisory Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Fifth Committee. They also suggested, in this context, that the option of relying more heavily on the resources and support of the Secretariat, as the Security Council did with the Security Council Affairs Division of the Department of Political Affairs, should be considered. Other speakers questioned the value of the Office of the President being financed under different formulas and under the budgets of different parts of the Secretariat, and wondered whether it might not be preferable to harmonize and unify the Office’s funding structure. The Secretary responded that, as the Office was being serviced by a number of departments, its costs were borne by and budgeted under the sector and department concerned.", "85. On transitional arrangements, one speaker made two very concrete suggestions: that the report on lessons learned provided by the outgoing Presidents first be given to their successors at the moment of election, with an updated version given at the end of the session; and that the Office of the President be equipped with a solid computerized documentation and archiving system that would facilitate the maintenance of files and information across sessions.", "86. On staffing, one delegation strongly emphasized the importance of a group of core advisers being retained within the Office of the President, and asked the Chef de Cabinet to indicate how many staff, at a minimum, should be kept over from one session to the next. The Chef de Cabinet responded that the group of five that they had kept had worked well, and credited the support received from the Secretariat.", "III. Conclusions", "87. In accordance with its mandate, the Ad Hoc Working Group endeavoured to identify key issues of concern and possible consensus, to examine the current status of implementation of those issues, and either to take or to indicate possible further action to be taken on them.", "88. At its sixth meeting, on 29 July 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group considered and adopted a draft resolution (see para. 90 below) and the present report.", "IV. Recommendations", "89. On the basis of a draft resolution circulated by the Co-Chairs, the Ad Hoc Working Group developed the resolution set out below.", "90. At its sixth meeting, on 29 July 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly concluded its work for the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. The Working Group decided to recommend that the General Assembly adopt the following draft resolution:", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions relating to the revitalization of its work, including resolutions 46/77 of 12 December 1991, 47/233 of 17 August 1993, 48/264 of 29 July 1994, 51/241 of 31 July 1997, 52/163 of 15 December 1997, 55/14 of 3 November 2000, 55/285 of 7 September 2001, 56/509 of 8 July 2002, 57/300 of 20 December 2002, 57/301 of 13 March 2003, 58/126 of 19 December 2003, 58/316 of 1 July 2004, 59/313 of 12 September 2005, 60/286 of 8 September 2006, 61/292 of 2 August 2007, 62/276 of 15 September 2008, 63/309 of 14 September 2009 and 64/301 of 13 September 2010,", "Stressing the importance of the implementation of resolutions of the General Assembly on the revitalization of its work, and noting with concern the lack of their implementation and impact on the authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly,", "Recognizing the role of the General Assembly in addressing issues of peace and security, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the role and authority of the General Assembly on global matters of concern to the international community, including global governance, as set out in the Charter,", "Welcoming the decision by the President of the General Assembly to designate “Reaffirming the central role of the United Nations in global governance” as the theme of the general debate of the sixty-fifth session,", "Recognizing the need to further enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly,", "Noting the important role and the activities of the Office of the President of the General Assembly,", "Reiterating that the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly is a critical component of the overall reform of the United Nations,", "1. Welcomes the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly;[2]", "2. Decides to establish, at its sixty-sixth session, an ad hoc working group on the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly, open to all Member States:", "(a) To identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, inter alia, by building on previous resolutions and evaluating the status of their implementation;", "(b) To submit a report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "3. Also decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group shall continue its review of the inventory of General Assembly resolutions on revitalization based on the updated annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group submitted at the sixty-third session,[3] and requests the Secretary-General to submit an update on the provisions of the General Assembly resolutions on revitalization addressed to the Secretariat for implementation that have not been implemented, with an indication of the constraints and reasons behind any lack of implementation, for further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group at the sixty-sixth session;", "Role and authority of the General Assembly", "4. Reaffirms the role and authority of the General Assembly, including on questions relating to international peace and security, in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 and 35 of the Charter of the United Nations, where appropriate, using the procedures set forth in rules 7 to 10 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, which enable swift and urgent action by the Assembly, bearing in mind that the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in accordance with Article 24 of the Charter;", "5. Stresses the need for the General Assembly to actively undertake its role and effectively respond, in a timely manner, to emerging challenges and current events of common concern to the international community;", "6. Welcomes the holding of thematic debates on current issues of critical importance to the international community and their interactive inclusive character, and invites the President of the General Assembly to continue this practice and to consult with Member States on the possibilities for achieving, where appropriate, results-oriented outcomes in such debates;", "7. Recognizes the importance and benefit of a continuing interaction between the General Assembly and international or regional forums and organizations dealing with global matters of concern to the international community in the perspective of the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly;", "8. Welcomes the continued practice of the periodic informal briefings by the Secretary-General on his priorities, travels and most recent activities, including his participation in international meetings and events organized outside the United Nations, and encourages him to continue with this practice;", "9. Stresses the importance of ensuring increased cooperation, coordination and exchange of information among the principal organs, and welcomes the holding of regular meetings of the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session with the Secretary-General and the Presidents of the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, as well as with the Chairs of subsidiary bodies, and briefings to Member States on the outcomes of these meetings on a regular basis, and encourages the continuation of such practice;", "10. Welcomes the improvements that have been made in the quality of the annual reports of the Security Council to the General Assembly, encourages the Council to make further improvements as necessary, and takes note of the holding of informal meetings of the President of the Council with all Member States before the preparation of the report;", "11. Notes that, in accordance with Article 15 and Article 24, paragraph 3, of the Charter, the Security Council shall submit to the General Assembly an annual report and, when necessary, special reports for its consideration;", "12. Recognizes that non-implementation of various General Assembly resolutions, in particular those adopted by consensus, may diminish the role and authority of the General Assembly, and underlines the important role and responsibility of Member States in their implementation;", "Working methods", "13. Welcomes the substantial discussion undertaken and the decision adopted by the Second Committee of the General Assembly at the sixty-fifth session aimed at rationalizing and streamlining its agenda and improving its working methods;", "14. Requests that the General Assembly and its Main Committees, at the sixty‑sixth session, in consultation with Member States, continue consideration of and make proposals for the further biennialization, triennialization, clustering and elimination of items on the agenda of the Assembly, taking into account the relevant recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group, including through the introduction of a sunset clause, with the clear consent of the sponsoring State or States;", "15. Encourages each Main Committee to discuss its working methods at the sixty‑sixth session, and invites the Chairs of the Main Committees, at the sixty-sixth session, to brief the Ad Hoc Working Group, as appropriate, on the discussions on the working methods;", "16. Notes with appreciation that the high-level meetings held at the United Nations give more visibility to very important topics, while mindful of the need to facilitate full participation of all Member States and to preserve the integrity of the general debate in September, and invites the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the Chairs of the Main Committees, in consultation with Member States, to enhance the coordination of the scheduling of high-level meetings with a view to optimizing the number and distribution of such events;", "17. Encourages Member States, United Nations bodies and the Secretariat to consult on the consolidation of documentation in order to avoid duplication of work and to exercise the fullest possible discipline in striving for concise resolutions, reports and other documentation, inter alia, by referring to previous documents rather than repeating actual content;", "18. Stresses the importance of further enhancing public and media awareness of the work and decisions of the General Assembly, including through their timely issuance and distribution in all official languages;", "19. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group shall remain apprised of options for more time-effective, efficient and secure balloting, reiterating the need to ascertain the credibility, reliability and confidentiality of the balloting process, and requests the Secretariat to submit an update in case of any new technological developments, on the understanding that the adoption of any new balloting system in the future will require a decision of the plenary of the General Assembly;", "Selection and appointment of the Secretary-General and other executive heads", "20. Reaffirms its commitment to continue, in the Ad Hoc Working Group, in accordance with the provisions of Article 97 of the Charter, its consideration of the revitalization of the role of the General Assembly in the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General, and calls for the full implementation of all relevant resolutions, including resolutions 11 (I) of 24 January 1946, 51/241, 60/286, in particular paragraphs 17 to 22 of the annex thereto, and 64/301;", "21. Takes note of the recommendation contained in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations”[4] proposing that the General Assembly conduct hearings or meetings with candidates running for the post of Secretary-General of the United Nations;", "22. Recognizes that the process of selecting and appointing the Secretary-General differs from the process used with regard to other executive heads in the United Nations system, given the role of the Security Council in accordance with Article 97 of the Charter, and re-emphasizes the need for the process of selection of the Secretary-General to be transparent and inclusive of all Member States;", "Strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "23. Welcomes the views by the President of the General Assembly expressed to the Ad Hoc Working Group on the strengthening of the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the Assembly and its relationship with the Secretariat;", "24. Also welcomes the periodic briefings by the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session to Member States on his recent activities, including official travels, and encourages the continuation of such practice;", "25. Notes that the activities of the President of the General Assembly have increased markedly in recent years, recalls provisions regarding support for the Office of the President of the General Assembly in previous resolutions, expresses continued interest in seeking ways to further support the Office, in accordance with existing procedures, in particular rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, and in this context looks forward to the submission by the Secretary-General of his proposals pursuant to paragraph 10 of resolution 64/301;", "26. Requests the Secretary-General, at the sixty-sixth session, to report on the funding and staffing of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, including on any technical, logistical, protocol-related or financial questions;", "27. Notes the concerns raised on the protocol arrangements in place for the President of the General Assembly, and requests the Secretary-General to further endeavour to ensure, within agreed resources, that the President is provided with proper protocol and security services and adequate office space, with a view to enabling the President to carry out his or her functions in a manner commensurate with the dignity and stature of the Office;", "28. Emphasizes the need to ensure, within agreed resources, that the Office of the President of the General Assembly is allocated dedicated staff within the Secretariat with responsibility for coordinating the transition between Presidents, managing interactions between the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General, and the retention of institutional memory, and requests the outgoing Presidents of the Assembly to brief their successors on the lessons learned and best practices;", "29. Notes with appreciation the contributions of Member States to the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, and invites Member States to continue to contribute to the Fund.", "[1] Following the meeting, the Chair of the Informal Working Group of the Security Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions, having noted the questions posed to him by delegations, forwarded written responses to the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group, who distributed them accordingly.", "[2] A/65/909.", "[3] A/63/959.", "[4] See A/65/71." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 118", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly", "Contents", "2. Summary of the proceedings 2 A. General discussion 2 B. Thematic session 5 Conclusion 14 4 Recommendation 15", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/301, the General Assembly decided to establish, at its sixty-fifth session, an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly, open to all Member States:", "(a) To identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly through the use of previous resolutions and the evaluation of their implementation;", "(b) To submit a report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session.", "2. The present report and the recommendations contained therein are submitted pursuant to that resolution.", "During the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, on 19 November 2010, the President of the General Assembly appointed the two Co-Chairs of the Working Group, Mr. Dalius Čekuolis, Permanent Representative of Lithuania to the United Nations, and Mr. Camille Gonsalves, Permanent Representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations.", "4. Prior to the formal commencement of the work of the Working Group, the Co-Chairs held informal meetings with representatives of Member States and political groups. During these meetings, the two Co-Chairs benefited greatly from the insights and ideas of Member States on the nature and technical and procedural aspects of the revitalization process.", "II. Proceedings", "5. The Working Group held six meetings, on 14 March, 13 and 28 April, 17 and 25 May and 29 July 2011.", "6. The programme of work is divided into two practical phases: (a) general discussion and exchange of views; and (b) thematic sessions. Prior to each of the thematic meetings, and in order to stimulate a comprehensive review of the updated list/chart of General Assembly resolutions contained in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly (A/63/959), as mandated in paragraph 3 of resolution 64/301, the Co-Chairs prepared and circulated non-papers on thematic clusters to be considered. Delegations appreciated the initiative and identified ways to further enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly.", "General discussion", "At its 1st meeting, on 14 March, the Working Group held a general discussion on the revitalization of the General Assembly, during which representatives of 17 Member States made statements, including on behalf of political groups, expressing their overall position and expectations regarding the programme of work of the Working Group for the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly.", "8. In their opening remarks, the Co-Chairs expressed their appreciation to their predecessors at the sixty-fourth session for their important work and achievements and referred to resolution 64/301 as the basis for the focus of the Working Group ' s work. They expressed the view that lessons learned from the deliberations of the Main Committees on their work programmes could inform the work of the Working Group in 2011 and noted that the Secretariat had expressed its readiness to provide briefings on relevant topics as needed.", "During the discussion, many speakers stressed the importance of making the General Assembly and its work more efficient and effective, and there was general agreement that a good starting point would be the implementation of existing resolutions. Some Member States have argued that revitalization is first and foremost a political process and that revitalization should be concerned with substantive matters, while others have strongly stressed that the best way to achieve this is to focus on the working methods and agenda of the General Assembly. The link between revitalization and the President ' s priority theme of strengthening the role of the United Nations in global governance was also noted.", "10. The presentations focused on the following areas: working methods; the role of the General Assembly in the selection of the Secretary-General; the need to strengthen the Office of the President of the General Assembly and its institutional memory; and the relationship of the Assembly with other principal organs. Comments were also made on the nature of the comprehensive review mandated by resolution 64/301.", "11. On the issue of the efficiency of the General Assembly, some representatives expressed the view that working methods, in particular those of the General Assembly and its Main Committees, including the scheduling of high-level meetings and thematic debates, the electronic voting system and the management of documentation based on timely translation, should constitute the main focus of discussions on the revitalization of the General Assembly. The need for timely issuance of General Assembly resolutions and minutes of meetings was particularly emphasized.", "12. One group of Member States urged that the necessary care should be taken with regard to the confidentiality and integrity of the voting process and reaffirmed the principles of credibility, reliability and confidentiality, with a few referring to the modernization of the voting and counting system of the General Assembly, with some suggesting that a brief briefing on the technical aspects of the operation of electronic voting might be useful for discussion of the matter.", "13. With regard to the general debate, one speaker said that, while it had previously been a major activity of the General Assembly, it seemed to have become one of many parallel events in September. Some representatives therefore argued that the issue of timing should be carefully examined and, in that regard, the role of the General Committee and the President of the General Assembly should be further explored. The view was expressed that the Working Group could provide indicative guidance in that regard.", "14. While the holding of thematic debates was welcomed, it was also suggested that too many such debates could undermine the Assembly ' s concentration and should bear in mind the needs and capacities of smaller delegations.", "15. Several interventions focused on the rationalization of the agenda, including the possibility of further biennialization and triennialization of research projects. Many delegations agreed with the rational proposal to cut off the redundant task, but insisted that the concept of the sunset clause should not be used without the prior approval of the General Assembly and the consent of the States concerned. Some Member States stressed that the agenda should become more responsive and adaptable to new and rapidly evolving challenges.", "16. The balance among the principal organs, in particular the Council, is an important issue that needs to be addressed, given that it is perceived by many as an encroachment on the work of the General Assembly. Some speakers argued that this included making the Council more accountable to the General Assembly and harmonizing their work programmes.", "17. A group of States stressed the need to conduct a thorough evaluation of the status of implementation of General Assembly resolutions and to identify clearly any reasons for non-implementation. This is of paramount importance in order to gradually remove the constraints on the revitalization process that has so far prevented the General Assembly from realizing all its potential.", "18. Many delegations hoped that the General Assembly would continue to give active attention to political affairs in the context of international peace and security. Another delegation stressed the need for the General Assembly to take a more proactive stance in that regard. It was suggested that the Council submit special reports to the General Assembly.", "19. One speaker argued that the relationship between the two organs could be balanced by the reform of the Council through the exercise of the powers of the General Assembly, while another stressed that the push to impose institutional reforms should be resisted.", "20. The Council ' s annual report to the General Assembly was cited as an area for possible further consideration and referred, inter alia, to resolution 51/241, in which the President of the General Assembly was requested to assess the debate in the Assembly on the report. On the other hand, improvements have been noted, such as the briefings organized during the monthly Presidency of the Council. One delegation stressed that the relationship between the General Assembly and the Security Council was a fundamental constitutional issue under the Charter of the United Nations.", "21. With regard to the relationship between the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, one delegation expressed the view that the Assembly should receive reports on the annual ministerial review and the Development Cooperation Forum.", "22. In the discussions on the relationship between the principal organs, further coordination among the chairpersons of the organs was encouraged.", "23. Many representatives suggested that the role of the General Assembly in the selection process of the Secretary-General should be strengthened and regretted that the provisions to the effect of previous resolutions had not been fully implemented. Many delegations considered this to be an important issue on the agenda of the Working Group. Some representatives focused on those improvements that had been achieved, noting, inter alia, that exchanges between candidates and regional groups took place in an informal environment and stressing that existing procedures should continue to be followed.", "Several speakers, while highlighting the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General, referred to the appointment of senior officials in the Secretariat and the United Nations system, including special representatives of the Secretary-General and high-level panels. In that connection, reference was made to the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations” (see A/65/71), which many delegations had requested to be considered in the Working Group.", "25. The strengthening of the Office of the President of the General Assembly was mentioned by several speakers as a possible focus of the Working Group, and many Member States looked forward to the forthcoming views of the Chairman on strengthening the institutional memory of the Office. Many representatives also expressed the view that it was important to ensure that the Office had adequate and predictable financial and human resources. One group of countries welcomed the measures already taken to strengthen the Office. The view was expressed that special efforts should be made to implement existing resolutions on the matter.", "26. The question of the relationship of the General Assembly with groups outside the United Nations, including, in particular, the Group of 20 (G-20), was first raised in the discussions on the Ad Hoc Working Group. Some States were of the view that the Working Group should discuss the publication of guidelines on how United Nations-designated representatives should interact with the wider membership before and after meetings with outside groups, so that the position of the General Assembly could be properly conveyed.", "Finally, with regard to the nature of the comprehensive review of the list contained in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (A/63/959), many speakers expressed the importance they attached to that work. For example, one delegation suggested that the review should lead to a follow-up mechanism to assess the status of implementation of General Assembly resolutions, which could take the form of a special unit within the Secretariat.", "28. As a result of the above-mentioned deliberations, the Co-Chairs, in a letter dated 5 April 2011, circulated a work plan proposing the holding of four thematic sessions focusing on the following issues that were most frequently raised as the core of the revitalization process of the General Assembly:", "(a) The role and authority of the General Assembly and its relationship with the other principal organs of the Organization and other groups outside the United Nations;", "(b) Implementation of General Assembly resolutions and agendas; working methods of the Assembly and operational and technical issues within the framework of the capital master plan, including information on the voting system of the Assembly;", "(c) The role and responsibilities of the General Assembly in the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and other executive heads of organizations of the United Nations system;", "(d) The responsibilities of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, including strengthening its institutional memory and its relationship with the Secretariat.", "B. Thematic meetings", "Role and powers of the General Assembly and its relationship with the other principal organs of the Organization and other groups outside the United Nations", "29. As indicated in the programme of work, the first thematic meeting was held on 13 April and was attended by the President of the General Assembly. Seventeen delegations made statements during the discussion, including on behalf of groups.", "30. In their opening remarks, the Co-Chairs welcomed the presence of the President of the General Assembly and reiterated that the mandate given to the Ad Hoc Working Group in resolution 64/301 was to identify further ways to revitalize the Assembly. To that end, the Co-Chairs invited delegations to have a lively exchange of views following the statement by the President of the General Assembly.", "31. In his address to the Working Group, the President of the General Assembly noted with satisfaction that his vision of a strong General Assembly as the main forum for global debate had been widely accepted by Member States, as highlighted by the adoption in December 2010 of resolution 65/94 on the role of the United Nations in global governance. The President of the General Assembly believes that increasing the visibility of the Assembly is essential and supports the building of bridges between actors outside the United Nations — for example, the Group of 20. On the other hand, effective cooperation between the General Assembly and other principal organs should be ensured. In that regard, the President of the General Assembly noted his regular meetings with the Presidents of the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, as well as with the Chairs of the Human Rights Council and the Peacekeeping Committee. In addition, the President of the General Assembly welcomed his close interaction with the Secretary-General and the latter ' s willingness to brief Member States regularly on the latest developments, which gave them an opportunity to express their views on issues normally considered by the Council.", "32. The President of the General Assembly also noted that the agenda of the General Assembly needed to be more focused on the most pressing issues of the day and stressed that an overburdened agenda risked undermining the quality of the Assembly ' s debates. Further consideration should therefore be given to the rationalization of the agenda, and the Second Committee had set a good example in that regard. More attention must be paid to the follow-up of decisions taken so that the resources made available to the Organization were fully justified.", "33. In the ensuing debate, many delegations stressed their concern about what they saw as the encroachment of the Council on the work of the General Assembly. It was also suggested that the General Assembly should respond more quickly and effectively to political events and issues related to international peace and security in order to uphold its proper role under the Charter.", "34. The view was expressed that the report of the Council should be more analytical and that special thematic reports should be submitted. On the other hand, the annual report of the Council had been improved by informal meetings between the President and the wider United Nations membership in July 2008, 2009 and 2010, and a request had been made to institutionalize such informal consultations. In that regard, one delegation highlighted the note by the President of the Council on the working methods of the Council (S/2010/507) and expressed its great appreciation for the report of the Council covering the period from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010.", "35. Some other delegations argued that the Council ' s mandate to submit an annual report had been implemented and noted that the monthly briefings on the Council ' s programme of work had rarely been well attended by the wider membership. One delegation highlighted that each of the principal organs operated in accordance with its own provisions and stressed that this was a fundamental constitutional issue.", "36. The value of regular meetings among the Presidents of the principal organs was widely recognized and was of the view that this practice could be further improved. Such coordination should also be extended to the agendas and programmes of work of the various organs, and it might be useful to have a formal agenda whose results could be shared with Member States. Some delegations also noted the usefulness of regular meetings between the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Human Rights Council and the Chairperson of the Peacebuilding Commission, and stressed the need for further coordination among all United Nations organs, agencies and bodies.", "37. The President of the General Assembly ' s briefing to the Assembly on his recent mission was appreciated as a valuable source of information.", "The question of further biennialization, triennialization and clustering of research projects was raised; on the other hand, the rejection of any kind of sunset clause without the express consent of the co-sponsors and/or the countries concerned was reiterated.", "39. The question of the visibility of the General Assembly remained a matter of interest to many delegations, and it was stressed that revitalization could only be guaranteed if the Assembly took relevant action on issues of common concern to the international community, which would also contribute to enhancing the visibility of the Assembly. With regard to the provision of an assistant to the Spokesperson, the need to implement previous resolutions was stressed.", "40. The thematic debate was considered to be an important means of advancing a deeper discussion on current issues of critical importance to the international community. On the other hand, while welcoming the holding of thematic debates, it was stressed that such debates should be prepared in consultation with Member States. During the interactive exchange, the President of the General Assembly emphasized that the holding of thematic debates was only one of the few means at the disposal of the President to help advance the deliberations of the Assembly, and that was why he was trying to discourage further restrictions on the powers of the President or to bypass the President in convening debates.", "With regard to the relationship between the General Assembly and “other groups outside the United Nations”, many delegations expressed the view that the discussion should give priority to the relationship between the Assembly and other principal organs. Some speakers questioned the precise meaning of “other groups” in this context and wondered whether it also included civil society or political groups. The role of the General Assembly as the sole universal body was emphasized. In that regard, some delegations welcomed the recent practice of the Chairman of the Group of Twenty to “leave out” to the General Assembly in a spirit of accountability and transparency.", "42. Many speakers re-emphasized the importance of implementing existing resolutions and, in this regard, some raised the need for a follow-up and monitoring mechanism. One delegation stressed that all outstanding provisions needed to be implemented within existing resources.", "43. In their closing remarks, the Co-Chairs thanked the President of the General Assembly for his presence, which had increased the productivity of the session, and for the substantive comments made by delegations.", "Implementation of General Assembly resolutions and agendas; working methods of the General Assembly and operational and technical issues within the framework of the capital master plan, including information on the voting system of the General Assembly", "The third meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, also the second thematic session, which focused on the implementation of General Assembly resolutions and agenda, as well as on working methods and operational and technical issues, including voting, was held on 28 April. The session consisted of two segments: the first, an interactive segment, during which the Working Group heard several briefings and had the opportunity to have a question-and-answer session, and the second, a general statement by delegations. In the first paragraph of the meeting, eight Member States took the floor; six delegations participated in the second, including statements on behalf of groups.", "45. In their introductory remarks, the Co-Chairs explained the structure of the meeting and the nature of the interaction envisaged, after which the Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in his capacity as Chairman of the Informal Working Group of the Security Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions, outlined the lessons learned from the work of the Working Group and perhaps also relevant to the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group, and opened the first paragraph of the meeting. His statement focused on the experience of the Council in streamlining summaries of statements on matters of which it was seized, in accordance with the guidelines contained in the note by the President of the Council (S/2010/507), and noted that the number of items had decreased from 144 at the beginning of 2007 to 88 at present. Specifically, this has been achieved through the consolidation of overlapping projects; annual inspections to determine whether the Board has concluded its consideration of an item on the list; the introduction of the sunset procedure; and the use of the umbrella agenda item.", "46. In the second briefing to the Working Group, the Permanent Representative of Mongolia, in her capacity as Chairman of the Second Committee at the sixty-fifth session, presented her experience in the Committee ' s deliberations and subsequent adoption of improved working methods. While noting the work already done by her predecessor, the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea, she briefed the Working Group on the various steps taken by the Second Committee to consider the issue at its 2010 session. She stressed the specificity of each Main Committee, while stressing that improving working methods would generally benefit smaller delegations.", "47. The next briefing, moderated by the Director of the General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, covered the organizational aspects of the high-level meetings of the General Assembly, particularly those held in September. The Director noted the recent increase in such meetings and the long-standing priority of Member States to preserve the sanctity of the general debate, while recalling a number of parameters for the planned work of such high-level meetings.", "48. The fourth, and last, summary presentation, by the Director of the Meetings and Publishing Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, featured a projection of documentation, indicating the various steps taken by the Department in recent years to improve the documentation process.", "49. These briefings and the Co-Chairs ' initiative were warmly welcomed by delegations and used the opportunity to exchange views. One speaker welcomed the briefing by the Chairman of the Informal Working Group of the Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions as a useful exchange of experience. Another asked how Member States were involved in the streamlining of the Council and how non-Council members were involved in discussions of interest to them. Another delegation welcomed the message from the Council, but suggested that the Council could learn something from the General Assembly, not the opposite. Information was requested on the Council ' s use of the umbrella agenda item. In response to that question, the Chairman of the informal working group thanked delegations for their questions and comments and expressed his openness to further exchanges. One.", "1 Following this meeting, the Chairman of the Informal Working Group of the Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions took note of the questions put to him by delegations and conveyed the written replies to the Co-Chairmen of the Ad Hoc Working Group, who circulated them.", "50. In response to the briefing by the Chairman of the Second Committee, it was stressed that it was true that each Main Committee had its own working culture. The Chairman of the Committee was asked what, in her view, had led to the adoption of the decision last year. One delegation wondered whether those measures that had been taken — their implementation ultimately required the goodwill of delegations — were sufficient; another asked the Chairman of the Committee about his assessment of the follow-up to the decisions taken. It was also pointed out that the Second Committee had done its part in response to the requests of the Ad Hoc Working Group to the Main Committees, but not yet to the other Committees, which might be conveyed to the Chairmen of the other Main Committees through the good offices of the Co-Chairs. The Chairperson of the Second Committee agreed that the measures taken were indeed only a first step and that, as a way forward, she would share the lessons learned with her successor.", "51. With regard to the briefing on organizational matters of the high-level segment, the question was raised of establishing a list of speakers. The question was raised as to whether it could be reformed through the adoption of a catch-up approach, which would eliminate the need for delegations to ensure the best possible place through bargaining and other means. The view was expressed that the number of high-level meetings should be minimized and spread throughout the calendar year. The Director of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council Affairs Division confirmed that the list of speakers for the 2010 high-level meeting on the Millennium Development Goals had been prepared on the basis of a summary of the modalities set out in annex I to the relevant resolution (resolution 64/184).", "52. In the follow-up discussion of the presentation on the status of documentation, delegations stressed that electronic dissemination of documents could not be relied exclusively on and that paper-based texts continued to perform important formal functions. Another delegation suggested that requests for written information from the Secretariat should be reduced, also for the sake of overall sustainability. In response to those comments, the Director of the Conference and Publishing Division noted the need for continued dissemination of printed copies, while assuring delegations that few organizations in the world operated in an environmentally friendly manner, such as the United Nations.", "53. Before proceeding to the second phase of the session, the Working Group was informed that, in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 60/286, comments on the rules of procedure of the General Assembly and past practice had been made available online and were available on the General Assembly website.", "54. With regard to the agenda, the strong belief was expressed that any biennialization, triennialization or cancellation of agenda items, or the introduction of sunset provisions, could not take place without the express consent of the co-sponsors and/or the countries concerned. Another view expressed was that a thorough study of the possibility of further streamlining the agenda — including the consolidation of existing resolutions — was entirely appropriate.", "55. With regard to the implementation of resolutions, there was general agreement that existing resolutions needed to be upheld and implemented. The fact that a large number of provisions contained in resolutions adopted under the revitalization item have not been implemented can be seen as a sign that this process has generated a critical mass of ideas. One delegation called for the establishment of a follow-up unit within the Office of the President of the General Assembly and suggested that a shorter resolution would have the effect of ensuring greater political impact.", "Special attention was given to the consideration of ways to improve working methods. As the year-long debate on the revitalization of the General Assembly has produced only limited results, it was agreed that the general membership has the primary responsibility to ensure that the Assembly fulfils its political functions by making its debates meaningful and ensuring respect for its decisions. One delegation noted that the time limit for statements in the General Assembly was too low.", "57. With regard to the organization of the high-level meeting, it was noted that it had been mandated by the General Assembly and had helped to raise the visibility of very important topics. On the other hand, the view was expressed that too many high-level meetings would undermine the importance of such meetings and it was suggested that they should be spread throughout the year rather than concentrating on the general debate before and after. It was also suggested that, at the current session, the Working Group elaborate reference guidelines on this issue.", "58. With regard to voting, support was expressed for any more reliable technical improvements that would make the General Assembly more efficient, while it was pointed out that the systems proposed during previous sessions and currently under discussion did not seem to meet the requirements of reliability, credibility, integrity and confidentiality. The Working Group was informed that there had been no new technical developments on the matter. It was strongly stressed that the current system could be changed only by decision of the plenary, and many delegations attached the utmost importance to the matter. However, one delegation suggested that the matter should be referred to the Fifth Committee because of its financial implications.", "59. With regard to documentation, the importance of taking measures to improve the quality and accuracy of United Nations documents in the six official languages was stressed in order to ensure that they were systematically produced and translated in a more cost-effective manner, using texts and the original language in which statements were made, and that more documents were issued on time. One delegation was of the view that the United Nations could enhance its visibility and impact by ensuring that its decisions were published as soon as they were adopted.", "60. In their closing remarks, the Co-Chairs expressed their appreciation to Member States for their participation and noted that the interactive format of the session was an innovative approach that focused attention on the subject under discussion.", "Role and responsibilities of the General Assembly in the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "The fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, also its third thematic session, was held on 17 May. The meeting focused on the role and responsibilities of the General Assembly in the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and in the selection of other executive heads of United Nations system organizations. A total of 15 speakers, some on behalf of groups, took the floor.", "62. In their introductory remarks, the Co-Chairs noted that the theme of the meeting had been considered on several occasions and that a number of resolutions had been adopted in the past. Article 97 of the Charter constitutes a point of reference for Member States — albeit with different interpretations of its provisions. Speakers are therefore invited to comment on this. The Chairs noted that the discussions had been expanded to include heads of agencies and cited the JIU report entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations” (see A/65/71), which could also serve as a reference point for the meeting.", "63. Many Member States stressed that they considered the Secretary-General ' s selection process to be one of the most important elements in the revitalization of the General Assembly, with far-reaching consequences for the quality and relevance of the United Nations. Many stressed the need to make full use of the powers conferred by the Charter to make the selection and appointment process more transparent, credible and inclusive of all Member States, while recognizing the need for the General Assembly to play a more active and effective role in this matter. One speaker wondered whether new measures were needed or whether Member States could only fully exercise their existing powers; others stressed that the existing provisions had not been implemented because of a lack of political will.", "There was broad consensus that there was a need for more comprehensive implementation of existing resolutions, although Member States differed on which, in some cases, resolutions 51/241, 60/286 and 64/301, including resolution 11 (I), the first in the list of relevant resolutions on the appointment of the Secretary-General. Many speakers described resolution 11 (I) as obsolete and outdated. One speaker went further, noting that under that resolution only men could be appointed Secretary-General, and then concluded that resolution 11 (I) undermined the Secretary-General's assertion that he was in essence accountable to the General Assembly and to the entire membership of the United Nations. Many speakers also expressed the view that the authority that the Council has acquired over the years on this issue can be attributed to some extent to the interpretation of Article 97 of the Charter in the above-mentioned resolution.", "65. Throughout the session, speakers focused on the specific provisions of resolutions adopted, in particular resolutions 51/241, 60/286 and 64/301, recommending the following actions and principles for greater transparency and inclusiveness: the principles of geographical rotation and gender equality should be respected; the President of the General Assembly, in consultation with Member States, should identify and approve a pool of candidates for the post of Secretary-General and forward them to the Council (in addition, the President of the Assembly and the President of the Council could co-sign a letter inviting Member States to propose such candidates); the list of candidates should be duly submitted to the Assembly for effective and useful interaction with Member States prior to the final decision; and a more specific time series should be established for the selection and appointment process.", "66. While it was recognized that the above-mentioned measures could not be applied immediately this year to the Secretary-General ' s selection and appointment process, several delegations suggested that some improvements could be made to the process during the current session. Such possible interim measures would include the preparation of a list of candidates (or panel) that could be forwarded to the Council and the formal presentation of candidates to the General Assembly and to the Assembly or its major groups therein, thus giving Member States the opportunity to exchange views with the candidates. In doing so, it was argued that it was a way for the Council and the General Assembly to respect each other's mandates.", "A number of speakers referred to the recently circulated proposal of the “Small Five” group, which proposed measures to ensure wider participation of Member States in the process without compromising the prerogatives of the Council. With regard to the ongoing consultations in the context of the review of the Human Rights Council, which included a proposal for a voluntary oath of promising candidates to the General Assembly, one speaker argued that the same criteria should apply to appointments to key posts in the Secretariat - This has been done in other international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, including the Secretary-General.", "68. Another delegation stressed that the Secretary-General was half a diplomat and half an administrator, and strongly argued that his appointment should take place in a harmonious and consensual atmosphere, in cooperation between the Council and the General Assembly. In that connection, it maintained that the provisions of article 97 needed to be respected.", "69. Other speakers stressed the need to respect the equality of the principal organs of the United Nations and to ensure non-interference in each other ' s working methods. They strongly advocated retaining the current practice under rule 97, while still preferring that Member States should have the opportunity to better understand candidates, including through meetings with regional groups. They also agreed that it would be useful for candidates to hear questions from Member States on such occasions, otherwise they supported the continuation of the current practice, which they believed had served and would continue to serve the Organization as a whole.", "70. Finally, some delegations noted that the role of the Secretary-General was unique because of his role and authority under the Charter.", "With regard to the second point of discussion — the selection of other executive heads in the United Nations system organizations — the JIU report was widely endorsed and was frequently specifically mentioned, that is, it was noted that hearings/meetings with candidates running for the post of executive head of an organization of the United Nations common system could enhance the transparency and credibility of the selection process and make it more inclusive of all nationalities. In particular, one speaker supported the recommendations contained in the report that: (a) vacancy announcements should be widely publicized; (b) conditions should be established, terms of reference, including required competencies, qualifications and experience; and (c) strict criteria and procedures for the screening and interviewing of candidates should be established, while recognizing that some steps had been taken in that direction. Other speakers welcomed the initiative of the Co-Chairmen to introduce this new element into the debate under this item, and some welcomed in particular the careful consideration of the JIU report to ensure transparency, legitimacy and balanced representation. Another speaker, focusing on the report and human resources issues in general, highlighted the provisions contained in resolution 65/248 D and recommendation 6 contained in the JIU report, according to which the term of the executive head was limited to two consecutive terms.", "72. While taking note of the recommendations made in the JIU report, the point was made that its purpose was to assist in the establishment of harmonized selection criteria to ensure the quality of leadership and management at the highest level of administration, and in that regard it was stressed that the Secretary-General ' s selection and appointment process was unique vis-à-vis other executive heads.", "Strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "The fifth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, also its fourth thematic session, was held on 25 May. Discussions focused on the Office of the President of the General Assembly, its support and its institutional memory. A total of 11 speakers, including group representatives, made statements during the meeting, including the Chief of Staff of the President of the General Assembly on the work of the Office and the Director of the General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management on the Trust Fund for Support to the Office of the President of the General Assembly.", "74. The Chief of Staff began by summarizing his idea of strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly: the President of the General Assembly and his Office considered this to be a major element of revitalization and agreed with the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session, as set out in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (A/64/903). Turning to the three-month transition period, he said that it was important to strengthen institutional memory and recognized that it would help to establish a solid working relationship with the Secretariat at an early stage. However, he cautioned that the incoming President and his team should be as careful as his team and not undermine the efforts of the current President. He acknowledged that during the transition phase, some difficulties had been encountered in the provision of office space. With regard to staffing, he stressed the importance of receiving some of the staff of the former President in order to make the best use of institutional memory and noted that, for that purpose, five staff members and one assistant had been received (a quarter of his team). Turning to the budget issue, he stressed the importance of finding a good balance between core resources from the United Nations budget and those from Member States through trust funds, secondments or voluntary contributions, and noted that core resources were more predictable and securely independent. With regard to protocol, he stressed that the situation and the support received remained inadequate. With regard to communications, while he thanked the spokesperson for the Office and the webmaster, he made it clear that more could be done to report on the activities of the President of the General Assembly. In conclusion, he stressed that discussions on those issues had been taking place for some time, that the relevant recommendations and decisions had been taken and that implementation was a priority. The Director of the Office, following a recent initiative on the continuity of best practices, referred to the “PGA Manual”, which, in accordance with operative paragraph 17 of resolution 64/301, would soon be circulated by Switzerland.", "75. The Director of the General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division of the Department of General Assembly Affairs and Conference Management introduced the Trust Fund for the Support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly and provided the status report requested by Member States. He recalled the establishment of the Trust Fund and the invitation to Member States contained in operative paragraph 12 of resolution 64/301 to contribute to the Fund and announced that, since its establishment, six Member States had contributed a total of $468,693.87 to the Fund. During the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly, there were three contributions totalling $70,133.87: one to cover the thematic debate on disarmament and the other two to cover the thematic debate on peacekeeping. He noted that the remaining three contributions, totalling $398,560, had been contributed by three Member States during the current session. Of that amount, $391,500 was contributed by two Member States for the recruitment of two staff members for the Office of the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, while the remaining $7,060 was contributed by one Member State for the thematic debate during the current session. The Director noted that while the Fund was operated by the Office of the Controller, its management was carried out by the Department of General Assembly Affairs and Conference Management.", "76. He then turned the topic to the challenges involved in the interim office arrangements for the incoming President. He stressed that the relevant resolutions did not provide for any special funding for the cost of staff or office space between the election of the President and the three-month period between his or her assumption of office. In addition, the lack of approved funding for temporary office space makes arrangements difficult. The combination of all these factors often makes transition arrangements extremely challenging.", "77. The Director then briefly described the substantive support provided by the Secretariat to the Office of the President of the General Assembly. In conclusion, the Director re-emphasized that the Secretariat had done everything within its power to provide the fullest possible support to the President of the General Assembly and his Office during his tenure.", "78. In response to the presentation, delegations raised a number of questions. One speaker focused on the issue of retaining institutional memory in the Office of the President of the General Assembly, with particular reference to the information provided to the Office of the President by the former President during the transitional phase, as well as the daily support from the Secretariat. Another speaker, referring to the comments of the Chief of Staff on the budget and its adequacy, wondered whether the current level was sufficient and wished to confirm that it would indeed be reviewed in the context of the budget for the biennium 2012-2013. With regard to the budgetary and personnel support for protocol and the public information issues mentioned in the tape, the speaker insisted on obtaining more accurate information on the remaining issues to be addressed. In response to the first questioner, the Chef de Cabinet said that the relationship with the incumbent was critical in terms of day-to-day questions and dynamics. He stressed, however, the importance of the Secretariat throughout the transition phase. In response to the second question, he acknowledged that the core budget should be seen as a strict minimum and that it needed to be balanced with voluntary contributions. Acknowledging the problems with protocol and expressing the hope that the establishment of a dedicated position to provide the required support would be discussed in the context of the budget for the biennium 2012-2013, However, with regard to public information, he saw no specific financial implications and reiterated his appreciation for the work of the Spokesperson for the President of the General Assembly.", "79. Another delegation expressed concern about the space constraints faced by the Office of the President of the General Assembly, as described by the Chief of Staff, and equally about the impact on the budgetary situation. The speaker wondered whether countries without money or friends would not come forward to serve as President of the General Assembly, given that the regular/core budget covered only a very small part of costs and needs. In response to the first question, the Chef de Cabinet stressed that what he said was the initial temporary office space provided, not the permanent office space, which implied that the latter was sufficient. With regard to the second point raised by the questioners, he acknowledged that the core budget did indeed cover only a small part of the Office ' s funding requirements, and that the rest would need to be met by significant contributions. He agreed that such a situation could pose problems for countries with fewer resources or influence, and recognized the importance of help and support from other countries. However, he insisted that countries in that situation should be helped and encouraged other countries to contribute generously to that end.", "80. It was pointed out that much of the expenditure was the responsibility of the country of origin of the President of the General Assembly, which placed an additional burden on many countries with limited resources and could not afford it, creating the risk of inequality among Member States when considering candidatures for the post of President of the General Assembly. In this regard, the Secretariat was requested to provide the Working Group with more detailed analysis and assessment of the implementation of the provisions of the General Assembly, including resolutions 59/313, 60/286 and 64/301. Similarly, the assignment of permanent additional positions, the allocation of adequate space in the current North Lawn Building and, in particular, at the renovated permanent headquarters, and an increase in the regular budget allocation for the Office of the President of the General Assembly would be required at least to match the evolution of the overall budget of the Organization.", "81. On the question of enhancing the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, it was stressed that ensuring efficiency was necessary not only for the process of nominating and selecting the President of the Assembly, but also for a smooth transition of responsibilities. In that regard, the importance of regular meetings between Presidents was noted, and it was suggested that briefings by the President of the General Assembly to Member States on substantive issues raised at such meetings would further enhance transparency and ensure better coordination. With regard to the briefing by the outgoing President to the incoming President, the President of the General Assembly is encouraged to share views and suggestions with the Working Group.", "One speaker suggested a number of possible steps to further strengthen the role of the President of the General Assembly, including the President's initiative and decision to hold informal or formal meetings to discuss issues of particular interest to Member States; a request for briefings by the Secretariat on issues related to the mandate of the General Assembly, including peace and security; a press conference focusing on specific issues discussed or decisions taken by the Assembly; serving as a spokesperson for all Member States on all issues on the agenda of the Assembly; organizing a debate on the Council's report in the General Assembly, taking note of actions recommended by Member States and informing the President of the Council of the above; holding regular meetings with the Presidents of the other principal organs and briefing the Assembly on its proceedings; receiving regular briefings from the President of the Council on the work of the Council and then briefing the Assembly on the substance of those meetings; conducting biweekly discussions with the Secretary-General on the activities being undertaken by the United Nations, including the work of the Council, and briefing the Assembly; and the Secretary-General to consult with the President of the General Assembly on all important appointments, including the appointment of panels and advisers.", "The speaker also strongly felt the importance of further enhancing the “outside” capacity of the President of the General Assembly, including through participation in regional meetings, and acknowledged that participation in regional meetings required additional funding. The speaker also reiterated the idea of using the “troika” of past, present and future Presidents of the General Assembly to ensure better transitional arrangements.", "84. With regard to the budget, while some speakers called for an expansion of resources and added that a sustainable system for trust funds was needed, others stressed that those issues should be reviewed in the context of the 2012-2013 budget during the sixty-sixth session and that the appropriate channels for consideration should be ACABQ and the Fifth Committee. In that regard, they also suggested that options to rely more on the resources and support of the Secretariat, as the Council had done with the Security Council Affairs Division of the Department of Political Affairs, should be considered. Other speakers questioned the benefits of having the Office of the President of the General Assembly funded under different programmes and under different parts of the Secretariat, and suggested that it would be better to harmonize the funding structure of the Office. The Secretariat replied that, since the Office of the President of the General Assembly was serviced by a number of departments, its costs were borne by the relevant departments and budgeted for.", "85. With regard to transitional arrangements, another speaker made two very specific suggestions: that the outgoing President ' s report on lessons learned should be made available to his successors upon their election and updated at the end of the session; and that the Office of the President of the General Assembly should be equipped with a robust computerized document and archiving system to facilitate the maintenance of the archives and information for each session.", "86. With regard to staffing, one delegation strongly stressed the importance of retaining a core team of advisers in the Office of the President of the General Assembly and asked the Chief of Staff to make the transition from one session to another, at least how many staff should be retained. The Chief of Staff replied that the group of five members retained by them worked well and thanked the Secretariat for its support.", "Conclusion", "87. In accordance with its mandate, the Ad Hoc Working Group sought to identify key concerns and possible consensus, to review the status of implementation of those issues and to take or identify possible further action on them.", "88. At its 6th meeting, on 29 July 2011, the AWG-LCA considered and adopted a draft resolution (see paragraph 90 below) and the present report.", "Recommendations", "89. On the basis of a draft resolution circulated by the Co-Chairs, the Ad Hoc Working Group prepared the resolution below.", "90. At its 6th meeting, on 29 July 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly concluded the work of its sixty-fifth session. The Working Group recommends to the General Assembly the adoption of the following draft resolution.", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions on the revitalization of its work, including resolutions 46/77 of 12 December 1991, 47/233 of 17 August 1993, 48/264 of 29 July 1994, 51/241 of 31 July 1997, 52/163 of 15 December 1997, 55/14 of 3 November 2000, 55/285 of 7 September 2001, 56/509 of 8 July 2002, 57/300 of 20 December 2002, 57/301 of 13 March 2003, 58/126 of 19 December 2003, 58/316 of 1 July 2004, 59/313 of 12 September 2005, 60/286 of 8 September 2006, 61/292 of 2 August 2007, 62/276 of 15 September 2008, 63/309 of 14 September 2009 and 64/301 of 13 September 2010,", "Stressing the importance of the implementation of General Assembly resolutions on the revitalization of its work, and noting with concern the lack of implementation and its impact on the authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly,", "Recognizing the role of the General Assembly in addressing issues of peace and security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the role and authority of the General Assembly in global matters of concern to the international community, including global governance, as provided for in the Charter,", "Welcoming the decision of the President of the General Assembly to designate the theme “Reaffirming the central role of the United Nations in global governance” as the theme for the general debate at its sixty-fifth session,", "Recognizing the need to further enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly,", "Noting the important role and activities of the Office of the President of the General Assembly,", "Reaffirming that the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly is a key component of the overall reform of the United Nations,", "1. Welcomes the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the revitalization of the General Assembly; [1]", "2. Decides to establish, at its sixty-sixth session, an ad hoc working group on the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly, open to all Member States:", "(a) To identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly through the use of previous resolutions and the evaluation of their implementation;", "(b) To submit a report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "3. Further decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group shall continue to review the list of General Assembly resolutions on revitalization, on the basis of an updated annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group to be submitted at its sixty-third session, and requests the Secretary-General to submit an update on the provisions of the revitalization resolutions of the General Assembly that have been designated by the Secretariat but not yet implemented, as well as any constraints and reasons for non-implementation, for further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group at its sixty-sixth session;", "Role and powers of the General Assembly", "4. Reaffirms the role and powers of the General Assembly, including with regard to questions relating to international peace and security, as conferred by Articles 10 to 14 and 35 of the Charter of the United Nations, and the use, where appropriate, of rules 7 to 10 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, which enable prompt and urgent action by the Assembly, bearing in mind that, in accordance with Article 24 of the Charter, the Security Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security;", "5. Stresses the need for the General Assembly to actively assume its role in providing an effective and timely response to emerging challenges and current events of common concern to the international community;", "6. Welcomes the holding of thematic debates on today ' s issues of critical importance to the international community, as well as their interactive and inclusive character, and requests the President of the General Assembly to continue this practice and to consult with Member States on the possibility of achieving a results-oriented outcome of such debates, as appropriate;", "7. Recognizes the importance and benefits of continued interaction between the General Assembly and international or regional forums, as well as with organizations engaged in global affairs of interest to the international community, from the perspective of the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly;", "Welcomes the continued practice of the Secretary-General of holding regular briefings on his priorities, missions and recent activities, including participation in international conferences and events organized outside the United Nations, and encourages him to continue this practice;", "9. Emphasizes the importance of ensuring enhanced cooperation, coordination and exchange of information among the principal organs, welcomes the holding of regular meetings between the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General, the President of the Security Council, the President of the Economic and Social Council and the Chairs of the subsidiary bodies during the sixty-fifth session, as well as regular briefings to Member States on the outcomes of those meetings, and encourages the continuation of this practice;", "10. Welcomes the qualitative improvements made in the annual report of the Security Council to the General Assembly, encourages the Council to make further improvements, as appropriate, and notes the informal meetings held by the President of the Council with Member States prior to the preparation of the report;", "Notes that, in accordance with Article 15 and Article 24, paragraph 3, of the Charter, the Security Council is required to submit an annual report to the General Assembly and, where necessary, special reports for its consideration;", "12. Recognizes that failure to implement resolutions of the General Assembly, in particular those adopted by consensus, may diminish the role and authority of the Assembly, and emphasizes the important role and responsibility of Member States for their implementation;", "Working methods", "13. Welcomes the substantive discussions and decisions adopted by the Second Committee of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session aimed at rationalizing and streamlining its agenda and improving its working methods;", "Requests the General Assembly and its Main Committees, during the sixty-sixth session, in consultation with Member States, to continue to consider and make recommendations on the further biennialization, triennialization, clustering and elimination of items on the agenda of the General Assembly, taking into account the relevant recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group, including the use of the sunset clause, with the express consent of the sponsors or sponsors;", "15. Encourages the Main Committees to discuss their working methods during the sixty-sixth session, and requests the Chairs of the Main Committees at the sixty-sixth session to brief the Ad Hoc Working Group, as appropriate, on their discussions on working methods;", "Notes with appreciation that the high-level meetings held at the United Nations have given greater visibility to very important topics, bearing in mind the need to promote the full participation of all Member States and to preserve the integrity of the general debate in September, and invites the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the Chairs of the Main Committees, in consultation with Member States, to enhance the coordination of the scheduling of high-level meetings in order to optimize the number and distribution of such meetings;", "17. Encourages all Member States, United Nations bodies and the Secretariat to consult on the consolidation of documentation in order to avoid duplication of work and to strive to keep resolutions, reports and other documents as concise as possible, including by referring to previous documents rather than repeating actual content;", "18. Stresses the importance of further enhancing public and media awareness of the work and decisions of the General Assembly, including through the timely publication and distribution of such documents in all official languages;", "19. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group shall continue to evaluate options for a more time-effective, efficient and secure secret voting system, reiterates the need to determine the credibility, reliability and confidentiality of the secret voting process, and requests the secretariat to submit an updated report as soon as any new technical developments occur, on the understanding that the decision of the plenary of the General Assembly on the future introduction of any new secret voting system will be required;", "Selection and appointment of the Secretary-General and other executive heads", "20. Reaffirms its determination to continue consideration of the revitalization of the role of the General Assembly in the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General in the Ad Hoc Working Group, as provided for in Article 97 of the Charter, and calls for the full implementation of all relevant resolutions, including resolutions 11 (I) of 24 January 1946, 51/241 and 60/286 -- — in particular paragraphs 17 to 22 of its annex and resolution 64/301;", "Takes note of the recommendation of the Unit, contained in its report entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations”,[3], that the General Assembly hold hearings or meetings with candidates for the post of Secretary-General of the United Nations;", "22. Recognizes that, in view of the role of the Security Council under Article 97 of the Charter, the selection and appointment process of the Secretary-General differs from that of other executive heads of the United Nations system, and re-emphasizes the need for the Secretary-General ' s selection process to be transparent and inclusive of all Member States;", "Strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "23. Welcomes the views expressed by the President of the General Assembly to the Ad Hoc Working Group on strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly and its relationship with the Secretariat;", "24. Further welcomes the regular briefings to Member States by the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session on his recent activities, including official visits, and encourages the continuation of this practice;", "25. Notes the marked increase in the activities of the President of the General Assembly in recent years, recalls the provisions of previous resolutions in support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, expresses continued interest in finding ways and means to further support the Office in accordance with existing procedures, in particular rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, and in this regard looks forward to the submission of his recommendations by the Secretary-General in accordance with paragraph 10 of resolution 64/301;", "26. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the funding and staffing of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, including any technical, logistical, protocol and financial issues;", "27. Further takes note of concerns regarding protocol arrangements for the President of the General Assembly, and requests the Secretary-General to make further efforts, within the agreed resources, to ensure that the President of the General Assembly is provided with adequate protocol and security services and adequate office space in order to enable the President of the General Assembly to discharge his responsibilities in a manner commensurate with the dignity and status of his functions;", "28. Emphasizes the need for a dedicated staff capacity within the Secretariat for the Office of the President of the General Assembly, within agreed resources, to coordinate the transition between Presidents, manage interaction between the President of the Assembly and the Secretary-General and retain institutional memory, and requests the outgoing President of the Assembly to brief his successor on lessons learned and best practices;", "29. Notes with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, and invites Member States to continue to contribute to the Fund.", "{\\cHFFFFFF}{\\cH00FFFF}", "[1] A/65/909.", "[2] A/63/959.", "[3] See A/65/71." ]